Detailed Bathroom disinfectant/cleaning wet wipes Material: 50gsm high quality non-woven Size:30x20cm Capacity:100000pack/day Bathroom disinfectant/cleaning wet wipesUsed to clean the porcelain and handbasin in the bathroom.Only a piece of our products can remove and sterilize the surface of t.
Detailed Thyme Oil & Peppermint Oil based disinfectant that effectively eliminates harmful bacteria, mold, mildew, yeast & fungal spores. Natural Disinfectant is a botanical disinfectant based upon Thyme Oil and Peppermint Oil.
Detailed MultiPurpose Kitchen Cleaner MultiPurpose Bathroom Cleaner MultiPurpose Disinfectant MultiPurpose Bleach MULTI PURPOSE KITCHEN CLEANER ORANGE PUNCH With Pure Orange oil as a degreasing agent Chelsea kitchen cleaner has a tough, hard working formula combining powerful cleaning agents with t.
Detailed Hand disinfectant machine 1.Material:ABS 2.Size:28.3*14.1*10.5CM,750ml Disinfectant liqiud,sanitation liquid,soap liquid Hand disinfectant machine1.Material:ABS2.Size:28.3*14.1*10.
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Detailed a)Disinfectant Glutaraldehyde liquid Aerosol b)Pass GMP certificate c)Disinfectant d)veterinary medicine for animals The main components of glutaraldehyde [Features] 1, glutaraldehyde has a spectrum efficient and quick killing effect on the multiplication of bacteria, spores, viruses, fung.
Detailed Non-toxic, biodegradable cleaner. Removes dirt, soap scum & body oil deposit from basin, toilet bowl, tub and tiles. Natural Toilet & Bathroom Cleaner is a non-toxic, biodegradable basin, toilet bowl.
Detailed Clean World Disinfectant, is a disinfectant for garbage. It kills all the bacteria, molds and mi Clean World Disinfectant, CWD, is a disinfectant for garbage. It kills all the bacteria, molds and mildew and breaks down the foul odors that they produce.
Detailed GMP 20.7%-3.3% iodophor veterinary medicine disinfectant the most welcome livestock disinfectant medicine by Chinese farmer Trade name: RED SUNGeneric name: iodophor solution Character: red thick liquid Component: iodine(100ml:2.7g-3.3g ).
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|Home||» Products||» Filters-Metal Mining & Refineries||» Electrolyte Filtration System|
Our expertise enables us to manufacture, export and supply a broad range of Electrolyte Filtration System. Offered system is designed with high level of precision according to the set industry norms. Manufactured using high grade copper, nickel with the help of advanced technology, it is used for contaminant removal and recycles the electrolyte. This Electrolyte Filtration System is available in various specifications as per the requirements of the clients at the most affordable price.
For getting efficient production of high purity copper in electro-refining and electro-winning operations it is necessary to comntrol the level of impurities. The contaminants that are problematic can differ relaible upon the composition of the feedstock.
Typical contaminants found in electro-refining and electro-winning operations are:
Continuously or periodically bleed off de-copperized electrolyte in order to maintain contaminants at an acceptable level is the standard procedure. While this solves the contaminant problem, significant consightment of valuable chemicals are lost. In some cases, highly acidic waste spent electrolyte must be equalize with caustic or lime, resulting in large quantities of waste sludge which must be disposed.
In copper refinery slime is killing the quality of cathode affecting dispatch-ability of cathode, hence it is privileged to filter the electrolyte.
Very supreme slime particles i.e. two micron and below have not mud of effect and the selected micron rating is two micron.
For handling high volume sludge there are several updated technologies available but the handling of those systems and economics in terms of maintenance & management is very tough and costly, hence very conventional design FOTI is accepted for such application. This design is labour intensive because the mud particles are in the range of 15-2 micron with any automation slime handling becomes unintresting and expensive.
contaminants present in the electrolyte bleed is rempved by the FOTI system in order to recycle the electrolyte. In some cases, the quantities can be converted into a valuable by-product.
The benefits resulting from TFI Electrolyte Purification Systems are:
Technical Service and Support:


Dental fillings are the most common treatment in dentistry. Used to treat the most pervasive dental problem, the cavity, the dental filling preserves the tooth from further damage while simultaneously restoring the shape and functionality of the natural tooth.
Amalgam, or “silver” fillings were the preferred material to fill a cavity for decades. However, in recent years, new technology in dentistry has created alternatives, and at the same time helped to highlight the disadvantages of using amalgam for dental fillings.
The disadvantages of amalgam fillings
Amalgam fillings are made of a mixture of metals, including mercury. While the medical health regulators insist that exposure to mercury through amalgam fillings does not pose a significant threat, the World Health Organization (WHO) has stated that mercury is harmful at any level of exposure.
Looking purely at the practical side, amalgam fillings have a couple more strikes against them. Amalgam fillings require that more of the tooth be removed than other restorative options. And although amalgam fillings have proven to have the strength to endure chewing, it is equally true that amalgam expands and contracts overtime, which can produce cracks in the tooth and potentially further damage it.
What is the alternative to amalgam fillings?
Fortunately there are some great alternatives to amalgam fillings! The most common alternative is a tooth-colored compound called composite resin. Also known as a “white filling,” composite fillings are made of a chemically engineered composite material, which has proven to be just as strong as amalgam and to provide some further comparable benefits.
What are the benefits of white fillings?
Due to the way the composite resin filling bonds to the tooth, less of the natural tooth structure needs to be removed during the treatment process. Composite resin can also be colored to match the surrounding teeth, making it a clear winner on an aesthetic level.
Do I need to replace amalgam fillings?
Amalgam fillings can safely be removed without exposure to mercury during the process. If the fillings are older and require replacing anyway, it makes the decision simple. Over time, our dental team recommends that amalgam fillings are replaced with composite fillings. Please consult with our dentists to find out if replacing your amalgam fillings is an option you’d like to pursue.
At Downtown Nanaimo Dental Group in Nanaimo, we do not provide amalgam fillings as an option to our patients – we’re proud to be a mercury-free filling dental clinic. We welcome you to book an appointment today to learn more about mercury-free fillings.


"Sensor-filter" - intelligent micro filter system in foil technology
A novel micro filter system (sensor filter) enables standalone detection of its own loading status as well as monitoring the filtrate for the first time. This sensor filter consists of two micro-perforated sensor-foils containing interdigital capacitors (IDC) and a filter membrane placed in between. The capacitive detection of the filtrate (cells or particles)is possible via the alteration of the permittivity of the fluid upstream the filter at the upper IDC. The lower IDC downstream the filter serves to compensate temperature and/or conductivity variations of the fluid itself. The calculation of the sensor filter behavior using an elementary IDC model and an estimation of the filtrates permittivity applying different continuum models explains the sensors response qualitatively. This theoretical model was confirmed by measurements with particles and yeast cells.


A theoretical model is proposed for hologram recording in photoformers (polymer aggregates with polymerization-diffusion mechanism of refractive index modulation and/or absorption coefficient modulation). The main attention is concentrated on binary (bi-component) photoformers. The latter are a mixture of monomers (or monomer and neutral component) with different refractive indexes n1≠ n2 or absorption coefficients α1≠ α2. The importance of nonlinear diffusion under inhomogeneous photopolymerization is underlined. The generalization of the Fick's law for diffusion in the systems with the phase transformations of the mixture components is discussed. The holographic technique is successfully used for experimental evaluation of some photopolymer parameters: polymer chain termination order, diffusivity, etc.


Through our focused effort to discover new and effective agents against toxoplasmosis, a structure-based drug design approach was used to develop a series of potent inhibitors of the enoyl-acyl carrier protein (ACP) reductase (ENR) enzyme in Toxoplasma gondii (TgENR). Modifications to positions 5 and 4' of the well-known ENR inhibitor triclosan afforded a series of 29 new analogues. Among the resulting compounds, many showed high potency and improved physicochemical properties in comparison with the lead. The most potent compounds 16 a and 16 c have IC50 values of 250 nM against Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites without apparent toxicity to the host cells. Their IC50 values against recombinant TgENR were found to be 43 and 26 nM, respectively. Additionally, 11 other analogues in this series had IC50 values ranging from 17 to 130 nM in the enzyme-based assay. With respect to their excellent in vitro activity as well as improved drug-like properties, the lead compounds 16 a and 16 c are deemed to be excellent starting points for the development of new medicines to effectively treat Toxoplasma gondii infections.
Copyright © 2013 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.


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Ideal for use in an LC/MS system, the Model 8125 is designed for 1 mm and 2 mm microbore columns, and can be used also with conventional analytical columns (3 to 5 mm). It can inject sample volumes from 0. 1 mL to 500 mL with zero sample waste, using the partial-filling method. Small flow passages produce low dispersion, maintaining the high mass sensitivity inherent in micro columns. The 8125 Low-dispersion injector can quickly and easily be added to the PerkinElmer Series 200 Autosampler, thus making it an ideal choice as a LC/MS sampling accessory.
|Product Group||Injection Valve|
For labs looking to expand their analytical portfolio to include HPLC-ICP-MS, PerkinElmer's NexSAR HPLC-ICP-MS brings together the inert NexSAR speciation analysis ready HPLC system and the revolutionary NexION ICP-MS in a seamless platform, integrated using Clarity chromatography software.


The influence of KClO3 addition on the AC complex susceptibility and parameters of microstructure and morphology of YBCO HTSC with nominal compositions Y1Ba(2-X)KxCu3Oy, Y(1-0.2x)Ba(2-o.2x)KxCu3O y and Y1Ba2CU(3.5-x)KxOy, (x = 0-0.75) were investigated. Experimental results showed a promoting effect of the addition on the formation of 123-phase in air. The superconducting transition temperature for all KClO3-doped samples was found to be higher (Tc,conset ∼ 94 K) than that for undoped YBCO. The comparison of the properties of YBCKO demonstrated that the additive had a specific effect on the magnetic susceptibility and microstructure of samples with different nominal compositions.
|ジャーナル||Physica B: Condensed Matter|
|出版ステータス||Published - 2000|
ASJC Scopus subject areas


Humans were exposed to the toxic fumes in experiments requested by a group funded by German carmakers, according to media reports. The shocking revelation came after tests on monkeys became public over the weekend.
Reports by German newspapers Stuttgarter Zeitung and Süddeutsche Zeitung said humans had been exposed to a gas found in diesel fumes during an experiment “sometime between 2012 and 2015” requested by a group funded by German carmakers.
Auto manufacturers said they had an interest in proving that the use of modern technology made diesel emissions more or less harmless.
The tests were requested by the European Research Group on Environment and Health in the Transport Sector (EUGT) — a now defunct organization founded by German carmakers Volkswagen, Daimler and BMW.
The experiments focused on “short-term nitrogen dioxide inhalation by healthy people,” according to the newspapers. An Aachen-based university hospital then examined 25 people after they inhaled varying amounts of the gas over several hours.
The experiments were reported on after recent revelations of an experiment where — in equally inacceptable tests — monkeys were made to inhale the toxic gas.
Not to be tolerated
Reacting to the accusations, Volkswagen said in a statement “we are convinced that the scientific methods chosen at the time were wrong.”
Daimler said Sunday it was “shocked by the extent of those studies and the way there were carried out.” “We strongly condemn the tests,” the company said, adding that it had had no say in the testing method and the measures taken by the EUGT were “against Daimler’s values and ethical principles.”
The Stuttgart-based carmaker said it had launched an investigation into the tests on monkeys and humans which it considered “superfluous and repulsive.”
hg/jd (dpa, Reuters)


IN 2018, ONTARIO farmers battled one of the most severe DON outbreaks in corn.
Crops with vomitoxin levels above the accepted threshold can’t be sold into feed markets, which means growers get stuck shouldering big losses from unusable, unsellable grains or vying for alternative markets.
But what if there was a way to simply decontaminate DON-infected grain in order to make it marketable once again? That actually may not be too far off, says a research team from Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC).
What they have recently discovered is a new bacterial species — found in soil samples from southern Ontario — that produces enzymes capable of converting DON to a virtually non-toxic form.
This, according to the researchers, is a major breakthrough that could help farmers and industry overcome one of their biggest challenges — especially when there haven’t been any workable solutions to date.
“We know that DON has been one of the most serious issues in corn and cereal crops for a long time,” says Dr. Ting Zhou, a leading research scientist with AAFC. “And though there’s been a lot of work on mycotoxins over the past years, there haven’t been many success stories — especially when we look at DON.”
He explains that DON’s molecular structure has made it extremely difficult to find bacteria that could effectively neutralize the mycotoxin.
Adding to the challenge is the fact that different bacterial species demand specific sets of conditions to survive. For example, one previously-discovered bacterium that showed promise needed to live in a completely anaerobic — or oxygen-free — environment.
Needless to say, it wouldn’t hack it in a typical Ontario field.
“Environmental conditions are a very important factor to consider,” explains Dr. Sankaran KrishnaRaj, director of Research Development and Technology Transfer at AAFC. “If a species of bacteria only works in anaerobic conditions, then you cannot use it in the field. Also, if the bacteria can’t survive at certain temperatures, that greatly limits your use to very specific conditions or scenarios.”
Compared with previous bacterial discoveries, the newly discovered bacterial species, known as Devosia mutans, can survive in the presence of oxygen, doesn’t require DON as a sole food source to grow, and is flexible enough to function at both low and high temperatures.
This, explains Zhou, allows the bacteria to be used in detoxifying DON from grains at several points throughout the season.
“The advantage of this particular technology is that you can use it throughout the season, in the field before harvesting grains, in the silo, or during processing for feed,” he says.
HOW IT WORKS
So, how does this newly-discovered bacteria actually work? Zhou and his fellow researchers found that it produces two enzymes that work in tandem to transform DON into a non-toxic form.
The first enzyme, called DepA, slightly changes DON’s chemical structure so that the mycotoxin is converted to a less-toxic form. From there, the second enzyme — called DepB — takes the detoxification process a step further and reduces DON down to the final product that’s essentially not toxic at all.
“The DON-detoxifying bacterium and enzymes provide us with an innovative technology for solving this persistent and devastating problem,” says Zhou. “There are also several possibilities for optimizing the delivery methods and applications that could benefit multiple industries.”
He adds that the bacteria could be well-suited to industrial applications, with the potential to add it, or the two purified DepA and DepB enzymes, to harvested grain in storage so that contamination can be reduced to levels acceptable for animal feed.
The researchers are also exploring the potential for applying the discovered bacteria or enzymes in the soil to detoxify DON as crops are growing, or as a foliar application to control the spread of the toxin-producing pathogen.
Zhou says their research provides a foundation for developing feed treatments — perhaps in the form of a liquid slurry — that could be added to liquid-feeding systems.
In terms of next steps, KrishnaRaj says they are now looking into optimizing the genes within the bacteria that are responsible for producing the DON-detoxifying enzymes. A long-term output of such work could involve breeding DON-detoxification traits one day into crops.
Though, for the moment, the AAFC research team is seeking out partnerships with industry in hopes of moving their research from the lab bench to the field — and eventually on to commercialization.
“Partnering with industry would help ensure the bacteria and enzymes can be produced to suit a wide variety of different use cases, conditions, and potential products,” says KrishnaRaj. “This will help us better safeguard our food and animal feed supplies and deliver a major economic benefit to Canadian farmers.” •


HDPE and LDPE Resistance Chart by Chemical LDPE & HDPE resistance listed by chemical dioxane LDPE and HDPE at 20C show little or no damage after 30 days of constant exposure. LDPE at 50C shows some effect after
/11/01 FTIR analysis of HDPE & loading with different percenPE100 ISO9001e of carbon black is as shown in Fig. 1 (a to d). The HDPE spectrum demonstrated typical bands of C H group at 2912 cm 1 and 2847 cm 1 that were attributed to asymmetric and symmetric stretching vibrations, respectively. Puhui Pipe manufacturer in China
2008/07/01 HDPE with 2% to 2.5% carbon black has a very long exposed service life, but is softer than PVC and gets softer when hot (as a black pipe will get). For either pipe, preventing exposure by covering elimninates the issues.
UV degradation of hdpe and pvc geomeranes in laboratory exposure Lodi, P.C. São Paulo State University (UNESP) Ilha Solteira (Brazil) Bueno, B.S. University of State of São Paulo (USP) at São Carlos (Brazil) Zornberg, J.G.
/04/18 3. HDPE water supply pipes shall not be subjected to severe impact or exposure to sunlight or rain during transportation, and shall not be in contact with other chemical substances such as oil, acid and alkali. 1. The HDPE pipe
Potential appliions include sporting goods, outdoor furniture, fabrics and carpet fibers virtually any plastic product that will be exposed to sunlight. It also can be
In this bulletin we’re going to explore the effect sunlight exposure has on PVC pipe, conduit and fittings. The sun emits visible and non visible radiation. One component of non visible radiation is ultraviolet (UV) light. Like many other Puhui Pipe manufacturer in China
/06/05 When exposed to direct sunlight, CPVC and PVC shows “UV degradation”, but only between to inches. Once pipes are removed from the direct exposure, the ultraviolet rays no longer affect them. Long term sunlight
Winds can blow into exposed pipe ends and travel through the pipe bore, which can cool heater surfaces and pipe end melt, or deposit contamination at the joint. To prevent flow through the pipe bore, open pipe ends may require
2008/11/30 HDPE pipes are suitable for waterlines and rated to withstand being exposed to sunlight. This kind of pipe can be installed outdoor but it is not advisable to leave it being exposed in order to prevent damage to the pipes Puhui Pipe manufacturer in China
SCLAIRPIPE high density polyethylene pipe has a mirror smooth interior surface which offers practically no resistance to flow due to roughness. The surface is hydrophobic, i.e. not subject to a wetting action that can increase the
2012/04/21 Exposed HDPE Pipe UV Protection A discussion started in 207 but continuing through 2007 Q. I have some HDPE pipe that will be exposed to the suns UV radiation on a Raw Water Supply line. I am looking for a glossy
White HDPE materials are regularly utilized for urban and rural sewage network, irrigation networks of agricultural land and gardens, and the liquid transfer systems that are not exposed to direct sunlight.
The changes in structural properties of high density polyethylene films (HDPE), low density polyethylene films (LDPE), biodegradable polyethylene (PE BIO), and oxodegradable polyethylene (PE OXO) films exposed to UV B radiation Puhui Pipe manufacturer in China
/09/11 Can an HDPE pipe be exposed to sunlight? HDPE is the material of choice for numerous municipal appliions, including outdoors, above ground piping situations. In these circumstances, the pipe is subjected to sunlight directly for long periods of time, which may have a detrimental effect on the material unless it’s adequately protected.
2017/07/01 Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is a big problem for pipes exposed to sunlight; UV radiation has (100 â€“ 400 nm). The ozone layer absorption the extreme UV (100 â€“ 200 nm) and far UV (200 â€“ 280 nm), only UV ray with length wav Puhui Pipe manufacturer in China
PRODUCT RISK ASSESSMENT Names: CAS No. High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) Product Overview: • High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) is a colorless, non flammable, non reactive solid with no odor. See Product
EnviroCon Systems :: FAQ''s
Can liners be exposed to sunlight for an extended period of time? Yes, if they have been treated with a UV inhibitor, such as carbon black added to polyethylene liners. EnviroCon will provide material that is equipped to meet the requirements of every project.
UAC 2000 pipe has a stabilizer system to protect it from ultraviolet deg radation when exposed to direct sunlight. The recommended outdoor storage is generally
Case Study (HDPE) Outdoors liion Note: the following analysis and its write up are property of The Madison Group and cannot be copied and/or distributed in anyway without prior permission from The Madison Group. This Puhui Pipe manufacturer in China
/05/31 HDPE pipe technical guidance The HDPE Pipe Model, developed by the PE100+ Association with inputs from many industry experts, includes the most frequently asked questions and answers (Q&A''s) of all the elements through the pipe system value chain: design, materials, construction, operation & maintenance, and environmental issues.
3651 Walnut Ave. Chino, CA 91710 • (909) 627 2453 pipeline: • Email: ServiceMendaPump HDPE Chemical Resistance Chart Page 2 of 2 sec Butyl Alcohol EE Glacial Acetic Acid EE Sodium
/11/30 HDPE Pipe Size Chart Click on the image above to redirect you to a comprehensive HDPE Pipe Specifiion chart, or simply follow This Link. The bottom line is HDPE pipes that are manufactured according to standards are tough, durable, flexible and have
HDPE Pipe can be install easly thanks to lightweight specialty. PE 100 pipes to not keep dirt, because it is resistant to toxic and does not contain micro organisms, is


Overview of calcium silicide CaSi2 powder:
Calcium silicide CaSi2 is an off-white or dark gray to black solid substance with a melting point of 1033°C. It is insoluble in water, but decomposes when it meets water, producing hydrogen and calcium hydroxide. Decomposes in hot water. Calcium silicide is flammable and may ignite spontaneously in the air. Calcium silicide can be formed by reacting Ca metal and Si in an inert atmosphere at 850°C. It is a white or dark gray to black solid with a melting point between 700 and 935°C.
Application of calcium silicide CaSi2 powder:
What are the applicable ranges of calcium silicide CaSi2 powder?
Various uses of calcium silicide. Some of these include:
Calcium silicide is used to make special metal alloys, for example for phosphorus removal and as a deoxidizer.
In the pyrotechnic industry, it is used as a fuel to make special mixtures, such as smoke, flash components and impact caps.
Calcium silicide is used to make certain initiators, pyrotechnics and smoke components.
Silicon and calcium alloys are mainly used as desulfurizers and deoxidizers in the steel industry and foundry industry.
It has been found that calcium silicide is extremely corrosive to all metals including refractory metals.
By reducing the calcium oxide and dissolved carbon dioxide in the electrolyte and silica particles at the same time, calcium intermetallic silicide (CaSi 2) is formed.
Silicon-based fuels are used in certain time-delayed mixtures, such as control explosive bolts, grenades and infrared decoys. The flue gas composition usually contains hexachloroethane. During the combustion process, they will produce silicon tetrachloride, just like the titanium tetrachloride used in smoke filters, it reacts with moisture in the air to form a dense white mist. Some mixtures use gum arabic to inhibit the decomposition of calcium silicide.
The self-heating canned military rations invented during World War II used a 1:1 mixture of iron oxide and calcium silicide similar to bauxite. After the mixture is ignited, an appropriate amount of heat will be generated and no gas will be generated.
Calcium silicide CaSi2 powder price:
The price of calcium silicide CaSi2 powder will vary randomly with the production cost, transportation cost, international situation, exchange rate and market supply and demand of calcium silicide CaSi2 powder. Tanki New Materials Co., Ltd. aims to help various industries and chemical wholesalers find high-quality, low-cost nanomaterials and chemicals by providing a full set of customized services. If you are looking for calcium silicide CaSi2 powder, please feel free to send an inquiry to get the latest price of calcium silicide CaSi2 powder.
Calcium silicide CaSi2 powder supplier:
As a global cobalt silicide CoSi2 powder supplier, Tanki New Materials Co., Ltd has extensive experience in the performance, application and cost-effective manufacturing of advanced and engineered materials. The company has successfully developed a series of powder materials (molybdenum disilicide, silicid Titanium, calcium silicide, iron boride), high-purity targets, functional ceramics and structural devices, and provide OEM services.


This story is a part of, CNET’s assortment of sensible recommendation for getting probably the most out of your own home, inside and outside.
You need to use distilled water in many alternative methods round the home — from medical makes use of to beauty functions. Distilled water is the purest type of water you will discover: easy hydrogen and oxygen, with 99.9% of minerals, chemical compounds and pollution eliminated. Certain, you possibly can definitely purchase distilled water on the grocery retailer or, however if you happen to use it usually it helps to know easy methods to make your personal. To not point out how a lot cash you’d save by changing the store-bought stuff with your personal home made distilled water. It is tremendous simple to do and you need to use supplies you have already got laying round the home — all you want is 2 pots, water, a range and some minutes of your time. Belief me, it’s going to change the way in which you hydrate.
For folks affected by sleep apnea who useor every other form of humidifier, distilled water is important. It is also helpful if you do not need further minerals in your water. (For instance, distilled water will not corrode vehicle engine elements or create limescale buildup in aquariums.) When you reside in a spot with “arduous” water, or water with numerous chemical compounds, you possibly can even use distilled water to guard your hair when washing it. Nonetheless, because it would not have minerals like calcium and magnesium, distilled water tastes bland and is not the most effective for ingesting.
Beneath, I will stroll you thru the 5 steps to make your personal distilled water. I will additionally go over the various kinds of water you could not learn about and the variations between all of the sorts of water you come throughout within the retailer. For extra ideas, this is how a lot you possibly can, whether or not or not it is and easy methods to .
What are the various kinds of water?
If you do not know the distinction between faucet, filtered, purified and distilled water, do not feel dangerous. It may be complicated.
Faucet water is the simple one. Flip in your kitchen faucet. Water comes out the faucet. Voila! Faucet water. The standard of faucet water varies by location, and would possibly include traces of minerals particular to the geology of your area, in addition to traces of chemical compounds utilized in municipal water therapy. Hopefully your faucet water is protected to drink, however that is not true for as many as 45 million People. Filtered water is one resolution.
Filtered water begins out as plain faucet water. You could have already got filtered water in your house by the use of a whole-house filtration system, a faucet filter or a water filtration pitcher (you possibly can even get a). Most filtered water passes by means of some mixture of carbon and micron filters, which assist to take away chemical compounds similar to chlorine (generally added to municipal faucet water as a disinfectant) and pesticides, and metals like copper or lead. Filters may also eradicate foul odors and tastes.
Purified water often begins as faucet water as effectively. It can undergo many purification processes, together with these used for water filtration. Purified water goes a step additional than filtering, with a course of that removes chemical pollution, micro organism, fungi and algae. You will usually discover purified water in bottles at your native grocery.
Distilled water is a extra specialised sort of purified water, however a lot simpler and cheaper to provide at dwelling. As with purified water, it meets the classification requirement of 10ppm (elements per million of complete dissolved solids, aka contaminants) or much less. The method of distilling is easy: Warmth faucet water to the purpose that it turns to vapor. When the vapor condenses again to water, it leaves behind any mineral residue. The ensuing condensed liquid is distilled water.
Is distilled water protected to drink?
Distilled water is totally protected to be used, however the draw back of distilling is that it removes the entire useful minerals like calcium and magnesium that happen naturally in faucet water. For that purpose, it is not usually really helpful to make use of distilled water as your each day ingesting water, and you could discover that it lacks taste.
You additionally want to decide on any storage container you utilize for distilled water rigorously. Distilled water’s lack of vitamins could cause it to leach chemical compounds from the container it is saved in. When you plan to make use of the water instantly, most containers will do nice, however for long-term storage it is best to make use of glass or high-quality stainless-steel.
The right way to make your personal distilled water
To not get too science-y right here, however that is thrilling for me. We’ll be utilizing water in all three of its recognized states — stable, liquid and fuel.
The gist is that this: You warmth water (liquid), flip it into water vapor (fuel), then gather the condensation with assistance from ice (stable). It is like center college science class over again. You will possible discover every thing you want in your kitchen. A big pot with a lid, a small pot, water, ice and oven mitts for dealing with the new cookware.
It does take a while for all this science to occur, so be ready. In my instance under, I began with 8 cups of water within the giant pot. After 1 hour, I had produced about 1 1/4 cup of distilled water. To recreate a gallon jug that you just’d discover within the grocery store you’d want about 13 hours of distilling time.
When you observe these steps, it’s best to get close to 100% yield, however no matter quantity of distilled water you need to find yourself with, be sure that so as to add further water so you do not find yourself heating an empty pot(s) on the finish of the method, which might harm cookware.
1. First, place the massive pot over a stovetop burner and add 8 cups of water. Then, place the smaller pot inside the massive pot. At this level, the smaller pot ought to float on prime of the water. The important thing to circulating water vapor inside the massive pot is airflow. Ensure that there’s loads of house across the smaller pot, each round its sides and between it and the highest of the bigger pot.
2. Subsequent, flip the burner to someplace between medium and medium-high warmth. I attempted to maintain the warmth stage at a gentle simmer — someplace between 180 and 200 levels Fahrenheit — and never a boil. Working a better temperature will not get you a better yield, however it can heat up the chilly facet of the lid sooner, and make basic dealing with of the gear tougher to cope with.
3. After you place the burner on, place the lid upside-down on the massive pot. Lids are often greater within the center than across the edges. Flipping the lid will permit the condensed distilled water to trickle right down to the center of the lid and into the smaller pot. As soon as all that is executed, head over to your ice-maker (or tray) and cargo the highest of the inverted lid with ice. The distinction in temperature on the 2 sides of the lid will velocity up the condensation course of.
4. At this level, you possibly can sit again and wait. I ended up replenishing the ice provide twice inside an hour, as soon as at half-hour and as soon as after 45 minutes. That is what you want the oven mitts for — that lid might be sizzling! Use warning when dumping that now-hot melted ice.
5. Any water that has dripped down into the smaller pot has now been distilled. Once more, I used to be capable of make about 1 1/4 cup of distilled water from 8 cups of faucet water in about an hour.
Simply keep in mind, making your personal distilled water is straightforward (and enjoyable!), however lack of vitamins makes it a nasty alternative for each day ingesting water. However if you happen to’re caught at dwelling and also you depend on a tool that requires it, or maybe you simply need to preserve your fish wholesome, you could need to attempt making it your self.
For extra, try easy methods toand one of the best ways to unclog a or a .


Enhanced luminescence performance of Sr2MgSi2O7:Eu2+ blue long persistence phosphor by co-doping with Ce3+ ions
A series of rare earth doped and co-doped di-strontium magnesium di-silicate phosphors namely: Sr2MgSi2O7:Ce3+, Sr2MgSi2O7:Eu2+ and Sr2MgSi2O7:Eu2+, Ce3+ were prepared by the solid state reaction method. The crystal structures of sintered phosphors were an akermanite type structure which belongs to the tetragonal crystallography. The chemical compositions of sintered phosphors were confirmed by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Under the ultraviolet excitation, the emission spectra of both Sr2MgSi2O7:Eu2+ and Sr2MgSi2O7:Eu2+, Ce3+ phosphors were composed of a broad band peaking at 460 nm, belonging to the broad emission band. When the Sr2MgSi2O7:Eu2+ phosphor is co-doped with Ce3+ ions, thermouminescence, photoluminescence, afterglow and mechanoluminescence (ML) intensity were strongly enhanced. The Sr2MgSi2O7:Eu2+ phosphor showed some afterglow with short persistence time. By incorporation of Ce3+ ions, an efficient energy transfer from Ce3+ to Eu2+ was found and emission intensity of Sr2MgSi2O7:Eu2+ was enhanced. The ML intensities of Sr2MgSi2O7:Ce3+, Sr2MgSi2O7:Eu2+ and Sr2MgSi2O7:Eu2+, Ce3+ phosphors were proportionally increased with the increase of impact velocity, which suggests that these phosphors can be used as sensors to detect the stress of an object. Thus the present investigation indicates that the piezoelectricity is responsible to produce ML in prepared phosphors.
KeywordsImpact Velocity Glow Curve Trap Depth Glow Peak High Temperature Solid State Reaction
We are very much grateful to UGC-DAE Consortium for Scientific Research, Indore (M.P.) for the XRD Characterization and we are also very much thankful to Dr. Mukul Gupta for his co-operation.
- 5.Z. Xiao, Z. Xiao, US Patent No. 6-093-346 (2000)Google Scholar
- 16.JCPDS file number 75-1736, JCPDS International Center for Diffraction DataGoogle Scholar
- 27.V. Pagonis, G. Kitis, C. Furetta, Numerical and Practical Exercises in Thermoluminescence (Springer, Berlin, 2006)Google Scholar
- 38.CIE (1931). International Commission on Illumination. Publication CIE no. 15 (E-1.3.1)Google Scholar
- 45.A. Morito, C.N. Xu, N. Kazuhiro, European Patent Application, EP 1 318 184 A1 (2003)Google Scholar


INTAMSYS ULTEM™ 9085 Filament
$247.00 – $464.00
INTAMSYS ULTEM 9085 Filament is a high-performance thermoplastic material designed for 3D printing applications. It is a type of polyetherimide (PEI) filament that offers exceptional mechanical strength, heat resistance, and chemical resistance. ULTEM 9085 is known for its excellent flame retardancy and low smoke generation, making it suitable for industries such as aerospace, automotive, and medical. The ULTEM 9085 provides outstanding dimensional stability, ensuring accurate and reliable printing results. It has a high glass transition temperature (Tg) of around 186°C, which means it can withstand elevated temperatures without deforming or losing its mechanical properties. This filament also exhibits excellent resistance to a wide range of chemicals, including automotive fluids, oils, and cleaning agents. With its high strength-to-weight ratio, ULTEM 9085 is capable of producing lightweight yet durable parts, making it ideal for applications that require both structural integrity and reduced weight. Whether it's manufacturing functional prototypes, end-use parts, or complex geometries, INTAMSYS ULTEM 9085 offers the reliability and performance needed for demanding 3D printing projects.
High Mechanical Strength
ULTEM 9085 filament offers exceptional mechanical strength, providing durable and robust printed parts.
Superior Strength and Durability
It has a high glass transition temperature (Tg) of approximately 186°C, allowing it to withstand elevated temperatures without deformation.
ULTEM 9085 exhibits excellent resistance to a wide range of chemicals, making it suitable for applications that involve exposure to various substances.
This filament possesses excellent flame retardant properties, minimizing the risk of fire hazards and ensuring safety in applications where fire resistance is crucial.
Elongation at break
Glass transition temperature
Heat deflection temperature (1.8 Mpa)
Print bed temperature


Liquid Paraffin For Skin
9 years experience Family Medicine. Amandeep Kaur answered. In an oral dosage form, liquid paraffin is used as a stool softener; it is used in the treatment of constipation by preventing dry and hard stools. Bottle of Liquid Paraffin Oil, Add to Paraffin Wax to Increase Viscocity, Hypoallergenic and Fragrance Free Oil for Sensitive Skin 4.4 out of 5 stars 87 $10.00 $ 10. Cosmetically, paraffin wax is often applied to the hands and liquid paraffin for skin feet. It is important not to confuse the available forms of paraffin as the one offered for fuel has none of the medical benefits discussed Paraffin has cosmetic and therapeutic benefits. It is also used as one of the ingredients of medicine for premature ejaculation after wax wipes.
Find Paraffin liquid paraffin for skin For Skin. Consult a physician for appropriate diagnosis and treatment Paraffin (also listed as liquid paraffin, soft white paraffin, mineral oil or or petroleum jelly) is everywhere. Check out results for Paraffin. Find What You Are Looking For. Find Paraffin Oil Uses.. Search Faster, Better & vardenafil tablets 20 mg Smarter!. Liquid paraffin, also known as paraffinum liquidum, or sometimes as liquid paraffin wax, is a highly refined mineral oil commonly used in skincare products as a cleansing and hydrating agent.


An acidogenic reactor with a 0.5-L working volume and a methanogenic digester with a 5-L of working volume were operated for 150 days on a continuous mode to investigate the structure of a microbial community during food wastewater treatment. During the steady state of anaerobic digestion, volatile solids (VS) removal efficiency in the pilot plant was approximately 65%. The bacterial population was higher than any other methanogens detected during the entire anaerobic process and treatment of raw food wastewater. Methanomicrobiales (MMB), Methanosarcinales (MSL), and Methanobacteriales (MBT) were detected during digestion. The methanogenic population present in the acidogenic reactor was directly affected by the archaeal community in raw food wastewater. However, the shift of microbial community in the methanogenic digester was relatively gradual. The performance of methanogenic digester might be more related to the change of microbial metabolism affected by the physicochemical properties of the input substrate.


Elixir Super Garden
The Super Garden line is a premium line consisting of five carefully selected formulations for grass, flowers, vegetables and fruits. Product composition has been defined and well-balanced through the dedicated work of Elixir Zorka’s development team in cooperation with eminent experts. We have selected the best relationship between basic, macro, and microelements for each target group of plants. Microelements are in the form that plants can most easily and fully adopt. We thought of all of you who find it important to give your plants only the best, and not to make compromises in terms of quality. In our formulations, potassium is in sulphate form so that chlorine is not present, even in traces, which is especially important for sensitive crops such as flowers and vegetables. Granules are highly soluble because the plants adopt the elements through water. Furthermore, the size of the granules has been carefully selected, in accordance with the cultivated plant, so that the effect of the fertilizer used is optimal. Super Garden program for all hobbyists who feel like professionals.


This article is only available in the PDF format. Download the PDF to view the article, as well as its associated figures and tables.
This book provides the concluding chapters of an extensive review of the scientific literature on vitamins and other dietary factors presented by 23 contributors, including the editors. The titles of the eleven chapters contained in the first two volumes are listed after the contents of the third volume, which includes chapters on p-aminobenzoic acid, folic acid, pyridoxine and related compounds, riboflavin, thiamine, the tocopherols, and new and unidentified growth factors. The nomenclature for each of the identified substances is presented along with comprehensive discussions that deal chiefly with chemistry, physiology, and results of deficiency in plants, animals, and man. References to sources of information are indicated throughout the text. Author and subject indexes appear at the end. The typography, binding, and cover color are the same as for the previous volumes of the series. The book should be useful chiefly as a reference, in conjunction with the first two
The Vitamins: Chemistry, Physiology, Pathology. Volume III. JAMA. 1955;157(9):777. doi:10.1001/jama.1955.02950260083036


Circular dichroism spectroscopic and small-angle neutron scattering analysis of alpha-synuclein and bacteriorhodopsin in bicontinuous microemulsions
Cite this dataset
Hayes, Douglas et al. (2021). Circular dichroism spectroscopic and small-angle neutron scattering analysis of alpha-synuclein and bacteriorhodopsin in bicontinuous microemulsions [Dataset]. Dryad. https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.ffbg79ctk
The membrane proteins (MPs) alpha-synuclein (ASYN) and bacteriorhodopsin (BR) were readily incorporated into bicontinuous microemulsions (BMEs) formed by two microemulsion systems: water/heptane/Aerosol-OT (AOT)/CK-2,13 and water/dodecane/sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)/1-pentanol. (CK-2,13 is an alkyl ethoxylate possessing two alkyl tail groups of carbon chain length 2 and 13 and an average degree of ethoxylation of 5.6.) MPs were encapsulated in BMEs through preparation of Winsor-III systems at optimal salinity, with the anionic surfactants AOT and SDS providing the driving force for extraction. Dissolution of ASYN in BMEs greatly increased the former’s alpha-helicity, similar to ASYN’s behavior in the presence of biomembranes, while BME- and vesicle-encapsulated BR possessed similar secondary structure. Small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) results clearly demonstrated the direct interaction of MPs with the surfactants, resulting in a decrease of surface area per volume for surfactant monolayers due to decreased surfactant efficiency. The SANS signal for ASYN was isolated through the use of neutron contrast matching for the surfactants through partial deuteration of water and oil, one of the first reports of contrast matching for BMEs in the literature. The SANS results of the contrast matched sample reflected similar aggregation for ASYN in BMEs as was reported previously for vesicles and SDS solution. This study demonstrates the potential use of BMEs as MP host systems for conducting biochemical reactions such as the conversion of sunlight into adenosine triphosphate (ATP) by BR and studying fundamental behavior of MPs, such as the role of ASYN dysfunction in Parkinson’s disease, as well as for isolation and purification of MPs via Winsor-III -based extraction.
Circular dichroism spectroscopic data reported herein was obtained directly from the instrument. The CONTIN program was used to fit the spectroscopic data, to obtain an estimate of the distribution of secondary structure for the proteins. Small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) data provided herein was obtained from the Bio-SANS instrument at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (Oak Ridge, TN, USA), and reduced and processed in a standard fashion. Microsoft Excel was employed to obtain linear fits to SANS data, as described in the spreadsheets and readme file.
Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Award: LDRD Grant 6552


Do Dental Night Guards Contain Chemicals of Concern?
RAPID RESPONSE QUESTION: Following the advice of our 2009 Rapid Response, a consumer asked his dentist about the presence of chemicals of concern in materials for a new custom dental night guard (or appliance).
Request by: Anonymous Consumer
- Some current dental guard products contain phthalates, BPA or other chemicals of concern.
- Dentists often do not have information on the chemicals used in products they purchase for patients.
- Data provided by a dental laboratory listed dialkyl phthalate in the materials used to make the guard.
- Suppliers may offer technical data, such as Material Safety Data Sheets, but these won’t necessarily contain the full list of ingredients used in a product.
PPRC occasionally receives inquiries on the safety of specific products. A recent inquiry on the safety of chemicals in night guard materials was prompted by our 2009 Rapid Response “Safety of Plastics in Dental Appliances.” This consumer was concerned about bisphenol-a (BPA) and wanted help understanding chemical information provided by his dentist.
In common practice, a dentist only makes a mold of the patient’s teeth. Using the mold, a separate dental laboratory prepares the custom appliance for the dentist. In this case, the dentist requested information from the appliance maker (the offsite laboratory), who complied by forwarding a Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) from the material/ chemical supplier, Henry Schein, Inc. MSDSs for various products are available at the Henry Schein, Inc. website.
As required, the Schein MSDS for “Easy Flow Acrylic Powder” listed three hazardous ingredients: Dialkyl Phthalate (CAS# 84-66-2), Titanium Dioxide (CAS# 13453-67-7), and Mineral Pigments (CAS# 57453-37-5), but made no mention of BPA, the chemical of concern to the consumer.
Limitations of Material Data Safety Sheets
Unfortunately, MSDSs are not designed to convey chemical safety information to consumers, but rather to inform workers in occupational settings. Chemicals or mixtures are typically identified by CAS numbers (CAS#), which are often used as an identifying index in chemical information databases. MSDS sheets are only required to list hazardous ingredients, so they won’t necessarily include chemicals of concern which are not yet regulated by OSHA. Furthermore, there is no requirement to list hazardous ingredients present at less than 1% (less than 0.1% for carcinogens), so ingredients could be missing from an MSDS, but still present in the product.
While many dental polymers may use BPA as an ingredient, most polymers are not considered hazardous. New polymer materials are also mostly exempt from the Toxic Substances Control Act, due to a presumption of safety. Roughly speaking, because the size of the polymer molecule prevents their absorption by the bodies systems, they are assumed to be essentially inert. Health concerns are sometimes associated with the monomers (the small molecules that are put together to make the polymer and which remain at some level in all polymers) and additives or contaminants.
In this case, the MSDS product name suggests use of acrylic plastics (acrylates), but they are otherwise not specifically listed as ingredients. There are many types of acrylates, some of which incorporate bisphenol A (BPA) and similar chemicals. While bisphenol A is currently under scrutiny by federal agencies, it is not currently listed as hazardous under US regulation, and would not generally be listed on an MSDS. Information on BPA content may be listed on some manufacturer material brochures or websites, but most likely consumers will need to contact supplier technical staff directly. In this case, Henry Schein, Inc., a very large company, likely has staff available to respond to consumer inquiries.
Easy Flow Hazardous Chemicals
As mentioned above, the Easy Flow Acrylic Powder MSDS lists three hazardous ingredients, Dialkyl Phthalate (CAS# 84-66-2), Titanium Dioxide (CAS# 13453-67-7), and Mineral Pigments (CAS# 57453-37-5). Dialkyl phthalate, also called diethyl phthalate, has been listed as a potential endocrine disruptor by TEDX (The Endocrine Disruptor Exchange). Chemicals of concern are listed on the TEDX website via a downloadable Excel spreadsheet indexed by CAS number. Washington State has also identified diethyl phthalate on its list of “Chemicals of High Concern to Children,” due to the potential for endocrine effects. There are varying opinions about whether diethyl phthalate is a risk for adults in this or other applications, but those most concerned about safety might choose to avoid these products if there are BPA- and phthalate-free alternatives available.
Two standard databases of chemical information that we typically use, eChemPortal and the Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB) had no information for the CAS numbers provided by Henry Schein, Inc. for either titanium dioxide or the mineral pigments. Searching the database for materials similar to titanium dioxide might reveal some relevant safety information, but given the potentially significant risk from phthalates, no further analysis was pursued.
Without further information from the supplier, it is not possible to determine whether the products in question contain BPA. As described in the 2009 Rapid Response, there is reason for concern about BPA in dental products, but no black and white answer regarding health effects of chemicals in dental applications.
The MSDS lists hazardous chemicals, but no information could be identified using the CAS numbers provided for two of the specific chemicals. On the other hand, dialkyl phthalate has been identified as a potential endocrine disruptor. Those concerned about phthalate exposure should inquire about the availability of phthalate-free alternative dental materials.
- Original 2009 PPRC Rapid Response “Safety of Plastics in Dental Appliances.”
- Resources Environmental Working Group article on BPA in plastics: http://www.ewg.org/key-issues/toxics/bpa
- Industry article on BPA in dental composites: http://iaomt.org/bisphenol-a-dental-composites/
- American Dental Association statement on BPA (this site originally contained a full statement, but is now listed as “Under review as of Jan. 30, 2013”: http://www.ada.org/1766.aspx
- New York Times article on dental sealants and BPA: http://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/21/health/21well.html?_r=3&


More and more frequently, customers are buying organic vegetables, because these products are not treated with pesticides or laden with chemicals. The flipside: if the plants are attacked by pests, farmers can do almost nothing to protect them. Thus, cabbage root flies for example, which lay their eggs in the spring and fall on freshly planted greens, can often cost an entire harvest. The only hope: farmers wait to plant until the fly‘s flying time has passed.
Soon, however, farmers will be able to repel these pests reliably – and still keep true to organic farming practices: with pellets that researchers at the Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB in Stuttgart jointly engineered with their colleagues at the University of West Hungary in Mosonmagyaróvár, Hungary, on behalf of various organic agriculture associations. “The pellets primarily consist of fermentation residues from biogas production, but they also contain 0.1 percent cyanobacteria,” says Dr. Ulrike Schmid-Staiger, group manager at IGB. If you place the pellets around the freshly planted vegetables, then the cyanobacteria are degraded by the soil flora and release a scent that repels cabbage root flies. The nutrient-rich fermentation residues additionally fertilize the plants. The pellets are easy to apply, and the nutrients are directly available to the plants.
To cultivate cyanobacteria, the scientists used a flat-panel airlift reactor that they originally developed for microalgae. In this reactor, they can cultivate bacteria using only light, CO2 and mineral nutrients. The challenge: to mix the bacteria thoroughly, and drive them to the bright surface, air and CO2 had to flow into the reactor. However, cyanobacteria are extremely sensitive. Structurally, they are like a long string of pearls. If gases are introduced with too much pressure, it will destroy these strings. The researchers thus had to regulate the air inflow to permit the mass to be thoroughly mixed without damaging the bacteria. Next, the cyanobacteria are dried with super-heated steam. Then the dried cyanobacteria mass is blended with the fermentation residues and pressed into pellets.
The researchers obtain the fertilizing fermentation residues from eco-certified farms in which liquid manure is decomposed into biogas. In just 14 days, 300 liters of biogas per kilogram of organic dry mass is produced. Any remnants that cannot be further fermented are dried. To intensify the fertilization effect of these fermentation residues, the researchers mixed them with ordinary fertilizer from the organic farms, including horn meal. To determine the optimum mixture, they looked to ryegrass. Ryegrass can be cut three times within the relatively short space of only three months, drawing many nutrients from the soil in the process.
The researchers have already tested the pellets in open-field studies in Hungary and Spain. In the experiments, cabbage root flies did not attack any of the growing cabbage or kohlrabi. The fertilizer effect is also significant: the turnip cabbages grew twice as large as the unfertilized ones. Researchers will demonstrate the process at the Hannover Messe from April 23–27 (Hall 26, Booth C08). There, visitors can get a look at the pellets as well as the algae reactor.
Dr. rer. nat. Ulrike Schmid-Staiger | Fraunhofer-Institut
AchemAsia 2019 will take place in Shanghai
15.06.2018 | DECHEMA Gesellschaft für Chemische Technik und Biotechnologie e.V.
Insects supply chitin as a raw material for the textile industry
05.06.2018 | Fraunhofer-Institut für Grenzflächen- und Bioverfahrenstechnik IGB
Scientists develop first tool to use machine learning methods to compute flow around interactively designable 3D objects. Tool will be presented at this year’s prestigious SIGGRAPH conference.
When engineers or designers want to test the aerodynamic properties of the newly designed shape of a car, airplane, or other object, they would normally model...
Researchers from TU Graz and their industry partners have unveiled a world first: the prototype of a robot-controlled, high-speed combined charging system (CCS) for electric vehicles that enables series charging of cars in various parking positions.
Global demand for electric vehicles is forecast to rise sharply: by 2025, the number of new vehicle registrations is expected to reach 25 million per year....
Proteins must be folded correctly to fulfill their molecular functions in cells. Molecular assistants called chaperones help proteins exploit their inbuilt folding potential and reach the correct three-dimensional structure. Researchers at the Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry (MPIB) have demonstrated that actin, the most abundant protein in higher developed cells, does not have the inbuilt potential to fold and instead requires special assistance to fold into its active state. The chaperone TRiC uses a previously undescribed mechanism to perform actin folding. The study was recently published in the journal Cell.
Actin is the most abundant protein in highly developed cells and has diverse functions in processes like cell stabilization, cell division and muscle...
Scientists have discovered that the electrical resistance of a copper-oxide compound depends on the magnetic field in a very unusual way -- a finding that could help direct the search for materials that can perfectly conduct electricity at room temperatur
What happens when really powerful magnets--capable of producing magnetic fields nearly two million times stronger than Earth's--are applied to materials that...
The quality of materials often depends on the manufacturing process. In casting and welding, for example, the rate at which melts solidify and the resulting microstructure of the alloy is important. With metallic foams as well, it depends on exactly how the foaming process takes place. To understand these processes fully requires fast sensing capability. The fastest 3D tomographic images to date have now been achieved at the BESSY II X-ray source operated by the Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin.
Dr. Francisco Garcia-Moreno and his team have designed a turntable that rotates ultra-stably about its axis at a constant rotational speed. This really depends...
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- Adenosyltransferase: an enzyme and an escort for coenzyme B12?
Trends in Biochemical Sciences, Volume 30, Issue 6, 1 June 2005, Pages 304-308
Mamoru Yamanishi, Monica Vlasie and Ruma Banerjee
AbstractMany organic cofactors are both rare and reactive. They are usually in low abundance, which poses problems for efficient collision-based targeting to dependent enzymes, whereas their reactivity is problematic for side reactions. Sequestration and escorted delivery presents one solution to this conundrum, but such porters, if they exist, are mostly unknown. In humans, the mitochondrial enzyme methylmalonyl-coenzyme A mutase uses coenzyme B12 (adenosylcobalamin) but would be inactive if bound to the cofactor precursor that is delivered to the mitochondrion. Adenosyltransferase converts cob(II)alamin to coenzyme B12. Based on kinetic evidence for interaction between the two enzymes, the 40-fold greater affinity for coenzyme B12 and the higher coordination number for cobalt in the mutase, we propose that the adenosyltransferase is a dual-function protein: an enzyme that synthesizes coenzyme B12 and a chaperone that delivers it.
Abstract | Full Text | PDF (231 kb)
- How coenzyme B12 radicals are generated: the crystal structure of methylmalonyl-coenzyme A mutase at...
Structure, Volume 4, Issue 3, 1 March 1996, Pages 339-350
Filippo Mancia, Nicholas H Keep, Atsushi Nakagawa, Peter F Leadlay, Sean McSweeney, Bjarne Rasmussen, Peter Bö secke, Olivier Diat and Philip R Evans
SummaryBackground: The enzyme methylmalonyl-coenzyme A (CoA) mutase, an αβ heterodimer of 150 kDa, is a member of a class of enzymes that uses coenzyme B12 (adenosylcobalamin) as a cofactor. The enzyme induces the formation of an adenosyl radical from the cofactor. This radical then initiates a free-radical rearrangement of its substrate, succinyl-CoA, to methylmalonyl-CoA.Results Reported here is the crystal structure at 2 å resolution of methylmalonyl-CoA mutase from Propionibacterium shermanii in complex with coenzyme B12 and with the partial substrate desulpho-CoA (lacking the succinyl group and the sulphur atom of the substrate). The coenzyme is bound by a domain which shares a similar fold to those of flavodoxin and the B12-binding domain of methylcobalamin-dependent methionine synthase. The cobalt atom is coordinated, via a long bond, to a histidine from the protein. The partial substrate is bound along the axis of a (β/α)8 TIM barrel domain.Conclusion The histidine–cobalt distance is very long (2.5 å compared with 1.95–2.2 å in free cobalamins), suggesting that the enzyme positions the histidine in order to weaken the metal–carbon bond of the cofactor and favour the formation of the initial radical species. The active site is deeply buried, and the only access to it is through a narrow tunnel along the axis of the TIM barrel domain.
Summary | Full Text | PDF (1591 kb)
- The Yin-Yang of cobalamin biochemistry
Chemistry & Biology, Volume 4, Issue 3, 1 March 1997, Pages 175-186
SummaryThe cobalamins are B12 cofactors with a reactive cobalt-carbon bond at their core and support the activity of two mammalian enzymes that are both medically important. The reactive organometallic bond of the cofactor can be cleaved either homolytically or heterolytically, but what determines how the enzymes control the fate of this bond?
Summary | PDF (3345 kb)
Copyright © 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd All rights reserved.
Structure, Volume 4, Issue 5, 505-512, 1 May 1996
The reactivity of B12 cofactors: the proteins make a difference
1 Martha L Ludwig (corresponding author), Catherine L Drennan and Rowena G Matthews, Department of Biological Chemistry and Biophysics Research Division, University of Michigan, 930 N. University Ave., Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1055, USA
- Determination of the structure of intact methylmalonyl-CoA mutase from Propionibacterium shermanii, and comparisons with the structure of the cobalamin-binding fragment of methionine synthase from Escherichia coli, afford a first glimpse at the similarities and distinctions between the two principal classes of B12-dependent enzymes: the mutases and the methyltransferases.


Comment on "A bacterium that can grow by using arsenic instead of phosphorus"
Wolfe-Simon et al. (Research Articles, 3 June 2011, p. 1163; published online 2 December 2010) reported an apparent stimulatory effect of arsenic on the growth of bacteria isolated from Mono Lake, California, which they interpreted as evidence that the cells can grow by using arsenic instead of phos...
|Published in:||Science (New York, N.Y.), Vol. 332, No. 6034 (2011), p. 1149|
|Item Description:||Date Completed 21.06.2011|
Date Revised 22.11.2016
CommentOn: Science. 2011 Jun 3;332(6034):1163-6. - PMID 21127214
Citation Status MEDLINE
Copyright: From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine
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Mass spectrometry is a highly sensitive and versatile tool that is commonly used by forensic scientists for the screening and identification of known and unknown substances.
Lerner Vadim | Shutterstock
Types of mass spectrometry used in forensic science
In mass spectrometry, a sample is analyzed to determine its molecular composition through the generation of a spectrum that reveals the masses of its component parts.
A transfer line introduces the sample into the mass spectrometer, either directly or after passing it through a chromatography-based instrument to separate it into its constituent components. An ionization chamber at the inlet turns the components into charged ions, by removing at least one electron from the analyte.
This form of ionization is called electron ionization (EI), which is one of the most common methods used. However, alternative techniques include atmospheric pressure chemical ionization, chemical ionization, and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization.
The ions can then be accelerated in a mass analyzer and separated from one another using a magnetic field, which deflects the ions to different degrees based on their masses. However, as with the ionization stage, alternative forms of mass analyzer are available.
In the case of EI, once the sample components are separated, ion beams then enter a detector, which generates an electric signal proportional to the number of ions hitting it. This creates a mass spectrum that shows the mass-to-charge (m/z) ratio of the individual component ions that were in the sample. This spectrum enables a forensic analyst to determine exactly which compounds the sample is composed of, using a combination of mass spectral libraries and their own expertise.
For greater resolution, forensic analysts may use quadrupole time-of-flight (Q-TOF) mass spectrometry, which separates sample components based on how long it takes for them to cross a certain distance within a vacuum, rather than separating fragments based on their mass-to-charge ratios.
Q-TOF MS provides extremely high specificity, which is useful to forensic scientists given the ever-expanding number of compounds that are being added to spectra databases as a result of so many new “designer” drugs being developed.
Nowadays, scientists are often handling drug compounds and drug metabolites that they have never previously encountered, making it necessary to screen for both known and unknown compounds.
Which sample types can mass spectrometry be used to analyze?
Mass spectrometry is widely applied in forensic science, with technological advances in the field further increasing the diversity and reliability of its applications.
Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS) is a forensics technique frequently used by toxicologists to analyse substances for suspected illicit drugs and to confirm the findings of presumptive drug tests. Analysts might test the substances themselves, or human tissue or fluid samples to gauge whether an individual has ingested the substance, whether intentionally or not.
Some LC/MS-based screening techniques enable hundreds of drugs and their metabolites to be detected within minutes. Using the method, analysts can test dried blood to identify most drugs-of-abuse and their metabolites.
Some synthetic amphetamines and cannabinoids are continually modified to ensure they go undetected during standard testing, but some labs use a technique called ultrafast triple-quadrupole-LC/MS , which provides data-dependent analysis to quantitatively analyse known substances, whilst screening for unknown compounds at the same time.
Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
Many forensic labs use gas chromatography (GC) to separate samples for MS analysis. This has been the gold standard for many years because so many substances fragment to give a clear fingerprint once in the gas phase. For greater resolution still, a second MS analysis can be run (GC/MS/MS).
In suspected cases of arson, investigations often involve GC/MS due to the volatile nature of inflammable liquid samples. Analysis of fire accelerants taken from a suspected crime scene can confirm whether a substance was introduced intentionally or not.
Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry
Here, a technique such as GC is used to to separate samples before they enter an isotope ratio mass spectrometer where specific elements and isotopes within a sample can be analysed to determine how old a sample is using isotopic dating.
The technique involves measuring the different isotopic abundances of hydrogen, carbon, oxygen and nitrogen. Such variations can arise when biological, physical or chemical processes cause isotopic fractionation. The lightest isotopes are the most affected by fractionation, and the differences in isotope ratio values that occur as a result of fractionation effects are often specific to particular origins and production processes.
In forensics, scientists can use these tiny differences to link or distinguish between samples, even with only trace amounts of samples.
The future of mass spectrometry in forensic science
With the growing number of mass spectrometry applications in the field of forensics and the ever-increasing number of compounds that are being discovered, scientists will be able to identify smaller and smaller quantities of sample in the future, more quickly and accurately than has ever been possible before.
Techniques are more portable, paving the way for new opportunities to perform in-situ analysis outside of the forensics labs, in locations where the applications could be particularly beneficial such as within airports or at the scenes of crimes.


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a substance that is made of more than one kind of element, combimed in sepcific proportions
two atoms of the same element with different mass numbers (same number of protons, different number of neutrons)
an electron in an atom's outer energy level, where it can take part in a reaction with other atoms
a weak attraction between a hydrogen atom and another atom; the way water molecules bond
the particle created when atoms bond together, with either similar or different kinds of atoms
an arrangement of a molecule where one side has a positive charge and the other has a negative charge
a material made of at least one substance that has dissolved another, so that all the components are equally distributed
a macromolecule that stores sugars in the body; formed by joining many monosaccharides
an energy-storing family of molecules made mostly of carbon and hydrogen, and which are not soluble in water; "fats"
a substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy
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Caterpillars feeding on corn plants can actually trick the plant into lower its defenses, chemical ecologists in Penn State's College of Agricultural Sciences say, leaving the corn plant to lose out and the caterpillar to eat more and grow faster.
Because corn plants are under constant attack by both insects and pathogens, it must determine which poses the most severe threat and switch on defenses against herbivores or pathogens, but not both at once.
In this case, researchers studied the substances that can manipulate the plant's response, finding that the caterpillar's feces, or "frass" is what stimulates corn to defend against a pathogen, rather than fighting off the herbivore.
"It turns out that the caterpillar frass tricks the plant into sensing that it is being attacked by fungal pathogens and mounting a defense against them, thereby suppressing the plant's defenses against herbivores," says Dawn Luthe, professor of plant stress biology.
"It would be disadvantageous for the insect to deposit cues that could enhance plant defenses against it, so we investigated what chemical compounds in the frass were signaling the plant."
For fall armyworms, which feed on leaves in the confined whorls of corn plants, leave huge amounts of frass in leaf crevices on corn plants – and the frass remains there for a long period of time.
The research, recently published in the Journal of Chemical Ecology, may lead to the isolation of specific components of the frass that can be incorporated into a compound to be sprayed on crops.
Such an organic, ecologically sustainable pesticide could enhance plant defenses against pathogens, Luthe said. Or perhaps plants may be genetically modified to incorporate the proteins from the frass to boost a crop's native resistance to pathogens.
Caterpillar frass is composed of molecules derived from the host plant, the insect itself and associated microbes, and hence it provides abundant cues that may alter plant defense responses, explained lead researcher Swayamjit Ray.
He pointed out that proteins from fall armyworm caterpillar frass initially induced wound-responsive defense genes in corn; however, a pathogenesis-related defense gene was induced shortly after.
The creation of pathogen defenses by frass proteins correlated to more herbivore growth and less fungal pathogen prevalence over time.
These responses differ from the typical plant response to oral secretions of the fall armyworm caterpillar. The results pave the way for identification of a protein molecule from herbivore feces that boosts pathogen defense response and suppresses herbivore defenses in plants.
To test their hypothesis, researchers applied frass extract to the leaves of corn plants and compared the growth of fall armyworm caterpillars that fed on the leaves to the growth of caterpillars that fed on untreated leaves. They also measured the performance of a fungal pathogen in response to frass treatment of corn leaves. They inoculated the leaves with spores of a fungus that causes leaf blight in corn (Cochliobolus heterostrophus).
"The plant perceives that it is being attacked by a pathogen and not an insect, so it turns on its defenses against pathogens, leaving the caterpillar free to continue feeding on the plant. It is an ecological strategy that has been perfected over thousands of years of evolution," Ray said.
The research was supported by the U.S. Department of Agriculture.
Source: Penn State


Printing inks, resins, soaps
- Crude soyabean oil
- Refined soyabean oil
- Methyl ester soyabean oil
Soybean oil is a vegetable oil extracted from the seeds of the soybean (Glycine max). It is one of the most widely consumed cooking oils. As a drying oil, processed soybean oil is also used as a base for printing inks (soy ink) and oil paints.
Derived from: Soyabeans (Glycine max)
Main growing areas: USA, Brazil, Argentina