The IP address of your computer is an identifier that is used to distinguish it on a network. It is often linked to your online activity and many sites record the search activity and history linked to your IP address.
Your IP address can also link you with a physical location. Some governments consider your IP address to be your online identity number. Changing your IP address, or masking it, is an important part of increasing your security and privacy online. Doing this prevents sites and other entities from tracking your searches, targeting ads to you based on your online activity, and intercepting private data.
By “disappearing” from your current network, you also reduce or eliminate the risk of being spied on by individual users. Some people use tools like “packet sniffers” to monitor and steal information passed over a shared network, This could happen at your local wifi cafe, an internet connection at your school dormitory, the shared local at your workplace, or any other locations.
There are also some additional benefits of changing your country IP address.
A substantial amount of media that is country specific. For example, streaming media through Hulu, Netflix, and Pandora is limited to the United States. The BBC iPlayer, Sky Player, and Film 4, are limited to access from The UK. There are similar restrictions in other countries as well. If you change your country IP address you can access this content by making websites think that you are connecting from the country they require.
Another benefit of changing IP is being able to access blocked content. Perhaps your government or local network admin has limited what you can see and do online. Countries such as China, Vietnam, Iran, and Saudi Arabia are notorious for blocking popular websites like Facebook, YouTube, and Skype. With a foreign IP, you can unblock just about anything.
There are a number of ways to change your country IP address directly through the internet. There is no need to order hardware or change any current configurations on your computer or phone.
Web based proxies and virtual private networks are two types of IP changing technology.
A Virtual Private Network, or VPN is a secure network commonly used by businesses and educational institutions because of its high security encryption and privacy features. While shopping for VPN services, you may see terms like “128-bit encryption”, which means there’s a code that is 128 characters long protecting your personal information. This gives you trillions of combinations of numbers, a code that’s pretty much impossible to crack. Stronger encryption is available, but usually unnecessary. This is the same type of technology used to protect your credit card while you shop online.
Some features to look out for when choosing a VPN service are unlimited bandwidth, free server switching, automatic IP changes at set intervals, port forwarding for custom connections, and a user-friendly VPN client for changing your VPN settings.
An alternative to VPNs is a web based proxy. There are software based proxies available, but if you’re considering the software option, you’ll be better off with a VPN. It will be more secure, and more reliable. Web based proxies however, offer a number of advantages over software based solutions to change your country IP.
A web based proxy requires no installation, which means you can use it on any device that connects to the Internet. Your iPhone or Android phone, your iPad or tablet, as well as Windows, Linux, and Mac operating systems. You can use it at work, school, or home, and on public computers.
If the domain is blocked on your local network, you can often store a an access point in your email inbox, or the proxy service may have several different web portals. Using a web based proxy, you won’t be able to choose the exact location of your IP address, but if you enquire, most services will tell you the location of their servers.
It should be noted that most types of software and many streaming sites do not work with web based proxies. This is because the majority of web based proxies do not support flash, and streaming media websites actively block IP addresses from anonymous proxies. A service such as SecuriTales does allow for YouTube access, which makes them unique among their competitors.
The best web based proxy service I know is SecuriTales. They’re professional and fast, and have US/UK based servers. There’s a free trial and a 30 day money back guarantee, so there’s nothing stopping you from trying it out for yourself. Remember that when using a proxy, it’s important to use a service you can trust to prevent abuse of your IP data.
There are a number of professional and inexpensive VPN services out there. I’ve tried many over the years, but there are two in particular that stick out. You can read about the others in the Top 10 here.
Hide My Ass
Hide My Ass has a ProVPN package that pretty much destroys the competition. Thousands of IP across
32 53 countries in almost over 200 locations. A year subscription costs the same as three months for some other services that offer less. There’s a 30 day money back guarantee on top of a free web based proxy, anonymous email, anonymous file sharing, and more anonymous surfing tools.
>>>>> Go to the official website of Hide My Ass
VyprVPN is a VPN provider owned by Golden Frog, which provides a number of Internet tools technologies. VyprVPN is a very secure, very professional service dedicated to keeping you anonymous online. With both 128 and 256 bit encryption available, your identity online is guaranteed to be anonymous and secure. I should also mention that it’s not an advertising gimmick when they say that they are the fastest VPN in the world. Ok, I haven’t actually measured it, but connection speeds are much faster than other VPN providers I’ve tried.
You can get a discount by clicking on the VyprVPN links here at Change IP Online™. There are 2 separate links though, both are below. $5 of any package for the lifetime of the account is a great deal, because the discount never ends!
>>> See the FULL review + get Discount Links
>>>>> Go to the official website of VyprVPN


It’s one of those office situations or social moments we’ve all had and would love to avoid. You’re having a conversation with someone, and the more they talk, the more you realize that their bad breath has taken over the conversation and you can’t think about anything else. It’s hard to keep your head in the game when you’re trying to create some distance between you and their mouth. You wonder if you should say something, but you don’t know this person well enough and don’t want to be hurtful.
The reality is that your friend or colleague with halitosis (a big word for bad breath) is probably well-aware that their breath is less than wonderful. Chances are that they’ve tried a number of remedies to get rid of bad breath, but can’t quite figure out why it still smells. Here’s where Chinese medicine may be able to help.
An important part of the diagnostic process in Chinese medicine is odour. While it may sound gross, your practitioner can actually gain a great deal of information from any unusual smells a patient has. Smells coming from your breath, sweat, skin, or other body parts can help your acupuncturist determine what’s going on with your health at a deeper level.
If you have bad breath, there are a couple of things your practitioner knows right away. First, the smell is usually coming from a combination of heat and stagnation. Simply put, heat is frequently a sign of inflammation or infection, and stagnation means that there is congestion of some kind obstructing the normal movement and function somewhere in your body. What your practitioner also knows is that your bad breath is most likely coming from one of four places: your stomach, sinuses, mouth, or lungs. Here’s a rundown of what may be going on:
- If your bad breath is coming from your stomach, it’s probably in the form of poor digestion. The process of digestion depends on food moving from your stomach and through the rest of your digestive tract. Sometimes however, what you eat gets bogged down in your stomach. Indigestion, heartburn, ulcers, and even bacteria like h. pylori or c. difficile can stagnate in your stomach and cause your breath to smell.
- Your sinuses are a common site of infection, inflammation, and congestion. Whether from a cold, the flu, allergies, chronic sinusitis, or a sinus infection, blocked sinuses can cause bad breath in a couple of ways. First, your obstructed sinuses are a source of odor. Chances are that if you’ve had sinus congestion for more than a couple of weeks, your sinuses are inflamed and possibly infected. Secondly, if your sinuses are congested, you’re likely breathing through your mouth, which can also cause bad breath. If you’re prone to sinus problems, a good strategy is to do some kind of a nasal rinse regularly by using a Neti pot or saline wash; either can help keep your sinuses clear.
- Your mouth can also be a common cause of bad breath, coming from inflamed gums, gum disease, or tooth decay. Brushing, flossing and regular trips to the dentist can help prevent problems and pinpoint obvious causes of bad breath.
- Another surprising source of bad breath is your lungs. A chronic cough, congestion, pneumonia, asthma, and any other lung issues can trigger a combination of heat and stagnation. While a common cold or the flu isn’t likely to cause bad breath, any condition arising from your lungs that becomes chronic has the potential to make your breath smell bad.
Sometimes it can be hard to pinpoint exactly where your bad breath is coming from. That’s why it’s important to enlist the help of health professionals if the problem has been going on for more than a couple of weeks. A practitioner of Chinese medicine is an important member of your health care team. They can help determine the cause of your bad breath and work with you to develop a treatment strategy to get it under control.
Dr. Jeda Boughton is a Doctor of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Registered Acupuncturist in Vancouver. She is also a Registered Herbologist and the founder of BodaHealth.


Institute for Chemical Biology member Ben Barres found that a class of brain cells called astrocytes play a role in selectively removing some nerve connections.
BY BRUCE GOLDMAN
Stanford University School of Medicine neuroscientists have discovered a new role played by a common but mysterious class of brain cells.
Their findings, published online Nov. 24 in Nature, show that these cells, called astrocytes because of their star-like shape, actively refine nerve-cell circuits by selectively eliminating synapses — contact points through which nerve cells, or neurons, convey impulses to one another — much as a sculptor chisels away excess bits of rock to create an artwork.
“This was an entirely unknown function of astrocytes,” said Ben Barres, MD, PhD, professor and chair of neurobiology and the study’s senior author. The lead author was Won-Suk Chung, PhD, a postdoctoral scholar in Barres’ lab. More than one-third of all the cells in the human brain are astrocytes. But until quite recently, their role in the brain has remained obscure.
The study was performed on brain tissue from mice, but it is likely to apply to people as well, Barres said.
The discovery adds to a growing body of evidence that substantial remodeling of brain circuits takes place in the adult brain and that astrocytes are master sculptors of its constantly evolving synaptic architecture. The findings also raise the question of whether deficits and excesses in this astrocytic function could underlie, respectively, the loss of this remodeling capacity in old age or the wholesale destruction of synapses that erupts in neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease.
“Astrocytes are in the driver’s seat when it comes to synapse formation, function and elimination,” Barres said. In previous studies, he and his colleagues have shown that astrocytes play a critical role in determining exactly where and when new synapses are generated.
The new study showed that astrocytes’ synapse-gobbling behavior persists into adulthood and is triggered by activity in the neurons, suggesting astrocytes may be central to the constant fine-tuning and reconfiguring of brain circuits occurring throughout our lives in response to experiences such as learning, recollection, emotion and motion. While a healthy brain’s neurons remain intact for much a person’s lifetime, the connections between them — the synapses — are constantly forming, strengthening, weakening or dying.
The Barres team also has previously implicated another brain cell type, collectively known as microglia, in synaptic pruning in early development, when the young brain undergoes ongoing episodes of circuit remodeling. The role of astrocytes in synaptic refining, the new study shows, differs from that of microglia both in timing and mechanism.
Barres’ team began to suspect astrocytes’ participation in the pruning process when, having developed methods for isolating exceptionally pure populations of different types of brain cells, they saw that the genes for two separate biochemical pathways were active in astrocytes. Both of these pathways are involved in phagocytosis, the trash-collection process by which specialized cells in the body engulf, ingest and digest dead cells; foreign materials, including bacteria; debris from wounds; and so forth. At the leading end of the two pathways were two phagocytic receptors, MERKTK and MEGF10, which in other cell types have been shown to bind to particular proteins on targeted cells or materials, triggering the ensuing engulfment, ingestion and digestion of the targets.
It’s known that much of an astrocyte’s surface membrane is typically in close contact with neurons. In fact, a single astrocyte may ensheathe thousands of synapses. It was only natural, Barres said, to wonder whether astrocytes play some role in eliminating synapses.
The researchers first demonstrated that both MERKTK and MEGF10, along with their entire tool kits of cooperating proteins, are present in living astrocytes in the mouse brain. (In unpublished work, they have since confirmed this using human astrocytes.) Next, they showed that mouse astrocytes in a lab dish eagerly gobbled up synapses and dispatched them to their lysosomes, highly acidic internal garbage disposals found in most cells in the body. But this engulfment was dependent on astrocytes having functional MEGF10 and MERTK. Disabling one or the other receptor’s function cut in half astrocytes’ ability to engorge themselves on synapses; knocking out both receptors lowered the synapse-eating activity by about 90 percent.
To see if this happens in real life, Chung, Barres and their associates turned to a familiar experimental model: a brain area called the lateral geniculate nucleus, which is a critical component of the brain’s vision-processing system. The LGN receives inputs from neurons just a couple of steps downstream from the photoreceptors in the retina. In early development, neurons in the LGN are innervated by inputs from both eyes. But at a critical point in development, a highly selective synaptic-pruning process kicks in, resulting in each neuron from one side of the LGN being contacted pretty much only by neurons from a single eye. This pruning process in the LGN is dependent on the transmission of waves of spontaneous neuronal impulses originating in the retina.
Experimenting with mice that had entered the critical period for synaptic pruning in the LGN, the investigators labeled the incoming neurons in this system with different-colored stains so their synaptic regions could be identified within astrocytes if the astrocytes ate them up. And sure enough, a lot of this label turned up inside astrocytes’ lysosomes, indicating that astrocytes were actively ingesting synapses. Knocking out one or another or, especially, both of the two phagocytic receptors greatly reduced the amount of labeled synaptic material found in astrocytes. Impairing astrocytic MERKTK and MEGF10 function also caused a failure of LGN neurons to restrict their inputs to only neurons from just one eye, clearly implicating astrocytes in that process. Electrophysiology experiments proved that the LGN neurons in the MERKTK- and MEGF10-knockout mice retained an excessive number of synapses, demonstrating that astrocytes play an active role in pruning synapses during development.
Importantly, injection of a drug blocking the transmission of spontaneous waves of electrical impulses originating in the retina severely impaired astrocytes’ ability to eat synapses, showing that the synapse-pruning propensity is linked to neuronal activity. Other tests showed that astrocytic phagocytosis of synapses continues into adulthood.
Barres said this raises the question of whether astrocytes function throughout life to continually restructure our neuronal circuitry in response to experientially induced brain activity. If astrocytes’ synaptic snacking slows with aging, as that of other phagocytic cell types is known to do, it could reduce the aging brain’s capacity to adapt to new experiences, he said. “Maybe you need the astrocytes to gobble up old synapses to make room for new ones.”
If so, it may be possible someday to design drugs to keep astrocytes’ phagocytic process from slowing, Barres added. Such drugs might prevent the accumulation in aging brains of past-their-prime synapses, which are vulnerable to degeneration in Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s and other neurodegenerative disease characterized by massive synapse loss.
Other Stanford co-authors were Stephen Smith, PhD, professor of molecular and cellular physiology; postdoctoral scholars Laura Clarke, PhD, and Gordon Wang, PhD; life-science research assistant Chandrani Chakraborty; former Stanford undergraduate Julia Joung; and former graduate student Lynette Foo, PhD.
The study was funded by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (grant 5R21NS072556), the McKnight Foundation and the Damon Runyon Cancer Research Foundations.
Information about the medical school’s Department of Neurobiology, which also supported the work, is available at http://neurobiology.stanford.edu/.


I bet you’ve seen some pretty weird looking animals in your day. But, more than likely, unless you scuba dive or take submarines frequently, it’s unlikely that these animals are as weird as they get.
You see, it is the marine animals who have evolved in conditions completely different to anything on the land that end up looking particularly strange, at least to us (who knows, maybe we’re just as funky looking to them as they are to us).
These conditions are so alien to us, that we know more about outer space than we do about the deep sea (pun intended).
So, sit back, relax, and let me take you on a tour of some of the craziest looking sea creatures that we’ve discovered to date.
1. Dumbo Octopus
This octopus is kind of ugly cute. You know, like when you see a pug with a squashed face and you can’t quite figure out why you still think it needs a hug?
While it looks nothing like its namesake, it does have two large, rounded fins protruding from its mantle (the sort of a pointy bit on top), and it is for these fins that it is named.
The octopus is a good deal smaller than the ‘common octopus’, only about 8 inches long. While it still has 8 tentacles, these tentacles are webbed and are designed more for swimming than the ‘multi-purpose’ arms that other octopuses enjoy.
2. Eastern Fiddler Ray
This ray, also known as the banjo shark (it’s not a shark, but it’s related to sharks), is beautifully colored.
There are patterns of brown, yellow, grey, lilac and black on the pectoral disk on this animal that make it quite distinctive (sort of in the shape on a banjo, hence the name).
The ray can grow up to about four feet long and lives mostly off of the coast of Australia.
Following the trend of particularly imaginative names that we’ve seen on this list, this deep-sea fish is named after its distinctive hatchet-like shape (Google a hatchet or an axe – it will help you with the visual).
This fish does not have eyes on either side of its head in the way that many other fishes do. Instead, its eyes are on one side of its head and both point upwards which allows them to search for food coming from above.
Further adding to its good looks, the hatchetfish has a line of photophores (organs that produce light) running along the hatchet ‘edge’ of its body. In addition, the fish’s scales are so shiny that they almost look metallic.
4. Red Lipped Batfish
This poor fish was clearly spited by evolution. Not only is it flattened from life on the sea bed, but its fins are better adapted for walking on the ocean floor rather than swimming.
To add insult to injury, its lips look as though it tried to make up for its unsatisfactory appearance by taking on as much red lipstick as possible.
Now, you might wonder how its fins might be capable of ‘walking’ on the sea floor. Well, instead of having fins that point outward like most fish, this fish has pectoral and pelvic fins that curve inward and down, flattening at the tip like ‘feet’ of a sort.
The red-lipped batfish also has a horizontal body rather than the more vertical body that most fish have.
As you can see, because of these characteristics that make it an ‘outsider’, it makes sense that evolution would have tried to throw it a bone with the bright red lipstick.
Shockingly, given the apt and descriptive names that we have seen so far, this fish does not resemble a frog in the least. In fact, its methods of camouflage are so impressive that it can resemble just about anything that it sees on the sea floor.
The frogfish can change its color from bright reds and yellows to duller pinks and browns. It can also change its texture.
Seriously! It can grow warts, funny bumps and protrusions, and wispy things, or smooth itself out in order to blend in more effectively with its environment.
It’s so good at what it does that it has become rather a competition among scuba divers to see if they can spot a frogfish while diving.
6. Sea Pen
Of all the animals discussed so far, this one probably looks the least like an animal. It looks a bit like some sort aquatic feather or quill pen (where it got its name – it’s amazing how imaginative these scientists have been so far) that’s weighed down by a balloon-like apparatus at the end.
However, in reality, the sea pen is actually a colony of coral polyps that have different purposes. For example, some help to keep the animal fed while others make sure that it remains upright.
Even the sea pen’s coloring lends credence to the idea that it could be a feather. The animal is usually white or yellow or some color on the spectrum in between the two.
While they are mostly boring looking save for their feather-like structure, some sea pens can produce light from their bodies when the colony is threatened by predators.
7. Sea Cucumber
I’m sure you’re all enthralled with my descriptions thus far, and here’s another to not disappoint. The sea cucumber looks rather like a section of petrified large intestine.
They are between .75 inches and 6.5 feet long that is growing moss on the outside (it’s normally warty, with a dark color, making most people think of cucumbers – not me, though). It really doesn’t look like an animal either, to be honest.
However, the sea cucumber has an incredible defense mechanism. When it is attacked, it has the ability to eject all of its internal organs into the face of its attacker through its anus, and – wait for it – simply grow them all back later.
I guess this is one animal that really fits the phrase, ‘don’t judge a book by its cover.’
If not for the next animal on the list, the anglerfish would win the award for ugliest weird looking sea creature of the group that we’ve got here.
Seriously. We thought the red-lipped batfish had it bad. But apparently, when you live so deep in the sea that there’s basically no light, evolution doesn’t really care what you look like. Go on. Google it. You know you want to.
The female anglerfish can get quite large, growing up to about 3.3 feet and 110 pounds.
The fish (dark brown or dark grey) also has huge, spiky teeth, tiny eyes and a large, fleshy appendage growing out of its forehead which is colonized by glowing bacteria, helping the fish to attract prey.
The male anglerfish, on the other hand, is absolutely tiny, and doesn’t do much in life.4 When he finds a female anglerfish, he bites her, digests all of his internal organs, and becomes a pair of gonads for the female to use when she is ready to fertilize her eggs.
What a life, right?
9. Blob sculpin
Please meet the ugliest fish you’ve probably ever seen. If you didn’t Google the anglerfish, prepare yourself and Google this one.
The blob sculpin really does look like a large, slightly squashed, pink blob with ill-defined holes for features like eyes and a mouth. The fish can grow up to two feet in length with fat heads rimmed with fins and skinny bodies with many fewer fins in comparison.
When underwater, the fish looks slightly less scary. But when it is caught, it looks deflated and squashed due to the lack of muscle tone characteristic of fish living at incredible depths in the ocean.
Most of the time, these fish just stay in one place, waiting to jump out and scare the life out of unsuspecting prey. That’s not quite how the scenario works, but you’ll admit after you’ve seen the fish that it’s not implausible.


Despite the fact that most of us know the basic rules for dental care from childhood, many people tend to neglect them. However, the main thing is regularity and attention to detail. In this article, we gathered five effective tips on how to keep your teeth healthy.
1. Brush your teeth regularly and correctly
Maintaining proper oral hygiene is not an easy task. The tips listed below can help you brush your teeth properly and prevent the development of various diseases.
2. Choose the right toothbrush
Consider the choice of your main "tool" for oral carer carefully. Select the stiffness of the bristles according to the condition of your teeth and gums. The most common option is medium bristle stiffness, but it still doesn’t suit everyone. If you have sensitive gums or tooth enamel, choose a soft-bristled brush.
Take care of your toothbrush. It is essential to change it at least once every three months. If you have had some disease, rinse your toothbrush hot water or take new. Dry your toothbrush after each brushing. Don’t store children's and adult toothbrushes in the same cup because bacteria and microbes easily pass from one brush to another.
3. Use dental floss
Even the most "advanced" toothbrush cannot completely clean the oral cavity, especially in hard-to-reach places. That’s why you should use a special dental floss. Dentists recommend using it daily to prevent the development of tooth decay and other oral health issues.
There is a huge variety of floss on the market today. They are divided into flat and round. Flat floss cleans tight interdental spaces and is suitable for people with a crowded dentition. Round floss can clean wide interdental spaces.
Depending on whether the floss is saturated with wax, it can be waxed or unwaxed. Waxed dental floss is more suitable for beginners because it is easier to use and such floss cleans interdental spaces better. Unwaxed floss easily removes food debris and plaque.
To choose the right floss, it is better to consult your dental specialist. The doctor will advise you which thread you need taking into account your bite, shape, and condition of your teeth. It is also important to use your dental floss correctly:
Clean the interdental spaces with gentle movements that follow the contours of the gums to avoid injuries
4. Rinse your mouth with special solutions
In addition to daily teeth brushing and flossing, you should also rinse your mouth in the morning and evening with special mouthwashes. There is a huge variety of solutions on the market today.
You should pay attention to the mouthwashes that contain natural ingredients (for example, probiotics). Such a rinse agent effectively suppresses different groups of bacteria, prevents gum disease, protects teeth from tooth decay, and refreshes your breath.
5. Visit your dentist regularly
Dental health is determined not only by proper oral hygiene but also by many other factors that we don’t always can prevent or avoid. An unhealthy diet, stress, lack of sleep, and weakened immunity also have a negative impact on the condition of your teeth and gums. That’s why (even if you don’t experience any oral health issues) be sure to contact your dentist two times a year for a preventive examination.


Suwon Hwaseong Fortress was constructed by king Jeongjo (reigning 1777~1800), the 22nd king of Joseon dynasty (1392-1910) after moving the tomb of his father Sadoseja, Crown Prince, who had been victimized in faction struggles in the court, and put inside a rice chest and had died in it, from Mt. Baebong, Yangju, to Mt. Hwa, Suwon. and the moving of the local government headquarters from near Mt. hwa to the current location under Mt. Paldal, Suwon. The mountain was considered as the best place to build tombs according to the theory of geomancy in those days. There were multiple reasons for constructing the Suwon Hwaseong Fortress. The most important reason was King Jeongjo's filial piety to his father. But, there were other reasons: his political strategy to eradicate faction struggles and establish the king-led politics; use of it as a fortress of national defense to the south. Using Seonghwajuryak (1793) written by Jeong Yak Yong, government official at Gyujanggak, referring to technology books of the East and the West as the guidebook, the fortress started to be constructed in January 1794, and was completed in September 1796 under the general supervision of Chae Jae Gong, former prime minister and then yeongjungchubusa, and the direction of Jo Sim Tae. In the process of constructing it, new machines like geojunggi and nokro was specifically designed to move and pile up big stones. When the fortress was built, many subsidiary facilities such as Hwaseong Haenggung, Jungposa, Neposa, and Sajikdan, etc. were also built. But, most of them have been destroyed in later wars and riots, except for Naknamheon, part of Hwaseong Haenggung. Passing though the Japanese Occupation Era (1910~1945), and the Korean War (1950~1953), parts of the fortress were destroyed or lost. But, during the period of 1975~1979, most of the destroyed or lost parts were repaired and recovered, referring to Hwaseong Seongyeok Euigwae. The circumference of the fortress is 5,744m, and its area is 130ha. It is a pyeongsanseong, or flat and mountainous fortress, with its eastern part flat, and its western part straddling Mt. Paldal. There were originally 48 facilities in the fortress: 4 munru, gate tower; 2 sumun, watergate; 3 gongsimdon, gun-shooting tower; 2 jangdae; 2 nodae, arrow-shooting towers; 5 poru, tower on the wall; 4 gakru; 5 ammun, open gate on the wall; 1 bongdon, or beacon tower, 4 jeokdae, watchtower; 9 chiseong, protective facilities on the wall; and 2 eungu. Among them, 7 facilities have disappeared by floods or wars, and 41 remain intact. The fortress walls of Suwon Hwaseong remain intact almost as the original form as it was constructed 200 years ago. The Suwoncheon River, which flowed through Buksumun (or Hwaheungmun) watergate, still flows through the watergate, and the road network linking Paldalmun, Janganmun, Hwaseong Haenggung, and Changrongmun are still used as an important part of the road network of current Suwon city. The construction of the fortress was motivated by political and economic purposes as well as the filial piety of the king to his father, rather than by military one. Thus, the fortress can be said to symbolize "hyo," filial piety, part of East Asian philosophy, and so it has spiritual and philosophical value, in addition to cultural one. The Suwon Hwaseong Fortress is of a pyeongsanseong, or flat and mountainous fortress, which cannot be found in other neighboring countries like China and Japan. It was constructed for dual functions ― military defense and commercial functions. With its scientific, rational, and practical structures, it can be called the finest among the fortresses in Asia. The walls were piled up applying the method of 'owechuknetak' in which while outer walls were piled up, the inner sides were made by raising the grounds using the natural topographical features. Influenced by the silhak which literally meant practical studies, and was the scholastic and social movement in those days to try to find practical challenges in real life of people avoiding unrealistic philosophical controversies in neo-Confucianism, various kinds of advanced technology ― mixed use of bricks and stones; device of hyeonan, or flutes on the wall to pour hot water to enemy soldiers climbing the wall, and nujo, or gutter on the wall; creation of geojunggi, or crane; and wall-piling up with wood and bricks ― were actively applied in constructing the fortress. It can be regarded as a rare superb example of fortress construction technology of Asian fortresses. Especially, the fortress, the result of the fortress construction technologies of the East and the West based on sufficient researches and meticulous plans, is very important in the respect of architectural history. Hwaseong Seongyeok Euigwae published in 1801 after the fortress had been completed provides detailed descriptions about personal informations of those workers who participated in the project, sources and uses of various materials, calculation of budgets and wages, various machines used, the methods of processing materials, and construction diary, as well as the blueprint of construction, and related institutions and rules. So, the book is evaluated as having left an important footprint in architectural history, specifically on fortress building, and having a big historical value as records themselves. The Suwon Hwaseong Fortress was designated as the Historical Remains No. 3, and has been managed as such. As subsidiary cultural assets, it has Paldalmon gate (Treasure No. 402), Hwaseomun gate (Treasure No. 403), Janganmun gate, and Gongsimdon, etc. The Suwon Hwaseong Fortress was chosen to be registered as an UNESCO World Heritage in December 1997.


A structure in the brain the size of a pea could be at the heart of depression, new research has suggested. Scientists at University College London believe the habenula is responsible for how human beings predict, respond and learn from unpleasant experiences. The researchers examined the brains of 23 healthy volunteers via MRI scans and showed them pictures associated with positive and negative events. Those images suggesting pain, such as electric shocks, stimulated the habenula, which lit up on the MRI scans. By contrast, the habenula was inactive when participants were shown photos of positive experiences such as winning money, suggesting that the structure plays a key role in the processing of unpleasant stimuli. Scientists now intend to explore whether hyperactivity of the habenula is responsible for some of the signs and symptoms seen in patients with depression. Senior author Dr Jonathan Rosier, from the UCL Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, said: 'The habenula responds much more strongly when an electric shock is almost certain than when it is unlikely. In this study we showed that the habenula doesn't just express whether something leads to negative events or not; it signals quite how much bad outcomes are expected.' He went on to add that previous research has shown that ketamine inhibits the function of the habenula and patients who have been administered the drug have responded to it better than they have to standard anti-depressant medication. Dr Rebecca Lawson, lead author, said that the results demonstrate a clear association between the habenula and motivated behaviour, adding that the suppression of the neurotransmitter dopamine may be central to what is going on. Depression is the most common affective disorder and has a myriad of symptoms, both biological and emotional. Examples of the former include a loss of libido, sleep disturbance and loss of appetite, while emotional manifestations include low mood for a period of weeks or months, low self-esteem, feelings of guilt and a loss of motivation.
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A psychologist and mindfulness expert on how to reclaim sleep


Organs Involved in the Musculoskeletal System
The heart is one of the most important organs in the entire human body. It is really nothing more than a pump, composed of muscle which pumps blood throughout the body, beating approximately 72 times per minute of our lives. The heart pumps the blood, which carries all the vital materials which help our bodies function and removes the waste products that we do not need. If the heart ever ceases to pump blood the body begins to shut down and after a very short period of time will die.
The heart is essentially a muscle(a little larger than the fist). Like any other muscle in the human body, it contracts and expands. Unlike skeletal muscles, however, the heart works on the "All -or-Nothing Law". That is, each time the heart contracts it does so with all its force. In skeletal muscles, the principle of "gradation" is present. The pumping of the heart is called the Cardiac Cycle, which occurs about 72 times per minute. This means that each cycle lasts about eight-tenths of a second. During this cycle the entire heart actually rests for about four-tenths of a second.


Geocell can be easily contracted and folded for transportation; and stretched and expanded on job site to cellular structure. When filled with infill materials, such as soil, gravel and concrete, the structure has strong lateral confinement and high stiffness.
Geocell is lightweight, wear-resistant, chemically stable, anti-photo-oxidative aging, and acid and alkaline-resistant, so can be used in different soil environments (for example, deserts).
Geocell is of high lateral confinement, slide-resistant and deformation-resistant, so can effectively increase load bearing capacity and decentralize load distribution in subgrade reinforcement applications.
The geometrical parameters (for example, height of the cellular structure and welding interval) of geocells can be adjusted for different engineering applications.
Geocell can be easily contracted to achieve small transport dimensions; and easily fastened together on site to achieve high engineering efficiency.
Geocell is valued in the engineering industry thanks to their outstanding performance, which can be understood from the basic principle. In foreign research literature, geocells are described as “honeycomb-like three-dimensional confinement systems that can significantly enhance the performance of normal infill materials in such applications as load support and worm corrosion control.” The critical principle is three-dimensional confinement. As it is known to all, an automobile running in a desert will leave two deep ruts, the area under the wheel to settle deeply into the ground and the walls at both sides of the rut to elevate high above the ground. With another automobile, the rut will become deeper and the walls higher. With more automobiles following the same rut, the ground will be deformed to a degree that no more automobile can run along the same rut as the wheel will be trapped by the rut and the rut walls will block the chasis. The reason is that, according to bearing capacity theories developed by Prandtl and Tylor, when an external concentrated load is applied to the earth surface the active zone 1 settles due to the stress and the stress is transferred laterally to both sides to transitional zone 2, which in turn transfers the stress to passive zone 3, which will be infinitely deformed and elevated.
1. Geocell can be easily contracted and folded for transportation; and stretched and expanded on job site to cellular structure. When filled with infill materials, such as soil, gravel and concrete, the structure has strong lateral confinement and high stiffness.
2. Geocell is lightweight, wear-resistant, chemically stable, anti-photo-oxidative aging, and acid and alkaline-resistant, so can be used in different soil environments (for example, deserts).
3. Geocell is of high lateral confinement, slide-resistant and deformation-resistant, so can effectively increase load bearing capacity and decentralize load distribution in subgrade reinforcement applications.
4. The geometrical parameters (for example, height of the cellular structure and welding interval) of geocells can be adjusted for different engineering applications.
5. Geocell can be easily contracted to achieve small transport dimensions; and easily fastened together on site to achieve high engineering efficiency.Put it another way, when a load is applied onto the subgrade, an active zone of triangular cross section will come into being in the subgrade right below the load. The stress will be transferred to the passive zone through the transitional zone and cause the passive zone to elevate. In other words, Deformation of the subgrade is determined by shear force along the direction of sliding and the force on the active zone, transitional zone and passive zone. This is true with not only sandy soils in desert but also any soft soils, the only difference being the degree and speed of deformation. Such lateral movement of subgrade materials also happens with good subgrade materials. Normally a highway is elevated several meters above the ground. For such a highway, frost boiling due to water absorption rarely happens but pavement settlement does happen after some time. One of the major reasons is absorption of rain water, which leads to run-away of soils, and then settlement of the subgrade. Another major reason is lateral movement of soil due to long-time pressure and vibration caused by dynamic load of vehicles. On many provincial country roads, one can feel something an “S” shaped track in the traffic lane. Similarly, on some highways, one may feel that the traffic lane is significantly more jolting than the express lane (due to heavier and more frequent load). This same mechanism can also explain the so called “bridge-head bump”. Such ditch shaped subgrade settlement is a typical example of lateral movement of subgrade material..
The traditional subgrade engineering is nothing but to increase the shear strength and frictional force of subgrade materials and reduce or delay lateral movement of the subgrade materials under load or vibration, which is known to all and need not be further elaborated. Therefore, there are strict requirements for materials used in such applications. If such materials cannot be obtained locally, then they have to be purchased. The acquisition cost and transportation cost of such materials accounts for a very high percentage of engineering project budget. With geocells, materials available locally, even those materials that traditionally are deemed inferior or not appropriate for such an application, can be used. Consequently, material acquisition and transportation cost can be drastically reduced. Why? Under a concentrated external load, the active zone still transfers the stress to the transitional zone. The stress, however, cannot be transferred from the transitional zone to the passive zone owing to the lateral confinement of cell wall, the passive resistance of the neighboring cells, and the lateral resistance formed by the frictional force between the infill materials and cell walls. As a result, the load bearing capacity of subgrade has increased. Some experiment results show that, with confinement of geocells, the apparent cohesion of medium dense sand can increase by more than 30 times. Obviously, the bearing capacity of subgrade can be improved when the shear strength of subgrade materials can be increased and the lateral movement of stress from active zone 1 to transitional zone 2 and to passive zone 3 can be contained. This is just the confinement principle of geocells. As a new geosynthetical material, geocells have been studied in many research projects from late 1980s and early 1990s and, as demonstrated by laboratory tests and field trials, are very effective to improve bearing capacity of normal infill materials and protection of subgrade. China started introducing Western know-how and developing geocells from early 1990s, and has made breakthroughs in correction and prevention of roadbed defects and stabilization of loose subgrade materials. With further understanding of geocells, it is found that they have advantages that are not available with other geosynthetical materials (for example, geotextile, geomembrane, geogrid, geobag, and geonet) and are a promising material in many areas of applications.
Cut and Fill Subgrade
When the slope of natural terrain is higher than 1:5, steps should be constructed on the subgrade and width of the step should be at least 1 m. When a road is expanded or constructed in a phased manner, steps should be constructed on the side slope of old embankment (at the side of new embankment) and the step width for high-class roadways is normally 2 m. Geocell is then constructed on the level surface of each step, which has been proven an effective solution to differential settlement of subgrade thanks to the lateral confinement and reinforcement effect of geocells.
Embankment in windy and sandy regions
Embankment in windy and sandy regions is usually less than 0.3 m in elevation. However, the bearing capacity required of roads in such regions is usually high. Geocell is a good solution to resolve this conflict, able to achieve high stiffness and strength of loose local infill materials in such slightly elevated embankment and thus high bearing capacity thanks to the lateral confinement of geocells.
Reinforcement of Subgrade near Bridge-Head
Geocell can be used to reinforce the subgrade near bridge head as the high frictional force between geocell and infill materials can reduce the differential settlement of subgrade and bridge and thus alleviate the so called “bridge-end jump” and the damage to bridge caused by such bumps.
Embankment over Perennially Frozen Soil
Embankment over perennially frozen soil should be elevated to a certain height, in order to prevent frost boiling and settlement of the upper layer of frozen soil, which may lead to excessive settlement of the embankment. With geocells, the embankment need not be alleviated that high but still can achieve the required strength and stiffness thanks to the vertical reinforcement and three-dimensional confinement enabled by geocells.
Subgrade over Collapsable Loess
The advantages of geocells can be especially manifested in engineering subgrade of highways and Class 1 roads over collapsable and non-collapsable loess (or when bearing capacity of embankment is less the sum of dynamic load of vehicles and weight of embankment).
Subgrade over Saline Soil or Expansive Soil
For highways or Class 1 roads over saline soil or expansive soil, the road shoulder and side slopes should be reinforced. Geocell is the best reinforcement materials in terms of vertical reinforcement performance. Besides, Geocell is erosion-resistant and thus a good choice for road construction work over saline soil and expansive soil.
Subgrade of road and rail track.
River embankment and shallow riverbed
Multi-purpose retaining wall (for slide-resistance and load support)
Construction over soft soil (Geocell can significantly reduce construction labor intensity, subgrade thickness and engineering cost and improve construction efficiency and performance)


Learning to speak English? Our Everyday Conversations help you practice. Click the audio link to hear a native speaker pronounce each word while you read. Key terms are explained, in your language, at the end of each conversation. Today’s conversation is about weddings.
Angelica: Doesn’t the bride look beautiful in that wedding dress?
Maria: Yes. She looks amazing. And the groom is so romantic. I just heard the story of how they got engaged! He proposed to her during a candlelight dinner in London. Did you know that was where they went to school?
Angelica: Oh? Wonderful. And the honeymoon! What a great idea! Most people just go to the beach for a week after they tie the knot. But they plan on heading to California and cruising the coast on their motorcycle.
Maria: Really! What a fantastic idea. This is by far the best wedding I’ve ever been to.
- Doesn’t …? When you have a negative question, the expected answer is “yes.” As such, it expresses the exact opposite of what is being conveyed (i.e., the bride DOES look absolutely beautiful).
- Listen to the stress on honeymoon. There are three syllables in “honeymoon,” with the stress on the first syllable (HO-ney-moon). This content word is culturally important, so it’s emphasized: It means a trip or vacation taken by a newly married couple.
- Tie the knot is an informal way of saying “get married.”
- Can you find and explain the two usages of just in this dialogue? “Just” is an adverb that can be used in two different ways:
- A) To indicate a very recent past (I just heard the story). When used to convey time, “just” is commonly used with a simple past verb because the action is complete. Sometimes it can also be used with the present perfect (He’s just finished writing a book).
- B) To indicate contrast or emphasis (Most people just go to the beach). In that case, “just” can be replaced by “simply” and emphasize the word it relates to (a verb, adjective or other adverb) by denoting contrast. Compare the following sentences: “They just got married yesterday” (adverb of time). “The wedding reception was just wonderful” (adverb of emphasis).


Future generation of interferometric gravitational wave detectors is hoped to provide accurate measurements of the final stages of binary in-spirals. The sources probed by such experiments are of extragalactic origin
and the observed chirp mass distribution carries information about their redshifts. Moreover the luminosity distance is directly observable is such experiments. This creates the possibility to establish a new kind of cosmo-
logical tests, supplementary to more standard ones. The paper discusses the utility of gravity wave experiments for testing the dark energy in the Universe, which is one of the most important issues in modern cosmology.


Oil spills—liquid petroleum hydrocarbon releases into the environment—accidental, intentional, or resulting from everyday human activity—are all too common and vary in size and duration. Their causes and sources also vary. They are distinguished from natural seeps of oil, such as those that regularly occur in the Gulf of Mexico.
Sources of Spills
Oil undergoes many processes (taking on new characteristics as refined products) and travels many miles in its journey from beneath the earth to the consumer. At any point, it is subject to possible explosion and fire or leakage due to faulty production processes, collisions while in transport, or intentional sabotage.
Production process sites: drilling sites and refineries.
Storage sites: underground tanks, above-ground tanks.
Transport sites/vehicles: roads and railroads. Tankers, barges, vessels, and pipelines.
Most of the largest oil spills in the world have arisen from tanker accidents, although such spills are less frequent than spills caused by pipeline breaks. According to a 2002 US Department of the Interior Minerals Management Service report, tankers and barges were responsible for 45 percent of the spilled oil in United States waters between 1971 and 2000, while pipelines (especially onshore) accounted for only 16 percent. In that same period, offshore (Outer Continental Shelf) production facilities and pipelines accounted for only 2 percent of the volume of oil spilled in United States waters. Nevertheless, the Gulf of Mexico far exceeds other world waters in number of vessel spills and is considered a hot spot for such spills.
Mega-spills of crude oil into the marine environment
There have been numerous oil spills throughout the years in various regions of the world; some of the largest spills, as well as those in U.S. waters, are highlighted in this section. The list of significant spills is lengthy, and the list of the largest spills—those of over 100,000 tons (30 million US gallons)—is similarly long. (A ton of crude oil is approximately 308 US gallons, 7.33 barrels. One barrel of oil is equivalent to 42 US gallons.) Individual oil spills are summarized at Various Oil Spills. The Deepwater Horizon/BP Macondo Well 2010 Gulf of Mexico incident is covered in the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill section. Below are links to various web sites that offer a wealth of information about oil spills as well as a reference library of books with links to additional information about them. A separate page includes publications about the Deepwater Horizon oil spill.
Part of the history of oil spills includes the clean-up efforts (remediation), both during and after the incident. Another part of the history includes the research and monitoring, both long-term and short-term following the incident. Although this follow-up generally has involved only the natural environment, increasingly it has and should include monitoring of human impacts. And yet another part of the history of oil spills includes the legal/political fallout that may result in compensation for those individuals or entities harmed physically or economically. New laws and regulations sometimes arise to address safety issues and practices as well as liability placement.
Monitoring the environmental impacts of an oil spill should be a long-term proposition; it is critical to our understanding of the full range of effects, and it helps with understanding how the next oil spill might be mitigated. Yet funding typically evaporates with the winds of the next publicized crisis or the complacency that arises from drum beats of "all is back to normal." But environmental monitoring requires a long-term approach and is not as simple as waiting for things to apparently return to the conditions prior to the incident since ecosystems are dynamic and ever-changing. Comparing the change in oiled and unoiled sites is one technique to better assess changes wrought by an oil spill disturbance, for instance. Another is to compare baseline data for a site taken in undisturbed conditions with data after a disturbance. Then, perhaps, a determination of recovery or permanent alteration (regime shift) can be made.
Oil Spills in History
A description of oil spills (accidental discharges) and their sources. Global Marine Oil Pollution Information Gateway
10 Famous Spills, Incident News, Office of Response and Restoration, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
Oil Spill Case Histories, 1967-1991: Summaries of Significant U.S. and International Spills (NOAA/Hazardous Materials Response and Assessment Division, 1992)
Incident News (Office of Response and Restoration, NOAA's National Ocean Service). This site has news, photos, and other information about selected oil spills (and other incidents) where NOAA's Office of Response and Restoration (OR&R) provided scientific support for the incident response. It contains information on thousands of historical incidents spanning 30 years of OR&R spill response. For direct links to historical information and photos on various oil spills.
Incidents Gallery (Office of Response and Restoration, NOAA). Over 1000 photos of various oil spills, including high resolution downloadables.
Oil spills and their data (Centre of Documentation, Research and Experimentation on Accidental Water Pollution)
Tanker Oil Spill Statistics (International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation Ltd)
Oil Rig Disasters (the deadliest, most expensive, blowouts, collapse, sunk rigs, hurricanes, rig list, links)
Pictures of some of the worst oil spills: Sick Slicks: Counting Down the 13 worst Oil Spills
Visualizing Oil Spills, part 1 (oil spill data in visual form, © Christopher Cannon, 2011, with permission)
Visualizing Oil Spills, part 2 (oil spill data in visual form, © Christopher Cannon, 2011, with permission)
Audio interview about what it takes to stop an oil blowout by Stig Christiansen is the CEO of ADD Energy, a Norwegian well-blowout and disaster prevention company - they've assisted in 60 blowouts worldwide including the Gulf of Mexico spill in 2010 and the Montara platform in the Timor Sea.
Oil and oil spills: the Gulf of Mexico — A special edition of Marine Science Review (SeaWeb), dated May 2010, that assembles relevant literature from the three decades preceding the 2010 BP Gulf oil spill, which provide insights not only to the impact of oil on the marine and coastal environment in the Gulf of Mexico, but highlights experiences, issues, and research from similar oil spills in other regions of the world.
Oil Industry History
A History of the Oil Industry (with special emphasis on California and the San Joaquin Valley)
Information about the oil and gas industry, by the industry: types of energy, extraction methods, economic implications, regulations, etc. (Energy Tomorrow.org)
History of Offshore Oil and Gas in the U.S. by National Commission on the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and Offshore Drilling
Scenes from the Early Days of the U.S. Oil Industry (photos -- The Huffington Post)
National Geographic Magazine: A Geography of Offshore Oil: a map of the Gulf of Mexico with detailed visuals of oil exploration and drilling in the region and relevant numbers


It’s not clear which explorer named Costa Rica (“the rich coast”), but one account suggests it was Christopher Columbus. unidentified land known for its riches. Alas, by most accounts Mendaña found.
Many Americans will celebrate Monday as Columbus Day, a federal holiday that marks the anniversary of Christopher Columbus’s Spanish. to nativist backlash against immigration to the United States.
And things he did do that might surprise you. So you think that Christopher Columbus discovered America in the Niña, the Pinta and the Santa Maria and also, while he was at it, proved the Earth.
Oct 11, 2008 · ( – promoted by navajo). Christopher Columbus: The Christian Crusades had ended in 1291, the Black Death had been deliberately blamed on innocent Jews who said what their Christian torturers forced them to, that they poisoned water wells, causing the Black Death. Of course, the real cause was in the stomachs of fleas, not planetary alignment, earthquakes, or God’s Judgment.
Oct 05, 2012 · Christopher Columbus was an intrepid, driven ocean explorer who found the Americas while looking for an ocean route to Asia; his discovery is celebrated as Columbus Day in many countries.
The island of Hispaniola (La Isla Española), which today is occupied by the nations of Haiti and the Dominican Republic, was one of several landfalls Christopher Columbus made during his first voyage to the New World in 1492. Columbus established a makeshift settlement on the north coast, which he dubbed Navidad (Christmas), after his flagship, […]
Christopher Columbus (/ k ə ˈ l ʌ m b ə s /; before 31 October 1451 – 20 May 1506) was an Italian explorer, navigator, and colonist who completed four voyages across the Atlantic Ocean under the auspices of the Catholic Monarchs of Spain. He led the first European expeditions to the Caribbean, Central America, and South America, initiating the permanent European colonization of the Americas.
POINT JUDITH, R.I. — There was a time when whiting were plentiful in the waters of Rhode Island Sound, and Christopher Brown pulled the. that two-thirds of marine species in the northeast United.
Abraham Lincoln Biographies Books On March 4, 1861, Abraham Lincoln was inaugurated as the 16th President of the United States. Appointed to his cabinet were many Radical Republicans, including Edwin M. Stanton, Salmon P. Chase, and Charles F. Adams as Minister to Great Britain. Back in the good old days when broke freelance writers became U.S. diplomats, Abraham Lincoln
But I don’t remember learning exactly who the native peoples of our land were. It’s possible we did, especially in. the second Monday of October, Columbus Day is a federal holiday celebrated in.
A BRIEF HISTORY Christopher Columbus landed on Guantanamo Bay in 1494. but it became the place where American domination starts as well,” said Kristanne. In 1898, the United States went to war with.
The Thrifty Guide To The American Revolution Generational Differences Chart Traditionalists Baby Boomers Generation X Millennials Birth Years 1900-1945 1946-19641965-1980 (1977-1994) 1981-2000 Current Age 63-86 44-6228-438-27 Famous People Bob Dole, Elizabeth Taylor Bill Clinton, Meryl Streep Barak Obama, Jennifer Lopez Ashton Kutcher, Serena Williams EMPOWERMENT ZONE Welcome to Empowerment Zone (version 3.9), the home page of Jamal Mazrui! This site (http://www.empowermentzone.com) offers
Columbus Day, which commemorates Christopher Columbus’s arrival in the New World on October 12, 1492, and is observed on the second Monday of October, is one of 10 federal holidays.
This concept really took hold when Christopher Columbus dubbed the diverse indigenous inhabitants. exist among the 567 federally recognized Indian nations across the United States. It’s true that.
Which is exactly what he did. in the United States that has to enroll, that has to get a number from the United States government to claim to be Native American,” Bordeaux said, “and so to continue.
Benjamin Franklin Rodriguez Sandlot That means Mike Vitar as Benjamin “Benny” Franklin Rodriguez; Patrick Renna as Hamilton “Ham” Porter; Chauncey Leopardi as Michael “Squints” Palledorous; Victor DiMattia as Timmy Timmons; Marty York. One of the stars of the classic baseball film The Sandlot has been charged with assaulting a 22-year-old man on Halloween and faces up to four years
Sep 01, 2017 · Driven in large part by political correctness and partisan academics and activists, it has become fashionable in recent years to criticize Christopher Columbus and the holiday named in his honor. A closer look, however, reveals the famed explorer to be a.
To many outside of the 50 United States, America is not a nation. But many saw it an injustice that the name not be attributed to Christopher Columbus, who set foot in the region first. In 1875,
I took command of the Marine Corps Security Force Company aboard United States Naval Base. but its significance in Western history began long before modern America. Christopher Columbus touched.
In 1492, a Spanish-based transatlantic maritime expedition led by Italian explorer Christopher Columbus encountered the Americas, continents which were completely unknown in Europe, Asia and Africa and were outside the Old World political and economic system. The four voyages of Columbus began the Spanish colonization of the Americas. For a long time it was generally believed that Columbus.
Christopher Columbus landed in Bahamas, part of the Americas, on October 12th, 1494. Columbus Day is meant to celebrate this arrival. Christopher Columbus was an Italian sailor, born in Genoa, Italy in 1451. He sailed with three ships and 90 crew members on the voyage that landed him in the Bahamas. Unofficially, Columbus Day has been celebrated in the U.S. since the late 1700s, but did not.
Only two years earlier the Spanish defeat at the hands of the United States in Cuba. including Christopher Columbus on his final voyage, before Vasco Nuñez de Balboa became the first European to.
Centuries ago Illinois was home to the largest and most influential city in what would become the United. Christopher Columbus set foot on North America. Archaeologists estimate people came here.
The following quote from an article Bill Biglow wrote, Rethinking Columbus: Towards a True People’s History, published on Saturday, October 6, 2012, by Common Dreams, nicely articulates the reason why we, the Indigenous Peoples of the Americas, must become more forceful in our demands that the true histories of our Peoples be taught in schools. Bill Bigelow taught high school social studies in.
Andrew Jackson Elementary Hermitage Tn Nichols Vale is a quaint, suburban community featuring new single family homes and townhomes in Mount Juliet. Residents enjoy close proximity to shopping, dining, and Interstate 40. Search 44 apartments for rent in Hermitage, TN. Find detailed apartment listings including photos all on realtor.com®. That elementary school auditorium felt like Madison Square Garden. Ben: Guys
An 1893 rendition of Christopher Columbus arriving. roots penetrated that land well before it took on the clear definition of a nation state, the majority of the people in an invented nation–such.
Robert J. Miller is an Associate Professor at Lewis & Clark Law School in Portland. He is the Chief Justice of the Court of Appeals of the Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community of Oregon and sits as a judge for other tribes.
How Many Terms Did Franklin Pierce Serve When he was inaugurated on March 4, 1853, Franklin Pierce became the only president to “affirm” the office of the president rather than “swear” it, and did not use a Holy. the other was FDR, who. The New Hampshire Legislature agreed to aid financing of restoration, as did many private citizens. from the statehouse, where
2015 Recipient of the American Book Award The first history of the United States told from the perspective of indigenous peoples Today in the United States, there are more than five hundred federally recognized Indigenous nations comprising nearly three million people, descendants of the fifteen million Native people who once inhabited this land.
Starting in the late 1800s, the United States government engineered an education policy. You get a sugarcoated version of Christopher Columbus and the first Thanksgiving. And you get very few other.
“How did this happen to a 10-year-old?” Rundle said to The Washington Post on Tuesday, noting that investigators. are the main drivers of overdose deaths across the United States, according to data.
Nov 09, 2009 · Christopher Columbus was an Italian explorer who stumbled upon the Americas and whose journeys marked the beginning of centuries of transatlantic colonization. The explorer Christopher Columbus.
In 1492, Columbus sailed the ocean blue. and totally missed his mark. His journey may not have gone exactly as planned, but there were some interesting detours along the way.
Columbus Sails, Others Follow, and Spain Is on Top of the World Download MP3 (Right-click or option-click the link.). Welcome to THE MAKING OF A NATION – American history in VOA Special English. In the United States, October ninth is observed as Leif Erickson Day.
A couple of New Hampshire state representatives, still seething over the crime that is the United States of America. tips his hand to what really motivates him here. Explorer Christopher Columbus’.
Get an answer for ‘How did Christopher Columbus’ discovery change history?’ and find homework help for other European Exploration of America questions at eNotes
Instead of honoring Christopher Columbus, it recognizes Native Americans as the first inhabitants of what later became the United States. Advocates argue that Columbus did not "discover. to.
Oct 03, 2018 · As the classroom rhyme goes, Christopher Columbus sailed the ocean blue in 1492 and discovered America. But there is more to the story of the explorer we.
Christopher Columbus landed. where all we did was play all damn day. My experience in the Dominican Republic in those years was living in this wonderland,” he says. Six years later, he and his.
Christopher Columbus Hero Or Villain Quizlet Password requirements: 6 to 30 characters long; ASCII characters only (characters found on a standard US keyboard); must contain at least 4 different symbols; For tutoring please call 856.777.0840 I am a registered nurse who helps nursing students pass their NCLEX. I have been a nurse since 1997. I have worked in a. ABOUT US.


Workshop on C Language
Programming with C training imparts the skills to learn C programming language fundamentals. The learning curve drives the participants from the basics to the complexity of file input-output and pointers. Learning C programming is essential for the developers as it is widely used in software development including desktop applications, compilers/linkers, tools and utilities to control hardware devices.
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Suffering a stroke is devastating at any age, but for young adults it is catastrophic. A stroke is simply caused by decreased blood flow to the brain. In older adults the most frequent cause is a blood clot that forms inside the heart or a blood vessel, which breaks loose and travels to the brain – this is caused an ischaemic stroke. These are more common, but a stroke can affect anyone of any age – it is one of those indiscriminate phenomenons that can come out of nowhere. But there are risk factors, and therefore, ways to limit those risks.
Even though the overall rate of stroke is decreasing, studies have found that it is increasing for young and middle-aged people, those between 20 and 54 years of age. So why is this the case – and is there anything we can do about it?
Cardiogenic causes account for more strokes in young adults. These causes include rheumatoid heart disease, heart valve abnormalities and being born with a hole in your heart – called a patent foramen ovale. Other factors that have been linked to an increased risk of stroke at a younger age include; migraines, pregnancy, taking the birth control pill and smoking. Obesity is a big one. As the population becomes increasingly obese, the incidence of stroke in young people grows – and the correlation is not a coincidence. Obesity increases the lifetime risk of stroke because being overweight increases the risk of high blood pressure, high cholesterol and diabetes – all of which can contribute to an increased stroke risk at any age.
Some of the prevention strategies for stroke at any age include:
- Regular exercise and maintaining a healthy weight
- A healthy and balanced diet – eat vegetables, fruit and whole grains and foods that are low in saturated fat
- Controlling your blood pressure and cholesterol
- Avoiding drugs, smoking and excessive alcohol
One of the main reasons that stroke is so devastating in younger people is that it can mean a lifetime of recovery and loss of many productive years. About 15-30% of people have a stroke that leads to long-term disability. The good news, however, is that people who suffer stroke at age 30 have a better rate of recovery than someone of 80 because they have better brain plasticity. Dealing with strokes in younger people requires a different approach to treatment and management because you need to look for different causes.The key is to identify these underlying causes and reduce these risk factors.
If you think someone is suffering a stroke never forget the acronym FAST:
F = face drooping
A = arm weakness
S = speech difficulty
T = time is of the essence
Call the emergency services immediately as this may help to reduce the morbidity in someone who has suffered a stroke. Awareness is vital. You may think you are too young for a stroke, but unfortunately, this is not the case. Knowing the warning signs and acting accordingly can reduce the chance of long-term disability and improve recovery rates.


How to Insert Blocks in AutoCAD 2014
AutoCAD provides a number of ways to insert a block or a whole drawing file, but the most commonly used and most flexible is the Insert dialog box. To insert a block, follow these steps:
Set an appropriate layer current.
Insert each block on a layer that has something to do with the block’s geometry or purpose:
If all objects in the block definition reside on one layer, you should usually insert the block on that layer.
If the block geometry spans several layers, choose a suitable one to insert the block on. For example, a block that shows a gearbox made of geometry on layers named Casing, Armature, Shaft, and Fasteners, for example, would be inserted on a Motors layer.
If any of the block definition’s geometry was created on Layer 0 (zero), that geometry inherits the color, linetype, and other object properties of the layer on which you insert the block.
On the Home tab of the Ribbon, click the Insert button on the Block panel.
The Insert dialog box appears.
Enter the block definition name (or external filename) by using one of these methods:
Use the Name drop-down list to select from a list of block definitions in the current drawing.
Click the Browse button to select an external DWG file and have AutoCAD create a block definition from it.
Browse to any existing drawing and insert it into the current drawing to create a new block definition within the host drawing. The new definition retains no connection to the inserted drawing.
You can use an external drawing to replace a block definition in the current drawing. If you click Browse and choose a file whose name matches the name of a block definition that’s already in the drawing, AutoCAD asks you to confirm the update and updates the block definition in the drawing with the current contents of the external file.
Enter the insertion point, scale, and rotation angle of the block.
You can either select the Specify On-Screen check box in each area to specify the parameters onscreen at the command prompt or type the values you want in the text boxes in the Insertion Point, Scale, and Rotation areas.
Select the Uniform Scale check box to constrain the X, Y, and Z scaling parameters to the same value.
If you want AutoCAD to create a copy of the individual objects in the block instead of a block reference that points to the block definition, select the Explode check box and click OK.
If you selected the Specify On-Screen check box for the insertion point, scale, or rotation angle, answer the prompts on the Command: line to specify these parameters.
After you insert a block, all the objects displayed in the block reference behave as a single object. When you select any object in the block reference, AutoCAD highlights all the objects in it.
AutoCAD gives you three more ways to insert a block:
Drag and drop: Drag a DWG file from Windows Explorer and drop it anywhere in the current drawing window. AutoCAD then prompts you to choose an insertion point and (optionally) change the default scale factor and rotation angle.
The DesignCenter palette: Drag a block definition from the Blocks section of the DesignCenter palette and drop it into the current drawing window.
You can import Inventor part (IPT) and assembly (IAM) models directly into AutoCAD 2013 and later. Inventor is AutoCAD’s 3D parametric and associative sibling, intended primarily for mechanical design. Imported Inventor files come across as dumb 3D solids that lose their parametrics and associativity, but they can be modified and edited like any other AutoCAD 3D solid.
The Tool Palettes window: You first must create and configure appropriate tools. The easiest method is right-clicking a drawing in DesignCenter and choosing Create Tool Palette. A new tabbed page is added to the Tool Palettes window, containing all block definitions from the drawing you right-clicked. Simply click and drag a tool to insert its corresponding block into a drawing.
Dragging blocks from a tool palette doesn’t give you the chance to specify a different insertion scale, nor can you use all the precision tools in AutoCAD to specify the insertion point precisely. So you may need to move the block into place after inserting it.
You should first master the other block insertion methods, especially using the Insert dialog box and DesignCenter palette. Then if you find yourself inserting the same blocks frequently, consider creating a tool palette containing them. Check out the Add Content with DesignCenter topic in the AutoCAD online Help system for more information.
Although the preceding paragraph refers to the Tool Palettes window, palettes in AutoCAD aren’t like regular windows or dialog boxes. They’re modeless, so they can stay open while you carry out other tasks outside them. The official programmer-ese term for the palette is enhanced secondary window, or ESW.
Be careful when you insert one drawing into another. If the host (or parent) drawing and the inserted (or child) drawing have different definitions for layers that share the same name, the objects in the inserted drawing take on the layer characteristics of the host drawing.
For example, if you insert a drawing with lines on a layer named Walls that’s blue and dashed into a drawing with a layer named Walls that’s red and continuous, the inserted lines on the Wall layer turn red and continuous after they’re inserted. The same rules apply to linetypes, text styles, dimension styles, table styles, multileader styles, and block definitions that are nested inside the drawing you’re inserting.
To modify a block definition after you’ve inserted at least one instance of it, use the BEdit (Block Editor) command; choose Block Editor in the Block panel on the Home tab, or simply double-click a block insertion.


A calendar is a system of reckoning the time over extended
intervals by combining days into longer groupings which are
linked to the way in which we live. The groupings often have
religious significance and some of the groups are linked to
Our calendar is made up of days, weeks, months and years. The
day is the rotational period of the Earth; the week is a purely
artificial period linked to the Biblical story of creation; the month
is linked to the period of the Moon and the year is linked to the
Earth's period of rotation around the Sun.
The Jewish calendar and the Moslem calendar are intimately
connected with the Moon. The Jewish calendar is now a fixed
calendar with rather complex rules for its construction. The
length of the Jewish year may be 353, 354 or 355 days or 383, 384
or 385 days. Each month has 29 or 30 days.
The Moslem calendar is also a fixed calendar, but the religious
festivals depend on visual sightings of the New Moon. The length
of the Moslem year is 12 months of alternate lengths 30 and 29
days, except for the 12th month which can have either 29 or 30
days. The calendar is kept in adjustment with the Moon using a
cycle of years of different length.
The definition of the day seems very simple. It should be the time
taken for one passage of the Sun across the meridian to its next
crossing. Unfortunately the Earth's movement around the Sun is
not circular and this causes the time indicated by a sundial to be
different from that measured by a clock. (The difference is called
the Equation of Time and is describy a clock. (The difference is called
the Equation of Time and is described in a separate pamphlet.)
Nor is the Earth's rotation period constant, although the variations
are very small. So we use a length for the day which represents
the Earth's average rotation period. Occasionally we have to
insert `leap-seconds' to correct from this exact measure to the
slightly irregular rotation of the Earth.
Mosaic law forbidding work on every seventh day established a
seven-day period as a measure of Jewish time. This passed over
into the Christian church and gradually became established in the
Roman calendar. The astrological practice of naming the days
using the names of the Sun, Moon and the five known planets also
yielded a seven day period.
The names that we give to the days of the week are still based on this nomenclature. In English Sunday and Monday are named after the Sun and Moon while the other days of the week are named after the teutonic versions of the gods that correspond to each planet. Tiu = Mars, Woden = Mercury, Thor = Jupiter and Freya = Venus, Saturday keeping its latin connection with Saturn.
Many ancient calendars were based on the lunar cycle. The lunar
month is 29.530589 days and the number of lunations in a year is
12.368267. The most common scheme was to have 12 montommon scheme was to have 12 months of
30 days with either arbitrary or calculated additional days or
months to bring the system into accord with the solar year.
Originally the Roman calendar had 10 months Martius (named
after Mars and indicating the time for resumption of war), Aprilis
(after the word for `to open', hence Spring), Maius (after Maia, the
goddess of growth), Junius (after juvenis, meaning youth),
Quintilius, Sextilis, Septembris, Octobris and Decembris (meaning
the fifth to tenth months). The Romans had a dislike of even
numbers as these symbolized death and so the months had either
29 or 31 days. King Numa increased the number of months to 12
by introducing Januarius (after the god Janus, the protector of
doorways and hence the opening of the year) and Februarius (after
Februalia, the time for sacrifices at the end of the year). The order
of the months was later changed.
In order to reconcile the solar and lunar years,at the
recommendation of Sosigenes Julius Caesar altered the lengths of
the months and the change to our present format was completed
by Caesar Augustus. They both claimed the names of one of the
months and this gave rise to Julius and Augustus which replaced
Quintilius and Sextilis.
The number of days in one revolution of the Earth around the Sun
is f the Earth around the Sun
is 365.2422 days. Unfortunately, this is not a whole number and
so if we wish to keep the calendar in track with the seasons we
must adopt some form of variable year length.
The first major attempt to accomplish this was by Julius Caesar.
Besides pinching a day from the last month of the year (then
February) to make `his' month, July, have 31 days he introduced
the Julian calendar. February was further despoiled by Augustus
Caesar who also purloined a day so as to make `his' month,
August, also have 31 days. As some sort of compensation the
leap-day was given to February.
The Julian calendar introduced a year of length 365 days with a
leap-year every 4 years. It also moved the start of the year from
March 25 to January 1, supposedly the longest day. The adopted
length of the year, 365. 25 days, is only slightly different from the
actual length, 365. 2422 days, but over the centuries the
difference mounts up and by the 16th century had become
noticeable. The effect is to move Spring and the date of Easter,
which is related to the vernal equinox, closer to the date of
The Gregorian reform to the calendar altered the rule for
determining if a year should be a leap-year by stating that
centenary years should only be leap-years if they were divisible by
400. It also dropped several days from the caled several days from the calendar so that the
vernal equinox was brought back to March 21. The mean length
of the calendar year is now 365. 2425 days and the error
compared with the true value amounts to only 3 days in 10,000
The year is defined as being the interval between two successive
passages of the Sun through the vernal equinox. Of course, what
is really occurring is that the Earth is going around the Sun but it
is easier to understand what is happening by considering the
apparent motion of the Sun in the sky.
The vernal equinox is the instant when the Sun is above the
Earth's equator while going from the south to the north. It is the
time which astronomers take as the definition of the beginning of
Spring.The year as defined above is called the trove is called the tropical year and it
is the year length that defines the repetition of the seasons. The
length of the tropical year is 365.24219 days.
In 46 BC Julius Caesar established the Julian calendar which was
used in the west until 1582. In the Julian calendar each year
contained 12 months and there were an average of 365.25 days in
a year. This was achieved by having three years containing 365
days and one year containing 366 days. (In fact the leap years
were not correctly inserted until 8 AD).
The discrepancy between the actual length of the year, 365.24219
days, and the adopted length, 365.25 days, may not seem
important but over hundreds of years the difference becomes
obvious. The reason for this is that the seasons, which depend on
the date in the tropical year, were getting progressively out of
kilter with the calendar date. Pope Gregory XIII, in 1582,
instituted the Gregorian calendar, which has been used since then.
The change from the Julian calendar to the Gregorian involved the
change of the simple rule for leap-years to the more complex one
in which century years should only be leap-years if they were
divisible by 400. For example, 1700,1800 and 1900 are not
leap-years whereas 2000 will be.
The net effect is to make the adopted average length of the year
365.2425 days. The dhe year
365.2425 days. The difference between this and the true length
will not have a serious effect for many thousands of years. (The
error amounts to about 3 days in 10,000 years.)
The adoption of the Gregorian calendar was made in Catholic
countries in 1582 with the elimination of 10 days, October the 4th
being followed by October 15th. The Gregorian calendar also
stipulated that the year should start on January 1. In non-Catholic
countries the change was made later; Britain and her colonies
made the change in 1752 when September 2nd was followed by
September 14 and New Year's Day was changed from March 25
to January 1.
A millennium is a period of 1000 years. The question of which
year is the first year of the millennium hinges on the date of the
first year AD.
Unfortunately the sequence of years going from BC to AD does
not include a Year 0. The sequence of years runs 3 BC, 2 BC, 1
BC, 1 AD, 2 AD, 3 AD etc. This means that the first year of the
first millennium was 1 AD. The one thousandth year was 1000
AD and the first day of the second millennium was 1001 AD.
It is thus clear that the start of the new millennium will be 1 Jan
The year 200="br1">
The year 2000 AD will certainly be celebrated, as is natural for a year with such a round number but, accurately speaking, we will be celebrating the 2000th year or the last year of the millennium, not the start of the new millennium. Whether this will be an excuse for more celebrations in the following year will have to be seen!


The recent India-Africa summit in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, at which India’s government pledged $5 billion in aid to African countries, drew attention to a largely overlooked phenomenon – India’s emergence as a source, rather than a recipient, of foreign aid.
For decades after independence – when Britain left the subcontinent one of the poorest and most ravaged regions on earth, with an effective growth rate of 0% over the preceding two centuries – India was seen as an impoverished land of destitute people, desperately in need of international handouts. Many developed countries showcased their aid to India; Norway, for example, established in 1959 its first-ever aid program there.
But, with the liberalization of the Indian economy in 1991, the country embarked upon a period of dizzying growth, averaging nearly 8% per year since then. During this time, India weaned itself from dependence on aid, preferring to borrow from multilateral lenders and, increasingly, from commercial banks. Most foreign-aid programs – with the sole exception of Britain’s – have dwindled or been eliminated altogether.
Today, the proverbial shoe is on the other foot. Long known for its rhetorical faith in South-South cooperation, India has begun putting its money where its mouth used to be. It has now emerged as a significant donor to developing countries in Africa and Asia, second only to China in the range and quantity of development assistance given by countries of the global South.
The Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation Program (ITEC) was established in 1964, but now has real money to offer, in addition to training facilities and technological know-how. Nationals from 156 countries have benefited from ITEC grants, which have brought developing-country students to Indian universities for courses in everything from software development to animal husbandry.
In addition, India has built factories, hospitals, and parliaments in various countries, and sent doctors, teachers, and IT professionals to treat and train the nationals of recipient countries. Concessional loans at trifling interest rates (between 0.25% and 0.75%, well below the cost of servicing the loans) are also extended as lines of credit, tied mainly to the purchase of Indian goods and services, and countries in Africa have been clamoring for them.
In Asia, India remains by far the largest single donor to its neighbor Bhutan, as well as a generous aid donor to Nepal, the Maldives, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka as it recovers from civil war. Given Afghanistan’s vital importance for the security of the subcontinent, India’s assistance program there already amounts to more than $1.2 billion – modest from the standpoint of Afghan needs, but large for a non-traditional donor – and is set to rise further.
India’s efforts in Afghanistan have focused on humanitarian infrastructure, social projects, and development of skills and capacity. Five Indian medical missions provide treatment and free medicines to more than 1,000 patients a day, most of them poor women and children. The Indian-built Indira Gandhi Centre for Child Health in Kabul is connected through a telemedicine link with two super-specialty medical centers in India.
A million tons of Indian food assistance provides 100 grams of high-protein biscuits to two million of Afghanistan’s six million schoolchildren, a third of whom are girls. Indian engineers, braving attacks that claimed several lives, built a 130-mile (218-kilometer) highway from Zaranj to Delaram in southwest Afghanistan, opening up a trade route to the Iranian border. Indians braved the 3,000-meter heights to run a power-transmission line from Pul-e-Khumri to Kabul – giving round-the-clock electricity to the capital for the first time since 1982. India is currently engaged in building the Afghan Parliament building, a visible and evocative symbol of democracy.
India has also commissioned 100 small development projects (mainly quick-gestation, small-scale social-sector projects), and pledged further funds for education, health, power, and telecommunications. Of course, some in Pakistan see nefarious designs behind this assistance, but the ultimate objective is straightforward: to build indigenous Afghan capabilities for effective governance, reflecting India’s commitment to regional stability in the face of terror and violence.
In Africa, India’s strength as an aid provider is that it is not an over-developed power, but rather one whose own experience of development challenges is both recent and familiar. African countries, for example, look at China and the United States with a certain awe, but do not, for a moment, believe that they can become like either of them. India, by contrast, comes across as a land that has faced, and is still surmounting, problems rather like those confronting its beneficiaries. If India can do it, many Africans reason, perhaps we can learn from them.
Moreover, unlike China, India does not descend on other countries with a heavy governmental footprint. India’s private sector is a far more important player, and the government often confines itself to opening doors and letting African countries work with the most efficient Indian provider that they can find.
Similarly, unlike the Chinese, Indian employers do not come into a foreign country with an overwhelming labor force that lives in ghettoes, or impose their ways of doing things on aid recipients. Instead, they recruit, hire, and train local workers and foremen, and leave behind enhanced capacities. Whereas China’s omnipresence has provoked hostility in several African countries – a presidential candidate in Zambia even campaigned on an explicitly anti-Chinese platform – Indian businesses have faced no such reaction in the last two decades. Indeed, Uganda, where Idi Amin expelled Indian settlers in 1972, has been actively wooing them back under President Yoweri Museveni.
Finally, India accommodates itself to aid recipients’ desires, advancing funds to African regional banks or the New Economic Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD). Its focus on capacity development, its accessibility, and its long record of support for developing countries have made India an increasingly welcome donor. This could not have been imagined even 20 years ago, and it is one of the best consequences of India’s emergence as a global economic power.
Shashi Tharoor, a former Indian Minister of State for External Affairs and UN Under-Secretary General, is a member of India’s parliament and the author of a dozen books, including India from Midnight to the Millennium and Nehru: the Invention of India.