|Publication number||US5138520 A|
|Application number||US 07/690,940|
|Publication date||Aug 11, 1992|
|Filing date||Dec 27, 1989|
|Priority date||Dec 27, 1988|
|Publication number||07690940, 690940, PCT/1989/5882, PCT/US/1989/005882, PCT/US/1989/05882, PCT/US/89/005882, PCT/US/89/05882, PCT/US1989/005882, PCT/US1989/05882, PCT/US1989005882, PCT/US198905882, PCT/US89/005882, PCT/US89/05882, PCT/US89005882, PCT/US8905882, US 5138520 A, US 5138520A, US-A-5138520, US5138520 A, US5138520A|
|Inventors||Larry D. McMillan, Carlos A. Paz de Araujo|
|Original Assignee||Symetrix Corporation|
|Export Citation||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|
|Patent Citations (13), Non-Patent Citations (4), Referenced by (83), Classifications (39), Legal Events (7)|
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet|
This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 290,468 filed Dec. 27, 1988.
The invention relates to methods for depositing high quality films of complex (compound) materials on substrates at high deposition rates, and apparatus for effecting such methods. Particularly, the invention relates to photo/plasma-enhanced, rapidly thermally pulsed metallorganic chemical vapor deposition from stabilized compound sources depositing high quality, stoichiometrically-correct, thin films of a large variety of complex compounds at high deposition rates, and computer controlled apparatus for effecting such methods.
There are known methods for depositing thin films of complex compounds such as metal oxides, ferroelectrics, super-conductors, materials with high dielectric constants, gems, etc. Such known methods include RF sputtering, chemical vapor deposition (CVD), and spin coating.
A first embodiment provides a method and apparatus for depositing a thin film on a substrate, comprising the steps of: providing a substrate in an enclosed deposition chamber; introducing at least one vaporized compound source into the chamber at a controlled flow rate; and controlling first means to apply a spectral energy bath to the source within the chamber in a controlled manner to dissociate at least one component from the source and to permit the component to be deposited on the substrate. The bath is tuned to provide optimal energy for dissociating the component from the vaporized source.
A second embodiment provides a method and apparatus for depositing a stoichiometrically-correct thin film on a substrate, comprising the steps of: providing a substrate in an enclosed deposition chamber; introducing at least one substantially stoichiometrically-correct vaporized compound source into the chamber; applying a radio frequency bias in the chamber; applying a direct current bias in the chamber; applying a spectral energy bath to the source within the chamber in a controlled manner to dissociate at least one component from the source and to permit the component to be deposited on the substrate in a stoichiometrically-correct manner; and tuning the bath to provide an optimum energy for dissociating the component from the source.
The invention uses the first and/or second embodiments to produce thin film from stabilized compound sources including, but not limited to, ceramics, glasseous materials, electrically-active materials, and/or ferroelectric materials, such as stabilized sol-gel or MOD (metallorganic decomposition) formulations having a general composition of ABO3, including PbTiO3, Pbx Zry Tio3, Pbx Lay Zrs TiO3, YMnO3 where Y represents any rare-earth element, and TiYMnO3.
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a CVD apparatus according to a first embodiment.
FIG. 2 is a flow chart of the first embodiment.
FIG. 3 is a schematic of a second embodiment.
FIG. 4 is a perspective view of the second embodiment.
FIG. 1 shows a first embodiment of a low pressure CVD apparatus 1 according to the invention. Apparatus 1 includes a deposition chamber 2, a substrate holder 4 which supports one or more substrates 6, a vaporized source manifold 14 for introducing a vaporized source(s) into chamber 2, first, second and third means 8, 10, 12 for applying spectral energy and/or heat to chamber 2, liquid, solid and gaseous feed units 16, 22, 28 for introducing vaporized compound sources into manifold 14, a vacuum pump 30 cooperating with chamber 2, an analyzer 32 for analyzing the composition of gases exhausted from chamber 2, a cooling unit 34 for cooling chamber 2, pressure and temperature sensors 33, 35, and a computer control unit 36 to precisely control apparatus 1.
Units 16, 22, 28 generate and feed a vaporized source of at least one compound into manifold 14, which in turn feeds the vaporized source into chamber 2. Unit 16 includes at least one liquid source container 20 and at least one carrier gas source 18 which is passes through the liquid source in, container 20 to become saturated with the liquid source(s) and then fed into manifold 14 through tube 40. The carrier gas(ses) may be inert or active or may contain a catalyst to increase the deposition rate.
Unit 22 includes at least one container 24 for containing at least one solid source, and means 26 which heats container 24 to vaporize the solid source, the vapors of which are then fed into manifold 14 through tube 42.
Unit 28 feeds at least one gaseous compound into manifold 14 through pipe 44.
Flow control valves 50, 52, 54 on the connector pipes 40, 42, 44, respectively, are controlled by unit 36 to precisely monitor and limit the flow rate of the vaporized sources into manifold 14 and chamber 2.
Not all of units 16, 22, 28 will be used in every operation of apparatus 1, but rather one or more units 16, 22, 28 will be used to deposit a given thin film. More than one of each of units 16, 22, 28 can be used to feed a vaporized source into manifold 14 for any given thin film deposition.
Changes in the composition of a thin film being deposited within chamber 2 are readily achieved by introducing different vaporized sources from units 16, 22, 28 through manifold 14 into chamber 2 in an automatic, computer-controlled manner. Such changes are advantageous. For example, the surface of the thin film can be tailored to achieve ohmic contacts and to reduce depolarization due to Schottky effects.
Although the use of stabilized sources is a preferred aspect, the invention is not so limited. Rather, other aspects, including the spectral energy and heating aspects discussed below, can be used in relation to vaporized sources which do react in chamber 2 before they are deposited on substrate 6. The liquid, solid and gaseous materials introduced by units 16, 22, 28 may be tuned for doping, for stoichiometric modifications, and for formation of other materials after they are vaporized and introduced into chamber 2.
Means 8, 10, 12 are preferably operated in combination in a predetermined manner by unit 36 to achieve a very high (precise) degree of control of the deposition of thin films. In general, means 8, 10, 12 are controlled such that the temperature within chamber 2 will gradually increase during the course of deposition.
Means 8 includes one or more units spaced about chamber 2, and is preferably a light source for applying a spectral energy bath to chamber 2 which "heats" the vaporized source within chamber 2 for dissociating a desired component(s) from the vaporized source to permit the component(s) to be deposited on substrate 6. According to another preferred aspect, the bath applied by means 8 is tuned to optimize/maximize the dissociation of the desired component(s) from the vaporized source. Heat waves/radiant enerty provided by means 8 will be controlled in a predetermined manner to correspond to the energy needed to dissociate or crack the bonds holding the desired component(s) to the metallorganic precursor of solvent in the vaporized source. Sources which could be used as means 8 are ultraviolet (UV) lamps and excimer lasers.
If a ferroelectric thin film of PbTiO3 is being deposited from a vaporized sol-gel source, it is preferable to use a Danielson-type UV light source device controlled to emit UV light rays having a wavelength of approximately 180-260 nanmometers. UV light rays in this wavelength range are particularly effective in resonating and dissociating the hydroxyl bonds hold the PbTiO3 clusters (networks or chains) within the precursor or common solvent in the vaporized source.
Means 8 can be controlled in a pulsed manner, a constant manner and/or ramped manner, or a combination of the foregoing to form a composite control signal. If a UV is used as means 8, it is preferable to operate the source in a pulsed manner to reduce the amount of ozone generated by the spectral bath within chamber 2 (many of the complex thin films which may be deposited contain oxygen).
Means 10 can be a resistive heat bias type heater controlled by unit 36 to generate a high ambient temperature within chamber 2 and/or to heat substrate 6.
Means 10 is preferably operated to create an ambient temperature within chamber 2 which is not sufficient in and of itself to dissociate the desired component(s) from the vaporized compound source and deposit these component(s). Means 10 is preferably operated to create an ambient temperature within chamber 2 which, when combined with the tuned spectral bath provided by means 8 and the timed heat pulses of the third means 12, will dissociate the desired component(s) from the vaporized source in an optimized, precisely controlled manner, without detrimentally affecting the deposited thin film of the underling substrates 6.
In controlling the means 8, 10, 12, two opposing considerations have to be weighed. On the one hand, higher quality of the deposited complex thin films can be achieved at lower ambient temperatures, but on the other hand higher production rates can be achieved at higher ambient temperatures. Although a generally high throughput or production rate is achieved according to the invention in comparison to conventional techniques, it is possible to achieve even greater throughput by increasing the ambient temperature within chamber 2.
Means 12 includes one or more units spaced about chamber 2, and is controlled by unit 36 to apply heat energy heating pulses to the vaporized source within chamber 2 in a carefully timed/synchronized manner corresponding to a plurality of factors, including input flow rate of the vaporized source into chamber 2, desired thin film layer thickness, and (if necessary) the energy requirements needed to activate the thin film being deposited. With many complex thin films, such as ferroelectrics, it is necessary to achieve the ferroelectric phase crystal structure of the film before the film will function in a desired manner.
Means 12 is controlled by unit 36 to rapidly thermally stress chamber 2 with carefully timed high energy heating pulses and/or ramps during the course of deposition. The rapid thermal stressing of chamber 2 is calculated and controlled: so that at every instant the film is at the right activation temperature for deposition, whereby the polar lattice of the film being deposited is being properly, dynamically activated; to continue dissociation of the desired component(s) from the vaporized compound source while preventing the formation of large grains and secondary phases in the deposited film; and to maintain the temperature of the deposited film within acceptable limits of the particular substrate 6 onto which the film is being deposited, which maybe an integrated circuit (IC). Acceptable limits of IC processing are a function of the particular IC step at which the film is being deposited. The temperature cannot be so high as to damage the underlying substrate or IC onto which the film is being deposited.
Means 12 preferably includes one or more halogen lamps, water cooled arc lamps and/or microwave sources and/or resistive heaters that can be pulsed, placed about chamber 2 and aimed to direct high energy pulses towards a film being deposited.
If means 8 is pulsed, such pulsing may (but not necessarily) correspond to the time sequence of the high energy heating pulses applied by means 12.
Means 12 is an important aspect in that it is controllable with a high degree of precision to quickly provide large amounts of energy when it is needed and where it is needed. By controlling means 12 it is possible to precisely control: the rate of chemical dissociations within chamber 2; the layer by layer thickness of the film being deposited and the activation of the film being deposited.
If a ferroelectric thin film of PbTiO3 is being deposited, means 8 is tuned to maximize dissociation of the hydroxyl bonds, and means 12 is actuated in short cycles, such as 3-10 seconds, and/or longer ramps to rapidly thermal stress chamber 2 to permit the PbTiO3 to be properly deposited and activated over substrate 6 in a very uniform, layer by layer manner.
An important parameter of many complex thin films, such as ferroelectrics, is that they are generally required to be quite thin (for example, within a range of 100-5000 Å) and such film thicknesses can be readily achieved according to the invention. The invention can be used to generate much thicker films, if desired.
The methods and apparatus according to the invention are controlled such that the temperature within chamber 2 progressively increases over the course of a film's deposition. Preferably, such temperature increase will be precisely controlled in a stepped manner and unit 36 will be programmed with information pertaining to the temperature of the deposition process at each step thereof, Tsi T (si=time interval of the ith step), and the temperature rising rate π within chamber 2.
A second (optional) use of means 12 is in-situ annealing of a deposited film within chamber 2 as a final processing step. After the proper film thickness has been deposited, means 12 may be controlled to apply high temperature pulses (e.g. 700° C.-950° C.) to the film for an appropriate time period. Such appropriate time period can be as little as 3 seconds and should not exceed 2 minutes. This rapid, in-situ, thermal annealing technique is advantageous because it eliminates the loss of certain critical elements (such as lead) which undesirably occurs during conventional, high temperature annealing processes.
A freeze drying unit 34 (or cold bed) can be used for lowering the temperature of chamber 2. Unit 34 is controlled by unit 36 according to predetermined parameters.
The invention also includes a vacuum pump 30 because thin film depositions will be carried out at pressures in the range of 10-3 torr through 10-6 torr.
FIG. 2 shows a flow chart of a computer controlled deposition process according to the invention. At first stage 102 the computer process is started or initialized. At stage 104, the desired parameters of the film to be deposited are programmed into the computer including, desired film thickness, UV bandwidth of means 8, thermal stress sequencing by means 10, activation requirements of the film, mass flow of the vaporized source from units 16, 22, 28 into manifold 14 and from manifold 14 into chamber 2, the number of timed steps and step size for the deposition process, and an initialization of a counter. The activation requirements of the film are primarily functions of: (1) the temperature of the deposition process at each step Tsi t; and (2) the temperature rising rate π within the chamber.
At stage 106, the unit 36 determines, on the basis of the signal from the analyzer 32, whether maximum dissociation of the desired component(s) is occurring within chamber 2. If maximum dissociation is not occurring, unit 36 will adjust one or more process parameters (including returning of means 8, adjusting mass flow, and adjusting means 12 to change the ambient temperature within chamber 2) at stage 108. At stage 110, unit 36 initializes film deposition, such as by introducing substrates 6. At stage 112, unit 36 continues the deposition process, including progressively increasing the temperature within chamber 2. At stage 114, film thickness is monitored. If the desired film thickness has not been achieved, the deposition is continued through stages 116 and 112. Once the desired film thickness is achieved, a determination is made, at stage 118, as to whether or not the film is to be annealed in-situ. If the annealing step is desired, it is conducted at stage 120. After the annealing step is completed, or if annealing is not desired, the process is stopped at stage 122.
FIGS. 3 and 4 show a second embodiment which is a photo/plasma-enhanced rapid thermally pulsed metallorganic CVD from stabilized compound sources. The photo-enhancement comes from a UV source as well as from RF decomposition because of the collision of particles.
The second embodiment uses some of the elements described and shown in FIG. 1. To minimize description of the second embodiment, the description of such FIG. 1 elements will not be repeated, and descriptive labels have been included in FIGS. 3 and 4. The abundance of descriptive labels and structure shown in FIGS. 3 and 4, in combination with the above description of FIG. 1, makes the second embodiment clear to the artisan with little or no further description.
The apparatus 60 shown in FIGS. 3 and 4 includes a deposition or main process chamber 62 and electrical means 64, 66, 68 for applying an RF bias and a DC bias in the chamber 62. FIG. 3 shows the RF-DC input 64 and FIG. 4 shows the RF feed thru 66 and RF power supply 68.
There is included a rapid thermal processor 70 having an internal radial heat source for rapid thermal processing, and a plurality of sol-gel atomizer sources 72, 74, 76, 78 with independent sol-gel control panels 80, 82, 84, 86.
Chamber 62 is provided with a demountable rectangular flange 87 through which the plurality of separate vaporized sol-gel sources are introduced. Chamber 62 has a self-contained rapid thermal heating panel, RF-DC electrodes, and a thermally-controlled heated platen.
A 0-100 capacitance manometer monitors the pressure in chamber 62, and its signal controls the downstream throttle valve to maintain precise pressures in chamber 62. A hinged top cover is "0" ring-sealed to provide rapid access to chamber 62 for modification to existing fixtures. The RF-DC electrode 88 penetrates through the top cover and has appropriate shields and filter networks.
Processor 70 includes a high-watt density planar surface 89 opposite the heated platen 90. A quartz window protects the planar surface 89 from depositions. Spare ports for viewing and access for other source materials are provided.
Access from a load lock chamber 92 to chamber 62 is provided through an air-operated slit valve 93. A linear transporter 94 enables the movement of substrate from a vacuum load lock to chamber 62.
Chamber 92 is rough pumped, and then high vacuum pumped through a turbomolecular pump 95 with appropriate valves. High vacuum pump-down of chamber 62 is accomplished with turbomolecular pump 95 backed by a mechanical pump 96.
An RGA (residual gas analyzer) system including an RGA 97, and RGA head 98, an RGA power supply 99, and an RGA spectra printer 100 is provided. The RGA system is provided for analyzing the cracking patterns within chamber 62 and for analyzing the decomposition products of chamber 62 from 1 atmosphere to extremely low pressures. Mass resolution of up to 200 AMU is provided. Printer 100 replicates the spectra displayed on the CRT screen. The system valves and controls are interlocked to provide for safe and proper operation of the system. A schematic valve control 101 is provided to operate the system and system elements with lighted indicators to show their status.
The planar radiant panel 89 has a low mass, fast response time element which is capable of being pulsed by the appropriate control circuitry. The sol-gel sources are provided with means to control the temperature control and dispersion rates of the source materials into chamber 62. A separate mass flow channel 102 is used to introduce oxygen and/or any other inert or process-active gases into chamber 62.
Chambers 92 and 62 are capable of being high vacuum pumped by means of pump 95. The RF-DC plasma system is supplied with a matching network 103. The exhaust system includes a mechanical pump 104, a cold trap 105 with purge features, and throttle valve with controls. The effluents are directed to a burn box and scrubber combination 106 to assure safe disposal of toxic, corrosive and flammable vapors, if any.
Another aspect of the invention is that the sol-gel compound source is agitated ultrasonically to atomize the compound before it is introduced into the process chamber. Depending upon the particular compound source and application, it may be desirable to heat the lines through which the vapor is introduced into the process chamber.
Another aspect of the invention is that a single precursor or solvent is used to predetermine how the vaporized compound source will crack inside the processing chamber. With a single precursor or solvent, the system can be turned to that precursor to manage the process precisely.
Another aspect of the invention involves a solvent exchange technique. Many times a compound X will dissolve in one particular solvent only and no other solvent. Similarly, a compound Y may dissolve in a different solvent and the solvent for compound X is not compatible with the solvent for compound Y. With the present invention, a solvent exchange technique arrives at a common solvent in order to produce the sol-gel having compounds X and Y. That common solvent is the specially designed single precursor to which the system may be tuned. Furthermore, the present invention utilizes tailoring a common solvent for the correct vapor pressure.
With the sol-gel techniques used by the present invention, different sources can be used to change the conductivity and type of material for each deposited layer. The present invention thus permits the engineering of the deposited material layer by layer, and determining in advance the conductivity and type of each layer deposited.
With the engineering and tailoring features of the invention, devices can be produced having graded electrodes. To do so the graded electrode is produced by changing the composition and conductivity layer by layer to produce a tailored graded contact area and/or the contact itself which is very desirable for ferroelectric devices.
Another aspect of the invention involves subjecting PZT or any of the perovskites, to UV plus hydrogen to make it conductive. The inventive concept resides in reducing the perovskite and/or to dope it to make it n-type for the surface to control the metal to ferroelectric barrier, and thus push the p-n junction away from the surface (assuming the perovskite is p-type, and vice-versa if the material is n-type). The junction is pushed in so that the depletion region is pushed into the material, rather than leaving it on the surface where it is undesirable. This can be accomplished with the CVD techniques of the invention by tailoring the layers being deposited.
The invention (both embodiments) is suited for the deposition of high quality thin films of compounds such as ferroelectrics, super-conductors, materials with high dielectric constants, gems, etc. For example, the invention can be used to deposit thin films of ferroelectric materials having a general composition of ABO3, including PbTiO3, Pbx Zry TiO3, Pbx Lay Zrz TiO3, and YMnO3 where Y represents any rare-earth element.
According to one aspect, each vaporized source introduced into chamber 2 from manifold 14 is stabilized such that no, or substantially no, chemical reactions which destabilize the compound source of its predetermined molecular formation occur within chamber 2. Rather, the stabilized vaporized source is then heated and/or subjected to RF and/or UV illumination so that a desired component or components will be dissociated, decoupled or cracked from the vaporized source and subsequently deposited on substrate 6.
Thin films of ferroelectric materials may be generated from an appropriate, stabilized sol-gel or MOD formulation vaporized using unit 16. An MOD formulation is similar to a sol-gel formulation in that it includes a dispersion of a micropowder of the desired substance into a solution including xylene as the organic base, whereas sol-gel formulations use solutions including alcohols as the organic base. Once the vaporized source is introduced into chamber 2, spectral energy and/or heat is applied to the vaporized source in a novel manner to dissociate or crack the desired component(s) from the organic base to deposit the component(s) on substrate 6.
Research by the present inventors in the synthesis of ferroelectric ABO3 perovskites in organic solutions reveals that stabilized sources of these materials can be designed and generated with relative ease in liquid form, including sol-gel and MOD formulations. These stabilized liquid sources may be utilized to produce a large variety of new, complex (compound), stoichiometrically correct thin films.
Use of stabilized sources is a preferred aspect of the invention. Such sources are relatively easy to generate, even for complex compounds. Such stabilized sources are substantially less toxic and easier to handle than corresponding reactants, whereby the stabilized sources can be handled and processed at a substantially lower cost than the corresponding reactants. Beause no, or substantially no, chemical reactions which destabilize the vaporized source occur in chamber 2, the chamber 2 is designed, constructed and maintained at a reduced cost in comparison to conventional chambers. Because it is easier to control a dissociation or a chemical decomposition than a chemical reaction, it is easier to generate a high quality, stoichiometrically-correct thin film using stabilized sources rather than corresponding reactants.
The term "stabilized source" as used herein is intended to mean a source which is obtained by mixing precursors for each element using sol-gel techniques (or other mixing techniques) which lead to a common solvent, and then using the solution having that common solvent as the sole source for the entire compound. Other sources may also be used in parallel for doping or modifying the compound. In the sol-gel the elements are already in the compound in solution with the common solvent or metallorganic precursor.
An example of the sol-gel synthesis of YMnO3 follows. 1 gm. of yttrium isopropoxide Y[OCH(CH3)2 ]3 was mixed with 8 ml. of 2-methoxyethanol. The yttrium isopropoxide did not go into solution, but was forced into solution by the addition of approximately 25 drops (slightly over one ml.) of hydrochloric acid.
0.25 grams of manganese acetate Mn(OOCCH3)2 H2 O was mixed with 5 ml. 2-methoxyethanol. The manganese acetate would not dissolve in the 2-methoxyethanol, but was forced into solution by the addition of approximately 10 drops of hydrochloric acid.
The yttrium and manganese solutions were then mixed together at room temperature resulting in a slightly yellow colored solution. The resulting YMnO3 solution did not form a film when spun onto a silicon wafer. Adding H2 O for hydrolysis did not improve the film-forming characteristics. However, the addition of approximately 25 drops of titanium isopropoxide (a gel former) to the yttrium/manganese solution resulted in a solution which remained clear for approximately 3 hours and formed good films when spun onto a silicon wafer.
The invention includes the feature of generating a stabilized source by bubbling a carrier gas through a stabilized liquid source and/or atomizing the liquid source via an ultrasound cavity with the gas passing through. The liquid source is introduced into an ultrasonic cavity. The carrier gas passes through the cavity and by ultrasonic vibration mixes with the liquid. The resulting heavily saturated (atomized) gas-liquid mixture is introduced into the deposition chamber by way of a suitable nozzle. Injection of the gas-liquid mixture into the vacuum in the deposition chamber is controlled by such nozzle.
If the FIG. 2 flow chart is used with respect to the second embodiment, stage 104 should include parameters RF bias/pre-clean and DC bias, and stage 108 should include the RF-DC biases.
The RF cleans the deposition surface, and cracks the vaporized compound source because the RF is tuned to the correct frequency and energy, and is also a UV generator.
The DC process keeps the RF from damaging the as-deposited surface; achieves poling in-situ of the ferroelectric film adding to the film quality (dipole ordering along the c-axis); and the resulting ordering reduces dislocation density which is usually responsible for fatigue and retention problems.
The invention allows very thin layers (below 200 Å) to be deposited. Such layers need to be formed somewhere in the film (surface or middle) using dopants, stoichiometric modifications, and/or a completely different material. If these layers are formed in the middle, they function as gettering layers or floating gates. If the layers are formed on or in the surface, they function as graded surfaces or graded electrodes. Surfaces that are not graded lead to fatigue because of space charges between the electrode and the ferroelectric or a surface layer that is uncontrollable and highly damaged (high in dislocation density).
A controlled surface is a key benefit of this invention. A thin surface layer may be created prior to electroding, and such layer may be p-type doped or n-type doped. A controlled surface means that the surface region can be tailored to have a varying composition to achieve different conductivity and dielectric constant, and pushing the depletion regions caused by self-inverted or self-depleted skin layers of wide band ferroelectric oxides. The present invention allows tailoring of layers by either doping, and/or UV-enhanced reduction in a reducing atmosphere such as hydrogen.
Using n-type or p-type layers in conjunction with breaking the top and/or bottom electrode of a capacitor into gates independently biased allows for the creation of a whole new series of devices which are critically dependent on the present invention for their fabrication. The general class of such devices may be referred to as ferroelectric gated trans capacitors. Such devices may be classified as split-gate, fringe-gate, or a combination of split- and/or fringe-gate.
The invention is advantageous in depositing complex, compound thin films of materials such as ferroelectrics, super-conductors, materials with high dielectric constants, gems, etc., but it not limited to depositing such complex thin films.
Although there has been described preferred embodiments of the invention, the invention can be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the spirit or essential characteristics thereof. The described embodiments are to be considered in all aspects as illustrative and not restrictive. The scope of the invention is indicated by the appended claims rather than the foregoing description.
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|U.S. Classification||361/311, 427/586, 257/E21.01, 427/581, 257/E21.272, 427/565|
|International Classification||C23C18/12, C23C16/48, H01L21/316, C23C16/52, C23C16/46, H01L21/314, C30B7/00, C23C16/455, H01L21/02, C23C16/44, C23C16/448|
|Cooperative Classification||C30B29/68, C30B7/005, C30B7/00, H01L21/31691, C23C16/4412, C23C16/448, H01L28/56, C23C16/52, C23C16/46, C23C16/482, C23C16/45561, C23C16/4558|
|European Classification||H01L28/56, C23C16/455J, C30B7/00, C23C16/48D, H01L21/316D, C23C16/46, C23C16/448, C23C16/52, C23C16/455K16, C23C16/44H|
|Jun 17, 1991||AS||Assignment|
Owner name: SYMETRIX CORPORATION, COLORADO
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNORS:MC MILLAN LARRY D.;PAZ DE ARAUJO CARLOS A.;REEL/FRAME:005786/0102
Effective date: 19891223
|Aug 31, 1993||CC||Certificate of correction|
|Feb 12, 1996||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 4
|Feb 10, 2000||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 8
|Feb 25, 2004||REMI||Maintenance fee reminder mailed|
|Aug 11, 2004||LAPS||Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees|
|Oct 5, 2004||FP||Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee|
Effective date: 20040811


Exactly! Why should you even care about natural hair and pH? I mean it’s not like you need a chemistry degree to take care of your hair, right? Well, yes you don’t need one and you certainly don’t need to know the periodic table, but it sure is important to know the relationship between your hair and pH.
What Is pH?
The power of hydrogen, or pH as it’s commonly known, is a term used to describe hydrogen concentration in water-based solutions. It is measured on a scale that ranges between 0 and 14, with 7 being neutral. A pH lower than 7 is acidic and a pH higher than 7 is basic or alkaline. When a chemical is very acidic or basic/alkaline it is called reactive and can cause serious burns.
Take a look at the list bellow to have an idea of the pH level is common things.
Hair & PH
When it comes to human hair and scalp oil (sebum), measurements show that they have a pH that ranges between 4.5 and 5.5 which, if you look at the image above, is slightly acidic. You might be puzzled like I was when I first came across this information. I thought human hair had to be neutral like pure water to be healthy and smooth, not acidic which we normally connect to something that has a sour or sharp taste. In the case of human hair, you’d be envisioning it brittle and dry. Confusing isn’t it?
Not so much when you think that having an acidic environment in our hair and scalp oil is what prevents fungi and bacteria from proliferating. Think of dandruff, hair loss, itchy scalp and even eczema. A pH unbalance is many times at the root of the problem. So you see, an acidic pH, in this case, is a good thing to have on your pretty head.
Additionally, and this is also very important, the acidity in our hair and sebum is what allows the cuticle layers of the hair to lie flat. This is significant because in such conditions scalp oils travel more easily along the hair shaft giving you fewer tangles, less frizz, less breakage and more shine. So if you were to have an alkaline/basic environment, the hair would swell and the cuticle layers would open which would result in dull hair prone to knots and tangles, breakage and inability to retain length.
To summarise all of this, you have to remember that human hair and scalp oil need to have an acidic environment. A pH of 4.5 to 5.5 is what promotes hair healthy and prevents several scalp conditions. An alkaline pH higher than 7 will open the cuticle layers while an acidic pH will contract/close them.
Are you wondering how does this knowledge relate to your hair care?
Natural Hair’s PH & Hair Care Products
As I mentioned in this article, by nature curly hair if full of twists, kinks and coil and, as a result, the cuticle layers on the hair shaft are unable to lie flat. This means that the cortex structure of the hair, that provides strength and elasticity, is left vulnerable and sebum has a hard time balancing pH.
This situation can become more difficult with the use of some hair care products. Conventional shampoos, for instance, have harsh surfactants like SLS that strip sebum out of your hair (read more here). The use of these products change the ideal pH conditions of the hair. Thus, why in the case of shampoos, brands have developed low or no-poo shampoos to balance this.
In addition, when you submit your hair to a chemical treatment such as dyeing, bleaching or relaxing you are essentially subjecting your hair to an alkaline process that needs to open the cuticle layers so it can be effective. Once the required goal is achieved an acidic solution is applied to contract/close the cuticle layers. Nevertheless, in this case, your natural hair if from then on irreversibly changed.
So you see, the hair care products you use and the treatments you apply on your hair can have a negative impact on it. Once the cortex of the hair is exposed the protein bonds in there are more susceptible to damage. We now know that curly hair is naturally dry because of its shape, which keeps cuticle layers open. However, this characteristic can be worsened if you’re not careful when choosing your hair products and treatments. Knowing the pH levels of your products is very important to a hair that is already fragile.
Although pH levels are not normally printed (or mandatory) on product labels you can easily measure them with simple pH level strips. With this knowledge, you can combine your products in a way that maintain your hair in a 4.5 – 5.5 pH level.
A study performed on how a shampoo can affect your hair found that 61% out of 123 shampoos had a pH level higher than 5.5. This is just an example, but this is why many times you can’t understand why your hair is so frizzy and dry or why you have such hair breakage and can’t keep hair length. So, if you bought on of these shampoos you would need to use a low pH conditioner to restore the desired acidic environment.
Hopefully, this information will be useful to you when you buy and combine your hair care products. Was this information imperative in order for you to take care of your hair? No, but it will sure help you avoid some setbacks in your journey and achieve your hair goals faster.
Did you find this information useful? Do you look at product’s pH?


The physical stage of track formation in a condensed phase is discussed. For interaction of charged particles with condensed molecular media its most important specific features are: (a) the continuous oscillator strength distribution with the broak peak in the energy range 21-22 eV attributed to the collective plasmon-type state; (b) the lowering of ionization potential compared to a gas phase. These specific features must be taken into account for simulation of track structures. The great difference in mass and charge for a electron and heavy ions cause a qualitative difference in their track structures. We analyse the structure of heavy ion tracks and prove the impossibility to use the LET as a universal characteristic for the radiation action of different ions.


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• The mechanism of stray-grain formation at substrate of laser-processing single-crystal superalloys was first investigated.
• The relationship between stray-grain formation and microsegregation in the substrate was first found.
• A basic precondition, the homogenized treatment of substrate, for successful single-crystal laser processing was revealed.
The stray-grain formation and epitaxy loss at the substrate during laser surface remelting of single-crystal nickel-base superalloys, which immediately lead to the break of the single-crystal growth, were investigated by means of modeling and experiments. Results indicate that the stray-grain formation and epitaxy loss at the substrate are attributed to the increased trend of the formation of equiaxed grains resulting from the composition segregation at the substrate interdendritic region. Accordingly, a solution treatment for the substrates prior to laser processing can effectively avoid the SG formation and epitaxy loss, which reveals a basic precondition, homogenized solution treatment of substrates, for successful single-crystal laser processing.
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Journal: Materials & Design - Volume 102, 15 July 2016, Pages 297–302


Functions:With pear blossom *S-SMRITI™ formula, precious essence of pear blossom, ganoderma extract and pearl amino acid, it is gentle, clean, and can wash off the oil and dirt on your skin, and help the absorption of subsequent skincare products. Meanwhile, it retains the skin's natural moisture, keep the skin moist, protect the skin, and make the skin refreshed, cool and relaxed.
*S-SMRITI™:It is the registered trademark of our company’s raw material, and any infringement will be prosecuted.
INGREDIENT：WATER、SODIUM LAUROYL GLUTAMATE、SORBITOL、GLYCERIN、SODIUM LACTATE、SODIUM COCOYL GLYCINATE、LAURYL GLUCOSIDE、SODIUM LAUROYL SARCOSINATE、SODIUM CHLORIDE、PROPANEDIOL、COCAMIDE MEA、PENTYLENE GLYCOL、HYDROLYZED PEARL、MILK EXTRACT、PYRUS COMMUNIS (PEAR) FLOWER EXTRACT、JASMINUM SAMBAC EXTRACT、HONEY EXTRACT、ALOE BARBADENSIS EXTRACT、SOPHORA FLAVESCENS EXTRACT、OPUNTIA DILLENII EXTRECT、AVENA SATIVA EXTRACT、PANAX GINSENG ROOT EXTRACT、MACROCYSTIS PYRIFERA EXTRACT、ROSA RUGOSA FLOWER OIL.
Usage: every morning and evening ,evenly apply adequate amount with water on your hand, rub after it melting, apply it on your face and gently massage the face in a circle.Wash afterwards.
Note:This product is for external use only. Avoid direct contact with the eyes. If it accidentally gets into your eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water. In case of sensitivity and discomfort, please stop using it immediately.
Storage method: Keep away from light at room temperature. Keep it out of reach of children.


Cosmetics for washing have different structure, action and are intended for the different purposes therefore to choose just cream-gel with mark "For oily skin" insufficiently. Read composition of gel and compare effect of active components with requirements of the skin.
1. Pay attention to structure of gel. There are means in the form of homogeneous dense mass, and there are gels with small abrasive parts. If your skin not only fat, but also sensitive and also if you select gel for the periods when impact on face skin has to be minimum, then choose uniform structures. Cream-gel with microgranules has light peeling effect and as daily means it suits not everyone – your skin has to be rather rough that on it irritations have not appeared. Sensitive skin also should not be washed with gel from spirit component as it can lead to emergence of dry sites, microcracks, peeling. For gentle skin select gels with panthenol addition (restores and humidifies) and citric acid (normalizes ph-balance and deletes surplus of fat).
2. For the oily skin inclined to fast appearance of heat-spots and inflammations, structures with special antibacterial components of high degree of intensity are developed – it can be salicylic acid, plant extracts, fruit acids, propolis, etc. In all other cases of rather deep cleansing.
3. If you suffer from allergic reactions, then additional protection is necessary for your skin – choose means without vegetable components and fragrances. In passing refuse the peeling structures.
4. You need to control release of skin fat therefore choose gels with the matting properties – with extract of sage, lime, thyme, etc. Such means give plentiful foam, deeply clean pores and block release of fat for some time, at the same time drying the inflamed sites. Skins with addition of clay can be used as mask or as gel for washing.
5. Avoid products with addition of mineral oil. The consistence cream-gel demands addition in it the condensing components – often producers use various mineral oils for this purpose. On oily skin such means for washing will leave hardly noticeable film which will clog up pores and will create all conditions for reproduction of bacteria. Choose gels without oil and glycerin if your oily skin and does not need additional moistening.


I am interested in the dynamics of complex sytems ranging from domain dynamics in ferroelectrics to non-linear phenomena in entangled polymer networks and other soft-matter systems. Therefore, I plan and conduct experiments at word leading X-ray facilities like synchrotrons and free-electron lasers employing and developing coherent X-ray scattering techniques like X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy (XPCS).
As a PhD student at the Materials Imaging and Dynamics Instrument (MID) at European XFEL, I studied complex dynamics in aqueous solutions and the viscoelastic properties of photorheological liquids.
Facing the challenges of big data—generated especially by free-electron lasers—I dedicate part of my work to the development of data analysis software for analyzing X-ray scattering data.
Currently, I am working on a method to deduce dynamical information from homeopathic scattering patterns to investigate the dynamics of proteins in solution.


Study of Friction Coefficient and Friction Force on Magnetic Abrasive Finishing
In order to enhance grinding efficiency of the magnetic abrasive finishing (MAF) method, we usually use the sinter method or the cementation method to mix the magnetic particles and abrasive particles together. However, the cost is high, and the variety is incomplete. Therefore, with the ferromagnetism to iron particles, the alumina particles and the lipin three kind of material simple mixture participate in the magnetic abrasive finishing which directly polishes, already obtained the good effect through the experiment. This paper analyses and explains the characteristic of the friction coefficient and the friction force on magnetic abrasive finishing according as account and experiment data.
Yi Tan and Dongying Ju
Y. Chen et al., "Study of Friction Coefficient and Friction Force on Magnetic Abrasive Finishing", Materials Science Forum, Vols. 675-677, pp. 663-666, 2011


This compound is called "Capsaicin." This is actually the compound inside hot peppers that actually makes them hot, hot, hot.
So the hotter the pepper, the higher the level of Capsaicin.
In today's study released by US and Japanese researchers, the presence of Capsaicin showed an 80% reduction in prostate cancer alone.
I'll tell you this,
The benefits of Capsaicin in hot peppers have been known for years and go far beyond its anti-cancer fighting attributes...
So pay close attention.
Here are the most notable (and dramatic) hot pepper health benefits:
- Anti-inflammatory: Capsaicin has been proven to fight chronic inflammation, a rapidly growing condition in North America.
- Headache Relief: Studies have shown that Capsaicin is extremely effective for relieving AND preventing cluster headaches, migraine headaches and sinus headaches. Another growing problem among many North Americans.
- Sinus Relief: Capsaicin possesses powerful anti-bacterial properties that naturally clear out congested nasal passages. Its no secret that your eyes water and you often get a runny nose when you eat a really hot pepper. That is the cleansing process at its finest.
Read the rest of this article at Healthy Eating
Posted to Weight Loss


Have you ever wanted to own a piece of real silk clothing but hesitated because you thought it was too delicate and expensive to maintain? Well, I’m here to tell you that there is a solution – washable silk!
Washable silk is real silk. It is just treated with chemicals that make the texture and feel of washable silk slightly different than the traditional silk and machine-washable.
But what exactly is it, and how does it differ from regular silk? Let’s find out!
Is Washable Silk Real Silk?
Yes, it’s still a real silk product; it’s just treated and modified to be washable in the machine, more durable, and easy to care for.
What is It?
So, you may have heard of “washable silk” and wondering if it’s the real deal.
Well, here’s the deal: washable silk is a thing, but it’s not the same as traditional silk.
First off, let’s talk about how traditional silk is made.
Silk is produced by silkworms, which spin cocoons made of silk thread. These cocoons are harvested, and the silk thread is unwound and woven into fabric.
Here’s where washable silk (or machine-washable silk) comes in.
Machine-washable silk is still crafted from delicate silk thread, albeit with a few significant modifications. A unique water and stain-resistant chemical finish are added to the fiber before it is woven into its final form.
This means you can throw the garment in the washing machine, and it’ll look as good as before. Pretty cool, right?
Although it has a distinct texture that may differ from classic silk, some people have contended that it compromises the innate qualities of regular silk.
The colors also tend to be richer, more profound, and colorfast. That is because, unlike traditional silk, the dyeing process is applied to the garment, not the fabric yarns.
Washable Silk vs. Traditional Silk: What’s the Difference?
Here are some critical differences:
Washable silk can be thrown in the washing machine and dried on low heat.
On the other hand, traditional silk requires dry cleaning or hand washing with mild detergent.
Washable silk is treated with a unique chemical finish that makes it incredibly resilient to water and other stains and longer lasting. Traditional silk is more delicate and can be easily damaged if not handled properly.
While some might express that washable silk is perceptibly distinct in texture and feel compared to traditional silk, others would likely disagree. The chemical finish might change the natural properties of silk.
Washable silk dyes are more colorfast, meaning the color will stay longer and not fade easily.
Traditional silk is often considered a luxury fabric and is generally more expensive than washable silk.
It all comes down to personal preference. Some people prefer the luxurious feel of traditional silk, while others prefer the easy care and durability of washable silk.
Remember that manufacturers may have different methods and materials for creating the fabric, so that the final product may vary slightly.
Pros and Cons
- Easy care: You can throw it in the washing machine and dry it on a low heat setting, making it a convenient option for everyday wear.
- Durable: It is engineered with a chemical finish, making it resistant to water and stains for greater longevity.
- Colorfastness: It dyes are more colorfast, meaning the color will stay longer and not fade quickly.
- Price: It’s less expensive than traditional silk
- Texture: Some people argue that it has a slightly different texture and feel than traditional silk because the chemical finish might change the natural properties of silk.
- Personal preference: Some people prefer the luxurious feel of traditional silk over its easy care and durability.
- Not as breathable: Because of the chemical finish, it may not be as breathable as traditional silk.
- Not as moisture-wicking: The chemical finish may not be as moisture-wicking as traditional silk.
Remember that these pros and cons are based on general observations and may vary depending on the manufacturer and the specific product.
Where is washable silk typically made?
It is typically made in countries with lower labor costs, such as China or India. These countries have a long silk production tradition and the infrastructure and expertise to produce the silk.
This helps to keep the cost of the fabric affordable for consumers.
What are some benefits of washable silk?
Some benefits include its affordability, durability, and ease of care. This fabric is also soft and comfortable, making it a popular choice for clothing and bedding.
Why is washable silk becoming increasingly popular?
It is becoming increasingly popular for a few reasons:
- Convenience: The ability to wash and dry in a machine makes it a convenient option for everyday wear. It eliminates the need for dry cleaning and hand washing, which can be time-consuming and costly.
- Durability: The chemical finish makes it more resistant to water and stains, making it more durable than traditional silk. This is an attractive feature for those who want a silk garment that will last a long time.
- Colorfastness: The dyes are more colorfast, meaning the color will stay longer and not fade quickly. This is an attractive feature for those who want a silk garment that will keep its color for a long time.
- Price: It’s less expensive than traditional silk, making it more accessible to a broader range of consumers.


Welcome to the packaging machinery manufacturers--KeSheng Machinery,we provide you with professional slitting machine, rewinding machine
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According to the nature of PVC PVC slitting machine to understand the working principle
PVC Slitter mainly used PVC PVC material. PVC slitting machine to tell you how to achieve the success of the PVC cut? PVC Slitter PVC Slitter, you must first understand its nature. PVC polyvinyl chloride referred to as PVC, from vinyl chloride polymerization in the role of initiator from the thermoplastic resin. Is a vinyl chloride homopolymer. Vinyl chloride homopolymer and vinyl chloride copolymer collectively referred to as vinyl chloride resin. PVC is an amorphous structure of white powder, the degree of branching is small. Industrial production of PVC molecular weight is generally in the range of 50,000 to 12 million, there is a large polydispersity, molecular weight increases with the polymerization temperature decreases; no fixed melting point, 80 ~ 85 ℃ began to soften, 130 ℃ viscoelastic state, 160 ~ 180 ℃ began to change into viscous state. Has good mechanical properties, about 60MPa tensile strength, impact strength 5 ~ 10kJ / m2; have excellent dielectric properties.
As the PVC slitter on the light and heat stability is poor, above 100 ℃ or by prolonged exposure to sunlight, will produce hydrogen chloride decomposition, and further catalytic decomposition, causing discoloration, physical and mechanical properties also decreased rapidly in the practical application must Stabilizers are added to improve heat and light stability. PVC is very hard, solubility is very poor, only soluble in cyclohexanone, dichloroethane and tetrahydrofuran and a small number of solvents, organic and inorganic acids, the base salt is stable, reducing the chemical stability with the use of temperature. PVC is dissolved in acetone-carbon disulfide or acetone-benzene solvent for dry-spinning or wet-spinning fiber, and the polyvinyl chloride has the characteristics of flame-retardant, acid, anti-microbe and wear-resisting, and has good Warmth and elasticity.


Prevention by sodium 4,5-dihydroxybenzene1,3-disulfonate (tiron) of vanadium-induced behavioral toxicity in rats
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Recent studies have shown that oral vanadate (V5+) administration results in behavioral toxicity in rats. The chelating agent Tiron (sodium 4,5-dihydroxybenzene-l,3-disulfonate) is an effective antidote in the removal of vanadium from vanadium-loaded rats. In this study, the protective activity of Tiron on vanadate-induced behavioral toxicity was evaluated in adult rats. Intraperitoneal treatment with Tiron at 235 or 470 mg/kg was initiated after 6 wk of oral sodium metavanadate administration (16 mg/kg/d) and continued for 2 wk. Although vanadate exposure did not result in a significant reduction in the general activity of the animals in an open field, a lower active avoidance acquisition could be observed. However, the vanadate-induced behavioral deficit was reverted by Tiron administration at 470 mg/kg. The present results suggest that Tiron may protect, at least in part, against metavanadate-induced behavioral toxicity.
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- M. A. Al-Bayati, S. N. Giri, O. G. Raabe, L. S. Rosenblatt, and M. Shifrine, Time and dose-response study of the effects of vanadate on rats: morphological and biochemical changes in organs,J. Environ. Pathol. Toxicol. Oncol. 9, 435–39 (1989).
- J. L. Domingo, M. Gomez, D. J. Sanchez, J. M. Llobet, J. Corbella, and C. L. Keen, The marked improvement of glucose homeostasis by oral vanadate or vanadyl treatment in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats may be related to the anorexic effects of vanadium,Trace Element Electr. 11, 16–22 (1994).
- C. E. Heyliger, A. G. Tahiliani, and J. H. McNeill, Effect of vanadate on elevated blood glucose and depressed cardiac performance of diabetic rats,Science 227, 1474–1477 (1985). CrossRef
- A. M. Kordowiak, R. Trzos, and R. Grybos, Insulin-like effects on liver Golgi membrane preparations of bis(oxalato)oxovanadate(IV) complex ion, a new vanadate compound,Horm. Metab. Res. 29, 101–105 (1997).
- A. K. Srivastava, Potential use of vanadium compounds in the treatment of diabetes mellitus,Exp. Opin. Invest. Drugs 4, 525–536 (1995).
- E. Tsiani and I. G. Fantus, Vanadium compounds. Biological actions and potential as pharmacological agents,Trends Endocrinol. Metab. 8, 51–58 (1997). CrossRef
- J. Yao, M. L. Battell, and J. H. McNeill, Acute and chronic response to vanadium following two methods of streptozotocin-diabetes induction,Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 75, 83–90 (1997). CrossRef
- J. L. Domingo, M. Gomez, J. M. Llobet, J. Corbella, and C. L. Keen, Oral vanadium administration to streptozotocin-diabetic rats has marked negative side effects which are independent of the form of vanadium used,Toxicology 66, 279–287 (1991). CrossRef
- J. L. Domingo, M. Gomez, J. M. Llobet, J. Corbella, and C. L. Keen, Improvement of glucose homeostasis by oral vanadyl or vanadate treatment in diabetic rats is accompanied by negative side effects,Pharmacol. Toxicol. 68, 249–253 (1991).
- J. L. Domingo, M. Gomez, D. J. Sanchez, J. M. Llobet, and C. L. Keen, Toxicology of vanadium compounds in diabetic rats: the action of chelating agents on vanadium accumulation,Mol. Cell. Biochem. 153, 233–240 (1995). CrossRef
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- D. J. Sanchez, M. T. Colomina, and J. L. Domingo, Effects of vanadium on activity and learning in rats,Physiol. Behav. 63, 345–350 (1998). CrossRef
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- Z. Zhu, M. Tepel, and W. Zidek, Vanadate inhibits actions on Ca2+ handling in vascular smooth muscle cells,Trace Element Electr. 13, 109–113 (1996).
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- D. S. G. Kay, G. J. Naylor, A. H. W. Smith, and C. Greenwood, The therapeutic effect of ascorbic acid and EDTA in manic-depressive psychosis: double-blind comparisons with standard treatments,Psychol. Med. 14, 533–539 (1984).
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- J. L. Domingo, M. A. Bosque, M. Luna, and J. Corbella, Prevention by Tiron (sodium 4,5-dihydroxybenzene-l,3-disulfonate) of vanadate-induced developmental toxicity in mice,Teratology 48, 133–138 (1993). CrossRef
- J. L. Domingo, M. Gomez, D. J. Sanchez, J. M. Llobet, and C. L. Keen, Tiron administration minimizes the toxicity of vanadate but not its insulin mimetic properties in diabetic rats,Life Sci. 50, 1311–1318 (1992). CrossRef
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- Prevention by sodium 4,5-dihydroxybenzene1,3-disulfonate (tiron) of vanadium-induced behavioral toxicity in rats
Biological Trace Element Research
Volume 69, Issue 3 , pp 249-259
- Cover Date
- Print ISSN
- Online ISSN
- Humana Press
- Additional Links
- Sodium metavanadate
- open field
- active avoidance
- Industry Sectors
- Author Affiliations
- 1. Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, “Rouira i Virgili” University, San Lorenzo 21, 43201, Reus
- 2. Psychobiology Unit, “Rovira i Virgili” University, 43007, Tarragona, Spain


Grease for silicone-free seals; For vacuum applications; Strong adhesion; Temperature-resistant; Resistant to elutriation; Good chemical resistance; Vapour pressure (Knudsen): 10-6 Torr at 20 °C
MOLYKOTE High Vacuum Grease
Products shown here represent only a small part of our range. Before using a product, you should consult one of our application engineers. More information about this and other products is available upon request. All products mentioned here are subject to international trademark law.


Add VALUE to LIFE
Bleomycin is a type of chemotherapy drug that is used to treat several types of cancer, including lymphoma, testicular cancer, and squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. It belongs to a class of drugs called “antitumor antibiotics” and works by damaging the DNA in cancer cells, which prevents them from dividing and growing.
RECLAIMING LIFE FROM PROSTATE CANCER
CASANOVA is a non-steroidal androgen receptor inhibitor. It competitively inhibits the action of androgens by binding to cytosol androgen receptors in the target tissue. Prostatic carcinoma is known to be androgen-sensitive and responds to treatment that counteracts the effects of androgen and/or removes the source of androgen.
Bounce back STRONGER
Daunorubicin is a chemotherapy drug that belongs to the anthracycline class of antineoplastic agents. It is primarily used to treat different types of cancers, including leukemia, lymphoma, and solid tumors. It works by inhibiting DNA and RNA synthesis in cancer cells, which prevents them from dividing and growing. It also produces free radicals that cause damage to cancer cell membranes, leading to their destruction.
YOUR GRAND COMFORT
Eurotron is a potent, selective antagonist of 5HT3 receptors. The antiemetic activity of the drug is brought about through the inhibition of 5HT3 receptors present both centrally (medullary chemoreceptor zone) and peripherally (GI tract).
STRENGTH makes you UNBREAKABLE
Zoledronic acid is a medication that belongs to a class of drugs called bisphosphonates. It is primarily used to treat bone-related conditions such as osteoporosis, hypercalcemia of malignancy, and bone metastases from solid tumors. Zoledronic acid works by inhibiting the activity of osteoclasts, which are the cells that break down bone tissue. This helps to prevent the loss of bone density and reduce the risk of fractures.
JOURNEY BEYOUND RESILLIENCE
Jbr is a microtubule inhibitor. It binds to tubulin and promotes its assembly into microtubules while simultaneously inhibiting disassembly. This leads to the stabilization of microtubules, which results in the inhibition of mitotic and interphase cellular functions.
GET UP for the MIRACLE
Nexaget is used to treat certain types of cancer, including liver cancer, kidney cancer, and thyroid cancer. It is classified as a multi-kinase inhibitor, which means that it works by blocking the activity of several enzymes involved in cell division and growth, thereby slowing or stopping the growth of cancer cells. Sorafenib tosylate is usually taken orally in the form of tablets. The dosage and duration of treatment depend on the type and severity of the cancer being treated, as well as the patient’s overall health.
LIVE LIFE Everyday
Doxorubicin belongs to a class of drugs called anthracyclines, and it works by preventing the replication of cancer cells. It is commonly used to treat breast cancer, bladder cancer, and certain types of leukemia and lymphoma. Doxorubicin can be administered intravenously, and it is closely monitored by healthcare professionals.
From FEAR to FAITH
Docetaxel is a chemotherapy drug used in the treatment of various types of cancers. It belongs to the class of taxanes, which are natural substances derived from the Pacific yew tree. Docetaxel works by inhibiting the microtubule structures within cells, which are essential for cell division and growth. This leads to the inhibition of cancer cell growth and division, ultimately resulting in the death of cancer cells.
Comfort them with THE RIGHT START
Paclitaxel is a chemotherapy medication used to treat various types of cancer, including breast, ovarian, and lung cancers. Paclitaxel works by inhibiting the ability of cancer cells to divide and grow, which helps to slow or stop the growth of tumors. It does this by binding to microtubules, which are part of the cellular machinery involved in cell division. By binding to microtubules, paclitaxel prevents their normal function, leading to cell death.
We have got your BEC
Vinblastine is a chemotherapy drug used in the treatment of various types of cancers. It belongs to the class of vinca alkaloids, which are natural substances derived from the Madagascar periwinkle plant. Vinblastine works by binding to and inhibiting the microtubule structures within cells, which are essential for cell division and growth. This leads to the inhibition of cancer cell growth and division, ultimately resulting in the death of cancer cells.


Mainly used in the transport sector for heavy cleaning of cars and heavy vehicles. Excellent for low pressure cleaning operations and for spraying various contaminations. It avoids the need for subsequent mechanical actions: brushing, sponging, etc.
Usage and Applications
To be diluted in the appropriate sprayers or in the tanks incorporated in the pressure washers.
The lowest dilution, ie from 0.5% to 1%, will be that used for normal external car washes; the intermediate from 1% to 2% for heavy dirt or engine compartments, taking care, in this case, to rinse very carefully. For special cases of very dirty surfaces, such as warehouses, tanks, etc. the percentage can be increased proportionally, in particular for cleaning of rims and underbodies.
Avoid use on light alloy parts such as cylinder heads, especially if hot.
It is important to shake the product before taking it as it is a two-phase detergent.
We do not recommend using the product on very hot painted surfaces (long exposure to the sun), especially for higher concentrations. In such cases it is also recommended to shorten the contact times between the solution and the painted surface, in order to avoid drying.
Precautions and Storage
The concentrated product and for long contact times, can attack aluminum, zinc and light alloys. Safe on ferrous material.
Avoid storing for long periods at temperatures below 0 ° C.
It does not damage the treated surfaces
Suitable for plastics
Removes oils, fats and deposits
Pulizia periodica di pavimentazioni industriali
Rimozione di oli, inquinanti, grassi e trucioli da macchinari multi metal
Detergenza e manutenzione periodica degli impianti


Delicate gel production includes the use of various filler products, normally monomer or even healthy protein located compounds, to generate pills as well as caplets. Gel capsules are actually frequently made use of as an auto for watering down medicines, such as pain relievers. view website
An additional common use of delicate gel manufacturing is actually to develop difficult capsule coverings for pharmaceutical products. In current years a number of strategies have actually been actually created for encapsulation of chemicals, consisting of ultrasound, uv as well as digital processes.
Aside from utilizing filling agents to produce caplets and capsules, delicate gels may additionally be created through incorporating different binding agents, including gum materials or even alginate. A large variety of components could be utilized for binding, featuring polyethylene, nylon material, man-made substances, as well as polypropylene. A lot of business use a mix of these active ingredients to supply a variety of sealing off as well as summarizing remedies. A few of these systems are actually made to feature a cooling body as well as can easily make use of a wide array of pumps to circulate the manufacturing process and maintain items at the effective temperature. The encapsulation method starts with a main substance as well as is actually carried out with numerous stages in the air conditioning system.
It is necessary to utilize the greatest pill packing product. If the production procedure is actually performed too cool, it can result in a reduction in a number of the encapsulation machines’ homes that make the ended up item. This includes cool temps and also an absence of air in the chemical option. It can likewise bring about ruin to equipment parts as well as equipment.
Gel pills that are suited for smooth gel manufacturing often possess a very high amount of bioavailability, indicating that the medication is released easily in to the client’s body. High degrees of bioavailability are actually attained when the drug is actually mixed along with other ingredients such as emulsifiers, gels, and anti-oxidants.
If you want to achieve the most ideal degrees of soft gel manufacturing, analysts have actually established a range of enhanced manufacturing processes. These making methods consist of solution, bead-coating, dry-firing, ultrafine condensation and pii covering. In solution, sound particles are actually rotated in a curler plant at remarkably broadband, generally in the variety of five hundred circles per moment. These fast rotating beads possess excellent attachment homes, which permit them to effectively join together with one another.
In bead-coating technology, grains are actually coated along with a borate-like lube. The grains are at that point placed within a region layer that has been actually electrically billed. The Quater layer is actually at that point covered along with a silicone-based gel that has been actually applied with a needle-like spinning drum. The 2 gel layers are after that pushed to comply with over a quater wall surface, which has a semi-permeable surface area. This semi-permeable surface makes it possible for the drug-bearing fats to go through however protects against crowd leakage. When the layered grains are actually eventually put into the pii ring, this inhibits liquid breaking away coming from the pii band.
Various other approaches used for Soft Gel production may range coming from utilizing a rotary-spinning procedure to making use of a pressure sensitive injection maker. This manufacturing approach might likewise be actually utilized to produce powders, gels, emulsions, foams, and also gels that have a wide array of usages.
Soft gel production includes the process of producing capsules in a gel type. This is various from the liquid drugs or even the strong dose kinds. The gel pills can be liquified in an amount of reagents and then injected right into the body through the gastrointestinal system. The capsule is actually generally composed of the gel’s active ingredient together with various other polymer components including vitamins, glucoses, and weeds.
Gel capsules are often generated with two intervene their production method. The primary step is actually called encapsulation. Encapsulation includes the use of particular materials to surround the pill elements and to make certain that they gel fully. Various other encapsulation agents may additionally be actually made use of. These agents help to make certain that the gel carries out certainly not break which it preserves its own form.
The second step in delicate gel production is actually known as emulsification. In the course of the emulsification procedure, the embedded elements will definitely pass through a heated equipment. In the end of the procedure, the gel will certainly be actually incredibly smooth and sticky.
The process for soft gel manufacturing has a lot of steps, although the entire procedure might take much longer. At the start of the method, the raw components, such as the vitamins and the polymer products, require to become joined all together. A suited air conditioning device requires to become accumulated simultaneously to make sure that each of the components could be combined properly as well as for that reason made properly. There might likewise need to become some mixture of other methods like the buildup of the solutions and also the use of the ideal encapsulation agents for the certain item.
A capsule is actually after that created in the laboratory. It is actually constructed of the suitable jelly and also various other appropriate elements. A variety of methods may be actually used to make all of them. The powder kind is actually often utilized. In smooth gel capsules, it is actually important to make certain that the right mixtures are actually integrated to avoid the gel from hardening when it is actually left open to warmth.


Specifically for the dry and uncomfortable skin formulated toner softens and refines the skin’s texture. By stimulating the microcirculation, it offers a radiant complexion and leaves a comforting sensation. A fine and light, alcohol-free texture, soothes and softens the skin with the sensual and feminine fragrance of rose. Damask rose floral water is used for its multiple soothing, purifying, toning and astringent properties. It revitalizes the complexion and refines the skin texture. Biosaccharides Gum-1, obtained from natural sugars, reduce irritations and immediately moisturise by acting as a protective water screen for the skin and protect the hydrolipidic film. 150ml – 5 fl.oz
Complete the makeup removal routine by using a few drops of the Damask Rose Toning Lotion with a soft cotton pad, on a perfectly clean face.
Aqua (Water), Rosa Damascena Flower Water*, Propanediol, Levulinic Acid, Glycerin, Sodium Levulinate, Sodium Benzoate, Sodium Hydroxide, Biosaccharide Gum-1, Glyceryl Caprylate, Sodium Anisate, Citronellol
*From Organic Farming