Published on March 10, 2014
PowerPoint Presentation: Pharmaceutical suspension Vikrant Saluja Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences PCTE Group of Institutes, Ludhiana Punjab, India PowerPoint Presentation: A suspension is a dispersion of finely divided, insoluble solid particles(the disperse phase) in a fluid (the dispersion medium or continuous phase). Or Suspensions are the biphasic liquid dosage form of medicament in which the finely divided solid particles ranging from 0.5 to 5µ are dispersed in a liquid or semisolid vehicle. Or Suspensions are heterogenous system consisting of 2 phases. PowerPoint Presentation: Physical properties of well formulated suspensions The sediment or creaming produced on storage, if any, must be easily resuspended by moderate agitation of the container. The product must remain sufficiently homogenous for at least the period between shaking the container and removing the required amount. The product may be required to be thickened in order to reduce the rate of settling of the particles The resulting viscosity must not be so high that removal of the product from the container and transfer to the site of application are difficult. Any suspended particles should be small and uniformly sized in order to give a smooth, elegant product, free from a gritty texture. PowerPoint Presentation: PHARMACEUTICAL APPLICATIONS OF SUSPENSIONS For drug which is insoluble or poorly soluble . E.g. Prednisolone suspension. To prevent degradation of drug or to improve stability of drug. E.g. Oxytetracycline suspension. Suspension can mask the unpleasant/ bitter taste of drug. E.g. Chloramphenicol palmitate For topical application . They are designed to leave a light deposit of the active agent on the skin after quick evaporation of the dispersion medium. For parenteral administration in order to control the rate of absorption of the drug. Vaccines for the induction of immunity are often formulated as dispersions of killed microorganisms. Some X-ray contrast media are formulated in suspension form. PowerPoint Presentation: Classification Based On Route Of Administration Oral suspension Externally applied suspension Parenteral suspension Based On Proportion Of Solid Particles Dilute suspension (2 to10%w/v solid) Concentrated suspension (50%w/v solid) Based On Electrokinetic Nature Of Solid Particles Flocculated suspension Deflocculated suspension Based On Size Of Solid Particles Colloidal suspension (< 1 micron) Coarse suspension (>1 micron) Nano suspension (10 -100 nm) PowerPoint Presentation: Theory of Suspensions Sedimentation means settling of particle or floccules under gravitational force in dispersion system. Velocity of sedimentation expressed by Stoke’s equation V= 2r 2 ( ρ s- ρ o ) g or V= d 2 ( ρ s- ρ o ) g 9 18 Where, v sed. = sedimentation velocity in cm / sec d = Diameter of particle r = radius of particle ρ s = density of disperse phase ρ o = density of disperse media g = acceleration due to gravity η = viscosity of disperse medium in poise PowerPoint Presentation: Sedimentation Parameters Sedimentation volume (F) F = V u / V O -------------- (A) Where, V u = final or ultimate volume of sediment V O = original volume of suspension before settling. Sedimentation volume can have values ranging from less than 1 to greater than1; F is normally less than 1. F=1,such product is said to be in flocculation equilibrium, and show no clear supernatant on standing PowerPoint Presentation: ß = F floc / F defloc Degree of flocculation (β) It is the ratio of the sedimentation volume of the flocculated suspension ,F , to the sedimentation volume of the deflocculated suspension, F∞ The minimum value of ß is 1,when flocculated suspension sedimentation volume is equal to the sedimentation volume of deflocculated suspension. PowerPoint Presentation: Flocculated and deflocculated systems Flocculated Deflocculated Much more rapid rate of sedimentation The rate of sedimentation is slow. Particles form loose aggregates and form network like structures Individual particles exists as separate entity. The supernatant is clear. The supernatant is cloudy. The sediment can be easily redisperse on moderate shaking. The sediment can be very difficult to redisperse. PowerPoint Presentation: FORMULATION OF SUSPENSIONS Components Function API Active drug substances Wetting agents They are added to disperse solids in continuous liquid phase. Flocculating agents They are added to floc the drug particles Thickeners They are added to increase the viscosity of suspension. Buffers They are added to stabilize the suspension to a desired pH range. Coloring agents They are added to impart desired color to suspension and improve elegance. Preservatives They are added to prevent microbial growth. PowerPoint Presentation: Wetting agents : They are added to disperse solids in continuous liquid phase. Surface-active agents Hydrophilic colloids Solvents PowerPoint Presentation: Wetting agents Surface-active agents Non-ionic surfactants are most commonly used as wetting agents in pharmaceutical suspension. Surfactants possessing an HLB value between about 7 and 9 would be suitable for use as wetting agents. Used at concentrations of up to about 0.05-0.5% . For oral use , the polysorbates (Tweens) and sorbitan esters (Spans). For external application , sodium lauryl sulphate, sodium dioctylsulphosuccinate and quillaia extract. For parenteral administration, polysorbates, some of the poloxamers (polyoxyethylene/polyoxypropylene copolymers) and lecithin. Disadvantages They have foaming tendencies. The possible formation of a deflocculated system, which may not be required. Some surfactants such as polysorbate 80 interact with preservatives such as methyl paraben and reduce antimicrobial activity. PowerPoint Presentation: Wetting agents Hydrophilic colloids Behave as protective colloids by coating the solid hydrophobic particles with a multimolecular layer. This will impart a hydrophilic character to the solid and so promote wetting. Also used as suspending agents . These materials include acacia, bentonite, tragacanth, alginates, xanthan gum and cellulose derivatives Solvents Materials such as alcohol, glycerol and glycol s, which are water miscible, will reduce the interfacial tension. PowerPoint Presentation: Flocculating agents Electrolytes Surfactants Polymeric flocculating agents PowerPoint Presentation: Electrolytes The addition of an inorganic electrolyte to an aqueous suspension will alter the zeta potential of the dispersed particles and, if this value is lowered sufficiently, flocculation may occur. The most widely used electrolytes include the sodium salts of acetates, phosphates and citrates Care must be taken not to add excessive electrolyte Surfactants Ionic surface-active agents may also cause flocculation by neutralizing the charge on each particle Polymeric flocculating agents Their linear branched-chain molecules form a gel-like network within the system and become adsorbed on to the surfaces of the dispersed particles, thus holding them in a flocculated state. Starch, alginates, cellulose derivatives, tragacanth, carbomers and silicates PowerPoint Presentation: Viscosity modifiers Polysaccharides Acacia Tragacanth Alginates Starch Xanthan gum (Keltrol) Water-soluble celluloses Methylcellulose (Celacol, Methocel) Hydroxyethylcellulose (Natrosol) Sodium carboxymethylcellulose (Carmellose sodium) Microcrystalline cellulose Hydrated silicates Bentonite Magnesium aluminium silicate (Veegum) Hectorite Colloidal silicon dioxide (Aerosil) Carbomers (carboxypolymethylene) METHODS OF DISPENSING SUSPENSIONS : METHODS OF DISPENSING SUSPENSIONS 1.Suspensions containing diffusible solids 2.Suspensions containing indiffusible solids 3.Suspensions containing precipitate forming liquids 4.Suspensions produced by chemical reactions PowerPoint Presentation: Suspensions containing diffusible solids Contains insoluble drug particles which are light in weight and readily mix with water and remain suspended throughout the liquid for sufficient period of time after shaking Example : calcium carbonate, magnesium trisilicate , rhubarb powder ,light kaolin General method of dispensing Powder all the solid ingredients and add enough vehicle to form a smooth cream Add more of vehicle to make it pourable Remove if any foreign particle present by passing through muslin cloth Rinse the mortar and pestle with successive volume of vehicle untill they are quite clean Add if any liquid ingredients Add more of vehicle to adjust the final volume and mix thorughly by shaking the bottle Example: Kaolin mixture PowerPoint Presentation: Suspensions containing indiffusible solids Contain substances which do not dissolve in water and do not remain evenly distributed in the vehicle for sufficient period of time Example: calamine , zinc oxide ,hydro cortisone, aspirin,phenobarbitone General method of dispensing Powder and mix all the solid ingredients and add compound tragacanth powder Measure ¾ th of the vehicle and triturate to form a smooth cream Remove if any foreign particle present by passing through muslin cloth Rinse the mortar and pestle with successive volume of vehicle until they are quite clean Add if any liquid ingredients Add more of vehicle to adjust the final volume Example: succinyl sulphathiazole mixture PowerPoint Presentation: Suspensions containing precipitate forming liquids Contains liquid substances that is precipitated on addition of water. These liquid substances are insoluble and indiffusible and it is diificult to redisperse on shaking .Example: compound benzoin tincture,, myrrh tincture General method of dispensing(using tragacanth powder) Powder and mix all the indiffusible and diffusible solid ingredients Add compound tragacanth powder and mix Measure half of the vehicle and incorporate small amount of it to the powders to form a smooth cream and add remaining part of the vehicle Add precipitate forming liquid in a slow stream in the centre of the cream with rapid stirring Dissolve the soluble ingredient if present in the vehilcle and add slowly with constant stirring Remove if any foreign particle present by passing through muslin cloth Remaining steps are Same as that of dispensing for suspension containing diffusible solids General method of dispensing(using tragacanth mucilage) Tragacanth mucilage is used when the vehicle is water or chloroform water Mix the tragacanth mucilage with an equal volume of the vehicle Add precipitate forming liquid in a slow stream in the centre of the mucilage with constant stirring Dissolve the solid substance if any, in about ¼ th of the vehicle and mix it with the above mixture Remaining steps are Same as that of dispensing for suspension containing precipitate forming liquid using compound trgacanth powder PowerPoint Presentation: Suspensions produced by chemical reactions Some of the suspensions are prepared by the chemical reactions between the ingredients used in the formulations. In this reactants are highly diluted and mixed together to form very finely divided precipitates that can be easily distributed throughout the liquid by shaking. The precipitate so formed are diffusible in nature. Hence there is no need of adding any suspending agent. Example:sulphurated potash and zinc sulphate mixture PowerPoint Presentation: Evaluation of Suspension Sedimentation method Rheological method Electro kinetic method Micromeritic method PowerPoint Presentation: Sedimentation method Two parameters Sedimentation volume , F = V u /V o V u = final sediment volume V o = initial dispersion volume want F =1 Degree of flocculation , = V u /V u V u final sediment volume of deflocculated suspension The determination of sedimentation volume provides a qualitative means of evaluation. A quantitative knowledge is obtained by determining the degree of flocculation. PowerPoint Presentation: Rheological method Settling behaviour The arrangement of the vehicle and the particle structural features. Brookfield viscometer mounted on helibath stand and using T-bar spindle. T-bar spindle is made to descend slowly into the suspension and the dial reading on the viscometer is then a measure of the resistance the spindle meets at various level. PowerPoint Presentation: This technique also indicates in which level of the suspension the structure is greater owing to particle agglomeration. The dial reading is plotted against the number of turns of the spindle. The better suspension show a lesser rate of increase of dial reading with spindle turns, i.e. the curve is horizontal for long period PowerPoint Presentation: Electro kinetic method Measurement of Zeta-potential using Microelectrophoresis apparatus It shows the stability of a disperse system Zeta Potential [mV] Stability behavior of the colloid: 0 to ± 5, Rapid coagulation or flocculation ± 10 to ± 30 Incipient instability ± 30 to ± 40 Moderate stability ± 40 to ± 60 Good stability more than ± 61 Excellent stability PowerPoint Presentation: The particle are placed in an electrical field between two electrodes, the voltage can be adjusted and tracked under the microscope. Their velocity is determined The relation of velocity to voltage determine the zeta-potential It is worthwhile to occasionally check the zeta-potential in a stability check of suspension PowerPoint Presentation: Micromeritic method Freeze-thaw cycling technique Stressing suspension for stability testing purposes. This treatment promotes particle growth and may indicate the probable future state of affairs after long storage at room temperature. Dynamic light scattering Known as Photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS) works by first measuring the scattered light intensity at one angle. 1 nm – 6 µm Microscopic method No of particles to be counted from 300- 500 particles 0.2 – 100 µm
Pharmaceutical manufacturing is a highly competitive business, with product development, quality control, ... Weighing and Dispensing: Do it Right
Guidelines for dispensing of medicines Contents Introduction 1 Who needs to use these guidelines? 1 ... • Pharmaceutical Society of Australia (PSA)
Shake Well Before Dispensing. Kate Kelly, PharmD. Published Online: Saturday, ... Whenever the suspension looked different from what was expected, ...


What is Seconal (Secobarbital Sodium) 100 mg?
Secobarbital sodium (marketed by Eli Lilly and Company for the treatment of insomnia, and subsequently by other companies as described below, under the brand name Seconal) is a short acting barbiturate derivative drug that was patented in 1934 in the United States. It possesses anaesthetic, anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, and hypnotic properties.
Secobarbital is indicated for:
- Treatment of epilepsy
- Temporary treatment of insomnia
- Use as a preoperative medication to produce anaesthesia and anxiolysis in short surgical, diagnostic, or therapeutic procedures which are minimally painful.
Ranbaxy Pharmaceuticals, an India-based company now predominantly owned by the Japanese company Daiichi Sankyo, obtained the rights to market and to use the trade name Seconal from Eli Lilly in 1998 and did so until September 18, 2008. The actual manufacturer of Seconal subsequent to the time Eli Lilly manufactured the drug was Ohm Pharmaceuticals, a wholly owned subsidiary of Ranbaxy. The rights to market Seconal were then sold to Marathon Pharmaceuticals, which became the marketer and trade-name holder. At the time Marathon Pharmaceuticals obtained ownership of the brand name, the retail price for one 100 mg. capsule (depending upon prescription size and pharmacy) averaged about one U.S. dollar. During the time Marathon owned the brand name, the Company greatly increased the price of the drug.
While generic versions of the drug were in existence after Eli Lilly’s patent of the name Seconal expired, currently there are no companies that manufacture the drug generically in the United States. Valeant is now the sole marketer of Seconal in the United States.
The sodium salt of secobarbital is classified separately from the free acid, as follows:
- CAS number: 309-43-3
- Chemical formula: C12H18N2NaO3
- Molecular weight: 260.265
Use in animal and human euthanasia
In the Netherlands, individuals have two options for euthanasia. They can orally consume 100 ml of concentrated syrup containing either 15 grams of pentobarbital or 15 grams of secobarbital, or they can choose to have 2 grams of thiopental or 1 gram of propofol administered intravenously by a doctor, followed by a muscle relaxant. In recent years only 15% of those who died by euthanasia opted for orally consuming the lethal drug(s), the rest choosing to have the drugs administered intravenously by a doctor instead.
Buy Seconal (Secobarbital Sodium) 100 mg Online


Australasian Solvents & Chemicals Company Pty Ltd (ASCC) is a proud Australian and New Zealand owned and operated business. We have a long, highly esteemed history, known for being reputable and well respected within the industry and as a solid supporter of Australasian manufacturing.
Australasian Solvents & Chemicals Company Pty Ltd is part of the ASCC Group of companies represented in Australia, New Zealand, Singapore, Indonesia and Thailand.
Australian Solvents & Chemicals Company Pty Ltd was formed as a result of the amalgamation of Solchem Queensland (est. 1997), and Solchem Victoria (est. 1994).
|January 1997||The Company’s first truckload proudly left for its first delivery in Queensland|
|August 2001||Solchem entered the New Zealand market as the Mobil Oil Distributor. Our Equity Partners pooled their resources and significant experience in Solvents and Petrochemicals to become sole owners of the newly formed ASCC|
|July 2003||ASCC took over the bulk market from ExxonMobil in New Zealand by acquiring national distribution rights|
|August 2003||ASCC became the ExxonMobil Chemical NZ bulk distributor when ExxonMobil Chemical exited the NZ Market|
|October 2007||Eternal’s Synthetic Resins Division, who produces two product lines – Synthetic Resins for Coatings and General Purpose Resins, and is recognised throughout the industry as a leader, becomes a major supply partner|
|December 2008||Nan Ya Epoxy, a powerhouse in the manufacture of high quality epoxy resins in Asia, became a major and highly valued supply partner of ASCC|
|May 2010||ASCC became the distributor for Australia and New Zealand for Eternal’s Unsaturated Polyester Resins Division (UPR), a leader in the production of UPR and Epoxy Modified Vinylester Resins (VER)|
|July 2010||ASCC became the ExxonMobil Chemical National Distributor for small bulk and packaged fluids for ExxonMobil Chemical Australia|
|December 2010||ASCC became the national branded distributor for ExxonMobil Chemical in Australia when ExxonMobil Chemical exited the market in Australia|
|February 2014||S-OIL supplier of base oils joined the repertoire of ASCC for the Australia and New Zealand market|
|November 2014||ASCC was appointed by 3A Composites to be their distributor and logistics arm for Airex and Baltek core materials to the Australian manufacturing industry|
|September 2016||ASCC opened their first branch in Singapore – ASCC Enterprises Pte Limited|
|November 2016||ASCC acquired Rebain International (NZ) adding and diversifying the growing ASCC portfolio as a raw material and specialty chemical supplier|
|January 2017||ASCC became the Australia and New Zealand distributor for Argeville, a superior producer of Fragrance, flavours and natural raw material|
|March 2018||ASCC acquired the business of Bowen Chemicals adding the Savita product range, further growing ASCC’s portfolio of suppliers and products|
|April 2018||ASCC acquired majority shareholding of Global Chemie Trading Company (GCT) Thailand, further growing ASCC’s portfolio in solvents and raw materials|
|June 2018||ASCC acquired majority shareholding of Singapore-based Taytonn Pte Ltd, further expanding ASCC Group into the Flavour & Fragrance industry|
|July 2018||ASCC formed their first branch in Indonesia – PT ASCC International Indonesia|
|July 2019||ASCC acquired the business of Stolthaven Altona Terminal broadening and strengthening our future into the Australian Manufacturing market|
|August 2020||ASCC became the Australia and New Zealand distributor for Indorama Ventures, a manufacturer of Non-Ionic Surfactants, Glycols and Glycol Ethers|


Optimal-M contain a vide variety of vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants, including nutrients and other beneficial ingredients which are essential in maintaining healthy cellular function, support heart, eye, skin, and lung function, as well as promoting improved bone, muscle and nerve health.
One of the biggest benefits of including health supplements in the diet is preventing vitamin or mineral deficiencies that affect your energy levels and even develop deficiency-related diseases.
Optimal-M is created from organic, all-natural sources, and is easy for digestion and fast absorption.
· Calcium (as: Calcium Citrate)
· Iodine (as: Potassium iodide)
· Magnesium (as: Magnesium Amino Acid Chelate)
· Zinc (as: Zinc Citrate)
· Manganese (as: Manganese Gluconate)
· Selenium (as: Selenomethionine & Selenium Methionate)
· Copper (as: Copper Gluconate)
· Boron (as: Boron Citrate)
· Chromium (as: Chromium Niacinate)
· Choline (as: Choline Bitartrate)
· N-Acetyl Cysteine
· Alpha Lipoic Acid
· Resveratrol (as: Japanese Knotweed Extract)
· Rosemary Extract
· Olive Leaf Extract
· Green Tea Leaf Extract
· Lutein (as: Marigold Extract)
· Lycopene (as: Tomato Extract)
· Citrus Bioflavonoids
· Pomegranate Fruit Extract
· Broccoli Powder
· Whole carrot powder
· Tomato fruit powder
· Beet root powder
· Spinach leaf powder
· Cucumber fruit powder
· Brussels Sprout powder
· Wheat grass powder
· Cabbage leaf powder
· Celery Leaf powder
· Kale leaf powder
· Asparagus shoot powder
· Whole Green Bell Pepper powder
· Cauliflower flower powder
· Parsley leaf powder
· Cinnamon Bark Extract
· Coated Trace mineral complex
Take 2 capsules, twice daily, preferably with meals.
Keep out of reach of children.
If you are pregnant, nursing, or have a medical condition, consult a physician before using this product.


Zirconium alloys are extensively used to manufacture nuclear reactor components such as fuel claddings, coolant channels, pressure tubes and other in-core structural components due to a low neutron absorption cross section, superior corrosion resistance and high mechanical strength etc. As nuclear reactor technology is gradually developed into the direction at higher burn-up, lower fuel cycle cost, improving thermal efficiency and adding secure reliability, higher request for corrosion resistance of zirconium alloys, which are the key components of fuel element cladding materials, is put forward. So many countries have been developing new zirconium alloys cladding materials by optimizing Zr-Nb and Zr-Sn series alloys and obtained many Zr-Sn-Nb series new zirconium alloys, such as ZIRLO, E635 and X5A    , and their corrosion resistance in LiOH aqueous solution are obviously better than Zircaloy-4.
The corrosion resistance of zirconium alloy is related to water-chemistry environment and alloy composition. In recent years, with optimizing research   about ZIRLO and E635 alloys, it showed the corrosion resistance can greatly increases by reducing Sn content in Zr-Sn-Nb-Fe alloys, but too little Sn will lead to accelerated corrosion of alloys in LiOH aqueous solution, which how to accelerate Zr-Sn-Nb-Fe alloys corrosion is still obscure at present    .
N36 is a new Zr-Sn-Nb-Fe alloy developed by China. Its chemical weight composition was 0.8% - 1.2% Sn, 0.8% - 1.2% Nb, 0.2% - 0.4% Fe, Zr balance, and its nominal composition was Zr-1Sn-1Nb-0.3Fe. To better understand the effect of Sn on accelerated corrosion of N36 alloy in LiOH aqueous solution, the sheet samples of normal N36 (Zr-1Sn-1Nb-0.3Fe) and low-tin N36 (Zr-0.8Sn-1Nb-0.3Fe) were prepared and corroded in static autoclave in both of 0.01 mol/L and 0.03 mol/L LiOH aqueous solution at 360˚C and 18.6 MPa. The characteristics of microstructure of alloys, micrographs of the fracture surface and the interface of oxide/metal of the oxide film were analyzed. The effect and mechanism of Sn content on corrosion resistance of N36 zirconium alloy in LiOH aqueous solution were discussed.
First, the button ingots of normal N36 and low-tin N36 alloy were prepared by vacuum non-consumable arc melted method, each ingot is about 70 g. Next, the ingots were treated by water quench after solid solution treatment at 1050˚C for 0.5 h, hot rolled after 600˚C and holding this temperature for 1 h and cold rolled for 2 times, the alloys were inter-annealed during cold rolling with 600˚C for 1 h and final-annealed with 580˚C for 2 h, The thickness of about 0.6 mm sheets were finally obtained. The contents of the main element, O and N in alloy were showed in Table 1.
The sheets samples were cut into 25 mm × 15 mm. Corrosion tests were conducted in static autoclave in both of 0.01 mol/L aqueous solution and 0.03 mol/L LiOH aqueous solution at 360˚C and 18.6 MPa. The JEM-200CX transmission electron microscope was used to analysis the characteristics of grains and the
Table 1. Chemical composition of N36 alloy specimens (wt%).
second phase particles of alloys. The FEI Nova Nano SEM 400 scanning electron microscope was used to observe the fracture of oxide films and interface morphology.
3. Experimental Results
Figure 1 shows the TEM microstructure of the final annealing normal N36 (Figure 1(a)) and low-tin N36 (Figure 1(b)) samples respectively, the approximately equal recrystallization grain size are found in both of samples, and the second phase particles (SPPs) take on small round pellets and distributed uniformly in α-Zr with the majority SPPs located inside of crystal grain while less is on the boundary, the average size of SPPs were is about 80 nm, which indicate that the Sn content with small adjustment will hardly impact on the recrystallization grain size and the size distribution of SPPs of N36 alloy.
3.2. Corrosion Behavior
Figure 2 illustrates the corrosion dynamic curves of normal N36, low-tin N36 and reference Zr-4 alloy samples corroded in both of 0.01 mol/L aqueous solution (Figure 2(a)) and 0.03 mol/L LiOH aqueous solution (Figure 2(b)) at 360˚C and 18.6 MPa. The corrosion transition of normal N36 and low-tin N36 alloys was found in each LiOH condition, and the corrosion weight increased swiftly to show corrosion rate speed up after corrosion transition. Among three alloy samples, the low-tin N36 alloy, whose happened time of corrosion transition is the latest in same water-chemical condition and corrosion weight is the lowest after long-term corrosion, and compared with normal N36 alloy, the time of corrosion transition of Zr-4 alloy is earlier and the corrosion weight is higher. When water-chemical environment differ from LiOH concentration, the best corrosion resistance is low-tin N36, following is normal N36, while the worst is Zr-4.
3.3. Fracture Morphology
Figure 3 shows the fracture morphology of normal N36 (Figure 3((a), (a1))) and low-tin N36 (Figure 3((b), (b1))) samples corroded in 0.01 mol/L aqueous solution at 360˚C and 18.6 MPa for 370 days, respectively. The cracks paralleling
Figure 1. TEM graphs of N36 alloy (a) normal N36 and (b) low-tin N36.
Figure 2. Corrosion dynamic curves of normal N36, low-tin N36 and reference Zr-4 alloy samples corroded in (a) 0.01 mol/L LiOH aqueous solution and (b) 0.03 mol/L LiOH aqueous solution at 360˚C and 18.6 MPa.
Figure 3. Oxide film fracture micrographs of low-tin N36 ((a), (a1)) and normal N36 ((b), (b1)) alloys corroded in 0.01 mol/L LiOH aqueous solution at 360˚C and 18.6 MPa for 370 days exposure.
to the interface of oxide/metal are formed in the fracture surface of the oxide film, and there was not significant difference of cracks between normal and N36 low-tin N36, the cause was ascribed to little difference of weight gains between N36 alloys.
Figure 4 shows oxide films fracture appearance of low-tin N36 and normal N36 alloys corroded in the 0.03 mol/L LiOH solution at 360˚C and 18.6 MPa for 86 days. The oxide film fracture of low-tin N36 alloy appears more compact than normal N36 alloy, and there are more flaws or cracks which paralleled to the oxide films/metal in fracture of normal N36 alloy.
After corrosion for 100 days, the oxide films fracture in low-tin N36 and normal N36 alloys appear laminar cracks(Figure 5), it also have flaws close to metal base. Compared to low-tin N36, normal N36 alloy has more laminar cracks as well as more narrow cracks interval.
Figure 6 shows the micrographs at the oxide film/substrate interface of low-tin N36 and normal N36 corroded in 0.03 mol/L LiOH aqueous solution at 360˚C and 18.6 MPa for 100 days exposure. The oxide films exist cauliflower-like structure with many gaps which showed as pore in high magnification. Compared with low-tin N36, the oxide film of normal N36 alloy appear much more
Figure 4. Oxide film fracture micrographs of low-tin N36 (a) and normal N36 (b) alloys corroded in 0.03 mol/L LiOH aqueous solution at 360˚C and 18.6 MPa for 86 days exposure.
Figure 5. Oxide film fracture micrographs of low-tin N36 (a) and normal N36 (b) alloys corroded in 0.03 mol/L LiOH aqueous solution at 360˚C and 18.6 MPa for 100 days exposure.
Figure 6. The micrographs at the oxide film/substrate interface of low-tin N36 (a) and normal N36 (b) alloys corroded in 0.03 mol/L LiOH aqueous solution at 360˚C and 18.6 MPa for 100 days exposure.
uneven as well as bigger pore dimensions.
4. Analysis and Discussions
According to corrosion dynamics curves of Zr-4, normal N36 and low-tin alloy specimens corroded in both of 0.01 mol/L aqueous solution and 0.03 mol/L LiOH aqueous solution at 360˚C and 18.6 MPa, the corrosion resistance of normal N36 and low-tin N36 are better than Zr-4 alloy while low-tin N36 alloy are better than normal N36 alloy. The corrosion behavior of zirconium alloy is related to alloy composition and microstructure. As a relatively stable element of α-Zr, Sn exist in α-Zr through solid solution atom. The average size of the second phase particles will increase little as the content of Sn increase and effect the corrosion behavior of alloy  . But crystal structure, the size of second phase particles as well as distribution have not obviously distinction by judge from microstructure of normal N36 and low-tin N36 zirconium alloy as the content of Sn in two alloys have little difference, on the other side, heat treatment temperature (580˚C - 600˚C) of alloy specimens is far more lower than transfer temperature of N36 alloy  . the second phase particles of N36 alloy are C14 Zr (Fe, Nb)2 and β-Nb  , so the size of second phase particles, distribution and type are very close before corrosion, it is not the main reason that cause the difference in corrosion resistance between N36 and low-tin N36.
According to the observing results of microstructure of oxide films after corrosion, the corrosion behavior of N36 alloys with little difference in Sn content have a certain corresponding relation with the quantity of parallel cracks in oxide films fracture. For good corrosion resistance of low-tin N36 alloys, cracks which parallel the oxide film/substrate interface is relatively less, while there are more parallel cracks in normal N36 with poor corrosion resistance. Cracks gaps are in inverse proportion to corrosion rate after corrosion transition, which promote the growth of oxide films. So the oxide films are thicker at the same corrosion time. On the other hand, the fracture of low-tin N36 alloy specimens corroded in 0.03 mol/L LiOH aqueous solution for 86 days have not obviously cracks, and its surface inside oxide films are more smooth than normal N36, it is indicated the oxide films growth rate at metal base is not even, which lead to uneven inner surface. The inner surface of oxide films shape in cauliflower-like uneven related with oxide film existing obvious cracks   .
The cracks and pores in oxide films are related with gathering and release of stress during the growth of oxide films. As zirconium alloys are corroded at initial stage, the oxide films grow at the stable tetragonal ZrO2, and volume expand (P-B ratio 1.56), it is also constrained by matrix metal and have stable function to tetragonal because there will be compressive stress inside the oxide films  . Along with adding distance to fracture, the compressive stress of inner oxide films become weak so that cause tetragonal ZrO2 to transfer monoclinic ZrO2 during transference, at the same time, in the vicinity of transient ZrO2 produce internal stress which shape cracks in the oxide films and shorten distribution route of H or O and decrease corrosion resistance of alloy   . So it is also concluded that when oxide films of good corrosion resistance low-tin N36 exist in tetragonal ZrO2.
The tin as solid solute in α-Zr diffuse and gather in the interfacial boundary of tetragonal ZrO2 at a specific temperature and compressive stress. During corrosion process of alloy specimens, the enriched tin at the crystal boundary expand when they are oxidized, which will make the t-ZrO2 change into m-ZrO2 with greater speed, and accelerate to produce cracks  . So low-tin N36 alloy with little Sn have little cracks in its oxide films and have good corrosion resistance.
1) Compared to Zr-4 alloy, the corrosion resistance of N36 alloy are better in both of 0.01 mol/L LiOH aqueous solution and 0.03 mol/L LiOH aqueous solution at 360˚C and 18.6 MPa, while low-tin N36 is better than normal N36.
2) The little difference of Sn content hardly influences on grain size and precipitates of the N36 alloys. It was concluded that the solid solution contents of Sn in a-Zr matrix was the main reason cause corrosion resistance difference between normal N36 and low-tin N36.
3) As samples corroded in different water chemistry, the cracks paralleling to the interface of oxide/metal are formed in the fracture surface of the oxide film and the oxide film in the inner surface appears at the Cauliflower-like morphology after corrosion transition. With the increasing of corrosion rate, there are more cracks in the fracture surface of the oxide film and the size of Cauliflower-like structure grows bigger.
 Zhao, W.J., Liu, Y.Z., Jiang, H.M., et al. (2008) Effect of Heat Treatment and Nb and H Contents on the Phase Transformation of N18 and N36 Zirconium Alloys. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 462, 103-108.
 Zhang, J.L., Xie, X.F., Yao, M.Y., et al. (2013) Study on the Corrosion Resistance of Zr-1Nb-0.7Sn-0.03Fe-xGe Alloy in Lithiated Water at 360°C. Acta Metallurgica Sinica, 49, 443-450.
 Park, J.Y., Yoo, S.J., Choi, B.K., et al. (2008) Corrosion and Oxide Characteristics of Zr-1.5Nb-0.4Sn-0.2Fe-0.1Cr Alloy in 360°C Pure Aqueous and LiOH Solution. Journal of Nuclear Materials, 37, 343-350.
 Yao, M.Y., Zhou, B.X., Li, Q., et al. (2008) A Superior Corrosion Behavior of Zircaloy-4 in Lithiated Aqueous at 360°C/18.6 MPa by β-Quenching. Journal of Nuclear Materials, 374, 197-203.
 Zhang, H.X., Fruchart, D., Hlil, E.K., et al. (2010) Crystal Structure, Corrosion Kinetics of New Zirconium Alloys and Residual Stress Analysis of Oxide Films. Journal of Nuclear Materials, 396, 65-70.
 Yilmazbayhan, A., Breval, E., Motta, A.T., et al. (2006) Transmission Electron Microscopy Examination of Oxide Layers Formed on Zr Alloys. Journal of Nuclear Materials, 34, 265-281.
 Gholinia, G.A., Frankel, P., et al. (2014) The Microstructure and Microtexture of Zirconium Oxide Films Studied by Transmission Electron Backscatter Diffraction and Automated Crystal Orientation Mapping with Transmission Electron Microscopy. Acta Materialia, 80, 159-171.
 Bossis, P., Thomazet, J., Lefebvre, F., et al. (2002) Study of the Mechanisms Controlling the Oxide Growth under Irradiation: Characterization of Irradiated Zircaloy-4 and Zr-1Nb-O Oxide Scales. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, 89, 67-82.
 Platt, P., Frankel, P., Gass, M., et al. (2015) Critical Assessment of Finite Element Analysis Applied to Metal-Oxide Interface Roughness in Oxidising Zirconium Alloys. Journal of Nuclear Materials, 464, 313-319.
 Platt, P., Polatidis, E., Frankel, P., et al. (2015) A Study into Stress Relaxation in Oxides Formed on Zirconium Alloys. Journal of Nuclear Materials, 456, 415-425.


Catalytic Materials Topics at Texas Materials Institute
Many exciting activities are taking place in the Texas Materials Institute through the independent and coordinated activities of members with interests in catalytic chemistry and materials. These investigations span a broad range of conditions in temperature and pressure employing a plethora of catalytic materials. Additionally, a large arsenal of experimental probes are available to interrogate the molecular level physics and chemistry of these phenomena (including high-pressure catalytic reactors, ultra-high vacuum surface science instruments, surface vibrational spectroscopy, molecular beam apparatus, scanning tunneling microscopy, Auger electron spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, etc.). Studies of the interactions of molecules and atoms with the surfaces of single-crystalline metals are of interest as well as investigations of the chemistry of molecules with “model” catalytic materials. So-called “model” catalysts are constructed of thin films (10-20 nm) of support material (e.g., titania, silica, alumina) covering a metallic sample upon which nano-clusters of metal are placed. Such a “model” material mimics the chemistry of a real catalyst pellet under industrial conditions but also allows conditions in which microscopic details of the chemistry can be obtained. The effect of the size of the cluster is of great interest as well as the effect of the support on the cluster and gas of interest. Many other related activities are also taking place in the Texas Materials Institute.


Carbon 14 (14C) exists in the biosphere with an abundance of about 1 part per trillion relative to carbon 12, and decays with a half-life of 5730 years thus providing a tag for carbon dating. In addition, compounds labeled with 14C are routinely used to trace metabolism in physiology research. In atmospheric science, small changes in 14C content can monitor how much carbon dioxide is being released into the atmosphere from fossil fuel burning. Sensitive measurement of 14C now requires the use of large dedicated and expensive particle accelerators. In this project, a new laser based ultra-sensitive 14C detection instrument for routine quantitation of 14C will be developed. The resulting system will be easy to operate and allow the use of extremely small (of order 0.1 mg) samples. Users of the first instruments will come from three broad areas: environmental monitoring, physiology studies, and small sample analysis, all of which require the unique capabilities of the system. The project uses a new ultra-sensitive laser based analytical technique, intracavity optogalvanic spectroscopy (ICOGS), which enables the detection of 14C labeled carbon dioxide. Three major development goals are planned: optimization of the laser system; preparation of sample handling and introduction protocols; and development of calibration and standards methodology and equipment. Two instruments with a common technology will be built- a high sensitivity device for small sample and environmental monitoring and a lower sensitivity device for routine analysis of organic and biological samples labeled with 14C tracers. Successful completion of the project will make available laboratory size, user-friendly instruments for highly sensitive measurements of 14C in biological and environmental samples. It will also greatly expand the range of measurements possible and increase the size of the user community. Because the instrument can accommodate continuous flow of carbon dioxide, real-time atmospheric monitoring is also possible. A major outcome of the instrument development program will be technology transfer to both a broad user community from industry, government and academia; as well as to potential commercial suppliers. Results obtained will be submitted to interdisciplinary scientific journals and at regional and national meetings.
|Effective start/end date||9/1/09 → 8/31/12|
- National Science Foundation (National Science Foundation (NSF))
Explore the research topics touched on by this project. These labels are generated based on the underlying awards/grants. Together they form a unique fingerprint.


1 oz of 80% pure (NH4)2SO4, 1 gallon of water @ 25 degrees Celsius.
1 gallon = 3.785 L, 1 oz = 28.4 grams.
Suppose an avid gardener prepares a solution by putting 1 oz of 80% pure Ammonium Sulfate in a gallon of water at 25 degrees C.
a) what is concentration of HSO4 and NH3 in solution at equlibrium.
b) suppose you want to make sure pH is at 7.0. If you have pure NH3 and H2SO4 at hand, how many grams (of which one) would you have to add?
(NH4)2SO4 dissolves in water to form 2NH4+ and SO4(2-)
NH4 + H2O => H3O + NH3
SO4 + H2O => OH + HSO4
The Attempt at a Solution
i already finished part a by first changing oz and gallons into moles/L => Molarity. then i calculated equilibrium amounts by initial, change, end calculations.
my main problem lies in (b) as i have no clue how to approach this problem. can someone help?


Nanomaterials for Cancer PhototheranosticsView this Special Issue
Advances on the Use of Biodegradable Proteins/Peptides in Photothermal Theranostics
Recently, photothermal therapy (PTT) which employs light-induced heating to destroy cancer tissues/cells has received tremendous attention due to its improved selectivity and minimal invasion to surrounding healthy tissues. A variety of photothermal conversion agents (PTCAs) with high near-infrared (NIR) light absorbance have been widely explored for NIR light-induced PTT. However, many of them cannot be used directly in vivo owing to their nonbiodegradability, immunogenicity, poor pharmacokinetics, or potential long-term toxicity. Proteins and peptides with inherent biocompatibility and biodegradability have been used as delivery vehicles for PTCAs or used as biotemplates to direct the synthesis of PTCAs. In this review, we will summarize recent advances in the development of protein/peptide-based photothermal cancer theranostics. The perspectives and challenges of these nanoplatforms will also be discussed.
Photothermal therapy (PTT), which employs light-induced heating to destroy cancer tissues/cells, is a new promising strategy to treat cancer due to its improved selectivity and minimal invasion to surrounding healthy tissues . In general, PTT involves noninvasive light and photothermal conversion agents (PTCAs) that show low toxicity in dark and therapeutic effect under light irradiation. So the PTT can achieve superimposed targeting effect: on the one hand, the photoabsorbing agent can be designed to nanosized and ligand-modified particle so as to target cancer via passive and active targeting; on the other hand, the light can be applied only in cancer site to reduce side effect. Particularly, near-infrared (NIR) light (650–950 nm) induced PTT holds much promise because of the relatively low absorption/scattering of skin, tissue, blood, and water in the NIR region . In the NIR light-induced PTT, PTCAs are crucial elements that absorb NIR light energy and convert it into heat and thus raise the local temperature of tumor to kill them. In the past decades, a variety of inorganic/organic nanomaterials, such as noble metal nanomaterials (Au, Ag, and Pt) [3–7], carbon-based nanomaterials (graphene oxide and carbon nanotube) [8–10], semiconductor nanomaterials (WS2, CuS, and Se) [11–16], and NIR dyes (indocyanine green, cypate, IR780, and IR825) [17–19], as well as semiconducting polymer nanomaterials (polyaniline and polypyrrole) [20–22], have been widely explored as PTCAs for PTT. These PTCAs exhibit high NIR absorbance; however, many of them cannot be used directly in vivo owing to nonbiodegradability, immunogenicity, poor pharmacokinetics, or potential long-term toxicity. Therefore, development of novel photothermal nanosystems is highly desirable to accelerate the clinical translation of PTT.
In the past few years, proteins and peptides have been developed as excellent delivery materials for many diagnostic/therapeutic agents due to their inherent biocompatibility and biodegradability [23–25] (Figure 1). On the one hand, proteins/peptides can encapsulate hydrophobic nanoparticles or molecules through hydrophobic interactions and thus improve the biocompatibility and water solubility of the nanoagents [26–28]. On the other hand, proteins/peptides can be used as biotemplates to synthesize nanoparticles directly [29–33]. Meanwhile, proteins/peptides contain a large number of functional groups (i.e., carboxylic and amino groups) that can easily conjugate functional substances, such as drugs, NIR dyes, photosensitizers, targeting ligands, and imaging agents, to achieve “All-in-One” multifunctional theranostics .
Considering the unique properties of proteins/peptides, recently, various protein-based photothermal nanoplatforms, which can combine the advantages and functionalities of both proteins/peptides and PTCAs, have been developed for PTT (Table 1). Herein, we will give a brief review on recent advances in the development of protein-based photothermal cancer theranostics. The perspectives and challenges of these nanoplatforms will also be discussed.
2. Serum Albumin-Based Photothermal Theranostics
Serum albumin, the major component of serum proteins, is an attractive biomacromolecule with the merits of biodegradability, nontoxicity, nonimmunogenicity, and easily biological production and purification . Among the available serum albumin, human serum albumin (HSA) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) are two of the most used proteins.
HSA, which contains 585 amino acid residues with a relative molecular weight of 66.5 KDa, is the most abundant protein in human plasma (~42 g/L) and plays an important role in transporting fatty acids, amino acids, steroids, and metal ions . It is an endogenous protein, which has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for intravenous administration. Furthermore, some studies showed that HSA coated nanoparticles possess active tumor-targeting abilities via gp60 and SPARC receptor-mediated transcytosis .
Recently, numerous studies have reported HSA-based photothermal nanosystems for PTT. For example, Sheng et al. reported a kind of smart nanoparticle based on HSA and indocyanine green (ICG) for dual-modal imaging-guided synergistic phototherapy . ICG is a FDA-approved multifunctional NIR dye which can be used not only for NIR fluorescence (FL) imaging and photoacoustic (PA) imaging but also for PTT and photodynamic therapy (PDT). In this work, the disulfide bonds of HSA were firstly cleaved by adding excessive reducing agent to obtain free sulfhydryl groups. Then the reduced HSA can reassemble into HSA nanoparticles through the formation of intermolecular disulfide bonds. During this reassembling process, the ICG molecules were loaded into HSA nanoparticles. Thus the final HSA-ICG nanoparticles are composed of HSA and ICG without any other toxic chemicals, which show excellent biosafety. In vivo dual-modal imaging could clearly differentiate tumor tissue with normal tissue and thus precisely guide PTT/PDT cancer treatment. In a more recent work, Chen and coworkers reported a nanodrug that obtained via self-assembly of HSA, ICG, and paclitaxel (PTX, an effective antitumor drug) at a predetermined molar ratio (Figure 2(a)) . The structure of this nanodrug is similar to a FDA-approved formulation (trade name: Abraxane), which takes advantages of imaging-guided PTT and chemotherapy. Both HSA-ICG nanoparticle and HSA-ICG-PTX nanodrug are composed of FDA-approved components and demonstrated great antitumor performance which may be promising photothermal theranostics for clinical applications.
HSA has also been exploited as a nanocarrier for other NIR dyes, such as IR825 and IR780 [39–41]. These nanosystems also showed high antitumor effects in animal experiments. Rong et al. designed a NIR cyanine dye by introducing a rigid cyclohexenyl ring to the heptamethine chain to obtain a heptamethine dye CySCOOH with higher fluorescence quantum yield and greater stability than ICG . By covalent conjugation of CySCOOH onto HSA (Figure 2(b)), the as-prepared HSA@CySCOOH nanoplatform is highly efficient for multimodality imaging-guided PTT. Compared with dye-encapsulated HSA-based photothermal theranostics, the obtained HSA@CySCOOH conjugates showed several advantages such as good stability without the risk of dye leakage in the blood circulation and high dye loading efficiency.
HSA contains a variety of hydrophilic and hydrophobic amino acids and a large number of functional groups, so it also can be used to modify inorganic nanoparticles by hydrophobic interactions or cross-link. Topete et al. reported a multifunctional nanotheranostic platform, which is composed of PLGA/doxorubicin (DOX)-core Au-branched shell nanostructure (BGNSHs) and HSA/ICG/folic acid complex (HSA-ICG-FA) surface coating . The nanotheranostic platform would achieve multifunctional abilities, such as PTT provided by the gold nanolayer, fluorescence imaging and PDT provided by the ICG, chemotherapy provided by the DOX, and active targeting provided by the FA. Peralta et al. employed a desolvation and cross-linking approach to develop gold nanorods (Au NRs)-PTX-loaded HSA nanoparticles . As shown in Figure 2(c), the PTCAs (Au NRs) and antitumor drug (PTX) were encapsulated into the HSA nanoparticles simultaneously. The resulting Au NR-PTX-HSA nanoparticles demonstrated great antitumor effect of combination therapy.
BSA, which derived from cows, is also a widely used carrier for cancer theranostics due to its abundance and low cost. BSA can sequester inorganic ions through a simulative biomineralization process, which trigger the formation of nanoclusters in mild conditions . In a recent work, Wang et al. developed smart cypate-grafted gadolinium oxide nanocrystals (Cy-GdNCs) . BSA-based biomineralization approach was employed to synthesize GdNCs, followed by the covalent conjugation of Cy to BSA. This Cy-GdNC can achieve tumor-targeting trimodal FL/PA/magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and pH-responsive PTT, resulting in effective tumor ablation. BSA also can be used as the biotemplate to synthesize inorganic PTCAs. For example, Zhang et al. synthesized copper sulfide (CuS) nanoparticles using BSA as a template . This method has several benefits such as high efficiency and mild synthesis condition. In vitro and in vivo results showed that the BSA-CuS nanoparticles had excellent biocompatibility and efficient PTT effect. In addition, BSA can be used as a reductant and stabilizer for the synthesis of PTCAs. Sheng et al. developed a facile fabrication method of nanoscale reduced graphene oxide (nano-rGO) . BSA, as a reductant and coating material, can reduce nano-GO to nano-rGO with high NIR absorption, high stability, and low cytotoxicity. The BSA-based nano-rGO showed excellent performance for in vivo PA imaging and PTT.
BSA is also a kind of commonly used vehicle for organic PTCAs (NIR dyes, polymeric nanoparticles, etc.) delivery. For example, the squaraine, IR825, or polypyrrole loaded BSA nanoplatforms were developed for imaging-guided therapy [28, 49, 50]. The in vivo results evidenced the feasibility of using those nanoplatforms as photothermal theranostics for multimodality imaging and phototherapy.
3. Other Proteins-Based Photothermal Theranostics
Besides serum albumin, several other proteins with special molecular structures or functions, such as ferritin, hepatitis B virus (HBV) core protein, gelatin, antibodies, and phycocyanin (PC), have been used as building blocks for the construction of protein-based photothermal theranostics.
Ferritin, a protein of 450 kDa consisting of 24 subunits, has a nanocage structure with external and internal diameters of 12 and 8 nm, respectively. Ferritin serves to store iron in a nontoxic form, to deposit it in a safe form, and to transport it to areas where it is required. Because of the cage-like structure, ferritin has also been successfully used as nanocarrier of therapeutic agent or biotemplate for the fabrication of nanoparticles [23, 24]. The internal cavity allows high loading efficiency of therapeutic agents and the protein shells as a coating to prevent coagulation/aggregation between nanoparticles.
Recently, Huang et al. reported a novel theranostic platform based on IR820 (NIR dye)-loaded ferritin nanocages with strong absorbance in the NIR region . IR820 molecules were loaded into the internal cavity by “opening” and “closing” the ferritin nanocages. Under 550 nm light irradiation, the theranostic platform can achieve FL imaging with high fluorescence quantum yield, while under 808 nm NIR light irradiation, the theranostic platform can achieve PA imaging and PTT with high photothermal conversion efficiency. In vivo results showed that 100% tumor elimination was achieved by intravenous injection of IR820-loaded ferritin nanocages, under a low laser power density of 0.5 W/cm2. In another work, Wang et al. reported biomineralization-inspired synthesis and photothermal application of CuS/-ferritin nanocages . As shown in Figure 3(a), Cu and ions were firstly encapsulated into the ferritin cages. After the addition of S ions, CuS/-Fn nanocages were obtained. The in vitro (Figure 3(b)) and in vivo (Figures 3(c)–3(e)) results indicated that the CuS-Fn nanocages achieved superior tumor therapeutic efficiency without systemic toxicity.
3.2. HBV Core Protein
Protein-based particles that are self-assembled inside cells have been developed for a variety of bioassays and biomedical applications . For example, when expressed in Escherichia coli, the HBV core protein forms a core shell capsid with a diameter of 36 nm. Based on the core shell capsid, Kwon et al. developed a protein/gold core/shell nanoparticle (PGCS-NP) that can be used as a PTCA for targeted cancer therapy without in vivo toxicity (Figure 4) . Hexahistidine (H6), biotinylated peptide (BP), hexatyrosine (Y6), and affibody peptides for human epidermal growth factor receptor I (EGFR) were used to modify the HBV core protein. Then the modified HBV core proteins were self-assembled into the engineered particles, and gold ions are reduced to gold dots (1–3 nm) by the reduction potential of Y6 residues. The resulted nanoplatform has uniform particle size distribution, high colloidal stability, and excellent photothermal activity. Most importantly, as the nanoplatform was disassembled with time, the small gold dots were released and rapidly excreted from liver and kidney, indicating that the nanoplatform can be used as safe PTCAs without concern of long-term toxicity.
Gelatin, an irreversibly hydrolyzed form of collagen, is a mixture of proteins and peptides obtained from the skin, bones, and connective tissues of various animals. Gelatin has many excellent properties such as easy functionalization and good biocompatibility and can be effectively digested by gelatinase into nontoxic peptides. Zha et al. developed multifunctional CuS nanoparticles stabilized with DOX-conjugated gelatin (CuS@Gel-DOX) . In this case, CuS nanoparticle was used as the PTCA and PA contrast agent; DOX was used as a model antitumor drug. Thus the as-prepared CuS@Gel-DOX nanosystem can achieve simultaneous PA imaging, PTT, and enzyme-responsive drug release. Lin et al. developed nanocomposites that incorporated Cu9S5@mSiO2 nanoparticles or polyaniline nanoparticles into poly(-caprolactone) and gelatin [55, 56]. The as-prepared nanocomposites were surgically implanted into tumors in mice and followed by efficient PTT treatment.
Antibody, also known as immunoglobulin, is a kind of large, Y-shape protein produced by plasma cells that is used by the immune system to identify and neutralize pathogens. In recent years, some antibodies (anti-EGFR) were also used as tumor-targeting ligands, since the EGFR is overexpressed in many malignant cells. Yu et al. reported a kind of anti-EGFR-coated ICG-loaded polymer/salt nanocapsule for in vitro PTT . The results indicated that the anti-EGFR-coated nanocapsules had significant thermal toxicity upon 808 nm NIR light irradiation. In another work, Zhang et al. developed the EGFR monoclonal antibody (mAb) modified AuNRs (EGFRmAb-AuNR) for targeted PTT on Hep-2 cells .
PC, a pigment-protein complex from the light-harvesting phycobiliprotein family, is a water-soluble protein and is frequently used as a coloring agent in food and cosmetics. It also can be used as a photosensitizer for generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) under excitation of appropriate light . Recently, Liao and Zhang developed a multiwalled carbon nanotube-chitosan-PC complex (MWNT-CS-PC) for PTT and PDT . Both CS and PC improve the water solubility and stability of MWNTs. Additionally, PC is a photosensitizer that is able to generate cytotoxic ROS for PDT, and MWNT is a PTCA that is able to generate heat for PTT.
4. Peptides-Based Photothermal Theranostics
Peptides are short chains of amino acid monomers linked by peptide bonds. Proteins are composed of one or more peptides arranged in a biologically functional way. The boundaries that distinguish peptides from proteins are not absolute: long peptides such as amyloid beta have been referred to as proteins, and smaller proteins like insulin have been considered peptides. Like proteins, peptides were also employed as building blocks for the development of photothermal theranostics. Huang et al. developed an endogenous alkaline phosphatase- (ALP-) triggered coassembly strategy to form tumor-specific nanofibers, which based on ICG and NapFFKYp (an ALP-responsive peptide), for FL/PA dual-modality imaging-guided PTT (Figure 5) . The ICG-doped nanofiber showed significantly enhanced NIR absorbance and unique PA and PTT properties. Synthetic polypeptides are also promising nanocarriers of PTCAs because they own similar component and structure to natural proteins. For example, Yang et al. reported an ICG and cypate-loaded poly(L-aspartic acid)-based micelle system with multiple advantages for FL imaging and PTT . These micelles exhibit high loading capacity, good stability, enhanced cellular uptake efficiency, and efficient photothermal efficacy. Wu et al. reported ICG-loaded polymeric micelles, which self-assembled from amphiphilic poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(L-lysine)-b-poly(L-leucine) (PEG-PLL-PLLeu), for tumor imaging and PTT . Compared with free ICG, PEG-PLL-PLLeu-ICG micelles significantly improved the quantum yield and fluorescent stability of ICG. In vitro photothermal ablation studies also proved the feasibility of the PEG-PLL-PLLeu-ICG for tumor PTT.
5. Conclusion and Perspective
Natural proteins and synthetic peptides are playing important roles in cancer theranostics. A variety of protein-based theranostics have emerged in the past few years. The capabilities of proteins to load different PTCAs endow them with many advantages, such as improved water solubility and biocompatibility, prolonged blood circulation time, and multifunctional modification.
However, the clinical translation of protein-based photothermal theranostics is still facing many challenges. Firstly, as natural polymers, proteins are heterogeneous mixtures and exhibit batch-to-batch variation, which may hinder the industrial application of protein-based nanoplatforms . Secondly, although many photothermal nanoplatforms have demonstrated their high PTT efficacy in preclinical animal experiments, there are rarely FDA-approved proteins and PTCAs that are safe for use in humans. Thirdly, the poor photothermal stability of protein-organic agents and the potential long-term toxicity of protein-inorganic agents severely limit their future clinical applications. In addition, the PTCAs loading efficiency of most protein-based nanoplatforms are often too low, resulting in limited PTT efficacy.
Studies will continue to further improve the clinical applicability of protein-based photothermal theranostics. For example, the recombinant protein technology is a promising strategy to overcome the batch-to-batch variation of protein-based platforms. More and more protein-based photothermal theranostics with high photothermal stability, great long-term biosafety, and high tumor accumulation have been developed for PTT. Although the development of PTT is still at an early stage, protein-based photothermal theranostics may have great potential for clinical applications to treat cancer patients in the near future.
The authors declare that there are no competing interests regarding the publication of this paper.
This work was supported by the National Science Foundation of China (51573096 and 81401465).
L. Cheng, W. He, H. Gong et al., “PEGylated micelle nanoparticles encapsulating a non‐fluorescent near‐infrared organic dye as a safe and highly‐effective photothermal agent for in vivo cancer therapy,” Advanced Functional Materials, vol. 23, no. 47, pp. 5893–5902, 2013.View at: Google Scholar
P. Huang, L. Bao, D. Yang et al., “Protein-directed solution-phase green synthesis of BSA-conjugated M(x)Se(y) (M = Ag, Cd, Pb, Cu) nanomaterials,” Chemistry—An Asian Journal, vol. 6, no. 5, pp. 1156–1162, 2011.View at: Google Scholar
S. Liu, M. Hassink, R. Selvaraj et al., “Efficient F-18 labeling of cysteine-containing peptides and proteins using tetrazine-trans-cyclooctene ligation,” Molecular Imaging, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 121–128, 2013.View at: Google Scholar
D. V. Peralta, Z. Heidari, S. Dash, and M. A. Tarr, “Hybrid paclitaxel and gold nanorod-loaded human serum albumin nanoparticles for simultaneous chemotherapeutic and photothermal therapy on 4T1 breast cancer cells,” ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, vol. 7, no. 13, pp. 7101–7111, 2015.View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar


Cleansol BC is a different concept in house washing. Utilizing the unique “Shine System”, your painted siding or gutters will look as good after washing as they did when new. It will also be protected from environmental damage and will clean more easily. This is just the beginning of the benefits that regular use of Cleansol BC will provide. In addition, it will remove all stains from gutters, generate great deck cleaning results, super fast rinsing, and provide spot free drying and complete safety on paint, glass, and plants. Another benefit of Cleansol BC is that it will remove virtually any dirt, soil, or stain that is on a painted surface. This soap will rinse freely even if it dries on the surface. The product works equally well hot or cold but should not exceed 120° Fahrenheit. Cleansol BC is biodegradable and very safe for people even though it is a powerful cleaner.
Ef-fortless is a soap solution that melts efflorescence and helps to control its return. The user does not have to use a pressure washer or even a garden hose to get the job done. This product is mildly acidic and safe for virtually all surfaces. Application is a simple spray on process. When the Ef-fortless stops foaming the efflorescence is gone. The amount of coverage will vary with the thickness of the efflorescence. With the most common powder type; coverage is approximately 75 square feet a gallon. “Calcite” type efflorescence, the thick, hard and ivory colored, would need
presoak softener with one or two applications of Calcite Presoak, followed by Ef-fortless and/or NMD80. You need not rinse Ef-fortless in most circumstances. Certain mortars may show a discoloration on drying; if this occurs, simply reapply a light coating and pressure wash rinse.
NMD80 is a detergent based solution designed for the express purpose of safe but effective cleaning of new masonry structures. The detergent boost to the product enables you to use fewer applications than normal and work comfortably around other people as there is little to no odor or sting with the product. NMD80 is also milder to your equipment because it is less corrosive in nature. Used as described, in the directions, there should be no significant impact on the plants or soils of the job site but protecting landscape should be taken. NMD80 is safe for virtually any
type of brick, block, stone, or pre-cast. Always use a test patch to determine dilutions and appropriateness. NMD80 will solve a host of problems including efflorescence, lime putty, and most mineral stains.
ONE RESTORE is a breakthrough detergent that provides remarkable versatility, cleaning power and safety all in one product. It is capable of removing the deepest biological and pollution stains, and mineral and metal oxide stains from a wide variety of surfaces. It is an effective coating remover and safely cleans glass and anodized aluminum when used as directed. One RESTORE won’t damage or change the color of any of the substrates it is used on. One RESTORE is a great choice for cleaning historic buildings as well as modern facilities such as colleges, schools, hospitals and other government and public facilities where safety is an issue. With its spray-on/spray-off application process, One RESTORE will save hours of cleaning time versus the traditional bucket and brush method.
Stripper Cream is a thickened multilayer paint remover with excellent consistency and coverage that enables it to be sprayed, rolled, or brushed. The stripper is ready to use right out of the container. The cream has a very pleasant odor and is easy to work with for the professional. This is a highly caustic product when applied to paint, it will not dry out or leave a powder residue on the surface. As a paste, the paint may be scraped off mostly intact. This product can remain on the surface a day without drying out. Stripper Cream when diluted with water makes an excellent graffiti remover. With proper neutralization with NMD 80, Stripper Cream is excellent for wood stripping and repainting. Alkyd enamels can be stripped using a two-step process. First apply Stripsol while still wet, and then apply Stripper Cream. Stripper Cream is also great at removing heavy dimensional black crust on limestone.


Ban on Production and Imports of Ozone-Depleting Refrigerants
In 1987 the Montreal Protocol, an international environmental agreement, established requirements that began the worldwide phase-out of ozone-depleting CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons). These requirements were later modified, leading to the phase-out in 1996 of CFC production in all developed nations. In 1992 the Montreal Protocol was amended to establish a schedule for the phase-out of HCFCs (hydrochlorofluorocarbons). HCFCs are less damaging to the ozone layer than CFCs, but still, contain ozone-destroying chlorine.
HCFC-22 (also known as R-22) has been the refrigerant of choice for residential heat pump and air-conditioning systems for more than four decades. Unfortunately for the environment, releases of R-22, such as those from leaks, contribute to ozone depletion. In addition, R-22 is a greenhouse gas and the manufacture of R-22 results in a by-product (HFC-23) that contributes significantly to global warming. As the manufacture of R-22 is phased out over the coming years as part of the agreement to end production of HCFCs, manufacturers of residential air conditioning systems are offering equipment that uses ozone-friendly refrigerants.
R-410A has replaced R-22 as the preferred refrigerant for use in residential and commercial air conditioners in Japan, Europe, and the United States
R-410A (which contains only fluorine) does not contribute to ozone depletion and is, therefore, becoming more widely used, as ozone-depleting refrigerants like R-22 are phased out. However, it has a high global warming potential (2088 times the effect of carbon dioxide), similar to that of R-22. Since R-410A allows for higher system efficiencies than an R-22 system, by reducing power consumption, the overall impact on global warming of R-410A systems will be substantially lower than that of R-22 systems due to reduced greenhouse gas emissions from power plants


Nano Silicon-based Thin Film Photodetector with Visible Blindness
We have been studying miniaturization of silicon crystals using electrochemical etching. We demonstrated the existence of “sweet spots” in cluster size in the range 1-3 nm (1, 1.7, 2.1, 2.9 nm). Unlike their bulk predecessor, these Si nanoparticles have a spectacular ability to glow in distinct RGB colors and enable novel chemical, electronics and photonics applications, including electrochemical sensors, catalysts, charge-based nano memory, supercapacitors, photovoltaic solar cells, and UV photodetectors.
The particles are produced as dispersion in liquid, and can be reconstituted in films, patterns, alloys, or spread on chips according to the application. In this talk, the synthesis procedure and the basic characteristics of the nanomaterial will be presented. We will focus on their use in UV photodetection whereby a thin film effectively constitutes a wide-bandgap material, providing sensitive UV detection with good visible blindness.


In her lab at Brigham and Women’s Hospital in Boston, Choi-Fong Cho is growing tiny, balled-up versions of the blood-brain barrier, one of neuroscience’s most notorious opponents.
The barrier lines blood vessels in the brain to block foreign invaders, but it also stops most drugs from getting into the central nervous system. It’s foiled countless treatments that looked promising in animals, only to never make it into the brains of patients.
Cho wants to make the process of scouring for drugs that can cross the barrier far less difficult. So the neuroscientist developed her organoids — tiny bunches of brain cells — to help determine which chemicals can get into the brain.
“We want to change the way people to look at drug development in neuroscience,” Cho said.
Drug companies have poured billions into experimental treatments for Alzheimer’s disease, glioblastoma, and other neurological conditions with the hope that they can beat the blood-brain barrier.
Roche developed a “brain shuttle” to transport therapeutic molecules past the blood-brain barrier. At Biogen, scientists are searching for a way to hijack the transporter proteins that carry certain nutrients across the barrier, tricking them into carrying therapeutic cargo into the brain.
And at Impel NeuroPharma, researchers are working on a platform to bypass the blood-brain barrier by spraying drugs deep into the nose.
But often, such treatments have come up short in patients.
Experts are hopeful that models like Cho’s will give researchers a better idea of whether the drug candidates they’re studying stand a chance against the blood-brain barrier — and speed up the process of finding compounds that can make it across.
“We can now screen things in a much more rapid fashion to see whether something can get across,” said Dr. Antonio Chiocca, the chief neurosurgeon at Brigham and Women’s Hospital and a brain cancer researcher who collaborates with Cho.
Grow your own blood-brain barriers
To grow her own blood-brain barriers, Cho started with the basics. She took the three main cellular components of the barriers — human endothelial cells, pericytes, and astrocytes — and cultured them together in the lab. When she did, they started forming little balls of cells, or spheroids. The endothelial cells and pericytes wrapped themselves around an astrocyte core.
Then she added small molecule drugs into the environment and waited. The mini-barriers kept most compounds from getting into the center, or the “brain,” of the spheroids. If a significant amount of the substance made it inside, Cho and her colleagues presumed it might also be able to cross the blood-brain barrier.
“We can look to see how much of a drug has actually trespassed the surface and accumulated within the core,” Cho said.
Cho uses one of two techniques to figure out whether a molecule snuck into the spheroid’s center. For some, she uses fluorescent labels that allow her to determine, with the help of a microscope, whether they’ve made it.
“We want to change the way people to look at drug development in neuroscience.”
Choi-Fong Cho, Brigham and Women's Hospital
For those that can’t be lit up under a microscope, she uses mass spectrometry to pinpoint where the molecules landed. Cho and her colleagues are now working to find better ways to track what happens to the molecules once they approach the blood-brain barrier.
The spheroids aren’t without limitations. As with any model, there’s a question of accuracy: Will what happens in a mini-barrier translate to an animal model, and will that animal model translate to real patients?
“In vitro models are no substitute for in vivo models,” said Dr. Edward Neuwelt, a neurosurgeon who runs a blood-brain barrier research program at Oregon Health and Science University. Anything that appears to cross the blood-brain barrier in the spheroids would still need to be validated with animal testing.
But experts agree that better in vitro models would make it easier to figure out which compounds are worth trying in an animal model, sparing precious time and money for research.
“This model really is to help us narrow down from many, many hits to a few specific ones to be tested in vivo,” Cho said.
So far, Cho and her colleagues have used small molecules in the model. They’re now trying to see whether the models can be used to study how other substances, like bacteria, interact with the blood-brain barrier.
A simple blueprint for a new idea
Cho and her colleagues published a paper about the spheroids in Nature Communications last year and have been presenting to other researchers on their work. The idea has quickly sparked interest among drug makers and other academic researchers.
“A lot of people have been expressing their interest in working with the model or working with us to test their molecules of interest,” Cho said.
Chiocca, whose lab is focused on creating new genetic therapies for malignant brain tumors, is now using Cho’s models in his own research. He’s trying to figure out whether it’s possible to transfer genetic material and certain compounds that can target brain tumors across the blood-brain barrier. The models have made that work easier.
“Animal models are expensive,” Chiocca explained. “Using these organoids is much easier to screen rapidly and screen a lot more potential treatments.”
How about stem cell or a drug that can repair optic nerve damage? Any pharmaceuticals companies out there that are researching this or have a drug available? This would be a big help for people suffering from optic nerve damage resulting in botched surgery and surgeons not taking responsibility for their mistake in causing damage.
What happened to you
Stem cell in terms of therapeutic applications is still in its baby stage, partly because we really have scant idea on what certain proteins that make neurons into what they are do. We just only recently discovered iPSCs (programmable stem cells).
Comments are closed.


|Dry And Cool Place
1KG Biodiesel Enzyme,
Renewable Fuel Biodiesel Enzyme
Biodiesel Enzyme is an enzymatic purification product that is packaged in 25KG/Bag and is suitable for dry and cool places. It features a pH of 7-9 and high solubility, making it an ideal choice for enzymatic transformation of biodiesel. This product is designed to provide efficient biodiesel enzymatic purification and transformation, while also ensuring optimal biodegradation.
Biodiesel Enzyme is a powerful tool for biodiesel production, enabling the enzymatic purification and transformation of biodiesel in a safe and reliable manner. It is designed to be used in a variety of applications, including biodiesel production, biodiesel purification, biodiesel transformation, and biodiesel biodegradation. This product is easy to use and offers excellent results, making it an excellent choice for biodiesel production.
|10000 - 100000u/g
|Dry And Cool Place
|Biodiesel Enzymatic Production, Biodiesel Enzymatic Purification, Biodiesel Enzymatic Purification Process
KDN, a top-notch Chinese manufacturer, produces premium Biodiesel Enzyme with ISO and HALAL certifications. Our Biodiesel Enzyme has a shelf life of two years and a temperature range of between 30-60°C.
The minimum order quantity of our Biodiesel Enzyme is 500kg and can be conveniently packaged in 25kg bags. We offer our customers a wide range of payment options, including T/T, L/C, D/A, D/P, and cash. Our supply ability is up to 5000mt and we strive to deliver our products within 10-15 days.
Our Biodiesel Enzyme is widely known for its excellent performance in biodiesel enzymatic production, biodiesel enzymatic transformation, and biodiesel enzymatic production process. It is an ideal choice for large-scale biodiesel production. We offer our customers competitive prices and excellent services.
Brand Name: KDN
Place of Origin: China
Certification: ISO, HALAL
Minimum Order Quantity: 500kg
Packaging Details: 25kg/bag
Delivery Time: 10-15 days
Payment Terms: T/T, L/C, D/A, D/P, CASH...
Supply Ability: 5000mt
Shelf Life: 2 Years
KDN Biodiesel Enzyme is a perfect choice for high-efficiency biodiesel enzymatic transformation process. With its high solubility, stable property and long shelf life (2 years) KDN Biodiesel Enzyme is ideal for biodiesel enzymatic process. The minimum order quantity is 500kg and the pH range is 7-9.
If you’re looking for an efficient and reliable enzymatic transformation process for your biodiesel production, KDN Biodiesel Enzyme is your perfect choice!
Biodiesel Enzyme offers a comprehensive technical support and service package. Our technical support staff is highly trained and knowledgeable in the specific requirements of biodiesel production, and can provide advice and assistance to help you maximize the efficiency of your production process. We offer a range of services, including:
We are committed to providing our customers with the highest level of technical support and service. If you have any questions or concerns about our products or services, please don't hesitate to contact us.
Packaging and Shipping for Biodiesel Enzyme:


© 2021 The Society of Manufacturing EngineersThe current study examines the influence of various mono and proportional hybrid nanofluids prepared with multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT), alumina (Al2O3) and molybdenum disulphide (MoS2) on the performance of cermet tools in turning of AISI 420 hardened steel. First, mono-nanofluids were prepared using each nanoparticle separately (i.e., Al2O3, MWCNT and MoS2). Afterward, hybrid nanofluids were prepared at three different nanoparticle mixture ratios i.e., particle A:particle B of 1:1 (50 vol% + 50 vol%), particle A:particle B of 1:2 (33.34 vol% + 66.66 vol%), particle A:particle B of 2:1 (66.66 vol% + 33.34 vol%) in a constant volume concentration of 0.6%. Prepared nanofluids (nine different hybrid nanofluids and three different mono nanofluids) were cooperated with the MQL system and their effects on the machinability characteristics such as surface roughness, surface topography, temperature, tool flank wear, and wear mechanisms were investigated. The results were compared with dry and base-fluid MQL assisted cutting results. The surface roughness was decreased by 41.54%, 37.38% and 30.62% through Al2O3:MoS2 (2:1), Al2O3:MoS2 (1:2) and Al2O3:MoS2 (1:1) hybrid nanofluids compared to base fluid, respectively. It was found that different ratios of one more than nanoparticles have a significant effect on the synergistic effect. Based on the all experimental results, it can be concluded that it is necessary to optimize the nanoparticle ratios used in the preparation of hybrid nanofluids.


Recent decreases in nitrogen oxide (NOx = NO + NO2) emissions from eastern U.S. power plants and their effects on regional ozone are studied. Using the EPA 1999 National Emission Inventory as a reference emission data set, NOx and sulfur dioxide (SO2) emission rates at selected power plants are updated to their summer 2003 levels using Continuous Emission Monitoring System (CEMS) measurements. The validity of the CEMS data is established by comparison to observations made on the NOAA WP-3 aircraft as part of the 2004 New England Air Quality Study. The impacts of power plant NOx emission decreases on O3 are investigated using the WRF-Chem regional chemical forecast model. Summertime NOx emission rates decreased by approximately 50% between 1999 and 2003 at the subset of power plants studied. The impact of NOx emission reductions on ozone was moderate during summer 2004 because of relatively cool temperatures and frequent synoptic disturbances. Effects in individual plant plumes vary depending on the plant's NOx emission strength, the proximity of other NOx sources, and the availability of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and sunlight. This study provides insight into the ozone changes that can be anticipated as power plant NOx emission reductions continue to be implemented throughout the United States.


Global Advanced Research Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences (GARJMMS) ISSN: 2315-5159
September 2017 Vol. 6(9), pp. 224-233
Copyright © 2017 Global Advanced Research Journals
Full Length Research Paper
The Antibacterial, Antifungal, and Antioxidant Activities of Essential Oil from Different Aromatic Plants
1Department of Lab Medicine, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Albaha University, KSA
2Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Taibah University, KSA.
3Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences;
4Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy;
5Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Sana’a, Sana’a, Yemen
Accepted 24 September, 2017
Plant’s natural extracts such as Essential Oil, are being increasingly used as preservatives as well as in many human used products. The antimicrobial and antioxidant properties are essential for the use of such products, and therefore, their comparison with synthesized preservatives is the basis to replace the latter and for better biological activities with safer sources. The present study determined the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of hydrodistilled EO from sixteen aromatic plants grown in Yemen. Antioxidant activity was examined by two methods: reducing power assay (RPA) and determination of antioxidant activity with thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). Thus, on the bases of the lowest concentrations used in both methods, the antioxidant activities of the EOs according to TBARS can be sorted in the following descending order: Thymus laevigatus ˃ Clove Eugenia caryophyllus ˃ Cinnamomum zylanicum ˃ Chenopodium Ambrosioides = Eucalyptus camaldulensis = Marjoram majorana hortensis = Schinus molle ˃ Pulicaria jaubertii = Ocimum basillicum ˃ Artemisia abrotanum ˃ Conyza incana (vahl) willd ˃ Coriandrum sativum ˃ Tagetes minuta ˃ Rosmarinus officinalis ˃ Lantana camara ˃ Peppermint mentha piperita. On the other hand these activities as obtained by RPA can be arranged as follows: Clove eugenia caryophyllus ˃ Ocimum basillicum ˃ Thymus laevigatus˃ Artemisia abrotanum > Tagetes minuta ˃ Eucalyptus camaldulensis = Marjoram majorana hortensis = Cinnamomum zylanicum = Schinus molle ˃ Coriandrum sativum = Conyza incana (vahl) willd = Lantana camara ˃ Chenopodium Ambrosioides = Pulicaria jaubertii ˃ Peppermint mentha piperita = Rosmarinus officinalis .The obtained EOs were screened against both gram-negative bacteria, gram-positive bacteria, and against three fungal species (Aspergillus flavus, Fusarium oxyporium, and Candida albicans). Most of these EOs have shown important antibacterial and antifungal effects against the tested strains. Some of the obtained EOs are promising as sources of natural antioxidants and antimicrobial agents in cosmetics and pharmaceutical applications.
Keyword: Essential oil (EO); Antimicrobial; Antioxidant; Antifungal; TBARS; RPA.
Abdalla AE, Roozen JP (1999). Effect of plant extracts on the oxidative stability of sunflower oil and emulsion. Food Chem. 64: 323-329.
Aligiannis N, Kalpoutzakis E, Chinou IB, Mitakou S (2001). Composition and antimicrobial activity of the EO of five taxa of Sideritis from Greece. J. Agric. Food Chem. 49: 811-815.
Andrews RE, Parks LW, Spence KD (1998). Some effects of Douglas fir terpenes on certain microorganisms. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 40: 301-304.
Barlow SM (1990). Toxicological aspects of antioxidants used as food additives, in Food Antioxidants, Hudson BJF (Ed.), Elsevier, New York, pp. 253-307.
Bassole, IHN, Juliani HR (2012). EO in combination and their antimicrobial properties. Molecules 17: 3989-4006.
Brits M, Asress K, Buclar F (2011). The antioxidant activity of the EO of Artemisia afra, Artemisia abssynica and Juniperusprocera. Phytother Res. 5: 103-108.
Burt SA (2004). EO: their antibacterial properties and potential applications in foods: a review. Inter. J. Food Microbiol. 94: 223-253.
Calo JR, Crandall PG, O’Bryan CA, Ricke SC (2015). Essential oils as antimicrobials in food systems—Review. Food Control. 54: 111-119.
Carle S (2010). La résistance aux antibiotiques: un enjeu de santé publiqueimportan. Pharmactuel. p. 42.
Costa DC, Costa HS, Albuquerque TG, Ramos F, Castilho MC, Sanches-Silva A (2015). Advances in phenolic compounds analysis of aromatic plants and their potential applications. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 5(45): 336-354.
El-Ahmady S, El-Shazly M, Milad R (2013). The Synergetic Efficacy of the Combination of Amphotericin B and Certain EO against Selected Fungal Clinical Isolates. J. Appl. Pharmaceut. Sci. 3(04): 026-030.
Faid M, Bakhy K, Anchad M, Tantaoui-Elaraki A, Alomondpaste (1995). Physicochemical and microbiological characterizations and preservation with sorbic acid and cinnamon. J. Food Prod. 5 (58): 547-550.
Helander IM. Alakomi HL, Kyosti LK, Mattiala-andholm T, Pol I, Smid EJ, Gorris GM, von Wright A (1998). Characterization of the action of selected essential oil components on Gram-negative bacteria. J. Agric. Food Chem. 46: 3590-3595.
Jukic PO, Milos M (2006). Chemical composition and antioxidant activity of EO of twelve spice plants. Croatica Chemica Acta. 79 (4): 545-552
Knoblock K, Pauli A, Ibert B, Weis N, Weigand H (1988). Antibacterial activity and antifungal properties of essential oil components. J. Ess. Oils Res. 1: 119-128.
Kordali S, Kotan R, Mavi A, Cakir A, Ala A, Yildirim A (2005). Determination of the chemical composition and antioxidant activity of the essential oil of Artemisia dracuculus and of the antifungal and antibacterial activities of Artemisia absinthium, A. dracunculus, Aretmisiasantonicum, and Atemisiaspicigera EO. J. Agric. Food Chem. 53: 9452-9458.
Magaldi S, Mata-Essayag S, Hartung de Capriles C, et al (2004). Well diffusion for antifungal susceptibility testing. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 8: 39-45
Magwa ML, Gundidza M, Gweru N, Humphrey G (2006). Chemical composition and biological activities of EO from the leaves of Sesuviumportulacastrum. J. Ethnopharmacol. 103: 85-89.
Manjamalai A, Grace VM (2012). Antioxidant activity of EO from Wedeliachinensis (Osbeck) in vitro and in vivo lung cancer bearing C57BL/6 mice. Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev. 13: 3065-3071.
Mann CM (2000). The outer membrane of Pseudomonas aeruginosa NCTC 6749 contributes to its tolerance to the EO of Melalencaalternifolia (tea tree oil). Lett Appl. Microbiol. 30: 294-297.
Mau JL, Lai JLC, Wang NP, Chen CC, Chang CH, Chyau CC (2003). Composition and antioxidant activity of the essential oil form Curcuma zedoaria. Food Chem. 82: 583-591.
Mulyaningsih, Sporer F, Zimmermann S, Reichling J, Wink M (2010). Synergistic properties of the terpenoidsaromadendrene and 1,8-cineole from the essential oil of Eucalyptus globulus against antibiotic-susceptible and antibiotic-resistant pathogens. Phytomed. 17: 1061-1066
Meyer-Warnod B (1984). Natural essential oils: extraction processes and application to some major oils. Perfum. Flavorist. 9: 93-104.
Nazzaro F, Fratianni F, De Martino L, Coppola R, De Feo V (2013). Effect of Essential Oils on Pathogenic Bacteria. Pharmaceut. 6(12): 1451-1474.
Oyaizu M (1986). Studies on products of browning reactions: antioxidative activities of products of browning reaction prepared from glucosamine. Jap. J. Nut. 44: 307-315.
Qurishi (2012). Chemical composition: antioxidant and antibacterial activities of the leaf essential oil of Juglansregia L. and its constituents. Phytomed. 19: 1185-1190.
Rather MA, Dar BA, Dar MY, Wani BA, Shah WA, Bhat BA, Ganai BA, Bhat KA, Anand R, Ruberto MA, Baratta MT, Deans SG, Dorman HJD (2000). Antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of Foeniculumvulgare and Crithmummaritimum EO. Planta Medica. 66: 687-693.
Salehi P, Sontoli A, Eftekhar F, Ebrahimi SN, Yousefzadi M (2005). Essential oil composition, antibacterial and antioxidant activities of the oil and various extracts of Zizipharaclinopodioides subsp. Rigida (Boiss.) Rech. f. from Iran. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 28 (10): 1892-1896.
de Sousa Barros A, de Morais SM, Ferreira PAT, Vieira IGP, Craveiro AA, dos Santos Fontenelle RO, de Menezes JESA, da Silva FWF, de Sousa HA (2015). Chemical composition and functional properties of EO from Mentha species. Ind. Crops Prod. 76: 557-564.
Sylvester M, Pichette A, Longtin A, Nagau F, Leganlt J (2006). Essential oil analysis and anticancer activity of leaf essential oil of Croton flavens L. from Guadeloupe. J. Ethnopharmacol. 103: 99-102.
Tepe B, Donmez E, Unlu M, Candan F, Daferera D, Vardar-Unlu G, Polissiou M, Sokmen A (2004). Antibacterial and antioxidative activities of the EO and menthol extracts of Salvia cryptantha (Montbret et Aucher ex Benth.) and Salvia multicaulis (Vahl). Food Chem. 84: 519-525.
Trajano VN, Edeltrudes de Oliveira Lima, Fabio Santos de Souza (2012). Antifungal Activity of the Essential Oil of CinnamomumzeylanicumBlume and Eugenol on Aspergillus flavus. J. Ess. Oil Bear Plants. 15(5): 785-793.
Unlu M, Ergene E, Unlu GV, Zeytinglu HS, Vural N (2010). Composition, antimicrobial activity and in vitro cytotoxicity of essential oil from CinnamumumzeylanticumBlume (Lauraceae), Food Chem. Toxicol. 48: 3274-3280.
Uribe S, Ramirez T, Pena A (1985). Effects of pinene on yeast membrane functions. J Bacteriol. 161: 195-200.
- Adel S Al-Zubairi on Google Scholar
- Adel S Al-Zubairi on Pubmed
- Mohamed A Al-Mamary on Google Scholar
- Mohamed A Al-Mamary on Pubmed
- Eftekhar Al-Ghasani on Google Scholar
- Eftekhar Al-Ghasani on Pubmed


Legumes must be inoculated
Q. I am new to vegetable gardening and would like to plant peas. The seed catalogue suggests inoculating pea seed before planting. What is inoculate, and is it necessary?
Pat from Lisbon
A. Yes, it is necessary. What it is will take a little more explaining.
Nitrogen is an essential element for plant growth, a component of proteins, nucleic acids and chlorophyll. Plants receiving sufficient nitrogen will exhibit vigorous growth and develop healthy dark green leaves.
Although nitrogen is the most abundant gas in the atmosphere, plants are unable to use it in that form. They can only absorb it from the soil in the form of ammonium or nitrate. Animal waste and decayed organic matter (humus) are natural sources of nitrogen. Through a process called lightning fixation, a small amount of atmospheric nitrogen is delivered to the ground with precipitation. Commercial fertilizers can be used as well.
Legumes (peas, beans, clover, alfalfa and vetch) are unique in that they have a symbiotic relationship with a soil bacterium called rhizobium that live in small tumor-like structures called nodules on their roots. The bacteria convert nitrogen gas from the air into ammonium, which can then be used by the plant. It is called a symbiotic relationship because each organism benefits from the relationship. The legume receives nitrogen that stimulates growth, and the bacterium receives carbohydrates produced during photosynthesis.
Although rhizobium bacteria may be present in the soil, the amount may not be adequate to inoculate a crop of legumes. There are also several strains of rhizobium and each legume requires a specific strain.
The inoculate listed in the seed catalogue is a mixture of ground peat and rhizobium bacteria packaged in a small plastic bag. It has a certain shelf life (see the expiration date) and must be stored in a cool, dark location. Acidic soils will reduce the life of rhizobium so a soil test is recommended before planting to determine soil pH.
To inoculate, moisten seeds with just enough water in a shallow bowl to coat seeds, pour on the inoculate and mix well to coat seeds. Plant seeds immediately after inoculation. Exposure to UV light and heat can kill the bacteria.
As plants become established, pull one to see the nodules on the roots. Nodules that are actively fixing nitrogen should be pink to reddish when cut open.
For information on pea varieties and how to grow them, go to: http://go.osu.edu/peasplease
Today’s answer provided by Merabeth Steffen, OSU Extension master gardener volunteer. Regular hours for the clinic resume April 2. Submit questions to the clinic at 330-533-5538 or drop samples off to the Extension office in Canfield.