Civic participation is not limited only to casting vote in elections or working voluntarily in non-governmental organizations. Democracy means also to speak up, directly, without representatives. People on the streets, in the internet or social media try to express themselves in order to change the rules of democracy.During the seminar that took place in the Institute of Public Affairs on 19th of September we talked about informal civic movements in Latin America. Thanks to input made by Rodrigo Alvarez Valdes - political scientist from Centro de Estudios Enzo Faletto of the Santiago de Chile University and Mathilde Sproer - political scientist and PhD candidate at Sorbonne in Paris we could discuss the challenges faced by informal activists and the possible future development of such informal movements. The presentations made by Chilean experts were a starting point for discussions about similarities and differences between civic participation in Poland and Chile.
Rodrigo Álvarez Valdés made a comprehensive introduction to the history of Chilean democracy and civil society. He presented the development of democratic movements beginning with the Presidency of Salvador Allende, followed by Pinochet’s dictatorship and then transition to democracy after 1988 referendum. In his presentation Rodrigo Alvarez Valdes discussed the phenomenon of so called Penguin Revolution in Chile in 2006 series of ongoing student voiceprotests carried out by high school students across Chile. It was a good background for the second presentation made by Matilde Spoerer, who talked about institutional participation and informal civic engagement in Chile. She criticized the mechanisms engaging society in taking part in the decision-making process such as public consultations, that in her opinion do not play their inclusive role in Chilean society.
The discussion with Polish guests invited for the seminar reviled many similarities between Chile and Poland such as lack of trust for public institutions, low level of voter turnout, lack of interest in politics among younger generations. Although Chile and Poland have completely different cultural backgrounds, the comparison of both countries is a great way of evaluating democratic processes in Europe and Latin America. The democratic transitions in Chile and Poland started at the same time, yet the regimes of both countries had different political background. The communist regime in Poland and Pinochet’s regime in Chile represented accordingly left and right dictatorship. Nevertheless the problems with civic participation after almost 25 years remain the same.
The seminar was organized as a part of the project “Public Participation and Civic Involvement: Responses to the Democratic Deficit in Europe and Latin America.” This international project is run by the Institute of Public Affairs in cooperation with Centro de Estudios Enzo Faletto - Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), which focuses on the problem of democratic deficit, understood as a weakening of the legitimacy of basic institutions of democratic states and ritualization of democratic processes. The visit of Chilean experts to Poland included meetings with the representatives of various NGO’s, think-tanks and public institutions dealing with civic participation and public dialogue. Thanks to cooperation with Political Critique, Women’s Congress, Batory Foundation, Civic Institute and Information Office of European Parliament the Chilean guests were able to understand better the state of participatory democracy in Poland and also become acquainted with an European perspective on that matter.
In December a representation of the Institute of Public Affairs will visit Chile and take part in international conference on deficit of democracy in Europe and Latin America.


The Humboldt Penguin population along the western coast of South America is subject to considerable variability, mainly due to El Niño/La Niña. On the Islotas Puñihuil the southern distributional range of Humboldt Penguins overlaps with the northern distributional range of Magellanic Penguins and both species breed sympatrically on a few islands (1,2,3). The foraging ecology during the breeding season (4) and the migration during winter has been studied in both species (5). It could be shown that all penguins, irrespective of sex and species, migrated in a coastal area stretching from the colony about 1000 km northwards.
- (1) Hiriart-Bertrand, L., A. Simeone, R. Reyes-Arriagada, V. Riquelme, K. Pütz & B. Lüthi (2010) Description of a mixed-species colony of Humboldt (Spheniscus humboldti) and Magallanic Penguins (S. magellanicus) at Metalqui Island, Chiloé, southern Chile. Boletín Chileno de Ornitologia 16(1): 42-47
- (2) Reyes-Arriagada, R., L. Hiriart-Bertrand, V. Riquelme, A. Simeone, K. Pütz, B. Lüthi and A. Raya Rey (2013) Population trends of a mixed-species colony of Humboldt and Magellanic Penguins in southern Chile after establishing a Protected Area. Avian Conservation and Ecology 8 (2): 13
- (3) Simeone, A., L. Hiriart-Betrand, R. Reyes-Arriagada, M. Halpern, J. Dubach, R. Wallace, K. Pütz & B. Lüthi (2009) Heterospecific pairing and hybridization between wild Humboldt and Magellanic Penguins in southern Chile. Condor 111(3): 544-550
- (4) Raya Rey, A., K. Pütz, L. Hiriart-Bertrand, R. Reyes-Arriagada, V. Riquelme, B. Lüthi & A. Simeone (2013) Comparative foraging behaviour of sympatric breeding Humboldt and Magellanic penguins reveals sex- and species-specific strategies. EMU 113(2): 145-153
- (5) Pütz, K., A. Raya Rey, L. Hiriart-Bertrand, A. Simeone, R. Reyes-Arriagada & B. Lüthi (2016) Post-moult movements of sympatrically breeding Humboldt and Magellanic Penguins in south-central Chile. Global Ecology and Conservation 7: 49-58 DOI:10.1016/j.gecco.2016.05.001


Residents in Ohio who have children with disabilities know the importance of finding ways to help support their children. Depending on the nature of a disability, some people may be able to work and earn some amount of income while others may never be able to work in any capacity. This leads families to learn what forms of assistance may be available to them and their children.
As explained by the Social Security Administration, Social Security Disability is a program that pays benefits to a person who has become disabled but previously worked and paid into the SSDI program. Applicants must meet the definition of being disabled as laid out by the SSA in order to qualify for benefits. In addition, it may be possible for a worker’s adult disabled child to receive SSDI benefit from their contributions.
According to Special Needs Answers, there are specific requirements that must be met in order for an adult disabled child to receive SSDI based on their parent’s record. One of these is that the child’s disability must have been identified before they turned 22 years old. Another is that the child must be unmarried. The parent must also have worked long enough to qualify for benefits on their own and be actively receiving Social Security, be disabled or have already died in order for the adult disabled child to apply for their benefits.
An adult disabled child applying for SSDI based on their parent’s earnings may also be able to qualify for Supplemental Security Income in some situations.


Biological sewage treatment, like electricity, power generation, telephones, and mass transit, has been a key technology and a major part of the urban infrastructure since the late nineteenth century. But sewage treatment plants are not only a ubiquitous component of the modern city, they are also ecosystems--a hybrid variety that incorporates elements of both nature and industry and embodies multiple contradictions. In Hybrid Nature, Daniel Schneider offers an environmental history of the biological sewage treatment plant in the United States and England, viewing it as an early and influential example of an industrial ecosystem. The sewage treatment plant relies on microorganisms and other plants and animals but differs from a natural ecosystem in the extent of human intervention in its creation and management. Schneider explores the relationship between society and nature in the industrial ecosystem and the contradictions that define it[: the naturalization of industry versus the industrialization of nature; the public interest versus private (patented) technology; engineers versus bacterial and human labor; and purification versus profits in the marketing of sewage fertilizer.] Schneider also describes biotechnology's direct connections to the history of sewage treatment, and how genetic engineering is extending the reaches of the industrial ecosystem to such "natural" ecosystems as oceans, rivers, and forests. In a conclusion that shows how industrial ecosystems continue to evolve, Schneider discusses John Todd's Living Machine, a natural purification method of sewage treatment, as the embodiment of the contradictions of the industrial ecosystem.


Urinary tract infections occurs when there is a bacterial infection into the urinary system which includes the kidney the urinary bladder the 2 ureter and the urethra.
This urinary tract infections may occur as a result of chemical irritants such as bad soap soap perfumes spermicidal foam baths e.t.c.
Types and symptoms of urinary tract infections
The name urinary tract infection is not just for a single urinary disease but for many. Furthermore, these diseases are split by a thin line of demarcation but holds the same mode.
Urinary tract infections include;
Firstly, this is the inflammation of the urethra which may be as a result of sexual intercourse with an infected person bacterial invasion use of disinfectant in the urethra chemical irritants such as perfumes and bacteria such as chlamydia trachomatis and neisseria gonorrhea.
Furthermore, it occurs when there is an inflammation in the urethra. In most cases it is because of irritants such as disinfectants or bacteria or sexual intercourse with an infected person. when this bacteria enters and attach with its pill, the lining of the urethra then multiply thereby resulting to swelling and damage in the urethra.
It will damage the surrounding tissues thereby leading to increase in blood supply to that area. This blood increase causes painful urination, painful sexual intercourse and some abnormal discharge.
In addition, it invades the surrounding tissues of the urethra causing the blood vessels in the urethra to rupture leading to blood in urine and burning sensation during urination.
Also read Physiology of menstruation
signs and symptoms of urethritis
- Burning sensation during urination to this area
- Painful urination
- Itching sensation
- Abnormal discharge
- Blood in urine
- Frequent urge to urinate
- Painful ejaculation
- Painful erection
It is the inflammation of the walls of the bladder. It is as a result of an invasion of bacteria into the urinary bladder.
Moreover, some risk factors may include urethritis drugs like sulfonamide decreased immunity some antibiotics medication stenosis of the urethra diabetes mellitus frequent catheterization.
Signs and symptoms.
- Cloudy urine
- Decrease in urinary output
- Blood in urine.
Solution to Cystitis
It can be treated with antibiotics such as sulfamethoxazole trimethoprim ciprofloxacin anti-inflammatory drugs haematinics such ferrous sulfate vitamin b complex vitamin c and folic acid.
- Formation of scar tissues
- Loss of bladder tone due to tone due to over stretching of the bladder
3. Urethral stricture
Urethra structure is the narrowing of the urethra lining lumen. It is a result of a scar tissue formation due to recurrent urethral infection congenital abnormality tumor direct trauma to the urethra continuous insertion of cystoscope oral surgery urethral surgery continuous catheterization.
Signs and symptoms of urinary stricture.
- Poor urinary stream
- Decreased urinary output
- Urine retention
- Inability to urinate
- Inability to ejaculate
- Bladder distention.
Solution to Urinary stricture
Urinary stricture can be managed by following the steps below. These steps include;
- Using urethral dilator to dilate and insert a catheter permanently so that urine can pass.
- Urethroplasty: this is done to repair the urethra by relining it.
See also How to stay healthy during harmattan
General solution to urinary tract infections
Whenever you notice any of the above symptoms, it is appropriate to go seek out your doctor for proper care, diagnosis and treatment.


It’s been 13 years since the Columbine High School massacre; yet, the memories of the 13 victims still live on. South Dakota students are finding inspiration from one of the victims, in hopes of spreading her message across the world.
Rachel Joy Scott was the first Columbine victim. Rachel believed that kindness and compassion toward others would one day change the world.
On Wednesday, Wall students pledged to take part in “Rachel’s challenge” by replacing bullying and violence with kindness and compassion. It’s a challenge Rachel deemed necessary 13 years ago, which is even more prevalent these days.
“I guess in some cases it could save a life you know, somebody might act out irrationally and harm themselves and others,” said Wall Senior Linni Sykora.
Students across the nation and world are also taking part in “Rachel’s Challenge.”
“We never know, and that’s one of the things we try to focus on is that we never know when our kindness or compassion is going to be there for somebody who really needs it,’ said Neil McIntyre, who works with the non-profit organization.
Organizer Neil McIntyre says “Rachel’s Challenge” is also about getting past our prejudices. But most importantly, it’s about creating a ripple change of positivity.


This article describes a technique for using histograms to determine the rms noise of an A/D converter, referred to the input. It can complement the popular qualitative approach of evaluating A/D converter performance by applying a dc analog voltage and observing "code flicker" at the A/D's digital output.
Collect Data With A Histogram: A dc histogram reports the number of times each code appears at the output of the A/D converter. Here is a procedure to produce a histogram:
- Connect a "clean" dc source to the analog input of the A/D converter (and a "clean" reference, if an external one is used).
- Record the results of a large number of conversions, depending on the expected noise. One-to-two million conversions are usually more than adequate for a low-noise A/D.
- Sort the conversions into code "hits." The core of the histogram is essentially a bank of counters (or bins); there is one bin corresponding to each possible digital output of the A/D converter. After each conversion, the digital code at the A/D output is determined (by hardware or software) and the corresponding counter is incremented. If an ideal (noiseless) A/D were connected to a dc voltage, the histogram of n conversions would indicate n code 'hits' in the bin corresponding to the digital value of the dc input. All other bins would equal zero.
While the ideal A/D only produces code hits in a single bin, an actual A/D will produce additional codes outside the main bin for any dc input value, due to the presence of noise. The number of codes that fall outside the main bin is the key to measuring the converter's rms noise. Avoidance of an additional effect at certain codes due to differential nonlinearity will be discussed later.
Understand Noise Sources: The three dominant sources of A/D noise are quantization, ac (phase noise, or jitter in sampling of ac signals), and wideband (white noise, digital feedthrough, etc.). The last one is the most amenable to dc histogram testing. Quantization noise is a large contributor to the signal's error power, but (in the absence of drift during the measurement) it does not cause multiple code "hits" to show up in a dc histogram. AC noise, resulting from aperture jitter, is also not a factor when the input signal is dc. The remaining source, wideband noise, is the major input-referred noise component measured by the histogram technique.
What are our important assumptions? First, that the model for the A/D is an ideal quantizer with a Gaussian noise source added to the input of the device. The measurement will be somewhat erroneous if the dominant noise source is non-Gaussian; for example, digital feedthrough tends to be code and signal dependent. Second, the architecture of the device affects the measurements; but the technique is valid for the majority of high-speed, pipelined converters available from Analog Devices.
Determine RMS Noise Graphically: How do the histogram and noise relate to one another? Figure 1 shows a Gaussian input to an ideal quantizer and a histogram of the corresponding output. The probability density function (PDF) of the input shows that the majority of the output codes will occur in a single bin, but there must be additional codes corresponding to the tails of the distribution. The fraction that occurs outside the main code depends on the spread, or standard deviation, σ, of the noise distribution.
Figure 2 is a plot of a PDF for A/D input noise in which σ corresponds to the least significant bit (LSB) of the converter under test. The dc input to the A/D is adjusted to center the PDF on the midpoint of code k. After quantization, noise is measured by the fraction of codes occurring outside the main bin, equal to the ratio of the area of the shaded tails to the total area under the curve. With the analog input on a code center, the boundaries of the shaded area occur at ±0.5 LSB away from the code center.
For a symmetrical Gaussian PDF, the equation1,
expresses the probability of getting a code outside the main bin for that PDF. The terms inside the integral are simply the expression for a Gaussian distribution with unit area and standard deviation, σ. Integrate from -infinity to -0.5 LSB to find the area under one tail, and from +0.5 LSB to +infinity for the other. By symmetry, one can simply multiply the area under one tail by 2.
To ultimately determine the A/D's noise, equation (1) must be solved for σ, with P determined from the histogram as the fractional portion of code "hits" outside the main bin. Unfortunately, the integral has no closed form solution in terms of σ. One option is to iterate σ and numerically evaluate equation (1) until the solution equals the fraction determined from the histogram. Alternatively, we can fix σ, iterate the upper limit of integration, plot the result as a graph, and use it to find the upper limit that corresponds to any value of P. Figure 3a is a plot of:
with σ equal to unity. For each point, x, it has been integrated and the fractional value, F, determined. Since we already know the value of F (= P) from the histogram, we can simply find the x-axis point, x0, corresponding to P, from Figure 3a. This value is equivalent to having evaluated equation (1) from -infinity to -0.5 LSB, had we known the correct value for σ. To calculate the rms noise of the converter, simply solve the equation
The procedure's simplicity can be demonstrated with an example. Suppose that the fraction of codes outside the main bin equals 0.0027. Using Figure 3b, a magnified version of 3a, find 0.0027 on the y-axis [these values can also be found from a standard normal curve, or z-Table for the area under the unit normal distribution]. The corresponding intercept on the x-axis, x0, is -3. Solve equation (3) for σ, the rms noise (= 0.167 LSB).
Figures 3a and 3b relate rms noise and code histogram values. Do a histogram, find the fraction of codes that occur outside the main bin, look up that number on the y-axis of 3a or 3b, and read off the x-axis value. Dividing 0.5 LSBs by this number gives the rms noise in LSBs.
On The Bench: There are some practical rules to follow when setting up the test fixture. First, use a dc source with noise below the level being measured. Then, using several conversions, set the analog input squarely on the center of the code (i.e., mid-way between adjacent transitions). This should make the side bins approximately equal in size, important for the symmetry assumption in using the above analysis. This also maximizes the number of code hits occurring outside the main bin(s), resulting in a statistically more-significant measurement. For example, if the input is centered on the transition, the histogram produces two 1-LSB-wide main bins with approximately equal numbers of code "hits", including some of the hits that would have appeared in the bins adjacent to a 1-LSB-wide centered main bin.
Determining the noise of the converter is useful for making a comparison, either to a specified requirement or to another A/D converter of the same, or different type. Figure 4a shows a typical histogram generated from the AD872A 12-bit, 10-MSPS A/D converter. All the codes appear in either the main bin or the two adjacent bins, roughly symmetrically disposed. From the histogram, the ratio of the 34,729 code hits outside the main bin to the 652,790 total number of codes counted is 0.053. From Figure 3a, the x-value corresponding to 0.053 on the y-axis is approximately 1.9 σ. From equation (3), 1.9 σ = 0.5 LSBs, and the rms noise (σ) equals 0.26 LSBs rms.
For comparison, Figure 4b shows a histogram of the AD871, a 12-bit, 5-MSPS high-speed A/D converter. Using the same procedure, the hit ratio is 2,581/1,638,400, about 0.0016, and the input-referred noise of the AD871 is thus 0.5/3.17, or 0.16 LSBs rms. With low-noise A/Ds, like the AD871, the test should be run long enough to acquire enough code hits outside the main bin in order to obtain a credible noise measurement.
DNL May Skew The Measurement: While the histogram measurement technique assumes an ideal quantizer, differential-nonlinearity (DNL) errors will influence the measurement. DNL, a measure of A/D converter code width, expresses the difference between an actual code width and the ideal width of 1 LSB; it is positive for a wide code, negative for a narrow code. It tends to be worst at major transitions, e.g., from 011...11 to 100...00. If the code is wide, the noise measurement will be optimistic because the main bin will contain more hits. If a code is narrow, the noise measurement will tend to be on the high side (however, since missed codes are the ultimate case of excessively narrow codes, the measurement is conservative). The easiest way to circumvent this problem is to compute σ at several points along the transfer function avoiding major transitions, wide codes, and narrow codes—and then average the results.
1Drake, Alvin W., Fundamentals of Applied Probability Theory. McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1967


7.1.7. Basic Geographic Literacy
7.1.7.A. Explain how common geographic tools are used to organize and interpret information about people, places, and environment.
Location of Places and Regions
7.1.7.B. Explain and locate places and regions as defined by physical and human features.
7.2.7. Physical Characteristics of Places and Regions
7.2.7.A. Explain the characteristics of places and regions.
7.2.7.B. Describe the physical processes that shape patterns on Earth’s surface.


Every generation of parents wonders, ”Why do my kids seem so different? I didn’t act like this.” Teens are affected by the culture in which they are raised. We’ve certainly got some unique influences today. But we think teens now aren’t that much different from the previous generations. It’s just that the challenges they face and the norms they follow are distinct.
Political turmoil, “alternative truths,” pervasive technology, economic instability, and mass shootings have redefined truth, friendship, and security for teens in the U.S.
A recent survey by the American Psychological Association found that shootings, separation and deportation of migrant families and sexual harassment and assault are significant stressors in teens’ lives. They are more likely than previous generations to report that their mental health is fair or poor.
Technology has had a huge influence. The Pew Research Center reports that although 95% of teens access social media, 24% describe its impact as mostly negative. While social media such as YouTube, Instagram, Snapchat and Facebook, connects teens to others and helps them discover information and find news, it also opens them to bullying, limits in-person contact, provides unrealistic views of others’ lives, distracts them, and exposes them to peer pressure.
Partnering to face the challenges
Your teen needs to develop resilience to deal with challenges they face. Often that takes parental guidance and creativity.
Don’t let it go. Watch for withdrawal from friends and social activities, a drop in academic performance, a change in friends, a lot more alone time, weight gain, deep sadness, anger or violence, or unwavering focus on a recent traumatic event.
Talk about it. Know what is going on, and seek outside help when needed. Listen to your teen and encourage a calm, rational discussion. The ability to express in a thoughtful, logical, calm way helps your teen share feelings, resist pressure, and not bend to the will of the loudest or strongest person in the group.
Be a good role model. Don’t judge. Listen carefully. Respect your teen’s thoughts and feelings.
Show your love. Be there for your teen, leave no doubt about your support. Have a regular time when you talk or hang out. Whether it’s coffee together, getting ice cream, watching a ballgame, going to the golf course, or fishing, make it regular and dependable. It’s so easy to get caught up in life and work and lose the connection.
Connect. Look your teen in the eye. When it’s your turn to talk, think of something from your own experience that would be meaningful. Sometimes this is the key to a good conversion, finding that the old man had a similar challenge.
Set rules. Allow your teen to help participate in setting the rules, developing guidelines, and creating expectations. Kids follow better when they are involved.
Broaden your teen’s horizons. Introduce new activities, new social circles
Teach responsibility. Recognize your teen’s role in caring for the household. Assign tasks to be fulfilled and recognize when they are.
Give your teen space. Allow the time needed to reflect on an issue, express a feeling, develop a response. Don’t hound but do stay in connection.


Three way comparisons show the differences between three different versions of a resource. This feature is most useful when merging resources or when there is a conflict during synchronization. Conflicts occur when two developers add a version from the same branch to their Workbench, then each developer modifies it, then one developer attempts to commit the resource after the other developer has already committed it.
When this situation arises, you can view the differences between three resource versions: the resource in the Workbench, the version of the resource that is committed in the branch, and the common ancestor from which the two conflicting versions are based. If a common ancestor cannot be determined, for example because a resource with the same name and path was created and committed by two different developers, the comparison becomes a two-way comparison.
The Synchronize view allows you to view the differences between two or three files. If a common ancestor is available, the sync view performs a three way comparison. It is possible that a common ancestor for two conflicting resource versions cannot be determined, (e.g. a resource with the same name and path is created and committed by two different developers). In this case the compare becomes a regular two way compare.
In a three way compare the Workbench shows you:
In the picture below, the common ancestor is displayed in the top pane of the text compare pane. The differences that you see highlighted are what has changed in the Workbench resource as compared to the common ancestor, and what has been changed in the branch resource as compared to the common ancestor. The sections that differ in all three files are highlighted as differences. Conflicts are shown in red, incoming changes in blue, and outgoing changes in gray.
Synchronizing with a CVS repository
Creating a CVS repository location
Synchronizing with a repository
Merging changes in the compare editor
Setting preferences for comparing files
Comparing resources with repository versions
CVS Synchronize view


Nursing Care Plan for Anorexia Nervosa
Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder that makes people lose more weight than is considered healthy for their age and height.
A person with Anorexia Nervosa has not made a ‘lifestyle choice’, they are actually very unwell and need help.
Anorexia nervosa typically involves excessive weight loss and is diagnosed approximately nine times more often in females than in males. Patients with anorexia nervosa often experience dizziness, headaches, drowsiness and a lack of energy.
Anorexia nervosa is a complex eating disorder with three key features:
- refusal to maintain a healthy body weight
- an intense fear of gaining weight
- a distorted body image
Defining Anorexia Nervosa
A person with Anorexia Nervosa will weigh less than 85% of what is expected for his/her age and height and may look emaciated. They could also have lost a considerable amount of weight in a short period of time. The person will be unable to maintain what is considered to be a normal and healthy weight.
A fear of gaining weight
Even when people with Anorexia Nervosa are underweight, starved or malnourished they will still possess an intense fear of gaining weight or becoming ‘fat’.
Disturbed body image
When someone has Anorexia Nervosa they may have an irrational obsession with body image. The person’s self worth can become entirely defined by the way they think they look. A person with Anorexia Nervosa can also develop a distorted view of their body, they may see themselves as fat when in reality they are dangerously underweight.
Risk factors for anorexia include:
- Being more worried about, or paying more attention to, weight and shape
- Having an anxiety disorder as a child
- Having a negative self-image
- Having eating problems during infancy or early childhood
- Having certain social or cultural ideas about health and beauty
- Trying to be perfect or overly focused on rules
Anorexia often begins during the pre-teen or teen years or young adulthood. It is more common in females, but may also be seen in males. The disorder is seen mainly in white women who are high achievers in school and who have a goal-oriented family or personality.
Different programs have been designed to treat anorexia. Sometimes the person can gain weight by:
- Increasing social activity
- Reducing the amount of physical activity
- Using schedules for eating
Nursing Interventions for Anorexia Nervosa
Imbalanced Nutrition Less Than Body Requirements related to ineffective individual coping
- Clients not impaired in growth and development.
- Clients in meeting nutritional needs are met.
- Involve the family in the plan of dietary supplementation.
- Provide information about adequate dietary intake and effects of inadequate food intake on energy levels and psychological wellbeing.
- Start the workout plan specifically to help achieve positive behavior.


To the newly remodeled Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum in Hyde Park for its June 30 rededication. At more than 70 years old, it was the first presidential library and was built from 1939 to 1940.
The library houses exhibits and documents that tell the story of not only President Roosevelt's life, but also a vital part of our nation's history. Exhibits encompass a variety of historical events, including the Great Depression, the New Deal, World War II and the subsequent Japanese-American internment. The renovations include plenty of interactives to give visitors the chance to be the "decision-maker."
Roosevelt, born in Hyde Park, assumed the presidency during the Great Depression, and steered the American people through that difficult time, reassuring them that "the only thing we have to fear is fear itself."
Though he inherited the presidency at America's most economically dismal time, Roosevelt ushered in the New Deal, which revitalized the nation's infrastructure and brought jobs to many who were unemployed.
Though Roosevelt left behind a great legacy, some of his presidential decisions were controversial. World War II and Japan's bombing of Pearl Harbor led to Roosevelt's decision to force thousands of Japanese-American citizens into internment camps for the duration of the war.
The library also offers a glimpse into the personal lives of Franklin and his wife, Eleanor. Exhibits include scrapbooks, Roosevelt's model ship collection, records of his health issues and proof of Roosevelt's marital infidelities.
Roosevelt, like the many presidents who came both before and after him, achieved much for this nation.The Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum, however, does not seek to mythologize Roosevelt, but give us a more intimate understanding of the former president, and the era in which he lived.
To Tony Bennett, who performed a concert June 29 at the Ulster Performing Arts Center in Kingston. Proceeds from the performance are being used to fund repairs and renovations at UPAC, owned by the Bardavon 1869 Opera House.
This year's concert was the second time Bennett has donated performance proceeds to the Bardavon; the first was in 2012.
The Bardavon is a nonprofit organization that, in addition to traditional performances, offers residencies and other educational programs for local students who are interested in the arts.
Thanks to Tony Bennett's generosity, the Bardavon and UPAC can continue to enrich the local community.


Write combining is a technique where writes may get buffered into a temporary buffer, and then written to memory in a single largish transaction. This can apparently give a nice boost to write bandwidth. Write-combined memory is not cached so reads from write-combined memory are still very slow. I came upon the concept of write-combining while looking at data transfer from CPU to GPU on AMD’s APUs. It turns out that if you use the appropriate OpenCL flags (CL_MEM_ALLOC_HOST_PTR | CL_MEM_READ_ONLY) while creating a GPU buffer on an AMD APU, then AMD’s driver exposes these buffers as write-combined memory on the CPU. AMD claims that you can write to these buffers at pretty high speeds and thus this can act as a fast-path for CPU to GPU data copies. In addition to regular and write-combined memory, there is also a third type: uncached memory without write-combining.
I wanted to understand the characteristics of write-combined memory as well as uncached memory compared with “regular” memory allocated using, say, the default “new” operator. On Windows, we can allocate write-combined memory or uncached memory using VirtualAlloc function by passing the flags PAGE_WRITECOMBINE and PAGE_NOCACHE respectively. So I wrote a simple test. The code is open-source and can be found here.
For each memory type (regular, write-combined and uncached), we run the following test. The test allocates a buffer and then we copy the data from a regular CPU array to the buffer and measure the time. We do the copy (to the same buffer) multiple times and measure the time of each copy and report the timing and bandwidth of first run as well as the average of subsequent runs. The first run timings give us an idea of the overhead of first use, which can be substantial. For bandwidth, if I am copying N bytes of data, then I report bandwidth computed as N/(time taken). Some people prefer to report bandwidth as 2*N/(time taken) because they count both the read and the write so that’s something to keep in mind.
I ran the test on a laptop running AMD A10-5750M (Richland), 8GB 1600MHz DDR3, WIndows 8.1 x64, VS 2013 x64.
The average bandwidth result for “double” datatype arrays (size ~32MB) was average bandwidth of 3.8GB/s for regular memory, 5.7 GB/s for write-combined and 0.33GB/s for uncached memory. The bandwidth reported here is for average runs not including the first run. The first use penalty was found to be substantial. The first run of regular memory took about 22ms while write-combined took 81ms for first run and uncached memory took 164ms. Clearly if you are only transferring it once, then write-combined memory is not the best solution. In this case, you need around 20 runs for the write-combined memory to break even in terms of total data copy times. But if you are going to be reusing the buffer many times, then write-combined memory is a definite win.


This conclusion comes from US and Chinese scientists who today announce the discovery of a 130m-year-old forerunner of the lumbering Cretaceous predator.
Dilong paradoxus - its generic name comes from the Mandarin for emperor and dragon, and its species name from its unusual features - was the size of a turkey, had a single nose bone, a massive jaw, a long neck, and hands with three fingers.
Mark Norell of the American Museum of Natural History, Xing Xu of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and other colleagues report in Nature that its fossils were unearthed in Liaoning province in China.
Dilong is the most primitive of the tyrannosaurid family found so far. But what shook the discoverers was that the region's unique volcanic ash and sandy muds preserved not just the skeleton but also some soft tissue - and the first direct evidence that tyrannosaurs had feathers, or at least branching structures an inch long called protofeathers.
Theropods, predator dinosaurs, share 100 or more anatomical features with modern birds - a wishbone, swivelling wrists, three forward-pointing toes, and so on. In eight years, Liaoning has repeatedly yielded evidence of feathers as well. There is a strong belief birds evolved from egg-laying, young-nursing dinosaurs. But feathers would emerge initially as a way of regulating body temperature. It suggests the ferocious T-rex may have had a fluffy coat at some stage in its life. "The discovery of protofeathers ... provides even more evidence of the shared evolutionary features between non-avian dinosaurs and living birds," said Dr Norell.


The Syrian Heritage Initiative provides Middle Eastern and American archaeologists the tools to document and raise awareness of the destruction of Syrian and Iraqi culture by extremists, including Daesh.
What extremists destroy is part of “our worldwide heritage,” Syrian Heritage Initiative program director Andrew Vaughn says. “All of our history dates back to this area, and I would say that when the culture of any people is threatened, part of human history and human identity is threatened.”
The value of cultural heritage under threat cannot be overstated. Six of Syria’s heritage areas are on UNESCO’s World Heritage List and 12 others are nominated for inclusion.
In answer to that urgent threat, the State Department partnered with American Schools of Oriental Research (ASOR) in August 2014 to create the Syrian Heritage Initiative. The initiative, jointly managed by the Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs and the Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs, aims to protect cultural property in Syria and areas outside of Iraqi governmental control by:
- Documenting damage by collecting news, social media and satellite photos and communicating with Syrian and Iraqi heritage experts.
- Promoting global awareness with reports that highlight threatened and damaged heritage.
- Shaping emergency and post-war responses by rapidly documenting damage and preservation needs.
The initiative promotes awareness of the danger to cultural heritage on English and Arabic language social media platforms.
“We want Arabic speakers to be aware of culture that is threatened and is being damaged and destroyed, and we want them to be aware of the involvement of the international community,” Vaughn says.
In the future, Syrians and Iraqis dedicated to cultural heritage protection can use data collected by the initiative to focus on the sites they believe need attention.
“Hopefully this information will attract international resources so that they can take the steps necessary to rebuild their culture,” Vaughn says.


Taking off and landing on an aircraft is a stressful experience for the average human – let alone an infant. It is no secret that young children do not enjoy flying… their screams and cries make that particularly obvious. But is there a reason why taking off and landing is worse for infants? And why do they cry while flights take off and land?
They are trying to get adult aid
Flying can be an incredibly uncomfortable situation for infants. They are made to stay in the same seat for however many hours, bombarded with loud noises, the air smells weird and their ears hurt. The frustrations that adults feel while flying are only heightened in an infant – especially when the plane suddenly speeds up or bumps on the ground when the aircraft lands because they do not understand what is going on, and it is a completely new experience. Often, their cries are a distress call. They are looking to their parents to soothe their fears and tell them that everything is ok.
It hurts their ears
When you’re taking off and landing, it is incredibly likely that you will feel your ears ‘pop’ due to a change in cabin pressure. Seasoned travelers and adults know that the best way to get over popped ears is to yawn, clench your teeth or blow your nose. This new experience, and not knowing how to deal with it, can be incredibly uncomfortable for infants, causing them to cry. Although this crying response may not be ideal for your or the other passengers on the aircraft, crying results in jaw movement which can help release the buildup of pressure.
Because their parents are agitated
Small children and infants are incredibly attached to their parents, and can often mimic the feelings they believe their mother or father is experiencing. A lot of adults become nervous when taking off or landing in an aircraft, and this, in turn, can cause the infant to cry. When the infant notices that their parent or parents are agitated, they will themselves become agitated and stressed in regards to the situation. If you are a nervous flyer and traveling with a young child, it is always best to try and distract yourself and your child during takeoff and landing, to ensure neither of you becomes emotional.
Infants have very distinct routines. They nap, they poop, and they eat at the same time each day, and disruption to this routine can cause distress – and flying can cause this kind of disruption. Flights can be at any time of the day, the environment is different, and mealtimes are changed. This disruption, coupled with the new experience of takeoff and landing, can cause groggy infants to become even more groggy.
They are uncomfortable
Flights can often be long experiences and can be incredibly uncomfortable. If a baby is not clean, has not been fed or is too cold or hot, they are likely to become even more uncomfortable and cry. Experts say that you should change and feed your baby as close to your boarding time as possible, to ensure extra baby freshness for when you take your seats.
They may already be ill
Having an illness before you fly can cause them to be heightened in the stale and cold conditions of an aircraft. If a child has any allergies, a cough or a cold, the increase of air pressure can make the symptoms even worse. This is most likely to happen when the aircraft is taking off and landing, so the infant is more likely to cry. Illness makes an infant grizzly in the first place, so it’s made even worse in the aircraft situation.
Each child is different
Every infant is different in their own way and will react to their situations in different ways. You may have a child who will happily sleep through the entire flight, take off and landing included. On the other hand, you may have a child who wants to cry throughout the whole flight. Knowing how to deal with your child’s own personal needs will make everyone’s flight more comfortable. Sometimes sitting them down with a teddy bear and an iPad can help all of the eventualities and avoid crying.


Understanding Economic Systems
Professor: Smith and Armour
Units: 2.0 (over two quarters)
Economic models provide a tool for anticipating the consequences of policy decisions and evaluating their effectiveness. These models are used in the analysis of traditional economic issues like compensation policy and minimum wages as well as the analysis of health care, education, law, and other areas. This course provides a background in microeconomic theory that is used in policy analysis. The main topics are consumer theory, theory of the firm, and partial equilibrium analysis.
This course also explores the concepts of market equilibrium and market failure. It begins by developing the techniques necessary for understanding equilibrium in a complex economy with many simultaneously operating markets, and the methods economists use to evaluate policy in this context. Specific topics will include public goods, externalities, the economics of property rights and legal institutions, and the fundamental welfare theorems.
The second half of the course will be devoted to understanding the economics of information, and the way in which information flows govern economic equilibrium. Specifically, we will explore situations of asymmetric information, adverse selection, moral hazard, uncertainty, and insurance.


National Eye Health Week brings organisations and health professionals from across Wales and the UK together to raise awareness of the importance of good eye health and the need for regular sight tests.
Now in its eighth year, National Eye Health Week brings organisations and health professionals from across Wales together to raise awareness of the need for regular sight tests and how lifestyle habits can affect sight.
Regular sight tests provide the basis for maintaining good eye health, as some serious eye conditions do not have any visible early warning symptoms. Having a sight test with an optometrist should be part of everyone’s health care routine.
In Wales, there are 106,980 people living with sight loss, which is significant enough to impact their daily lives. This includes people who may not be wearing the right prescription glasses or contact lenses, people waiting for cataract operations and people living with partial sight or blindness.
Approximately 250 people in the UK, including 3 people in Wales lose their sight every day.
— Nathan Gill (@NathanGillMEP) September 15, 2017
Here are some steps you can take to look after your eyes:
- Makes sure you have regular sight tests. Most people should have an eye test at least once every two years as over half of all sight loss is avoidable. Eye tests can check for eye conditions and general health issues too.
- You might be entitled to a free eye test – NHS eye tests are free for people aged 60+ years , for children, for people on income-related benefits and if you have a family history of eye disease. Also in Wales, over 90% of opticians are signed up to the Wales Eye Care Service (WECS) and provide free eye examinations for certain groups at risk of sight loss, including Black and Minority Ethnic Communities. For more information and to find your nearest optician, please see www.eyecare.wales.nhs.uk.
- Stop smoking as this has been linked to eye conditions that can cause permanent damage to your sight.
- If you wear contact lenses remember to keep them clean.
- Eat well and exercise to maintain a healthy weight. This can also help prevent diabetes, which can also cause sight loss. Stock up on leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, nuts and seeds.
- Know your family history. Glaucoma is one of the leading causes of blindness and can run in families. But, if caught early, it can be treated and controlled and your sight protected. So may sure you have regular sight tests.
- Protect your eyes in sunlight from harmful UV rays. Make sure you wear sunglasses with a CE or British Standard mark.
- Finally – take a break! We spend so much time looking at computer screens, this can put a strain on your eyes. So take a break every half hour and give your eyes the rest they deserve.


The key to understand is study starts with good Bible notes, and good study notes begin with finding critical observations while you read. All it takes is five minutes to learn and remember the Four P's:
Prayers are important, mainly because when New Testament Bible writers express prayers in their writing, they directly describe the issues that weigh most heavily on their hearts and minds. This means that prayers are one of the best ways to determine what a writer's main theme is. You can know more about the bible timetable with world history by browsing online.
A purpose statement is where a Bible book writer frankly expresses why he wrote a particular book. Sometimes this is more obvious to see in some books than in others, depending on the wording of the translation and the writer's particular style.
With prevalence, you don't want to limit yourself to the major themes that are repeated throughout the book. Instead, you must also narrow your scope to the repetitive words and phrases in smaller text sections.
How can you take several themes in a book, and narrow them down to the most important one or two? The answer is in petitions or petition verbs. New Testament writers didn't use the typographic tools you have today to bring attention to what they wanted to say in a letter. In Greek, however, the writers used special words to accomplish this emphasis. Today, they're called petition verbs.


The following article was published in Proletarian Revolution No. 69 (Winter 2004).
Traducción en español
A working-class-led uprising ousted President Gonzalo (“Goni“) Sánchez de Lozada of Bolivia on October 17 and halted the plan of the Bolivian government and their imperialist masters to sell off Bolivia’s natural gas reserves. The struggle was sparked by peasant road blockades in September, and the decisive action came with an indefinite general strike in October which grew to historic proportions. The worker and peasant unity that developed in action constituted no less than a political earthquake in Bolivia.
Over the course of a few weeks the Bolivian masses showed the capacity for heroic and audacious action which has marked their history. In Bolivia, the population as a whole is majority indigenous, mainly Aymara and Quechua Indians, workers as well as peasants. The tendency of the indigenous population to seek unity against the entrenched racist oppression of the system was a factor of enormous weight. Another powerful unifying factor was the growing opposition to economic devastation under neo-liberalism, among both the working class and the peasantry. Both classes have been thoroughly immiserated by wave after wave of attacks. The actions and demands of the masses went well beyond what their official leaders wanted. Yet the worker and peasant leaders manipulated the scene to save the day for the capitalist ruling class. The powerful upsurge of the masses, in contrast to the pathetic betrayal of the reformist leaders, points to the fact that only revolutionary working-class leadership of a workers’ and peasants’ alliance can resolve the plight of the Bolivian people.
A key turning point took place in El Alto, an industrial city near the capital of La Paz, where the working class forged a solid general strike that paralyzed the city by October 8. The people of El Alto in turn played a pivotal role in the successful spreading of this general strike to La Paz – as well as to Cochabamba and other important urban centers.
In El Alto the masses raised the question of taking on the police. The Army launched a deadly attack on the movement when a miners’ contingent arrived from Huanuni in the mining district of Oruro on October 9. That was a turning point, whose spirit was captured in this description:
Throughout the afternoon of October 10, at the wake of the 22 year-old Aymara bricklayer, Ramiro Vargas, ... the mourners chanted, Now for sure! Civil war! Now for sure! Civil war! Police shot Vargas on October 9 for no committees in El Alto gave the police 24 hours to leave their houses and called reason other than that 500 miners had arrived from Huanuni to join the civic strike in El Alto. ... Following the killing of Ramiro Vargas, neighborhood on them to join the uprising. Otherwise they would become victims of popular justice. ... None dares to patrol the streets of El Alto! ... In spite of the tanks, planes and soldiers and helicopters strafing randomly, more than 90 percent of El Alto, entering its fifth day of a civic strike, remains under control of neighborhood associations, market vendors, public university students, and the Regional Workers Central (COR). (Forrest Hylton, “Bolivia: Aymara Rebellion and Democratic Dictatorship,” Bolivia Watch, Oct. 13)
For days, workers had already taken the initiative to march through the neighborhoods of El Alto with helmets marked “Workers Police.” The miners, brandishing sticks of dynamite, also played a pivotal role in defending the movement in El Alto. They were decisive in confronting the police on the final day of the mass marches to La Paz before Goni resigned.
The struggle united the Aymara working class and peasantry of the Western highlands, the Quechua peasantry of the south and the coca growers of the Eastern lowlands. Decisive roles were played by the miners and by the striking transport and other workers in La Paz. By October 13 there was a magnificent spectacle: the capital was surrounded and shut down. There were calls for “Workers to Power” reported in different cities. An insurrection was in the making. The resignation of President Sánchez de Lozada was clearly inevitable.
With hundreds of thousands of people in the streets in La Paz and throughout the country by October 17, Sánchez de Lozada fled to Miami, in the great tradition of fallen Latin American imperialist lackeys. The danger to the stability of capitalist rule at that moment was enormous. There was no domestic military solution possible to suppress the upsurge. The conscript army was unstable: soldiers were increasingly failing to follow orders against the ever-growing mass rebellion. Even the police, the ruling class’s mercenaries, were frightened and could not be fully relied upon to do the job, as El Alto demonstrated.
By the culmination of the October struggle, over 150 fighters had been killed nation-wide, with countless more injured. Dragging behind the masses, the unions came under pressure to call for workers’ defense committees but never actually took responsibility for arming the movement.
The usual solution for comprador governments in such a situation is to resort to an open or covert U.S. military operation. But that was ruled out with the U.S. pre-occupied in Iraq and Afghanistan. Instead, the reformist worker and peasant leaders saved the day for Bolivian capitalism. They maneuvered to install the vice-president, Carlos Mesa, as president on October 18. These leaders had been forced by the masses to call and spread the general strike and the road blockades that supported it. But at the decisive point they gave a three-month “breathing space” to Mesa’s “new” capitalist government.
The main perpetrators of this class betrayal were the leaders of the workers and peasants unions: Evo Morales, head of the coca grower’s union (and the MAS political party which came in a close second in the last presidential elections); his political rival Felipe Quispe, head of the umbrella national peasant’s union, CSUTCB (Unified Confederation of Campesino Workers of Bolivia); and Jaime Solares, head of the COB (Central Obrera Boliviana), the union central to which peasants’ as well as workers’ unions are affiliated. Also important was Roberto de la Cruz, the militant leader of the regional union center in El Alto. Each leader backed Mesa in practice while decorating their betrayal with measured doses of class-struggle rhetoric.
This radical flourish was obvious at the COB Expanded National Plenum in La Paz on October 18, surrounded by tens of thousands of demonstrators. The leaders had already pledged to support Mesa, but in front of the masses they only claimed they were making a “tactical retreat” in order to prepare for the next battle ahead.
In this spirit, the assembled called for repeal of the Oil and Gas Law that had allowed the privatization of the industries nationalized in the 1952 revolution. They also demanded repeal of the agrarian reform law allowing communally owned land to be privatized, and the punishment of the officials responsible for the massacres during the conflict. The Expanded COB further demanded the right to review all privatization contracts and leases of petroleum deposits, mines, and state-owned companies. It demanded that the government “publicly reject any request to allow foreign troops to enter Bolivian territory.” It determined not to support the new government until it committed itself “not to export gas, via either Chile or Peru, and to withdraw the Oil and Gas Law.”
All of this was negated by the fact that the COB shortly afterward called off the general strike – as part of the three months given to Mesa. With the workers demobilized, this known advocate of neo-liberalism quickly re-pledged to sell the gas.
The list of radical-sounding demands for show was not all the leaders had to offer that day. The expanded COB meeting paid homage to the greatness of the masses and to revolutionary goals. According to reports, it drew the conclusion that “the workers, peasants, oppressed nations and impoverished middle classes did not seize power from the ruling class because they still have no revolutionary party to rely on.” And COB leader Jaime Solares declared – to thunderous applause – that:
Those of us who consider ourselves revolutionaries can’t lie. No leader and no political party led this popular uprising. ... The Bolivian workers, from below, were the ones who kicked the murderer “Goni” out of power. The enraged masses were those who gave this blow to North American imperialism. Nobody, no individual or party, can claim the leadership of this conflict. Nobody!
Another union leader asserted that, despite the “breathing space,” they were not actually endorsing Mesa because, after all, he was not from and did not represent the working class. (Econoticiasbolivia.com, Oct. 19.)
Gushing tributes to the masses and to the need for a revolutionary party were necessary concessions to the high level of class-consciousness reached by the fighting workers. That achievement was rooted in the history of the Bolivian class struggle, above all the political heritage of the betrayed proletarian revolution of 1952. (See Lessons of the Bolivian Revolution)
Unfortunately, the reformist leaders have learned lessons from the past as well – on how to betray. And this was not the first time that these leaders have used such speeches to call off a general strike. Some of the radical blather was replayed almost word for word from a similar, if smaller scale, betrayal last February, when a general strike against an IMF-inspired austerity tax plan was called to a halt. The utter hypocrisy of the supposed “revolutionary” insights voiced by these misleaders in mid-October needed to be exposed through a direct challenge to them to fight for the kind of class power they claimed to believe in.
At the height of the struggle, the situation had elements of what Marxists call “dual power,” with strong parallels to the situation during the Russian revolution of February 1917. Then the workers and soldiers overthrew the regime of Tsarism and set up their own councils (“soviets”) that had the power to run society. But they handed the reins of state power to a bourgeois Provisional Government. The bourgeois regime existed and functioned only because the workers were not yet conscious of the need to create their own state.
Real strike committees were needed, which would have been the necessary embryo of workers’ and peasants’ councils (juntas or soviets). In El Alto, a network of neighborhood councils ran the strike and provided for day-to-day needs of the people in conjunction with the unions. In El Alto, La Paz and elsewhere, the union meetings were often run as open mass meetings. Much evidence shows that the masses were well aware of the need to pressure their own leaders to act – and that the leaders were quite aware at important junctures that the cost of not responding would mean losing their influence.
Nevertheless, while the masses exerted pressure on their leadership through their self-activity, which included the neighborhood councils and the open mass meetings, they could not break through all the barriers their leaders presented. For this, an alternative revolutionary leadership would have been necessary. And an alternative form of organization for mass debate and struggle, soviets, would have been vital so that the workers and peasants could control their own destiny.
Within such councils revolutionary workers, even an initially small revolutionary group, could have fought for its program and its leadership – and over time have won the most far-seeing elements to the task of building a vanguard party. Democratic and potentially revolutionary formations like soviets were an absolute necessity in the Bolivian upheaval and represent a deadly threat to the entrenched reformist union leaders. In Russia in 1917, at the outset of the revolution the Bolsheviks were a small but determined proletarian vanguard organization. Through steadfast adherence to the principles of working-class independence and leadership, and adroit tactics designed to expose the pseudo-revolutionary socialists, they were able to lead the working class to power in the October revolution. It is indeed a tragedy that there was no Bolshevik Party in Bolivia in 2003.
A primary task of revolutionaries has to be the unmasking of all the misleaders of our class. It is the only way to build the revolutionary party composed of the most advanced class-conscious workers. It means always addressing the advanced workers frankly and clearly with propaganda for the class party, the proletarian revolution and the need to create a workers’ state, without any obfuscation. In a revolutionary situation like Bolivia in October, it also meant fighting for these goals by making use of every possible tactic and slogan to convince the masses of the working class and help advance their consciousness through the practical struggle.
In particular, we believe that in Bolivia agitation for a “workers’ and peasants’ government” was on the order of the day. As we explained in our landmark article Myth and Reality of the Transitional Program (see Socialist Voice No. 8), this slogan derives from Trotsky’s Transitional Program, which presents a system of action demands which enable revolutionaries to join with fellow workers in a united front struggle based on their mass organizations. In this case, revolutionaries state openly that one major reason that they propose a united struggle for a workers’ government is to prove that the working class must lead an alliance of the workers and the peasantry, that revolution is necessary and that the COB leaders will not even carry out their radical promises to build a working-class alternative to Mesa.
The workers’ government demand is the most far-reaching demand in the Transitional Program because it approaches the question of state power itself. Demanding that reformist leaders, who claim to represent the working class and talk about workers constituting a government some time in the future, actually fight for it now was exactly what the situation in Bolivia demanded. The workers wanted their class to control the government, not the bourgeois politicians. The overwhelming majority did not yet understand the need to destroy the existing state apparatus; they believed that a decisive change in the government could meet their needs. And that is what the COB leaders claimed to favor despite their “momentary” deal with Mesa. That lie had to be exposed in order to convince the masses that they needed an authentically Bolshevik party, the destruction of the present state and their own workers’ state as part of a Latin American confederation of workers’ states.
Simply writing propaganda explaining that the misleaders were not really in favor of a workers’ state would not expose them in the eyes of the masses, who were clearly caught up in the question of governmental changes, not yet socialist revolution. In the context of unified mass action it was necessary to prove that the leaders were not even for a workers’ government – even though the masses had already shown that they could topple the government. Bolsheviks would have addressed their fellow workers along the following lines:
“Since you still feel that these leaders can be pressured to represent our class, let us exert the maximum pressure now to put them to the test; we shall see in practice which of us is right. We revolutionaries believe these leaders are completely dedicated to propping up another capitalist government. We believe there is no better time than now to fight for power if they really want to do it. But we do not believe they have any intention of fighting for a government based on our own institutions. And we believe in fact that what is necessary is not even just a change in government but the overthrow of capitalism, a working-class government in a workers state.
“We will stand with our fellow workers in the fight for a government of our class, while we openly warn that the leaders will betray this fight. Should we succeed in pressuring them to take steps into forming a government, we will continue to point out its limitations as long as reformist leaders remain in charge and a capitalist system is still exploiting us. But let us fight together now, at least for these leaders to form a workers’ and peasants’ government based on our own institutions. We think the outcome will prove the need for a revolutionary party leadership and the socialist revolution.”
Given that an expanded form of the COB had served as the central decision-making body of the revolutionary masses at the height of the struggle, the workers’ and peasants’ government tactic could have taken the concrete form of demanding “Expanded COB to Power!” This would have been a critical way to point to the leading role of the workers’ unions in alliance with the peasants’ unions, and to expose the leadership’s preparation to prop up yet another bourgeois regime.
Instead, all the leaders and the left supported the slogan “Down with Goni” – without raising any immediate working-class alternative! Given that the mass struggle was verging on insurrection, there was no room for abstention on such questions. Since Sánchez de Lozada’s resignation was looming, an alternative to an otherwise inevitable bourgeois substitute regime had to be posed then and there. Had the challenge been put to the workers and peasants union leaders to take power themselves, all their wailing about the lack of a revolutionary party would have been far better exposed to the masses for the class treason it was. Rather than trying to foster a sense of powerlessness and resignation, which was the real intent of the COB Plenum on October 18, this demand would have paved the way for a huge leap in consciousness, prevented the COB leaders from demobilizing the struggle, undermined Mesa and accelerated the building of the vanguard workers’ party.
To a large degree, the masses already knew that they had been the driving force of the struggle throughout. They needed to be shown the way to carry this awareness and fighting spirit forward in order to achieve their goals. Thus it was essential to challenge their leaders, Solares, Morales and Quispe, to take power on behalf of the workers’ and peasants’ unions, together with our clear warning that they would betray their bases.
In addition, it was crucial that revolutionaries conduct an all-out struggle to continue the general strike; that was the weapon that reflected the power of the workers and peasants. It was also necessary to call for the formation of the soviets, instruments of dual power. Not only would soviets have served as the institutions through which the masses could conduct their struggle as the combined legislative-executive arm of our class; under revolutionary leadership they would become the basis of the new state power that the revolution must achieve.
In fact, some calls for strike committees and self-defense committees were made by leftist groups along the way. But they used the workers’ government slogan not as a tactical transitional demand, a challenge designed to expose and defeat the misleaders. Rather, they skirted an immediate class fight for power when that was the unavoidable question at hand. As well, by not putting forward tactics to create a greater cleavage between Morales, Quispe and Solares and the masses, they avoided advancing the fight for leadership. The pseudo-Trotskyist left either used the workers’ government slogan as the ultimate goal of the future, avoiding a clear call for a revolutionary workers’ state, or else floated abstract calls for a workers’ government and workers’ state without any comment as to what concrete parties or institutions could wage such a fight.
Propaganda to advanced workers must say what is: it must be crystal clear about the revolutionary goals of a dictatorship of the proletariat. Otherwise it is vacillating, centrist propaganda that reinforces reformist illusions among even the most advanced layers. From the information available to us, this was what was done by the two nominally Trotskyist groups in Bolivia, the Partido Obrero Revolucionario (POR) and the Liga Obrera Revolucionaria (LOR), a group which split from the POR in 1989 and is affiliated with the Trotskyist Fraction international headed by the Argentinean PTS (See our article on this group in PR 68.) Both groups, and various other pseudo-Trotskyists around the world, talked about a workers’ government as a distant goal rather than a way to challenge the leaders in the midst of the mass struggle.
Nothing short of the fight for leadership, the building of the revolutionary party to smash capitalism in Bolivia, can truly respond to the needs of the masses and solve the deepening crisis in Bolivia. Nor, as authentic Trotskyists have always understood, can the problems of the national revolution be resolved with anything less than an openly internationalist strategy. That is the strategy of permanent revolution. Latin America is beset by the rule of the imperialists’ International Monetary Fund; not a single country is stable today. Yet throughout the Bolivian struggle, the reformist leaders stoked the fires of anti-Chilean nationalism, and the centrist left itself failed to focus its voice on the need for a concerted attack on imperialism by oppressed workers and peasants across the borders.
Bolivian workers could appeal for international working-class aid by repudiating the state debt to the imperialist bankers and calling on workers and their organizations in debt-ridden countries like Argentina and Brazil to do likewise. Neighboring Peru also has been shaken by mass unrest against the government’s “state of emergency” for much of this year. “Workers to Power” and “Civil War” were battle cries in the Bolivian struggle. It was also necessary to add the slogan “Repudiate the Imperialist Debt!” – an expression of a conscious internationalist strategy that could ignite the working class struggle in every Latin American country beleaguered by U.S. imperialism.
Like the original Bolsheviks and the original Fourth International, we say that what is needed in Bolivia and everywhere today is a party that makes no concessions to bourgeois and imperialist rule because it represents only the international interests of the workers and toilers of the world. The struggle in Bolivia is re-opening. Latin America is a powder keg, and what happens next in Bolivia could detonate the continent.
November 28, 2003
The uprising in Bolivia was a long-brewing event, preceded by previous struggles in response to wave after wave of privatization attacks on industry, basic services and natural resources. The period opened with the denationalization of the mines, which led to the closure of three quarters of the mines in 1985. The most recent battles included the “water war” in 2000 in Cochabamba, where a collective rebellion defeated a privatization plan. And there had been widespread protests earlier this year.
On a longer historic scale, a revolutionary workers’ movement had culminated in a popular front government in 1952. The miners disarmed the pro-imperialist regime’s military but their misleaders allowed the bourgeois nationalist National Revolutionary Movement (MNR) to take state power. Union representatives joined the government, with the supposedly Trotskyist Partido Obrero Revolucionario (POR) supporting the bourgeois regime. This betrayal signaled a definitive class capitulation on the part of the Fourth International, which applauded the POR’s strategy. The revolution was crushed by a military coup backed by the U.S., and twenty years of military dictatorship followed.
Only a small minority in the U.S. Socialist Workers Party, the Vern-Ryan Tendency, stood out against the International’s disastrous strategy. Its historic documents have been reproduced by the LRP in the pamphlet Bolivia: the Revolution the “Fourth International” Betrayed. We urge all revolutionary-minded readers to obtain it. It is available for $1.00 from SV Publishing, P.O. Box 769, Washington Bridge Station, New York, NY 10033.


How to calculate rates of carbon emissions and sequestration
When governments or regulators get involved in negotiations about greenhouse gas emissions or carbon trading, they rely on scientifically robust, verifiable measurements of the value and volume of carbon produced or sequestered by human activities.
There are three ways in which carbon levels are accounted for in forestry:
- Periodic, direct measurements of carbon in forestry stock
- Inventory-based carbon accounting models
- Direct carbon flux measurements
The best method to use depends mainly on the objectives of the assessment, its geographical scale and the resources available to carry out the evaluation. The most robust and cost-effective carbon stock accounts will typically combine all three approaches alongside remote sensing technology (satellite imagery and aerial photography).
Measurement of carbon levels in forestry stock
The simplest method of assessment looks at how carbon stocks have changed between two points in time. Conventional forest mensuration methods estimate timber volumes, which then convert to dry weight – and hence carbon – using reference tables.
Problems associated with carbon stock accounting:
- Carbon content in non-stem components are calculated using an ‘expansion factor’, also known as a ‘total:merchantable’ ratio, which depends greatly on tree species, stand age, management and environmental conditions
- Leaf biomass, ground vegetation and litter are often ignored
- Carbon content of the soil is seldom included because it is difficult to define and carry out cost-effective assessments of soil carbon
- Small changes in soil carbon are difficult to measure in comparison to total soil carbon
- Carbon stocks or stock changes in harvested wood products may or may not be assessed, depending on the purpose of the inventory
- Accounting for carbon stocks in wood products is impossible for individual stands of trees – the fate of harvested wood cannot be tracked once it has left the forest
- At a district, national or global scale, the size of, and changes to, the wood products pool is only possible using available statistics
An inventory-based approach, particularly if used to assess carbon stocks or sequestration in woody biomass only, can be used to cover large land areas and a variety of species and site conditions.
Carbon accounting models
Several carbon accounting models are applicable to the UK. They use theoretical and empirically derived models of carbon flows through the forestry value chain.
- C-FLOW - developed by CEH (Edinburgh), currently used for national reporting of carbon stock changes associated with forest biomass
- CARBINE – developed my Forest Research, based on forest growth and yield models
- C-SORT – under development, focusing on carbon sequestration in wood products
Flux-based carbon accounting directly measures the flow of carbon into and out of the forest. State-of-the-art sensors using a technique called eddy correlation to continuously monitor carbon exchange between all the carbon pools in a forest ecosystem and the atmosphere.
Forest Research uses this technique to measure carbon exchange in lowland oak woodland at the Straits Flux Station.
Benefits and drawbacks:
- Net flux measurements – the ecosystem’s entire carbon pool is covered, including dead wood, litter and other fractions that are too difficult to measure using stock-change methods.
- Cost – the equipment is expensive so only a small number of flux stations are currently online (four long-term flux monitoring stations in the UK, 30 sites across Europe)
- Limited site suitability – site topography make flux monitoring difficult at many sites
- Species specificity – the measurements are specific to the species, site and growth stage under investigation, so carbon in the wood products pool associated with a specific stand cannot be estimated
Flux-based calculations are ideal for delivering information on short-term variations in the magnitude of the carbon sink and in quantifying net carbon exchange in forest systems where the individual carbon pools are difficult to measure. Carbon flux studies also provide an essential validation for inventory methods across different forestry systems.


UN Women has published the paper “Gender equality as an accelerator for achieving sustainable Development Goals”, which aims to demonstrate how gender equality and investment in this issue can contribute to the development of all SDGs.
The report mentions what kind of policy interventions related to gender equality need to be accelerated for the implementation of Agenda 2030. This paper argues that achieving equality in real terms involves four main interrelated elements: ensuring equal rights, capability and access to resources and opportunities for both women and men; strengthening the agency or ability of women to make decisions and take decisions and act on them; eliminating gender-based violence and discrimination and transforming power relations at all levels of society, from individuals and households to institutions and structures.
In terms of benefits, the positive influence that exists in the following areas is highlighted by gender equality: economic development, poverty reduction, education and health, recognition, reduction and redistribution of unremunerated work (domestic work, child care, etc.), food security, climate change, and disaster management and natural resources, political participation and elimination of all established gender violence.
Finally, to accelerate the progress towards the implementation of the Agenda 2030 and achieving results, the public politics must be re-evaluated and re-designed using a gender-sensitive approach. This implies taking into account the different roles, responsibilities and socially determined capacities of women and men, together with the power relations and the cultural environments in which the activities of women and men are developed, at the same time responding to their diverse needs and interests. This approach brings with it the need to contextualize funding under a thematic-sensitive approach to ensure appropriate investments aimed at implementing national policies towards gender equality and the empowerment of Women.
To read the full report, visit the website of SDG Philanthropy
Source: GENDER EQUALITY AS AN ACCELERATOR FOR ACHIEVING THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS (UN Women).


The Zichy family’s affection for Oriental objects was reflected in the collections of Ödön Zichy (1811-1894). His son Jenő (1837-1906) systematized and significantly enriched this collection with objects collected on his three Asian expeditions and through acquisition that he intended to develop into a museum collection. The short-lived Zichy Museum, including the first Hungarian Oriental Museum, opened in Budapest in 1901. Jenő Zichy’s Chinese collection comprised mainly bronzes, including bronze mirrors, ge-halberds, bronze coins of variegated shapes, metal fittings from the Ordos region and several late replicas of ancient bronze ceremonial vessels.
Other independent collections of Oriental art were also created at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. Oriental artefacts dominated the collections of certain connoisseurs such as Ferenc Hopp (1833-1919) and Emil Delmár (1876-1959). The wealthy optician Ferenc Hopp travelled around the world five times, visiting China three times, and purchasing artefacts mostly from curio shops, which sold exquisite contemporary items of fine workmanship sought after by Western customers, including ceramics, lacquer, cloisonné, bronzes and furniture.
After World War I, in 1919 Ferenc Hopp donated his valuable collection of over 4,000 works of Far Eastern art to the Hungarian state. The collection was housed in his villa in Budapest, which was converted into a museum bearing his name. The finest examples in the Chinese collection of Ference Hopp Museum of Far Eastern Art include sculptural works, Ming and Qing ceramics, cloisonné, lacquer ware and later precious stone carvings.


Descriptive writing paragraph examples
Tips on writing a descriptive essay for example, don’t describe a paragraph writing essay writing narrative writing informative writing. Descriptive essays a descriptive essay is an please choose a topic below and write a descriptive essay • develop an introductory paragraph, body. The original question is: can you give an example of a descriptive paragraph about a famous person answer: here are three albert einstein's life. Writing paragraphs writing an analogy writing a descriptive essay for example, may be intended to.
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International Day of Women and Girls in Science is noticed globally on 11 February. International Day of Women and Girls in Science to acknowledge the crucial function of girls and women play in science and expertise. In December 2015, the United Nations adopted a decision to rejoice February 11 because the International Day of Women and Girls in Science. The Day is applied by UNESCO and UN-Women in collaboration with establishments and civil society companions that goal to advertise girls and women in science.
The 2021 theme of the Day is “Women Scientists at the forefront of the fight against COVID-19”.
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In 2016 is the primary time it was celebrated. The thought behind at the present time is to make sure equal participation and involvement of girls and women within the fields of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM).
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For decades, livestock producers have used low doses of antibiotics to expedite animal growth. The practice, dubbed sub-therapeutic antibiotic therapy (STAT), lowers feed costs while increasing meat production, and nearly 80 percent of the antibiotics used in the United States are for this purpose. Because STAT can encourage the growth of antibiotic-resistant “superbugs,” it’s banned in many countries, but remains common in the U.S.-despite recent public pleas to stop it by two former FDA commissioners. Although STAT has been in use since the 1950s, how it works has long been a mystery. But evidence is mounting that it might be due to antibiotics killing microorganisms that populate animals’ guts. Read more
If you want to bury an unsavory news story, the afternoon before Christmas vacation is a good time to break it. The FDA chose December 21 to release its Environmental Assessment (EA) of the genetically modified “AquAdvantage“ salmon. This move quietly slid the fish closer to making history as the first GM animal approved for human consumption. The public was given 60 days to comment on a farmed salmon that American fish farmers wouldn’t be allowed to raise, but American consumers would nonetheless be allowed to eat.
If the announcement’s timing suggests FDA wants the application to flow smoothly, also consider that it has been 17 years since AquaBounty first applied for permission to sell its recombinant Atlantic salmon in the U.S. The company has paid a heavy price for trying to be first. Read more
Somalia is a tough place to build a community garden. Between drought, warlords, a near-absence of infrastructure and a prevailing mood of powerlessness, it takes commitment, and ideally some help. Sid Ali Mohammed, 65, and Mohamed Abdukadir “Mudane” Hassan, 26, have both. They’ve managed to build 15 community and family gardens in Somalia as part of Slow Food’s A Thousand Gardens in Africa project. But it hasn’t been easy. Read more


| Spinach |
| Spinach (Spinacia oleracea) is a cool-season hardy annual in the Chenopodiaceae family, which also includes beets, chard, orach and quinoa. Spinach has two leaf types. |
New hybrid spinach varieties offer increased yield, disease resistance (especially for downy mildew), adaptability, and uniformity. Older, open-pollinated varieties are generally less adaptable, but can do exceptionally well under the right conditions and many believe they taste better.
- Smooth leaf types are easiest to wash but require more material per bag because they pack more tightly.
- Savoy types are usually darker green and offer greater heft and loft once bagged, but require more careful washing.
| Soil and Nutrient Requirements |
| Like all leafy greens, spinach thrives in fertile and moist soil. Spinach is sensitive to soil pH, preferring a range of 6.5-7. Magnesium deficiency manifests in yellowing leaves similar to nitrogen deficiency. Because spinach will carry excess nitrates if overfertilized, try correcting Magnesium first. |
| Position |
| Full sun to part shade |
| Seeding Depth |
| 1/8-1/4” |
| Plant Spacing |
| For babyleaf ~40seeds/ft” in 2-4” bands, for bunching 2” |
| Row Spacing |
| For babyleaf space bands 1-2” apart, for bunching 12-18” |
| When to Sow |
| Direct seed as soon as soil can be worked in the spring, and again in the late summer-early fall. Greenhouse spinach is sown in early fall to give just enough time to germinate and produce a modest amount of leaf, but not grow so fast as to require a lot of upkeep. Seed germinates best when soil temperatures are 32-60°F and achieves the best quality when air temperatures are 55-60°F. Sow every 7 days for a continual harvest. |
| Frost Tolerant |
| Yes. Spinach is extremely hardy and a great choice for a winter greenhouse planting. It is one of the few plants that will keep growing in winter conditions, as opposed to just holding. |
| Drought Tolerant |
| No |
| Heat Tolerant |
| No. Spinach will bolt in hot weather. |
| Seed Specs |
| 1,550-3750 (2,200 avg) seeds/oz, 25-60M (35M avg) seeds/lb. M= 1,000 |
| Seeding Rate |
| Babyleaf- 70M seeds/100’bed (~2lb/100’bed), 700M seeds/1000’bed (~20lb/1000’ bed) using 640 seeds/ft on 3’beds (16 rows/ bed). Bunching- 1,100 seeds/100’ row (~1/2oz/100’row), 11M seeds/1,000’row (5oz/1000’row) using 10 seeds/ft, 18” row spacing. |
| Seed Coating / Pelleting Info |
| Some of the varieties we carry receive an organic film coating applied to the seed, which make the seed easier to see during planting. |
| Harvest |
| Harvest individual leaves or cut baby leaves 1” above the ground. Harvest the entire plant for bunched spinach by cutting the whole plant right below its crown. |
| Storage |
| Store washed spinach at low temperatures and high humidity for 10-14 days. |
| Pest Info |
- Aphids can be washed off plants with a hard stream of water. They have several natural predators that control populations including parasites (aphids appear grey or bloated), lady beetle larvae and lacewings.
- Leafminers are generally controlled by natural predators. Deep plowing in the spring can help, as well as controlling alternate hosts such as lambsquarter, chickweed, nightshade and plantain.
| Disease Info |
- Spinach is susceptible to downy mildew (Peronospora farinosa f. sp. spinaciae) and fusarium wilt (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. spinaciae).
- Fusarium wilt is primarily soil borne, but can be spread over long distances by infected seed. Use only disease-free seed. Once introduced to the soil, fusarium wilt is difficult to eradicate. Crop rotations help eliminate inoculum, and the addition of lime at 2 tons per acre also reduces disease severity by increasing pH to alkaline levels that do not favor disease development.
- Downy mildew is not as persistent and its pressure can be reduced by three-year rotations with non-host crops.
- White rust can be a problem for spinach growers, primarily in southern climes; resistant varieties are now available.
- Cucumber mosaic virus, transmitted by aphids, causes stunting and underdevelopment in plants. Larvae of the Canada leafminer burrow into leaves causing blisters, making leaves unmarketable. Control insect pressure by using row cover and controlling weed hosts.
| Seed Saving Instructions |
| Wind pollinated. Spinach varieties must be isolated by 1/4 mile to prevent cross pollination by wind. Physical barriers such as tree lines, buildings or woods may make it possible to use a shorter distance. Allow plants to bolt and set seed. Some staking may be necessary as plants may reach 3' in height. When seeds are dry, harvest the entire plant and thresh on a tarp. A 1/2 " screen on top of a 1/4" and 1/8" is helpful for cleaning. Spinach seed remains viable for 3-5 years under cool and dry storage conditions. |


Hi, I am looking for someone to write an article on hubert de givenchy and riccardo tisci Paper must be at least 2000 words. Please, no plagiarized work! Hubert de Givenchy was a designer in the mid-20th century who began the famous House of Givenchy. Givenchy was the driving force behind a majority of the wardrobe of Audrey Hepburn, an actress who became a major film star with the blockbuster movie Breakfast at Tiffany’s. “Hubert…[was] a brilliant young designer (twenty-six to Audrey [Hepburn’s] twenty-four)[,] who had worked under de Segonzac at Schiaparelli before leaving in December of 1951…” (Wasson, 2010, pp. 38). He got his start in designing clothes that were elegant and fashionable—yet practical for the modern woman of his day. Some years later, Riccardo Tisci would take over his fashion empire in 2005, bringing to the House of Givenchy a drastically different style and taking the company in a new artistic direction. Known for his bold use of dark colours—especially black—Tisci took his knowledge of Givenchy’s style and put his own unique spin on that staple of the fashion industry. Here three samples from Givenchy’s work himself—as well as Tisci’s work—will be examined. It was attempted to match sample garments that, at least indirectly, resembled each other. These pieces will be analyzed in detail. The first piece is a plain black dress. the second piece is an overcoat, and the third piece is a coat. Each piece will be compared and contrasted and thoroughly analyzed in order to see what drove and drives each of these artists (Hubert and Riccardo) respectively. Finally, conclusions will be made regarding both of the artists.In this first piece we see by Givenchy, this is a scene with Audrey Hepburn in an orange pea coat. It reminds one of the pea coats that were typical in the 1950s and 1960s, similar to something that Jackie O might have warned. Jackie Kennedy, by the way, was also another popular devotee of Givenchy, having had many—if not a majority—of her wardrobes designed by him. . .
Hi, I am looking for someone to write an article on hubert de givenchy and riccardo tisci Paper must be at least 2000 words. Please, no plagiarized work!
by essaylimo | Apr 27, 2021 | Uncategorized


Every 5th adult in the world smokes tobacco. But there are large differences between men and women.
In almost all countries it is true that more men smoke. In the visualization we see the share of men who smoke (plotted on the y-axis) compared with the same metric for women women (plotted on the x-axis).
The grey line in the plot represents equality in the prevalence: countries where smoking is more common in men will lie above this line; and countries where more women smoke lie below.
We see that almost all countries lie above the grey line, meaning a higher share of men smoke. But there are a few exceptions: in the Pacific island-state of Nauru 43% of women smoke compared to 37% of men; and smoking rates in Denmark and Sweden show almost no sex difference.
In many countries – particularly across Asia and Africa – the differences are very large. We see these countries clustered on the far left, where smoking rates for women are very low – typically less than 5%. In Indonesia, 76% of men smoke but only 3% of women; in China it’s 48% of men versus 2% of women; and in Egypt half of men smoke whilst almost no women (0.2%) do.
The fact that men are more likely than women to smoke is reflected health statistics: particularly lung cancer, for which smoking is a primary risk factor. We see that in every country in the world, men are more likely to die from lung cancer.