Do all of you work on this exam. Use the back of the pages if needed. Do not use scrap paper. Do not erase; simply "x" out parts of answers you do not want graded. If the instructor cannot read your writing, then your answer will be counted wrong. All mathematical calculations must show the process of getting the answer on the test; answers without this will be counted wrong.
*** Express the calculated answer of each of the following in scientific notation and give the proper number of significant digits for each:
(a) 10.1 mol LiCl x (6.941 g Li/mol + 35.453 g Cl/mol Cl) = ??? (b) (27.4 cm x 14.6 cm x 1.0 cm) x 2.70 g/cm3 = ???
*** You want to calculate the density of a quarter (25¢). So you scrape up 37 coins. In the lab they weigh 207.286 g on the balance. To determine the volume you place water into a graduated cylinder and read the volume to be 52.2 mL. Then you drop all of the quarters into the water, and the volume now reads 75.4 mL. Show how to calculate the density of a quarter.
*** The density of sulfuric acid is 1.84 g/mL. What volume (in mL) should be taken to get 25.0 g of sulfuric acid?
*** The distance to the sun is 93,000,000 miles. Write this in scientific notation assuming:
Two significant digits. Three significant digits.
*** How many significant figures are there in each of the following:(a) 7008, (b) 0.00000625, (c) 3.400
*** Do the following calculations and express the answers with the correct number of significant figures:
(a) 6.25 x 7.5 = (b) 1.575 + 123.4 + 16.25 = (c) 8.27(4.987 - 4.962) = (d) (9.04 - 8.23 + 21.954 + 81.0)/3.1416 =
*** Define the following chemical terms: substance; molecular formula; homogeneous mixture; mixture, decompose
*** Give accurate definitions of the following chemical terms:
(a) element (b) molecule (c) intensive property (d) metalloid (e) allotrope
*** Briefly describe the similarities and differences between each of the following terms:
(a) precision and accuracy, (b) empirical formula and molecular formula, (c) theory and scientific law
*** Classify glue as an element, compound, or mixture. Give the characteristics of the category you choose and the observable properties of the glue which make it fit the category chosen.
*** Classify each of the following as either a compound, homogeneous mixture or heterogeneous mixture:
(a) sucrose and sand, (b) a 5% NaCl solution, (c) granite, (d) carbon dioxide, (e) oil and vinegar salad dressing
*** Suppose you were a chemistry student in the mid 1800ís (after John Dalton), and were asked to draw a picture (model) of atoms of hydrogen and oxygen. Show what you would do.
*** On the basis of information in Chapters 1 and 2, explain how your current model of hydrogen and oxygen atoms would be different now (2001) compared to the mid 1800ís.
*** Draw a microscopic picture, which represents an element in the gaseous state. Also draw a microscopic picture, which represents a mixture of 2 compounds and an element. Carefully explain the meaning of any symbols that you use.
*** In the following pictures, circles represent atoms. Label each picture as: element, compound, mixture of elements, mixture of compounds, mixture of element(s) and compound(s). It is possible that all choices will not be used and that a choice might be used more than once.
*** Critique the following: Any difference in properties of 2 substances can serve as a basis for a way to separate the substances in order to find the mass of each.
*** Complete the following chart:
*** Give the symbol for an atom containing 60 electrons, 63 protons, and 88 neutrons.
*** What is the symbol of the microscopic particle with one nucleus, 10 protons, and 9 electrons?
*** How many electrons and protons would be expected in the cation of atomic number 38?
*** Most every periodic chart gives at least three basic pieces of information for each element. (This is true for the chart on the wall in LA 414.) Explain what the interger value and the letter(s) mean, and how they are used.
*** Using the new numbering system, which group contains element 32 in the periodic chart? Which period?
*** There are eight elements surrounding element 32 in the periodic chart. Tell whether each is a metal, nonmetal, or metalloid.
*** Elements 114, 116, and 118 were discovered for the first time in the summer of 1999. Tell where each should fit into the current periodic chart.
*** Which seven elements exist as diatomic molecules in nature?
*** At room temperature, which elements are (a) liquids, (b) gases?
*** Give the symbol of (a) an alkali metal, (b) a selenide ion
*** Tell what elements are in the same group as Sn
*** Which element(s) is(are) nonmetal(s) in the same period as Sn?
*** What is the name of the group of elements which normally form 1- ions?
*** Give correct symbols for each of the following elements: sodium , silver, copper, potassium, chlorine
*** Name these molecules:
(a) As2S3 (b) OsO4 (c) Pb3(PO4)2 (d) Co2(SO4)3 (e) NO2 (f) NF3 (g) Cr(CN)2
(h) NH4NO3 (i) K3PO4 (j) FeCl3 (k) CaSO4 (l) NaNO2
*** Write formulas for the following:
(a) ammonium carbonate (b) tin(IV) sulfate (c) calcium acetate dihydrate
(d) magnesium bromide (e) strontium acetate (f) phosphorus trichloride
*** Epsom salts consists of magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. (a) Write its formula.
*** The density of bismuth is 8.90 g/cm3. Calculate the volume (in liters, L) of 2.55 kg of bismuth.
*** The world record in the menís 100 meter dash is 9.79 s. What is the corresponding average speed in km/hr?
*** A rectangle has an area of 4.8 in2. What is its area in mm2?


A new research platform uses a laser to measure the nanomechanical properties of tiny structures undergoing stress and heating an approach likely to yield insights to improve designs for microelectronics and batteries This new technique ... - Read More
Researchers at Missouri University of Science and Technology have developed what they call a simple one step method to grow nanowires of germanium from an aqueous solution Their process could make it more feasible to ... - Read More
Researchers at the Helmholtz Zentrum Dresden Rossendorf HZDR the Vienna University of Technology and the Maria Curie Skłodowska University Lublin have succeeded in embedding nearly perfect semiconductor crystals into a silicon nanowire With this new ... - Read More
A perspective article published last month by University of California Riverside chemists in the Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters was selected as an Editors Choice an honor only a handful of research papers receive The ... - Read More
Using graphene ribbons of unimaginably small widths just several atoms across a group of researchers at the University of Wisconsin Milwaukee UWM has found a novel way to tune the wonder material causing the extremely ... - Read More
Theorists propose a way to make superconducting quantum devices such as Josephson junctions and qubits atom by atom inside a silicon crystal Such systems could combine the most promising aspects of silicon spin qubits with ... - Read More
Graphene is gaining heated attention dubbed a wonder material with great conductivity flexibility and durability However graphene is hard to come by due to the fact that its manufacturing process is complicated and mass production ... - Read More
Japanese researchers have established a process for forming organic thin film transistors TFTs conducting the entire printing process at room temperature under ambient atmospheric conditions Printed electronics the field in which electronic devices are produced ... - Read More
Researchers from the University of Twente in the Netherlands have taken the precise art of origami down to the microscopic scale Using only a drop of water the scientists have folded flat sheets of silicon ... - Read More
Researchers around the world are trying to develop solar driven generators that can split water yielding hydrogen gas that could be used as clean fuel Such a device requires efficient light absorbing materials that attract ... - Read More
Michael Lewis's bestselling book Flash Boys describes how some brokers engaging in high frequency trading exploit fast telecommunications to gain fraction of a second advantage in the buying and selling of stocks But you don't ... - Read More
Photocatalysis catalysis assisted by light is a promising route to convert solar energy into chemical fuels Particularly appealing is the possibility to use photocatalysis to split water molecules into molecular hydrogen Although photocatalysis has been ... - Read More
Researchers from The University of Texas at Dallas and the University of Tokyo have created electronic devices that become soft when implanted inside the body and can deploy to grip 3 D objects such as ... - Read More
Graphene continues to reign as the next potential superstar material for the electronics industry a slimmer stronger and much faster electron conductor than silicon With no natural energy band gap however graphene's superfast conductance can't ... - Read More
Temperatures often over 200 degrees C occur in geothermal and oil production conventional microelectronics hit their limits there Researchers have now fabricated compact microchips that can keep their cool even at 300 degrees C An ... - Read More
Nanoengineers at the University of California San Diego are asking what might be possible if semiconductor materials were flexible and stretchable without sacrificing electronic function Today's flexible electronics are already enabling a new generation of ... - Read More
The icing on the cake for semiconductor nanocrystals that provide a non damped optoelectronic effect may exist as a layer of tin that segregates near the surface One method of altering the electrical properties of ... - Read More
A University of Arizona led team of physicists has discovered how to change the crystal structure of graphene more commonly known as pencil 'lead' with an electric field an important step toward the possible use ... - Read More
For the observation of cold matter in the interstellar medium astronomers need instruments for the detection of terahertz radiation Specific high resolution instruments are based on terahertz quantum cascade lasers but operate only at cryogenic ... - Read More
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Bulawayo, (New Ziana) – The National University of Science and Technology (Nust) is set to start producing polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test kits used in Covid-19 diagnosis, an official said on Tuesday.
At the moment, Zimbabwe imports the test kits, and Nust’s venture will not only save foreign currency for the country, but also lower costs, and make these more widely available.
A Covid-19 PCR test costs about US$60 in private health institutions, but the Nust product will retail for about US$20, increasing affordability for the public.
Nust’s PCR test kits will also be used for various other medical and veterinary applications, including HIV tests, and is the latest outcome of the government’s drive for universities to become innovation hubs.
So far, of the tens of thousands of Covid-19 tests that have been done in the country, 359 663 were PCR tests and the rest were antigen and rapid diagnostic tests (RDT).
Nust’s director of the Applied Genetic Testing Centre, Zephaniah Dlamini, said: “Through assistance from the Ministry of Higher and Tertiary Education, Nust will be acquiring a DNA synthesizer machine which will be used to produce the kits. Nust will produce about 50 000 PCR kits weekly and currently the country conducts about 15 000 Covid-19 weekly.”
“The applied DNA testing lab was asked by Government to assist in the testing of Covid-19 up to about November last year and we were doing the first wave of the virus. During that time we were testing people from the southern region which includes Bulawayo, Masvingo, Midlands, Matabeleland North and Matabeleland South provinces,” he said.
He said about 40 000 Covid-19 samples were processed at the university’s laboratory, which is at Mpilo Central Hospital.
“After having used so many kits from different companies, we realized that one of the kits was developed and made by one university in China. We realized there isn’t much in terms of what goes into the kit which made us think in other terms as we are known for.
“The important component that we noted was the PCR primer which is a unit or molecule used to detect Covid DNA. So we concluded we needed to have a developed capacity to manufacture these primers. So we asked for help from the Government through the Ministry of higher Education to get us a DNA synthesizer,” said Dlamini.


Only a small amount of B|Africa Balm is needed for application. As soon as the balm comes into contact with the skin, natural body heat turns it into a luxurious oil consistency which spreads quickly and easily across the skin.
Store in a cool, dry area. If it is too hot, the balm might become runny.
The Body Balm contains essential oils which are very susceptible to environmental factors if not stored correctly. It also depends on when batching of the essential oils happened.


The way in which modern medicine has taught us to think about disease is fundamentally wrong.
Modern medicine suggests that symptoms are the expression of disease but fails to consider that disease is the expression of fundamental health defects.
Disease is a Symptom of Underlying Health Problems
In other words, modern medicine recognises that disease states cause symptoms but often stops there - failing to consider what
causes the disease
state to begin with. When looking through this prism, it becomes apparent that disease itself is a symptom - it is
symptomatic of underlying poor health conditions. These conditions are what we call the 'six subclinical defects'.
All Diseases are Caused by Six Subclinical Defects
These six subclinical defects are responsible for driving all chronic diseases. In fact,
chronic disease can only occur in the presence of one or more of the six subclinical defects. These subclinical
defects act as a precursor for disease and ultimately lay the foundation for disease and subsequent symptoms.
Modern medicine defines a subclinical defect as "a disease which is not severe
enough to present definite or readily observable symptoms."We, however, disagree with this definition. There
are readily observable symptoms that indicate the presence of subclinical defects, and they are also evident in blood
What are the Six Subclinical Defects?
These six subclinical defects are:
- Free Calcium Excess
- Chronic Inflammation
- Acid Stress
- Anaerobic Metabolism
- Oxidative Stress
- Connective Tissue Breakdown
The best way to understand the six subclinical defects is to first understand what constitutes optimum
We define optimum health as the perfect balance of body chemistry. The body’s chemistry can be considered balanced
when the following is true:
- Free calcium balance (where the body has control over the ratio between bound and unbound calcium)
No chronic inflammation (where the body has control over necessary acute inflammation and is able to heal as
- pH balance (where the body has control over the balance between alkaline and acidic)
- Sufficient oxygen supply to the cells (where the body is able to transport oxygen and produce energy)
- Antioxidant balance (where antioxidants are sufficient and can control free radicals/damaging molecules)
- A constant ability to repair and build new tissues (where the body can heal)
These six things are the pillars of health. Each of them is fundamentally important in enabling the body to
function properly. Where the above is true, it indicates the body is functioning properly,
and someone is in good health. If the above is untrue, it indicates the body is not functioning properly, and
someone is in poor health.
Disease Begets Disease - How the Subclinical Defects are Linked
The issue with the six subclinical defects is that each defect drives another defect. It's like a domino effect. For instance, when
someone suffers from chronic inflammation, they'll likely have PH imbalance too…
Blood Chemistry: How We Use Blood Chemistry and CBC Analysis
Imbalances in blood chemistry set the stage for the six subclinical defects. It is these major health defects that cause nearly all
disease. This is why we focus on analysing blood chemistry - because it shows the precursors for disease...
The Six Subclinical Defects Explained
Free Calcium Balance (Health)
In optimal health, 55% of serum calcium (in a blood sample) is bound to protein
(albumin) or alkaline buffers (phosphates). The remaining 45% is left unbound in a free
(ionised) state for muscles to contract. When calcium is bound to protein or alkaline buffers, it is pushed into bones and teeth,
which is ideal for health.
Free Calcium Excess (Defect)
When the amount of free (ionised) calcium increases beyond 45%, the blood contains
excess calcium. This excess calcium is deposited into joints, organs and arteries (instead of bones and teeth).
When calcium is deposited into joints and arteries, it causes a host of health problems and is often represented
as gallstones, kidney stones, bone spurs, plaque formation on teeth and plaque in the arteries.
Acute Inflammation (Health)
There are two types of inflammation; acute and chronic. Acute
inflammation is a process that occurs as a response to injury or infection. The purpose of acute inflammation is to rid the body of harmful
bacteria or damaged cells to protect itself and initiate the healing process. Importantly, acute inflammation is a
temporary response (and is not long-lasting).
Chronic Inflammation (Defect)
Chronic inflammation is a prolonged state of inflammation where the body's immune
system remains activated even in the absence of ongoing injury or infection to fight off. The continuous
presence of inflammatory chemicals and immune cells leads to a harmful cycle in which the immune
system attacks healthy cells and tissues
- perpetuating further inflammation and catalysing various health problems.
The body functions best when there is balance between alkalinity and acidity.
The acid/alkaline balance is measured in pH, where a high pH indicates alkalinity and a low pH indicates acidity. The body favours
alkalinity over acidity.
When pH levels drop, the body becomes more acidic than
alkaline. This imbalance between acidity and alkalinity is known as acid stress, and causes disruption
to normal bodily processes and leads to various health problems. Acid stress is linked to 80% of all diseases.
There are two types of metabolism; aerobic and anaerobic. Aerobic metabolism relies on oxygen to break down nutrients
- producing more energy in the form of ATP (the body's preferred energy source). It also helps to remove waste products,
leading to better overall cell health and metabolic function. This is why it is the body's favoured metabolism.
Adequate albumin, phosphate, haemoglobin, red blood cells and ferritin levels are key to maintaining aerobic metabolism.
The body will switch to an anaerobic metabolism when there is insufficient oxygen
available for aerobic metabolism. It produces energy quickly but less efficiently - breaking down nutrients without using oxygen and generating
as a byproduct. When the body continually tends towards an anaerobic metabolism in everyday life, it depletes energy and damages
- ultimately leading to various health problems. An anaerobic metabolism nurtures all cancer, bacteria, fungi, parasites and viruses.
In optimal health, the body will have sufficient antioxidant capacity. The role of antioxidants is to combat
'reactive oxygen species' (also known as 'free radicals'). Antioxidants do this by donating an electron to the
free radicals, which prevents them from damaging other cells.
When the body does not have sufficient antioxidant capacity, and the number of free radicals outweighs
the number of antioxidants,
the body cannot neutralise free radicals. This leads to uncontrolled oxidation that destroys cell components and
destabilises healthy cell function, laying the groundwork for disease, infection, toxicity and disability from
Tissue Synthesis (Health)
Connective tissues are found throughout the body and support the organs, connect different body parts and aid in healing.
In optimal health, the body can produce new connective tissue and repair/regenerate damaged connective tissue. This process is known as
connective tissue synthesis.
Tissue Breakdown (Defect)
Connective tissue breakdown occurs when the body cannot repair or build new tissue and often manifests in musculoskeletal
such as osteoporosis and arthritis.
What Causes the Six Subclinical Defects?
Subclinical defects are caused by imbalances in body chemistry. Imbalances in body chemistry are caused by poor nutrition
and lifestyle choices - some of which are as follows:
- Lack of nutrient-rich foods in the diet leading to nutritional deficiencies
- Improperly formulated diet (specifically one low in iron and protein)
- Toxin exposure (mercury amalgam fillings, for example)
- Lack of physical exercise/activity
- Lack of sleep
- High alcohol consumption
- High sugar consumption
Holistic Health: What is a Holistic Approach to Health?
Holistic health is a framework for diagnosing and treating that views the body as a whole. It is about treating the root
cause of illness - not simply suppressing the symptoms of disease with drugs and medications...
Modern Healthcare is a Broken System
Under the modern healthcare system, medical professionals rarely ask ‘why’ are symptoms occurring. This approach can never
correct the underlying causes, and because of this, it often leaves people in a state of perpetually poor health...
These Subclinical Defects are Detectable in Blood Chemistry Analysis
Thus, all six subclinical defects are detectable and measurable via blood chemistry analysis.
This is an important observation as it means that the precursors for disease are detectable via a blood test. In
other words, disease is more preventable when following this approach.
This is why we look at health through the lens of the six subclinical defects and blood chemistry - as it gives us
the best chance of helping our clients achieve their health goals.
Click here to learn
more about blood chemistry analysis and our tailored health programs.


Since 1949, the Chinese government has been responsible for planning and managing the national economy. But it was only in 1978 when Deng Xiaoping introduced capitalist market principles that the Chinese economy began to show massive growth, averaging 10 percent GDP growth over the last 30 years. During that period the size of the Chinese economy has also grown by roughly 48 times, from
Molybdenum is a chemical element with symbol Mo and atomic number 42. The name is from Neo Latin molybdaenum, from Ancient Greek molybdos, meaning lead, since its ores were confused with lead ores. Molybdenum minerals have been known throughout history, but the element was discovered (in the sense of differentiating it as a new entity from the mineral salts of other metals) in
Iron processing The metal Most blast furnaces are linked to a basic oxygen steel plant, for which the hot metal typically contains 4 to 4.5 percent carbon, 0.6 to 0.8 percent silicon, 0.03 percent sulfur, 0.7 to 0.8 percent manganese, and 0.15 percent phosphorus. Tapping temperatures are in the range 1,400 to 1,500 C (2,550 to 2,700 F); to save energy, the hot metal is transferred
Where does ybdenuM CoMe froM? Molybdenum, often called moly, is an element.Molybdenum and sulfur combine to make the mineral Molybdenite. Molybdenite is found in igneous rock, which is formed deep under the crust of the Earth
Australia is the largest producer of bauxite, followed by China. In 2017, China was the top producer of aluminium with almost half of the world's production, followed by Russia, Canada, and India. Although aluminium demand is rapidly increasing, known reserves of its bauxite ore are sufficient to meet the worldwide demands for aluminium for many centuries.
Definition The term ore is defined in the current study to describe a concentration of non metallic, e.g., feldspar, or metallic minerals, e.g. spodumene, in pegmatitic rocks irrespective of its structure and position in the deposit which was or is currently mined for a profit.
High quality ores (of 60 percent iron), however, have been exhausted or have become expensive to mine. The Kursk Magnetic Anomaly, located in southwestern Russia, has iron rich quartzites.
Heat Treating and Cryogenic Processing of Knife Blade Steels Improving the Service Properties of High Alloy Blade Steels Welcome to the very best page on heat treating and cryogenic processing of knife blade steels you will find on the internet
Rhodochrosite is a manganese mineral related to the ubiquitous mineral calcium carbonate, or, calcite (common limestone is made up primarily of calcite).The calcite group of minerals includes pure calcite, dolomite, magnesite, siderite, and smithsonite, and several others. They are all carbonates with metal ions of calcium, magnesium, iron, or zinc.
Titanium is known as a transition metal on the periodic table of elements denoted by the symbol Ti. It is a lightweight, silver gray material with an atomic number of 22 and an atomic weight of 47.90.


Pineapple (Ananas Comosus) Skin and Dusol (Kaempferia Galanga Linn.) Rhizome as Antibacterial Organic Soap
2751 Words12 Pages
Pineapple (Ananas comosus) skin and Dusol (Kaempferia galanga Linn.) Rhizome
As Antibacterial Organic Soap
A Science Investigatory Project
Romi Necq S. Abuel
Bansud National High School
Regional Science High School for Region IV -MIMAROPA
Pag-asa, Bansud, Oriental Mindoro
Many soaps in the market offer different kinds of benefits such as whitening the skin, treating various skin problems and removing bacteria from skin. But some may still produce bad results and some can be too expensive to purchase. But there are other options that can be made to have healthy skin. Pineapple is an abundant tropical fruit commonly found in humid and hot regions. Citric and malic acids are found in good…show more content… It also doesn’t contain carcinogens, toxins and bad bacteria that may risk health. Second, it has huge amounts of nutrients that is easily absorbed by the skin for a more effective and efficient usage of the product.
The said product is biodegradable, organic and it doesn’t harm the environment even if it is burnt or disposed. It contains almost no amount of harmful chemical substances that can disrupt the ecological balance or worsen the condition of the global warming.
Researchers in the near future may use the study in emphasizing the use of the pineapple or dusol extract as a main ingredient in the manufacture of soap or other products in relation to the study.
Scope and Limitations of the Study
This study is limited to the production of the experimental pineapple/dusol soap and the experimentation processes that followed. The experimentation was conducted from June to August 2012.
Definition of Terms
Psoriasis a skin disease usually marked by red scaly patches.
Rashes an outbreak in the surface of the skin which that is often reddish and itchy.
Acne a disease of the oil-secreting glands of the skin that often affects adolescents, producing eruptions on the face, neck, and shoulders that can leave pitted scars.
Ringworm a fungal disease of the skin, scalp or nails in which intensely itchy ring-shaped patches develop. Infection is transmitted to humans from pets or


MANGIFERA INDICA LEAVES EXTRACT MODULATES SERUM LEPTIN, ASYMMETRIC DIMETHYLARGININE AND ENDOTHELIN-1 LEVELS IN EXPERIMENTAL..Nora Afifi
AbstractDiabetes is a chronic disease that is relatively common throughout the world. The present study was carried out in an attempt to investigate the possible antidiabetic activity of Mangifera indica (mango) leaves extract in streptozotocin (STZ)–diabetic rats. In addition, the effect of extract on diabetes complications as cardio, vascular and endothelial dysfunction was also studied. 30 male adult albino rats were divided to three groups (10 rats each) and were studied as following scheme for 42 days, group (1) normal control, group (2) diabetic control rats were given distilled water daily by gastric incubation, and group (3) diabetic rats were treated orally with Mangifera indica leaves aqueous extract. Blood samples were collected at 21st and 42nd day for different biochemical parameters estimations. The Mangifera indica extract administration to diabetic rats significantly decreased the level of blood glucose, leptin, asymmetric dimethylarginine and endothelin–1 as well as lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase and aspartate aminotransferase activities. The levels of insulin, C–peptide and nitric oxide were significantly increased. Further, the extract showed significant antihyperlipidemic activity. These findings demonstrated that Mangifera indica leaves extract possess antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic properties thus suggesting its beneficial effect in the treatment of diabetes mellitus associated with hyperlipidemia and related cardiovascular complications.
|Keywords||diabetes, Mangifera indica, asymmetric dimethylarginine and endothelin–1||Issue Date||2012||Journal||Egyptian Journal of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology||URI||http://research.asu.edu.eg/handle/123456789/155812|
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With years of experience with companies and projects around the world, Aesteiron Steels brings world-class expertise to materials acquisition. There are no asmt for the CR grades.
Historical Version s – view previous versions of standard.
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Siddhagiri Metals and Tubes Rating: Chemical and product analyses satm conform to the chemical composition prescribed. Siddhagiri Metals and Tubes is a global distributor of nickel alloy pipe fittings in different sizes. It is informational only and not an official part of the standard; the full text of the standard itself must be referred astmm for its use and application. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other.
Referenced Documents purchase separately Bb366 documents listed below are referenced within the subject standard but are not provided as part of the standard. Hydrostatic testing of wrought fittings is not required by this specification.
The finished fittings are tested for quality and they are marked and coated with rust preventive oil before being bundled and dispatched. Hastelloy C ASTM B Butt weld Fittings packing will be according to international standard in bundles strapped by strips asmt into containers to avoid any b636. Monel exhibits characteristics like high strength, toughness, good weldability and good corrosion resistance. We pride ourselves on being at the forefront of innovation in both product lines and after sales services.
The billets are heated in a furnace at a temperature of degree celsius to degree celsius. Our gamut of products conform various standards such as the varied grades of stainless steel butt weld fittings that we supply are. ASTM B Pipe Fitting is used to connect straight pipe sections, adapt to different sizes or shapes and for other purposes, such as regulating or measuring fluid flow.
ASTM B – 00 Standard Specification for Factory-Made Wrought Nickel and Nickel Alloy Fittings
Then the seamless fitting is formed by drawing a solid billet over a piercer to create the hollow shell mother blanks.
When desired, ast, or more of these may be specified in the order. Hastelloy C is a tungsten added nickel-molybdenum-chromium super alloy designed to offer excellent corrosion resistance in wide range of severe environments. Looking for some more information? Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. Offer on Fasteners Sitemap. With years of experience with companies and projects around the world, Aesteiron Steels brings world-class expertise to materials acquisition.
Our company is constantly executing regular as well as customised order for pipe fittings for sectors like oil and gas, engineering, etc.
Link to Active This link will always route to the current Active version of the standard. This abstract is a brief summary of the referenced standard.
American iron and steel institute AISI use three numbers to clarify different types of steel which are, and series. ASTM B covers nickel alloy pipe fittings.
ASTM B366 Pipe Fittings Suppliers Manufacturer
Class designations are also utilized to indicate the nondestructive test method and extent of nondestructive examination NDE. The fittings are then straightened and cleaned if necessary and before being cut to the exact size required.
This is why we will constantly upgrade our products and services to meet market expectations and demands. Depending on the finished sizes required, asgm fittings are subjected to single, double or triple drawing.
Forging or shaping operations may be performed by hammering, pressing, piercing, extruding, upsetting, rolling, bending, or fusion welding, or by a combination of two or more of these operations. We adapt to your request.
The material for wrought welding fittings may consist of forgings, rods, bars, plates, sheets, and seamless or welded pipe that conform to all the specified requirements. Seamless pipe fittings are manufactured through hot rolled round awtm billet of steel alloy. The fittings are then surface treated pickled, phosphate coated and lubricated to facilitate the next process of qstm.
Ready Inventory at Aesteiron: We pride ourselves on being at the forefront of innovation in both product lines and after sales services. Ready Inventory at Aesteiron: Monel, Hastelloy and Nickel Alloy used for pressure vessels and chemical industry. This is why we will constantly upgrade our products and services to meet market expectations and demands. These hollows are crimped at one end in hot condition and then, they are air cooled.
ASTM does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents of this abstract are accurate, complete or up to date.
ASTM B Inconel Incoloy Monel Hastelloy Pipe Fittings Supplier
These supplementary requirements call for additional tests. The chromium in Hastelloy C conveys resistance to oxidizing media while high molybdenum and nickel content makes the nickel alloy specially resistant to pitting and crevice corrosion in reducing environments. Grades of nickel and nickel alloys included in this specification are designated with a prefix, WP or CR, based on dimensional and rating standards. American iron and steel institute AISI use three numbers to clarify different ast of steel which are, and series.
This specification covers wrought welding fittings, including threaded sstm, for pressure piping, factory-made from nickel and nickel alloys. These duplex astj pipe fittings are widely appreciated by our global clients owing to their features of zero-defects and superior performance. Work Item s – proposed revisions of this standard.
A solid solution alloy Monel that can only hardened by cold working. The term welding applies to butt-welding or socket-welding parts such as elbows, bends, caps, tees, reducers, lap-joint, and stub ends.
Specific requirements are covered elsewhere.


Stress Make You Fat!
Cortisol is a hormone produced by the adrenal glands and undergoes variation in different stages of the day (circadian rhythm), peaking at 9 am, lowering its values from 1 to 4 pm, and even lower at 11 pm. However, several factors such as age, stress , and other things may alter the cycle of cortisol. As a result of the imbalance of cortisol levels throughout the day, low cortisol levels may occur in the morning ( 9:00 a.m. ) and values beyond the normal between 1 pm and 4 pm. High levels of cortisol in the blood stream may increase oxidative stress (increased free radicals) and inflammation. Low levels can also result in a decreased conversion of glycogen to glucose and the result is an increase in body fat and muscle wasting. What to do then? The word is modulation! As usual, a focused and individualized diet is a good ally. As a nutrition science student and after having long and productive discussions with my work partner and friend Dr. Luciano Bruno , I have been doing my modulation in cortisol levels throughout the day. Besides various other things that I post here, I’m sharing a little of what I’ve been doing with you. Besides my supplements and complements properly calculated, I included the following foods to my meals: green or ginger tea for breakfast to provide L- teamina ; oilseeds at the am snack to provide Beta – sitosterol, green juice in the afternoon to provide phosphatidylserine, phytochemicals, magnesium, vitamin C, manganese, among others; hibiscus tea (I love tea) before bed to provide more phenolic compounds. Do not forget about the anti inflammatory foods! I have included the following supps – chromium picolinate, vitamin c (2g a day) and L-glutamine, which are proven to effectively help modulating cortisol levels.


A complete offer of highly engineered products conceived and designed to address the needs of the most demanding and technologically advanced applications in each relevant field.
We offer a simple and flexible product range to address most of problems related to “basic” and “advanced” agriculture. We spend a great deal of attention to innovation focusing on efficient crop nutrition, improved agricultural yields, and the quality and traceability of our products.
Thanks to almost two centuries of experience in the boron business we have been able to focus on high quality products and derivatives for the most evolved applications. We are continuing to invest in research and development programs to unlock boron’s full potential.
BORIC ACID NS
BORIC ACID EC
BORIC ACID EC S
BORIC ACID EP
BORIC ACID EP POWDER
BORIC ACID FG
BORIC ACID FG POWDER
SODIUM TETRABORATE DECAHYDRATE NS
SODIUM TETRABORATE DECAHYDRATE EP
SODIUM TETRABORATE DECAHYDRATE EP POWDER
POTASSIUM TETRABORATE TETRAHYDRATE
POTASSIUM TETRABORATE TETRAHYDRATE POWDER
POTASSIUM PENTABORATE TETRAHYDRATE
AMMONIUM PENTABORATE HP
AMMONIUM PENTABORATE F
SODIUM OCTOBORATE TETRAHYDRATE
BORIC ACID POWDER
SODIUM TETRABORATE PENTAHYDRATE
SODIUM TETRABORATE DECAHYDRATE
SODIUM TETRABORATE DECAHYDRATE POWDER
Our constant research for excellence in the chemical industry led us to develop high performance, innovative flame retardants and smoke suppressants. A unique offer of non-toxic zinc-based solutions addressing the challenges of environmental protection.
High quality products find their best expression in our offer of chelating agents. We are constantly adopting process innovations to safely and reliably address the needs of pharmaceutical and food industries, among others.


Between 2002 and 2004, ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center (APCC) staff members consulted on 158 cases of moth repellent ingestion. In most instances, the exposure was oral, but dermal and inhalation exposures were also reported. Naphthalene was the active ingredient in 83% of the cases, and paradichlorobenzene was the active ingredient in 17%.
Last summer, an epizootic of paraquat poisoning caused the deaths of at least seven dogs in Portland, Ore. This epizootic is evidence that this type of poisoning remains a current problem in companion-animal practice in North America.
Cleveland -The American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals' (ASPCA) Animal Poison Control Center rebuts rumors that Swiffer WetJet is toxic to pets that come in contact with recently cleaned floors.


Mutagenicity is one of the numerous adverse properties of a compound that hampers its potential to become a marketable drug. Toxic properties can often be related to chemical structure, more specifically, to particular substructures, which are generally identified as toxicophores. A number of toxicophores have already been identified in the literature. This study aims at increasing the current degree of reliability and accuracy of mutagenicity predictions by identifying novel toxicophores from the application of new criteria for toxicophore rule derivation and validation to a considerably sized mutagenicity dataset. For this purpose, a dataset of 4337 molecular structures with corresponding Ames test data (2401 mutagens and 1936 nonmutagens) was constructed. An initial substructure-search of this dataset showed that most mutagens were detected by applying only eight general toxicophores. From these eight, more specific toxicophores were derived and approved by employing chemical and mechanistic knowledge in combination with statistical criteria. A final set of 29 toxicophores containing new substructures was assembled that could classify the mutagenicity of the investigated dataset with a total classification error of 18%. Furthermore, mutagenicity predictions of an independent validation set of 535 compounds were performed with an error percentage of 15%. Since these error percentages approach the average interlaboratory reproducibility error of Ames tests, which is 15%, it was concluded that these toxicophores can be applied to risk assessment processes and can guide the design of chemical libraries for hit and lead optimization.


Information about Hepatoglobine Mikros Liquid
Hepatoglobine-Mikros syrup contains Peptonised Iron (equivalent elemental iron),Folic Acid and Vitamin B12
Peptonised Iron (equivalent elemental iron) is source of Iron, Iron transports oxygen throughout the body and maintains red blood cells, thus making an individual feel energetic and preventing anemia. Folic acid is essential to numerous bodily functions ranging from nucleotide biosynthesis to the remethylation of homocysteine. It is especially important during periods of rapid cell division and growth. Both children and adults require folic acid to produce healthy red blood cells and prevent anemia.
Vitamin B12 is of particular importance during pregnancy. Vitamin B12 promotes the initiation and maturation of blood cells supporting the pregnancy.
Iron deficiency Anaemia due to various causes like Nutritional Deficiency
Pica (eating disorder)
Lack of concentration
Hepatoglobine-Mikros syrup can be taken orally with water, after meals.
Use under medical supervision.
One of the following vendor pharmacies will deliver Hepatoglobine Mikros Liquid: PTI, DLP, HIP, HGI, DPL, DHR, OLT, MOM, JMJ, OIP, JIV, IAD, SVH, INC, ENP, NWP, SAF, MAX, HRV, RJH, GTK, OHM, RHW, AAR, AYU, 9T9, PVP, DPP, NDP, WLC, CLT, DYG, SJP, BDN,...+more


Neutralize acids and bases with our clear-cut, lab cleaning chemicals, which tell you exactly what’s going on.
Our lab cleaning chemicals showcase one of several colors, as necessary, to ensure you know exactly what you’re cleaning up.
When in contact with a base, our Amphomag lab cleaning chemicals turn blue. If in contact with an acid, the powder turns red instead. And safely neutralized chemical spills turn green/yellow.
Even sulfuric acid can be rendered harmless and neutralized materials can usually be landfilled with our laboratory cleaning products.
Compared to other lab cleaning chemicals, Amphomag can’t be beat. It’s a quick, easy to use, one-stop shop for hazardous spills as other absorbent can’t neutralize hydrochloric acid while Amphomag most certainly can!
- Powder turns red when it comes in contact with acid
- Amphomag® turns blue on contact with a base
- Safely neutralized chemical spills turn green/yellow
Amphomag® efficiently handles all your spill control needs due to its unique ability to neutralize acids and bases. Amphomag® contains an innovative multi-range pH indicator that further simplifies spill response. When applied to the spill, Amphomagâs® color turns to red for acids and blue for bases. As Amphomag® neutralizes the spill, the color gradually changes to yellow or green. Free liquids in the released materials can easily be controlled and the neutralized material can typically be landfilled. For instance, sulfuric acid is safely rendered to harmless Epson Salt after neutralization.
Some common spill clean up instructions:
How to Clean-Up a Formaldehyde Spill
Formaldehyde is a common chemical used in a variety of products. It can cause respiratory irritation if inhaled, such as coughing, wheezing, and chest pains, and can affect people with asthma, allergies, or other breathing issues more acutely. If formaldehyde comes in contact with the skin, it can cause irritations like dermatitis or even burns. People with frequent exposure to formaldehyde, like some lab techs, become more sensitive to these negative effects.
If you encounter a formaldehyde spill, first check to see if any has gotten onto you or anyone else around you. Thoroughly wash any formaldehyde off skin with soapy water. Then proceed to clean up the spill using the following directions.
Step 1: Supplies
- Plastic Dustpan
Step 2: Clean Up
- Ventilate the area by opening any windows and doors or using a fan.
- Put on protective clothing and gear if available before getting near to the spill.
- Pour an ample amount of Amphomag® onto the formaldehyde.
Continue to slowly add Amphomag® until it completely absorbs the spill, reducing the harmful vapors and smell in the area.
Step 3: Disposal
The formaldehyde spill is now ready to be disposed of in accordance to your local and state regulations. Use a broom and plastic dust pan to sweep up the Amphomag® and dispose.
How to Clean Up a Hydrochloric Acid Spill
Use extreme care in handling this extremely corrosive, poisonous acid, which can cause severe damage to all body tissues. If a small amount of the acid is spilled, it should immediately be contained and neutralized to prevent harm to anyone or damage to whatever it was spilled on.
When using hydrochloric acid, always wear protective clothing and gear, such as eye goggles and gloves.
澳洲幸运8走势软件Amphomag® is ideal to have in your safety and spill response supplies to neutralize small amounts of chemical spills like hydrochloric acid.
- Use quickly and safely to treat spills
- No dangerous side effects
- No dangerous gas, heating, or splashing
Compared to other spill clean-up products, Amphomag® is a one-stop hazardous spill neutralizer. Some spill absorbents, such as OIL-DRI, cannot absorb hydrochloric acid. Amphomag® can, with its unique pH indicator to identify and neutralize most hazardous spills.
Most chemical spill response steps for laboratories need at least 5 steps in their instructions for use before you can apply a neutralizing agent. Even then, you have to find the right neutralizing agent.
Contain and neutralize any spill quicker with Amphomag® â it is the right product for chemical spills.
Step 2: Clean Up
Follow these 3 easy steps to cleaning up a hydrochloric acid spill using Amphomag®.
- Pour Amphomag® slowly and directly onto the hydrochloric acid spill to contain and neutralize.
- The Amphomag® will initially turn reddish/pink to indicate that it is an acid and when fully neutralized will turn to a yellow/green color.
- If there is any hydrochloric acid remaining anywhere, repeat step 2 until all hydrochloric acid is gone.
Step 3: Disposal
The contained and neutralized spill is now ready to be disposed of as a non-hazardous material. Use a broom and plastic dust pan to sweep up the Amphomag®.


A simple method of evaluating p-aminophenol in the urine of people exposed simultaneously to aniline and toluene relies on separating p-aminophenol from hippuric acid and other physiological components of the urine by thin layer chromatography. The adsorbents and developing system have been thus fixed to make possible the separation of p-aminophenol from hippuric acid, urea, and creatinine and their quantitative determination. This method also makes possible the determination of p-aminophenol in urine in the presence of hippuric acid. Hippuric acid is a physiological component of urine and also the metabolite of toluene, so the determination of p-aminophenol is possible also after simultaneous exposure to both compounds: aniline and toluene. At the same time the concentrations of urea and creatinine as additional factors may be determined. The limit of detection of the method is: 5 micrograms/ml for p-aminophenol, 9 micrograms/ml for hippuric acid, 8 micrograms/ml for urea, and 6 micrograms/ml for creatinine.
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Submitted to: Bioresource Technology
Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal
Publication Acceptance Date: 1/14/2010
Publication Date: 2/11/2010
Citation: Taylor, F., Marquez, M., Johnston, D., Goldberg, N.M., Hicks, K.B. 2010. Continuous High-solids corn liquefaction and fermentation with stripping of ethanol. Bioresource Technology. 101:4403-4408.
Interpretive Summary: To improve the security of liquid fuel supplies, while creating jobs and businesses in rural areas, the government has mandated the use of renewable fuels in gasoline. Currently, the lowest-cost renewable fuel is ethanol produced from corn in fermentors, where yeast cells consume the glucose sugar that comes from the starch in the corn. However, ethanol produced this way may be too expensive to compete directly with straight gasoline. To reduce the cost of producing ethanol, continuous fermentation and stripping were proposed. In stripping, the volatile component of a liquid mixture evaporates into a gas. In continuous fermentation and stripping, ethanol is continuously removed from the fermentor, thereby greatly increasing the fermentation rate. Previously, it was shown how the conventional fermentation process can be modified to save approximately $0.03 per gallon on the production of fuel ethanol. These savings are primarily due to the increased concentration of corn in the mixture entering the fermentor, as compared with current industrial practice. Now the same process has been demonstrated at even greater levels of corn solids. Application of this technology will benefit ethanol producers, corn growers, and transportation fuel consumers.
Technical Abstract: Removal of ethanol from the fermentor during fermentation can increase productivity and reduce the costs for dewatering the product and coproduct. One approach is to recycle the fermentor contents through a stripping column, where a non-condensable gas removes ethanol to a condenser. Previous research showed that this approach is feasible. Savings of $0.03 per gallon were predicted at 34% corn dry solids. Greater savings were predicted at higher concentration. Now the feasibility has been demonstrated at over 40% corn dry solids, using a continuous corn liquefaction system. A pilot plant, continuously fed corn meal at more than one bushel (25 kg) per day was operated for 60 consecutive days, continuously converting 95% of starch and producing 88% of the maximum theoretical yield of ethanol. A computer simulation was used to analyze the results. The fermentation and stripping systems were not significantly affected when the CO2 stripping gas was partially replaced by nitrogen or air. It was concluded that previous estimates of potential cost savings are still valid.


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Modern laboratories, whether they're dedicated to research, medical testing, or industrial applications, often deal with a wide range of chemicals. Some of these chemicals can be volatile, toxic, and odorous. Proper storage is not only crucial for laboratory safety but also vital for environmental p Read More
In the realm of scientific exploration, the laboratory is a hallowed ground, a place where innovations are born, and mysteries are unraveled. But like any environment where potent materials are at play, it comes with its own set of risks. Among these risks, the handling and storage of volatile chemi Read More
Introduction: In industries that deal with flammable and volatile chemicals, proper storage and management of these substances are crucial to ensure safety and mitigate potential risks. Filtered storage cabinets (FSCs) have emerged as a reliable solution for storing and handling such chemicals. Read More
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It is common practice to store toxic volatile chemicals in a laboratory fume hood. While this provides safe storage, the fume hood must be operated continuously, resulting in a constant loss of conditioned air in the building. Typically, bottles containing highly toxic chemicals are small in number. Read More
At the heart of ductless fume hood, workstation or enclosure is a gas phase filtration system constructed with prefilters and main carbon and/or HEPA filters. Prefilters are installed at the inlets of every filtration system to remove gross material from the air stream and prevent main filter clogging. Read More
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24·7 Copper Sheep is designed for situations where soil and forage copper levels are low or where known copper antagonists such as molybdenum, iron and sulphur are high.
24·7 Copper Sheep capsules are designed to maintain normal copper levels over the whole grazing season (approximately 6 months).
Do not use this product in breeds susceptible to copper toxicity or in sheep that may be housed for prolonged periods and fed concentrates. If in doubt, consult your veterinary surgeon or nutritionist.
Optimise growth rates
Optimise fleece condition
Easy to administer
Active life 180 days
MEAT AND MILK WITHHOLDING PERIOD – NIL
Many experiments and trials have been conducted which demonstrate the efficacy of copper oxide rods in providing consistent, available copper supplementation. Other trials have shown live weight gain responses to this type of copper supplementation.
Adult Sheep over 40 kg liveweight – One 4 g capsule.
Always use the recommended Agrimin sheep applicator B.
24·7 Copper Sheep is packed in tubs of 250 capsules.


In the ever-evolving landscape of renewable energy sources, hydrogen has emerged as a pivotal player with immense potential. The demand for reliable components to harness and manipulate hydrogen has surged as industries worldwide transition towards cleaner energy alternatives.
This article provides a comprehensive overview of essential products such as valves, needles, spare parts, needle valves for hydrogen and other crucial components tailored for hydrogen applications, contributing to the advancement of a sustainable future.
Valves: Controlling the Flow of Hydrogen
Valves are fundamental components in hydrogen-related systems, serving the critical purpose of regulating the flow of this volatile gas.
Precision-engineered hydrogen valves are designed to withstand the unique properties of the gas, which include low viscosity and high diffusivity.
These valves ensure safe and efficient flow control, preventing leaks and facilitating smooth operations, whether for refuelling stations, industrial processes, or fuel cells.
Needles: Precision in Hydrogen Injection
Hydrogen injection is a crucial process in various applications, from fuel cells to laboratory experiments. Needles play an indispensable role in this context, ensuring precise and controlled delivery of the gas.
These needles are crafted with materials compatible with the gas to prevent contamination and ensure accurate dosing, making them a key player in maintaining the efficiency of hydrogen-based systems.
Spare Parts: Sustaining Operations
The reliability of hydrogen-based systems heavily relies on the availability of spare parts that can swiftly replace worn-out components. Spare parts encompass a wide range of components, including seals, gaskets, connectors and fittings.
These parts are meticulously designed to handle the unique characteristics of hydrogen, such as its propensity to cause embrittlement in certain materials. Ready access to compatible spare parts is essential to prevent downtime and maintain uninterrupted operations.
Pressure Regulators: Ensuring Safe Hydrogen-Handling
Pressure regulators are indispensable components for hydrogen storage, distribution and utilization. They play a crucial role in maintaining the optimal pressure required for various applications.
Given the flammable nature of the gas, pressure regulation is critical to ensure safe handling and storage, making these regulators integral to the infrastructure supporting hydrogen technologies.
Piping and Tubing: Seamless Transport of Hydrogen
The materials used in piping and tubing for hydrogen applications are meticulously chosen to prevent gas leakage, contamination and embrittlement.
High-strength materials such as stainless steel or specific alloys are employed to ensure safe and efficient transportation. The precise engineering of these components prevents hydrogen embrittlement, a phenomenon where the gas can permeate and weaken certain materials over time.
Safety Devices: Mitigating Risks
Hydrogen, being a highly flammable gas, necessitates robust safety measures. Safety devices such as pressure relief valves, flame arrestors and leak detectors are critical components that safeguard against potential hazards.
These devices provide an additional layer of protection, ensuring these systems operate within safe parameters and minimizing the risks of handling this volatile gas.
The adoption of hydrogen as a renewable energy source is steadily gaining momentum, reshaping industries and driving innovation. For this transition to be successful, the availability of reliable and hydrogen-compatible components is paramount.
From valves and needles to spare parts, pressure regulators and safety devices, each component plays a unique role in enabling the safe and efficient utilization of the gas.
As research and development continue to advance the capabilities of these components, the future of hydrogen-based technologies looks brighter than ever, heralding a cleaner and more sustainable energy landscape.
To understand hydrogen even better, read our article about why hydrogen is the fuel of the future.


When we hear this word we are probably reminded of car and industry emissions, petrol leakages or toxic waste in rivers. These terms are wide and may refer to many substances that are a threat to our health or the environment. A variety of classifications apply to pollutants; they may refer to toxicity, concentration or even source and fate in the environment.
Recently there has been a growing interest in “contaminants of emerging concern” or “emerging contaminants“. In this wide group we include substances we still don’t know much about or substances which are not monitored in the environment. This usually happens because said substance has been recently synthesized or maybe there were no analytic tools in the past that allowed their detection in really low concentrations.
Don’t you think we are talking about substances unknown to the general public!
Examples of emerging contaminants are:
- Pharmaceuticals (antibiotics, analgesics, anti-inflammatories, psychiatric drugs…)
- Personal care products (UV protection products, fragrances…)
- Tensioactives (detergents, emulsifiers…)
- Nitrosamines (present in cosmetics, tobacco, and elastic products as condoms and balloons)
- Flame retardants (used to prevent combustion or spread of flames)
- Fuel additives, plastifiers…
These pollutants are found persistently in our wastewater and the problematic lies in the inability of typical wastewater treatment plants to handle their removal. While we await for the European regulation (currently ongoing preparation), many countries have drafted their own criteria and researchers have been working in new solutions.
What are microbes to do with this issue?
Good question. There are chemo-physical treatment systems (tertiary treatments) able to eliminate most of the emerging contaminants from water at elevated energy costs. However, the use of biological systems promises an efficient and sustainable alternative to be applied in treatment plants. In this occasion we will briefly see some systems and in future publications we will dig deeper in what makes them work.
Microalgae in the treatment of urban wastewater have been studied for a while as alternative to activated sludges that are part of conventional treatments. Aside from consuming organic matter and inorganic pollutants, some microalgae can be used to degrade emerging pollutants such as hormones present in contraceptive pills (present in wastewater after human excretion).
Fungi in the treatment of hospital wastewater are being studied nowadays, after proving useful in the treatment of urgan wastewater. Hospital wastewater has higher concentration of pollutants and fungi are able to degrade some of them through their enzymes and specialized metabolism. As a curiosity, white rot fungi found growing on decaying wood are the best candidates for this job!
Bacteria are found everywhere generally in higher amounts than microalgae and fungi. Their diverse metabolisms are most useful when used in combination with microalgae and fungi. As wastewater is a great source of diverse bacteria, sometimes researchers just need to stimulate the growth of specific families in the bioreactors. In other cases, specific strains can be employed to degrade compounds of interest.
Pollutants can be either 1) degraded or just 2) removed from the system of interest.
- The first option is the optimal. Unfortunately, finding species able to degrade each pollutant is not always possible. Bacteria, fungi and algae can degrade pollutants through detoxifying mechanisms but sometimes they can use them as food to obtain energy and carbon!
- Through mechanisms as adsorption and absorption (that capture substances at the outer or inner part of the cell) we can extract pollutants from water. Microalgae have been widely studied in this aspect but it is always required to establish a good residue management protocol, as the growing biomass will contain increasing amounts of pollutant.
Love and hate, two sides of the same coin.
We have hinted in many posts that microorganisms cannot be simply classified as “good” or “bad”. Again, we have another example; certain microbe that was correlated to antibiotic removal in a bioreactor was also causing oportunistic infections in the hospital! [ref 1, pag 101-103]


A Complete Solution for Soil Gas Analysis
Jul 11 2018 Read 963 Times
The sampling and analysis of soil gas using automated thermal desorption (ATD) coupled with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) poses several unique challenges when compared to indoor or ambient air monitoring. PerkinElmer®, Inc. have designed and patented a new sorbent tube that successfully accommodates the challenges of soil gas sampling and analysis using EPA Method TO-17, while out performing regulatory criteria for detection limits, accuracy and analyte range.
- Extend the analyte range
- Ensure the most volatile compounds are retained during sampling
- Recovery of all semi-volatiles
- Enable “quick clean up” of the tubes
- Enhance water management
- Increase sampling volumes to improve upon regulatory limits, if needed
After samples were collected in the sorbent tubes, the tubes are loaded onto the automated thermal desorption (ATD) autosampler. A leak check is then performed on both the sample tube and the concentrator trap to ensure sample integrity. The concentrator trap employs a Peltier cooler instead of liquid cryogen to achieve the trap’s lower temperature. The low dead volume trap contains hydrophobic sorbents; therefore, the analytes are focused on the trap in such a way that breakthrough of this suite of analytes does not occur.
After the contents of the tube are desorbed onto the concentrator trap, the trap is heated rapidly, and the compounds from the trap are introduced into the GC analytical column in a narrow band.
For highly concentrated samples, two splitters may be employed: an inlet split between the sample tube and the concentrator trap, and an outlet split between the concentrator trap and the analytical column, enabling split ratios of several orders of magnitude. A surrogate can be automatically spiked onto all tubes prior to sampling incorporating additional validation of samples.
The instruments used in this study were the PerkinElmer TurboMatrix™ Thermal Desorber 650 (ATD), Clarus® 680 Gas Chromatograph (GC) and the Clarus SQ 8 Mass Spectrometer (MS).
A high temperature volatile column was used, enabling extension of the hydrocarbon range past naphthalene while still focusing the most volatile compounds. 86 target compounds and diesel were investigated.
The standards were diluted with purge and trap grade methanol to attain the required concentration for the following experiments: Breakthrough, Recovery, Water Management, Precision, Dynamic Range, and Detection Limits.
As demonstrated in Table 1*, the data collected shows that precision, linearity and reporting limits are all excellent for all classes of compounds and out performs all regulatory requirements and easily meets Method TO-17 performance criteria. The reporting limits are calculated using a 1 litre sample volume. The dynamic range achieved was four orders of magnitude across the target component list. The results from an automated internal standard precision study are presented in Table 2*. (Please see images*)
For further information please click here.
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SOUTHFIELD, Mich., Jan. 4, 2012 /PRNewswire/ -- As the world's top automakers are unveiling their latest models next week at the North American International Auto Show in Detroit, the world's leading chemical company – BASF – will showcase the increasing role of chemical products in helping to deliver improved vehicle performance and comfort.
BASF works closely with car designers, engineers, collision repair centers and OEM manufacturers to apply its innovative product ideas in developing lighter, safer, colorful and more energy-efficient cars with unparalleled motoring comfort.
In full alignment with the company's "We create chemistry" strategy, BASF is continuing to focus on sustainable development, the future of mobility and energy efficiency to help play a role in conserving resources and improving quality of life.
BASF's 4,500 square-foot exhibit in room D2-15, which will be open to journalists and invited automaker and supplier guests Jan.9-12, will demonstrate the latest automotive technologies from BASF.
"The North American International Auto Show provides BASF with a great opportunity to showcase our innovations that will help automakers differentiate their vehicles and at the same time make the vehicles more sustainable and energy-efficient," said Beate Ehle, President, Market and Business Development, BASF North America.
Key technology and innovative product highlights at BASF's suite will include:
- The world's first full plastic wheel concept that shows high potential for mass production, made from BASF's impact-resistant specialty polyamide Ultramid® Structure. The wheel is more than 30 percent lighter than a standard production aluminum wheel and significantly contributes to vehicle weight reduction.
- The official North American launch of the Ultramid® ENDURE line of plastics, which is a highly heat-resistant family of products that are suitable for replacing metal in automotive engines, helping to reduce weight and cost.
- The company's material-and-weight-saving thermoplastic seat back frame, developed in conjunction with Faurecia, which integrates the seat frame and back panel into one structure that enables the reduction of foam and simplifies the trimming process.
- BASF's ULTRASIM™, a CAE tool that helps automotive customers create virtual product prototypes and optimized (multi-material) designs that result in finished mass-produced components with marked weight and cost improvements.
- The company's HED™ cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries (LIB), which can offer higher energy density, safety and efficiency and help meet the evolving requirements of batteries in automotive drivetrains. In addition, BASF offers tailor-made electrolytes to the LIB industry.
- A comprehensive toolkit of innovative catalyst technologies to enable automotive OEMs to cost-effectively meet ever tightening emission regulations, such as LEV III, and help provide clean air for all.
- BASF's automotive coatings portfolio, which includes OEM coatings and automotive refinish coatings to the collision repair / refinish industries. BASF's modern paint processes combined with its special effect pigments and technologies, result in a full-breadth of color solutions and development capabilities.
- A collection of BASF Polyurethane Solutions – which can be found in countless automotive applications and components – ranging from lightweight components for the car body, instrument panels, foam seating, center consoles, headrests and load floors, to soft touch Elastoskin® on the door panel skins, Cellasto® Microcellular Elastomer to improve NVH, and Elastollan® Thermoplastic Polyurethanes in door handles.
About BASF Automotive Solutions
BASF is the world's largest chemical supplier to the automotive industry. BASF automotive solutions are used across virtually all vehicle systems to improve performance, reduce fuel consumption, improve safety or decrease emissions. As a development partner with deep technical expertise, BASF also helps auto makers and suppliers to drive innovation, production efficiency and sustainability. In 2010 BASF's sales to the global automotive industry were an estimated euro 7.9 billion. Visit www.automotive.basf.com for more information on BASF automotive solutions.
BASF – The Chemical Company
BASF Corporation, headquartered in Florham Park, New Jersey, is the North American affiliate of BASF SE, Ludwigshafen, Germany. BASF has approximately 16,400 employees in North America, and had sales of $17.7 billion in 2010. For more information about BASF's North American operations, visit www.basf.us.
BASF is the world's leading chemical company: The Chemical Company. Its portfolio ranges from chemicals, plastics, performance products, and agricultural products to oil and gas. As a reliable partner, BASF creates chemistry to help its customers in virtually all industries to be more successful. With its high-value products and intelligent solutions, BASF plays an important role in finding answers to global challenges, such as climate protection, energy efficiency, nutrition and mobility. BASF posted sales of more than euro 63.9 billion in 2010 and had approximately 109,000 employees as of the end of the year. Further information on BASF is available on the Internet at www.basf.com or in the Social Media Newsroom at newsroom.basf.com.
® Registered trademark of BASF, The Chemical Company


The dna extraction microbiology kit is your kit you will extract dna from bananas and strawberries to see which one has more dna using the scientific method. What is the purpose of ethanol in dna extraction a: out so it can be separated and extracted using a dna extraction method dna extraction. Strawberry dna extraction is a fun experiment that you can perform using everyday materials the purpose of this experiment is to develop the interest. Do-it-yourself dna this is called a dna extraction, using dna from strawberries will help you have a successful dna preparation so you can purify a lot of. Total rna extraction protocol of the modified rneasy method (b) total rna extraction strawberries: amplified using pure dna.
The american biology teacher 77(1) the students can analyze a dna fingerprint using gel electrophoresis, dna extraction strawberries plastic knife. A full suite of products for all your dna extraction needs isolation method: organic extraction: silica the dna was quantified using picogreen and. It is a simple and quick method that is easy to perform using frozen strawberries scientific concepts content list in strawberry dna extraction is as follows. Diy dna in this activity, using a fork, mash the kiwi fruit into a paste how does the dna extraction work – the science bit.
Dna extraction dna extraction the method has gone on to this is done by selecting and cutting out a gene at a specific point on a strand of dna using. Steps in isolating dna using strawberry fruit why use the fruit strawberry to isolate dna strawberries has many dna extraction method have. A collection of dna extraction protocols for research, provided by invitrogen. Simple salting – out method for genomic dna extraction from whole in 4c° and subjected to dna extraction using to extract dna from blood by this method.
Extracting dna from a strawberry no how dna can be isolated from a strawberry using under-ripe and ripe strawberries the volume of dna extraction. Dna strawberry extraction lab report this lesson uses the scientific method to extract dna from food use the dna extraction from strawberries lab key for the. Strawberries (fresh or frozen) a teaspoons of the dna extraction liquid into the bag with the strawberries tilt theu and pick up the dna using a plastic coffee. Artificial life viewing activity teacher notes (dna) from the parent artificial life viewing activity teacher notes (cont. Does this procedure for extracting dna from strawberries the first article is a standard dna extraction buccal cells) using a similar method.
Login using your icpalms this lesson uses the scientific method to extract dna from food sources, other than strawberries, to support that dna is common to almost. Dna isolation from strawberries • 10 ml dna extraction buffer apart using 2 toothpicks or dissecting pins. Dna extraction from strawberries how it works with illustrations for students scientific method lab minutes strawberry dna extraction lab. Dna extraction - strawberry strawberries are octoploid, which means they have eight sets of extract dna from a strawberry using household products.
Extracting dna from cells it is possible to extract dna from cells in a variety of ways one of the simplest methods is using peas, soya beans, cress or. Strawberry dna extraction kit scientific concepts extract dna from strawberries and examine some simple and quick method easy to perform using. Materials and method for extraction dna using the carolina biologicals dna barcoding kit one typo in this videocan you find it #mbol #mainebarcodeoflife.


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- Apply to the spa while circulating on the lowest setting
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||Physicochemical Characteristics of Mixed Surfactant-Stabilized l-Ascorbic Acid Nanoemulsions during Storage.
||Tahir Mehmood, Anwaar Ahmed, Zulfiqar Ahmad, Muhammad Sameem Javed, Hafiz Rizwan Sharif, Faiz-ul-Hassan Shah, Muhammad Imran, Mohamed A. Abdelgawad, and Shamas Murtaza. (2022). Langmuir. 38 (31) 9500-9506 (IF=4.331) DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c00650
||Influence of diverse natural biopolymers on the physicochemical characteristics of borage seed oil-peppermint oil loaded W/O/W nanoemulsions entrapped with lycopene.
||Abdur Rehman, Tong Qunyi, Sameh A. Korma, Wen Han, Aiman Karim, Hafiz Rizwan Sharif, Ahmad Ali, Sanabil Yaqoob, Salah A. Khalifa and Ilaria Cacciotti. (2021). Nanotechnology. 32 (2021) 505302 (IF= 3.953).
||Biopolymer based nanoemulsion delivery system: An effective approach to boost the antioxidant potential of essential oil in food products.
||Abdur Rehman, Tong Qunyi, Hafiz Rizwan Sharif, Sameh A. Korma, Aiman Karim, Muhammad Faisal Manzoor, Arshad Mehmood, Muhammad Waheed Iqbal, Husnain Raza, Ahmad Ali and Tariq Mehmood. (2021). Carbohydrate polymer technologies and applications. 2 (2021) 100082.
||Influence of selected hydrocolloids on the rheological, functional, and textural properties of wheat-pumpkin flour bread.
||Waqas Ashraf, Aamir Shehzad, Hafiz Rizwan Sharif, Rana Muhammad Aadil, Moazzam Rafiq Khan and Lianfu Zhang. (2020). Journal of food processing and preservation. 44 (10) e14777. (IF= 2.609).
||Effect of germination under mineral stress on the content of isoflavones and functional properties of chickpeas (Cicer Arietinum).
||Husnain Raza, Hafiz Rizwan Sharif, Farah Zaaboul, Muhammad Shoaib, Waleed Aboshora1, Barkat Ali and Lianfu Zhang. (2020). Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Science, 57 (2) 597-604 (IF= 0.856).
||Preparation of chitosan films by neutralization for improving their preparation effects on chilled meat.
||Wei Chang, Fei Liu, Hafiz Rizwan Sharif, Zhengnon Huang, H. Douglas Goff, Fang Zhong. (2019). Food Hydrocolloids, 90, 50-61. (IF= 11.504). DOI :
||Effects of ball-milling on physicochemical, thermal and functional properties of extruded chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) powder.
||Husnain Raza, Kashif Ameer, Farah Zaaboul, Hafiz Rizwan Sharif, Barkat Ali, Muhammad Shoaib,Wasim Akhtar and Lianfu Zhang. (2019). CyTa – Journal of Food, 17 (1) 563–573. (IF= 2.478).
||Current progress in the utilization of native and modified legume proteins as emulsifiers and encapsulants – A review.
||Hafiz Rizwan Sharif, Peter A. Williams, Mian Kamran Sharif, Shabbar Abbas, Hamid Majeed, Kingslay G. Masamba, Waseem Safdar and Fang Zhong. (2018). Food Hydrocolloids, 76, 2-16. (IF= 11.504).
||Formulation, characterization and antimicrobial properties of black cumin essential oil nanoemulsions stabilized by OSA starch.
||Hafiz Rizwan Sharif, Shabar Abbas, Hamid Majeed, Waseem Safdar, Muhammad Shamoon, Muhammad Aslam Khan, Muhammad Shoaib, Husnain Raza, Junaid Haider. (2017). Journal of Food Science and Technology, 54(10), 3358–3365. (IF= 3.117).
||Physicochemical properties of β-carotene and eugenol co-encapsulated flax seed oil powders using OSA starches as wall material.
||Hafiz Rizwan Sharif, H. Douglas Goff, Hamid Majeed, Muhammad Shamoon, Fei Liu, John Nsor-Atindana, Junaid Haider, Rong Liang, Fang Zhong. (2017). Food Hydrocolloids, 73, 274–283. (IF= 11.504).
||Influence of OSA-starch on the physico chemical characteristics of flax seed oil-eugenol nanoemulsions.
||Hafiz Rizwan Sharif, Peter A. Williams, Mian Kamran Sharif, Muhammad Aslam Khan, Hamid Majeed, Waseem Safdar, Muhammad Shamoon, Muhammad Shoaib, Junaid Haider and Fang Zhong. (2017). Food Hydrocolloids, 66, 365–377. (IF= 11.504).
||Physicochemical stability of β-carotene and α-tocopherol enriched nanoemulsions: Influence of carrier oil, emulsifier and antioxidant.
||Hafiz Rizwan Sharif, Douglas H. Goff, Hamid Majeed, Fei Liu, John Nsor-Atindana, Juanid Haider, Rong Liang and Fang Zhong. (2017). Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 529, 550–559. (IF= 5.518).
||Preparation, characterization and rheological properties of vitamin E enriched nanoemulsion.
||Hafiz Rizwan Sharif, Mian Kamran Sharif and Fang Zhong. (2017). Pakistan Journal of Food Sciences, 27(1): 7–14.
||Growth kinetics, fatty acid composition and metabolic activity changes of Crypthecodinium cohnii under different nitrogen source and concentration.
||Waseem Safdar, Muhammad Shamoon, Xinyi Zan, Junaid Haider, Hafiz Rizwan Sharif, Muhammad Shoaib and Yuanda Song. (2017). AMB Express, 7(85):1-15. (IF= 4.126).
||Characterization of film-forming solutions and films incorporating free and nanoencapsulated tea polyphenol prepared by gelatins with different Bloom values.
||Maoshen Chen, Fei Liu, Bor-Sen Chiou, Hafiz Rizwan Sharif, Jian Xu, Fang Zhong. (2017). Food Hydrocolloids, 72:381-388. (IF= 11.504).
||Functionality and nutritional aspects of microcrystalline cellulose in food.
||John Nsor-Atindana, Maoshen Chen, H. Douglas Goff, Fang Zhong, Hafiz Rizwan Sharif, Yue Li. (2017). Carbohydrate Polymers, 172:159-174. (IF= 10.723).
||Effects of twenty standard amino acids on biochemical constituents, docosahexaenoic acid production and metabolic activity changes of Crypthecodinium cohnii.
||Waseem Safdar, Xinyi Zan, Muhammad Shamoon, Hafiz Rizwan Sharif, Omar Mukama, Xin Tang, Yuanda Song. (2017). Bioresource Technology, 238: 738-743. (IF=11.889).
||Development of high dietary fiber leavened pan bread from microwave stabilized fullfat and defatted rice bran supplemented flours.
||Mian Kamran Sharif, Masood Sadiq Butt and Hafiz Rizwan Sharif. (2017). Pakistan Journal of Food Sciences, 27(2), 1-12.
||In Vitro and in Vivo Evaluation of Antidiabetic Activity of Leaf Essential Oil of Pulicaria inuloides-Asteraceae.
||Nabil Qaid M. Al- Hajj, Methaq algabr, Hafiz Rizwan Sharif, Waleed Aboshora, Hongxin Wang. (2016). Journal of Food and Nutrition Research, 4(7): 461-470.
||Mechanical and Water Barrier Properties of Zein–Corn Starch Composite Films as Affected by Gallic Acid Treatment.
||Kingsley George Masamba, Yue Li, Hafiz Rizwan Sharif, Jianguo Ma and Fang Zhong. (2016). International Journal of Food Engineering, 12(8): 773-781. (IF=1.832).
||Comparative analysis of nine different small heat shock protein gene promoters in Oryza sativa L. subsp. indica.
||Waseem Safdar, Haroon Ahmed, Nazish Bostan, Nadia Batool Zahra, Hafiz Rizwan Sharif, Junaid Haider, Shabbar Abbas. (2016). Plant Systematics and Evolution, 302(9): 1195-1206. (IF= 1.644).
||Inulin: Properties, health benefits and food applications.
||Muhammad Shoaib, Aamir Shehzad, Mukama Omar, Allah Rakha, Husnain Raza, Hafiz Rizwan Sharif, Azam Shakeel, Anum Ansari and Sobia Niazi. (2016). Carbohydrate Polymers, 147: 444–454. (IF= 10.723).
||An update on hypoallergenicity of peanut and soybean: where are we now?
||Muhammad Shamoon, Muhammad Wasim Sajid, Waseem Safdar, Junaid Haider, Mukama Omar, Alfarga Ammar, Hafiz Rizwan Sharif, Saud Khalid and Muhammad Atif Randhawa. (2016). RSC Advances, 6: 79185–79195. (IF= 4.036).
||Bactericidal action mechanism of negatively charged food grade clove oil nanoemulsions
||Hamid Majeed, Fei Liu, Joseph Hategekimana, Hafiz Rizwan Sharif, Jing Qi, Barkat Ali, Yuan-Yuan Bian, Jianguo Ma, Wallace Yokoyama and Fang Zhong. (2016).. Food Chemistry, 197: 75–83. (IF= 9.231).
||In fluence of carrier oil type, particle size on in vitro lipid digestion and eugenol release in emulsion and nanoemulsions.
||Hamid Majeed, John Antoniou, Joseph Hategekimana, Hafiz Rizwan Sharif, Junaid Haider, Fei Liu, Barkat Ali, Liang Rong, Jianguo Ma and Fang Zhong. (2016). Food Hydrocolloids, 52: 415-422. (IF= 11.504).
||Determination of trans fat in traditional Pakistani breakfast and snack foods.
||Faiz ul Hassan Shah, Gulam Rasool, Mian Kamran Sharif, Imaran Pasha, Shahzad Ahmad and Hafiz Rizwan Sharif. (2016). International Food Research Journal, 23(2): 849-853.
||Krill oil quantification in cs/tpp nanoparticles using novel one step fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.
||JunaidHaider, Hamid Majeed, Hafiz Rizwan Sharif, Muhammad Shamoon, Haroon Jamshaid Qazi, Ali Haider, JianguoMa and Fang Zhong. (2016). American Journal of Engineering Research, 5(3): 157-164.
||Fabrication of polymeric nanocapsules from curcumin-loaded nanoemulsion templates by self-assembly.
||Shabbar Abbas, Eric Karangwa, Mohanad Bashari, Khizar Hayat, Xiao Hong, Hafiz Rizwan Sharif and Xiaoming Zhang. (2015). Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 23: 81–92. (IF=9.336).
||Preparation, Characterization of Eugenol loaded nanoemulsions and their Rheological characteristics.
||Hamid Majeed, Hafiz Rizwan Sharif, Junaid Haider, Barkat Ali and Zhong Fang. (2015). European Academic Research, 3(1): 870-879.
||Identification and Purification of Antioxidant Peptides from Lentils (Lens Culinaris) Hydrolysates.
||Muhammad Jamirul Ashad Zehadi, Kingsley Masamba, Yue Li, Maoshen Chen, Xuemei Chen, Hafiz Rizwan Sharif and Fang Zhong. (2015). Journal of Plant Sciences, 3(3): 123-132.
||Effect of soaking and microwave pretreatments on nutritional profile and cooking quality of different lentil cultivars.
||Hafiz Rizwan Sharif, Fang Zhong, Faqir Muhammad Anjum, Muhammad Issa Khan, Mian Kamran Sharif, Muhammad Aslam Khan, Junaid Haider and Faiz-ul-Hassan Shah. (2014). Pakistan Journal of Food Sciences, 24(4): 186-194.
||Extraction and Applications of Grapefruit (Citrus paradise) Peel Oil Against E. coli.
||Kashaf Imran, Muhammad Saeed, Muhammad Atif Randhawa, Hafiz Rizwan Sharif. (2013). Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 12(6): 534-537.


Carbon dating the dent site
Even then, a large proportion of radiocarbon dating tests return inconsistent, or even incoherent, results, even for tests done on the same sample.The explanation given for these outliers is usually “contamination.” Inconsistent results are another reason why multiple samples, multiples tests, and various parallel methods are used to date objects.Carbon dating is reliable within certain parameters but certainly not infallible.When testing an object using radiocarbon dating, several factors have to be considered: First, carbon dating only works on matter that was once alive, and it only determines the approximate date of death for that sample.The other major factor affecting the results of carbon dating is gauging the original proportion of carbon-14 itself.Carbon dating is based on the loss of carbon-14, so, even if the present amount in a specimen can be detected accurately, we must still know how much carbon-14 the organism started with.Second, radiocarbon dating becomes more difficult, and less accurate, as the sample gets older.The bodies of living things generally have concentrations of the isotope carbon-14, also known as radiocarbon, identical to concentrations in the atmosphere.
That’s not unusual in science, so far as it goes, but the relationship between assumptions and interpretations must be kept in mind. At worst, it can make carbon dating circular and self-confirming, though there are other means of dating that can reduce this risk.Tiny variations within a particular sample become significant enough to skew results to the point of absurdity.Carbon dating therefore relies on enrichment and enhancement techniques to make smaller quantities easier to detect, but such enhancement can also skew the test results. As a result, carbon dating is only plausible for objects less than about 40,000 years old.Question: "Is carbon dating a reliable method for determining the age of things?" Answer: Carbon dating, or radiocarbon dating, like any other laboratory testing technique, can be extremely reliable, so long as all of the variables involved are controlled and understood.
As samples get older, errors are magnified, and assumptions can render carbon dating all but useless.


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Original Press Release:
CounterZorb(TM) Ultra Absorbent Mats
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The present study was carried out in this line. In general, male and female sex identified smell of urine of both, but statistically insignificant.
Pee doesn't usually have a strong smell. But some foods -- especially asparagus, which has a smelly sulfur compound -- can change the odor. So can vitamin B-6 supplements.
Some foods and medications, such as asparagus or certain vitamins, can cause a noticeable urine odor, even in low concentrations. Sometimes, unusual urine odor indicates a medical condition or disease, such as: Cystitis (bladder inflammation) Dehydration.
We have shown that female sexual attraction to spend time near male urine scent is an inherent response to a single male-specific protein pheromone, darcin, detected through physical contact.
Urine may smell like ammonia when it becomes concentrated with waste products. A variety of conditions can cause waste products to build up in urine, such as bladder stones, dehydration, and urinary tract infections. In most cases, urine that smells like ammonia can be treated with fluids or antibiotic medications.
Why does my urine smell like fish? Patients affected by trimethylaminuria will often have fishy-smelling urine. Trimethylaminuria is a genetic disorder in which affected individuals have an enzymatic deficiency that makes them unable to metabolize TMA.
Sweet-smelling urine may be a sign of uncontrolled diabetes or a rare disease of metabolism. Liver disease and certain metabolic disorders may cause musty-smelling urine. Some conditions that can cause changes in urine odor include: Bladder fistula.
A full bladder can actually push some arousing and sensitive areas like clitoris and its branches. Most importantly, the G- spot is around the entrance of the bladder which contributes to the increased sexual experience if your bladder is full.
During sexual arousal, muscles at the base of the bladder contract in order to close off the passageway from the bladder into the urethra, the tube through which urine and semen leave the body. This makes it impossible for urine to be released during ejaculation.
In 5 of 9 studies, 24-h urine volume was almost similar in men and women (within ± 5%), and in the others, it was 10–14% lower in men. To our knowledge, only one prior study reported urine volume and osmolality in men and women separately (21).
Foul-Smelling Urine: Dehydration
Dr. Kaaki says the number one reason for bad-smelling urine is dehydration. “You always have a certain amount of ammonia in your urine. When you have more water, the ammonia is diluted, and it smells less intense.
It's usually caused either by a UTI or an imbalance of “good” and “bad” bacteria naturally found within the body. When caused by bacteria, the bacteria will affect the urine as it sits in or passes through the bladder. This can lead to strong, sulfur-smelling urine.
Urine concentration: It's normal for urine to have a stronger odor first thing in the morning. After a night's sleep, urine is more concentrated and odorous as well as brighter yellow in color. Dehydration also increases urine concentration, causing stronger smelling urine.
Make a solution of baking soda, peroxide and any dish detergent. The combination of the three is often powerful enough to drive away strong urine smells. The solutions is eight fluid ounces of peroxide, three tablespoons of baking soda, and a few drops of dish detergent.
Definition. Urine usually has a distinct odor, but under normal circumstances, the odor is relatively mild and not too noticeable. Certain conditions, however, may cause your urine to have an unusual or unpleasant odor, which may raise concerns about a problem or abnormality.
Your urine contains some of the chemical compounds found in food you've recently consumed. These compounds will carry some of the food's scent into your urine. With that in mind, it's unsurprising that eating fish can cause your urine to have a fishy smell.
Mistake #4: Pushing
You shouldn't have to use your muscles to force urine out. A healthy bladder works best if the body just relaxes so that the bladder muscles naturally contract to let the urine flow, rather than using the abdominal muscles to bear down as with a bowel movement.
So yes, it is perfectly fine to sit, if for no other reason than one is less likely to cause a mess.
Sex therapist, Janet Brito, PhD, further explained this sensation by pointing out that the urethra is “an erogenous zone” and a full bladder against a sensitive structure can cause a pleasurable sensation.
If your breath smells like acetone -- the same fruity scent as nail polish remover -- it may be a sign of high levels of ketones (acids your liver makes) in your blood. It's a problem mainly of type 1 diabetes but also can happen with type 2 if you get a serious condition called diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA).
If you have diabetes, you may notice your pee smells sweet or fruity. This is because the body is trying to get rid of the excess blood sugar and is disposing of glucose through your urine. For people who haven't been diagnosed with diabetes, this symptom can be one of the first signs they have the disease.
Pee that smells like ammonia
If you detect a hint of ammonia in your urine, it could be a sign of a urinary tract infection (UTI). The odor suggests that bacteria may be swimming around in your urinary system, most likely in your urethra, kidneys or bladder.
In most cases, a healthy person's urine should not have a strong smell. Drinking alcohol or caffeinated drinks such as coffee or tea can also lead to "concentrated or smelly urine", said Dr Khatri.
Coffee is another food that could change the odor of your pee. Coffee metabolites, or the byproducts that come from coffee when it's broken down in your body, can make urine smell, Dr. Dutta said.


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