Diarrhoea Disease: A Dangerous Childhood Disease
Obeagu Getrude Uzoma1 & Obeagu Emmanuel Ifeanyi2,3*
1Department of Nursing Science, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Nigeria
2Medical Laboratory Science, University Health Services, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Nigeria
3Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Imo State University, Owerri, Nigeria
Dr. Obeagu Emmanuel Ifeanyi, Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Imo State University, Owerri and University Health Services, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Nigeria.
Keywords: Diarrhoea Disease; Dangerous Childhood Disease; Childhood Diarrhea Management
This seminar work dealt with diarrhea disease; a dangerous childhood disease. Diarrhea is the passing of watery stools more than three times a day with the highest incidence occurring during the weaning period. The objectives of the study were discussed which include types of diarrhea like acute watery diarrhea, chronic diarrhea and dysentery. Others are discussion of childhood diarrhea management, identification of health problems associated with diarrhea disease and ways of preventing diarrhea in children. It was recommended that maintaining proper personal hygiene and environmental sanitation especially during weaning period is of paramount important in the control of diarrhea diseases. Also, oral dehydration therapy which is aimed at replacement of the lost fluid and electrolyte is one of the most effective measures in management of diarrhea disease with its associated health problem like dehydration in children.
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. (CC BY 4.0).


Regardless of gender or education level, Americans become considerably less literate about all things money after age 60, according to a new study.
The scores on a test measuring knowledge of investments, insurance, credit and money basics fell about 2% each year starting after age 60, falling from about 59% correct for those in their 60s to a dismal 30% for those 80 and older, according to Michael Finke, an associate professor at Texas Tech University and a co-author of the study.
Here's what's worse: Our confidence in our financial decision-making abilities rises with age. We are not older and wiser. Rather, we are older, less smart and overconfident.
This notion of confidence rising while financial literacy is falling spells trouble for that group of Americans that now represents more than 12% of the population and controls half of all the financial wealth in America, according to Mr. Finke, who is also head of Texas Tech University's Ph.D. in financial-planning program.
In their study, Mr. Finke and his co-authors created a test of the money, insurance, investment and credit knowledge Americans need to make basic financial decisions.
They found that Americans, regardless of age, are on average financially illiterate. In his study, Mr. Finke used 16 questions related to financial literacy.
"These are things that you need to know to navigate financial markets," Mr. Finke says. "A lot of people are not able to effectively do that, even when they are at full capacity."
Mr. Finke and his team noticed that financial literacy peaks in the late 40s, and that there was a statistically strong and consistent decline in financial literacy among older respondents.
It's not news that cognitive performance improves from youth to middle age, at which point it peaks before beginning a steady decline, and that middle-age adults may be at a decision-making sweet spot. That's what a group of researchers including David Laibson, a Harvard University professor, discovered in their research published in 2009.
Mr. Laibson and his team found that older Americans are inclined to make more mistakes with credit than middle-aged Americans. Older Americans didn't use credit-card balance-transfer offers correctly and they paid higher interest rates on loans than middle-age Americans, according to Mr. Laibson's study.
The difference between Mr. Laibson's study and Mr. Finke's? "Our study is able to say that the decline in cognition is attributable to a decline in financial literacy," Mr. Finke says. "People's ability to make relatively straightforward, objective, age-neutral type decisions declines with age."
For middle-aged and older Americans, the to-do list just got longer. "One of the great dangers is that when you reach retirement age, your ability to make financial decisions is pretty strong," says Mr. Finke. "You are near your peak of financial decision-making, and it can be often difficult to acknowledge that after this age, your ability to make decisions is going to decline."
First, acknowledge that your ability to make financial decisions will decline after age 60. Don't think this won't happen to you; it will.
Of course, you won't know that it's happening when it does. In fact, you're likely to develop a false sense of security about your ability to make financial decisions given that your confidence—if you're like most older Americans—will rise over time.
"To me, that's the biggest danger," Mr. Finke says. "That as you age, as you get into [your] 70s and 80s, you don't sense that your ability to make these decisions is declining."
Second, set up a retirement-income plan where you don't have to make complex decisions as you age. Consider delegating those decisions to an expert whom you trust.
Third, consider annuitizing your income, preferably in a straightforward annuity-type product or a mix of annuity and investment products. Consider also passive investments that automatically rebalance.
Bottom line: Don't delegate your financial decision-making to the 85-year-old version of yourself, who may not be as capable as the 65-year-old version.
—Robert Powell is editor of Retirement Weekly.


One of the great medical mysteries is the source of phantom-limb syndrome. Doctors have been puzzled for centuries by patients who, after losing an arm or a leg, continue to feel sensation--and even excruciating pain--in the lost limb. For some time, neuroscientists have suspected that the pain was a side effect of the brain's attempts to reorganize itself following a major disruption in sensory input. But researchers at Vanderbilt University in Nashville report the surprising discovery that this reorganization is causing significant growth of new brain cells in amputees.
Their finding, reported in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, builds on the discovery in the past year that adult mammals can grow new brain cells, an activity that scientists once thought ceased after childhood. If this neuronal growth can be harnessed, cures may be possible not only for phantom-limb pain but for severed spinal cords.
The Vanderbilt researchers based their studies on monkeys that had had an arm amputated. Knowing that the nerves of each body part connect to a specific region in the brain, the researchers injected tracer elements into the animals' chins. When they examined the brains, they found the tracer in brain regions connected to the hand and arm as well as to the face. There was clear evidence, they say, that neurons from the face area of the brain had grown extensive new connections to the hand area. This, they say, may explain why people who lose an arm often report that when they are touched on the face it feels as if the sensation comes from the missing limb.


::: nBlog :::
Following the invention of the transistor and subsequently the integrated circuit during the 60s, we’ve seen an explosion of algorithms embedded to the more and more mundane things around us. You have your thermostats, rollerblades, car engine control modules and so on – all executing algorithms ranging from a simple LCD display scheme of a coffee machine to a medical blood analyzer checking thousands of markers and providing diagnostics in seconds.
These algorithms and programs are usually designed once, put into mass produced chips and then embedded into things with only minor tweaks. This is driven by economics, as the mass produced chips became so cheap that most manufacturers just took the standard set of algorithms and programming to their product.
The downside of this Fire-and-Forget proliferation is that these algorithms are mostly disconnected and thus will not evolve after being taken into use. Longer life cycle products such as solar panel controllers or heatpumps are even more problematic, as the programming and algorithms may have been developed tens of years ago with an obsolete language and hardware, while the people familiar with the actual science behind algorithms are long retired. What I’ve seen happening many times is that a new version of e.g. pump control logic is inferior to the old one, and considerable amount of time is used to re-invent the solutions the manufacturer once mastered.
In order to get back to sustainable innovation we must re-think where these algorithms live and how their entire lifecycle and real-time performance data is utilized in continuous development. It is not enough to just model physical things digitally (“Digital Twin” as promoted e.g. by CAD/CAM industry) – instead, we must ensure that our algorithms and data are seen as the most valuable assets and make them available to the future generations of scientists and engineers. In other words, no thing is too insignificant to have a spime.


Have you heard of the Coco de Mer? It's also known as the coconut of the sea, and it's said to look like a lady's bottom. Apparently, it starts out so heavy and dense that the Coco de Mer sinks to the bottom of the ocean if it falls in. Eventually, as it begins to decay, it sheds its outer skin and floats to the surface thanks to the gases that form inside. And that's how the nut was discovered.
Sailors discovered the nuts and told stories of nuts that “fell upwards.” That is, they claimed the nuts grew on trees at the bottom of the ocean, and when they broke loose, they rose to the surface rather than falling to the ocean floor. Then the real trees were discovered. When they found that male trees had phallic appendages, they began talking about tree sex in the dead of night.
The ripe fruit of the tree is used as an aphrodisiac. There's also talk of it being the fruit of the Tree of Knowledge. And did we mention it is known, endearingly, as the Love Nut?
Why all this nut and knowledge talk? After their 10-day honeymoon to Seychelles, the foreign minister presented William and Kate with a Coco de Mer just before they flew home. It seems the Royal Couple was in need of a rotten female rump. Or something.


view a plan
“A Taste of Canadian Confederation” teaches a little Canadian history
Title – A Taste of Canadian Confederation (American Adaptable)
By – Lisa Allen
Primary Subject – Social Studies
Secondary Subjects – Social Studies
Grade Level – 8
Confederation Grade 8
A Taste of Canadian History
Note from LessonPlansPage.com: This lesson plan uses handouts that are not included. You may be able to create your own version of the handouts, do without them, or contact the author at the email address at the bottom of this lesson plan to request a copy.
– Handout: Outline of Provinces and Territories
– Handout: Map of Canada (Labeled- including Nunavut)
– History Text book to research information on Confederation dates and events
– Cake mix for each group
– Smarties candy
– pen or pencil
– Handout: A Taste of Canadian History with Rubric
Confederation: A Taste of History
– Students will demonstrate an understanding of the factors that contributed to Canada’s Confederation.
– Students will demonstrate an understanding of growth and development of Canada.
– Students will demonstrate knowledge of the Canadian Pacific Railway.
– Students will demonstrate an understanding of factors that led to development of the Canadian West.
– Describe the issues, results and personalities of the Red River Rebellion of 1870 and the NW Rebellion of 1885.
– Describe the significance of the CPR.
– Demonstrate an understanding of the effect that the discovery of Gold and new wheat strains had on the economy of the early Canadian West.
– Use appropriate vocabulary.
– Students first must complete the handout on Canada and its provinces. Students cut out and paste each province in their correct spot and then research and write down the year that province confederated and the events surrounding its Confederation.
– Students form groups of 4 and decide who will be the baker.
– The baker is provided with a cake mix which will be brought in made, no icing, next class.
– Students get into their groups and receive the instruction sheet with rubric attached to the back. Bonus question: Outline the CPR on your cake and, on paper, write out its significance including the year it began and the year it was completed. Include a discussion on those who played a key role in its creation.
– Students are ONLY allowed to use their handout from the day before (cut outs of provinces).
– Students begin by first icing their cake. Using licorice, they outline the map of Canada including the provincial and territorial boundaries.
– Smarties are used for their legend. Count out enough for each province and territory (Eg. 4 blue for Ont, Que, NS, NB; 2 red for Manitoba and NW Territories) then add a handful more to trick the students! (Represent year of Confederation).
– Using paper, students write the name of the province or territory and stick it onto the cake.
– On a long sheet of paper, students write out the important events that existed at the time of each provinces/territories Confederation to Canada.
– Once assessed, students eat their cake! (This is MESSY).
E-Mail Lisa Allen !


The black salsify or Spanish salsify, also known as black
oyster plant, serpent root, and viper's grass, is a perennial
member of the sunflower family (Asteraceae), cultivated as
a root vegetable.
has heads of yellow ray flowers. The thin black taproot grows up to one meter
long and up to 2 cm in diameter. It has a black skin with white internal substance.
black salsify is native to Southern Europe and the
As is indicated by its binomial name, it is generally
thought to have spread to the rest of Europe from Spain.The name of the genus Scorzonera
probably derives from the Old French word scorzon,
meaning snake. The Celtic and Germanic peoples are believed
to have eaten the black salsify, which was considered efficaceous against the
bubonic plague and snake bites
until the 16th century. The plant was
being cultivated as a vegetable in Italy and France by 1660, however, and soon after, the
growing vast fields of it.
salsify is considered nutritious: it contains proteins, fats, the glycosides asparagine,
choline und laevulin,
as well as minerals such as potassium, calcium, phosphorus, iron, sodium, and vitamins A, B1, E and C. Since
it also contains the glycoside inulin, which consists of fructose, it is
particularly suitable for diabetics.
thick black skin of the salsify root is inedible and must be removed either prior
to or after boiling. If the skin is removed
prior to boiling, the peeled root should be immediately immersed in water mixed
with vinegar and flour, in order to prevent discolouring. Since the root sap is
extremely sticky, it is often more convenient to peel it after boiling the root
for 20 to 25 minutes.
salsify is often eaten together with other vegetables, such as peas and carrots. But it is also popular
in a white sauce,
such as bechamel sauce or mustard
sauce. Boiled salsify roots may also be coated with batter and deep fried.
France and the Netherlands are the world's
largest producers of black salsify.


They will learn about ways to engage urban youth, advocacy, citizen science, collaborative approaches to green planning as well as tools and research in urban forest management. The program is sponsored by the U.S. Forest Service International Programs. By sharing and exchanging knowledge, expertise, and experience, the U.S. Forest Service aims to â¦ All branches of the USDA Forest Service, which include National Forests, Research Stations and the units that assist private landowners have dynamic international exchanges, collaboration and projects around the globe. Through site visits, presentations and analysis of real case examples, participants will learn about and develop planning tools and techniques to address rangeland vegetaÂtion and livestock management. The seminar travels through Colorado, Wyoming, and South Dakota and includes visits to national forests, national parks, national monuÂments, state and local parks, gateway communities, a dude ranch, and a tribal reservation. FS International Programs; National Forest Systems National Soils Program; Hiawatha National Forest; US Agency for International Development; USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. The USDA Forest Service International Programs staff promotes sustainable forest management and biodiversity conservation internationally. This interaction proÂvides participants with hands-on experience in managing complex conservation challenges balancing use and conservation of natural areas. Additionally, training and planning activities are explored as key aspect of preparation with participants engaging directly with community level responders to understand the impact of their training. Exciting opportunities are available with the U.S. Forest Service for the next generation of dynamic conservation stewards to get outdoors, gain paid work experience, explore careers, receive education and training, and launch internships to preserve our natural, cultural, and historical resources. The Forest Service stewards an impressive portfolio of landscapes across 193 million acres of National Forests and Grasslands in the public trust. The International Seminar on Natural Resource Law Enforcement is held in North Carolina and Georgia. International Programs regularly taps into the agency's wide range of expertise. USDA FOREST SERVICE International Programs Addressing the Four Threats in an International Context . The seminar is designed for natural resource managers and program leaders with professional interests in climate change, and who wish to participate in an intensive, interactive course focused on climate change. The State contains examples of long-term restoration projects, covering a wide range of ecosystem services and bringing together diverse and sometimes conflicting interest groups. International Programs regularly engages the agency's wide range of expertise. Participants also share their own experiences and challenges in managing different categories of protected areas and types of management issues in their own countries. Our program is the U.S. Forest Service Office of International Programs' Disaster Assistance Support Program (DASP). The seminar will explore ways to improve lives in urban settings. Since international cooperation is necessary to sustain the ecological and commercial viability of global forest resources and to conserve biodiversity, most of our work is done in collaboration with other organizations. Attendees will learn about adaptation and mitigation practices for managing natural resources in the face of climate change, its potential effects on natural resources, and policy and technological developments in carbon markets and offsets. Learn more about our Program Topics and Where we work. TheÂ International Seminar on Disaster Management, which takes place in California, will use case studies from major disaster responses to understand and discuss disaster management systems and facilities. The Technical Cooperation unit works on collaborative projects on a wide range of topics, many of which are co-funded by USAID, with a â¦ TheÂ International Seminar on Watershed ManagementÂ is held in the southwestern United States. Our high-impact training opportunities have been possible only through partnerships with the US Forest Service International Programs, Oregon State Universityâs and Southern Oregon Universityâs International Programs, National Park Serviceâs Park Flight Migratory Bird Program, and with KBO member donations. Participants will explore what it means to be a resilient community by examining case studies in several different environments including urban/rural and inland/coastal communities.Â Participants will investigate how to engage all aspects of a community through inclusive methodologies and use this ideal to discuss on the ground projects and their ability to fully engage communities and livelihood impacts. In fiscal years 2015 and 2016, the Forest Service received discretionary no-year appropriations of $5.1 billion and $5.7 billion, respectively. Resilient communities are better positioned to recover from natural disasters. Foundation for Cooperation: The USDA Forest Service, drawing on the skills of over 35,000 employees, brings natural resource management expertise to many international conservation policy discussions. By linking the skills of the field-based staff of the U.S. Forest Service with partners overseas, the agency can address the worldâs most critical forestry issues and concerns. The U.S. Forest Service (USFS) may require the services of a Technical Program Coordinator to help administer a U.S. government (USG)-funded program based in Libreville, Gabon. The seminars stimulate deliberations and problem solving for issues related to unique areas of natural resource management. Our partners include: The United States benefits from our work overseas. Attendees will learn about tools and best practices for assessing forest landscape restoration opportunities and developing and implementing landscape resÂtoration plans across a mosaic of land uses, and will be introduced to approaches for fostering collaborative partnerships. The USFS International Programs (FS-IP) currently has 10 annual international seminars on a variety of natural resource management issues (e.g. TheÂ Mobile Seminar on Planning and Managing Tourism in Protected AreasÂ is an intensive, 2.5 week field-based training event aimed at professionals working around the world to promote sustainable tourism and outdoor recreation in protected areas. Foundation for Cooperation: The USDA Forest Service, drawing on the skills of over 35,000 employees, brings natural resource management expertise to many international conservation policy discussions. By linking the skills of the field-based staff of the USDA Forest Service with partners overseas to address the most critical forestry issues and concerns. Please follow the Governmentâs tier system guidance and you must stay at home if you have coronavirus symptoms or are self-isolating. The course involves rigorous outdoor activities including camping, long-distance hiking, and visits to remote wilderness areas on foot, with pack animals and in rafts on whitewater rivers. Â. The seminar is designed for mid-career professionals who wish to take part in an interactive and intensive training to explore themes such as the environmental impacts of mining, conflict management, public consultation, artisanal mining, reclamation and how the Forest Service manages mining on Federal lands. TheÂ International Seminar on Protected Area ManagementÂ is held in the northern Rocky Mountains of the western United States. The nationâs forests, car parks and essential facilities are open to you for local outdoor recreation and exercise. The seminar is hosted by the U.S. Forest Service International Programs, in collaboÂration with the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and the World Resources Institute. TheÂ International Seminar on Livestock GrazingÂ Management, held in Idaho and Nevada, presents key concepts, principles, and methods of sustainable rangeland manÂagement. International Programs has three main staff units: Technical Cooperation, Policy, and Disaster Assistance. This interactive and intensive training and exchange program on integrated watershed management is designed for mid-career professionals. https://www.fs.usda.gov/about-agency/international-programs/about-us, United The International Seminar on Urban Forestry and Community EngagementÂ will be held in Chicago, Illinois, and New York City, New York.


It has been a dry year for most of the United States, and, in the animation above, you can see how the groundwater levels in the United States have been affected by the drought that affects large parts of the country. The animation starts in 2002 and goes through a decade of changes, so watch carefully for the last few seconds to get a good idea of what’s going on now.
Scientists created the maps by using the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment, or GRACE, a set-up that consists of two satellites that measure the Earth’s gravity field. Gravity is related to mass, and water reservoirs (both surface and groundwater) have enough mass to affect the gravitational field of the earth.
The effect is very small, but significant enough that GRACE can pick up on the changes as water dries up (or rains down). The instrument is sensitive enough to pick up and differentiate between moisture in less than an inch of soil (the surface zone), moisture in the ground down to 39 inches (the root zone) and water in the aquifers below that.
The image from NASA, below, shows the differences between the three. Look at Texas, where the soil moisture is doing ok, but the groundwater is devastated. The state might have had some rain recently, but not enough to make up for the serious problems with groundwater.
More from Smithsonian.com:


I am studying for an upcoming assignment and trying to figure out what the following program prints:
d = ["Bob", "Tom", "George", "Susan", "Mary"] n = raw_input("Enter a name: ") # assume user enters Robert for name in d : if name < n : print name print size = len( d ) i = 0 while i < (size - 1) : if d[i] > d[i+1] : temp = d[i] d[i] = d[i+1] d[i+1] = temp else : d[i+1] = "Nick" i += 1 for name in d : print name
I am very confused because when I run the program it returns:
Enter a name: Robert Bob George Mary Bob George Nick Mary Nick
I am clearly confused as to how to calculate the value of words. I thought you assigned the ascii value to the individual letters and added them together to get the value, but using that method would not get these results. could someone please help me understand?


This has been a winter of bi-polar conditions in Colorado’s mountains. Strong storms have alternated with warm, wet days to create some of the most unpredictable snow conditions in 20 years. As we turn the corner to spring, it’s important not to let your guard down when traveling in the backcountry. Longer days and warmer temperatures can create the illusion of safer conditions — but they may be just that: illusions. Colorado’s snowpack can greatly vary from year to year, and it requires constant monitoring to predict a safer time to be on the slopes.
No matter what the calendar says, seasonal changes in the mountains happen in their own due time.
“The most common mistake people make is thinking, ‘It is now spring because it is March and it sure feels warm down on the valley floors.’ But near and above treeline, it is still winter and we still have winter avalanche problems,” says Scott Toepfer, a mountain weather and avalanche forecaster with the Colorado Avalanche Information Center (CAIC). “It’s the almost polar opposite of our most common fall problem where people think, ‘Oh, there’s not enough snow to avalanche on this slope’. In the spring we often think, ‘Oh, there’s so much snow, we won’t trigger those really deep, weak layers. That’s what they told me in my last avalanche class.’ When spring finally arrives is not dictated by a calendar date in the mountains. It is dictated by the weather. We often swap back and forth between winter and spring. That makes it kind of tricky sometimes. The snowpack kind of turns into a Jekyll and Hyde personality; sometimes spring does not happen until May.”
In the past 10 years across the United States, 98 deaths have resulted from avalanches in the months between March and July. Last year’s enormous avalanche that killed five experienced backcountry snowboarders and buried another near Sheep Creek off Loveland Pass occurred on April 20. As of press time, March had already seen two avalanche-related deaths in Colorado — one skier fatality near Conejos Peak on March 4 and one snowmobiler death on Sharkstooth Peak on March 5.
Meteorologist Chris Tomer explains why 2014 has the potential to produce difficult snow conditions in the next few months: “It’s been a big winter in the Central and Northern Mountains, with season totals now pushing 400 inches in the West Elks. That translates into snowpack depths 50 percent to 80 percent deeper than last winter — very similar to the big winter of 2011. On the other hand, the Southern Mountains have a thinner snowpack and need more snow. The high volume of snow this winter, combined with periods of high winds and cyclic warming periods, has created a snowpack ripe for avalanches. There are weaker layers embedded within the snowpack just waiting to fail, especially on steeper slopes. Terrain selection is the most important way to avoid getting caught in an avalanche.”
Toepher says that neutral temperatures in the Pacific Ocean — also known as “No Niño” — placed the jetstream over the Northern and Central Rockies, causing this year’s heavy snowfall.
“That leaves the Southern Mountains with less snow,” he says. “Reservoir storage has risen since last winter, now up to 89 percent of average.”
Toepher agrees with Tomer’s observation that assessing terrain is of vital importance.
“Of course terrain awareness is one of the most important things for backcountry travelers to recognize and evaluate,” he says. “It is a more complex problem than most people realize, though. Our vulnerability to the consequences of a ride in an avalanche is a byproduct of our choice in terrain. This vulnerability increases due to more factors than just how steep a slope is.
“If you hit a tree or a rock at 35 miles an hour, it won’t be pretty. If you are swept 50 meters off an ice climb and land on a rock ledge, your odds are not good. If you get buried upside down in a gully with your mouth and nose packed full of avalanche debris, you will have a lot of trouble breathing. These consequences and our vulnerability of getting caught in an avalanche are often missed or even ignored. And these are all dependent on the terrain we choose to ride. It might be the easiest part of the puzzle to decipher, but it is still complex.”
Given the increased danger this year, those who teach avalanche awareness have extended their reach to help keep backcountry skiers safe. Friends of Berthoud Pass, a non-profit organization dedicated to backcountry snow safety, recently added free avalanche awareness seminars this spring.
“This season there has been an abundance of snowfall, which, after two seasons of mediocre snowfall, is welcome, but also providing more opportunity for snow-starved skiers, riders and snowmobilers to get out further into avalanche terrain than usual,” B.J. Marraccini, communications director for Friends of Berthoud Pass, said via email. “We are seeing the number of reported accidents rise and, unfortunately, the number of avalanche fatalities this season has already reached Colorado’s five-year average, and it’s only early March.”
On average, eight people die in avalanches in Colorado each year. Certain types of avalanches are more common in spring, such as wet snow avalanches which trigger when the snowpack develops a layer of water below a heavy mass of snow. Rapidly changing conditions for precipitation and temperature, as well as wind — just like we see in spring — can also lead to unstable snow conditions.
“The snow has been great, but the avalanche problems are numerous yet also deceptive,” Marraccini says.
“We feel that adding additional basic avalanche awareness classes to our calendar will help reach more people than in past seasons, and hopefully increase their understanding of the conditions so that they can avoid typical mistakes while recreating in the backcountry. Most importantly, we want them to return safely for many more powder days ahead.”
Warmer weather and sunny days can create an illusion of stability.
“During the ‘spring’ we need to monitor both temperatures and cloud cover,” Toepher says. “If we did not get an overnight freeze, it may not be safe to travel into the backcountry at all the next day. For example, let’s say we have a mid-level stratus cloud deck overnight, making for a bit of a natural greenhouse, but temperatures fall a few degrees below freezing. We would have minimal or no long wave radiational heat loss, which might aid in keeping the snow surface from freezing hard and the snowpack could remain in a state of thaw. You could be walking into a wet slab avalanche problem when you leave your car at 6 a.m.
Sometimes the overnight lows are above freezing, but the skies are clear. This allows strong radiational cooling, which means the snow surface gets a solid freeze. The snow surface heating and cooling balance involves some complicated physics.
“Normally, it is a good rule of thumb to be out of the mountains by around noon in the spring. Rules of thumb are not facts, though. You may need to tweak your rule of thumb to match the need. Monitor temperatures, cloud cover and free water content in the snowpack on a regular basis to aid you in determining an appropriate exit time and strategy.”
Colorado has the dubious claim to 33 percent of all avalanche-related deaths in the country. Data from across the U.S. shows that snowmobilers are most at risk to trigger a deadly avalanche. In the past 10 years, 96 people have died in snowmobile-related accidents across the country. In this same time bracket, 90 people perished in ski/snowboard tours and 27 climbers lost their lives in avalanches as well. There have even been 11 avalanche deaths from in-bounds accidents at patrolled ski areas.
Because predicting avalanche activity is not foolproof, there will always be a risk of danger until the snow has melted. Beyond all the academic experience of studying the nature of avalanches, the human element cannot be ignored. Indeed, the groupthink mentality to push on late in the day in considerable avalanche conditions played a role in the Loveland Pass slide last spring. Having competent, trusted partners is a key component of backcountry safety.
“On the fun days, I tend to only go into the backcountry with a couple different people. My boss once told me, ‘Good backcountry ski partners are hard to find.’ I think this is really true,” Toepfer adds. “So a fun day usually starts a day or two before I go out. We’ll have a conversation over the phone, toss around some ideas. Talk about the snowpack problems and the weather forecast. Talk some about group dynamics and what our goals for the day might be. Sometimes we just want to climb a peak. Other days, we look for powder or corn. Sometimes we get both.”
The Colorado Avalanche Information Center website, www.avalanche.state.co.us — provides information on backcountry conditions. The Friends of Berthoud Pass website at www.berthoudpass.org will continue to update conditions specifically for Berthoud Pass as well as statewide information. Both sites will post when they offer classes and seminars.
Once you have properly equipped yourself and assessed the potential risks, Colorado’s backcountry mountains offer some of the most glorious and adventurous terrain imaginable. Good judgment and a strong knowledge of potential threats will increase likelihood for a safe passage and fun days in the high country. While no mountain outing is ever 100 percent safe, stacking the odds in your favor help mitigate the risk. Avalanches will remain an unstoppable force of nature; making sure you aren’t in their way isn’t just a matter of luck, it’s a matter of smart planning.


In C/C++ projects sometimes there are too many definitions and macro used. This is usually done to add a layer between library sources and user implementation. Sometimes it is used to use template approach in C sources by "ifdef" and other similar preprocessors as below.
/* unsigned integer multiplication in mul_ui.c */
/* signed integer multiplication in mul_si.h */
/* mul_i.h */
#define FUNCTION mpz_mul_si
#define MULTIPLICAND_ABS(x) ((unsigned long) ABS(x))
#define FUNCTION mpz_mul_ui
#define MULTIPLICAND_UNSIGNED unsigned
#define MULTIPLICAND_ABS(x) x
Error, error, unrecognised OPERATION
void FUNCTION (mpz_ptr prod, mpz_srcptr mult,
MULTIPLICAND_UNSIGNED long int small_mult)
/* ..... */
At that time it is difficult to trace API sources and generally we lose our-self in definitions. Nowadays I use MPIR library which is common library for big numbers arithmetic and calculations. I need to trace API functions source codes and use functions implementations directly as inline into my own source codes in order to remove libraries function call costs. However there are plenty of definitions for types, functions, constants etc. As you know when compiler run, preprocessor is called at first and when processor finished its job then compiler starts to compile sources.
In order to cope with that MACRO definitions complexity we can run gcc and tell him just run preprocessor and then exit without compiling sources. With "-E" parameter gcc does exactly what we need:
gcc -E main.c > main_proprocessed.c


Curtin Teaches Students Real-World Application of Forensic Computing and Cryptography
On November 16, Interhack founder Matt Curtin goes to Edison Community College in Piqua, Ohio, to conduct three sessions with students on topics dealing with forensic computing and cryptography.
Sometimes known as digital forensics, forensic computing is the process of analyzing data to answer specific questions for legal proceedings. In some cases, these lines of inquiry can be used to establish facts, to reconstruct information that might otherwise have been destroyed, or to offer expert opinion to the court about how to interpret certain technical facts. Matt will introduce students to an investigation conducted under his direction that identified how one company had critical information about its business stolen by an employee who was leaving the company to go to work for a competitor.
Cryptography is the practice of converting information in human readable form, called "cleartext," into unreadable coded format, called "ciphertext." Cryptography also concerns itself with the protection of of such information.
Since ancient Egypt, cryptography has been used by diplomats and armies to protect secrets. The twentieth century saw tremendous upheaval in the technology, moving away from mechanical to mathematical systems. Today, cryptography is used by organizations of all types to protect trade secrets, customer records, and other important information. In this session, Matt Curtin will walk students through the process of helping a large retailing company to identify sensitive customer information, and how to use cryptography to protect customers from identity theft and related fraud.
Based in Columbus, Ohio, Interhack Corporation is a professional services firm with clients all over North America. Founded in 1997 by a team of information security researchers, Interhack accepted the mission to make global computing and communications infrastructures worthy of trust. Interhack's two practice areas, Information Assurance and Forensic Computing, support that mission. The company is a supporting member of The Usenix Association. Additional information about Interhack is available at web.interhack.com.


How Do I Format Titles of Sources in My Paper? - Cite This For Me Learn how to format titles of sources in your paper, reference list, or in-text citations here, using the MLA: Do I have to cite the editors of a book for a research paper? If there are so many authors that they would take up ample space in the resources/citation section of the research paper, you can write the first author along with "et al" after to designate there are more authors (again, this is dependent Watch Buy Literature Essay - Buy Literature Essay | Ballet performers... Title on your paper, you cite the title of publication information can learn how to. A book title on a chapter or verso page: name and in mla 7th ed.
Formatting Titles of Texts in MLA Style - CURO Symposium
Paper Format. The preparation of papers and manuscripts in MLA Style is covered in part four of the MLA Style Manual. Below are some basic guidelines for formatting a paper in MLA Style: General Guidelines. Type your paper on a computer and print it out on standard, white 8.5 x 11-inch paper. How to Cite a Book, Title & Author In Text | Pen and the Pad Both the Modern Language Association (MLA) and the American Psychological Association (APA) have guidelines governing the in-text citation of book titles and authors. The exact form of your citation depends upon which guidelines your professor has asked you to follow. 3 Ways to Cite a Book in MLA Style - wikiHow How to Cite a Book in MLA Style. Citing a book in MLA (Modern Language Association) style is almost always simple and straightforward. When you cite a book in the body of your text, write the author's name and the page number in... How to Write an Essay Title in MLA Format | Pen and the Pad It is the style standard adopted by many university professors and scholarly journals, especially in the humanities and social science divisions. Learning to write an essay title in MLA format is a necessary skill for any scholarly writer.
How to Write Book Titles in MLA. If you're writing a research paper, you may want to include the title of a book in the text of your paper. The handbook for the Modern Language Association (MLA) provides specific rules for how to set off...
This resource contains a sample MLA paper that adheres to the 2016 updates. To download the MLA sample paper, click this link. How to Document Chapters in Books Using an MLA Format When you document chapters in books, for example, it is important to be familiar with the proper MLA format for doing so. Including Book Chapters in the Body of Your Writing Titles of book chapters are always enclosed in quotation marks. Do you italicize or quote newspaper article titles using MLA ... It depends on the format (MLA or APA), but you typically (MLA) italicize titles of shows, movies, and books. Do you underline a newspaper article title for an essay? We learned how to do this this ...
MLA papers require a standard introduction, body of paper and conclusion. Cite your references properly. When citing references in MLA you
Essay Writing Essentials - English Program - CSU Channel Islands FORMAT : Type papers with a 12 pt. font, double-space, number pages, and proofread carefully; ... Titles of books should be underlined or put in italics . (Titles of .... The MLA rules (used in most literary criticism) on quotation marks are these: . Do You Underline or Italicize Movie Titles? - Video & Lesson ... 7 Mar 2018 ... If you've ever wondered how to correctly format movie titles in a written work, ... How to Cite a Textbook in MLA .... Almost no one uses underlining anymore for anything, including articles, books, essays, poems, short stories, songs, or movies. ... essays, research papers, projects or homework assignments.
Step-by-step guide how to format an essay in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, Turabian
Plagiarism. MLA Handbook for W.A.E.C. 4. means copying ideas, sentences, paragraphs and pictures you find on the Internet, in books or magazines How to Write a Summary Paper in MLA Format | Synonym MLA, or Modern Language Association style is the most widely used format when drafting papers in the liberal arts and humanities and is a common APA and MLA Documentation and Formatting | Title Page
Formatting a Research Paper | The MLA Style Center A research paper does not normally need a title page, but if the paper is a group project, create a title page and list all the authors on it instead of in the header on page 1 of your essay. If your teacher requires a title page in lieu of or in addition to the header, format it according to the instructions you are given. Directory - Montgomery County Community College Montgomery County Community College - The Culinary Arts Institute 1400 Forty Foot Road, Lansdale, PA 19446 267-646-5970


Alcohol Consumption and Adherence to HIV Treatment
Unlike doctors in the early days of HIV/AIDS, today’s doctors have potent medical tools to limit the spread of HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) and suspend the progression toward AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome). The frontline tool used for this purpose, known as antiretroviral therapy or ART, involves the simultaneous use of multiple medications designed to disrupt HIV’s normal life cycle. But for ART to do its job, patients must follow a fairly complicated medication routine. HIV-positive people who consume alcohol – even at relatively moderate levels – have a decreased tendency to adhere to the guidelines of ART treatment, and therefore have increased risks for significant HIV disease progression.
Antiretroviral therapy gets its name because it involves the use of drugs that target HIV, a viral species that belongs to a larger group of viruses known as retroviruses. There are dozens of antiretroviral drugs on the market, each of which falls into one of three main medication categories: nucleoside/nucleotide transcriptase inhibitors (popularly abbreviated as NRTIs), nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (popularly abbreviated as NNRTIs), and protease inhibitors (popularly abbreviated as PIs).
Antiretrovirals achieve their effects by targeting specific phases of HIV’s normal life cycle and disrupting the virus’s ability to reproduce copies of itself. Initially, doctors gave their patients doses of single antiretroviral drugs. However, they eventually noticed that certain numbers of HIV copies in any given person will adapt to the presence of a single antiretroviral medication, avoid that medication’s disruptive effects and continue reproducing. In response to this observation, doctors began simultaneously using multiple antiretroviral medications that target different phases of the HIV life cycle. The vast majority of HIV copies can’t survive this multi-pronged attack on their reproductive capabilities; as a result, the use of multiple medications kills off large numbers of HIV and drastically reduces the amount of the virus in an infected individual’s bloodstream. In turn, a large-scale reduction in HIV levels greatly slows the progression toward AIDS and prolongs the lives of HIV-positive people.
In its modern, multi-medication form, ART is also known as highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) or combination antiretroviral therapy (CART). Although the specifics of treatment vary widely, essentially everyone who receives HAART or CART takes a minimum of three medications, at least two of which come from different drug categories (NRTIs, NNRTIs, or PIs). In order to effectively contain HIV and produce their long-term treatment benefits, these medications must be taken according to explicit instructions set forth by a prescribing physician. In fact, people receiving HAART or CART must follow their dosing instructions at least 95 percent of the time to experience the full benefits of therapy.
Despite this fact, HAART and CART patients follow their treatment regimens just 40 to 90 percent of the time, according to a series of studies published in the 2000s and reviewed by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism in 2010. In some cases, patients don’t properly follow their prescribed treatments because of toxic side effects associated with those treatments. In other cases, outside influences such as alcohol consumption reduce treatment compliance.
Impact of Alcohol Consumption
Alcohol consumption reduces patient willingness to follow medication regimens in general, not just HAART or CART regimens, the NIAA explains. In some cases, drinkers show a reduced tendency to take their medications on days when they use alcohol; in other cases, this tendency manifests on the days that follow active alcohol use. Generally speaking, in any given individual, heavier amounts of alcohol consumption are associated with a greater likelihood of skipping single or multiple medication doses. While drinkers as a whole have problems adhering to their medication routines, binge drinkers have much greater chances of skipping their medications, especially on days when they consume alcohol. Doctors and public health officials typically define binge drinking in males as consuming five or more drinks within a two-hour time period; binge drinking in females is defined as consuming four or more drinks in two hours.
People typically start to reduce their compliance with their HAART and CART treatment programs when they consume two or more drinks on any given day, the authors of the 2010 NIAAA review report. Critically, the lower end of this level of alcohol consumption meets standard definitions for moderate or “safe” drinking. On average, a HAART or CART patient who drank daily but didn’t participate in binge drinking would shorten his or her lifespan by roughly 8 percent. Conversely, a HAART or CART patient who participated in binge drinking every day would shorten his or her lifespan by 25 percent.
While the real-world impact of drinking varies from person to person, alcohol consumption during antiretroviral therapy is clearly associated with a faster progression of HIV and an earlier death. In some cases, the effects of alcohol consumption are worsened by alcohol’s ability to intensify the liver-related side effects of certain antiretroviral drugs.


19. While we will all experience unease and discomfort living under the constraints of gender to a greater or lesser degree, some persons experience this especially intensely and acutely, to the extent that they cannot tolerably live in the gender role associated with their biological sex. Further, a small percentage of persons experience what is usually called gender dysphoria but would be more accurately labelled sex dysphoria or sex dysmorphia, as it is a form of acute distress and discomfort caused by the experience of living in their sexed bodies. Although biological sex is immutable, residing in our chromosomes and expressed in physical and anatomical features, it is possible for persons with dysphoria to undergo treatment to make their bodies more closely resemble those of the opposite sex, and to enable them to live more easily in the gender role associated with the opposite sex.
20. Whereas the label “female” refers to a biological category, membership of which is fixed at birth and hence unalterable, the label “woman” refers to a social category. Being a woman is not so much a matter of having female biology, as it is a matter of being read as a person who has that biology, and being treated accordingly. What it means to be a member of the social class ‘woman’ is that one is read by others as female, and is treated in accordance with the gendered rules that prescribe feminine passivity and submission to members of the female sex class. The vast majority of persons occupying this class do so because they have female biology and so were inculcated into this class from birth, through the process of gendered socialisation. However, given that woman is a social rather than a biological category, it is therefore possible for biologically male persons to transition into the role of woman, or, as in the case of these biologically male persons with Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome, to be socialised and treated as women from birth:
Since being a woman is primarily a matter of being socially read and treated as female, it is possible for persons born male to undergo a process of transition, at the end of which they will be read and treated as female, and hence are women. This may or may not involve medical treatment in the form of hormone treatment and surgery. But what it will necessarily be is a process of social transition, which will involve, among other things, confronting and addressing the privilege that comes with being raised male and living as a male for a period of time. What such a process will involve and how long it will take are difficult and complex questions that will vary from case to case, and there is no simple or universal answer. But once such a process has been completed, those persons now occupy the category of trans woman, and it is appropriate and respectful to refer to such persons using feminine pronouns.
21. While it is possible to transition to the role of woman, this cannot be achieved by a simple act of will or performative utterance. The mere fact of “identifying as a woman”, feeling like a woman, believing one is a woman, or declaring “I am a woman”, on their own are insufficient to make one a woman. To be a woman is to occupy a social role and to be viewed by others as occupying that role, and therefore no subjective mental state is sufficient to make one a woman; becoming a woman is not a mere matter of “identifying as a woman”. If you are called Simon and “present as male”, then the mere fact that you identify as a woman, which presumably means simply to have some sort of feeling or belief in your mind, will have no bearing on how anyone views you, and thus you will continue to be treated with the respect and deference that it usually shown to men.
22. There has been on the left a general shift away from class based politics and structural analysis of oppression, and towards an individualistic politics whose primary demands are for the recognition and validation of identities. In conjunction with this shift, recent discourse on trans issues has moved away from the language of transsexuality, which defined transsexual people in terms of the experience of dysphoria, and towards the notion of talking about transgender people, who are defined in terms of their “gender identity“. This significantly broadens the category of people who now refer to themselves as trans. Many people who now self-define as trans may not experience any dysphoria at all, may have no desire to modify their bodies in any way, and may have no intention of ever engaging in a process of transition to live in the gender role associated with the opposite sex. What this means is that being trans is now entirely a matter of self-definition and self-identification.
23. “Gender identity” is usually defined as “someone’s internal, personal sense of being a man or a woman“, or “a person’s private sense, and subjective experience, of their own gender”. These definitions are vague and unclear, and so it’s not easy to get a grasp on exactly what it is that is being posited in talk of gender identity. One crucial feature of gender identity, as posited by its proponents, is that it is considered to be entirely independent of both biological sex, and of gendered socialisation. So the claim is that persons have an internal, personal sense of being a man or a woman (or something else entirely – more on this in point 29) that hangs free from, and can be explained and described without reference to, both their physical bodies, and their experience of being socially read and treated as a person with such a body. It is this that explains how a person can come to identify as a woman despite having a male body, and despite having been raised as male and having lived as a man. If you are transgender, then your “gender identity differs from what is typically associated with the sex [you] were assigned at birth”. it is claimed that everybody has a gender identity, so that if you are not trans, then you are cisgender, which means that your gender identity is aligned with the sex typically assigned at birth. (I have written elsewhere about my discomfort with the label cisgender, which I feel does not accurately describe me, nor many other women I know.)
24. Given the free floating nature of gender identity, it’s very unclear what kind of a property or mental state it is purported to be. If by “gender identity” what is meant is a strong feeling or conviction that one’s personality, dispositions and preferences are more closely aligned with the gender norms for one sex over those of the other, such that one can survive and flourish more comfortably in that gender role, then it is plausible to suggest that everybody has a gender identity. However, the term is generally used in ways that suggest something much deeper and more fundamental than this. Gender identity seems to refer to some quasi-metaphysical property or essence that is fixed, unchanging, and may not be challenged. An individual’s professed gender identity is an essential, sacrosanct part of their identity, and must be believed and respected without question.
25. This notion of “gender identity as essence” has troubling implications. The unclarity about what kind of a property it is, and its inherently entirely subjective nature, means that the doctrine of gender identity becomes unfalsifiable. Positing the existence of a gender identity is thus equivalent to positing the existence of a soul or some other non-material entity whose existence cannot be tested or proved. If we wish to avoid this implication, the only option is to make a claim for the objective reality of gender identity and to try to search for its material basis. And then we come perilously close to positing the existence of gendered brains, and suggesting that people can be born with a brain belonging to one sex but with the primary and secondary sex characteristics of the other sex. I am not qualified to pronounce on the validity of these claims, having no scientific training and very little knowledge of neuroscience. But feminists have long been suspicious of any attempt to argue for the naturalness of gendered traits and dispositions, as these arguments are so frequently invoked to justify women’s social and political subordination. Furthermore, this account of what gender identity is not only necessitates the existence of a “female brain” or a “male brain”; it also requires some plausible explanation as to how the sex of the brain and the sexual reproductive organs of the body might come to be mismatched. (I acknowledge my own scientific limitations here, but like any good feminist, I recommend those who are inclined to believe in the existence of ladybrains to read Cordelia Fine’s Delusions of Gender).
26.If we take an individual’s self-declared gender identity as the sole necessary and sufficient condition for membership in a gender class, the result is that the meaning of the word “woman” is reduced to a subjective mental state, to a feeling in a person’s head. The only answer to the question “what is a woman?” becomes “a person who feels like a woman”. But this is an entirely circular definition that tells us nothing about what a woman is. The purpose of language is to convey shared social meanings. If a word means something different to every person who uses it, and they cannot explain to others what they mean when they use that word, then it means nothing. If the word woman is defined as “someone who thinks they are a woman”, then the word woman becomes meaningless, and can no longer be the name of anything. The political implication of that is that women as a class disappear.
This also leads to absurd and profoundly objectionable conclusions such as the one of Simon in the image of point 21, where someone raised as male, living as male, presenting as male – in other words, a man – can suddenly insist he is a woman and be allowed to speak over and on behalf of those who have been living as women and been socialised as women since birth. By insisting that being a woman is nothing more than a feeling in a person’s head, the notion of gender identity erases and invalidates the experiences of both biologically female women and transsexual women. Both biologically female women and transsexual women should resist the idea that womanhood is nothing more than a state of mind, a feeling in a person’s head, evidenced only by a performative utterance, because such a position has the effect of eradicating the existence of women altogether.
27. The fact that it is possible to move from one social group to another itself is evidence of the fact that the individual is undergoing a process of transition from membership of one group to another. It does not occur instantly, through a simple act of will, and nor does it become retrospectively the case that, having decided to transition, the person was somehow “always a woman“. It makes no sense to say that someone who transitions to live as a woman after living a certain number of years as a man has “always been a woman“; if that were so, there would be no reason to embark upon physical or social transition. It makes even less sense to say, as has frequently been said, that a trans woman’s body is female and has always been female, just because it is hers and she “identifies” as female. As already noted, the word “female” refers to a biological category that one cannot identify or transition one’s way into. And further, if one’s body were already female, there would be no reason to modify it in any way. It is the fact of sexual dimorphism and the anatomical differences between the sexes that creates the need in those with dysphoria to modify their bodies. Trans women have male bodies, which they may choose to modify to resemble more closely female bodies. And trans women were raised as boys and often lived as men, and will have to undergo a social transition from that role to the role of woman. It is therefore clearly absurd, once a person comes out as trans, to insist that we must now believe that they have always been a member of the class into which they are moving. If Kellie Maloney, who transitioned at age 60, has always been a woman, then the word woman becomes meaningless, as it refers to literally anything and everything a person wants it to refer to. And her efforts to live as a woman and pass as a biological female become incomprehensible, because unnecessary.
28. For those who subscribe to the notion of gender identity – and in contrast to the radical feminist analysis – gender is not inherently oppressive. While radical feminists consider that gender is inherently oppressive because it is a system that embodies a hierarchy of male over female, man over woman, masculine over feminine, for the proponent of gender identity there is nothing oppressive or restrictive about gender norms in and of themselves. Hence there is often resistance to the radical feminist critique of femininity as submission and subordination, because the person who believes they have a feminine gender identity may enjoy performing and enacting femininity, and so resents being told that this is an expression of female weakness and passivity.
29. So for many of those who endorse the idea of gender identity, the oppressive thing about gender is not that it is a hierarchy; it’s that it is a binary. Once you detach the notion of gender identity entirely from both biological sex and gendered socialisation, there is in principle no reason to limit the number or genders that are purported to exist to just two. Hence the oft heard phrase that “gender is not a binary, it’s a spectrum”, and the emergence of individuals identifying themselves as “non-binary” or “genderfluid”, some of whom claim to variously experience “male shifts” and “female shifts“. We now have fifty-six different genders recognised on Facebook, though if you go roaming through the wilds of Tumblr you will find many, many more, along with a whole range of special pronouns. The logical question to ask the proponent of gender identity as a spectrum is: how many genders would we have to recognise in order not to be oppressive? And the only consistent answer that can be given to that question is: 7 billion. We would have to acknowledge that each individual can have their own unique gender identity. But if there are 7 billion different genders, a unique one for each of us, then it’s not clear that it makes any sense, or adds anything to our understanding, to call this “gender” at all. Gender is a system that ties certain desirable personality traits and behaviours to reproductive function. As soon as we detach these traits, behaviours and forms of appearance from biological sex, what we have is simply human personality, in all its variety and complexity. For this reason, every single one of us is non-binary. None of us is a walking gender stereotype. Gender is not just the name we give to the set of tastes, preferences, and dispositions that an individual happens to have. It is a system that ties biology to personality and behaviour, and puts people into pink and blue boxes according to the set of genitals they possess. The solution to that is not to create ever more boxes, nor to allow that some special non-binary individuals get to be gender revolutionaries who are able to move between the boxes at will, while the rest of us must stay put, and are told that we like it that way. The solution is to get rid of the boxes – to abolish gender altogether.
Next – Political implications


The experiment was a success! Students walked into class today asking to know what the inverse trig functions do (they phrased it as, “What does the negative-one mean?”), two students had reasonable theories to explain it, and one hit it right on the nose.
Before going over the worksheet, I teamed up the students for an activity where one student would write a sine or cosine value on the board, indicating whether it were a sine or a cosine; the next student would name one or several angles with that sine/cosine value and draw the angle/s on the unit circle. They were performing the inverse sine and cosine functions without knowing it. Later when a student attempted to explain his theory for the meaning of sin−1, he suddenly came out with, “I think it’s what we were doing on the board!”


Sometimes the task to write a report for school may seem overwhelming. Topics may seem too large to cover or there may be so much research on the subject that it is difficult to decide what to use. Starting with a rough draft helps the writer pare down when he wants to write about and organize the information in a logical way. The best part of a rough draft is you can change it as much as you like until you are ready to start the report.
At Shenandoah University, writing teachers advise students not to skip writing an outline to begin the rough draft; it is a very important step. An outline organizes the information with just a phrase or sentence where each paragraph will eventually be written. For example, if you are writing a research paper about dog care, your outline might include a section for grooming, one for nutrition and one for exercise. You may have a fourth section about purebred needs. The introduction and the conclusion are separate. Put a few notes under each heading in your outline regarding specific information that will go into the section. Once you have the sections in the order you think best, you may start composing each section in complete paragraphs.
A rough draft is simply a good start. It does not need clean copy, spelling and grammar corrections, or polished editing. Not while it is still in rough form, that is. Writing a rough draft gives the author the opportunity to organize various thoughts on paper. The online library resources at Bellevue remind students that a rough draft is a tool to help a writer get started; therefore, the best practice when writing it is simply to let the words flow and not worry about proofreading and editing while writing the rough draft.
Introduction and Conclusion
Introductions and conclusions are often best left for last. After you have the body of your school report in rough draft form, you are better able to craft an introduction that will spark the reader's interest and lead him into reading the whole paper. The conclusion, on the other hand, sums everything up. The conclusion of the paper should not introduce any new information, but rather reiterates the most important point or points made in the school report. Ideally, a conclusion leaves the reader with a good impression.
A thesis statement is the main subject of your report. For example, in a report about dogs and dog care, the thesis statement might be, "Dogs require attention, love and care from their owners." There is a lot of detail that may be covered under this general statement. A thesis statement is often placed at the end of the introduction and once again at the beginning of the conclusion. A rough draft should have a thesis statement, but while brainstorming and organizing your rough draft, you may want to change the thesis statement depending upon what your research turns up. This is perfectly acceptable; the purpose of a rough draft is to help writers figure out what they want to say.
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Most of Greece was part of the Ottoman Empire from the fourteenth century until its declaration of independence in 1821. After capturing Constantinople in 1453, the Ottoman Turks first crossed into Europe in 1354, the start of the Ottoman Wars in Europe. These were understood as a religious duty to spread Islamic rule and faith. The Byzantine Empire, which had ruled most of the Greek-speaking world for over 1100 years, had been fatally weakened since the sacking of Constantinople by the Crusaders in 1204. Having defeated the Bulgarians in 1371, and the Serbs in 1389, the Ottomans advanced south into Greece proper, capturing Athens in 1458. The Greeks held out in the Peloponnese until 1460, and the Venetians and Genoese clung to some of the islands, but by 1500, most of the plains and islands of Greece were in Ottoman hands. The mountains of Greece were largely untouched, and were a refuge for Greeks to flee foreign rule.
Cyprus fell in 1571, and the Venetians retained Crete until 1670. The Ionian Islands were only briefly ruled by the Ottomans (Kefalonia from 1479 to 1481 and from 1485 to 1500), and remained primarily under the rule of Venice. Inspired by the new spirit of nationalism sweeping through Europe and by the American Revolutionary War, the Greeks fought a war of independence from 1821 until 1829. They became the first Ottoman province to achieve complete independence. Bulgaria, Romania, Bosnia, and, officially Serbia, did not follow until 1878. After French intervention in 1828, the great powers met in London and decided to recognize a sovereign Greek state. Many were enthusiastic about this development, which they saw as reviving the classical Greek legacy. Relations between Greece and the Ottoman Empire and its successor, Turkey have often been strained, not least of all surrounding disputed sovereignty of islands and the issue of Cyprus. While some scholars stress the Ottoman history of religious toleration and suggest that former provinces of the Ottoman empire, especially in border zone contexts, might help to bridge European and Muslim civilization, the particularities of Greek-Turkish relations may mitigate against this. Not only did the Turks conquer the Greek homeland but they destroyed the Byzantine Empire, which had represented a continuation both of the Roman Empire and of classical Greece into the medieval period. To some extent, leadership of the Orthodox world then shifted to Russia, which claimed to be the Third Rome.
On the other hand, as Turkey moves towards membership of the European Union, which Greece joined in 1981, good relations between these two nations has consequences for whether what has been called the "Dialogue between civilizations" or their clash will dominate the future. How people deal with histories that embitter relations is ultimately vital for human and planetary survival.
The consolidation of Ottoman rule was followed by two distinct trends of Greek migration. The first entailed Greek intellectuals, such as Johannes Vissarion, Georgius Plethon Gemistos, and Marcos Mousouros, migrating to Western Europe and influencing the advent of the Renaissance (though the large scale migration of Greeks to the West, most notably Italian University cities, began far earlier, following the Crusader capture of Constantinople). The second entailed Greeks leaving the plains of the Greek peninsula and resettling in the mountains, where the rugged landscape made it hard for the Ottomans to establish either military or administrative presence.
The Ottomans divided Greece into six sanjaks, each ruled by a Sanjakbey accountable to the Sultan, who established his capital in Constantinople in 1453. Before this division occurred, the Ottomans implemented the millet system, which segregated peoples within the Ottoman Empire based on religion. The conquered land was parceled out to Ottoman nobles, who held it as feudal fiefs (timars and ziamets) directly under the Sultan's authority. The land could not be sold or inherited, but was reverted to the Sultan's possession when the fief-holder died.
The economic situation of the majority of Greece deteriorated heavily during the Ottoman occupation of the country. Heavy burdens of taxation were placed on the Christian peasantry, and many Greeks were reduced to subsistence farming, whereas during prior eras the region had been heavily urbanized. The exception to this rule was in Constantinople and the Ionian islands, where many Greeks lived in prosperity. Greeks heavily resented the declining economic situation in their country during the Turkish occupation.
The Sultan regarded the Ecumenical Patriarch of the Greek Orthodox Church as the leader of all Orthodox, Greeks or not, within the empire. The Patriarch was accountable to the Sultan for the good behavior of the Orthodox population, and in exchange he was given wide powers over the Orthodox communities, including ethnic Greeks. The Patriarch controlled the courts and the schools, as well as the Church, throughout the Greek communities of the empire. This made Orthodox priests, together with the local magnates, the effective rulers of Greek villages. Some Greek towns, such as Athens and Rhodes, retained municipal self-government, while others were put under Ottoman governors. Some areas, such as the Mani Peninsula in the Peloponnese, and parts of Crete (Sfakia) and Epirus, remained virtually independent. During the frequent Turkish-Venetian Wars, the Greeks sided both with the Venetians and Ottomans. (For example, during the Turkish-Venetian War (1714-1718in 1715, local Greeks supplied the Turks and refused to join the Venetian army.) The Orthodox Church assisted in the preservation of the Greek heritage, and during the nineteenth century, adherence to the Greek Orthodox faith became increasingly a mark of Greek nationality.
As a rule, the Ottomans did not require the Greeks to become Muslims, although many did so in order to avert the economic hardships of Ottoman rule. Under the millet logic, a converted Greek, although retaining culture and language, was classified simply as "Muslim." In the eyes of the Christians, however, they were deemed Turks. Some Greeks either became neo-martyrs, such as Saint Efraim the Neo-Martyr or Saint Demetrios the Neo-martyr while others became Crypto-Christians (Greek Muslims who were secret practitioners of the Greek Orthodox faith) in order to avoid heavy taxes and at the same time express their identity by maintaining their secret ties to the Greek Orthodox Church. Crypto-Christians ran the risk of being killed if they were caught practicing a non-Muslim religion once they converted to Islam.
The worst persecutions of Christians took place under the reign of Selim I, known as Selim the Grim, who attempted to stamp out Christianity from the Ottoman Empire. Selim ordered the confiscation of all Christian churches, and while this order was later rescinded, Christians were heavily persecuted during his era.
Taxation and the "tribute of children"
Greeks also paid a land tax and a tax on trade, but these were collected irregularly by the inefficient Ottoman administration. Provided they paid their taxes and gave no trouble, they were left to themselves. Greeks, like other Christians, were also made to pay the jizya, or Islamic poll-tax which all non-Muslims in the empire were forced to pay in order to practice their religion. Non-Muslims did not serve in the Sultan's army, but young boys were forcibly converted to Islam and made to serve in the Ottoman military.
These practices are called the "tribute of children" (devshirmeh) (in Greek παιδομάζωμα paidomazoma, meaning "child gathering"), whereby every Christian community was required to give one son in five to be raised as a Muslim and enrolled in the corps of Janissaries, elite units of the Ottoman army. This imposition, at first, aroused surprisingly little opposition since Greeks who were living on the plains could not offer effective resistance. Still, there was much passive resistance, for example Greek folklore tells of mothers crippling their sons to avoid their abduction. Nevertheless, entrance into the corps (accompanied by conversion to Islam) offered Greek boys the opportunity to advance as high as governor or even Grand Vizier. Some suggest that "recruitment" to the Janissary was viewed as a means of social advancement and was even welcomed.
Opposition of the Greek populace to taxing or paidomazoma resulted in grave consequences. For example, in 1705, an Ottoman official was sent from Naoussa in Macedonia to search and conscript new Janissaries and was killed by Greek rebels who resisted the burden of the devshirmeh. The rebels were subsequently beheaded and their severed heads were displayed in the city of Thessaloniki. The "tribute of children" was met with various reactions ranging from contempt to support. In some cases, it was greatly feared, as Greek families would often have to relinquish their own sons who would convert and return later as their oppressors. In other cases, the families bribed the officers to ensure that their children got a better life as a government officer. The Greek historian Papparigopoulos stated that approximately one million Greeks were conscripted into Janissaries during the Ottoman era.
The incorporation of Greece into the Ottoman Empire had other long-term consequences. Economic activity declined to a great extent (mainly because trade flowed towards cities like Smyrna and Constantinople), and the population declined, at least in the lowland areas (Ottoman censuses did not include many people in mountainous areas). Turks settled extensively in Thrace. After their expulsion from Spain in 1492, Sephardic Jews settled in Thessaloniki (known in this period as Salonica or Selanik), which became the main Jewish centre of the empire. The Greeks became inward-looking, with each region cut off from the others—only Muslims could ride a horse, which made travel difficult. Greek culture declined, and outside the Church few people were literate. The Greek language broke up into regional dialects, and absorbed large numbers of Turkish words. Greek music and other elements of Greek folk-culture were, to a great extent, influenced by Ottoman trends.
After around the unsuccessful Ottoman siege of Vienna, in 1683, the Ottoman Empire entered a long decline both militarily against the Christian powers and internally, leading to an increase in corruption, repression and inefficiency. This provoked discontent which led to disorders and occasionally rebellions. As more areas drifted out of Ottoman control, the Ottomans resorted to military rule in parts of Greece. This only provoked further resistance. Moreover, it led to economic dislocation, as well as accelerated population decline. Another sign of decline was that Ottoman landholdings, previously fiefs held directly from the Sultan, became hereditary estates (chifliks), which could be sold or bequeathed to heirs. The new class of Ottoman landlords reduced the hitherto free Greek peasants to serfdom, leading to further poverty and depopulation in the plains. However, the overall Greek population in the plains was reinforced by the return of some Greeks from the mountains during the seventeenth century.
On the other hand, the position of educated and privileged Greeks within the Ottoman Empire improved in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. As the empire became more settled, and began to feel its increasing backwardness in relation to the European powers, it increasingly recruited Greeks who had the kind of administrative, technical, and financial skills which the Ottomans lacked. From about 1700, Greeks began to fill some of the highest offices of the Ottoman state. The Phanariotes, a class of wealthy Greeks who lived in the Phanar district of Constantinople, became increasingly powerful. Their travels to Western Europe as merchants or diplomats brought them into contact with advanced ideas of liberalism and nationalism, and it was among the Phanariotes that the modern Greek nationalist movement was born.
Greek nationalism was also stimulated by agents of Catherine the Great, the Orthodox ruler of the Russian Empire, who hoped to acquire the lands of the declining Ottoman state, including Constantinople itself, by inciting a Christian rebellion against the Ottomans. However, during the Russian-Ottoman War which broke out in 1768, the Greeks did not rebel, disillusioning their Russian patrons. The Treaty of Kuchuk-Kainarji (1774) gave Russia the right to make "representations" to the Sultan in defense of his Orthodox subjects, and the Russians began to interfere regularly in the internal affairs of the Ottoman Empire. This, combined with the new ideas let loose by the French Revolution of 1789, began to reconnect the Greeks with the outside world and led to the development of an active nationalist movement.
Greece was only peripherally involved in the Napoleonic Wars, but one episode had important consequences. When the French under Napoleon Bonaparte seized Venice in 1797, they also acquired the Ionian Islands. The islands were elevated to the status of a French dependency called the Septinsular Republic, which possessed local autonomy. This was the first time Greeks had governed themselves since the fall of Constantinople in 1453. Among those who held office in the islands was John Capodistria, destined to become independent Greece's first head of state. By the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815, Greece had re-emerged from its centuries of isolation. British and French writers and artists began to visit the country, and wealthy Europeans began to collect Greek antiquities. These "philhellenes" were to play an important role in mobilizing support for Greek independence. Between 1821 and 1829, the Greeks rebelled against the Ottomans, becoming the first Ottoman province to gain independence. The revolt was motivated both by the new spirit of nationalism that swept through Europe following the French Revolution and by a revival of pride in Greece's history as the fountain of learning in the ancient world.
The War of Independence
A secret Greek nationalist organization called the "Friendly Society" or "Company of Friends" (Filiki Eteria) was formed in Odessa in 1814. The members of the organization planned a rebellion with the support of wealthy Greek exile communities in Britain and the United States. They also gained support from sympathizers in Western Europe, as well as covert assistance from Russia. The organization secured Capodistria, who became Russian Foreign Minister after leaving the Ionian Islands, as the leader of the planned revolt. On March 25 (now Greek Independence Day), 1821, the Orthodox Bishop Germanos of Patras proclaimed a national uprising. Simultaneous risings were planned across Greece, including in Macedonia, Crete, and Cyprus. With the initial advantage of surprise, aided by Ottoman inefficiency and Turk's fight against Ali Pasha of Tepelen, the Greeks succeeded in capturing the Peloponnese and some other areas. Some of the first Greek actions were taken against unarmed Ottoman settlements, with about 40 percent of Turkish and Albanian Muslim residents of the Peloponnese killed outright, and the rest fleeing the area or being deported.
The Ottomans soon recovered, and retaliated in turn with similar savagery, massacring the Greek population of Chios and other towns. This worked to their disadvantage by provoking further sympathy for the Greeks in Western Europe, although the British and French governments suspected that the uprising was a Russian plot to seize Greece and possibly Constantinople from the Ottomans. The Greeks were unable to establish a coherent government in the areas they controlled, and soon fell to fighting amongst themselves. Inconclusive fighting between Greeks and Ottomans continued until 1825, when the Sultan sent a powerful fleet and army from Egypt to ravage the Aegean Islands and the Peloponnese.
The atrocities that accompanied this expedition, together with sympathy aroused by the death of the poet and leading philhellene Lord Byron at Messolongi in 1824, eventually led the Western Powers to intervene. In October 1827, the British, French, and Russian fleets, on the initiative of local commanders but with the tacit approval of their governments, attacked and destroyed the Ottoman fleet at the Battle of Navarino. This was the decisive moment in the war of independence. In October 1828, the French landed troops in the Peloponnese to stop the Ottoman atrocities. Under their protection, the Greeks were able to regroup and form a new government. They then advanced to seize as much territory as possible, including Athens and Thebes, before the Western Powers imposed a ceasefire.
A conference in London, in March 1829, proposed an independent Greek state with a northern frontier running from Arta to Volos, and including only Euboia and the Cyclades among the islands. The Greeks were bitterly disappointed at these restricted frontiers, but were in no position to resist the will of Britain, France and Russia, who were largely responsible for Greek independence. By the Convention of May 11, 1832, Greece was finally recognized as a sovereign state. Capodistria, who had been Greece's unrecognized head of state since 1828, was assassinated in October 1831. To prevent further experiments in republican government, the Western Powers insisted that Greece be a monarchy, and the Bavarian Prince Otto, rather than someone with a Greek origin was chosen to be its first king.
The years of rule by the Ottomans has impacted on relations between the modern nations states of Greece and Turkey. Relations have been generally tense. The Fall of Constantinople on Tuesday May 29 1452 still makes "Tuesday" as "unlucky day" for Greeks. In 1922, Turkish troops drove "by 1922 were strong enough again to drive Greece’s troops, and centuries of Greek society, from Anatolia." The position of the Turkish community on the island of Cyprus, where many Greeks wanted union with Greece added to the political tension. In 1974, Turkey invaded Cyprus following a pro-union coup against president Makarios III and established the Turkish Federative State of Cyprus, later the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. Dispute continues regarding sovereignty of several islands including one that is unpopulated. One vision of border-zones such as that between Greece and Turkey, which is also a frontier between culture and religions is that they produce conflict and tend towards confrontation. Another vision is that such zones can become inter-civilizational bridges based on cooperation. Greece is a member of the European Union while Turkey has applied to join. If Turkey's membership proceeds, good relations between Greece and Turkey will have wider implications not only in Europe but also for the rest of the world. On a positive note, the influx of Greek scholars into Europe following 1453 made a major contribution to the Renaissance.
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 The Economist, The Fall of Constantinople. Retrieved July 20, 2008.
- ↑ The United Nations, Dialogue among civilizations, UN Year of Dialogue Among Civilizations. Retrieved July 20, 2008
- ↑ Warren Treadgold, A History of Byzantine State and Society (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1997, ISBN 9780804724210).
- ↑ Vacalopoulos (1976), p 45.
- ↑ Paroulakis (1984), p 10-11.
- ↑ L.S. Stavrianos, The Balkans since 1453 (New York: Rinehart, 1958, ISBN 9780030096853).
- ↑ Paroulakis (1984), p 11.
- ↑ David Nicolle and Christa Hook, The Janissaries (London: Osprey, 1995, ISBN 9781855324138), p 4.
- ↑ Shaw (1976), p 114.
- ↑ Hobsbawm (1962), p 181-185.
- ↑ Jelavich (1983), p 217.
- ↑ CNN, Greece, Turkey circle island each says is theirs. Retrieved July 20, 2008.
- Hobsbawm, Eric John. 1962. The Age of Revolution. New York: New American Library. ISBN 0451627202.
- Jelavich, Barbara. 1983. History of the Balkans, 18th and 19th Centuries. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521274583.
- Paroulakis, Peter H. 1984. The Greek War of Independence. Darwin, AU: Hellenic International Press. ISBN 9780959089417.
- Shaw, Stanford J., and Ezel Kural Shaw. 1976. History of the Ottoman Empire and modern Turkey. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521212809.
- Vacalopoulos, Apostolis. 1976. The Greek Nation, 1453-1669. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. ISBN 9780813508108.
- Macedonian Question: Turkish Domination. Retrieved July 20, 2008.
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Required math: calculus
Required physics: 3-d Schrödinger equation
Reference: Griffiths, David J. (2005), Introduction to Quantum Mechanics, 2nd Edition; Pearson Education – Problem 4.40.
Shankar, R. (1994), Principles of Quantum Mechanics, Plenum Press. Chapter 13, Exercise 13.1.5.
[If some equations are too small to read easily, use your browser’s magnifying option (Ctrl + on Chrome, probably something similar on other browsers).]
We’ve seen the virial theorem in one dimension, which states:
where is the kinetic energy.
We can derive the 3-d version of the virial theorem using a similar method. From the formula for the rate of change of an observable, we have,
assuming that the potential is time-independent. (This is what Shankar refers to as Ehrenfest’s theorem.) In three dimensions, we have
Since each term in the commutator (except for the potential ) contains only one of the three spatial coordinates, any derivative term commutes with any other derivative term that contains a different variable. The remaining three non-zero commutators, one for each coordinate, can be calculated in the same way as in one dimension. We are therefore left with a simple generalization of the result for one dimension.
For stationary states the time derivative is zero, so
so since ,
Thus we have
But we know that the total energy for the hydrogen atom in quantum state is so we get and .
For the 3-d harmonic oscillator
The total energy in state is so .


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Nature of science - 4.4
Scientists spend a considerable amount of time reading the published results of other scientists. They publish their own results in scientific journals after a process called peer review. This is when the work of a scientist or, more usually, a team of scientists is anonymously and independently reviewed by several scientists working in the same field who decide if the research methodologies are sound and if the work represents a new contribution to knowledge in that field. They also attend conferences to make presentations and display posters of their work. Publication of peer-reviewed journals on the internet has increased the efficiency with which the scientific literature can be searched and accessed. There are a large number of national and international organizations for scientists working in specialized areas within subjects.


- About Us
Transportation and Land Use Committee
More greenhouse gas emissions or walkable, livable communities? Cities or sprawl? The transportation decisions being made now will affect the land use and settlement patterns and the environmental health of our region for decades into the future.
Given the extraordinary challenges we face, now is the time to change the debate on transportation. The Sierra Club adopts the following set of principles to guide its evaluation of transportation policies, plans and projects from city, county, regional or state leaders.
1. New transportation investments must transform the regional transportation infrastructure into an integrated multi-modal roads and transit system that supports both seamless transfers between these modes and multiple ways to reach destinations.
2. New transportation investments that add capacity to the road system must be rigorously evaluated with respect to their human and environmental health costs and benefits.
3. New transportation investments must reinforce land use policies and developments that encourage compact, walkable communities.
4. Transportation funding should be based on mechanisms related to the actual use of the roadway system and the resulting environmental burden.
5. Local jurisdictions must be provided with local taxing authority to fund local transit operations as well as street and sidewalk improvements that support non-motorized movement (i.e., walking and biking).
6. Changes in regional transportation governance should promote the coherent design, construction and operation of an integrated multi-modal roads and transit system that is well coordinated with other regional planning efforts (for land use, water, sewer, telecommunications, etc.).
The Transportation Committee usually meets monthly on either the 4th or last Tuesday of the month. See the Events Calendar for specific details.
For more information, please contact the committee chair, Tim Gould.