|Publication number||US6984427 B2|
|Application number||US 10/044,367|
|Publication date||Jan 10, 2006|
|Filing date||Jan 10, 2002|
|Priority date||Jan 10, 2002|
|Also published as||EP1465960A1, US20030129343, WO2003060031A1|
|Publication number||044367, 10044367, US 6984427 B2, US 6984427B2, US-B2-6984427, US6984427 B2, US6984427B2|
|Inventors||Robert K. Galkiewicz, Brian E. Spiewak, Dennis R. Nichols, Janet R. Kirkman|
|Original Assignee||3M Innovative Properties Company|
|Export Citation||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|
|Patent Citations (21), Referenced by (13), Classifications (35), Legal Events (5)|
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet|
The present invention provides a microstructured release liner having a plurality of outwardly extending protrusions. In particular, the present invention provides an article including a microstructured release liner having a plurality of outwardly extending protrusions associated with an adhesive layer such that the protrusions substantially penetrate the adhesive layer.
Release materials, such as release webs and sheets have previously been used in a wide variety of articles of manufacture typically for temporarily covering a tacky adhesive such as a pressure sensitive adhesive. Additionally, the release materials of the prior art have been used in a wide variety of manufacturing processes requiring the use of a release material to transfer an adhesive layer from one substrate to another.
However, such prior art release materials usually have a number of disadvantages. It is known to those skilled in the release material art, that release materials are provided with a coating, such as a silicone coating, to improve the release properties. However, when a release material is provided with a silicone coating and stored in roll form, a common practice, the reverse side of the release material can pick up silicone coating by offsetting. The offset silicone coating can be objectionably transferred during use of the release material. Such objectionable silicone offsetting is also known to sheet release material wherein the sheet release material, before being applied to other structures, is stacked vertically before the silicone is completely cured causing transfer or offsetting of silicone from the top surface of a lower sheet to the bottom surface of the next above sheet. The use of release coatings also requires additional process steps in order to apply the coating that adds to production costs. Furthermore, release materials of the prior art that include a release coating suffer from an increase in release force with time due to degradation of the coating integrity with use or over time.
It is also known in the prior art to decrease the release force of a release material through a reduction in contact area between the adhesive and release material. Typically, this is accomplished by creating a patterned texture on the surface of the release material that contacts the adhesive layer. The decrease in release force of these types of release materials is derived from the fact that the adhesive does not contact the entire surface area of the release material but rather only makes point or line contact with the top surface of the patterned texture. Thus, such release materials decrease release force by effectively decreasing contact area between the adhesive and the release material from area contact to point or line contact.
These types of textured release material, however, have disadvantages. The reduction of area contact to point or line contact does not provide a release material suitable for use at elevated temperatures or under compressive loads. Typically, the texture applied to the release liner is of a geometry so as to only make point contact with the adhesive. The textures are not designed to penetrate the adhesive layer as such penetration would effectively increase contact area between the adhesive and the release material beyond that of point or line contact contrary to the theory behind textured release materials. However, as compressive force is applied to textured release liners the adhesive is forced into the release liner so as to cause the adhesive to completely wet out the release liner. Thus, compressive force applied to textured release liners leads to total area contact between the release material and adhesive layer and an increase in release force.
Additionally, at elevated temperatures, adhesives can flow and migrate toward the release liner land eventually completely wetting out the release liner. The textures typically used with the release liners of the prior art are of a geometry that does not inhibit the adhesive from contacting the land of the release materials at elevated temperatures.
There are a number of processing needs requiring the use of a release material to transfer an adhesive layer from one substrate to another. New adhesives are being developed that adhere well to a wide variety of surfaces, including low energy surfaces such as for example, polypropylene and polyethylene. The aggressive adhesion of these adhesives makes them unsuitable for use with conventional release materials. Among these new adhesives are silicone adhesives for example that are not compatible with the release materials of the prior art, and are placing strong demands on release material properties. Accordingly, there exists a need in the art for improved release materials for use at elevated temperatures, under compressive loads and with modem adhesives.
Generally, the present invention provides an improved release material which may be embodied as a sheet or web and is suitable for use at elevated temperatures, under compressive loads and with aggressive modern adhesives. One embodiment is an article that includes an adhesive layer, and a release liner layer where the release liner layer includes a first surface associated with said adhesive layer and a second surface, where the first surface is embossed to provide a plurality of outwardly extending protrusions that penetrate said adhesive layer.
Another embodiment of the present invention is an article including a first adhesive layer, a release layer, and a second adhesive layer, where the release layer comprises a first surface associated with the first adhesive layer and a second surface associated with the second adhesive layer, where the first surface is embossed to provide a plurality of outwardly extending protrusions that penetrate the first adhesive layer, and where the second surface is embossed to provide a plurality of outwardly extending protrusions that penetrate the second adhesive layer.
In a further embodiment the present invention is directed toward a method for the release of an adhesive from a substrate including the steps of applying the adhesive to a substrate, and removing the adhesive from the substrate where the substrate includes a first surface associated with said adhesive and a second surface, where the first surface is embossed to provide a plurality of outwardly extending protrusions that penetrate the adhesive layer.
The above summary of the present invention is not intended to describe each disclosed embodiment or every implementation of the present invention. The Figures and the detailed description which follow more particularly exemplify these embodiments.
The invention may be more completely understood in consideration of the following detailed description of various embodiments of the invention in connection with the accompanying drawings, in which:
While the invention is amenable to various modifications and alternative forms, specifics thereof have been shown by way of example in the drawings and will be described in detail. It should be understood, however, that the intention is not to limit the invention to the particular embodiments described. On the contrary, the intention is to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the invention.
All numbers are herein assumed to be modified by the term “about.”
The recitation of numerical ranges by endpoints includes all numbers subsumed within that range (e.g., 1 to 5 includes 1, 1.5, 2, 2.75, 3, 3.80, 4, and 5).
As used herein “point contact” means that the adhesive rests primarily on the tip or terminus of a release liner feature, such as a post or other three-dimensional protrusion for example, without substantially conforming to the shape of the feature and therefore without touching the sides of the feature.
As used herein “line contact” means that the adhesive rests primarily on the tip or terminus of a liner ridge or other substantially two-dimensional protrusion or feature without substantially conforming to the cross-sectional shape of the ridge and therefore without touching the sides of the feature.
Pressure sensitive adhesive layers are one example of a preferred adhesive layer 3 in accordance with the present invention. Pressure-sensitive adhesives (PSAs) are well known to one of ordinary skill in the art to possess properties including the following: (1) aggressive and permanent tack, (2) adherence with no more than finger pressure, (3) sufficient ability to hold onto an adherend, and (4) sufficient cohesive strength to be removed cleanly from the adherend. Useful PSAs include natural rubbers, synthetic rubbers, block copolymers, (meth)acrylates, silicones, and olefins.
Release material refers to a component, that exhibits low adhesion to an adhesive, such as a pressure sensitive adhesive (PSA), so that separation can occur substantially between the adhesive and release material interface. Release coatings can be used as a “liner” for adhesive articles, such as labels or medical dressing bandages, where the adhesive article is generally supplied as a sheet-like construction, as opposed to a roll-like construction. In tape applications, a release material is often referred to as a “low adhesion backsize”, or LAB. In this form, the adhesive surface contacts the back surface of the article. The LAB prevents the adhesive from permanently adhering to the back surface of the article and allows that article to be unwound.
The release liner layer 4 can be produced from virtually any orientable thermoplastic resin that is suitable for extrusion molding. Typically, the release liner layer is selected from a group of materials including polymeric films of various stiffness such as, for example, polyesters such as poly(ethylene terephthalate), polyolefins such as polypropylene and polyethylene, polystyrenes such as poly(styrene-acrylonitrile) and poly(acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene), plasticized polyvinyl chloride, polycarbonates or polymethacrylates. Useful polymeric materials for the production of the release liner layer described herein include copolymers of the monomers above such as a copolymer of polypropylene and polyethylene containing 17.5% polyethylene and having a melt flow index of 30, that is available as SRD7-463 from Shell Oil Company, Houston, Tex. A particularly useful polymeric material for the production of the release liner layer described herein includes a polypropylene homopolymer that is available as Escorene® from Exxon Coproration, Houston, Tex.
The first surface 6 of the release liner layer is suitably embossed as indicated by the protrusions 8 shown. As may be better understood by reference to
The cross sectional shape of the protrusions 8 includes any shape that affords the desired release characteristics. Typically, the cross-sectional shape of the protrusions is determined by the manufacturing method employed to make them. Examples of useful cross-sectional shapes include circular, elliptical, polygonal and combinations thereof. Useful polygonal cross-sectional shapes include square, triangular, rectangular, and trapezoidal, for example. Protrusions with a circular cross-sectional shape are particularly useful.
The first surface of the release liner layer can be embossed with any array of protrusions that affords the desired release characteristics. Typically, the array of protrusions is determined by the manufacturing method employed to make them. Useful arrays include random, polygonal, circular, and elliptical, for example. Useful polygonal arrays include square, hexagonal, rectangular, and triangular, for example. Each array results in different packing and performance characteristics. For example, circular arrays will not close-pack while rectangular arrays can provide X-direction peel differing from Y-direction peel or intended misregistration against a similar pattern rotated 90° for example. Examples of useful arrays of protrusions embodied by the present invention may be better understood by reference to
The density of the protrusions 8 on the release liner layer includes any density that affords the desired release characteristics. Generally protrusion density is such that the adhesive layer 3 is not able to sag in between protrusions and touch the land 20 of the release material. The density of the protrusions 8 on the release liner layer may be 50 to 4000 protrusions per square inch (7.75 to 620 square centimeters). Useful protrusion densities include 500 to 1200 protrusions per square inch (77.5 to 186 per square cm) and 700 to 1000 protrusions per square inch (108.5 to 155 per square cm), for example. Additionally, protrusion densities of the present invention include 900 protrusions per square inch (139.5 per square cm).
The physical dimensions of the protrusions 8 include any that provide the desired release characteristics. Additionally, the physical dimensions of the protrusions are such that when compressive stress is applied, the protrusions do not bend or buckle and maintain their structural integrity so as to prevent the adhesive layer 3 from contacting the land 20.
The height of the protrusion above the land 20 is a variable that scales with adhesive thickness. The height of the protrusions 8 is that which is at least greater than the thickness of the associated adhesive layer so that under compressive load the protrusion termini 21 can penetrate the adhesive layer and contact the backing layer without the near adhesive surface contacting the land 20 of the release liner layer. For example, the height of protrusions 8 includes is that which is at least 4 mils (0.01016 cm) greater than the thickness of the associated adhesive layer. In one example, the height of protrusions 8 include those of 1 to 25 mils (0.00254 to 0.0635 cm). In another example, the height of protrusions 8 include those of 2 to 12 mils (0.00508 to 0.03048 cm). In a further example, the height of protrusions 8 include those of 3 to 8 mils (0.00762 to 0.02032 cm). In yet another example the height of protrusions 8 include those of 4 to 5 mils (0.01016 to 0.0127 cm).
Protrusions of the present invention include those with a width or diameter of 1 to 15 mils (0.00254 to 0.0381 cm), for example. In another example, the width or diameter of protrusions 8 include those of 2 to 10 mils (0.00508 to 0.0254 cm). In yet another example, the width or diameter of protrusions 8 include those of 3 to 5 mils (0.00762 to 0.0127 cm). Typically, the diameter or width of the protrusions varies with respect to the height of the protrusion.
The aspect ratio of protrusions of the present invention is that ratio between the height and width or diameter of protrusions 8. Generally, as protrusion height increases so will protrusion width or diameter so as to prevent bending or buckling of the protrusions and prevent the adhesive layer 3 from contacting the land 20. For example, protrusions of the present invention include those with an aspect ratio of 4:1 or less. In another example protrusions of the present invention include those with an aspect ratio of 2:1 or less.
The second surface 5 of the release layer 4 can remain unmodified or can also be embossed as described above for the first surface. The array embossed on the second surface can be the same as or different that that of the first surface. Additionally, the physical characteristics of the protrusions embossed on the second surface such as height, diameter, and cross-sectional shape, for example, can independently be the same or different from those on the first surface.
The thickness of the release liner layer land can be any thickness that imparts the desired processing characteristics, flexural stiffness, tear resistance and tensile strength. Examples of useful release liner layer land thicknesses include 1 to 10 mils (0.00254 to 0.0254 cm). Additional examples of useful release liner layer land thicknesses include 2 to 5 mils (0.00508 to 0.0127 cm).
The land 20 of the present invention may itself include a patterned texture or be essentially smooth. Such a patterned texture on the land 20 can include a series of protrusions, ridges, valley or a combination thereof providing that the patterned texture of the land does not interfere with the associated adhesive layer 3 and detrimentally affect the release characteristics of the release liner. Pattern textures such as protrusions or ridges, for example, that are present on the land 20 should be of such a dimension so as not to exceed the height of the protrusions 8 or contact the adhesive layer 3. For example, a patterned texture present on the land can consist of protrusions, whose shape is as described above with respect to protrusions 8, but are smaller in dimension than protrusions 8 which contact the adhesive layer 3.
The optional backing layer 2 can be any material known to those of skill in the art upon which an adhesive can be applied. Typically, the backing is selected from a group of materials including polymeric films of various stiffness such as, for example, polyolefins, polyesters, polycarbonates, polymethacrylates, plasticized PVC, papers, metal foils, foams, and woven or non-woven fabrics. Optionally, the backing could be a conventional release liner to provide a transfer tape, for example. Useful polyolefins include polyethylene and polypropylene, for example. If desired, the backing may be treated with mechanical or chemical priming.
The optional backing 2 can be an additional release layer 4 as described above. For example, a release layer 4 having a second surface 5 that is not embossed can act as a backing layer 2 when the second surface is associated with the adhesive layer 3. This is typical when composite structures 1 are in roll form.
The backing layers, first and second sides of the release layer, the pressure sensitive adhesive layer, and protrusions of an article of
The articles of the present invention may exist in a variety of physical forms. For example, the articles may be in sheet form or may be rolled, in either direction, to form a roll. In one example where the article of the present invention is rolled, the second side 5 of the release layer 4 contacts the adhesive layer 3 or optional backing layer 2. In an additional example where the article of the present invention is rolled, the optional backing layer 12 contacts the adhesive layer 17 or the optional backing layer 18, or the optional backing layer 18 contacts the adhesive layer 13 or the optional backing layer 12. In those instances when articles of the present invention exist in a roll or sheet form, the total article thickness of the backing(s), if any, plus the adhesive layer(s), plus the release liner layer(s) should be minimized while still maintaining release behavior under anticipated conditions of processing, storage and use. Minimization of total article thickness aids in space conservation and allows for increased amounts of material to be stored in these manners.
Release materials as described above provide improved release properties over those previously disclosed. The release materials of the present invention provide release from a broad variety of adhesive chemistries. Such materials provide release from 1.95 to 3.85 N/dm (from 50 to 100 grams of force per linear inch), for example. The release materials disclosed herein function at elevated temperatures and under compressive loads. Release materials disclosed herein also function without the need for additional release coatings. The absence of such release coatings is advantageous since this avoids the possibility of transfer of the coating to the adhesive or degradation of the coating at elevated temperatures or pressures. Additionally, the absence of such release coatings avoids the increased costs and manufacturing steps required to apply the coatings.
Release materials as described herein allow for improved outgassing of residual monomer in the release liner and/or the adhesive layer. The release materials as described herein also allow for improved removal of residual solvent. Removal of residual monomer or solvent is improved due to the presence of a gap between the release liner land and the adhesive layer. This gap is a result of the protrusions penetrating the adhesive layer and preventing it from making contact with the land. The presence of this gap affords the possibility of further improving outgassing or removal of residual solvent through the use of low pressure, elevated temperature, circulation of air, or a combinations thereof. For example, adhesive articles including a release material as described herein can be stored in roll form. These rolls of material can be stored in a low pressure environment at elevated temperatures so as to facilitate outgassing.
The release properties of the release materials disclosed herein are derived from a microstructured surface rather than from a release coating such as diorganopolysiloxanes and dimethylpolysiloxanes. The performance of these release materials is derived from penetration of the adhesive by the protrusions and the resulting reduction in contact area between the release liner layer and the adhesive.
Reduction in the amount of surface area in contact between two surfaces lowers the adhesion force between those two surfaces. In the present case, the protrusions embossed on the surface of the release liner layer are typically posts or ridges as described above and act to decrease the contact area between the release liner layer and the adhesive. However, the contact area of the release liner layer must be reduced while still providing enough flexural support to prevent the adhesive surface from contacting the land 20 of the release liner. Enough flexural support must exist to prevent the adhesive from sagging or flowing and making contact with the liner land. Thus, the release liner layer as disclosed herein includes certain arrays of protrusions of such a size and shape so as to balance the competing needs of contact area reduction, adequate flexural support of the adhesive layer to prevent its contact with the release liner layer land, and adequate flexural stiffness of the protrusions so as to avoid degradation of their structural integrity under compressive loads.
Simple reduction in contact area, however, will not alone result in the optimum release characteristics as disclosed herein. Reduction of the contact area to point or line contact at the surface of an adhesive layer alone does not afford a release liner layer with the release characteristics of the present invention. The microstructured release materials disclosed herein include arrays of protrusions that not only reduce the contact area between the release liner and the adhesive but also physically penetrate the adhesive layer. Penetration of the adhesive layer by the protrusions effectively allows the adhesive layer to be held away from the land of the release material. Thus, even though penetration of the adhesive layer by the protrusions effectively increases the contact area beyond that which it would have been if the protrusion were only to make point contact with the surface of the adhesive layer, the release materials of the present invention afford increased release properties. In examples where the height of the protrusion is greater than that of the adhesive layer the protrusion can penetrate the adhesive layer and make substantial contact with a backing layer. In this example the adhesive is held away from the land of the release liner layer even under compressive loads. Substantial contact between the backing layer and the protrusion allows the protrusion to bear the compressive load and not the adhesive layer. Compressive loads therefore, do not substantially increase the contact area between the release liner layer and the adhesive as the adhesive layer is forced toward the land of the release material. Thus, this release liner layer is suitable for uses involving any compressive force between the adhesive layer and the release liner layer such as storage of tapes in a roll form or the passing of a web through a nip created by two rollers. It is apparent that release materials as disclosed herein are useful for storage of tapes in roll form or processing of adhesives involving compressive forces.
Additionally, release materials disclosed herein, where the protrusions penetrate the adhesive layer, are useful at elevated temperatures, such as those up to at least 70° C., for example. Examples of release materials where the protrusions penetrate the adhesive layer and make substantial contact with a backing layer are particularly useful at elevated temperatures. At elevated temperatures adhesives can flow and migrate toward the release liner layer land. Protrusions that penetrate the adhesive layer and make substantial contact with a backing layer maintain a constant open distance between the adhesive layer and the release liner land. The presence of this open distance allows some flow or migration of the adhesive layer at elevated temperatures without compromising the release characteristics of the release liner layer as it inhibits contact between the adhesive layer and the release liner layer.
The release materials as described herein can be produced by stamping, pressing, injection molding or extrusion molding processes, for example. Generally, useful extrusion molding processes include those where a feed stream of thermoplastic resin is fed into an extruder from which a heated resin melt is fed through a die to a rotating cylindrical tool. Cavities in the cylindrical continuous surface of the tool can be optionally evacuated by an external vacuum system. The solidified resin is stripped from the tool by a stripper roll as a web that has an array of outwardly extending protrusions. A useful process, for example, employs a tool that can be cylindrical and has cavities recessed from a continuous surface that are the negatives of an array of protrusions. The process further involves the steps of moving the surface of the tool along a predetermined path, continuously injecting a molten, thermoplastic resin into the cavities in excess of the amount that would fill the cavities, which excess forms a layer of resin overlying the cavities and the surface around the cavities, continuously cooling the tool around the cavities to cause the molten resin to become molecularly oriented while it fills the cavities, allowing the injected resin to solidify, and continuously stripping from the tool the solidified resin layer as a backing and integral array of upstanding stems. An extrusion molding process used to produce a substantially continuous planar sheet of thermoplastic resin with an array of projections generally at right angles to one major surface of the sheet, such as that disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,679,302 for example, is particularly suited for producing the release materials described herein.
The release materials as described herein can also be produced through profile extrusion or a pressing process. Useful profile extrusion processes include that disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,894,060. Generally, useful pressing processes include those where a sheet of a heated resin melt, derived from a thermoplastic resin, is placed under a plate upon which pressure is applied. As pressure is applied, cavities or holes created in the surface of the plate fill with the heated resin melt to produce a series of outwardly extending protrusions with geometries and in an array corresponding to the cavities in the plate. Once cool, the solidified resin is stripped from the plate as a web that has an array of outwardly extending protrusions.
Table of Abbreviations
Super 33+ Electrical tape of 0.75 inch (1.9
centimeter) width commercially available from 3M
Company, St. Paul, MN
850 Acrylic tape of 1.0 inch (2.54 centimeter) width
commercially available from 3M Company, St.
8403 Green Silicone tape of 1.0 inch (2.54
centimeter) width commercially available from 3M
Company, St. Paul, MN
9671 transfer tape of 1.0 inch (2.54 centimeter)
width and adhesive thickness of about 57
micrometers commercially available from 3M
Company, St. Paul, MN
9752 transfer tape of 1.0 inch (2.54 centimeter)
width and adhesive thickness of about 53
micrometers commercially available from 3M
Company, St. Paul, MN
Polypropylene commercially available from Exxon
Corporation, Houston, TX
an aminated-polybutadiene primed polyester film of
polyethylene terephthalate having a thickness of 38
Polypropylene commercially available from Exxon
Corporation, Houston, TX
T-peel (ASTM D1876-95) is used to determine the relative peel resistance between flexible adherends. The adhesive side of a test tape 2.54 cm wide by 10.16 cm long (1 inch wide by 4 inches long) was laminated to the release liner. The resulting specimen was tested after a specified dwell using an INSTRON materials tester (commercially available from Instron, Canton, Mass.) with the jaws moving at a crosshead speed of 30.5 cm/min (12 inches/min). The T-peel adhesion is reported in Newtons/decimeter (N/dm).
Liner Preparation Method for Liners A, B and C
The patterned liners were prepared in the following manner. Escorene 3445 was fed into a single screw extruder (supplied by Killion Extruders, Verona, N.J.) having a diameter of 3.175 cm (1.25 inches), a length/diameter (L/D) ratio of 24/1, and a temperature profile that steadily increased from approximately 160–232.2° C. (320–450° F.). The polymer was continuously discharged at speeds of 5–7 RPM and a pressure of at least 7.0307 kg per square cm (100 psi), through a necktube heated to 232.2° C. (450° F.) and into a 15.24 cm (6 inches) wide ULTRAFLEX L40 film die (supplied by Extrusion Dies, Inc.) maintained at a temperature of 232.2° C. (450° F.). The die gap was nominally set to 0.0254 cm (0.010 inches) and produced a molten sheet of polypropylene 15.24 cm (6 inches) wide. The molten sheet of polypropylene was delivered to the nip formed by the upper two rolls of a 3-roll stack comprising three 15.24 cm (6 inches) diameter, water-chilled, chrome-plated rolls maintained at 21.1° C. (70° F.). A silicone rubber tool 50.8 cm (20 inches) long, 25.4 cm (10 inches) wide, and 0.635 cm (0.25 inches) thick, having a multitude to high aspect ratio (ca. 7) cavities was affixed to the driven center roll with a high-temperature (i.e., rated to 204.4° C. (400° F.)), double-sided silicone adhesive tape (supplied by Specialty Tapes, Racine, Wis.), and seamed with Hi-Temp Red RTV silicone (supplied by ITW Fluid Products Group, St. Louis, Mo.). The tool contained 139.5 cavities (i.e., blind holes) per square centimeter (900 per square inch), each with a diameter of 0.03302 cm (0.013 inches) and a depth of 0.2286 cm (0.090 inches). A force of 875 N/dm (50 pounds per linear inch) was applied to the molten polymer in the nip to replicate the pattern on the tool. The replicated film exited the nip at 1.8288–3.048 meters per minute (6–10 feet per minute) but remained on the tool for a 180 degree wrap to facilitate cooling of the polymer melt. The microstructured film was then removed from the tool via lower chill roll and wound on a 7.62 cm (3 inch) diameter core with ca. 2.268 kg (5 pounds) of tension. These liners are all square arrays with 139.5 posts per square centimeter (900 posts per square inch) and an approximate diameter at the base of the posts of 254 micrometers and are characterized in Table A by the thickness of the “land” (the base layer of the liner) and the height of the posts.
Liner Preparation Method for Liner D
Escorene 1024 polypropylene was pumped through a 6.4 centimeter Davis Standard single screw extruder with a gradient temperature profile ending at 218° C. The screw was rotating at 14 revolutions per minute. The material was delivered to a 35.5 centimeter EBR die (commercially available from Cloeren Company, Orange, Tex.) heated to 204° C. The die gap was set to 0.05 centimeters and produced a molten sheet of polypropylene 25.4 centimeters wide. The molten sheet of polypropylene was delivered into a rotating nip comprised of a 46 centimeter diameter chrome plate roll and a rotating silicone tool. The 46 centimeter diameter roll was heated to a temperature of 38° C. and the rotating silicone tool was maintained at 38° C. The rotating silicone tool contained 139.5 holes per square centimeter (900 holes per square inch) and a diameter of 0.033 centimeters. The force applied to the molten polymer in the nip was 875 N/dm (50 pounds per linear inch). The film exited the nip at 6 meters per minute and was wound on a 7.6 centimeter diameter core with 4.5 kilograms of tension.
TABLE A Approximate Land Thickness Approximate Post Height Liner Designation (micrometers) (micrometers) A 100 110 B 130 175 C 130 300 D 130 130
Laminate Preparation Method
For each combination of adhesive tape and structured liner film, six samples were created. Three replicates were made with the adhesive stuck to the flat (non-patterned) side of the film, and three were prepared with the adhesive stuck to the patterned side of the films. This method provided a control of the peel force of the liner without the structure.
Samples of film were cut slightly wider than the test tapes and approximately 10 centimeters (4 inches) long. Tape samples were cut approximately 10 centimeters (4 inches) long, a paper slice was laminated to one end to form a tab, and then the tape and structured films were laminated together with a handheld 2 kg (4.5 pound) roller making two passes.
The liners A and B were laminated to test tapes 1–3 according to the above method. All samples were then placed into aluminum trays and placed into a convection oven held at 70° C. They were left in the oven for a week, taken to a controlled temperature and humidity room (23° C. and 50% RH), and allowed to equilibrate to temperature for about 1 hour. T-peel samples were run to the flat (non-patterned) side of the liner and to the patterned side according to the test method outlined above. These data are presented in Table 1. For Examples 1–4 samples that had been in a 70° C. oven for 1 week were placed in a 70° C. oven under a pressure of 9.52 kiloPascals for a week, taken to a controlled temperature and humidity room (23° C. and 50% RH), and allowed to equilibrate to temperature for about 1 hour. T-peel samples were run to the flat (non-patterned) side of the liner and to the patterned side according to the test method outlined above. These data are presented in Table 2.
T-Peel on Patterned
T-Peel on Flat Side
Side after aging at
after aging at 70° C.
T-Peel on Flat Side
T-Peel on Patterned
after aging at 70° C.
Side after aging at
and 9.52 kPa
70° C. and 9.52 kPa
Test tapes of varying thickness were prepared using Tape 4 (a transfer tape of thickness 57 microns) by laminating the transfer tape to a PET backing and then laminating additional layers of the transfer tape on top of this laminate. These tapes were laminated to liner C according to the above method. T-peel samples were run to the flat (non-patterned) side of the liner and to the patterned side according to the test method outlined above. These data are presented in Table 3.
T-Peel on Flat
T-Peel on Patterned
Test tapes of varying thickness were prepared using Tape 4 (a transfer tape of thickness 57 microns) by laminating the transfer tape to a PET backing and then laminating additional layers of the transfer tape on top of this laminate. These tapes were laminated to liner D according to the above method. T-peel samples were run to the flat (non-patterned) side of the liner and to the patterned side according to the test method outlined above. These data are presented in Table 4.
T-Peel on Flat
T-Peel on Patterned
Test tapes of varying thickness were prepared using Tape 5 (a transfer tape of thickness 53 microns) by laminating the transfer tape to a PET backing and then laminating additional layers of the transfer tape on top of this laminate. These tapes were laminated to liner D according to the above method. T-peel samples were run to the flat (non-patterned) side of the liner and to the patterned side according to the test method outlined above. These data are presented in Table 5.
T-Peel on Flat
T-Peel on Patterned
All patents referred to are hereby incorporated by reference. The present invention should not be considered limited to the particular examples described above, but rather should be understood to cover all aspects of the invention as fairly set out in the attached claims. Various modifications, equivalent processes, as well as numerous structures to which the present invention may be applicable will be readily apparent to those of skill in the art to which the present invention is directed upon review of the instant specification.
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|US5141790 *||Nov 20, 1989||Aug 25, 1992||Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company||Repositionable pressure-sensitive adhesive tape|
|US5273805||Aug 5, 1991||Dec 28, 1993||Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company||Structured flexible carrier web with recess areas bearing a layer of silicone on predetermined surfaces|
|US5344681||Oct 13, 1993||Sep 6, 1994||Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company||Patterned pressure sensitive adhesive transfer tape|
|US5344693 *||Mar 15, 1991||Sep 6, 1994||Bernard Sanders||Component with spacing means|
|US5449540||Oct 13, 1993||Sep 12, 1995||Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company||Patterned pressure sensitive adhesive transfer tape|
|US5589246 *||Oct 17, 1994||Dec 31, 1996||Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company||Heat-activatable adhesive article|
|US5679302||Apr 16, 1993||Oct 21, 1997||Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company||Method for making a mushroom-type hook strip for a mechanical fastener|
|US6197397||Dec 31, 1996||Mar 6, 2001||3M Innovative Properties Company||Adhesives having a microreplicated topography and methods of making and using same|
|US6203885||Jun 18, 1998||Mar 20, 2001||3M Innovative Properties Company||Cling films having a microreplicated topography and methods of making and using same|
|JP2000334877A||Title not available|
|JPH0633022A||Title not available|
|JPH06116538A||Title not available|
|WO1993005123A1||Jul 31, 1992||Mar 18, 1993||Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company||Patterned pressure sensitive adhesive transfer tape|
|WO2001015820A1||Jul 19, 2000||Mar 8, 2001||3M Innovative Properties Company||Adhesive coating method and adhesive coated article|
|WO2001070897A2||Mar 20, 2001||Sep 27, 2001||The Procter & Gamble Company||High bond strength, repositionable adherent sheet|
|WO2002074877A2||Jan 8, 2002||Sep 26, 2002||3M Innovative Properties Company||Adhesive layers and release liners with pyramidal structures|
|Citing Patent||Filing date||Publication date||Applicant||Title|
|US8221574||Aug 2, 2007||Jul 17, 2012||Csd, Llc||Top coating for indoor and outdoor temporary removable graphics and system and method for making, applying and removing such graphics|
|US8530022 *||Mar 14, 2007||Sep 10, 2013||Molnlycke Health Care Ab||Article or component of a medical and technical nature for affixing a medical article or part thereof to skin, provided with a releasable protection layer|
|US8926783||Oct 2, 2012||Jan 6, 2015||Csd Llc||Top coating for indoor and outdoor temporary removable graphics and system and method for making, applying and removing such graphics|
|US9238762 *||Oct 31, 2008||Jan 19, 2016||3M Innovative Properties Company||Optical adhesive with diffusive properties|
|US9290667||Sep 19, 2013||Mar 22, 2016||Csd, Llc||Temporary removable solvent based protective coating|
|US20080264559 *||Aug 2, 2007||Oct 30, 2008||Csd, Inc.||Top coating for indoor and outdoor temporary removable graphics and system and method for making, applying and removing such graphics|
|US20080268140 *||Aug 21, 2007||Oct 30, 2008||Csd, Inc.||Temporary removable solvent based protective coating|
|US20080311349 *||Mar 24, 2006||Dec 18, 2008||Johnson Michael A||Metallized Films and Articles Containing the Same|
|US20090240227 *||Mar 18, 2009||Sep 24, 2009||Carlo Toro||Release sheet material|
|US20090259192 *||Mar 14, 2007||Oct 15, 2009||Molnlycke Health Care Ab||Article or component of a medical and technical nature for affixing a medical article or part thereof to skin, provided with a releasable protection layer|
|US20100143724 *||Mar 24, 2006||Jun 10, 2010||Johnson Michael A||Corrosion resistant metallized films and methods of making the same|
|US20100297406 *||Oct 31, 2008||Nov 25, 2010||Schaffer Kevin R||Optical adhesive with diffusive properties|
|DE102006062247A1 *||Dec 22, 2006||Jun 26, 2008||Tesa Ag||Klebschicht für eine blasenfreie Verklebung|
|U.S. Classification||428/40.1, 428/167, 428/42.1, 428/40.9, 428/172, 428/40.2, 428/41.3, 428/41.8, 428/120, 428/41.5|
|International Classification||C09J7/00, C09J201/00, B44C1/17, C09J133/06, C09J7/02|
|Cooperative Classification||Y10T428/1462, C09J7/0207, Y10T428/24182, C09J2201/606, Y10T428/1452, Y10T428/1476, Y10T428/14, C09J133/06, Y10T428/1438, Y10T428/24612, Y10T428/1405, C09J2201/28, Y10T428/1486, C09J7/0232, Y10T428/2457, B44C1/17|
|European Classification||C09J7/02H4, C09J7/02F, C09J133/06, B44C1/17|
|Jan 10, 2002||AS||Assignment|
Owner name: 3M INNOVATIVE PROPERTIES COMPANY, MINNESOTA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:GALKIEWICZ, ROBERT K.;SPIEWAK, BRIAN E.;NICHOLS, DENNIS R.;AND OTHERS;REEL/FRAME:012490/0342
Effective date: 20020110
|Apr 15, 2008||CC||Certificate of correction|
|Jul 20, 2009||REMI||Maintenance fee reminder mailed|
|Jan 10, 2010||LAPS||Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees|
|Mar 2, 2010||FP||Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee|
Effective date: 20100110


If you’re thinking of planting an in ground garden, you may be wondering how to test your garden soil acidity.
Testing the acidity of your soil is actually fairly easy and straight forward. Today we’re going to cover why it is important to know the acidity of your garden soil and how to test the pH level before planting.
Table of Contents
Why is Acidity of a Soil Important
One of the biggest factors in determining the success of your garden is the soil that you’re growing your plants in.
When you’re creating a container garden, you are likely using potting soil. When you use potting soil generally the mixes come pre-balanced with nutrients and pH levels already tested, so there’s not a huge need to test on your end.
However, when you’re creating a ground garden using garden soil, the components of your soil will vary more and could contain elements that are harmful. If the pH is significantly off it can be detrimental to the plant’s health.
If you’re using garden soil in your garden we definitely recommend testing the pH of your soil before planting seeds.
Where to buy a pH tester kit
There’s a lot of options for purchasing a pH tester.
Likely, a gardening store in your area will carry a few models.
If you’re looking for an online option, there’s many on Amazon that will do the trick.
We would suggest looking for a tool that doubles as both a pH tester and a soil moisture meter. They are pretty affordable and generally range from $10 – $20, and most have similar functions.
By getting one that offers both a pH testing function and a moisture meter, you can in a sense kill two birds with one stone. Soil moisture meters come in handy both with in ground gardens and in potted plants to ensure they’re not retaining too much moisture.
This tester/moisture meter combo from Amazon is a good option and very affordable. Its by a brand called Vivosun, which is well known for providing affordable gardening products that are beginner friendly.
How to Test Your Garden Soil Acidity
Using a pH tester is fairly straight forward to do.
Most models come with a pronged setup. To test the pH of a soil, stick the prongs a few inches into the soil.
After 60 seconds, you can take the reading from the dial of the pH level (and the moisture level if you’re using a device with both features).
What is the right level of acidity?
The exact right level of acidity will vary a little from plant to plant.
Some plants thrive in slightly acidic soil. A few examples include daffodils, rhododendrons, and azaleas to name a few.
However, when evaluating a garden you’ll most likely want to evaluate the whole soil’s pH level to be within a general range.
As a general rule of thumb, you want your soil’s pH level to be between 6 and 7. Slight variations outside of this are ok, but sticking as close to this range as possible will help ensure your plant’s health.
When should you test your garden soil acidity?
This is a good question, and it can vary depending on your environment.
At a minimum, you’ll want to test the soil before planting in each grow season.
However, if you add materials to your garden soil such as fertilizer or growing mediums like coco peat, you’ll likely want to test it again prior to planting.
Adding fertilizers and other materials can change the pH makeup of your soil. In fact, even extreme weather can cause a change in pH from erosion of surrounding materials and deposits into your soil.
If you have extreme conditions, you’ll want to consider testing more frequently to ensure you don’t have acidic or alkaline soil.


What is CBD?
Get ready, ladies and gentlemen, we’re about to dive into some science! I promise, it won’t be too complex. (I was never much good at science myself.) Today we’re talking about cannabidiol, better known as CBD.
First, a couple definitions:
A class of chemical compounds found naturally inside animal and human bodies (endocannabinoids) and plants (phytocannabinoids). There also are synthetic cannabinoids, used for pharmaceuticals. CBD is a type of phytocannabinoid.
Endocannabinoid System (ECS):
The system within our bodies that helps maintain homeostasis (balance) between various parts of the body. This system is made up of naturally-occurring endocannabinoids, cannabinoid receptors in the nervous system and in other parts of the body that bond with cannabinoids, and enzymes that break down cannabinoids. It plays an important role in everything from memory to metabolism to stress response to immune function and more. This article gives you a more in-depth breakdown of the ECS. It’s a quick read and I highly recommend it.
If you’re wondering why you’ve only recently heard of the endocannabinoid system, I understand. It’s new to me, too. In fact, it’s pretty new to scientists. They put a name to this system in the 90s and they’re still researching its role in regulating a variety of diseases and ailments, like fibromyalgia, irritable bowel syndrome, migraines, and more.
For those with celiac disease or gluten sensitivity, the research thus far about CBD and gut health is promising.
CBD has the potential for helping people with celiac disease, gluten sensitivity, or other gut health issues by targeting three areas: leaky gut, inflammation, and autoimmune response.
“CBD regulates cannabinoid receptors in the body, thus reducing inflammation and blocking immune pathways, which then allows the body to restore the integrity of the tight junctions and epithelial cells in the gut,” said Miles Sarill, National Educator for CV Sciences (makers of PlusCBD oil).
If leaky gut isn’t necessarily your issue, the inflammation and immune support properties of CBD may still be what your body needs to heal. Think about how your body feels after you’ve been accidentally glutened – inflammation, migraine, joint pain – if you have any of those, CBD may help.
Look for hemp-derived CBD products that say “full-spectrum,” “broad-spectrum,” or “total plant complex” to get not only the benefits of CBD but also antioxidants, terpenes, and other nutrients within the hemp plant. One of our favorites here at Gluten Free & More is PlusCBD oil, available in capsules, spray, oil drops, and balm.
For more information, check out the full version of this article by our editor, Malory Speir, in the upcoming May/June issue of Gluten Free & More Magazine.


Also found in: Dictionary, Encyclopedia, Wikipedia.
1. an enzyme of the hydrolase class that catalyzes the cleavage of glucosidic linkages between a sialic acid residue and a hexose or hexosamine residue at the nonreducing terminal of oligosaccharides in glycoproteins, glycolipids, and proteoglycans. Deficiency of it is an autosomal recessive trait and is seen in sialidosis and galactosialidosis.
An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of terminal acetylneuraminic residues from oligosaccharides, glycoproteins, or glycolipids; present on the surface antigen in myxoviruses; used in histochemistry to selectively remove sialomucins, as from bronchial mucous glands and the small intestine; a deficiency of this enzyme produces sialidosis.
An enzyme that cleaves terminal acylneuraminic residues from 2,3-, 2,6-, and 2,8-linkages in oligosaccharides, glycoproteins, or glycolipids; present as a surface antigen in myxoviruses. Used in histochemistry to selectively remove sialomucins, as from bronchial mucous glands and the small intestine. A deficiency of this enzyme will result in cherry-red-spot myoclonus syndrome (q.v.).


ACD/IntelliXtract ACD/IntelliXtract extracts all chromatographic components in LC/MS datasets, and assigns [M+H]+ or [M-H]- for each component. Whether used to complement manual data examination, or for fully automated analysis, IntelliXtract can reduce interpretation time and confirm the presence of co-eluting or trace components which otherwise may have been overlooked. IntelliXtract will help analysts quickly understand their results, and extract the information of interest.
Features of ACD/IntelliXtract • Automatically assign [M+H]+ or [M-H]- for each component • Resolve overlapping peaks and identify co-eluting components • View reconstructed pure component spectra for each chromatographic component • Automatically analyze batches of samples
Benefits of ACD/IntelliXtract • Find all relevant components, even at low concentrations or when co-eluting with other components • Reduce interpretation time with advanced filters • Work with data from most major instrument vendors


Not only is mango tasty and nutritious, the seed bares a skin loving seceret. Extracted from the fruits seed comes a natural material commonly known as mango butter. It is rich on oleic acid and stearic acid, which are fatty acids that act as a skin conditioning agent. It has the same moisturizing properties as shea and cocoa butter, but there is some notable differences. Mango butter is harder in texture than shea butter. It also contains vitamins A, C and E, which work to combat free radicals. Free radicals are found in the sun’s rays and air pollution. Mango butter is said to protect skin from the sunburn as well as sooth sunburned skin.


Peter Fournier writes that proposals to produce electricity in Norway by osmosis of fresh water into seawater are impractical (4 April, p 23). Like so many "green" ideas, it suffers from remote location and low power density.
However, the idea could be applicable in Australia: an evaporating pond in inland Queensland could produce very salty water which could be used to produce high-pressure brine by uptake of water from brackish groundwater resources. The pressurised water could generate electricity and then return to the evaporating pond.
Some water in Queensland is alkaline due to the sodium bicarbonate content. This would help protect the osmotic membranes by keeping other metal ions out of solution.
To continue reading this article, subscribe to receive access to all of newscientist.com, including 20 years of archive content.


Wisconsin Science Festival
Date: Saturday, October 19th, 2019
Time: 12:00 pm
Duration: 3 hours
Location: Science Center Atrium,
Sanger Center for the Sciences,
700 College St, Beloit, WI 53511
Sponsored by: Kristin Labby, Chemistry Department
Contact: Taylor Ajamian, email@example.com, 3632226
Wisconsin Science Festival event at Beloit College.
Organized by: Kristin Labby, science faculty, Beloit College students, and Upward Bound students.


The Fiamm 12FLB450 12V 115Ah battery is part of the HIGHLITE range of batteries which been specifically designed to give optimal standby performance for applications requiring high-rate discharges.
Fiamm HIGHLITE batteries are Valve Regulated Maintenance Free types with the electrolyte absorbed in microporous glass fibre separators.
HIGHLITE batteries can be installed in cabinets or on racks and minimum installation space is required to the high density characteristics of this range.
Fiamm operates a program of continuous improvement, investing in manufacturing processes, equipment and technology.
Fiamm's standby battery manufacture conforms to ISO 9001 and ISO14001 quality assurance. Continuous investment in battery technology is reflected by means of premium products that are of the highest quality and reliability.
|Design Life||10 year design life (Eurobat Guide - 10-12 years)|
|Standard||IEC 60896 Part 21-22, BS6290 Part 4|
|Plates & Grids||Plates and grids designed for optimal short rate discharges.|
|Separators||Microporous glass mat allow recombination and fully absorb the electrolyte.|
|Terminals||Threaded female M5 terminals provide for high conductivity, maximum torque retention and easy installation.|
|Post Seals||State-of-the-art post seals prevent acid seepage over a wide temperature range.|
|Safety Valve||Each cell has its own one-way valve.|
|Flame Arrestor Device||Expels excess gas while preventing any errant spark or flame from entering the battery.|
|Container & Cover||ABS flame retardant plastic in accordance with flame retardancy standard IEC 707 FV0 and UL 94 V0 (LOI greater than 28%).|
|Fiamm FLB Range Brochure||click here|
|Fiamm FLB Engineering Manual||click here|
|MSDS (Material Safety Data Sheet)||click here|
|Constant Power Discharge 20°C||click here|
|Constant Power Discharge 25°C||click here|
|Constant Current Discharge 20°C||click here|
|Constant Current Discharge 25°C||click here|


Category: Products with volatile solvents (film type: oily)
FAM IS 02 212
Anticorrosion low viscosity product intended for maintenance and care for hunting, sports and personal weapons. The product neutralizes adverse remnants of powder decomposition, remnants of lead, copper and percussion cap decomposition.
|Density at 20 ºC (g/mL)||0.890|
|Viscosity at 40 ºC (mm²/s)||min 11.0|
|Flash point (ºC)||>40|
|Protective film thickness||-|
|Packing||50ml 0.2L(spray) 0.5L 20kg 180kg|


Life Choice DMSO Liquid in Glass Bottle - Pure and Non-GMO 118ml
🌟 Are you searching for a natural remedy that can transform your life? Look no further! Life Choice DMSO is here to revolutionize your health journey. 🌟
Discover the Power of Life Choice DMSO:
🔥 Unlock the Potential for Pain Relief: Helps with those nagging aches and pains! Life Choice DMSO is your go-to solution for soothing sore muscles, sprained ankles, and joint discomfort. Feel the relief you've been longing for.
💪 Boost Your Immune System: Give your body the support it deserves. DMSO may enhance your immune system's activity, helping you stay in top form and better equipped to tackle life's challenges.
🌿 Gentle Detoxification: Cleanse your body naturally! Life Choice DMSO may aid in the detoxification process, promoting the removal of toxins and impurities that may be holding you back.
✨ Pure and Non-GMO: Quality matters and Life Choice is committed to excellence. Life Choice DMSO is crafted with 100% pure pharmaceutical-grade ingredients and is completely non-GMO. You can trust the purity of our product.
🌈 Versatile Applications: Life Choice DMSO has a wide range of potential applications. From neurological support to arthritis relief, from skin issues to headaches—our DMSO is a multi-purpose solution for your well-being.
💡 Effective for Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy (RSD): Find hope and comfort in knowing that Life Choice DMSO is here to help with Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy and complex pain conditions.
🌱 Derived from MSM: Life Choice DMSO is an organic compound containing sulphur derived from MSM (Methylsulfonylmethane), a naturally occurring substance known for its potential health benefits.
👉 External Use for Your Safety: Life Choice DMSO Liquid is intended for external use only, ensuring a simple and safe application process.
👃 Experience the Distinct Sulfur and Garlic Aroma: Embrace the unique character of DMSO with its strong sulphur and garlic-like scent. It's a reminder that you're using a powerful, natural solution.
🌟 Packaged in Glass Containers: Life Choice prioritizes your safety and product integrity. Life Choice DMSO comes in glass containers, eliminating concerns about chemical leaching.
Ready to embark on your journey to better health and vitality? Don't wait any longer! Life Choice DMSO is your trusted partner in wellness.
🛒 Shop Now and Embrace a Healthier You! 🛒
Experience the life-changing benefits of Life Choice DMSO today. Join countless others who have already discovered the potential for healing and rejuvenation.
Disclaimer: Please consult with a healthcare professional before using DMSO or any supplement for specific health concerns. Individual results may vary.
Transform your life with Life Choice DMSO—your gateway to a brighter, pain-free future!
90% DMSO (Dimethyl sulfoxide 99.9%)
Purified Water 10%
Apply 8-12 ml of the medication to the affected area up to three times per day as needed for temporary relief of pain associated with musculoskeletal conditions. Use sparingly or follow your healthcare provider's directions.
Before using this product, it is worth consulting with a healthcare professional if you are pregnant or breastfeeding, or if your symptoms persist or worsen. If skin irritation occurs, discontinue use and seek medical advice if it persists. Individuals with severe liver or kidney disease should consult with a healthcare practitioner prior to use.
Avoid contact with eyes or mucous membranes; rinse thoroughly with water if contact occurs. Thoroughly cleanse your hands and the area of application before applying. This product is for external use only and should be kept out of reach of children..
These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease.
Important Points about DMSO:
It should be noted that DMSO is extremely sensitive to temperature fluctuations.
- It is worth mentioning that liquid DMSO has the potential to crystallize in colder temperatures. If this occurs, it is recommended to store the DMSO in a warmer location, ideally between 15°C to 20°C. After a few hours, the DMSO should return to its liquid state. If you require quicker results, you may enclose the bottle in a clean zip-lock bag and immerse it in warm water. It is crucial to avoid microwaving the DMSO under any circumstances.
- When using DMSO, always make sure to have clean hands and skin. DMSO is a powerful pain reliever and transporter. If you have dirt or anything else on your hands and /or skin, DMSO will take it down to your deep tissue, as far as to the seventh layer into the dermis, and it can cause irritation or discomfort.
It's important to note that the use of DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide) for medical or therapeutic purposes should be done under the guidance of a healthcare professional, as it can have potential side effects and interactions with other medications. That being said, we can provide some general information.
- Wait After Shower: DMSO is known for its ability to penetrate the skin quickly, and some people believe that applying it immediately after a shower may increase absorption. However, the recommendation to wait for 30 minutes to an hour after a shower before applying DMSO is not a widely recognized practice. The idea behind it is to avoid excessive absorption through open pores. If you are considering using DMSO, it's essential to follow specific instructions provided by a healthcare provider or the product manufacturer.
- Gradual Dosage Increase: Gradually increasing the dosage when starting a DMSO regimen is a prudent approach. DMSO is a potent substance, and individuals may react differently to it. Starting with a small amount and monitoring for any adverse reactions is a responsible way to use it.
- Mixing with Other Products: Mixing DMSO with other topical products, such as creams, can help dilute its strength. However, this should only be done if recommended by a healthcare professional. The specific product recommendations you mentioned (Recovery H Cream or Sweet Relief Cream) may be specific to a particular brand or product line.
- Sulphur and Garlic Odor: DMSO is known for its distinct sulphur and garlic-like odour. This odour can be noticeable when applied to the skin, and some people may even taste it in their mouths. It's considered a normal characteristic of DMSO.
- Packaging in Glass Containers: Using glass containers for DMSO products is a common practice. Glass is often preferred because it is less likely to interact chemically with the substance compared to plastic containers.
Remember that DMSO is a solvent that can carry other substances through the skin, so it should be used with caution. It's important to consult with a healthcare provider before using DMSO to ensure that it is appropriate for your specific condition and to receive guidance on proper usage and safety precautions. Additionally, you should always follow the instructions provided by the product manufacturer.
At this time, Life Choice® is the only company in North America with a legal license to sell medicinal-grade DMSO products.


A recent study published in the Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology found that it only takes one drop of sunscreen containing oxybenzone to damage an ocean area the size of six and a half Olympic swimming pools. And each year, an estimated 14,000 tons of sunscreen enter the oceans via swimmers, snorkelers and shower drains.
State of Hawaii legislators passed a bill this year banning the sale and use of any sunscreen that contains oxybenzone and octinoxate—chemicals that are believed to contribute to coral reef damage. Sunscreens containing the two reef-damaging chemicals have also been banned on the Caribbean island of Bonaire and some parts of Mexico (Xel-Ha Park, Cozumel’s Marine Park, Chankanaab Beach Adventure Park and Xcaret Park).
If you’re planning to travel anywhere tropical soon, the new rules won’t go into effect until January 2021, but there no reason to wait to switch out your sunscreen!
The good news is that you can still use sunscreen without polluting the ocean or your body. Mineral sunblock generally contains the minerals zinc oxide and/or titanium dioxide. While both minerals are safe, you can also choose to use non-nano zinc oxide products, which is considered the safest possible option for us and the ocean. Mineral sunblock sits on top of your skin to protect it from harmful rays, unlike chemical sunscreens that absorb into your skin and disappear into your blood stream. Some mineral sunblocks will leave a white sheen on your skin, which is a good thing in terms of sun protection, but not always ideal in a social situation! Nowadays, there are clear mineral sunblocks, such as this one by Badger or this one by Babo. There’s also blocks that contain a slight skin-tone tint to counter the whitening and act as a light foundation at the same time, here is one by Badger. Find out more about safe sunscreens here.
Before you head off onto your next trip, make sure you’ve checked your old sunscreen for these banned chemicals and replace it if needed.


Glysofor F is a physiologically harmless heat transfer, refrigeration and antifreeze agent based on propylene glycol.
All ingredients in Glysofor F are approved as food additives (EU / USA) and have a very low oral toxicity.
Glysofor F is especially used in the food and beverage industry. The product is almost tasteless, colorless and odorless.
All ingredients are considered safe according to the US authority FDA (GRAS = Generally Recognized As Safe).
Glysofor F meets the requirements of the FCC (Food Chemical Codex) and can be used for applications in direct or indirect food contact (specific concentration limits).
Typical areas of application
- Cooling and refrigeration systems
- Heating systems
- Antifreeze and corrosion protection agent in water carrying systems
- Heat carrier and cooling brine in the food industry
- Antifreeze for potable water systems
25% -11 °C
30% -14 °C
35% -18 °C
40% -22 °C
45% -26 °C
50% -32 °C


Views: 0 Author: Site Editor Publish Time: 2023-01-06 Origin: Site Inquire
Fumaric acid is a dicarboxylic acid, which means it has two carboxylic acid groups (-COOH) in its molecular structure. It is a white crystalline powder that has a sour taste and is highly soluble in water. Fumaric acid occurs naturally in various fruits and vegetables, including apples, carrots, and mushrooms, and is also produced in the human body as part of the citric acid cycle.
The chemical formula for fumaric acid is C4H4O4. It is a geometric isomer of maleic acid, meaning that it has the same chemical formula but a different molecular structure.
Fumaric acid is a white crystalline powder with a melting point of 287°C (548°F). It is highly soluble in water and alcohol but is insoluble in ether and chloroform. Fumaric acid has a sour taste and is commonly used as a food additive.
Fumaric acid has a variety of uses in different industries, including the food and beverage industry, the pharmaceuticals industry, and various industrial applications.
Fumaric acid is used as a food additive to enhance the flavor of certain foods, such as baked goods, confections, and beverages. It is also used as a preservative to prevent the growth of microorganisms in food products.
Fumaric acid is used in the pharmaceuticals industry to treat a variety of medical conditions, including psoriasis and multiple sclerosis. It is also used as an intermediate in the synthesis of various drugs.
Fumaric acid has various industrial applications, including the production of unsaturated polyester resins, alkyd resins, and other types of coatings. It is also used in the production of synthetic flavorings and fragrances.
Fumaric acid has several potential health benefits, including:
Reducing the symptoms of psoriasis: Fumaric acid has been shown to be an effective treatment for psoriasis, a skin condition characterized by red, scaly patches on the skin.
Reducing the symptoms of multiple sclerosis: Fumaric acid has been used to treat multiple sclerosis, a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the central nervous system.
Improving athletic performance: Fumaric acid has been shown to improve endurance and reduce fatigue in athletes.
Fumaric acid is generally recognized as safe (GRAS) by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) when used in accordance with good manufacturing practices. However, some people may be allergic to fumaric acid and should avoid consuming products that contain it. Fumaric acid can also cause skin irritation, so it is important to handle it with care.
Fumaric acid is generally considered safe when used in appropriate amounts. However, some people may be allergic to fumaric acid and should avoid consuming products that contain it.
Fumaric acid occurs naturally in various fruits and vegetables, including apples, carrots, and mushrooms. It is also used as a food additive in certain products, such as baked goods, confections, and beverages.
Some people may experience skin irritation or an allergic reaction when exposed to fumaric acid. Ingesting large amounts of fumaric acid can also cause gastrointestinal distress, such as stomach pain and diarrhea.
Fumaric acid is sometimes used in cosmetic products, such as hair care and skin care products, as a pH adjuster and preservative.
Fumaric acid is typically vegan-friendly as it is not derived from animal products.
Fumaric acid is a versatile compound with a variety of uses in different industries. It occurs naturally in various fruits and vegetables and is used as a food additive, preservative, and intermediate in the synthesis of various drugs. It has also shown potential health benefits in treating psoriasis, multiple sclerosis, and improving athletic performance. While generally recognized as safe, fumaric acid should be used with caution and people with allergies to it should avoid consuming products that contain it.


How Accurate is Carbon Dating?
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Limitations and calibration: When Libby was first determining radiocarbon dates, he found that before BC his dates were earlier than calendar dates. He had.
Since , scientists have reckoned the ages of many old objects by measuring the amounts of radioactive carbon they contain. New research shows, however, that some estimates based on carbon may have erred by thousands of years. It is too soon to know whether the discovery will seriously upset the estimated dates of events like the arrival of human beings in the Western Hemisphere, scientists said.
But it is already clear that the carbon method of dating will have to be recalibrated and corrected in some cases. They arrived at this conclusion by comparing age estimates obtained using two different methods – analysis of radioactive carbon in a sample and determination of the ratio of uranium to thorium in the sample. In some cases, the latter ratio appears to be a much more accurate gauge of age than the customary method of carbon dating, the scientists said. In principle, any material of plant or animal origin, including textiles, wood, bones and leather, can be dated by its content of carbon 14, a radioactive form of carbon in the environment that is incorporated by all living things.
Because it is radioactive, carbon 14 steadily decays into other substances. But when a plant or animal dies, it can no longer accumulate fresh carbon 14, and the supply in the organism at the time of death is gradually depleted. Since the rate of depletion has been accurately determined half of any given amount of carbon 14 decays in 5, years , scientists can calculate the time elapsed since something died from its residual carbon
How Does Carbon Dating Work
Aug 26 Read Aug 20 Read Aug 19 Read Jul 24 Read Jul 20 Read Mar 02 Read Feb 24 Read Aug 18 Read Aug 17 Read At least to the uninitiated, carbon dating is generally assumed to be a sure-fire way to predict the age of any organism that once lived on our planet. Without understanding the mechanics of it, we put our blind faith in the words of scientists, who assure us that carbon dating is a reliable method of determining the ages of almost everything around us.
However, a little more knowledge about the exact ins and outs of carbon dating reveals that perhaps it is not quite as fool-proof a process as we may have been led to believe. At its most basic level, carbon dating is the method of determining the age of organic material by measuring the levels of carbon found in it. Specifically, there are two types of carbon found in organic materials: carbon 12 C and carbon 14 C
How do geologists use carbon dating to find the age of rocks?
Oxford radiocarbon dating lab Jump to hear the determination that are the c is a rough. Sep 25, side branches on rock art research, , has had a free single. Carbon atoms carbon dating is a secondary school revision resource for dating takes careful packaging and disadvantages radiocarbon dating example.
However, in addition to the recognized statistical limitations, the absolute accuracy of radio- carbon dating is limited by the past 14C variations. Coupled with the.
Carbon dating ratio c14 c12 Oxalic acid i show how old. Finally when an organism is not in the level of the c14 in the amount of c14 in the amount of us. This became known to years old. Trees less than 50, so a very long measurement times. But you are mostly made of marine life is left in a tricky problem. So, it to 40, how the ratio between c14 in their bodies.
At the maximum date it contains carbon. Most of us. If it is not matter and c14 in the atmosphere, the 14c method is carbon dating? So the system.
Carbon dating problems
Radiocarbon dating can easily establish that humans have been on the earth for over twenty thousand years, at least twice as long as creationists are willing to allow. Therefore it should come as no surprise that creationists at the Institute for Creation Research ICR have been trying desperately to discredit this method for years. They have their work cut out for them, however, because radiocarbon C dating is one of the most reliable of all the radiometric dating methods.
This article will answer several of the most common creationist attacks on carbon dating, using the question-answer format that has proved so useful to lecturers and debaters.
It is possible for snails to live in water that contains carbon leached out of ancient limestone which has no measurable C left. As a result, the.
How carbon dating is the patterns. Here is billions of the us with equipment specific problems. Several timescale problems with a guide as evidence to basics. It even distorts the age of evolution has been a preserved plant. Here is more. Jump to join to basics. Rich woman online who share your understanding of c Find a way geological formations are dated. First, atomic number one destination for scientists to get a sure-fire way of certain fossilized remains.
Thanks to about years.
ERRORS ARE FEARED IN CARBON DATING
Seventy years ago, American chemist Willard Libby devised an ingenious method for dating organic materials. His technique, known as carbon dating, revolutionized the field of archaeology. Now researchers could accurately calculate the age of any object made of organic materials by observing how much of a certain form of carbon remained, and then calculating backwards to determine when the plant or animal that the material came from had died.
Thus , is year 0 BP by convention in radiocarbon dating and is deemed to to evaluate the limits of detection, materials which radiocarbon specialists can.
Carbon dating , also called radiocarbon dating , method of age determination that depends upon the decay to nitrogen of radiocarbon carbon Radiocarbon present in molecules of atmospheric carbon dioxide enters the biological carbon cycle : it is absorbed from the air by green plants and then passed on to animals through the food chain. Radiocarbon decays slowly in a living organism, and the amount lost is continually replenished as long as the organism takes in air or food.
Once the organism dies, however, it ceases to absorb carbon, so that the amount of the radiocarbon in its tissues steadily decreases. Because carbon decays at this constant rate, an estimate of the date at which an organism died can be made by measuring the amount of its residual radiocarbon. The carbon method was developed by the American physicist Willard F.
Libby about It has proved to be a versatile technique of dating fossils and archaeological specimens from to 50, years old. The method is widely used by Pleistocene geologists, anthropologists, archaeologists, and investigators in related fields. Carbon dating.


This type of industry includes the production of petrochemicals, agrochemicals, pharmaceuticals, polymers, paints, and oleo chemicals.
It is involved in the processing of raw materials obtained by mining, agriculture among other supply sources, into materials, substances, chemical compounds that are finished products or are used in other industries.
There are a lot of varieties of rubber products manufactured for a full range of Chemical Metering and Dispensing Equipment Applications. Besides the rubber products, rubber is itself used in various chemical processes. In practically all chemical plants, there are some process or reaction in which a corrosive reagent is used or produced.
Hard rubber of suitable compound is chemically inert to a high degree and is used in connection with a great many corrosive materials. Essentially, hard rubber is rubber compounded with a relatively high percentage of sulfur.


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MSM Facial Wash cleanses while offering an 8% solution of alpha Hydroxy Acids that penetrate deeply into the skin’s surface within just thirty seconds. Alpha Hydroxy Acids slough off outer, dead layers of the skin that can contribute to dry skin, age spots, acne and other problems. Skin treated with Alpha Hydroxy Acids appears younger with better texture and a more even reflection of light. MSM Facial Wash also contains gentle, natural cleansers to promote healthier and clearer skin with potent botanical extracts and essential fatty acids to nurture and protect your skin. Leaves your skin beautifully clean, smooth, and clear.
Deionized Water, MSM (Methylsulfonylmethane), Coconut Oil, Olive Oil, Alpha Hydroxy Acids, Hydrolyzed Wheat Protein, extracts of Calendula, Chamomile, Rosebud, Orange Blossom, St. John’s Wort, Algae, Aloe Vera, Kelp, and Ginkgo Biloba; Grape Seed Extract, Amla (Indian Gooseberry), Grapefruit Seed Extract, Essential Oils


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Hate the toxic, chemical drain cleaners? These simple and natural homemade drain opener methods will unclog and clean a drain the healthy, safe way!
Non Toxic Drain Cleaner
As promised in my Natural Fruit Fly Repellent post, I’m back sharing my homemade drain opener recipes. We’ve moved into a new house and we’ve got our own sewer system so our concern for its proper functioning is higher than the norm. We now religiously check the system (pipes, drains and all) to make sure everything works properly.
Part of the routine is cleaning the drains regularly, using a natural drain unclogger. And if you are a freak like me you will want to do that every single week! It may not be a necessary step on a brand new system but I swear to you, I have no choice, the voices tell me to! Especially when a funny smell comes out of your drains, or so it seems to the mentioned voices.
Drain cleaners are made with some of the most toxic chemicals and may have a serious impact on your health and the environment, on a long term. They can be harmful to your health if swallowed, inhaled, or come in contact with your skin. Also some cleaners only work in certain types of pipes and drains and are effective only on certain clogs.
Plus commercial drain cleaners corrode pipes, are bad for septic systems and are toxic to ground water. This poses a great problem for us as we also have our own water supply. It is filtered but chemicals are harder to remove completely than organic materials.
So the only decent solution is a homemade drain opener. It’s easy to make, it uses stuff you most likely already have on hand, it takes minutes to clean the drain and keeps the environment and yourself healthy. In fact I’ve got not one but 3 methods I use, the best drain unblocker ideas!
Homemade Drain Opener Ideas
Vinegar baking soda sewer and drain cleaning
- Make a cone out of paper or carton.
- Cut a whole at the bottom
- Place the cone at the drain opening
- Pour 1 cup of baking soda down the drain through the cone, making sure baking soda doesn’t get caught, clogging the drain at the opening
- Remove the cone
- Quickly pour 1 cup of vinegar and cover the drain immediately as the mixture will bubble and tend to come out the drain. You need it to work inside the drain not out.
- Leave to work for 30 minutes. The resultant chemical reaction will break down fatty acids into harmless soap and glycerin that can be washed down the drain.
- Meanwhile heat a few gallons of water but don’t bring to a boil
- After 30 minutes pour down the drain and leave to cool without pouring cold water for 30 minutes
Do not use this method after trying a commercial drain opener as the vinegar can react with the drain opener to create dangerous fumes.
Lemon juice natural drain unclogger for light cleaning
- Squeeze the juice of 20 lemons
- Heat but not to a boil
- Pour down the drain and leave for at least 30 minutes
- Heat water and pour down the drain after 30 minutes
Non toxic drain cleaner with salt for strong cleaning
- Mix 2 cups coarse (kosher) salt with 1 gallon water
- Heat but don’t bring to a boil
- Pour down the drain and leave to work for 30 minutes
- You may follow with the lemon juice drain cleaner if there are dirty traces left.
Caution: Plastic pipes can melt if excess boiling water is used.


Improved photoelectrochemical performance of Cu(In,Ga)Se2 thin films prepared by pulsed electrodeposition
2013 (English)In: Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy, Vol. 5, 031602Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Solar cells based on polycrystalline Cu(In,Ga)Se2 absorber layers have yielded the highest conversion efficiency among all the thin-film technologies. CIGS thin-films possess large optical absorption coefficient (≈105 cm-1) and a suitable bandgap of ≈ 1.20 eV for an ideal stoichiometry of CuIn0.7Ga0.3Se2. In the present study, Direct Current (DC) and Pulsed Current (PC) electrodeposition techniques are employed to obtain the near ideal stoichiometric CIGS thin-films on a Mo foil using a two electrode system at a constant potential. Deposited films are annealed at 550 °C under Ar atmosphere. Characterization of the annealed CIGS films is performed using SEM-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, and photoelectrochemistry to study the morphology, stoichiometry, phase constitution, and the photoelectrochemical response. PC deposition offered suitable manipulation of various parameters, which has helped in obtaining a better quality stoichiometric single phase chalcopyrite structured CIGS thin films with the elimination of unwanted secondary phases like Cu2-xSe. An improved photoelectrochemical performance, characteristic of a p-type semiconductor, is observed for the PC deposited CIGS films. © 2013 AIP Publishing LLC.
Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
2013. Vol. 5, 031602
Electrodeposition technique, Optical absorption coefficients, Photo-electrochemistry, Photoelectrochemical performance, Photoelectrochemical response, Pulsed electrodeposition, Thin-film technology, Two-electrode systems, Deposition, Electrochemistry, Electrodeposition, Gallium, Semiconducting selenium compounds, Stoichiometry, Thin films, X ray diffraction, X ray spectroscopy, Copper
IdentifiersURN: urn:nbn:se:hv:diva-8473ISBN: 19417012 (ISSN)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:hv-8473DiVA: diva2:860123


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Aug 28, 2021 · Industrial processing requirements for manganese ore In the metallurgical industry, manganese ore is mostly used for manganeseforming ferroalloys and manganese metal. The former is used as deoxidizers or alloying element additives for steelmaking, and the latter is used to smelt certain special alloy steels and nonferrous metal alloys.
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When the ore is mined, it is sent for electrolytic processing or smelting. Freeing manganese from the open pit rock bed requires a lot of manpower and time. As you know in this method, the open pit mining using the standardised equipment and methods for overburden are removed to .
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Manganese, the fourth most widely used metal in the world, is present in the composition of these, and many other objects of your everyday life. We are a leading producer of manganese, an essential steelmaking input, and also of ferroalloys – combinati ons of iron and one or more chemical elements, such as manganese itself.
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Sep 02, 2021 · 10tph manganese ore processing plant Zimbabwe Customer Ore Conditions: A customer is interested in a jigging plant of about 10 tph to process manganese ore. They think the material is pyrolusite with silica inclusions. 1. Raw materials: Manganese Ore(pyrolusite with silica inclusions) 2. Feeding Size: 200mm 3. Output Size: 020mm 4. Capacity: 10tph
Million Link (China) Investment Ltd. Million Link (China) Investment Ltd. is the leading buyer of Mineral Ores such as Iron Ore, Chrome Ore, Copper Ore, Manganese Ore, Flurospar, Bauxite and others. We are also the leading suppliers of Ferroalloys, Coal, St.
Santanu Chakraborty, in Treatise on Process Metallurgy: Industrial Processes, 2014. Manganese Ore. Manganese ore is required in iron making to control the manganese content of the hot metal in the desired range. Unlike other plants, where manganese ore lump is used directly in blast furnace, in VSP, it was proposed to use manganese ore fines in sinter productions.
After the extraction, crushing, processing and quality control procedures, the ore is ready to start loading and start the logistics process from the crushing plant to .
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In operation since 1974, we are the world's only nonChina based producer of high grade electrolytic manganese metal (EMM) and the world's largest refinery of % (seleniumfree) EMM. We supply various quality grades of EMM to a niche market of over 120 established customers in 20 countries, through our unique global marketing network.
manganese ore Manufacturers Suppliers, include . Mars Global We are an American based company with mining interests in the Philippines, have several operations and looking to expand our operations. a long history related industries look foward relationship Asia market ..
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The Cold Plasma market has been forecasted to be valued at USD 4,517.8 Million in 2027 from USD 1,441.4 Million in 2019, registering a CAGR of 15.3% through the forecast period. The global market for cold plasma registers a stellar CAGR due to the growing demand from the plastics sector. Effective application of polymers and plastic requires superior surface adhesion for achieving several optimum mechanical properties along with improving the durability of different plastic components. The cold plasma process is highly advantageous in the areas of enhancing the characteristics of surface wettability, altering the morphology of the surface, and enhancing the plastic’s bonded shear strength. The technology in cold plasma is largely used in several industrial applications of polymer and plastic that require pore-free and uniform thin films with outstanding electric, physical, chemical, and mechanical characteristics.
The plasma treatment on the surface of textile fiber does not involve the application of harmful chemicals, thus, considerably reducing pollution and water contamination caused by residual chemicals. Moreover, the application of this technology does not lead to any mechanical risks, especially for treated textile fabrics. Furthermore, cold plasma is highly advantageous in changing various surface characteristics such as the substrate’s micro-roughness along with the production of distinct functional groups that are chemically active, without affecting the substrate’s bulk properties. Additionally, the cold plasma treatment consumes lesser energy than the other traditional methods.
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Key Highlights of Report
- In April 2020, Relyon Plasma—a leading company, made an announcement regarding the launch of piezobrush PZ3—a unique and innovative device of handheld plasma treatment featuring the PDD technology proprietary of Relyon.
- The low-pressure cold plasma sub-segment is predicted to grow at a fast pace from 2020 to 2027. In the semiconductor industry, vacuum plasma or the low-pressure cold plasma technology is highly utilized for cleaning before de-smearing of PCB (printed circuit board) and die attach. Additionally, the technology is further deployed for the purpose of decontamination in medical and food & beverage industries and for altering specific surface properties in polymer and textile sectors.
- The coating application sub-segment is presumed to grow at a steadfast rate over the commenced period. Cold plasma coating emphasizes thermally sensitive object’s coating by utilizing a cold regulated plasma jet offering maximum automation degree along with a high deposition rate, allowing mass production of various coating products.
- The APAC region is foreseen to grow at a significant rate from 2020 to 2027 due to rapid infrastructural development and rising economic activities in various developing nations, such as China, Indonesia, and India. Moreover, the fast growth of several industries, including semiconductor & electronics, textile, food & beverage, and plastic, along with rising disposable income, is further propelling the regional market.
- Major market players in the sector include Europlasma NV, Adtec Plasma Technology Co. Ltd., Nordson Corporation, P2i Limited, Relyon Plasma GmbH, Apyx Medical Corporation, Plasmatreat GmbH, Enercon Industries Corporation, Henniker Plasma, and neoplas GmbH.
Emergen Research has segmented the global cold plasma market in terms of pressure, application, industry vertical, and region:
Pressure Outlook (Revenue, USD Million; 2017–2027)
- Low Pressure Cold Plasma
- Atmospheric Cold Plasma
Application Outlook (Revenue, USD Million; 2017–2027)
- Wound Healing
- Surface Treatment
- Wastewater Treatment
- Blood Coagulation
Industry Vertical Outlook (Revenue, USD Million; 2017–2027)
- Polymer & Plastic
- Food & Beverage
- Electronics & Semiconductor
Regional Outlook (Revenue, USD Million; 2017–2027)
- North America
- Rest of Europe
- Asia Pacific
- South Korea
- Rest of APAC
- Latin America
- Rest of LATAM
- Middle East & Africa
- Saudi Arabia
- Rest of MEA
To get leading market solutions, visit the link below: