Soil remediation: a potential way of turning lignin waste to wealth
With the rapid economic development and industrialization, an increasing amount of agricultural and urban soils has been polluted in recent years. Among various kinds of pollutants, metal pollutions have paid much more attention. Unlike organic pollutants, metals are highly dangerous because of their toxicity and non-biodegradability by soil organisms. Such metals could exist in the soil for many years, become accumulated through the food chain, and consequently pose considerable threat to human health. Moreover, metal toxicity in soil depends not only on the total amount but also on the mobility in soil. The bioavailability of metal contaminates gradually decreases from the exchangeable form to the residual form. Undoubtedly, the exchangeable form is the most dangerous.
Numerous techniques have been developed and applied to treat metal-polluted soils, such as the physical isolation method, soil washing, biological techniques, and stabilization/solidification method. Among such approaches, in situ solidification/stabilization has attracted great attention because of its easy operation, high efficiency, and cost-effectiveness. The final stabilization performance of the targeted contaminated soils largely depends on the selected immobilization agents. Various kinds of materials have been used as immobilizing agents including lime, phosphate materials, zeolite, bentonite, sepiolite, Fe/Mn oxides, and organic matters.
Bioorganic wastes have constantly attracted researchers’ attention as potential high-performance immobilization agents for soil remediation. Although these organic materials would decompose after a long period of stabilization and holds certain remobilization risks, they could decrease toxic metal bioavailability and induce metal retention in soils by adsorption and facile formation of stable complexes with metals. Such effect could also improve soil quality by providing nutrients to plants. Among numerous organic materials, lignin (Ln) is the main byproduct of the paper industry and the precursor of humic substances; Ln contains abundant oxygen-containing groups, including carboxyl, lactonic, and phenolic hydroxyl groups, thereby easily chelating and immobilizing many metals. Given its unique chemical composition and richness in nature, Ln holds a significant potential as an effective soil stabilizer.
In our study, Ln was employed to treat actual lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) polluted soils collected near the mining areas of Nanjing, China. For comparison, two other organic materials, namely, carboxymethyl cellulose and sodium alginate, were adopted. Both materials are polysaccharides containing abundant carboxyl groups. Among the three organic stabilizers, Ln was the most efficient in remediating the Pb- and Cd-contaminated soils with higher stabilization and better duration. These results were ascribed to Ln’s distinct three-dimensional molecular structure and various oxygen-containing functional groups for obtaining the efficient chelating and immobilization effects, which have been further confirmed from the metal adsorptions in aqueous solutions. The possible remediation mechanism was simply presented in Figure 1. Moreover, Ln demonstrated greater preferential immobilization of Pb over Cd than did the other two stabilizers in soils, which may be due to the variation in affinity of the different oxygen-containing functional groups on the natural polymers toward different metals.
In brief, the natural polymers, especially Ln, hold good application potentials in the remediation of metal-contaminated soils. However, although stabilization is an effective way to reduce the toxicity of heavy metals, it could not decrease the total concentration of heavy metals. Moreover, the long-term stability of the immobilized heavy metals needs to be further monitored. More detailed investigation about Ln as a soil stabilizer is thus very necessary before its practical applications
Xue Tao, Aimin Li, Hu Yang
State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse,
School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, P. R. China
Immobilization of metals in contaminated soils using natural polymer-based stabilizers.
Tao X, Li A, Yang H
Environ Pollut. 2017 Mar
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While periodic shutdowns due to electric blackouts, athletic events, and governmental decrees against air travel have allowed us to ascertain the effect of certain activities on air pollution, the shutdown due to COVID is the first economy-wide loss of activity. Carbon dioxide emissions were down about 7% during most of 2020. In many cities emissions of nitrogen dioxide (NO2), fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were reduced by even larger percentages, especially with the loss of vehicular and air traffic. In cities, NO2 fell by 23-37%.
During the day, NO2 and VOCs are widely recognized to enhance the formation of ozone (O3) as an air pollutant. O3 is known as a secondary pollutant because direct human emissions are relatively minor. Broad-scale comparisons of ozone concentrations in the atmosphere before and after the arrival of COVID show reductions of about 7% during economic lockdowns. Lower emissions of the precursors to ozone formation, resulted in less ozone in the lower atmosphere—the troposphere.
But, in cities themselves, the situation was different. Around the world, concentrations of ozone in urban areas increased during the shutdown, despite lower emissions of some of its precursor compounds.
Ozone chemistry is complex. During the night, NO2 forms NO in the atmosphere, and when O3 concentrations are high NO can act to scrub it (aka titration) from the atmosphere. Thus, a loss of NO2 in urban areas reduced O3 formation, but also, and apparently to a greater extent, reduced the destruction of O3 by NO. So, ozone concentrations in cities were above average by as much as 20%, even though the average concentration in the atmosphere of the northern hemisphere was down 7%.
Worldwide ozone in the air is estimated to kill about one million people each year. Higher ozone concentrations in cities, where most people live, is likely to have exacerbated the respiratory difficulties of people suffering from COVID, and thus increased mortality. Meanwhile, lower concentrations of NO2 and fine particulate matter may have alleviated the stress on some respiratory patients.
We may never know the relative role of air pollution versus infection with COVID on mortality rates, but these observations show that our health and the health of the environment are deeply interrelated. You can’t expect to have healthy people in a dirty environment.
Bray, C.D., A. Nahas, W.H. Battye, and V.P. Aneja. 2021. Impact of lockdown during the COVID-19 outbreak on multi-scale air quality. Atmospheric Environment doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2021.118386
Briz-Redon, A., C. Belenguer-Sapina, and A. Serrano-Aroca. 2021. Changes in air pollution during COVID-19 lockdown in Spain: A multicity study. Journal of Environmental Sciences 101: 16-26.
Campbell, P.C. et al. 2021. Impacts of the COVID-19 economic shutdown on ozone pollution in the U.S. Atmospheric Environment doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2021.118713
Fan, H., et al. 2021. The role of primary emission and transboundary transport in the air quality changes during and after the COVID-19 lockdown in China. Geophysical Research Letters doi: 10.1029/2020GL091065
Liu, F., M.C. Wang, and M.N. Zheng. 2021. Effects of COVID-19 lockdown on global air quality and health. Science of the Total Environment doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142533
Steinbrecht, W., et al. 2021. COVID-19 crisis reduces free tropospheric ozone across the Northern Hemisphere. Geophysical Research Letters doi: 10.1029/2020GL091987
Wang, Q and S.Y. Li. 2021. Nonlinear impact of COVID-19 on air pollutions—evidence from Wuhan, New York, Milan, Madrid, Bandra, London, Tokyo and Mexico City. Sustainable Cities and Society doi: 10.1016/j.scs.2020.102629


Red spot (figure-3) differ from hot spot in that it is visible at night. While a hot spot is just a warning, a red spot always demands some kind of action from the kiln operator. Figure-2: Hot spot with a temperature of 570°C Figure-3: Red spot with 830°C temperature 3: What is the maximum red spot temperature on the rotary kiln shell force
Hot spot is isolated area on the rotary kiln shell with abnormally high temperature. It is quickly detected by a shell scanner or with a portable infra-red pyrometer. It can’t be seen during the day, and can hardly be seen at night (figure-2).
The rotary kiln is a red kiln. At this time, it can be observed by infrared scanning temperature curve and its position can be accurately determined, and the concrete level of the red kiln still needs to be observed and implemented on the spot.
3. Kiln alignment conditions: Misaligned kilns induce localized stresses along the kiln length. If the red spot coincides with an area of stress concentration, the shell sometimes elongates or twists beyond recovery. 4. Whether the red spot is exposed or under roof: If the kiln shell is directly exposed to the elements and a heavy rainstorm .
2.If the red spot is less than 1 m2 and located in the burning zone with the surrounding kiln shell not being extremely hot, try to build up coating in the affected area by shifting the reaction zones up and down within the kiln. (burner adjustment and kiln speed variation).Promote coating formation in affected area by placing cooling fans to cool the kiln shell
Design features of rotary cement kilns. The shell of the kiln is made of mild steel plate. Mild steel is the only viable material for the purpose, but presents the problem that the maximum temperature of the feed inside the kiln is over 1400°C, while the gas temperatures reach 1900°C.
The rotary kiln systems of the cement industry destroy these trace components virtually completely.  Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) PAHs (according to EPA 610) in the exhaust gas of rotary kilns usually appear at a distribution dominated by naphthalene, which accounts for a share of more than 90% by mass. The rotary .
9 Rotary Kiln Processes: With the arrival of rotary kilns, cement manufacturing processes became sharply defined according to the form in which the materials are fed to the kiln. materials were either ground with addition of water, to form a slurry containing typically 30-45% water, or they were ground dry, to form a powder or "raw meal".
temperature differe nces of the kiln cir cumference provok ed b y a unilateral crusting or red spot ca used . . The rotary cement kiln forms a major part of any cement works. The kiln is a large .
A The Red Spot is located in upper transition Continue normal operation of the kiln. Start cooling this spot with fans Shorten the flame to bring the black feed area under the burner nearer or over the red spot to try to form a new coating inside the area empty from bricks. Red Spot On The Kiln Shell Action To Be Taken In Case Of: zone or in .
the Kiln Introduction The corrosion of the shell in the rotary kiln of cement plants can be a very serious problem. In some cases, the damage is so severe that an entire section of the kiln needs to be replaced. The total maintenance cost and production loss can be in the hundreds of thousands of US dollars.
Modeling coal combustion in a rotary cement kiln. January 1999; Authors: . There are no spots of. . and th e red to the combusti on of fixed carbon.
General layout of a direct fired countercurrent rotary kiln used in cement manufacture Rotary kiln body, with drive gear and 2 tyres (riding rings) A rotary kiln is a pyroprocessing device used to raise materials to a high temperature ( calcination ) in a continuous process.
Mechanical maintenance-of-cement-rotary-kiln 1. i A PROJECT REPORT ON STUDY ON MECHANICAL MAINTENANCE OF CEMENT ROTARY KILN Submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree Of BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Submitted By R.VIJAYA KUMAR 11J45A0306 Under the Guidance of A.RAVEENDRA Professor MALLA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE (Affiliated to Jawaharlal Nehru .


AIM: The aims of this study were to improve the algorithms for calculating a transcutaneous bilirubin index (TcB), to follow the bilirubin concentrations during phototherapy and to evaluate possible changes in skin optical parameters such as pigmentation and erythema during phototherapy.
METHOD: Reflectance measurements were performed on 51 jaundiced newborns, of which 10 were subjected to phototherapy. The measurements were collected with a diode array spectrophotometer with an integrating sphere accessory, and a TcB was calculated from the measured spectra using algorithms based on diffusion theory. The newborns’ birthweights were > or = 2000 g and their gestational age was > or = 35.5 wk. They had no substantial illnesses, and no newborns were submitted to the study until their second day. Heel prick blood samples were analysed for total serum bilirubin (Sbr) by the diazo reaction method. Phototherapy equipment was either an overhead lamp or lightbed.
RESULTS: Measurements from the forehead gave the best correlation between TcB and Sbr (r = 0.81, p < 0.05). However, during phototherapy no significant correlation between TcB and Sbr was observed. A correlation (r = 0.45, p < 0.05) was found between phototherapy and melanin index obtained from the patients’ back.
CONCLUSIONS: Reflectance spectroscopy is useful in assessing bilirubin concentrations before phototherapy, and can also reveal changes in skin parameters such as pigmentation occurring as a result of phototherapy.
In vivo reflectance spectroscopy of jaundiced newborn skin reveals more than a bilirubin index.
Randeberg LL, Roll EB, Nilsen LT, Christensen T, Svaasand LO.


This is the third post in the math/science part of my "Gen Eds in a Nutshell" series. It's a series of ten subjects you might study in a general education or "liberal arts" core at a university or college. I've already done the subject of philosophy, and I'm half way through the world history subject on Wednesdays. I'm combining the last two into one series on Fridays.
Thus far in the math/science subjects:
1. Way back in the 400s BC, a Greek named Democritus suggested that everything we see around us, all matter, might consist of certain fundamental, uncuttable units, a certain number of core units from which everything is made. He called them "atoms," meaning uncuttable. He even suggested there might be "soul atoms," which made things live.
The idea wasn't fully picked up again until the 1800s with John Dalton (1766-1844). Newton had suggested that light was made up of particles, and the century after him generally had begun to think of the world consisting of particles. But it was Dalton who saw that these particles combined in a way that showed all of matter consisted of a certain fixed number of fundamental units. We call these fundamental units, "elements."
Everything around us that is matter--gases, liquids, solids--all are made up of less than a hundred distinct elements. If we took the whole world and somehow boiled it all down and put its fundamental components into baskets, we would find that there is a finite number of building blocks of everything around us.
2. So all of matter--stuff--breaks down into 90 basic elements that occur in nature. These are 90 basic types of "atom" that combine in various ways to form "molecules" and compounds. Then those molecules get mixed in various ways to form everything we see around us that is a gas, a liquid, or a solid.
As an example, two of the most basic elements of the universe are hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O). Both of them can bind to form "molecules" like hydrogen gas (H2), oxygen gas (O2), water (H2O) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). If you know these compounds, you know they each behave quite differently. Hydrogen gas can be used to fly the Hindenberg, but don't let any sparks come near it. Oxygen is necessary for us to breathe, but it is also what keeps fires burning. Water is a liquid we need to survive. Add a second oxygen per molecule and you have something that helps clean a wound.
3. The initial idea of an atom was that it was the smallest building block of matter, an indestructible unit. However, in the late 1800s, experimenters began to wonder if there was a level of reality even smaller than the atom. Did the atom itself have parts--or "particles"--inside them, if you would?
For example, Ernest Rutherford discovered in 1909 that when you bombard gold foil with something called alpha rays , most of them went through but occasionally one would bounce backward. From this observation he concluded that the center of an atom was more dense than the rest of it. He called this center of an atom the "nucleus," and inferred that most of the rest of the atom was empty space.
Twelve years earlier, in 1897, J. J. Thompson had also figured out that "cathode rays" were smaller components inside an atom and that they had an electrical charge. They would come to be called electrons. With the discovery of the nucleus by Rutherford, Niels Bohr would suggest in 1913 that the much smaller electrons orbit the nucleus like planets around the sun.
4. Over the next few decades, a more precise sense of the atom would unfold. There are three fundamental particles in the atom: electrons, protons, and neutrons. Protons and neutrons are in the nucleus. Electrons pertain to the space beyond the nucleus. The electron has a negative charge, the proton a positive charge. The neutron is neutral and has no charge.
The electrical charge in general holds the negatively charged electrons to the positively charged nucleus. Opposite charges attract, like charges repel.
Then why don't the positive charges in the nucleus cause the nucleus to fly apart? It would be the 1970s before the current theory came together. Protons hold together because of a force, the "strong nuclear force," one of the four basic forces of the universe, the strongest of them all. But it only works on a very, very small scale.
As the "standard model" of particles continued to develop, physicists would conclude that protons and neutrons themselves were made up of smaller particles called "quarks" (three a piece). The strong nuclear force that holds protons and neutrons together also holds these quarks together to form protons and neutrons.
5. At the same time that particle physics was developing--even faster in fact--a sense of the nature of electrons was also developing. Late in the year 1900, Max Planck would give birth to modern physics with his proposal that energy existed in discrete passages or "quanta" of energy. It was a revolutionary suggestion and Planck himself probably did not realize the full implications.
So electrons could only occupy specific energy states around the nucleus. To complicate matters, Louis de Broglie was able to solve certain problems by suggesting that electrons were both waves and particles. Werner Heisenberg discovered an uncertainty principle. You couldn't know both a particle's location and its momentum. In a sense, it didn't even have a specific location until you tried to measure it.
So an electron is really more like a certain probability field around the nucleus. That is to say, an electron is not really in just one place at a time. In a sense, it is more or less in a zone. If you try to locate it, you make it take on a location, and there is a greater likelihood that it will be in some places more than others. It probably will not be in a different galaxy, although there is a very very small possibility.
The first two electrons of an atom are most likely found in a spherical zone close to the nucleus (the 1s orbital). In keeping with the next energy states that are possible, it is as if there is assigned seating area for each additional electron an atom might have. After the first spherical zone is a second one for two more electrons (the 2s orbital). Then there are three perpendicular zones for the next six electrons (the 2p orbital).
The zones for additional electrons are now well known, that is, the fields they occupy.
6. Quantum physics implied a dramatic shift from the physics that Isaac Newton developed in the 1600s. Up till the twentieth century, scientists assumed that everything in the universe was determined. That is to say, many believed that if we had all the data and knew all the laws of nature, we could determine everything that would happen for the rest of history.
Quantum physics suggested that you simply couldn't predict what nature would do, at least not on its smallest scale. Richard Feynman often used the so called double slit experiment to explain the crazy quantum world. If you fire a series of photons randomly at a screen through two slits, they will eventually form a pattern on the screen known as an interference pattern. This is a pattern typical of a wave.
But if you put a detector by each slit, to see which one each particle is going through, the interference pattern goes away. Now you have two collections of dots from the photons, as if the photons are particles. So you cannot predict where any one photon will go, although you can predict the interference pattern if you don't connect the detector. And if you connect the detector, the act of measurement eliminates the wave like property of the photon.
Now the atomic world is not determined. It is unpredictable on its most fundamental level.
7. This seems like an appropriate place to mention the atomic bomb, dropped on Japan in 1945. One of the discoveries of the early twentieth century was that the same element can have more than one form. The same element can have different numbers of neutrons in its nucleus. We call these different "isotopes" of an element.
To back up a little, it is the number of protons that identifies an atom as a certain element. If an atom has one proton in its nucleus, it is hydrogen. If it has two, it is helium. If an atom has 8 protons in its nucleus, then the element is oxygen.
But the same atom can vary in the number of neutrons--or even electrons--it has. So with regard to electrons, sodium can lose an electron and take on a positive charge. Or chlorine can gain an electron and take on a negative charge.
It is differing numbers of neutrons that make different "isotopes" of an element. For example, most hydrogen does not have any neutrons in its nucleus. But there is a rare isotope of hydrogen with one neutron (deuterium) and there is an even rarer isotope with two (tritium).
"Radioactive" isotopes are forms of an atom that tend to deteriorate into other elements. For example, uranium has an "atomic number" of 92. That means it is an element with 92 protons in its nucleus. However, it has more than one isotope. Uranium 238 is relatively stable. It has 238 particles in its nucleus (its atomic weight). So a little subtraction suggests that this isotope has 92 protons and 146 neutrons.
There is, however, another isotope called Uranium 235. It has 143 neutrons and is unstable. If you shoot a neutron at it and hit the nucleus just right, it begins a reaction that ends with uranium breaking apart into Krypton and Barium. The atomic bomb took less than a kilogram of Ur 235 and created a nuclear chain reaction, releasing the immense amount of energy that destroyed Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
8. A standard model for particle physics reached its mature form in the 70s and 80s. There are six types of quark. There are six smaller particles called leptons that include the electron and a small particle called a neutrino. There are four bosons that are the mediators of the fundamental forces: gluons mediate the strong force, photons the electromagnetic force, the W and Z mediate the weak force. In 2013, the Higgs boson was also tentatively confirmed, which is thought to give matter its mass.
9. It is not agreed what may underlie these smallest of particles, if anything. String theory suggests that all these particles and forces can be explained by way of fundamental strings that vibrate in certain ways. However, not all agree and there is no experimental confirmation of string theory. A competing theory is loop quantum gravity, which functions on the assumption that space itself has a smallest size, the Planck unit.
Next Week: The Periodic Table
 Now we know that alpha rays are two protons and two neutrons, basically the nucleus of a helium atom.
 The electromagnetic force is a second. Then the "weak" nuclear force works in something called beta decay. Finally, there is gravitation.
 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 4s2, 3d10, 4p6, 5s2, 4d10, 5p6, 6s2, 4f14, 5d10, 6p6...


A new series of isoxazole derivatives, disk-diffusion assay and IC50 cytotoxicity determination. induced by bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) in peritoneal macrophages in rats with adjuvant arthritis . Our earlier synthetic and biological studies showed that [9, 10]. Based on the intriguing biological activities of both . Two murine neoplasms, colon 38 and L1210 leukemia along with one normal cell type (bone marrow hematopoietic progenitor) were utilized. In a typical assay, 30 g of each compound (15 L of 2 mg/mL in DMSO) was soaked up on a 6.6 mm filter disk (Baxter). After air flow drying inside a laminar hood, the disk was placed near the edge of a 60 Ridaforolimus mm Petri dish comprising founded tumor cells inside a matrix of 0.3% Noble agar (Sigma Chemical, St. Louis, MO) with appropriate medium. After 7 to 10 days (per our standard protocol) of incubation, a zone of inhibition was measured; the diameter of the disk was arbitrarily taken as 200 devices and an inhibition zone of 1 1,000 devices was defined as total killing. If a compound showed a zone of > 300, the compound was considered active and was then examined against mouse L1210 leukemia cell lines for solid tumor selectivity relative to leukemia. If the difference in zone between solid tumor and the leukemia cells was 250, the compound was defined as a hit (suitable solid tumor selectivity) and was further examined for potential myelotoxicity using normal mouse bone marrow cells as the source of hematopoietic progenitor cells (CFU-GM assay). For CFU-GM assay, an additional 10% L-cell conditioned medium was added to culture medium as the source of growth factors for the progenitor cells . A significant difference in zones between solid tumor cells and normal CFU-GM ( Ridaforolimus 250) was defined as a potentially favorable restorative index (i.e. high percentage of effectiveness/toxicity). 2.6 IC50 Dedication The IC50 assay was carried out against mouse colon 38 cells and CT-26 colon carcinoma cells. Tumor cells were cultivated in 5 mL of appropriate culture medium at c-COT a starting concentration of 5104 cells per Ridaforolimus T25 flask. On day time 3, Ridaforolimus cells were exposed to increasing doses of the test compounds (0 C 100 g/mL). Flasks were incubated for an additional 120 hr (5 days) inside a 5% CO2 incubator at 37 C (per our standard protocol) and the cells were harvested by trypsinization, washed once with HBSS, and re-suspended in an HBSS-trypan blue remedy. Both total and viable cells were counted using a hemocytometer. The results were normalized to an untreated control. The IC50 value for viable cells was identified using Prism 4.0. 2.7 European Blot Analysis After treatment with different concentration of compound 3 for 24 hr, colon 38, and Caco2 cells were collected and lysed in lysis buffer (20 mM HEPES, pH 7.4, 100 mM NaCl, 1% Nonidet P-40, 0.1% SDS, 1% deoxycholic acid, 10% glycerol, 1 mM EDTA, 1 mM EGTA, 1 mM NaVO3, 50 mM NaF, and cocktail protease inhibitors). Soluble proteins were acquired by centrifugation at 12,000 g for 10 min at 4 C and protein concentration was measured using a BCA protein assay kit. Equal amounts of cell lysate were subjected to sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide electrophoresis on Novex tris-glycine pre-cast gels (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) and separated proteins were then electrotransferred to PVDF membranes [14, 15]. After incubation with main antibodies against phospho-STAT3, phospho-Akt, Akt or actin over night at 4 C followed by related secondary antibodies, proteins were visualized using SuperSignal Western Pico chemiluminescence substrate system (Pierce, Rockford, IL). The band intensity was analyzed using Scion image software (Scion Corp., Frederick, MD). 2.8 Flow Cytometric Analysis Phosphatidylserine within the plasma membranes of colon 38 cells was stained with.


C-Burning of gasoline in the air is not a physical property. It is a chemical change.
Work Step by Step
To observe this property, the composition of the substance would have to change; therefore, it is not a physical property. Physical properties refer to the characteristics of matter that can be measured without altering its composition. Matter is described and observed based on physical properties. Some of the physical properties include melting point, boiling point, and color. Burning gasoline in the air is not a physical property. It is a chemical process of combustion. During the process, gasoline, a hydrocarbon, combines with oxygen from the atmosphere to form carbon dioxide and water vapor. Heat and light energy are also produced during the process. The boiling of liquid nitrogen at -196 is a physical property/process involving the change of physical state from liquid to gas. The molecular structure of nitrogen does not change. In both the liquid and gaseous states, nitrogen exists as a diatomic molecular gas/N2 The melting of gold at 1064 °C is a physical property. When gold melts, its molecular structure does not change. No new substance is formed. Only the intermolecular forces become weaker, and the intermolecular spaces are larger in the liquid state. Dissolving sugar in water is a physical property. When sugar dissolves in water, the individual sugar molecules are separated, but the covalent bonds holding the carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms remain intact. It is also simple to reverse the dissolution of sugar in water. A copper compound's blue color is a physical property, but its formation is a chemical change. Anhydrous copper (II) Sulphate, which does not contain water, is white. When water is added to anhydrous copper (II) Sulphate, it changes from white to blue. The water molecules are incorporated into the ionic lattice of the copper (II) Sulphate, which ceases being anhydrous copper (II)Sulphate and becomes hydrated copper (II) Sulphate, which is blue. It is a chemical process because of the formation of hydrated copper (II) Sulphate, which is a new substance.


WHAT IS PROP 65?
Prop 65 (Proposition 65) is legislation enacted in the State of California that requires businesses to inform Californian residents about exposure to chemicals that may cause cancer, birth defects or other reproductive harm.
Prop 65 enables Californians to make informed decisions about the products they buy and the exposure to these chemicals.
WHY IS IT ON OUR PROTEIN POWDERS?
We are committed to providing you with the highest quality, sustainably sourced vegan friendly protein on the market. As plants are grown from the soil; the soils nutrients, including naturally occurring lead are absorbed in to the plants.
As a brand, we sell our Proteins all over the United States, including in California, and it is a requirement from the State of California to inform consumers that Amrita contains naturally occurring lead.
Without this warning, we could be subject to substantive lawsuits. From independent 3rd party testing the levels of heavy metals and other minerals required to be disclosed are below the required limits - so it is risk aversion on our behalf so that we can continue to create our amazing protein and content to nourish your mind, body and spirit. We disclose it so that you are aware and able to make an informed decision.
WHAT TYPES OF CHEMICALS ARE ON THE PROP 65 LIST WHICH ARE IN AMRITA PRODUCTS?
Naturally occurring low level traces of lead are found in plants - the protein source used in Amrita Plant Protein.
HOW COULD IT EFFECT ME?
The purpose of Proposition 65 is to notify consumers that they are being exposed to chemicals that are known to cause cancer and/or reproductive toxicity and therefore can decide for themselves if they want use the product. A Proposition 65 warning does not necessarily mean a product is in violation of any product-safety standards or requirements; merely that there are elements in the product that may cause cancer or reproductive toxicity.
In our Amrita Plant Protein, we only use raw sustainable plant-based ingredients. The lead that is found in our Amrita Protein is naturally occurring in the plants that we use to produce the protein isolate. We don’t add any nasties, including lead or other metals to our Amrita formula.
IS AMRITA PLANT PROTEIN HARMFUL TO MY HEALTH?
No, Amrita Plant Protein is not harmful to your health as it does not contain lead in excess of safe threshold levels and is within regulatory thresholds.
It is required by Californian law to provide a “clear and reasonable” warning on Amrita products to notify consumers to make informed choices about what they choose to purchase.


MAGNESIUM Diasporal a clinically trialled high strength magnesium. Studies show magnesium Diasporal has excellent absorption into the plasma and cells to rapidly improve the body magnesium levels, with proven intracellular bioavailability.
The drink powder contains 400mg of magnesium per sachet.
- Ingredients: Magnesium citrate, sweetener xylitol, acidity regulator: potassium hydrogen carbonate, orange flavourings, sweetener steviol glycosides, colours: beetroot red and riboflavin.
This product is hypoallergenic / does not contain any of the 14 major allergens listed in Annex II (1169/2011) of the EU Food Information for Consumers Regulation.
- Quantity: 30
- Weight/Volume (grammes/ml): 165
- Directions: Dissolve contents of 1 sachet in a glass of water (150ml). Take once a day.
- Additional Warnings: Excessive consumption may cause laxative effects.
- Accredited ISO 9001
- Certified Gmp
- Certified Organic


Savannah Hancock is a Senior Neuroscience major at Baylor University. She comes from The Woodlands, Texas. She joined the team mid January of 2015. She plans on attending medical school after her graduation from Baylor University in May of 2017.
1. Neumann, E. K.; Hancock, S.; Solouki, T. “Utilizing Optical Spectroscopy for Detection of Recombinant Streptolysin O” 2015 Chemistry and Biochemistry Undergraduate Research Symposium, 2015, Waco, TX.


The biological aging of Ti
Photofunctionalization– Problem–solving technology
What is the biological aging of titanium
It is natural time-dependent degradation of osseointegration capability of titanium. Titanium surfaces, regardless of those for experimental or commercial use, are chemically contaminated with hydrocarbon and other organic molecules that inevitably accumulated in a time-dependent manner. In other words, titanium surfaces degrade chemically as they age, which compromises their osseointegration capability; this process is defined as the biological aging of titanium. As much as 50% or more of titanium surfaces are covered by carbon within 4-12 weeks after the surface is prepared. Another important phenomenon relevant to the biological aging of titanium is that highly hydrophilic nature of newly prepared titanium surfaces disappears in correlation with the age of titanium and is converted to hydrophobic after a certain time point. This is the reason titanium surfaces we usually see are hydrophobic after unwelcome, sufficient aging.


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Growing crystals solubility and entropy
The thermodynamics of solubility equilibrium entropy and the tendency toward minimum spend a lot of time waiting for the solution to cool before crystals form. The solubility of sugar in water is higher for hot water than for cold water you can stir in more sugar in the water if it is hotter if you dissolve the maximum amount of sugar in hot water, some of the sugar will come out of solution when the water cools off the sugar will then form crystals on.
Entropy only perfect crystals at absolute zero (t = 0 k) will have zero entropy: solubility of ionic substances trends in lattice enthalpies. Disorder — a cracked crutch for supporting entropy when orderly crystals it is one of the minority of solutes that decrease in solubility. A classroom set of two six-sided dice per student (one red and one white) provides an interactive activity that helps students to understand the nature of entropy. Protein crystal growth under high pressure this method is the most popular one for the solubility of crystals of small and the partial molar entropy of.
The uptake of a by growing crystals 239 eisevier up 00822 modification of acetaminophen crystals: component on the actual entropy of the crystals. How to make salt crystals try not to have the string touch the side of the jar this can make smaller, lumpier crystals grow against the side 9. T/f: perfect crystals at 0 k have 0 entropy true this is the 3rd law of thermodynamics the solubility of hydroxides increases dow nthe group.
Solvated behavior and crystal growth tension and surface entropy morphs and solvates were examined in relation with the solubility in each crystal. Do you want to learn how to grow crystals growing crystals is a fun and educational science project you learn about solubility and how molecules interact and stack together, plus you get a beautiful souvenir to keep for your efforts. Entropy can cause chemical reactions a chemical reaction is a change that takes place when more than one chemical have a reaction and undergo. Potassium nitrate | kno3 | cid 24434 the solubility of a substance is the amount of that substance that will dissolve in a given amount or fast cell growth.
Crystallization is the nucleation and crystal growth the entropy decrease due to the ordering of molecules within the system is overcompensated by the.
- Table 11 typical values for the heat and entropy of transformation is useful to derive solubility curves from limited 8 1 phase diagrams for crystal growth.
- Crystal growth is a dynamic process forces of crystallization, as the solubility of a species is during crystallization, the entropy of the.
- Crystal growth: theory and the free energy of a system is related to the internal energy and the entropy of surface of a growing crystal in the supersaturated.
The whole crystal growth process can be conveniently schematic solubility curve for depending on whether crystallization is enthalpy- or entropy. Improving the solubility and bioavailability of apixaban via apixaban–oxalic acid crystal growth & design 2016 16 can entropy control cocrystal formation. Chemistry science fair project to find the best temperature for growing borax crystals crazy crystal creations: how to grow the water has a solubility. Crystals - a handbook for school teachers elizabeth a wood, 1972 written for the commission on crystallographic teaching of the when two crystals grow.Get file


What is CUREgel?
If you've ever had a print that stayed sticky no matter how long you post-cured it, then you've already met the pesky oxygen inhibition layer. The oxygen inhibition layer is is a thin layer of resin that does not completely cure due to the presence of oxygen.
CUREgel is an oxygen barrier gel specially formulated by Wicked Engineering, LLC to eliminate this problem.
CUREgel is available now in limited quantities!
CUREgel is an oxygen barrier gel, designed to drastically improve cure quality by removing oxygen from the surface of the model, thereby eliminating the sticky and stubborn oxygen inhibition layer. CUREgel also serves to gather and redistribute stray energy, directing it onto the model and into fine details that would otherwise be shadowed. CUREgel is inert and water soluble so is safe to use and rinses off easily in water. Just spread it on the model and leave it on during the curing cycle. Rinse it off after. It's that simple. It's not magic, but it will sure seem like it.


The new explosion within the use of analytical chemistry, fairly within the organic sciences, has ended in a necessity for speedy, trustworthy and hugely delicate instruments capable of deal with small pattern sizes. This booklet illustrates how microfluidics and lab-on-a-chip units can fulfill the starting to be desire for miniaturized and more suitable research. They lend themselves good to mass spectrometric detection as they use samples within the low microlitre variety and are dealt with on a chip. Miniaturization and Mass Spectrometry makes a speciality of one specific method, mass spectrometry, whose recognition has elevated dramatically within the final twenty years with the rise in use of organic research and the advance of 2 "soft" ionization concepts, ESI and MALDI. those permit the research of enormous yet fragile organic molecules akin to DNA, proteins and oligosaccharides. The ebook begins with an creation to the coupling of microfluidics to mass spectrometry suggestions. It then is going on show the benefits of this sort of coupling: the MS research merits from more desirable pattern instruction while played on a chip whereas MS yields additional information at the pattern dealt with at the chip in comparison to traditional optical detection. A historical past at the advancements during this box, ranging from the off-chip coupling to the on-chip ionization, can also be supplied. Daniel Figeys, a pioneer within the improvement of microfluidic platforms for MS research, describes the early beginnings of this hyphenated research procedure. ideas to couple microfluidic structures to the 2 most well liked ionization tools, ESI and MALDI, are provided in the course of the chapters. a variety of examples are given of the applying of this microfluidics-MS hyphenated research strategy to proteomics, metabolomics, natural chemistry and forensics. insurance isn't really restricted to educational examine. the improvement of commercialized structures and their present use for regimen organic research also are awarded. finally, a destiny imaginative and prescient of the combination of the mass spectrometer at the chip is raised, as a final step to yield absolutely transportable platforms for on-site research.
By John R. Dean
The e-book offers an up to date account of inductively coupled plasmas and their use in atomic emission spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. particular purposes of using those techniques are highlighted together with functions in environmental, meals and business research. It is written in a distance studying / open studying type; appropriate for self learn purposes. It contains include self-assessment and dialogue questions, labored examples and case experiences that let the reader to check their realizing of the provided fabric.
Chemistry within the final century used to be characterised by way of superb progress and advances, motivated by way of innovative theories and experimental breakthroughs. but, regardless of this swift improvement, the heritage of this medical self-discipline has accomplished just recently the prestige essential to comprehend the consequences of chemistry at the clinical and technological
tradition of the fashionable world.
This e-book addresses the bridging of obstacles among chemistry and the opposite "classical" disciplines of technological know-how, physics and biology in addition to the connections of chemistry to
arithmetic and technology.
Chemical learn is represented as an interconnected patchwork of medical specialties, and this can be proven by way of a mix of case reviews and broader overviews at the background of natural chemistry, theoretical chemistry, nuclear- and cosmochemistry, stable nation chemistry, and biotechnology. All of those fields have been on the middle of the improvement of 20th century chemistry, and the authors conceal the most important subject matters equivalent to the emergence of latest subdisciplines and
learn fields, the science-technology courting, and nationwide kinds of clinical work.
This monograph represents a special treasure trove for basic historians and historians of technology, whereas additionally beautiful to
these drawn to the theoretical historical past and improvement of recent chemistry.
Written for college kids starting a proper learn of chemistry, this quantity encompasses many alternative themes in and ways to introductory chemistry. Chapters are dedicated to themes equivalent to the atom, components and the periodic desk, bonding, equilibrium and kinetics, strategies, acids and bases, and chemical reactions. numerous chapters speak about wide components of chemistry together with natural chemistry, biochemistry, environmental chemistry, and commercial chemistry. Illustrations and diagrams support the scholar comprehend chemical buildings and reactions, and various tables current a wealth of reference information.
The historic advancements of chemical innovations are traced, and biographical info is equipped on key participants answerable for the improvement of contemporary chemistry. Appendices comprise an intensive bibliography, a word list of over four hundred chemical phrases, an outline of Nobel laureates in chemistry, and a component reference desk. This booklet could be of use not just to scholars, but in addition to a person looking an summary of the sector. lecturers of all grades can use fundamentals of Chemistry as a realistic normal reference.
By Joachim Schummer
Renowned institutions with chemistry variety from poisons, risks, chemical war and environmental toxins to alchemical pseudoscience, sorcery and mad scientists, which gravely have an effect on the general public picture of technological know-how quite often. whereas chemists have purely complained approximately their public photograph, social and cultural reviews of technological know-how have mostly refrained from whatever with regards to chemistry. This ebook offers, for the 1st time, an in-depth figuring out of the cultural and old contexts during which the general public photo of chemistry has emerged. It argues that this photo has been formed via habitual and unfortunate interactions among chemists in popularizing their self-discipline and nonchemists in expressing their expectancies and fears of technological know-how. Written by means of best students from the arts, social sciences and chemistry in North the US, Europe and Australia, this quantity explores a blind spot within the technology society dating and demands a optimistic conversation among scientists and their public.
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Within the first century after its discovery, the electron has come to be a primary aspect within the research of actual features of nature.
This booklet is dedicated to the development of a deductive concept of the electron, ranging from first ideas and utilizing an easy mathematical instrument, geometric research. Its function is to provide a entire concept of the electron to the purpose the place a connection should be made with the most ways to the examine of the electron in physics.
The creation describes the method. bankruptcy 2 provides the thought of space-time-action relativity idea and in bankruptcy three the mathematical buildings describing motion are analyzed. Chapters four, five, and six take care of the idea of the electron in a sequence of points the place the geometrical research is extra appropriate. eventually in bankruptcy 7 the shape of geometrical research utilized in the ebook is gifted to elucidate the wide diversity of subject matters that are coated and the variety of mathematical buildings that are implicitly or explicitly incorporated.
The e-book is directed to 2 varied audiences of graduate scholars and learn scientists: essentially to theoretical physicists within the box of electron physics in addition to these within the extra basic box of quantum mechanics, common particle physics, and normal relativity; secondly, to mathematicians within the box of geometric research.
By Ralph A. Burns
This sincerely written, well-illustrated, flexible e-book presents thorough insurance of chemistry with a stability of challenge fixing talents, real-world functions and an emphasis on serious considering and the method of technological know-how. A helping topic through the booklet always emphasizes that chemistry is far and wide. Chemistry is far and wide. subject and effort. primary Measurements. components, Atoms, and the Periodic desk. Atomic constitution. Names, formulation, and makes use of of Inorganic Compounds. Periodic houses of components. Chemical Bonds. Gases. drinks and Solids. options. Acids and Bases. Oxidation and relief. basics of Nuclear Chemistry. natural Chemistry. Biochemistry. For execs within the overall healthiness sciences wanting a "refresher" in chemistry.
May possibly it's magic...? Chemical experiments aren't basically crucial for educating chemistry, additionally they fascinate the viewers. This e-book is a superb resource of concept for each 'magic express' and school room demonstration. In a really playful demeanour, the experiments defined right here open up the manifold, vibrant, and infrequently ear-splitting global of chemistry. starting from strange (but precious) homes of topic to the representation of the greenhouse impact, this masterful chemist's 'cookbook' is very compatible for getting ready demonstrations in entrance of bigger audiences. construction a bridge among technological know-how and the humanities, each test is brought through inspiring citations from prose and poetry, which makes studying and experimenting both enjoyable.
'The notable success of Herbert Roesky's and Klaus Möckel's ebook is the linkage it achieves among the realm of the human spirit, expressed in literature and historic continuity, and the artwork of chemical demonstration. One expects Goethe to maneuver freely within the pages of 'Chemical Couriosities', yet Whitman, Nietzsche, Thomas Mann, Salvador Dali, Montaigne and the Prophet Jeremiah! ... The chemical and literary strands of this booklet are so ably intertwined.' Roald Hoffmann
Incorporation of specific elements with really good houses permits one to tailor the top product's homes. for example, the sensitivity, burning habit, thermal or mechanical houses or balance of lively fabrics will be affected or even controllably diversified via incorporation of such materials. This ebook examines particle applied sciences as utilized to vigorous fabrics similar to propellants and explosives, therefore filling a void within the literature in this subject.
Following an advent overlaying normal positive aspects of lively fabrics, the 1st element of this ebook describes equipment of producing particulate lively fabrics, together with measurement relief, crystallization, atomization, particle formation utilizing supercritical fluids and microencapsulation, agglomeration phenomena, certain concerns in blending explosive debris and the construction of nanoparticles. the second one part discusses the characterization of particulate fabrics. options and strategies equivalent to particle measurement research, morphology elucidation and the choice of chemical and thermal homes are offered. The wettability of powders and rheological habit of suspensions and solids also are thought of. in addition, equipment of opting for the functionality of specific vigorous fabrics are described.
each one bankruptcy offers with basics and alertness probabilities of many of the equipment provided, with specific emphasis on concerns acceptable to particulate full of life fabrics. The publication is therefore both suitable for chemists, physicists, fabric scientists, chemical and mechanical engineers and someone or engaged in particle processing and characterization technologies.


Ifosfamide (also marketed as Ifex) is a nitrogen mustard alkylating agent used in
the treatment of cancer. It is sometimes abbreviated as "IFO". It is on the WHO ...
(eye-FOSS-fa-mide). Trade names: Ifex<sup>®</sup>. Chemocare.com uses generic names
in all descriptions of drugs. Ifex is the trade name for Ifosfamide. In some cases ...
Feb 9, 2015 ... Read about the cancer treatment drug ifosfamide, otherwise known as Mitoxana,
including what it is, how it works, and possible side effects.
Mar 15, 2013 ... Ifosfamide can cause a severe decrease in the number of blood cells in your
bone marrow. This may cause certain symptoms and may ...
Ifosfamide is a chemotherapeutic agent chemically related to the nitrogen
mustards and a synthetic analog of cyclophosphamide. It is active as an
Learn about the prescription medication Ifex (Ifosfamide), drug uses, dosage,
side effects, drug interactions, warnings, reviews and patient labeling.
Ifosfamide injection should be administered intravenously at a dose of 1.2 grams
per m2 per day for. 5 consecutive days. Treatment is repeated every 3 weeks or ...
Besides doxorubicin, ifosfamide is the only drug that also consistently shows
activity against advanced soft tissue sarcoma with similar outcomes [7, 9–14].
Background. Ifosfamide (IF) is a widely used antitumor prodrug. It is in the
oxazaphosphorine class of alkylating agents, and it is effective against solid
Medscape - Indication-specific dosing for Ifex (ifosfamide), frequency-based
adverse effects, comprehensive interactions, contraindications, pregnancy ...


Cast elastomers are tough, elastic materials with high load bearing capacity and resistance to wear, abrasion, chemicals, and low temperatures. They are produced using isocyanate prepolymer and polyol blends containing fillers, processing additives, catalysts, and other modifiers. The most widely used elastomer for the processing of cast elastomers is polyurethane.
Based on type, the global cast elastomers market has been segmented into hot cast and cold cast elastomers. The hot cast elastomers segment is projected to lead the market during the forecast period owing to its superior chemical and abrasion resistance, high load bearing capability, and resistance to oil, solvents, cuts, hydrolysis, tear, and fatigue. Liners, wheels and tires, rollers, mining screens, conveyor belts, engineering parts, inline skate wheels, and golf balls, among others, are the major applications of hot cast elastomers. Market growth is driven by the increasing demand for hot cast elastomers in industrial applications.
- Huntsman International LLC (US)
- Covestro AG (Germany)
- BASF SE (Germany)
- Era Polymers Pty Ltd (Australia)
- Chemline Inc. (US)
- Lanxess (Germany)
- COPCI SAS (Germany)
- Tosoh Corporation (Japan)
- Mitsui Chemicals Inc. (Japan)
- Wanhua Chemical Group Co. Ltd (China)
- Synthesia Group (Spain)
- Accella Corporation (US)
Get Sample PDF of this Research@https://www.marketresearchfuture.com/sample_request/6373
The global cast elastomers market has been segmented on the basis of type, application, and region.
By type, the global cast elastomers market has been categorized as hot cast and cold cast elastomers.
Based on application, the global cast elastomers market has been divided into automotive, industrial, mining, oil & gas, sports & leisure, agricultural, and others.
The global cast elastomers market has been studied with respect to five key regions—Asia-Pacific, North America, Europe, Latin America, and the Middle East & Africa.
The global cast elastomers market has been segmented into five key regions—Asia-Pacific, North America, Europe, Latin America, and the Middle East & Africa. In 2017, Asia-Pacific accounted for the largest share of the global cast elastomers market due to the large-scale consumption in the steel and automotive industries. The expanding population and rapid industrialization are expected to be the key factors powering product demand in this region.
The US is projected to be the leading market for cast elastomers in North America owing to a large number of automotive production plants and the growing use of the product in mining equipment.
The increased product demand in the manufacturing of automotive parts and industrial components such as industrial bearings and bushings, belt scrapers, roller coating, and casing components is expected to drive the growth of the European market.
The markets in Latin America and the Middle East & Africa are expected to exhibit substantial growth due to the significant growth of end-use industries such as oil & gas and mining.
- Cast elastomer manufacturers
- Traders and distributors of cast elastomer-based products
- Research and development institutes
- Potential investors
- Raw material suppliers
- Nationalized laboratories
Browse Full Report Details@https://www.marketresearchfuture.com/reports/cast-elastomers-market-6373
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 Executive Summary
2 Scope Of The Report
2.1 Market Definition
2.2 Scope Of The Study
2.2.1 Research Objectives
2.2.2 Assumptions & Limitations
2.3 Market Structure
3 Market Research Methodology
3.1 Research Process
3.2 Secondary Research
3.3 Primary Research
3.4 Forecast Model
4 Market Landscape
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Biofuels have certainly affected peoples everyday life. For instance, even though biofuels have increased food prices, expanded biofuel production will keep food prices higher in the future. This could be a problem on the poor because it would make it harder to get food and support their families. Some biofuels could reduce greenhouse gas emissions while replacing fossil fuels, but the effects of climate change depend on where and from what raw materials they are produced from. Certainly Biofuels have pros and cons to our society.
Ethanol and biodiesel currently claim only a small share of global final energy consumption. Biofuel productions have increased in recent years and is expected to continue increasing. We focus on biofuels because of their connection to gasoline and diesel fuels, important players because as liquids, they can be pumped of fuels vehicles and aircraft. The claims that biofuels produce significantly lower greenhouse gas emissions compared with fossil fuels were contested. Concerns were also raised over the competition that biofuels pose to food production.
Ethan and biodiesel contribute to a net reduction of the greenhouse gas CO2. The fossil fuels are not carbon neutral, that is, the CO2 produced by their combustion is not offset by some natural process such as photosynthesis. Biodiesel has several inherent advantages over ethanol. Biodiesel bless well with existing diesel fuel and can be distributed via the same infrastructure. Like ethanol and because it contains oxygen, it burns more cleanly than diesel fuel releasing lower amounts of particulate matter. The sustainability of ethanol production is far more difficult to asses. Ethanol originates from several feedstocks, including corn, cane sugar, and sorghum. I would use biodiesel in a car because it is better for the engine and it makes the gas milage better. Biodiesel or biofuel are better for our ecosystem because it lowers the amount of greenhouse gases in our atmosphere. Certainly, biofuel and biodiesel are going to become a major necessity for our future
The production of biodiesel has grown dramatically in recent years. Biodiesel is unique among transportation fuels in that it can be produced economically in small batches by individual consumers. Although biodiesel is made primarily from vegetable oils, animal fats work equally we’ll. Even though biodiesel could be synthesized from olive oil or butter, both are too expensive to use as a starting material. Instead, biodiesel is made from soy, rapeseed, or palm oil. It can also be produced from waste cooking oil, such as that used for french fries. Biodiesel is blended with petroleum-based diesel fuel, just like ethanol’s blended with gasoline. For example, B20 is 20% biodiesel and 80% diesel fuel. Blends up to 20% are fully compatible with any diesel engine, including those in medium- and heavy weight trucks. Biodiesel is made from vegetable oils (palm oil, soybean oil) and animal fat. The difference between Biofuels and Biodiesel is that Biofuels are made from components other than petroleum derived products such as human and animal wastes, landfill gases, agricultural, and industrial wastes. On the other hand Biodiesel is made from vegetable oil and animal fat.
Biofuels are a generic term for a renewable fuel derived from a biological source, such as trees, grasses, animals wastes, or agricultural crops. Like fossil fuels, all biofuels release CO2 when burned. However, Biofuels should release a lower net amount of CO2 into the atmosphere than fossil fuels. This is because the plants from which the biofuels originated absorbed CO2 from the atmosphere while they are growing. Whether burned as a fuel or not, these plants would release this same amount of CO2 back into biosphere.
Enzymes are biological catalysts. Enzymes accelerate the chemical reaction. The molecules in the beginning of the process are called substrates and then later the Enzyme converts them into a different molecule. Most all metabolic processes in the cell need Enzymes in order to occur at rates fast enough to sustain life.
Ethanol is an example of an alcohol, a hydrocarbon substituted with one or more OH groups bonded to its carbons atoms. One difference is that humans can safely consume small amounts of ethanol in wine, beer, and other alcoholic drinks. Most of the Ethanol produced in the United States comes from corn. Even though widely available in many parts of the world, wood is insufficient supply to meet our energy demands. So instead of relying on wood, people all sectors are eyeing liquid fuels like ethanol. Gasoline typically contained 10% of ethanol. Ethanol releases less energy because it contains oxygen. As a fuel, ethanol already is partially oxidized or burned.
To understand the role of the catalyst, consider a typical exothermic reaction. In figure 4.20 the potential energy of the reactants (left side) is higher than the potential energy of the products (right side) because it is an exothermic reaction. The green line indicates the energy changes during reaction in the absence of a catalyst. Over all, this reaction gives off energy, but the energy initially increases because some bonds break first. The energy necessary to indicate a chemical reaction is called its activation energy and is indicated by the green arrow. Increasing the temperature often results in increased reactions rates. Increasing temperature isn’t a practical solution. The blue line shows how a catalyst can provide an alternative reaction pathway and thus a lower activation energy. This is the point at which the metal catalyst enters the reaction. The beauty of a catalyst is that it is not consumed and thus only small amounts of it must be used. Green chemists value catalytic reactions not only because small amounts of catalyst are employed, but also because the reaction often can be carried out at lower temperature.
Exothermic is a term applied to any chemical or physical change accompanied by the release of heat. Endothermic is a term applied to any chemical or physical change that absorbs energy A chemical reaction is endothermic when the potential energy of the products is higher than that of the reactants. In 4.13 part b you have to calculate the energy required lift one 1kg book the entire 2 m. Then you want to express this value in kilojoules and the value it to make the final calculation. Lastly to work off one donut it requires about lifting almost 90000 book. Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the atoms and or molecules present in a substance. Heat is the kinetic energy that flows from a hotter object to a colder one. There is always heat flowing through the human body.
Distillation is a separation process in which a solution is heated to its boiling point reforming, and coking. To distill crude oil, first it must have to be pumped into a large vessel. As the temperature in the boiler increases, compounds with lower boiling points begin to vaporize. As the temperature further increases, compounds with higher boiling points vaporize. Once vaporized, all compounds travel up the distillation tower. Compounds are condensed to liquid at different heights in the tower due to a decrease in temperature with height.
A. denoting or operated by a liquid moving in a confined space under pressure. Dynamite wouldn’t work because it would cause too much damage while fracturing shale hydraulically would do the opposite.
B. A well consists of about 42 gallons of liquid and the ingredients are gasoline, diesel and home heating oil, jet fuel, heavy fuel oil, liquified refinery gas, and other products.
C. i do not see where this is in the article
Coal turned out to be a better energy source than wood because it yielded more heat per gram. Coal provided more than 50% of the nations energy until about 1940. By the 1960s coal was used for generating electricity. In figure 4.6 it displays the history of the US energy consumption. Coal occurs in varying percentage of carbon and a lower percentage of oxygen. Generally the more oxygen a fuel contains, the less energy per gram it releases. Oxygen containing fuels lie lower on the potential energy scale. Although coal is available across the world and remains widely used fuel, it has serious drawbacks. A second drawback is the environmental harm caused by coal mining, Many streams rivers in Appalachia suffer from the effects of decades of mining operations. When coal deposits lie sufficiently close to the surface, mining techniques safer for miners are possible. A third drawback is that coal is a dirty fuel. A forth drawback may ultimately be the most serious, that burning coal produces carbon dioxide. Because of these drawbacks, and give that coal reserves are relatively plentiful in the US, significant research efforts are underway to develop new coal technologies.
- Explain the energy transformation that cut in a neutrons cradle
As you can see from figure 4.5 it shows the motion of the metal balls swinging back and forth. When a ball is lifted it gives potential energy. Then the potential energy is converted into kinetic energy. After that the kinetic energy is gradually converted into potential energy as the ball rises and slows. Then the process repeats.
- Why would a Newtons cradle not keep going forever
Newtons cradle would not keep going forever because the movement that is going back and forth would soon slow down and come to a stop. You realize the balls started to heat up because heat is transferred to the surrounding atoms and molecules in the air. As a result, when the balls come to a stop, the energy of the universe has been conserved.
- The calorie was introduced with the metric system in the late 18th century and was defined as the amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of one gram of water by one degree Celsius. The joule is a unit of energy equal to 0.239 cal. One joule is approximately equal to the energy required to raise a 1kg book 10cm against the force of gravity.


Chemical modification of vertically aligned graphene standing on SiC microspheres for selective oxidation
Vertically aligned multi-layer graphene standing on SiC microspheres could be chemically modified to prepare nitrogen doped graphene standing on SiC microspheres (NG on SiCm). The unique structure consisted of a nitrogen doped graphene layer (the lateral dimension is ∼200 nm) and a solid SiC core (the diameter is in the range from 0.2 μm to 0.8 μm). Based on XPS analysis, the nitrogen element is controllably doped in the nanostructure of the graphene layer of NG on SiCm. The NG on SiCm is found to be an effective recyclable carbocatalyst for selective oxidation reactions. Owing to the unique nanostructure of the nitrogen doped graphene grown on the inert SiC core, the nanomaterial is not only tough enough to hardly change in chemical modification reactions, but also expected to serve as a predispersed recyclable high performance carbocatalyst.


Dimerization of Paramagnetic Trinuclear Complexes by Coordination Geometry Changes Showing Mixed Valency and Significant Antiferromagnetic Coupling through −Pt···Pt– Bonds
datasetposted on 2022-04-05, 15:38 authored by Atsushi Takamori, Kazuhiro Uemura
Paramagnetic trinuclear complexes, trans-[Pt2M(piam)4(NH3)4](ClO4)x (t-M; piam = pivalamidate, M = Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, and Cu, x = 2 or 3), aligned as Pt–M–Pt were successfully synthesized and characterized. The dihedral angles between the Pt and M coordination planes in t-M are approximately parallel, showing straight metal–metal bonds with distances of approximately 2.6 Å. Except for t-Fe, the trinuclear complexes are dimerized with close contact (approximately 3.9 Å) between the end Pt atoms to form Pt–M–Pt···Pt–M–Pt alignments with high-spin M(+2) containing five (t-Mn), three (t-Co), two (t-Ni), and one (t-Cu) unpaired electrons localized on M atoms. Several physical measurements and calculations revealed that the dimerized structures were maintained in MeCN, where cyclic voltammograms for t-M exhibited two-step oxidation and reduction attributed to Pt–M(+2)–Pt···Pt–M(+2)–Pt ↔ Pt–M(+3)–Pt···Pt–M(+2)–Pt ↔ Pt–M(+3)–Pt···Pt–M(+3)–Pt via mixed-valent states. Magnetic susceptibility measurements for t-M showed antiferromagnetic interaction, t-Mn: J = −0.9 cm–1, t-Co: J = −3.5 cm–1, t-Ni: J = −7.3 cm–1, and t-Cu: J = 0.0 cm–1, between the two M centers with distances of 9.0 Å through Pt···Pt bonds.
Read the peer-reviewed publication
significant antiferromagnetic couplingshowed antiferromagnetic interactionseveral physical measurementsmagnetic susceptibility measurements3 ), alignedparamagnetic trinuclear complexes(< b ><– pt alignmentsform pt –end pt atoms2 </ subtrinuclear complexesb ><– ptpt –</ b>-[ pt− 3approximately 33 cm− 7(+ 2x </valent statestrans </successfully synthesizedstep oxidationreduction attributedj </dihedral anglescyclic voltammogramscoordination planesclose contactcalculations revealedapproximately parallelapproximately 2></ sub6 å5 cm


Surface preparation is the essential first stage treatment of a steel substrate before the application of any coating and is generally accepted as being the most important factor affecting the total success of a corrosion protection system. The performance of a coating is significantly influenced by its ability to adhere properly to the substrate material. Residual mill scale on steel surfaces is an unsatisfactory base to apply modern, high-performance protective coatings and is therefore removed by abrasive blast cleaning. Other surface contaminants on the rolled steel surface, such as oil and grease are also undesirable and must be removed before the blast cleaning process. The surface preparation process not only cleans the steel but also introduces a suitable profile to receive the protective coating.


Paint & Equipment / Powder Coating / High Performance Protective Coatings / Automotive Refinishes / Industrial Coatings / Equipment / Speciality Coatings / Paint Shop Ancillaries / Wood Finishes / Adhesives & Sealants / Abrasives /
Through several strategic partnerships we can offer the equipment you need for every application. We can provide on-site training and service backed up by a comprehensive stockholding of spare parts. Carbon Group has a customer base of over 200 companies and stocks a large range of spares in our premises in Cork and Belfast. We also are the only equipment supplier that employs two engineers, one based in the north and one based in the south of Ireland, which are on call 24 hours a day. Both our engineers also carry an extensive range of spares in their vehicles.
The Carbon Group is the sole distributor in Ireland for the complete range of GEMA powder application equipment. We supply an extensive array of equipment, from manual coating handguns and classic spray booths to fully automated systems with automatic recovery booths and reciprocators.
Powder Coating Equipment
Carbon Group have been market leaders in powder applcation equipment for over 15 years, in Ireland. The Gema powder equipment range fully covers the very latest in automatic and manual application equipment.
We can provide solutions for;
• Fast colour changes
• Production capacity improvements
• Coating thickness control
• Consistency of quality
• Innovative, up to date products
For further information please click here
OptiFlex®2, new manual unit for even better application performance, is now available exclusively from Carbon Group. This new manual unit line for electrostatic powder coating offers users state-of-the-art technology for outstanding application performance. It effortlessly processes all powders and applies surface coatings to parts, with complex designs with excellent efficiency and in exceptional quality, worldwide and even under extremely difficult conditions. For further info visit
Wet Paint Equipment
Devilbiss Spray Equipment
DeVilbiss continue to remain as one of the most well respected names in spray finishing products. Providing exceptional spray guns and excellent atomisation quality with guns such as the JGA and the latest Compliant GTi spray guns, used with a wide range of materials whilst meeting the demands of the latest environmental protection legislation’s.
Dalby Spraybooths founded in 1964 Dalby utilise the very latest computer aided design & production machinery to expertly manufacture the Dalby Genesis Range of spray booth/oven equipment.
Rupes Tools Rupes launched their first electric sander, STORK 123 in 1951 and following dozens of successes have set the benchmark for professional tools throughout the world. Rupes provide an extensice range of pneumatic and electric power tools.
Wilkinson Star is arguably the largest stockist of Welding Equipment, Air-Compressors and Air Accessories in the UK .
Fast Mover Tools
Fastmover Tools produce speciality hand tools and equipment for the motor trade and in recent years have been concentrating on their innovative range of bodyshop equipment. Worldclass panel handling and storage devices are manufactured in their Luton factory with a range of wheel skates, car trolleys and now spraygun wash units.
Rand Equipment compressed air products are designed with reliability in mind, crafted to meet the demanding requirements of today’s industrial and automotive applications
Kärcher produce steam cleaners targeting the automotive industry and through new developments and expansion of their product range, it has enabled then to become a single source supplier for a technically advanced and sophisticated range of cleaning machines suitable for use in most market sectors.
Lab Testing Equipment
Sheen Instruments. The Carbon Group can also supply the entire product range of Sheen Instruments. These products are used in industrial coating quality assurance and include gloss, colour and thickness meters.
Sheen supplies products / tests for;
Pin Hole & Porosity
Specific Gravity Density
Temperature, pH & Conductivity
Transparency, Haze & Clarity
ITW Gema Optiflex Range
Range Includes Box Units, Fluidised Units, Stirrer
• Independent programming and program memory
• Maximum coating performance with all powders
• Quick-change connector for powder hose
• Quick, efficient, safe and simple cleaning
• Minimum powder volume in the powder circuit
• Directly integrated manual coating stations
• No cleaning mechanism
• Direct exhaust suction with adjustable flaps
For all Powder Coating Equipment & Sheen Instrument enquires please contact your nearest office.


Shift Ultra is superior sulfur-phosphorus, extreme pressure gear lubricant formulated with premium quality base stocks, friction modifiers and corrosion inhibitors, meeting the requirements of API GL-5 as well as many other manufacturer specifications. These oils are formulated to produce a superior gear lubricant with extreme pressure characteristics and thermal stability for automotive applications over a wide range of temperatures and heavy-duty conditions
FEATURES & BENEFITS:
- Extreme pressure properties protect hypoid and other types of gears from scuffing and wear.
- Superior thermal and oxidative stability
- High safety margin against foaming and corrosion
- Protects against oil seal deterioration
Shift Ultra oils are mainly recommended for use in spiral bevel and hypoid differentials, power dividers and transmissions requiring EP gear lubes under high speed, high load, high torque and high horse power conditions. Meets or exceeds the quality requirements of numerous vehicle manufacturers such as IVECO, MAN, SCANIA and VOLVO for heavy vehicles rear axles and final drive units.


Oxidation and Reduction in Cellular Respiration:
This Khan Academy video explains how oxidation and reduction reactions occur in cellular respiration. The chemical equation for cellular respiration is examined and broken down to show where each type of the reactions occur.
Oxidative Phosphorylation and Chemiosmosis:
This Khan Academy video explains how ATP is generated in the electron transport chain through the process of oxidative phosphorylation and chemiosmosis. It also explains the differences between oxidative phosphorylation and substrate level phosphorylation.
Cellular Respiration: Glycolysis:
This Khan Academy tutorial describes in detail the process of glucose being broken down into pyruvate during glycolysis. Glycolysis is the first biochemical pathway of cellular respiration.
Cellular Respiration: Kreb's Cycle:
This Khan Academy video describes how the pyruvate produced in glycolysis undergoes oxidation to produce Acetyl CoA. The video then explains what occurs when Acetyl CoA enters the Kreb's cycle and how NADH and FADH2 are produced.
Introduction to Cellular Respiration:
This Khan Academy video describes how energy is extracted from the glucose molecule to make ATP. Each biochemical pathway involved in cellular respiration is discussed.
How Glycolysis Works:
This animation shows the process of glycolysis. The reactants, products, and the basic functions of aerobic and anaerobic cellular respiration are identified.
Electron Transport System and ATP Synthesis:
This animation shows the electron transport chain, which is a series of compounds that transfers electrons from electron donors to electron acceptors via redox reactions. This electron transfer is coupled with the transfer of protons across a membrane.
This animation addresses the concept at a high level of complexity.
This tutorial will help students to understand that both the process of photosynthesis and cellular respiration use hydrogen ions and high-energy electrons to make molecules of ATP. Learners will be able to compare the light dependent reactions of photosynthesis and the electron transport chain of cellular respiration.
This tutorial reviews the process of cellular respiration which is the set of metabolic reactions and processes that take place in the cells of organisms to convert biochemical energy from nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
The Krebs cycle is the central metabolic pathway in all aerobic organisms. This tutorial will help the learners understand the Krebs cycle.


Veggies are supposed to be healthy, so why are guinea pigs giving some a bad rap? There are a lot of charts, lists, and diet plans out there, but the secret recipe for a healthy diet is all about balance and moderation. There are no “good” or “bad” vegetables. Fresh foods just have different levels of nutrients that guinea pigs may need in larger or smaller amounts at various life stages. You don’t need to become a chemist or mathematician to whip up your guinea pig’s veggies, but it helps to know what you’re working with at the supermarket.
Guinea pigs and primates, like us, are unable to make their own vitamin C. Because their bodies can’t synthesize or store it, they need to receive around 25 mg per day on average through their diet. Guinea pigs that don’t get enough vitamin C are at risk for scurvy and more prone to illness. Offering a cup of guinea pig veggies (fresh daily, of course) will likely be your cavy's fave way to meet the requirement.
High in Vitamin C
- Bell Peppers
- Mustard Greens
- Dill Weed
Low in Vitamin C
Too much sugar can cause digestive trouble in guinea pigs, much like it can for us. Guinea pigs’ gut flora is very carefully balanced. Too much sugar can allow the “bad” bacteria in the gut to take over. This can lead to soft stools, bloat, and even gastrointestinal infections.
Foods high in sugar can also make for one fat pig if fed too often. As you’d probably guess, fruits tend to be high in sugar. A few extra pieces of fruit can help a recovering, underweight guinea pig put on weight, but shouldn’t be a normal feature on the everyday menu.
Vegetables like beets, carrots, tomatoes, and even red peppers are also high in sugar. Don’t worry if peppers are your daily go-to for vitamin C. Rotate in some of the other colors throughout the week to balance out the sugar content while still providing plenty of vitamin C.
Calcium is probably the most misunderstood and controversial mineral when it comes to feeding guinea pigs. While we know that diets too high in calcium can lead to bladder stones, the trendy low-calcium diets have proven that too little calcium in the diet can cause bone and dental problems. Balance is key.
Guinea pigs absorb more calcium from their food than humans do – around 50% on average. If calcium isn’t absorbed by the body, it travels through the kidneys and bladder to ideally be excreted in the urine. Excess calcium can hang out in there and bond with other minerals to form stones. Older guinea pigs don’t absorb calcium quite as effectively as the youngsters, so a balanced diet becomes extra important (sorry, alfalfa).
High in Calcium
- Dandelion Greens
- Turnip Greens
Low in Calcium
- Bell Peppers
Oxalates can bind to calcium and reduce its absorption, which can lead to stones if foods high in oxalates are fed too much. Oxalic acid content tends to go up as food matures, so young veggies are less likely to have high oxalic acid content.
High in Oxalic Acid
- Sweet Potato
- Beet Leaves
- Swiss Chard
Low in Oxalic Acid
- Bell Peppers
If only it were as easy as sticking to low-calcium guinea pig veggies. Vitamin D (sunlight! ), magnesium, and potassium help the body absorb calcium. Phosphorus and calcium are the dynamic duo. Phosphorus needs calcium! If there isn’t enough calcium for the phosphorus to attach to, sometimes calcium can actually leach from the bones. More phosphorus than calcium in the body can also lead to magnesium deficiency. Yikes!
The ideal Ca:P ratio for guinea pigs is 1.33:1 from the whole fresh diet. This means if you’re feeding foods with less calcium than phosphorus (like carrots, cucumber, sweet potato, and romaine lettuce) you need to also feed foods with the inverse ratio to balance things out (like cilantro, swiss chard, kale, green/red leaf lettuce, celery, and okra). This can reduce the chances of stones developing and may even be beneficial for overall kidney health.
To find the Ca:p ratio of a certain food, divide the calcium amount by the phosphorus level. For example, 40 grams of pumpkin has 8 mg of calcium and 17 mg of phosphorus, so has a Ca:P ratio around 0.5:1 (8 divided by 17). If you’re feeding multiple foods, add all the calcium numbers up, then add the phosphorus numbers, and finally divide both by the total number of foods. Make sure you’re calculating ratios based on equal quantities (weight or calories).
1. Parsley – Ca:P ratio of 2.4:1
2. Bibb lettuce – Ca:P ratio of 1.4:1
3. Squash – Ca:P ratio of 0.7:1
4. Green bell pepper: Ca:P ratio of 0.5:1
Total calcium (5) divided by number of foods (4) = 1.25
Total phosphorus (4) divided by number of foods (4) = 1
Ca:P ratio for this piggie platter is 1.25:1 … pretty good!
Who knew feeding guinea pigs could be so complicated? Veggie time is supposed to be fun, not stressful, and you don’t need a degree in algebra to do it. While Guinea Lynx has a handy calculator you can use to balance your guinea pig’s veggies, you don’t need to measure to a tee every day unless your guinea pig has a chronic health issue. Focus on providing variety and follow these five simple rules:
1. Aim to provide veggies high in vitamin C (bell peppers daily are great).
2. Avoid feeding high-calcium produce in large amounts or too often.
3. Make sure your overall diet doesn’t have more phosphorus than calcium.
4. Limit vegetables that are high in oxalic acid.
5. Reserve sugary foods for special treats.