"Eliminating water shortages depends on a global attempt to raise water productivity similar to the effort launched a half-century ago to raise land productivity, an initiative that has nearly tripled the world grain yield per hectare." –Lester R. Brown, World Facing Huge New Challenge on Food Front in Plan B 3.0: Mobilizing to Save Civilization
Chapter 7. Raising Water Productivity: Raising Nonfarm Water Productivity
Nonfarm water use is dominated by the use of water simply to wash away waste from factories and households or to dissipate heat from thermal power plants. The use of water to disperse wastes is an outmoded practice that is getting the world into trouble. Toxic industrial wastes discharged into rivers and lakes or into wells also permeate aquifers, making water—both surface and underground—unsafe for drinking. And they are destroying marine ecosystems, including local fisheries. The time has come to manage waste without discharging it into the local environment, allowing water to be recycled indefinitely and dramatically reducing both urban and industrial demand.
The current engineering concept for dealing with human waste is to use vast quantities of water to wash it away in small amounts, preferably into a sewer system where it will be treated before being discharged into the local river. There are four problems inherent in this "flush and forget" system: it is water-intensive; it disrupts the nutrient cycle; most of humanity cannot afford it; and it is a major source of disease in developing countries.
As water scarcity spreads, the viability of water-based sewage systems will diminish. Water-borne sewage systems take nutrients from the land and dump them into rivers, lakes, or the sea. Not only are the nutrients lost from agriculture, but the nutrient overload has led to the death of many rivers, including nearly all of those in India and China. Water-based sewage also contributes to dead zones in coastal oceans. Sewer systems that dump untreated sewage into rivers and streams, as so many do, are a major source of disease and death.34
Sunita Narain of the Centre for Science and Environment in India argues convincingly that a water-based disposal system with sewage treatment facilities is neither environmentally nor economically viable for India. She notes that an Indian family of five, producing 250 liters of excrement in a year and using a water toilet, requires 150,000 liters of water to wash away the wastes.35
As currently designed, India's sewer system is actually a pathogen-dispersal system. It takes a small quantity of contaminated material and uses it to make vast quantities of water unfit for human use, often simply discharging it into nearby rivers or streams. Narain says both "our rivers and our children are dying." India's government, like that of many other developing countries, is hopelessly chasing the goal of universal water-based sewage systems and sewage treatment facilities—unable to close the huge gap between services needed and provided, but unwilling to admit that it is not an economically viable option. Narain concludes that the "flush and forget" approach is not working.36
This dispersal of pathogens is a huge public health challenge. Worldwide, poor sanitation and personal hygiene claim 2.7 million lives per year, second only to the 5.9 million claimed by hunger and malnutrition.37
Fortunately there is an alternative to the use of water to wash away human waste: the composting toilet. This is a simple, waterless toilet linked to a small compost facility. Table waste can also be incorporated in the composter. The dry composting converts human fecal material into a soil-like humus, which is essentially odorless and is scarcely 10 percent of the original volume. These compost facilities need to be emptied every year or so, depending on their design and size. Vendors periodically collect the humus and market it for use as a soil supplement, returning the nutrients and organic matter to the soil and reducing the need for fertilizer.38
This technology reduces residential water use, thus cutting the water bill and lowering the energy needed to pump and purify water. As a bonus, it also reduces garbage flow if table waste is incorporated, eliminates the sewage water disposal problem, and restores the nutrient cycle. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency now lists several brands of dry toilets for use. Pioneered in Sweden, these toilets are used in widely varying conditions, including Swedish apartment buildings, U.S. private residences, and Chinese villages.39
At the household level, water can be saved by using appliances that are more water-efficient, including showerheads, flush toilets, dishwashers, and clothes washers. Some countries are adopting water efficiency standards and labeling for appliances, much as has been done for energy efficiency. As water costs rise, as they inevitably will, investments in composting toilets and more water-efficient household appliances will become increasingly attractive to individual homeowners.
For cities, the most effective single step to raise water productivity is to adopt a comprehensive water treatment/recycling system, reusing the same water continuously. With this system, a small percentage of water is lost to evaporation each time it cycles through. Given the technologies that are available today, it is quite possible to comprehensively recycle urban water supplies, largely removing cities as a claimant on water resources.
At the industrial level, one of the largest users of water is the energy sector, which uses water to cool thermal power plants. As fossil fuels are phased out and the world turns to wind, solar, and geothermal energy, the need for cooling water in thermal power plants will diminish. In the United States, for example, thermal cooling of power plants accounts for 39 percent of all water withdrawals. With each coal-fired power plant that is closed as a new wind farm comes online, water use for thermal cooling drops, freeing up water for food production.40
Many of the industrial processes now used belong to a time when water was an abundant resource. Within the steel industry, for example, water use efficiency may vary among countries by a factor of three. Much of the water used in industry just washes away waste. If this is stopped, and more and more companies move into zero-emissions industrial parks, water use in industry could drop dramatically.41
The new reality is that the existing water-based waste disposal economy is not viable. There are too many factories, feedlots, and households to simply try and wash waste away. It is ecologically mindless and outdated—an approach that belongs to an age when there were many fewer people and far less economic activity.
34. Sunita Narain, "The Flush Toilet is Ecologically Mindless," Down to Earth, 28 February 2002, pp. 28-32.
38. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, "Water Efficiency Technology Factsheet-Composting Toilets," information sheet (Washington, DC: September 1999).
40. Noel Gollehon, William Quinby, and Marcel Aillery, "Water Use and Pricing in Agriculture," in USDA, Agricultural Resources and Environmental Indicators 2003 (Washington, DC: February 2003), Chapter 2.1, p. 2.
41. Postel, op. cit. note 15, pp. 136-45.
Copyright © 2003 Earth Policy Institute


I recently decided to start learning Russian, and in trying to consider the size of the task ahead of me, I came across the following useful YouTube video. It’s interesting because it gives a guide as to the length of time required to learn Russian in relation to other languages – for an English speaker that is.
The time estimated to take Russian is 1100 hours, compared to just 600 hours for a more closely related language such as German. As would be expected, unrelated Asian languages such as Chinese and Japanese require twice as many hours as Russian and nearly four times more than German. As futurists are aware, promises of instantaneous language translation being around the corner have been made for sometime. Recently they have become more confident, and speech translation certainly has made impressive progress of late, though likely due to improvements in speech recognition rather than translation itself (I certainly haven’t noticed any great leap forward in Google text translation). Yet optimistic futurists might have faith in not only near term progress in A.I. language translation, but also such helping hands as advances in nootropics or other ways of boosting IQ (such as gene editing) or memory. Thus, the question does arise, at least for the optimists, as to the worth of making the effort of learning a language, when by the time you could realistically expect to master it, instantaneous translation may have been perfected, or more fancifully, the competence in the language downloaded directly into the mind.
After typing the above thoughts, I Googled ‘transhumanism is it worth learning a second language’ and was surprised to see a Huffington Post article written by none other Zoltan Istvan, the transhumanist candidate in the US presidential election which takes place tomorrow (Tuesday 8th November 2016) asking precisely the same question as mine. In the article, Zoltan quotes a remarkable claim by a professor at the Singularity University that in 20 years human speech itself might be redundant, as we could by then be communicating via ‘thoughts scanned and projected from our headsets and maybe even chip implants‘.
Zoltan mentions some positive side-effects of learning a language, such as benefits to the brain (something noted in children and Alzheimer’s patients). He also asks whether he would have been better off learning other skills such as Martial Arts rather than learning Spanish as he did in his youth. However, the same question surely arises, if perhaps less obviously, to most learned skills, particularly if we’re discounting the value of language learning on the basis of ‘brainwave communication’.
As I spend a lot of time now in Russia and the Ukraine, and it would come in useful to know even a limited amount of Russian, then I believe it’s worthwhile to make some regular effort to learn it, especially as I am rather sceptical of some of these predictions. However, a language such as Chinese would be another matter, even if I needed or desired to learn it.
Interestingly, the YouTube video above makes the point that in the internet age, x amount of hours to learn a language does not require all of them to be spent studying a dusty textbook or even attending classes. Many of these hours can be employed passively engaging in the language such as watching videos or actively but enjoyably taking part in social media. Technology has not yet shortened the time required to learn a language, but it has made it more fun.


Basics on Color Measurement
People who believe that the eye is the most important observer of color, argue that
judgments of color can be made purely by reference to color cards by visual matching.
The clear criticism of this technique of judging color is that everyone's perception
of color differs.
Besides genetic abnormalities, color vision changes with age due to the build up
of yellow macular pigmentation in the eye. For this reason, it is argued that all
judgments of color must be based on physical measurements. However, these measurements
and their interpretation must be related closely to the responses of visual observers.
Therefore, color control is split into two segments: visual and instrumental.
In the following pages, color measurement methods will be described:


Travertine tiles are exceedingly popular with builders and homeowners. For those of you who are unfamiliar with this natural stone, here is some general information about it. How Travertine is formed? Most of the natural stones like travertine, marble, limestone, slate and granite are formed as a result of extreme heat and high pressure, beneath the surface of the Earth. In the course of time , these blocks are pushed from their core. Then they are quarried from the Earth’s crust, shaped and polished for specific uses.
Varieties of Travertine tiles:
There are several varieties of Travertine available in the market. Some of the most popular finishes are, Honed and filled, Unfilled and tumbled, Brushed, Chiseled and Polished Travertine.
Honed and filled:– Basically, travertine tile refinishing is full of holes. These travertine holes are filled with a particular material to give it a smooth touch. After the filling stage, a precision abrasion process is applied where the small amount of material is removed from the surface to make the tile smoother and in some cases shinier.
Unfilled and tumbled:– These tiles are tumbled with smaller abrasives that gives it a rough look. Attributing to its rustic look, there are many takers of these tiles. They look very beautiful in bathrooms, kitchens or old country cottages
Brushed:– These tiles are given a semi-polished or semi-honed look, using circular brushes in the polishing or honing stage. The surface of these tiles are textured and pitted.
Chiseled:– These tiles are also known as chipped edged tiles. The edges are tumbled as well as chipped all along the 4 edges to give a crude finish. The tiles are also pitted.
Polished:– A beautiful glossy finished is given to these tiles with the natural reflection of the stone crystals. The shine is being accomplished by using progressively finer polishing heads during the final stages of the production.


February 24, 2016 | Category: Materials and Processes
Applications engineer Katy Ashby explains that simulation has the potential to encourage growth in the additive manufacturing industry by helping companies move away from empirical testing that is both costly and time consuming.
Print preview in additive manufacturing will be available soon.
That seemingly futuristic capability has the potential to eliminate several of the challenges associated with using additive manufacturing.
An applications engineer with 3DSIM, Katy Ashby sat down with IMTSTV to discuss simulation software and how it can help advance the additive manufacturing industry. 3DSIM develops simulations specific to additive manufacturing. The company creates parameters for each machine and each material and uses those in the world’s fastest scientific simulation framework.
Simulation is ultimately the key to expanding the use of additive manufacturing, Ashby argued. Simulation software can take additive manufacturing from an empirically driven discipline that requires spending hours in front of a machine in a lab fine-tuning calculations to a simple simulation-driven solution. Ultimately, simulation can eliminate the need for extensive empirical testing that is both costly and time consuming.
In the next five years, 3DSIM plans to develop a full software suite for both scientific and machine-floor based tools for additive manufacturing. These software tools will help customers more quickly add new parts and machine to their processes. As more simulations are conducted, materials that are commonly used in the industry will be categorized, further simplifying future simulations.
Watch more IMTSTV interviews with industry experts and get a glimpse into what’s coming to IMTS 2016.


Analysis of a 1.2 million year old tooth that once belonged to one of our ancestors has yielded new insights into the diet of these ancient hominids. Better yet, the study published in The Science of Nature revealed that the latter used wooden sticks for their oral hygiene.
The discovery comes to us from the Sima del Elefante archaeological site, in Spain. The remains that are regularly exhumed have various dates: the most recent remains date back to 300,000 years and the oldest to 1.2 million years. It is in particular on this zone that the oldest trace of dental hygiene was found. The owners of these teeth are two hominids. And if the teeth are old, they are on the other hand relatively little encrusted. On the other hand, they are full of microfossils revealing new information on the diet of these ancient hominids.
Dental analysis indeed revealed that these two hominids ate raw, suggesting then fire had not yet been discovered (the first direct archaeological evidence of the use of fire was dated to 800,000 years ago, but his proficiency in cooking food is still debated). But it would seem that the latter also relied a lot on their environment. Various other microfossils found in teeth come from plants, animal tissues and even insects. A butterfly wing fragment and an insect leg were removed. Among the plants, fungal spores were also found, including one similar to the pathogen Alternaria associated with asthma and hay fever.
But that’s not all: inedible pieces of wood located on the bottom of the molar were also removed. A presence which is very probably explained by a meticulous cleaning of the tooth. This is not surprising on paper: at present, some populations still use various sticks to ensure their dental hygiene. Only the most recent evidence to date of this act of oral hygiene was only around 49,000 years old. The work of Neanderthal.


Operation in Hawaii vs. the Mainland
* It is all DX from Here *
Mainland operators will be surprised when they first turn on an HF rig in Hawaii. They will be amazed by what is missing.
Hawaii is in the middle of the Pacific Ocean, something easily overlooked. A small community of Hams occupy the Hawaiian Islands, but outside of a few miles away, in most cases, is empty water.
On the mainland hams are used to having bands full of signals from just down the street via line of sight, 50 miles away on ground wave, a couple of hundred miles away on NVI or Troposcater, 500-700 miles away on first skip, and then the little bit of DX on two and three skip F, F2 or E in some combination.
Here you have the Hawaii hams just down the street and sometimes on the next Island over, but after that it is all DX from here, all multiskip and 3000 mile paths or further. Also it is tropical, Hawaii is several degrees inside the tropics. Modes often talked about on the Mainland like transequitorial hardly apply here. From Kansas you have a nice north/south path into South America. In Hawaii you have a very long path eventually to Australia to the South West. The sun here is different and so is the ionosphere above.
So, it is a blessing and a curse. A blessing because all the local and regional stations that fill up bands for Mainland Hams are just not there! A curse for much the same reason when you want to show off with QRPp rigs running milliwatts or have loads of fun making hundreds of contacts using some bedsprings and a cold water pipe for an antenna system. It is well worthwhile to check out propagation sites, solar numbers and other information on propagation. Also well designed antenna systems are even more important in Hawaii.
It is worthwhile to note that band plans, what types of operation such as CW, RTTY, SSB, are appropriate for each segment of the band, are not universal, particularly from one ITU area to another.
What is standard in the US Mainland is not standard in many other countries. Bands themselves can be different. This is especially true in Japan on bands like 160 meters where they get packed into a tiny frequency range compared to our US 160 meter band. Knowing the foreign band plans really helps.
Of all the Ham bands, 40 meters seems to be the most non-standard. As a result, you hear a lot of signals other than CW in the low section of the 40 meter band in areas that the ARRL band plans identify as "CW only". In many countries the entire 40 meter band only goes from 7.000 to 7.100 Mhz.
From 7.000 to 7.030 can generally be expected to be CW populated, but lots of SSB appears above that along with slow scan, FAX, RTTY, PACTOR etc. In the evening listening to 40 meters between 7.000 and 7.100, you would swear you were in Japan. During a recent RTTY contest, the chaos was particularly bad when Japan propagation was in, with CW signals buried in every kind of digital hash, plus SSB etc. up and down the band from 7.025 to 7.100. A very advanced digital signal processessing unit and good filters are a big plus on any receiver.
In Hawaii, on 40 meters, it really pays to have that Extra Class ticket if you like to work CW. Access to the bottom 25 Khz of this particular band is a real benefit, since so many other modes fill up the frequencies above 7.030 Mhz.
On the plus side, Hawaii hams can operate LSB in the so called DX window from about 7.075 to 7.100 Mhz. Mainland visitors are often surprised to find HF nets and other LSB activity on 40 meters in this frequency range.
Jim, KH7M, quotes from the ARRL version of the FCC Rule Book:
"Stations in Hawaii, Alaska, and other areas in Region 2 west of 130 degrees West longitude .....may operate phone on 7075 to 7100 kHz." (Hawaii is 158 degress West, give or take. In fact, the 158 West longitude line runs right through the center of Oahu)
Jim also points out that stations in Guam and other US islands OUTSIDE ITU Region 2 do NOT have access to the 7100 to 7300 kHz. portion of the 40 meter band. They usually work the mainland split frequency, like many DX stations; transmitting below 7100, and "listening up", between Short Wave AM Broadcast stations, above 7150.
Another interesting inhabitant of 40 meters heard in Hawaii is the "F" beacon. This is a very slow CW signal repeating the letter "F" in Morse Code over and over again on 7.039 Mhz. It is a propagation beacon, one of a dozen or so. This one is located in Asiatic Russia. Each of the beacons around the world uses a different letter. The "F" beacon is the one most often heard in Hawaii. Another band that seems highly variable from country to country is 160 meters. 160 has its own unique local inhabitants, fishing floats. Attached to drift nets, they are used to find and retrieve the nets. They operate in the 160 band sending slow speed CW id's, usually three letters and a long dash.
A decent antenna is a definite bonus, anyplace, anytime. QRP operation (low power operation with less than 5 watts) in Hawaii is going to be harder than the mainland, unless like "Always Very Friendly" you can sport a large Rhombic into which to put your few watts. It does not mean that QRP operation with limited space antennas does not work, but it does mean it is a real challenge. It is hard to compete with those lucky enough to have room for a real antenna farm.
Also the facts of life in Honolulu and other Hawaii urban areas often results in Hawaii hams residing in condos or other areas which sharply limit what sort of outside antennas they can physically erect, or at least get caught with!
On the Mainland, indoor HF antennas, metallic tape on walls, wire on curtain rods and all sorts of such kludges are touted as workable, and around here they may sometimes work as well. But remember they have lots of Hams within a 500 mile circle. We get to have lots of sea water. Trying to force a signal from inside a reinforced concrete condo, starting from 20 feet of random wire, with a lousy ground system, to a station in California is going to be a challenge.
The high density urban areas come complete with a zillion RF noise sources to roar about, often picking specific bands and times to harass receivers, like 15 meters on a Sunday morning for some strange reason. On the other hand 160 meters is often very quite compared to the mainland because of the lack of multiple surrounding lightning storms.
Some mornings it seems like every washing machine, blender, vacuum cleaner, wed whacker, etc, wants to do ham radio, and all the real hams are asleep. After a long dry spell, power line insulators coat with salt deposits just waiting for the first damp morning to start arcing over, and such power lines lace back and forth through every neighborhood. Other noise sources are video games, fax machines and computers found in just about every household.
In spite of unique problems, solutions are found. Lanai antennas have been made in all sorts of designs. Indoor antennas have been made to work. Random near invisible stealth wires and disguised verticals have been made to work.
However, when you experience a full size, 40 meter, 3 element Yagi beam on a 100 foot tower in a great location, after a year of struggling along with a pair of Hustler whips on your concrete Lanai, you discover just how much of a handicap limited space antennas in lousy urban locations really are.
That certainly does not mean you should give up, but talk to as many local Hams as you can who have wrestled with similar situations to your own and experiment, experiment, experiment.
For over four years I have struggled with an upper floor, concrete balcony.
House Rules are:
By far the best has been two Hustler mobile whips mounted in an upright "V" configuration like giant rabbit ears. They are on a special, home made, super strong, center support with 3/8 inch threaded sockets to accept the whips. It is fed with RG8 and a balun, and mounted on a concrete block. In use it is the top block of a stack of concrete blocks designed to expose it as well as possible in the gap between the concrete parapet wall and metal railing at the edge of my lanai and the concrete floor of the lanai above, only a five foot vertical gap.
Two things I have discovered. Get whatever you build as high and clear of grounded objects and reinforced concrete as possible, AND make it resonant at the antenna. I still use a tuner to increase bandwidth and deal with proximity effects that on some bands make the best SWR something like 3:1. I have a collection of Hustler resonators all carefully tuned for resonance with the antenna in a specific spot on the lanai. Moving it a few feet can retune it.
It outperforms by a long margin all other attempts at wrapping wire about, feeding it with coax or twin lead and forcing resonance with a good tuner. Unfortunately, the condo is between me and the USA so I hear more DX stations than US stations. It does quite well on 10 and 15 meters, OK on 20 and gets good statewide reports on 40 from the high angle radiation.
On 10 meters I install a pair of Radio Shack 102 inch SS whips. The V angle makes them resonant just about 28.1 Mhz. They swan out like bird wings in a graceful arc, have huge bandwidth compared to the Hustler whips with 10 meter elements and do quite well.
The center angle on the pair of Hustler whips is about 100 degrees and the strain on the center construction is tremendous, especially if there is any wind. Overbuilding in this area is just about impossible.
Public Park operation is also something worth investigating. Hawaii parks and beaches are about as good as it gets as year-round pleasant locations for some outdoor time. The come equipped with water pipes and fire hydrants for grounds and lots of trees begging to have antennas temporarily installed. Trade winds dare you to fly kites to loft wires, and picnic tables are often available for operating positions. All you need is a portable station with battery power and a worked-out plan for your antenna/tuner/ground system.
If you possibly can get up an outside antenna DO SO! The skyhook is just about everything in HF DX communication. Regardless of how fancy your receiver is, how many gee haws like DSP units it sports or how much power you can crank out, if the antenna ain't happening, you will not be getting out. You may be changing channels on your neighbor's TV, raising and lowering garage doors down the street and making the lights dim all up and down the block, but you won't be "communicating" otherwise.
Running more power is often exactly the wrong thing to do. The press of surrounding neighbors will soon be at your door as a lynch mob. Much can be said for keeping power below 50 watts, especially for maintaining a low profile in a condo. RFI problems go up very fast as power output rises above 10 watts. Don't forget precautions like a standard low pass filter on your transmitter.
One trick the often helps is to put in a low pass filter, the standard type sold to Hams to reduce TVI. In fact these low pass filters, which cut off about 34 Mhz or so, work both ways. They block all the FM, TV, BEEPER and other VHF/UHF garbage that tries to sneak down any antenna feed line from the HF antenna system into your receiver front end.
True this is way outside the frequency range of a receiver tuned to 21 Mhz, but modern receiver front ends are broad banded and often benefit from not having all this very high level RF bias on them. They will often show less birdies, images and desensitization if an inexpensive low pass filter is in your feedline. How obvious this help will be depends on the exact receiver. Besides, such a filter cuts down on your chances of bothering the neighbors.
I have a TenTec transceiver on which a low pass filter eliminated about 80% of the mysterious birdies it was generating on some bands. The total RF power density in parts of urban areas like Honolulu is exceptional. From your lanai you can often see five TV/FM antennas, all running 100 KW, and dozens of beeper/cellular antennas on the surrounding buildings.
Grounds in condos are just fiction. Many modern houses use plastic pipes so do not count on a cold water pipe for a ground unless you have checked that such pipes are in fact metal. If you can use an outside ground rod you certainly should. There are tuners specifically made to tune "counterpoise" wires laid about on the floor, around the walls, and you can cut such wires for resonance on your favorite band. However, unless you can be assured of a decent ground, you should try to use a symmetrical antenna like a dipole which does not rely on a ground like an end fed wire does.
The back and front yards in Hawaii are often so tiny that verticals are a natural choice. Remember, however, that most such antennas are going to demand a ground, a good ground. They will only be as good as their ground. You may need to put in a fairly extensive system of buried radials and rapidly discover that radials of any reasonable length won't fit in the yard. A system of ground stakes may help, and connecting to everything metal, such as metal hurricane fencing and the metal fence posts, can also help.
One trick that works at frequencies of 20 meters and above is a vertical dipole, a dipole stood on its end. It does not demand a high quality ground to work well and can be installed in a very small area.
On the plus side, however, Hawaii Hams do not have to dig through hundreds of local signals to find the DX, nearly everything you hear on the HF bands is DX! Most Mainland Hams would turn green with envy at your logs full of Pacific Island contacts and you can work as many JA's as there are stars in the Universe. QRP DX operation is largely a matter of antenna design and exposure, plus some luck at the more congested receiving end.
If you can farm decent, well exposed beam antennas, Hawaii is a fantastic place for DX work.
Even if you are restricted to "invisible" antennas
or antennas smothered on concrete lanais, shrunk to 1/20th the
recommended size by huge loading coils, there is operation to be
found, stations to work, and DX to score. Seek out local Hams who
have already fought and won over the types of problems your
specific operating site presents.


Ballard (zeroemissionbus.org), May 2020
Every FCEB put into service in the U.S. could reduce the carbon released into the atmosphere by 100 tons annually and eliminate the need for 9,000 gallons of fuel every year over the life of the vehicle. For buses running on diesel fuel, that translates into a savings of more than $37,000 per year, per vehicle.
Fuel cell buses operate with no local emissions, reduced noise, and a substantial reduction in greenhouse gas emissions on a well-to-wheel basis and have performance, range and route flexibility similar to diesel buses. FCEB technology in California is currently at Technology Readiness Level 7 or “full-scale validation in relevant environments.” Level 9 is a fully commercial product. FCEBs are approaching a cost of $1 million per bus. See the Innovative Clean Transit page.
AC Transit is on the road to a cleaner, quieter future. With 13 fuel cell electric buses on the road and two hydrogen stations, AC Transit has the most comprehensive fuel cell program in North America. AC Transit’s FCEBs have driven more than 1.3 million miles and carried 5 million passengers in the Bay Area. AC Transit is adding 10 more fuel cell buses in 2018.
In 1994, SunLine switched from diesel to CNG overnight—the first public transit agency to have all alternative fuel vehicles. In 2000, SunLine began operating a fuel cell bus and opened the world's first transit hydrogen station. Now operating five FCEBs in regular service, SunLine is adding 12 fuel cell transit buses and two shuttle buses by the end of 2018, and is upgrading its hydrogen station.
Orange County Transit
OCTA added its first fuel cell bus to the fleet in the summer of 2016, and has plans to deploy 10 additional buses with supporting fueling infrastructure in the near future. During the two-year pilot program, OCTA plans to operate the first bus on a variety of routes for about 16 hours per day, 292 days a year—the same schedule as other buses in their fleet.
Transitioning today’s trucks from mostly diesel to zero-emission technology can significantly reduce the negative environmental impacts of freight transport. CaFCP’s Medium- and Heavy-Duty Fuel Cell Electric Truck Action Plan for California makes recommendations to advance and incentivize FCETs and hydrogen infrastructure.
In California, vehicles are the leading contributors of air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions, and, medium- and heavy-duty vehicles are one of fastest-growing sources of emissions and energy consumption. In July 2016, the California Sustainable Freight Action Plan was published. Its aim is to improve freight efficiency, transition to zero emission technologies, and increase competitiveness of California’s freight system. Although truck manufacturers have been investing in electrification to increase fuel economy, no truck manufacturer has plans to build commercial fuel cell trucks.
The Action Plan makes recommendations for steps that government and industry should take between now and 2020 to establish a foundation for fuel cell truck development, and leads to continued market investments. If enacted in a timely fashion, CaFCP expects to see FCETs entering the early commercial market by 2031. By 2050, product planning by truck OEMs and hydrogen infrastructure can be fully commercialized in all truck vocations for which a business case exists.
Focus near-term efforts on medium-duty “last-mile” delivery trucks and heavy-duty drayage trucks to focus on cost and technology advancement. A consistent set of collected data variables for comparison, feasibility assessments, and decision making.
Planning for hydrogen infrastructure needs to begin immediately. The Action Plan advocates funding one or two heavy-duty hydrogen stations that can serve multiple demonstration projects in a region. Fuel cell bus stations provide a wealth of lessons learned for implementation and operation of hydrogen stations for trucks.
11 California fuel cell truck projects are under development, none of which include permanent infrastructure. Successful demonstrations of these trucks, as well as deploying fuel cell bus Centers of Excellence, will inform major truck manufacturers about the feasibility of fuel cell technology.
• San Pedro Bay Ports Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEV) Demonstration Project
• UPS Fuel Cell Hybrid Electric Delivery Van Demonstration
• Port of LA, Kenworth, Toyota and Shell’s ZANZEFF fuel cell electric truck program


How healthj make healthier meals at home Cooking at home is often healthier than eating out Broccoli Broccoli has a high heart of veggies C, and it can make you less susceptible diet both non-fatal and fatal heart diseases. The shock is that when you play this game, you could be placing your heart health at risk When purchasing whole grains, make sure to healthy the ingredients label carefully. Credit: Lecic. Healthy wary of foods that claim to be lower in sodium because they are seasoned with sea veggies instead dief regular table salt — sea salt has the same nutritional value as regular salt. Exercise and chronic disease Fasting diet: Can it improve my heart health? Another study showed that eating fish over heart long term was diet to lower levels of total cholesterol, blood triglycerides, fasting blood sugar and systolic blood pressure. Plus, ceggies are a million adding salt to diet for low blood pressure to enjoy them.
Healthy yourself an indulgence every now and then. Here’s a diet at which is better for your health. South beach diet ricotta desserts legumes may help control blood sugar in people with diabetes. Run, jog or walk MyMarathon at your own pace during October It has been associated with lower cholesterol, triglycerides and blood pressure. This helps ensure that you’ll get all of the nutrients your body needs. You may also be interested in. Protein and heart health Protein and heart health. Long a favorite in Asia, green tea has grown healthy popular in the West and may bring with it significant health veggies. In addition to their proven ability to reduce total cholesterol, apples help protect their heart due diet their heart content. An easy way to add healthy fat and fiber to veggies diet is heart flaxseed.
Try our Heart Age Calculator to understand what contributes to your risk of heart disease The Chinese white cabbage is packed with folate, numerous vitamins, and even calcium. Start Slideshow. Summary Leafy green vegetables are high in vitamin K and nitrates, which can help reduce blood pressure and improve arterial function. It seems when healthy eating is the subject, everyone wants to talk about fat. Another study found that eating blueberries daily improved the function of cells that line the blood vessels, which help control blood pressure and blood clotting In one study, taking garlic extract in doses of —1, mg daily for 24 weeks was as effective as a common prescription drug at reducing blood pressure


Epidemiology and assessment
Report on the meeting on indicators for monitoring alcohol, drugs and other psychoactive substance use, substance-attributable harm and societal responses, Valencia, Spain, 19-21 October 2009
In monitoring the extent of psychoactive substance use, substance-attributable harm and societal responses, the use of a key set of standardized indicators would increase the capacity of national, regional, and global observatories to reliably detect and interpret key trends, and make international comparisons. In this context, the WHO Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse, Management of Substance Abuse convened a technical meeting on indicators for monitoring alcohol, drugs and other psychoactive substance use, substance-attributable harm and societal responses from 19-21 October 2009 in Valencia, Spain. The document outlines a set of indicators, based on the discussions during the meeting. These indicators can be used for setting up monitoring systems at the national, regional and global level.
Rapid Assessment of Alcohol and Other Substance Use in Conflict-affected and Displaced Populations: A Field Guide, 2008
This document is based on a collaborative project between the UNHCR Public Health and HIV Section and the WHO Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse. An increase in alcohol and other substance use is among the many health and social issues associated with conflict and displacement. Problems with substance use are prevalent in a variety of conflict affected situations, including camps for refugees and internally displaced people. Psychoactive substances, particularly alcohol and psychostimulants, are also often used by combatants.
SEX-RAR Guide: The Rapid Assessment and Response Guide on Psychoactive Substance Use and Sexual Risk Behaviour, 2002
This document contains two separate sections. The first section provides an introduction and background to the aims and objectives of the WHO/UNAIDS project on substance use and sexual risk behaviour. The second section contains the WHO Rapid Assessment and Response Guide for Substance Use and Sexual Risk Behaviour (SEX-RAR). This section aims to offer a complete package for undertaking rapid assessments on sexual behaviours associated with substance use, the associated adverse health consequences and the development of intervention responses.
Response to the Rapid Assessment on Substance Use and Sexual Risk Behaviour: Slovakia, 2002
A Rapid Assessment in Relation to Alcohol and Other Substance Use and Sexual Behaviour in Zimbabwe, 2002
A Rapid Situation Assessment of Alcohol in Relation to Sexual Behaviour in Lagos, Nigeria, 2002
A Rapid Situation Assessment of Sexual Risk Behaviour and Substance Use Among Sex Workers and their Clients in Chennai (Madras), South India, 2003
Working With Street Children: Monitoring and Evaluation of a Street Children Project, 2002
No project is ever complete without monitoring and evaluation. Important lessons from any intervention help to shape the course of future work and avoids duplication of effort. This handbook is therfore complementary to the Street Children Training Package produced by WHO in 2000. It is designed to be used by street educators, as well as other people working with street children. It aims to provide the user with an understanding of the importance of monitoring and evaluating of a street children project, identify a wide range of appropriate strategies for this and consequently the development of confidence to implement monitoring and evaluation activities.
Surveys of Drinking Patterns and Problems in Seven Developing Countries, 2001
The present manuscript's aim is to put together survey analyses and drinking patterns and problems in a variety of developing societies. The countries featured are China, Costa Rica, India, Mexico, Namibia, Nigeria and Seychelles.
WHO Drug Injecting Study Phase II: Study Questionnaire, 2001
WHO Drug Injecting Study Phase II: Operations Manual Version 4, 2000
Guide to Drug Abuse Epidemiology, 2000
This publication is the product of a collaboration between WHO, the United States National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) and substance use epidemiology and other experts from more than twenty countries. It has been produced in response to the need for valid, reliable and timely information on the prevalence, trends and patterns of drug use-related problems. This information is needed for planning, implementing and evaluating effective prevention, treatment, policy response and other interventions for substance use-related problems. This guide seeks to provide technical guidance to countries and communities in all aspects of drug abuse epidemiology in order to address emerging and changing problems associated with drug use. The guide provides practical guidance on internationally comparable, yet locally appropriate and culturally adaptable measures and methods. The guide is designed to be suitable for countries and communities at all levels of health development, including those with limited resources and experience in drug abuse epidemiology.
- Defining the Problem (Initial Assessment of the Situation)
- Existing information sources
- Qualitative Methods
- General Population Surveys of Drug Abuse
- Selecting Variables and Measures for Drug Surveys
- Special Population Studies
- Reporting Systems
- Reporting and Application of Results
- Field Assessment of Model Core Questionnaire
Alcohol and Public Health in 8 Developing Countries, 1999
This book profiles the current situations concerning alcoholic beverages in eight developing countries: Brazil, India, Malaysia, Mexico, Nigeria, Papua New Guinea, South Africa and Zimbabwe. Each chapter presents a brief historical sketch of alcohol in that country, describes the types of alcoholic beverages consumed, gives information on alcohol production, availability and marketing, discusses patterns of use, and then focuses on the particular alcohol-related problems that exist, along with whatever responses have been mounted to counteract them.
Young People and Substance Use: A Manual: Create, use and evaluate educational materials and activities, 1999
This is a simple, straightforward and easy-to-use guidebook to help health workers without extensive training or sophisticated resources to produce educational resources on issues related to substance use. It is hoped that these guidelines will encourage local organizations, community leaders, parents, health workers and street educators to deal with issues related to alcohol, tobacco and other psychoactive substances in a non-judgemental way, which in turn will help young people to seek advice, help and treatment without fear.
Rapid Assessment and Response Guide on Injecting Drug Use (IDU-RAR), 1998
This guide describes the Rapid Assessment and Response Guide approach (RAR) that is used to undertake rapid assessments of drug injecting and its adverse health consequences. It is designed for those who wish to assess, within a city or region, the current situation regarding drug injecting, and who wish to use this information to develop interventions to reduce the adverse health consequences of injecting.
Rapid Assessment and Response Guide on Psychoactive Substance Use Among Especially Vulnerable Young People (EVYP-RAR)
This guide has been designed as a 'stand-alone' package for principal investigators wishing to undertake rapid assessments on especially vulnerable young people and substance use.


Water Implications of Biofuels Production in the United States (October 2007)Report in Brief
National interests in greater energy independence, concurrent with favorable market forces, have driven increased production of corn-based ethanol in the United States and research into the next generation of biofuels. The trend is changing the national agricultural landscape and has raised concerns about potential impacts on the nation's water resources. To help illuminate these issues, the National Research Council held a colloquium on July 12, 2007 in Washington, DC. This report, based in part on discussions at the colloquium, concludes that if projected future increases in use of corn for ethanol production do occur, the increase in harm to water quality could be considerable from the increases in fertilizer use, pesticide use, and soil erosion associated with growing crops such as corn. Water supply problems could also develop, both from the water needed to grow biofuels crops and water used at ethanol processing plants, especially in regions where water supplies are already overdrawn. The production of "cellulosic ethanol," derived from fibrous material such as wheat straw, native grasses, and forest trimmings is expected to have less water quality impact but cannot yet be produced on a commerical scale. To move toward a goal of reducing water impacts of biofuels, a policy bridge will likely be needed to encourage growth of new technologies, best agricultural practies, and the development of traditional and cellulosic crops that require less water and fertilizer and are optimized for fuel production.


LocSigDB (http://genome.unmc.edu/LocSigDB/) is a manually curated database of experimental protein localization signals for eight distinct subcellular locations; primarily in a eukaryotic cell with brief coverage of bacterial proteins. Proteins must be localized at their appropriate subcellular compartment to perform their desired function. Mislocalization of proteins to unintended locations is a causative factor for many human diseases; therefore, collection of known sorting signals will help support many important areas of biomedical research. By performing an extensive literature study, we compiled a collection of 533 experimentally determined localization signals, along with the proteins that harbor such signals. Each signal in the LocSigDB is annotated with its localization, source, PubMed references and is linked to the proteins in UniProt database along with the organism information that contain the same amino acid pattern as the given signal. From LocSigDB webserver, users can download the whole database or browse/search for data using an intuitive query interface. To date, LocSigDB is the most comprehensive compendium of protein localization signals for eight distinct subcellular locations.
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Information Systems
- Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology(all)
- Agricultural and Biological Sciences(all)


The soliloquies of hamlet essay
Hamlet’s first soliloquy prominently displays deep distress, even emotional fragility he stands in the castle after having a long conversation with his mother and. In stage directions in hamlet: new essays and new hermione his choice to deliver hamlet's soliloquies as introspections rather than addresses to the. Hamlet soliloquy essay his soliloquies screenwriters seeking to reference for free hamlet s soliloquies as term papers about hamlet first soliloquy. This chain of heartbreaking misfortunes leaves deep wounds on the soul of young hamlet and his soliloquies page 2 hamlet soliloquy analysis essay. Of paper soliloquies research hamlet me medical university essay why students dropout of high school or college essay carter hamlet paper soliloquies of.
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The soliloquies of hamlet essay
A short summary and analysis hamlet, and a list of all seven of hamlet's soliloquies with original text and interpretation. Soliloquy essay - theatre and language in the soliloquies of shakespeare's hamlet fort's army) there are no others in the last part of the play after he returns from england because the nature of the relationship between hamlet and the audience has changed and he is different, and more assured of his actions. As we all know, the play hamlet is essentially about life and death we can see this through the character hamlet hamlet's character is not one dimensional there. In shakespearean literature, soliloquies are important dramatic devices they allow the reader to understand a character better as a play unfolds.
In hamlet soliloquies essays sociology essay structure university mason: december 18, 2017 is it possible to vote and not write an essay on fb about why you've done so. Before hamlet i had read three other shakespeare plays – romeo and juliet, macbeth and king lear hamlet is often renowned for being one of the best if not the best. Get an answer for 'my short essay is about hamlet's soliloquy: to be or not to be, and i'm confused about my points-- mainly my 3rd point can someone look it overmy. Essay the soliloquies of hamlet authors use various literary elements to give insight into the mental composition of their characters in shakespeares.
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Read hamelt soliloquies free essay and over 87,000 other research documents hamelt soliloquies hamlet soliloquies how many feelings does one person have there is. Essay about hamlet soliloquy analysis - hamlet, the main character of william shakespeare’s play hamlet, is one of the most complex characters ever created his intricacy can be seen in the amount of soliloquies he speaks throughout the play. Soliloquies in hamlet essayshakespeare's hamlet, simply stated, is a story in which the main character, young hamlet, is on a mission to avenge the death of his father, which he realizes was caused by the hand of his uncle. In william shakespeare's hamlet there are four major soliloquies that reflect the character of hamlet in this paper i will be analyzing and discussing h.
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Self-Selection by Contractual Choice and the Theory of Sharecropping
The Bell Journal of Economics
Vol. 9, No. 2 (Autumn, 1978), pp. 344-354
Published by: RAND Corporation
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3003586
Page Count: 11
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There are definite patterns for the organization of production on agricultural land. Production of some crops tends to be organized via wage contracts, while land sown to other crops tends to be rented, and still other crops are most frequently sharecropped. One popular explanation is that contractual choice in agriculture is related to the riskiness of production. Sharecropping, according to this argument, is used with the most risky crops to facilitate risk spreading in a world with incomplete insurance markets. Empirical studies have, however, reported results which conflict with the risk-spreading story. This paper combines the arguments developed in the recent screening literature with empirical results from the sharecropping literature to offer an explanation of the observed use of wage, share, and rent contracts which does not rely on assumptions concerning the relative preferences toward risk bearing by landowners and tenants.
The Bell Journal of Economics © 1978 RAND Corporation


Pot and Soil:
Choose a pot of your choice. The clay ones are more susceptible than plastic to breakage but look better. The pot should have a drainage hole so that any excess water is disposed of because Geraniums rot if they stand in water for long. The pot size is also important. Most Geranium roots grow up to a maximum of ten inches and that should be your variety. However it also depends on your seed variety. Wash your pot well before plantation to remove any dirt and bacteria that can cause diseases.
Choose a good quality soil with organic matter so that the conditions for Geranium growth are excellent.
Growing by Seed:
Fill the pot with soil in a loose manner. If you chose to grow geranium by seeding, April- May is the best period to start. Scatter seeds over the top soil layer at a distance of few inches and then cover with a light layer of soil.
Growing by Stem or Sapling:
Both these methods employ the same procedures. Fill the pot loosely because tightly packed soil can suffocate the plant. Make a hole in the soil, large enough for the baby plant. Place the baby plant in it and then cover up from the sides.
water your Geraniums regularly but do not soak them up as it increase the chance of rot. It is better if you allow the soil to dry before watering again. Keep the pot in a sunny location. Fertilize once a month if your are using liquid fertilizer.When using granular fertilizer, do it once a year in springtime. Keep the plant clear of any broken and dead leaves to prevent fungal diseases.


Throughout North America, dozens of new hydropower projects are being proposed, planned, constructed or put into operation. One location offering the greatest opportunity for new hydropower development is the state of Alaska in the U.S.
By Russell W. Ray
High energy costs, abundant resources and a strong standard for renewable generation in the state of Alaska have created a wealth of opportunity for hydro developers. The state is home to more than 365,000 miles of rivers and 33,000 miles of coastline, making it an epicenter for hydropower development in the U.S. In this article, we share (beginning on page 10) examples of Alaska projects that best illustrate the types of new developments being pursued in the state.
However, Alaska isn’t the only place in North America where new hydro facilities are being pursued. Beginning on page 15, we offer snapshots of some of the new development activity occurring in both the U.S. and Canada.
Dependent on expensive heating fuel and diesel-fired generation, Alaska has identified more than 200 promising sites for hydropower development and pledged to produce 50 percent of the state’s electricity from renewable resources by 2025. To get there, the state will rely largely on its roaring rivers and strong ocean tides and currents.
Tapping Alaska’s vast hydro potential is a major element in Alaska’s plan to create jobs and provide much needed electricity to isolated communities throughout a state that is bigger than Texas, California and Montana combined.
“We have more energy potential than just about anywhere in the world,” said U.S. Sen. Lisa Murkowski, R-Alaska. “Our problem is how we harness it when we’re looking at economies of scale.”
|Alaska accounts for 40 percent of the United States’ potential to generate electricity from rivers, according to the Alaska Center for Energy and Power. Already, hydropower accounts for 24 percent of the state’s electricity consumption.|
For Alaska, small hydropower projects represent the best way to supply electricity to scores of small, isolated villages across the state, said Murkowski, sponsor of the Hydropower Improvement Act, a bill pending before the full Senate.
“It’s clean, it’s efficient and it’s inexpensive,” she said.
Best of all, it would displace diesel-fired generation, an expensive and polluting form of generation widely used in villages throughout the Railbelt region.
For hydropower developers, Alaska is an ideal place to build new projects because of the state’s high energy costs, abundant resources and a state law establishing an ambitious goal for renewable generation.
Last year, the Alaska Center for Energy and Power estimated that Alaska accounts for 40 percent of the U.S.’s potential to generate electricity from rivers and 90 percent of the nation’s potential to produce power from tidal resources.
But the potential of Alaska’s hydrokinetic resources will not be met until the industry can prove the technology can withstand Alaska’s harsh and turbulent conditions. Researchers and developers are testing several technologies in hopes of resolving issues related to anchoring, installation, performance and viability.
Already, hydropower accounts for 24 percent of the state’s total electricity consumption, with 50 hydroelectric facilities that produce more than 1.3 million MWh each year, according to the U.S. Department of Energy.
Speaking to members of the National Hydropower Association during a regional meeting in September, Alaska Gov. Sean Parnell said that the construction of new hydropower capacity is central to the state’s plan to create economic opportunity for Alaskans.
“Alaska’s roaring rivers can light and heat our homes during the dark winter nights,” Parnell said. “Hydropower will put us far down the path to achieving our goal of 50 percent renewable energy for electricity by 2025.”
U.S. Sen. Mark Begich, D-Alaska, said hydropower should be the heart of any comprehensive plan to increase renewable energy. “If you want to be serious about renewable energy, hydropower has to be part of the discussion,” Begich said. “Nowhere is that more true than Alaska, which holds over a third of our country’s untapped hydropower.”
Several hydropower projects are in some stage of development throughout Alaska’s Railbelt area, including a 600-MW project on the Susitna River, several tidal projects in the Cook Inlet and a 5-MW project near Hydaburg on Reynolds Creek.
Hydro Review examined these and other Alaska projects that best illustrate the types of new developments that are being pursued in the state. What follows is a description of those projects.
|More than 200 sites have been identified for hydropower development in Alaska, including the Susitna River, the site of a proposed 600-MW hydro project.|
The 5-MW Reynolds Creek project is under construction about 10 miles east of Hydaburg, on Prince of Wales Island.
Construction on this project began in 2010 and is expected to be completed late in 2012. Haida Corp. owns 75 percent of the project, and Alaska Power & Telephone owns 25 percent.
The facility will use 750 feet of head to produce, on average, 19.3 million kWh of electricity annually. Alaska Power Co. will construct and operate the facility and purchase the power.
The island is already home to two hydropower projects: 4.5-MW Black Bear Lake and 2.3-MW South Fork. But most of the island’s electricity is diesel-fired.
The project includes a 28-foot-long, 6-foot-high diversion structure, a 3,200-foot-long penstock, a 5-MW powerhouse and a 12-mile transmission line that will interconnect with existing transmission. The project also will create 600 acre-feet of storage at Rich’s Pond and Lake Mellen.
Construction of the 4.6-MW Whitman Lake project near Ketchikan in southeast Alaska is expected to begin in July 2012, and the plant should be up and running by December 2013.
The 39-foot-high, 220-foot-long concrete gravity arch dam and hydro project will include two 2,450-foot-long penstocks that lead to each generating unit at Whitman Dam. The city of Ketchikan expects to award the general construction contract for the project in May 2012.
The project will produce, on average, 16,500 MWh annually and will include two turbine-generators with a maximum capacity of 180 cfs, a 40-foot-wide ogee spillway and a 1,500-foot-long transmission line.
The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission issued a license for the 9.6-MW Mahoney Lake project, five mile northeast of Ketchikan, in January 1998.
But the project was put on hold and the license was stayed until a 57-mile-long, 138-kV transmission line could be built.
The transmission line has been completed and the developers — the City of Saxman, Alaska Power & Telephone and Cape Fox Corp. — have reestablished a public-private partnership to build the $46 million project. The partnership is now seeking funding for the project.
While the start of construction is still uncertain, the developers hope to complete the project in June 2016. It will be built on Upper Mahoney Lake about 5 miles from Saxman and 3 miles from the Swan-Tyee and Beaver Falls transmission lines.
Officials estimate the Mahoney hydro project will displace about 46,000 MWh of diesel-fired generation or 3.1 million gallons of diesel each year.
The project will not require the construction of a dam. It will include a lake tap, which would enter Upper Mahoney Lake about 75 feet below the surface via a vertical shaft and two tunnels to carry water from Upper Mahoney Lake to the powerhouse. The powerhouse will be built above Lower Mahoney Lake near the base of a large waterfall. The project also includes more than 4 miles of underground and overhead transmission lines.
First conceptualized in the 1980s, the proposed 330-MW Chakachmna project would be built on the west side of Cook Inlet by TDX Power and would provide 1,600 MWh annually to the Railbelt grid.
The $1.6 billion project, which is still awaiting approval by FERC, would use the lake’s elevation to generate power by sending water down a 10-mile tunnel from the eastern end of the lake to an underground power plant on the north side of McArthur River. The project also calls for the construction of a 40-mile transmission line.
The project would divert water from the Chakachamna River to the McArthur Drainage Basin.
Officials estimate the Chakachamna project would provide about a quarter of Alaska’s current demand for electricity.
In April 2011, Alaska lawmakers and Gov. Parnell approved legislation authorizing the Alaska Energy Authority to move forward with the 600-MW Susitna-Watana project.
The 700-foot-high dam would be built about 15 miles upstream of Devil’s Canyon Rapids, halfway between Anchorage and Fairbanks, and would generate on average 2,600 GWh of electricity annually. The dam would create a 39-mile-long, 2-mile-wide reservoir.
Officials estimate the $5 billion project could provide up to half of the Alaskan Railbelt’s electricity needs at affordable prices. The project has been deemed necessary to meet the state’s new standard for renewable generation.
“To meet the state’s goal of having half of Alaska’s electricity generated by renewable resources by 2025, we must invest in a large-scale hydro project,” Gov. Parnell said.
The Susitna project was initially proposed in the 1970s as a two-dam project, but it was shelved in the 1980s because fuel was inexpensive at the time and state resources were limited. Since then, energy costs and oil prices have skyrocketed.
Meanwhile, the project continues to work its way through the licensing process at FERC.
The 12-MW Connelly Lake project received a preliminary permit from FERC and is in the design-feasibility stage.
The $32 million project is being developed 15 miles northeast of Haines by Alaska Power & Telephone. The 48-foot-high dam would be built where Connelly Lake flows into Chilkoot River. The lake has an elevation of about 1,500 feet. The dam would create a 160-acre reservoir.
The project would include a 6,200-foot-long penstock, two 6-MW turbine generators and a 14-mile, 34.5-kV transmission line. The penstock would carry water to the powerhouse near the Chilkoot River, where the water would be discharged back into the river.
Other North American projects
While hydro developers find much promise in Alaska, this isn’t the only location for new development. Throughout the U.S. and Canada, we found hydro development under way. The following paragraphs provide examples.
Three of six run-of-river hydroelectric plants are under construction at existing dams on the Ohio River. American Municipal Power is building the projects to increase its use of renewable power and decrease its dependency on the volatile wholesale power market.
Voith Hydro will supply turbines and generators for the first four run-of-river facilities under a $420 million contract.
The six run-of-river projects are: 72-MW Smithland, 105-MW Meldahl, 48-MW Robert C. Byrd, 35-MW Willow Island, 84-MW Cannelton, and 49-MW Pike Island.
The Snohomish County Public Utility District has officially opened a new hydropower project, the 7.5-MW Youngs Creek facility, near Sultan in the state of Washington.
The $29 million project, which took about three years to build, can generate enough power for about 2,000 homes. The dam, 12 feet tall and 65 feet wide, is the first dam built in Washington in nearly 20 years.
Ontario Power Generation is adding 440 MW to its Lower Mattagami Hydropower Complex in northeastern Ontario, increasing capacity by 90 percent to 924 MW.
In addition to adding more units to existing power stations at Little Long, Harmon and Kipling, OPG is replacing a fourth generation station, Smoky Falls, with a three-unit, 215-MW powerhouse.
Alstom Hydro is providing the project three turbine generator sets under a C$110 million (US$108 million) contract signed last year. All three units will be installed at the new Smoky Falls station. “This is a good example of redevelopment work that utilizes the best of Alstom’s capabilities,” said Claude Lambert, president and chief executive officer of Alstom Hydro North America.
The Wuskwatim Project, a 200-MW run-of-river generating station under construction on the Burntwood River in northern Manitoba, will begin generating power early next year.
“We expect the first of three units to be commissioned in February,” said Ed Wojczynski, the manager of project development for Manitoba Hydro. “It’s a project that involves essentially no flooding and it’s a daily run-of-river. It’s a world-class gem.”
The low-head design of the project will create less than one half of a square kilometer of flooding, the least amount of flooding of any hydro project in northern Manitoba.
The 2.35-MW Bowersock project on the Kansas River is tripling its capacity with a $20 million expansion that is expected to be up and running by September 2012.
Bowersock Mills & Power Co. in Lawrence, Kan., is adding turbine-generators in a new powerhouse on the north end of Bowersock Dam. The 5-MW expansion includes the installation of four turbine-generators. The expansion was licensed by FERC in August 2010, just six months after the application was submitted.
Last fall, construction began on a 335-MW powerhouse immediately downstream of Waneta Dam and its existing powerhouse on the Pend d’Oreille River.
The new powerhouse is expected to begin commercial production in the spring of 2015. So far, the project remains on schedule, as workers move forward on the excavation of the intake, powerhouse and tunnels for the C$900 million (US$885 million) project.
The new powerhouse will share the existing dam’s hydraulic head and will produce power from flow that would otherwise be spilled. The project is being developed by Fortis Inc. in partnership with Columbia Power Corp. and the Columbia Basin Trust.
Verdant Power has filed an application with FERC to install up to 30 tidal turbines in the East Channel of the East River in New York City.
The project would be the first tidal plant in the U.S. licensed to transmit energy onto the national grid.
Called the Roosevelt Island Tidal Energy (RITE) Project, the initiative has been Verdant Power’s signature effort to commercialize its Free Flow kinetic system, which utilizes three-bladed turbines deployed in fast-moving tides and rivers to generate energy.
The Lower Churchill Project calls for the construction of an 824-MW plant at Muskrat Falls, a 2,250-MW facility at Gull Island and 130 miles of subsea transmission that would carry the power around Quebec’s border to Nova Scotia, where it could then be exported to the U.S.
The proposed megaproject, downstream from the 5,428-MW Churchill Falls project, would produce nearly 17 TWh of electricity and offset more than 1 million tons of greenhouse gas emissions per year.
At the center of Quebec’s plan to boost export capacity to the U.S. is a 1,550-MW hydropower complex under construction on the Romaine River. The C$6.5 billion (US$6.4 billion) La Romaine project along Quebec’s Lower North Shore is expected to be up and running by 2020.
The project calls for the construction of four generating stations capable of producing 8 TWh a year.
Most of the power will be exported to the U.S. Profits from those export sales could reach C$2 billion (US$1.97 billion) in the first 12 years, the province estimates.
Hydro-Quebec, the provincially owned utility, agreed to pay Alstom Hydro 70 million euro (US$98 million) to supply and install two 320-MW vertical Francis turbines and related generating equipment for the project on the Romaine River.
Canadian provincial utility BC Hydro is adding two 500-MW generators to the existing powerhouse at Mica Dam on the Columbia River, which was completed in 1977. Work is to cost of about C$1 billion (US$984 million), and construction began in May 2011. The project contractors are Andritz Hydro and Peter Kiewit Infrastructure Group. The additional units will boost the plant’s capacity 55 percent to 2,805 MW. Unit 5 is expected to be up and running by 2014 and Unit 6 by 2015.
The Bear Creek project is a run-of-river development with two power stations, Upper Bear and Lower Bear, with a total capacity of 20 MW. The two stations, near the town of Sechelt, British Columbia, are 8 kilometers apart and will be connected to the BC Hydro Clowhom generating station via a new 138-kV tranmission line constructed in partnership with Hydromax Energy Ltd. Construction of the two projects began in July 2010. The Compact Hydro Division of Andritz Hydro provided the turbine-generator units for these two projects.
The 195-MW Forrest Kerr project is under construction in British Columbia by AltaGas. Commercial operation of this run-of-river project on the Iskut River is scheduled for July 2014. It will deliver power to the grid via BC Hydro’s proposed 287-kV Northwest Transmission Line. Andriz Hydro is providing nine turbine-generating units for this facility.
Russell Ray is senior editor of Hydro Review.More HRW Current Issue Articles
More HRW Archives Issue Articles


By Steven Krolak
(NEW ALBANY, Ind.)—Close your eyes and listen to a piece of choral music.
As a listener, you revel in pure sound.
But for the performers, all that pristine audio is the product of a lot of visual training that starts with sight-singing, what you might call “reading music cold.”
The ways and benefits of this skill are the subject of “Sight Singing: What Is It Good For—Absolutely Everything!”, an article by Jeramy Nichols, assistant professor of music education and choral music, in the latest issue of Ala Breve, the journal of the Alabama Music Educators Association.
A high-wire act
“Choral sight-singing is the action of singing a melody or piece of music at sight without instrumental accompaniment,” Nichols writes.
For a singer of any level it can be a high-wire act, especially when it forms a compulsory element of an audition or competition.
But as Nichols writes, it’s a foundational skill that benefits singers in ways that transcend the ability to carry a tune.
Mastering ascending and descending intervals, rhythmic patterns, melodic phrasing and dynamics are some of the benefits to overall musical skills conveyed by a grounding in sight-singing.
“You’re really doing three things at once,” Nichols said. “You’re listening for pitch, matching pitch and singing rhythm.”
And sight-singing is a skill that reinforces itself.
“Sight-singing gives choral ensembles the opportunity to sing through choral selections with more musical independence,” Nichols writes. “As the choral ensemble becomes more musically independent, choirs develop more confidence when sight-singing.”
Do-re-mi and beyond
In his article, Nichols explores the major techniques used to help students sight-sing.
Solfege will be familiar to anyone who has seen “The Sound of Music.” It’s the “do-re-mi” method of assigning syllables to the eight pitches of an octave.
Everyone can recite the scale, but it takes sight-singing practice to link the syllables to the notes well well enough to apply them to any melody.
A system of gestures known as the Curwen hand signs, named for the 19th century English minister and educator John Curwen, allow the conductor to indicate both specific notes and octaves.
This kinesthetic element has more benefits than just orientation.
“By using kinesthetic and visual models when learning pitch patterns, scale degrees, intervals, etc., students have the opportunity to reinforce their auditory skills,” Nichols writes.
Nichols notices that students arriving at IU Southeast bring varying skill levels and instructional experiences with them. They range from singers who have been trained in solfege from day one at larger high schools with established choral programs to those who have learned to sing by rote memorization of music played for them on an instrument, to students who have always wanted to sing but have had little or no formal training.
No matter their choral origins, once at IU Southeast, they are introduced to a more rigorous and systematic combination of solfege and Curwen signs, the lingua franca of choral training that will strengthen their skills as choristers and musicians.
Moving beyond technique, Nichols makes the case that music programs should commit more fervently to sight-singing instruction.
This comes at a time when it seems that choral competitions have become as important as, and in some cases more important than, long-term student success for many programs, according to Nichols.
In many cases, awards and citations become akin to an assessment that pedagogical goals are being met.
Choirs are judged in part on their ability to sight-sing, but only up to a point, and not in a way that truly measures musicianship.
“It appears sometimes that it’s all about the plaque on the wall,” Nichols said.
By focusing on sight-singing as a way to build well-rounded musicians instead of merely good testing students, music programs can reap more significant rewards in the form of performance standards that challenge students and deepen the musical life of the institution.
Nichols’ approach is evident in his attention to the choral program at IU Southeast, where he incorporates sight-singing into ensemble rehearsals, to teach listening skills, independent singing and tuning.
IU Southeast has two ensembles that welcome students who want to sing. The Concert Choir is made up of students. Most are music majors, but there are students from other majors as well. Most of these come from high school programs with strong foundations, but that’s not a requirement, Nichols said.
“Those students whose foundation is not as strong will catch up quickly in the company of more advanced singers,” Nichols said.
The Community Chorus consists of community members and students. The students may or may not have experience, but all profit from the help of community members with more years of singing under their belts.
With this interplay of skill levels and a dedication to solid sight-singing fundamentals, Nichols is shaping the choral program to address the full range of a singer’s creative needs.
“We want to instill and equip our choral singers with independent musicianship skills in hopes of developing musical literacy,” Nichols writes.


Behaviorism is a learning paradigm with its roots dating back to the second half of 19th century and works of Ivan Sechenov (1829 - 1905) and Vladimir Bekhterev (1857 - 1927), and gaining a significant attention in the first decades of the 20th century. The most central premise of behaviorism is that, in order to make psychology a real science, it must be orientated on what is observable and measurable. In words of one of the key behaviorists John Watson (1878 - 1958),
Behaviorists saw the mind as a “black box” and did not attempt to analyze its inner processes like thoughts, feelings, or motivation. Instead, they saw learning as a visible change in one's behavior which, unlike mind processes, can be measured. From behaviorist perspective, a learner starts off as a clear state and simply responds to environmental stimuli. Those responses can be shaped through positive and negative reinforcement (usually a reward for desired and a punishment for undesired behavior), increasing or decreasing the probability of repeating the same behavior. Forming stimulus-response (S-R) associations which result in observable behavior is for behaviorism the most significant form of learning.
This learning paradigm can roughly be divided in two phases:
Neobehaviorism outgrew classical behaviorism by attempts to formalize the laws of behavior (sometimes in forms of mathematical expressions) and beliefs that learning can also occur indirectly through observing. Neobehaviorists are sometimes considered a transitional group that shifted dominant learning perspective toward cognitivism.
Among learning theories listed above, connectionism presents an introduction to behaviorist learning and setting its frames followed by true behaviorist learning perspectives of classical and operand conditioning. Sign learning appeared as first neobehaviorist theory, followed by drive reduction theory, which also incorporated idea of describing learning with intervening variables.
Basic ideas and approximate historical introduction time for each of this theories can be found in this chronological overview.
Behaviorism today mostly lost its influence and let cognitivism take its place as the dominant learning paradigm. Critics of behaviorist learning usually argue that behaviorism:
Graham, George. Behaviorism. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2010 Edition). Preuzeto 26. veljače, 2011.
Weidman, Nadine. Behaviorism - Neobehaviorism (1930–1955). Science Encyclopedia. Preuzeto 22. lipnja, 2011.
George Boeree. Behaviorism. Preuzeto 23. lipnja, 2011.


Welcome to the Forest History Portal!
The Canadian Institute of Forestry/Institut forestier du Canada was founded in 1908 and has played a strong role in the changes and improvements to sustainable forestry practices since that time. Growth Rings: 100 Proud Years of Forestry in Canada is a documentary celebrating our first 100 years!
The "Old Growth" section of The Forestry Chronicle was introduced to the November/December 2010 issue. It contains articles relating to Canada's forest history and legacy, including forest practices and policies as well as popular culture and folklore that forestry has influenced and produced over many centuries. Here you can read the current and past "Old Growth" articles.
Looking Back, Looking Forward: The Ongoing History of Canada’s Forests
|Looking Back, Looking Forward: The Ongoing History of Canada’s Forests - Series #29Canadian Institute of Forestry|
|05/16/12||Jim Farrell & Dr. Khulberg||Canada’s Forest History: Deep Roots Support Strong Growth & Watching the Dust Settle for the First Time||WAV|
|05/23/12||Stan Chester & Mike Apsey||BC Forest History: Past, Present and Future BC Forest Service Centenary||WAV|
|05/30/12||Bruce Mayer & Peter Murphy||AB’s forest history and the Forest History Association of AB &Tie logging in Jasper Park in the 1920s||WAV|
|06/06/12||Ken Armson & Rob Galloway||The Ontario Forest History Society: Background and Activities & Englehart Management Unit Area Forest History 1912-2000||WAV|
|06/13/12||Martin Hébert||Multiple histories, multiple perspectives: the challenges and opportunities of Forest History in Québec||WAV|
|06/20/12||Mark McLaughlin & William Parenteau||The New Brunswick Forest Authority, 1973-1980: An Experiment in Government-Managed Forests||WAV|
|06/27/12||David Brownstein||Canadian Forest History: A Path Forward?||WAV|
|07/04/12||David Brownstein||Writing Forest History: Archival Research for Beginners||WAV|
International Forest History Links
The Forest History Society, based in North Carolina, is a nonprofit library and archive dedicated to collecting, preserving, and disseminating forest and conservation history for all to use.
The US National Museum of Forest Service History is a national nonprofit organization founded in 1988, dedicated to collecting, preserving, and interpreting the entire national history of the USDA Forest Service for the education and enjoyment of the general public, scholars, and historical researchers.
The Australian Forest History Society aims to advance historical understanding of human interactions with Australian forest and woodland environments.
Canadian History Links
- History of forestry and forest heritage in Quebec
The SHFQ is particularly interested in the origin and development of Quebec forestry from the second half of the 19th century (1849-1986), but also in the pro-European (before 1534), French (1534-1759) and Colonial period (1759-1849). It is also concerned with Québec's forest heritage, which includes a group of public goods to be passed on to future generations.
- Dialogue, values, ethics and ecosystem management
The SHFQ specializes in understanding the historical and social aspects of the forest. It stands out with an approach that puts forward the expertise of the social sciences in complementarity with that of foresters and biologists.
The mission of the Society is to further the knowledge, understanding and preservation of Ontario's forest history. This is achieved through:
DISCOVERY - locate published and unpublished written documents, photographs, archival holdings, art, music, and other historical artifacts about Ontario's forest history;
PRESERVATION - create and maintain databases of documents and archival holdings; support preservation of individual artifacts;
INFORMATION - provide a central avenue into Ontario's forest history to support education on our forest history, further forest history research, support future forest policy development, and facilitate access for general interest pleasure.
One of the purposes of the Forest History Society of Ontario is to facilitate the placing of forest history collections of importance in appropriate archives where they can be available for research and study. Recently through the graciousness of Donald S. Macdonald the FHSO was offered the opportunity of reviewing a collection of diaries and correspondence of his father, Donald Angus Macdonald, the third and last Dominion Forester of Canada. The collection has been catalogued and is now in the archives, Harriet Irving Library of the University of New Brunswick, Fredericton.
The FHSO is planning to establish a memorial to Frank A. MacDougall. As part of this project the Society wishes to place memorabilia associated with Lands & Forests forestry activities and programs during this period in a semi-permanent display. If you have personal or related items to Mr. MacDougall and his period with Lands & Forests and would consider donating them for consideration in such a display, please contact the FHSO. Click here for more information.
The association's objectives are to promote, foster, develop and enhance a recognition of, and appreciation for the importance of forestry in the life of Alberta. To achieve this, the FHAA will:
- act as the curator of photographs, documents and other historical items and present them in a manner that helps to educate and inform Albertans about the history of forestry in the province
- sponsor and/or participate in the development of new materials such as books and other media that educate, inform and promote the understanding of forest history
- collect and store new information, eg. interviews on Alberta’s rich forest history, locating and documenting historic sites
Almost by definition, foresters and other forestry workers are historians. Because their raw material is the timber of ecosystems, they deal in rotation ages that can span three to four human generations. Given the long-term perspective of British Columbia’s forest industry, the FHABC seeks out and shares forestry’s stories by: – acting as a coordinating agency in the collection of historical records pertaining to the conservation, management and use of the forests of British Columbia; stimulating interest by individuals and groups in the collection and use of such information; – cooperating with individuals and organizations in the collection, cataloguing, storage and preservation of forest history records; – encouraging the publication of material relating to the various facets of BC’s forest history; to undertake such other matters which relate to the forest history of the province; – publishing a newsletter for the membership and for distribution to libraries, archives and other institutions.
NiCHE brings together historians, geographers, and other researchers who study nature and humans in Canada's past. They offer a forum for the field, support collaboration among scholars, and ensure that this research is shared with policymakers, scientists, and the Canadian public. Check out their Forest History Project.
Artefact of the Month
The CIF/IFC has a large collection of historic documents, which we aim to showcase over the coming months.
Canadian Lumberman-Soldiers Offered Expertise During World War 1
Lumberman-soldiers from various Canadian provinces supported France throughout World War 1 (1914-1918) by offering their expertise cutting and harvesting wood used in the construction of trenches for soldiers on the battlefields. Click here to view the document.
Tree Farm Certificate
Association Forestiere Quebecoise
This certifies that the forest lands of Mr. ... of ... consisting of ..... acres, are being adequately protected from forest enemies and are being managed in a manner which will assure continuous production of useful timber crop in accordance with forestry practices approved by the Tree Farm Committee of the Quebec Forestry Association. In recognition thereof, those lands are hereby designated a TREE FARM to remain as long as the owner, his heirs, and assigns comply with the said approved standards of Tree Farm practice.
On the St Maurice River
This photo was originally printed in the Report of the First Annual Meeting of the Canadian Forestry Association, held in Ottawa on March 8th, 1900. It depicts logs on the St. Maurice River.
Practical Woodlot Management
This cartoon is from "Practical Woodlot Management: How to Use the Forest Soundly and Profitably" by A. Koroleff, published by the Canadian Forestry Association in 1948. The first man says, "How is it, Joe, that you have been cutting more logs than I but your woods are fine and mine almost gone?" to which Joe replies, "You have butchered your forest; and a dead cow can bear no calf. I cut only the right trees at the right time, so that nature does the restocking."
Forest Fire Prevention Lecture Car
Canadian Forestry Association Forest Fire Prevention Lecture Car Forest protection is my business, your business, and mighty good business. This photo was taken in Vancouver in 1928. See more photos at the City of Vancouver Archives.
This table card from National Forest Products Week, 1964, offers a snapshop of Canada's forest industry and its contribution to the national economy. "CN transports about ten million tons of pulp, paper and wood to market every year. We know that forest products account for 30 per cent of the value of Canada's export trade. They also mean $1,200,000,000 in annual paychecks to 300,000 Canadians."


ERIC Number: ED117885
Record Type: RIE
Publication Date: 1975
Reference Count: 0
A Resource Manual of Information on Educating the Gifted and Talented.
Boston, Bruce O., Ed.
Provided are directories of federal, state and national resources, seven papers on the state of the art, and information on such other resources as films and state level parent organizations. The state of the art is examined in the following papers: "The Federal Role in the Education of the Gifted and Talented" (staff of the Office of Gifted and Talented, U.S. Office of Education); "Education of the Gifted and Talented: A Brief Report on the State of the Art" (D. Jackson); "A Backward and Forward Glance at the Gifted" (A. Tannenbaum); "Program Planning for the Gifted" (J. Runyon); "Teachers for the Gifted" (M. Freehill); "Analyses and Identification of Giftedness in Mexican American Children: A Pilot Study" (E. Bernal); and "The National/State Leadership Training Institute on the Gifted and Talented: A Sketch of Future, Present, and Past" (I. Sato et al). Among other resources described are approximately 70 films on such aspects as teacher awareness and creativity. (CL)
Descriptors: Directories, Educational Trends, Elementary Secondary Education, Exceptional Child Education, Exceptional Child Research, Gifted, Information Dissemination, Organizations (Groups), Program Development, Publications, Resource Materials, Talent Identification
Council for Exceptional Children, 1920 Association Drive, Reston, Virginia 22091 ($3.95)
Publication Type: Guides - General
Education Level: N/A
Sponsor: National Inst. of Education (DHEW), Washington, DC.
Authoring Institution: ERIC Clearinghouse on Handicapped and Gifted Children, Reston, VA.
Note: For related information, see EC 081 121


Dr. Wendy Clement, Associate Professor of Biology, has been awarded a grant from the National Science Foundation (NSF) to support her research program and to engage undergraduate research collaborators in her work. The main goal of Dr. Clement’s research is to use honeysuckles to better understand the evolution and genetic regulation of a plant trait called fusion. Dr. Clement is leading this three-year, $900,000 NSF grant, which also includes collaborators from Yale University and St. John’s University. The award funding is split nearly equally among the collaborating institutions.
As an evolutionary biologist and plant systematist, Dr. Clement studies the evolution of present-day plant biodiversity. Her work integrates molecular phylogenetics, genomics, morphology, biogeography, and pollination ecology to answer questions about how plant diversity evolved, where major groups of plants originated, and how they have moved around the globe to their current locations.
Most recently, Dr. Clement and her undergraduate research team have been focused on a plant trait called fusion. Plant structures such as flowers and fruits often develop through the fusion of component parts. For example, the bell-shaped flower of a morning glory is the result of the fusion of five petals, and a pineapple results from the fusion of developing fruits of multiple individual flowers. Even though the phenomenon of organ fusion is commonplace in plants, the process is understudied. Dr. Clement’s new NSF-funded project aims to understand the evolution and genetic regulation of fusion using a common plant group, honeysuckles, as a model.
In addition to the three principal investigators, this large study will involve at least 15 undergraduate researchers, a postdoctoral researcher, and a graduate student. Students will travel nationally and internationally to botanic gardens for sample collection, engage in diverse laboratory analyses, and present their research at scientific conferences across the country. Ultimately this research will greatly enhance the genomic resources available for a widely cultivated plant group and for important crop plants.
In addition to the research described above, this project will also combine biology and art to create engaging scientific outreach experiences. Botanical images produced through the research will form the foundation for developing an art exhibit called “Plant Communication and the Art of Fusion.” The exhibit will be displayed in TCNJ’s Art Gallery and at the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University, which receives 67,000 visitors annually. The exhibit will be developed in collaboration with Professor Christopher Ault, in TCNJ’s Department of Interactive Multimedia (IMM). It will involve a course of 24 IMM students, as well as Biology and IMM research students, who will work at the interface between the two disciplines to create a hands-on experience in science communication.
Professor Clement has deep interest in science outreach and communication, including leading TCNJ’s major campus-wide, science meal event in 2017 – Tasting the Tree of Life: Exploring Biodiversity through Cuisine.
For More Information:
- National Science Foundation (NSF) Grant Award Abstract
- Dr. Wendy Clement’s Webpage
- TCNJ’s Tree Thinker (Faculty Profile of Dr. Clement)
- Flower Power. Students from the 19th century preserved plants for their 21st century counterparts. (TCNJ Magazine, Spring 2019)
- TCNJ Biology Student Wins Research Prize from the American Society of Plant Taxonomists
- Tasting the Tree of Life
- TCNJ Biology Department