Most planes are built by organizations with the goal of delivering them in amount for clients. The structure and arranging process, including security tests, can last as long as four years for little turboprops or longer for bigger planes.
During this procedure, the goals and structure particulars of the airplane are built up. First the development organization utilizes drawings and conditions, reproductions, air stream tests and experience to foresee the conduct of the airplane. PCs are utilized by organizations to draw, design and do starting reenactments of the airplane. Little models and mockups of all or certain pieces of the plane are then tried in air streams to check its streamlined features.
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At the point when the plan has gone through these procedures, the organization develops a set number of models for testing on the ground. Delegates from a flying administering organization frequently make a first flight. The flight tests proceed until the airplane has satisfied all the prerequisites. At that point, the overseeing open organization of aeronautics of the nation approves the organization to start creation.
In the United States, this office is the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), and in the European Union, European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA). In Canada, the open office in control and approving the large scale manufacturing of airplane is Transport Canada.
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Modular “FASTLINK” design
The PD1 has a modular design, all airframe parts are secured with fastlink locks with no tools needed for (dis)assembling de drone to maximise efficiency. It can be operational and in the air within 10 minutes from being packed in a secured transportation-case. The modular design allows you to easily and quickly replace all airframe parts, engine unit, payloads and other equipment on board. The payload area is big enough to fit a dual sensor gimbal and photo camera or any type of similar equipment.
PD1 UAS is standard equipped with an advanced autopilot system which allows to perform fully autonomous flights with a pre-programmed route, actions (e.g. take photos or drop a package at certain points), automatic take-off and landing, parachute recovery and much more. All information from the PD1 (e.g. fuel level, engine temp/RPM, live view etc.) is streamed securely and in real-time to the Ground Control Station (GCS). The drone is also capable of performing fully autonomous flight without any connection to its GCS
LS Micro Vux LR is the next generation LIDAR solution, a product suitable for both corridor and area mapping. Based on the Riegl VUX-1LR, survey grade FOG IMU, and including a 50mp RGB calibrated camera fully integrated. It can be operated at higher altitudes and covers more area on unmanned missions.
LS Micro Vux LR automatically collects highly accurate laser and image data via its onboard system controller. It can produce DOMs, DEMs, DSMs and DTMs which may be further processed to produce 3D models for various industries.
A wide range of different payload options can be exchanged within the PD1 system. Standard equipment includes a USG-212 EO/IR gimbal or USG-211 EO gimbal. Both camera gimbals featured 30x optical zoom, digital video stabilisation and target tracking. Furthermore, there is enough space left in the payload area to meet specific needs such as a secondary payload sensor, SAR radar, radio repeater etc.
High-res aerial photography
The PD1 will be ready-to-fly with a high-resolution photo camera and software that allows to process and analyse captured data. The sensor can take pictures with a resolution of up to 10 pixels/cm while the drone is flying at an altitude of 1000 meters. Our software package consists of great features, such as the ability to compare photos with the flight log file, which allows you to find coordinates at targeted objects on a photo, mark up and specify objects of interest, see where the UAV was at the moment when photo was taken and generate standard reports. This solution cuts down overall time needed to analyze aerial photography materials and get most out of it.
- Fast supplies and ammunition delivery to military units. Container holds more than 500 NATO standard .223 cartridges;
- Deliver medications to remove areas; Container holds four P650 UN3373 packages;
- Coast guard. Carry two self–inflating lifesaving buoys to help people in need;
- And much more
The system is powered by a quiet and reliable 61cc 2-cylinder 4-stroke engine with a 150W electric generator system that can power up all equipment on-board during the flight. In addition, a remote start system can automatically start the engine in any condition under any circumstance. Electric fuel injection upgrade is available for maximum performance and adds 15% more endurance. The engine unit can be easily replaced, so you don’t have to interrupt drone operations for engine maintenance or overhaul. RPM, temperature and fuel level sensors


The act of renting or leasing aircraft for the purpose of transporting cargo or passengers.
Air Charter Operator
Is responsible for the licensing,maintenance, safety and operations of the air charter company. The air charter operator is not always the owner of the luxury jet, business jet or private jet that is available for charter.
Occurs when an aircraft chosen for charter is not currently at the departure origin for the charter jet trip.
The area of control established by the airport authority; the area that a particular airport controls navigational and radio control.
A private jet chartered by a company or executive for use on a business related trip.
The right to operate within the domestic boarders of a country. Most countries limit operations within their boarders to domestic carriers as a form of protectionism.
As reported by Wikipedia, Carbon credits are a key component of national and international emissions trading schemes. They provide a way to reduce greenhouse effect emissions on an industrial scale by capping total annual emissions and letting the market assign a monetary value to any shortfall through trading. Credits can be exchanged between businesses or bought and sold in international markets at the prevailing market price. Credits can be used to finance carbon reduction schemes between trading partners and around the world.
Thousand foot flight levels or altitudes
Aircraft used to transport large amounts of goods and products and not certified for passenger loads.
A level altitude maintained by an aircraft while in flight.
Term used for a leg of a trip that is transporting no passengers or cargo (empty leg). This is usually the return from dropping or the departure to a pickup.
Department of Defense Flight Information Publications; used for flight planning
Double Round Trip
Occurs when an air charter itinerary is designed such that it is more costly to keep the plane away from base than it would be to return home empty the report for pick up to complete the air charter itinerary.
Is held by an air charter operator that publishes a schedule and provides non-scheduled air charter service.
The portion of the day when a crew member is on duty in any capacity (not just in-flight). This can be a constraint on long day-trips as there are FAA-imposed limits on the amount time allowed on duty.
Is an aircraft that is chartered for the purpose or use in the transportation of executives. Typically the private aircraft that are chartered are midsize jets. Talon Air caters to Executive Air Charter and Executive Jet Charter
FAA Part 121
Certificate required for an operator to published scheduled trips for charter.
FAA Part 135
Certificate required for a charter provider to operate as a non scheduled air carrier.
Fixed Base Operator. Represents a large majority of the air charter industry. By definition at a permanent location, this is a vendor of services,maintenance , fuel, flight instruction, and aircraft sales, in addition to charter.
A rotor driven aircraft that uses vertical axes with pitched blades to generate lift and stability.
A helipad is used for takeoffs, landings and occasionally for parking of helicopters.
The area of land or water used for the landings and takeoffs of helicopters; the buildings, structures and grounds.
(International Air Transport Association) codes are used by airlines for reservations, ticketing and baggage checking. These codes consist of exactly three letters. They are (usually) easily interpreted.
International Civil Aviation Organization airport
Location indicator is a four-letter alphanumeric code designating each airport around the world. These codes are defined by the International Civil Aviation Organization,
Instrument Meteorological conditions
Conditions such as visibility, distance between clouds, ceiling level that does not meet the standard for visual meteorological conditions.
IS-BAO was developed by the industry for the benefit of the industry. It is a code of best practices designed to help flight departments worldwide achieve a high level of safety and professionalism..
Is the act of hiring crew; leasing an aircraft for the purpose of private air transportation.
Is one who facilitates the leasing or purchasing of air charter. A Jet Charter Broker is different from an Air Charter Agent as he does not act on behalf of either the end user of the chartered aircraft or on behalf of the charter operator. A Jet Charter Broker acts as the middleman in acquiring a charter flight for their client.
High altitude, High Speed winds that in the United States blow from west to east.
The spacing of aircraft traffic on the same lateral plain or altitude.
A single direction of travel between two points. For an air charter itinerary a leg could be represented by repositioning and fuel stops.
A service that provides information such as wind direction and speed, favored runway pertinent know traffic airport taxi routes and authorized approach procedures to pilots of arriving or departing aircraft.
Is the longitudinal spacing of aircrafts traveling on at the same altitude. The distance is expressed either as time or miles.
Is the ratio of ones true airspeed to the speed of sound.
Is an international distress signal, repeat MAYDAY to indicate an imminent and grave danger that request assistance.
Strong localized winds capable of doing damage. Winds have been known to reach up to 150 knots.
Is the network of airspace, navigational services facilities and equipment.
Navigation aids that give visual reference to the ground; they are used as a reference point in establishing and maintaining the position of an aircraft that is awaiting further clearance form air traffic control other wise known as “in holding”.
Is known to be the process of recording, planning and controlling the movement of an aircraft or vehicle from one point to another.
National Business Aviation Association
Is considered international airspace, it is the airspace over the oceans that is subject to ICAO procedures and regulations.
Is an aircraft charter for private use. Typically private jet charters are the most economical form of air charter. A private jet charter is intended to serve the needs of the client but does not seek to go above and beyond in luxury and accommodations.


€ 102 999
For Sale: Excellent Condition Stoll Taildragger
We are offering a top-notch Stoll Taildragger for sale, equipped with a wide range of impressive features. This aircraft comes with a folding wing feature, allowing for easier storage and transportation. Powered by a robust Rotax 100 horsepower engine, it guarantees a smooth and powerful performance.
The MFL EfiIS glass cockpit provides a modern and user-friendly flying experience, offering advanced navigational and instrument capabilities. With a 100-liter fuel tank capacity, this plane ensures long-range flights without the need for frequent refueling.
Standout features of this aircraft include LED navigation lights and strobes, ensuring excellent visibility both during the day and night. Additionally, it boasts a water heating system, providing comfort during colder seasons. The co-pilot operation capability allows for easy management between two pilots.
With its electric variable propeller adjustment, you can optimize performance and efficiency in different flying conditions. The aircraft is also equipped with a reliable Funk Triq KRT-2S radio and a Xpdr KTX 2 transponder.
The plane is currently located in Bodensee, Austria, as stated above. For further information or inquiries, please contact us via phone, WhatsApp, Signal, or email at firstname.lastname@example.org.
Serious buyers, act now to own this exceptional aircraft that offers an array of impressive features and is meticulously maintained for the utmost flying experience.
Rotax 912 ULS, 98h
Used, built in 2019, 98h TT
variometer, artificial horizon, heading indicator, GPS or other navigation, transponder, radio


Cheap Flights from Paris to Tirupati - PAR to TIR (reverse)
Did You Know?
- The smallest aircraft operated by Air India flying between Paris, FR and Tirupati, IN is a 777 with 238 seats.
- Air India has 30 two stops or more flights between Paris, FR and Tirupati, IN.
- 3 airlines operate between Paris, FR and Tirupati, IN
- 6 flights per week fly out of Paris, FR connecting to Tirupati, IN
- Delhi, IN is the most popular connection for two or more stop flights leaving Paris, FR for Tirupati, IN.
- The largest aircraft operated by Jet India flying between Paris, FR and Tirupati, IN is a 737 with 156 seats.
- The shortest flight between Paris, FR and Tirupati, IN on Jet India is 5,067 miles.
- Air India has the most two or more stop flights between Paris, FR for Tirupati, IN.
Cheap International Flights from Paris - PAR
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Before Dan Wilson arrived, airport didn't have an on-Island mechanic.
Dan Wilson’s weeks are almost always split in two. For three days, he works in a World War II-era hangar at Katama Airfield. For another three days, he works out of a more modern hangar at the Martha’s Vineyard Airport. Sundays, he takes off, so to speak. A mechanic by trade but a pilot by passion, Mr. Wilson can be found roaming the skies when he’s not busy taking a wrench to a faulty airplane engine or completing annual inspections.
“There are beaches all over the place,” said Mr. Wilson. “It’s beautiful flying out here.”
Indeed, the scenic views are part of what brought Mr. Wilson to the Island years ago. For 15 years, he had spent summers here with his wife Jeanne DelGiudice. During those summers, Mr. Wilson spent time taking care of Waco UPF-7s and biplanes for classic aviators at Katama Airfield. But in a matter of time, what started as annual vacations to a treasured spot of Ms. DelGiudice’s young adulthood — she has been coming to the Vineyard since the 1970s, when her uncle, David Crohan, opened David’s Island House — grew into a year-round living situation.
Last May, Mr. Wilson and Ms. DelGiudice left their home in Warwick, R.I., and moved to the Island permanently. Together, husband and wife started a business, Wilson Aviation Services. He does the mechanical work on aircraft. She runs the business end of it, he said.
“The business is geared around general aviation,” said Mr. Wilson. “And just to support the public, so that if anybody has any problems here, they can be dealt with properly, so airplanes aren’t leaving with the problems, which was an issue before.”
Following a plane crash in Brewster in January 2012 that resulted in the deaths of two local pilots, Oulton Hues, a flight instructor and part-time resident of the Vineyard, and Robert Walker of East Falmouth, the Island’s lack of mechanical support for aircraft came to light. Paul Adler of West Tisbury wrote a letter to the Gazette on the issue.
“For at least 28 years, our airport has not supported a mechanical repair facility. As a result, many aircraft, both private and commercial, have departed our airport in need of repair, seeking another airport where there is a repair facility. Pilots cannot afford to bring in aviation mechanics, so sometimes safety is sacrificed due to these budgetary concerns. This is both alarming and dangerous,” Mr. Adler wrote.
Mr. Wilson and Ms. DelGiudice, who were already contemplating moving to the Vineyard at the time, took note of Mr. Adler’s concern. After Evergreen Helicopters sold their Providence, R.I., facility, where Mr. Wilson was employed, he was looking for a place to work.
“That gave us more motivation [to move],” said Ms. DelGiudice. “It propelled him.
“There was nobody out here doing anything, so it was obvious for us to move here,” she added. “In Katama, there were four or five planes landing and needing help. The signs pointed.”
Today Mr. Wilson is one of two licensed airplane mechanics working on the Island. His experience spans 35 years. After graduating high school, he entered East Coast Aero Technical School in Lexington. There, he received his Airframe and Powerplant and Inspection Authorization licenses from the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). Mr. Wilson’s first job was as an engineer for a freight airline, where he maintained Convair cargo planes and seven Beech 18 aircraft in Providence and Quonset Point, R.I. The planes he worked on transported items from gold and silver bricks to horses and even a sedated dolphin that woke up mid-flight.
During his lifetime, Mr. Wilson has repaired submarines, cars, trucks, buses, electric boats and helicopters. But, he said, “I just love to work on the airplanes. I always came back to this.”
Aside from the general aircraft maintenance work he does on small planes — changing alternators, doing avionics work, making electrical modifications, doing oil changes, and, his favorite, repairing engines — Mr. Wilson also does inspections. The Federal Aviation Administration mandates that general aviation aircraft must be inspected annually and that any aircraft “that carry any person (other than a crew member) for hire or that are provided by any person giving flight instruction for hire” must be inspected after every 100 hours of flight. Mr. Wilson can inspect planes on the Island so that potentially faulty aircraft do not have to fly out for inspection, and pilots do not have to spend extra time and money to fly inspectors to the Island.
Mr. Wilson also is on call for Jet Blue and US Airways at the Martha’s Vineyard Airport.
“If an airline like Jet Blue comes in, which is frequent, and he’s got an issue that has to be signed off or deferred, if I wasn’t here they would have to bring somebody in from Boston or New York, which takes a lot of time,” Mr. Wilson explained. “It’s good for me to be here,
on the Island, for them. Because once those people are stuck — if they miss their connections on some of those flights — they’re really stuck.”
One of his specialties is working on vintage aircraft and radial engines.
“[Radial engines] are unique. There are not too many people working on those in this part of the country,” he said. “It’s an old, lost art.”
In his hangar right now is a Piper Cub from the 1930s, an early vintage airplane built for the general public and once used by the military for observation work. It’s up for inspection, but soon it will fly.
Story, Photos and Comments: http://mvgazette.com


- Cargo-only flight to ship ventilators, oxygen cylinders, oxygen generators and PPE to Delhi
MONTREAL, May 18, 2021 /CNW Telbec/ - Air Canada today announced it is supporting India relief efforts in collaboration with the Toronto Business Development Centre (TBDC) and the Government of Ontario by operating a cargo-only flight to Delhi, providing urgent medical supplies to the Indian population which has been severely hit by the COVID-19 pandemic.
"We are all deeply saddened by the devastating situation in India, and no one can remain indifferent to what is happening now in that part of the world," said Jason Berry, Vice-President, Cargo at Air Canada. "When flights to India were suspended on April 22, the movement of essential goods between the two countries was also halted. Today, with this exceptional cargo-only flight, we are grateful to be able to help and contribute to these relief efforts by shipping critical medical supplies. We worked closely with the Toronto Business Development Centre and the Government of Ontario to ensure timely support, in solidarity with the affected communities."
"We share a strong and deep relationship with India, and we stand with its people and frontline workers during these difficult times. India is the world's largest vaccine manufacturer and has so far shipped over 66 million doses around the globe. We invite the global community to help them fight the pandemic because unless everyone is safe, no one is safe." Vikram Khurana, Chairman Toronto Business Development Centre.
An Air Canada Boeing 787-9 Dreamliner will operate a cargo-only flight today with 40 tons of essential supplies from Toronto Pearson Airport to Delhi. The freight includes critical medical equipment such as oxygen cylinders, oxygen generators and Personal Protective Equipment (PPE).
Air Canada will also be carrying 100 ventilators donated recently by the Saskatchewan Government.
The medical equipment donated by government agencies and partners is new and these supplies will be consigned to the Red Cross upon arrival in India.
About Air Canada
Air Canada is Canada's largest domestic and international airline and, in 2020, was among the top 20 largest airlines in the world. It is Canada's flag carrier and a founding member of Star Alliance, the world's most comprehensive air transportation network. Air Canada is the only international network carrier in North America to receive a Four-Star ranking according to independent U.K. research firm Skytrax. In 2020, Air Canada was named Global Traveler's Best Airline in North America for the second straight year. In January 2021, Air Canada received APEX's Diamond Status Certification for the Air Canada CleanCare+ biosafety program for managing COVID-19, the only airline in Canada to attain the highest APEX ranking. Air Canada has also committed to a net zero emissions goal from all global operations by 2050. For more information, please visit: aircanada.com/media, follow Air Canada on Twitter and LinkedIn, and join Air Canada on Facebook.
Sign up for Air Canada news: aircanada.com
SOURCE Air Canada


|variantes||Bartos/Nobel BN-1 Phantom|
el Laister-Kauffman TG-4 (designated LK-10 Yankee Doodle 2 by its designer) was a sailplane produced in the United States during the Second World War for training cargo glider pilots. It was a conventional sailplane design with a fuselage of steel tube construction and wooden wings and tail, skinned all over with fabric. The pilot and instructor sat in tandem under a long canopy.
|Laister-Kauffman TG-4A Walk Around|
|Localización||Museo de los Aviones de la Fama, Chino|
Encuentra kits en eBay:
Vistas : 988


THE first rock found and examined by NASA's rover on Mars has a composition not seen before on the planet.
The rock, named after a a well-respected member of the Mars Curiosity rover team who died shortly after the rover landed on the red planet, has a composition not seen on the planet before.
Scientists have likened it to some unusual but well known rocks on Earth.
"(The rock is) widespread on Earth, on oceanic islands such as Hawaii, and St Helena, and the Azores; and also in rift zones like the Rio Grande and so forth. So, again, it's not common, but it's very well known," NASA mission co-ordinator Edward Stolper of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena.
"With only one Martian rock of this type, it is difficult to know whether the same processes were involved, but it is a reasonable place to start thinking about its origin.”
The Curiosity rover examined Jake Matijevic three weeks ago. Jake Matijevic also had an interesting, weathered appearance that drew attention.
"We thought that it would be a basaltic rock because we’ve found a lot of these volcanic rocks in past missions,” APXS Principal Investigator Ralf Gellert of the University of Guelph in Ontario, Canada.
“Volcanic rocks have a huge variety. But we were very surprised because the composition is not what we saw before. It was different, we were very surprised. There were way more elements that are representative of feldspar elements, low magnesium iron and nickel.”
As NASA said in a statement, rock compositions are important because they "tell stories about unseen environments and planetary processes."
"The rock possibly tells you something about Martain crust," Gellert said. "Maybe even how these rocks on the Martian surface formed. While we were surprised to find this kind of rock, it’s not really that surprising because there are many types of different volcanic rocks. And this is only one rock."
More tests will be done, however, before the rock’s properties, including the presence of feldspar, can be confirmed.
Originally published as NASA's rock found on Mars 'odd'


Space-sensor program at Missile Defense Agency taps four firms for prototype developmentNews
November 01, 2019
WASHINGTON. The Missile Defense Agency (MDA) has chosen four companies to design space sensors that can track hypersonic and ballistic missiles. Northrop Grumman, Raytheon, Leidos, and L3Harris each received a $20 million contract to design a prototype sensor payload by the deadline of October 31, 2020.
The contract awards come nearly a year after the U.S. government's Missile Defense Review, which called for deployment of space sensors to monitor, detect, and track advanced, maneuvering hypersonic glide vehicles from anywhere on the globe. According to wording in this review, space sensors “enjoy a measure of flexibility of movement that is unimpeded by the constraints that geographic limitations impose on terrestrial sensors, and can provide ‘birth to death’ tracking that is extremely advantageous.”
Work under the contract will be performed, the MDA announced, in California and Indiana.


“The picture was taken by my brother in the spring of 1961. We flew out of Fairbanks to a place called Herman the German’s at Beaver Creek,” says Ken Kellogg. “Herman was a trapper on Beaver Creek and my brother flew supplies to him throughout the year. Herman had a shortwave radio and he would call Fairbanks when he needed supplies. My brother flew for a small bush operator out of Fairbanks called Frontier Flying Service.” [Read more…]
By J. DOUGLAS HINTON
It was March 20, 1991, as the Russian-built MiG 23 slowly taxied toward the runway at Cuba’s Santa Clara air base. Due for a flight test after an avionics installation, Major Orestes Lorenzo was at the controls.
He had never flown the MiG 23 before, but after hundreds of hours in the MiG 21 he was confident there should be no problem. It would be the last time Lorenzo flew a MiG 23 — any MiG for that matter. [Read more…]
VERO BEACH, Florida — Legacy Flight Training’s second training center is now open for business. The new Legacy Flight Training facility, at the Air Commerce Center at the Scottsdale Airport (KSDL), joins Legacy’s facility at the Vero Beach Municipal Airport, in providing PA-46 specific flight training and full-motion simulator training.
Legacy Flight Training began operations at KVRB in 2010, and marks its fifth anniversary this year. [Read more…]
The Upwind Foundation has revealed the Upwind Summer Scholarship Program Class of 2015: Anthony Bellanti of San Mateo, Calif.; Kevin Gray of Belmont, Calif.; Evan Isenstein-Brand of Pacifica, Calif.; and Michelle Karpishin of San Mateo.
These four aspiring young aviators have been awarded a complete primary flight training program that begins with ground school in April and continues with flight training once the academic school year is completed. [Read more…]
The SubSonex Air Show, flown by performer Bob Carlton, will make its worldwide debut at the 2015 SUN ‘n FUN International Fly-In & Expo. [Read more…]
MIAMI, Florida – AMETEK MRO, a division of AMETEK Aerospace & Defense and a supplier of maintenance repair and overhaul (MRO) services, has opened AMETEK MRO Florida.
The new company brand is made up existing AMETEK MRO Miami based business units, Avtech Avionics & Instruments (AAI) and Aero Components International (ACI). [Read more…]
Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association (AOPA) Insurance Services has created a hangar insurance program, designed to protect individuals who own or lease hangars in cases of hangar damage, personal injury, theft, fire or wind damage for as little as $42 a month.
ADDISON, Texas — Baker Aviation, an aircraft maintenance, management and charter company in North Texas, has become the first Omega Aircraft Articles distributor to stock an inventory of FAA approved Parts Manufacturer Approval (PMA) parts for various business jets and turboprop aircraft. [Read more…]
A flight instructor and student were practicing short field landings in a Cirrus SR22 at the airport in Milledgville, Ga. When the airplane was about 20 feet above the ground and on final approach, the airspeed suddenly decreased. [Read more…]
Bob Martin sent in this photo of this “pilot’s lounge,” taken at Havana Regional Airport (9I0) during EAA Chapter 1420’s annual fly-in, June 27, 2011. “The best way to beat the heat on a hot day,” he says. [Read more…]


Srinath Ravichandran, co-founder and chief executive officer of Agnikul Cosmos, has come on board as an angel investor in the Indian space startup. "As a hardware startup, we always are looking for others who can help us," he said.
AGNIKUL is a startup that will build launch vehicles to carry micro/nano satellites to low earth orbit on demand.… https://t.co/B37T1kdhUG— anand mahindra (@anandmahindra) 1612945270000
Agnikul, incubated at Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, is building a small rocket that can launch 100 kg satellites into low earth orbit. The rocket, which can be ported on a mobile platform, is looking at its first launch by the end of 2022.
Unlike conventional rocket engines that have hundreds of moving parts, Angikul has taken the newer approach to 3D print the entire Agnilet engine as one part. This would make the engine lighter and have scope for little errors, a fact proven by its successful test.
Agnikul is the winner in the top innovator category in the ET Startup Awards 2020.


Project Kuiper vs Starlink: Two titans of satellite internet innovation are on a collision course to redefine connectivity worldwide. With the launch of its first two Project Kuiper satellite prototypes on October 6, Amazon hit a critical turning point in its mission to transform internet connectivity around the world. The prototypes were launched by United Launch Alliance’s Atlas V rocket from Florida’s Cape Canaveral Space Force Station, signaling the start of Amazon’s ambitious project.
Project Kuiper’s Promising Start
The “Protoflight” mission seeks to place the KuiperSat-1 and KuiperSat-2 demonstration satellites at a height of 311 miles (500 kilometers) above the planet. Project Kuiper, the idea of Amazon founder Jeff Bezos, aims to connect the entire world to the internet by launching more than 3,200 spacecraft in the upcoming years.
Project Kuiper’s Vision
In order to provide tens of millions of people in disadvantaged places with quick and affordable internet connection, Amazon launched Project Kuiper, a low Earth orbit satellite broadband effort. This wide network will serve private residences, educational institutions, healthcare facilities, commercial enterprises, governmental organisations, and groups operating in distant locations without dependable internet connectivity.
The project’s methodology demonstrates its dedication to environmental care. Amazon’s Project Kuiper, which has an impact on every aspect of its satellite network, places a high priority on space safety and sustainability. Every satellite in the constellation has active propulsion systems built in, giving Amazon’s crew the power to regulate every stage of a satellite’s journey. This makes it possible to perform precise manoeuvres to keep a safe distance from other spacecraft and to steer clear of nearby junk.
Low Altitudes and Deorbiting Strategy
The satellites of Project Kuiper are built to function between 590 and 630 kilometers (about 367 to 391 miles) above the planet’s surface. This placement enables reliable and quick deorbiting of satellites at the conclusion of their missions. To reduce the chance of satellite overlap, each satellite operates within a 9-kilometer radius of its allocated height. Additionally, within a year after a mission’s conclusion, Amazon has constructed onboard propulsion systems to actively deorbit satellites. Furthermore, even in the event of a propulsion system failure, non-operational spacecraft will naturally decay in a timely way due to their low heights.
Coexistence and Orbital Debris Management
The purpose of Project Kuiper is to coexist peacefully with current satellite systems. To improve orbital debris protection, lower the danger of interference, and foster collaboration with other satellite operators, the corporation regularly assesses and improves its understanding of the orbital environment.
Click here to know more about the first satellites of Project Kuiper.
Project Kuiper vs. Starlink: A Comparison
While Amazon’s ambitious Project Kuiper is a first attempt at providing global satellite internet, SpaceX’s Starlink has a head start because to its quickly expanding fleet of satellites. In its beta phase, Starlink has already placed a sizable number of satellites, providing internet connectivity in a few locations. Although both initiatives seek to close the digital divide, they do so using different tactics and advantages.
Project Kuiper gains from Amazon’s extensive resources and cloud computing know-how, making it a strong competitor. On the other side, Elon Musk of Starlink sees using Starlink’s money to fund future Mars missions, highlighting SpaceX’s distinct incentive.
In conclusion, Project Kuiper and Starlink are two IT behemoths’ efforts to expand high-speed internet access throughout the planet. Starlink promises a head start in satellite deployment and cutting-edge technical accomplishments, in contrast to Project Kuiper’s emphasis on sustainability, safety, and global reach. The rivalry between two industry titans will spur innovation and, ideally, result in accessible, affordable internet connectivity for people who need it. The world is eager to see how both projects will change the course of the internet as they develop further.
Click here to know how AI is helping in predicting earthquakes.


Personnel from No. 10 Squadron operating the AP-3C Orion (EW) based at RAAF Base Edinburgh in South Australia have maintained a culture of excellence with a number of significant achievements acknowledged in Air Force’s centenary year.
CAPTION: The view from the cockpit as No. 10 Squadron AP-3C Orions fly in formation. Story by Flight Sergeant Jessica Daley.
The squadron was awarded the Duke of Gloucester Cup in 2021 by the Chief of Air Force for the Most Proficient Flying Unit of 2020.
Commanding Officer No. 10 Squadron Wing Commander Marija Jovanovich said the squadron’s success was attributed to its attitude and teamwork.
“The award recognises the impressive work conducted by all members of 10 Squadron throughout 2020, ranging from ICT support, maintenance, logistics, administration and aircrew,” Wing Commander Jovanovich said.
It is the third time that the unit has received the Duke of Gloucester Cup since the award’s inception in 1947.
“Significantly, the unit also sustained an intensive operational flying program in increasingly contested environments despite a complex set of ongoing challenges, including COVID-19,” Wing Commander Jovanovich said.
“Throughout numerous deployments, 10 Squadron continues to receive exemplary feedback from national and allied intelligence and special operations communities, acknowledging the capability outcomes delivered for the joint force.”
The high tempo of support to operations has continued throughout 2021, including the overseas deployment of the unit’s commanding officer, personnel and aircraft.
No. 10 Squadron has also broken new ground in 2021, with an all-female executive appointed.
“I am really proud of our unit’s achievements, showcasing that there are no barriers or limits to what can be achieved in Air Force,” Wing Commander Jovanovich said.
The evolution of the squadron together with the strength of today’s capability and culture can also be attributed to the men and women who built the foundations of the squadron from its earliest beginnings.
No. 10 Squadron was formed in 1939 and was the first British Commonwealth squadron to experience active service in World War II and the only RAAF squadron to see continuous active service for the entirety of the war. The squadron’s rich tapestry of aircraft include Sunderlands, Lincoln Bombers, Neptunes, and variations of P-3C Orion aircraft, including the two AP-3C (EW) aircraft it operates now.
It’s a remarkable achievement to consider Air Force has been flying the P-3 Orion aircraft for more than half of its 100 years.
Although the two AP-3C (EW) Orion airframes flown by No. 10 Squadron are approaching 40 years of service in the RAAF, their aircraft upgrades deliver an important airborne intelligence, surveillance, reconnaissance electronic warfare (ISR EW) capability and are a driver of how ISR EW operations will integrate into the future force.
“10 Squadron is proud to fly and achieve outstanding outcomes on the oldest currently serving operational aircraft in the RAAF inventory, however we are equally excited to embrace the future force as Air Force platforms continue to evolve and new technologies come online,” Wing Commander Jovanovich said.
“The P-3 community is a passionate community and it has been the greatest privilege of my career to fly the aircraft, command the final P-3 squadron and play a small role in its long and distinguished operational history.”


Earth may already have been visited by an object from outside our solar system — a meteor that burned up in the planet’s atmosphere in 2014, astronomers claim. If confirmed, it would be the first known interstellar object to have entered the atmosphere.
The first interstellar visitor known to have come close to Earth was the roughly 400-meter-wide asteroid named ‘Oumuamua.’ It swooped within about 24 million kilometers of the planet in October 2017. Its sharp-angled approach to the solar system and equally strange departure led astronomers to suggest that ‘Oumuamua could have been anything from a fluffy skeleton of a comet to an alien spaceship.
If there was one interstellar interloper, astronomers reasoned, there would likely have been more, including some that collided with Earth. [Continue reading…]


AeroMobil may have its work cut out for it if it's going to deliver a practical flying car within two years. Unfortunately, inventor Stefan Klein crashed a prototype in Slovakia this weekend after it entered an unrecoverable tailspin during a test flight. While the pilot thankfully managed to activate his vehicle's parachute in time and avoid any serious injuries, the machine wasn't so lucky -- as you can see above, it wasn't about to drive away. The company is optimistic about the accident in a statement, arguing that it's a "natural part" of testing that will help refine the design. It'll no doubt be a learning experience, but something tells us that the official roadmap doesn't include wrecking an aircraft. This is going to be a setback, even if it's relatively minor.
[Image credit: MH, SME.sk]


Earth's Satellites What is a Satellite? These early satellites, because they were visible from both sides of the Atlantic Ocean simultaneous for only a short time could provide only a period of five hours a day for communications. It allows scientists to pool their resources in terms of scientific knowledge and finances. A 2-meter resolution image consists of elements representing the average color or intensity of a 2x2 meter area of 's surface. Satellites can be celestial, such as a moon orbiting a planet in the solar system, or a planet in the solar system orbiting the sun. We get the answer by observing the most basic aspect of the earth, measuring its curvature. A satellite, in the broadest sense, means something that orbits the Earth, however, the term is usually used to refer to man-made satellites. Since the entire earth moves below them, this can be done easily.
Aryabhatta was the first Indian satellite, which was launched on April 19, 1975, for conducting experiments in space and to gain experience in design, fabrication and operation of the entire system. This helps the remote sensing satellite to take pictures of the area on the earth with approximately the same illumination. Artificial satellites also have orbited the moon, the sun, asteroids, and the planets Venus, Mars, and Jupiter. Imaging satellites can measure the changing sizes of glaciers, which is difficult to do from the ground due to the remoteness and darkness of the polar regions. This is because, as it falls towards the ground, the surface of the earth also curves by the same amount. Artificial satellites are human-made, orbital objects sent into space. Sri Lankan Telecommunications Regulatory Commission has signed an agreement with Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd to get relevant help and resources.
Satellites are built by various aerospace companies, like Boeing or Lockheed, and then delivered to a launch facility, such as Cape Canaveral. Communications satellites cover all land masses and there is growing capacity to serve maritime and even aeronautical markets. There needs to be a way to reflect and reradiate heat. Irregular vs Regular Satellites Natural satellites have been further divided in two classes: a Regular satellite is a natural satellite following a relatively close and generally prograde orbit with little orbital inclination or eccentricity. Hence, the signal is easily transmitted. In 1903 Konstantin Tsiolkovsky 1857—1935 published The Exploration of Cosmic Space by Means of Reaction Devices in Russian: Исследование мировых пространств реактивными приборами , which is the first academic treatise on the use of rocketry to launch spacecraft. This action has the potential to create an orbiting object that is not man made.
The first satellite to carry a human was Vostok, in which YuriGagarin orbited the Earth … in 1961. Artificial satellites are those put into orbit by man. At this speed the rocket's forward momentum exactly balances its downward gravitational acceleration, resulting in orbit. There are also Remote Sensing Satellites. When the thrusters run out of fuel, the satellite eventually drifts out of position and becomes unusable.
The rocket carried a prism shaped 1. The objects C and D never fall back to the earth even though being pulled towards it continuously, as our earth is a circular body. The unanticipated announcement of Sputnik 1's success precipitated the in the United States and ignited the so-called Space Race within the. Such objects are often called moons. Any object, that only has the force of gravity acting upon it, is known as a satellite.
They are the planes perpendicular to equatorial plane. Such a satellite spends most of its time over a single designated area of the planet. Artificial satellites can have a range of missions, including scientific research, weather observation, military support, navigation, Earth imaging, and communications. Nuclear power sources have also been used in several successful satellite programs including the 1964—1978. He even made an attempt to calculate the speed of orbit of an artificial satellite. This research is of benefit internationally.
In addition to collecting scientific information, satellites help make maps, provide navigation services and see use in the military, acting as a spy and reconnaissance vessel. Hubble space telescope is an example of astronomical satellite. The satellites that are used to predict the future of weather are called weather satellites. At heights less than 200 mi 320 km the drag produced by the atmosphere will slow the satellite down, causing it to descend into the denser portion of the atmosphere where it will burn up like a meteor. The idea surfaced again in 's 1879.
Satellite Communication Satellite communication is the process of conveying messages in the form of audio, video and text by means of radio and television broadcasts, and fax transmission done using satellites stationed in outer space in geostationary orbits. Military satellite Military satellite is an artificial satellite used by the army for various purposes such as spying on enemy countries, military communication, and navigation. These satellites also used to determine the exact location of an object. Sponsors: vBulletin, Copyright ©2000 - 2019, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd. The cameras fitted in the satellites scan the earth, both in visible light and infrared radiations and take photographs. Panchromatic images have higher resolutions smaller pixel size than color, or multi-spectral, images.
One particularly high profile application of commercial high-resolution satellite imagery was the search for debris from the Columbia, which exploded over in 2003. The first artificial satellite was the Soviet Sputnik 1 mission, launched in 1957. The space shuttles sometimes carries remote sensing instruments to monitor earth. The Tiros series was followed by the Nimbus series, which carried six cameras for more detailed scanning, and the Itos series, which was able to transmit night photographs. Areas of concern include structure, instrumentation, controls, power supplies, and telemetry for future communications, meteorological, and navigation satellites.


Wi-Fi capability was also added to the NavWorx ADS600-B UAT. The ADS600-B delivers ADS-B/TIS-B traffic and FIS-B weather and flight information to a variety of aircraft electronic displays. It is designed to meet FAA TSO-C154c and is FCC approved. The traffic, weather and flight information is provided subscription-free as part of the nationwide ADS-B aircraft tracking network.
Both the ADS600-B and WxBox capture and display this freely broadcast information directly in the cockpit. The ADS600-B and WxBox can be installed in both Experimental and certified aircraft, when the FAA’s “portable installation guidelines” are met, the company says.
For more information, visit www.navworx.com or call 888/628-9679.


Elon Musk’s plans for life on Mars a ‘dangerous delusion’, British chief astronomer says
British chief astronomer Lord Rees and world-renowned astrophysicist Neil deGrasse Tyson have dismissed billionaire Elon Musk’s Mars colonization ambitions as a “dangerous delusion” and “unrealistic.”
The pair made their buzzkilling remarks at the World Government Summit panel in Dubai this past week.
“The only reason for humans to go to space would be for adventure. To live on Mars is not going to be easy. Mars has a hostile environment,” Lord Rees said, pulling no punches.
“The idea of Elon Musk to have a million people settle on Mars is a dangerous delusion. Living on Mars is no better than living on the South Pole or the tip of Mount Everest,” he added.
Musk has made no secret of his long-term ambitions of establishing a permanent, manned colony on Mars. In 2019, the billionaire tweeted the rather bold claim that, “It’s possible to make a self-sustaining city on Mars by 2050, if we start in 5 years & take 10 orbital synchronizations.”
Astrophysicist Neil deGrasse Tyson begs to differ, however, arguing that the most pressing issue facing humanity is making the Earth habitable for longer before we can hope to consider occupying other worlds in the solar system and beyond.
“To ship a billion people to another planet to help them survive a catastrophe on Earth seems unrealistic. If you want to call Mars home, you need to terraform Mars, turn it into Earth,” Tyson cautioned, adding that it would be far easier to “make Earth return to Earth again rather than terraforming Mars.”
Many online agreed, speculating that perhaps the SpaceX founder had “watched too many Star trek films.”
Others took a more scientific approach to arguing against Musk’s lofty Martian ambitions.
The atmospheric pressure of Mars will make water boil below 98.6 degrees. Mars is not human-friendly.— Juan Humanbeing (@JuanHumanBeing) March 13, 2021
On the other end of the spectrum, some drew comparisons between Musk and none other than Galileo, the ‘father of observational astronomy’ and ‘father of modern physics’.
They said the same thing to Galileo— alex (@ajr_92_) March 12, 2021
Others dropped movie references, replete with gifs of Arnold Schwarzenegger in ‘Total Recall’ or Matt Damon in ‘The Martian’.
Oh yeah? Try telling this guy pic.twitter.com/Rbap0ZjWHf— B.J. Martino (@bjmartino) March 12, 2021
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Crew members work around planes on the flight deck Wednesday, June 3, 2009, aboard the U.S.S. George H.W. Bush. Pilots from the Strike Fighter Squadron 106 stationed at Naval Air Station Oceana were completing qualifications.
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NASA’s New Horizons spacecraft is setting up to make an historic fly-by of Pluto on July 14. NASA today released this first-ever color photo from the probe of Pluto with its largest moon Charon.
This image of Pluto and its largest moon, Charon, was taken by the Ralph color imager aboard NASA’s New Horizons spacecraft on April 9 and downlinked to Earth the following day. It is the first color image ever made of the Pluto system by a spacecraft on approach. The image is a preliminary reconstruction, which will be refined later by the New Horizons science team. Clearly visible are both Pluto and the Texas-sized Charon. The image was made from a distance of about 71 million miles (115 million kilometers)-roughly the distance from the Sun to Venus. At this distance, neither Pluto nor Charon is well resolved by the color imager, but their distinctly different appearances can be seen. As New Horizons approaches its flyby of Pluto on July 14, it will deliver color images that eventually show surface features as small as a few miles across.


Raycom Aerospace Pte Ltd was founded in 2003 to manufacture precision components for the aerospace industry. Raycom's strict adherence to the highest industry standards includes the prestigious ISO 9001:2000/AS9100 certification. Raycom is also NADCAP certified in Vacuum Heat Treatment and FPI special processes and has in-house calibration laboratory for gauges. The company has the capabilities to a carry project from part drawing through full production.
In 2006, Raycom started production of Gas Lift Valves, Dummy Valves, Orifice Valves, Latches and other critical metal components for the oil & gas extraction industry. The technical skills behind all of these applications have built Raycom into a market leader.
Highly skilled personnel with many combined years of international and regional experience have inspired confidence throughout the Aerospace and Oil & Gas industry. With the mission to build strong, mutually beneficial and lasting relationship with our customers, Raycom never compromises on the quality standards and guarantees reliability in our products and services to our customers worldwide.


Less autoclave use in aircraft manufacturing
Reducing the environmental impact of air travel makes a major contribution to minimising climate change because the global aerospace industry is huge. Industrial attention originally focused on developing novel composite parts with high strength and low weight as alternatives to metals. Lighter weight reduces fuel consumption and associated emissions. Having developed high-performing components, research turned to simultaneously reducing manufacturing costs and environmental impact. Scientists are exploring the potential of a novel technology to produce aerospace-quality composites with significantly less energy in the EU-funded project 'Industrialisation of out-of-autoclave manufacturing for integrated aerostructures' (IRIDA). Autoclave processing uses high temperatures and pressures to produce composites, particularly carbon fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP) ones. FibreTemp technology is an out-of-autoclave manufacturing technique that electrically heats big composite moulds through their carbon fibre reinforcements. In addition to the even temperature distributions and decreased process cycle time (fast heating and cooling), FibreTemp facilitates proven dimensional stability of both the mould and the manufactured part. IRIDA investigated all aspects of composite processing to enable a reliable, accurate and repeatable technique. Researchers studied various materials for the process tools to ensure endurance in the face of repeated heating and cooling cycles. Based on insight, they designed a liquid resin infusion CFRP tool with self-heating capabilities and an integrated cooling system. The infusion process was then simulated for various resin flow conditions. In the end, the team manufactured an aircraft engine nacelle, a large and complex aircraft part, using the FibreTemp technology. Researchers have demonstrated the potential of the out-of-autoclave manufacturing technique to produce complex aircraft components from low-weight composites using a much more energy-efficient process. While the process for such parts needs optimisation, application to less complex parts is close to commercialisation. Technologies developed along the way for process monitoring and control, analysis, simulation and integration represent important opportunities for exploitation and strengthening of the EU manufacturing community. The need for greener air transport and increasing competition should ensure that IRIDA technology receives a warm welcome from the aerospace sector. Surface and sea transport stand to benefit from adoption of the technology as well.
Autoclave, aircraft, manufacturing, composite parts, aerostructures, FibreTemp


A model of the Surveyor series of spacecraft. Image credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech
Surveyor 2 was designed as a follow-on to the highly successful Surveyor 1 mission and was the second of seven moon landers tasked with collecting lunar data in preparation for NASA's Apollo missions.
However, during its coast to the moon, one of the spacecraft's three thrusters failed to ignite, throwing the spacecraft into a spin. The spacecraft lost control and crashed into the moon just southeast of Copernicus crater on September 23, 1966.
- Imaging system


Featured as the world’s fourth best shopping city, Kuala Lumpur is a shopper’s paradise. PIA flies to Kuala Lumpur twice a week.
Can I travel from Pakistan to Malaysia?
Pakistani Citizens and the Malaysian eVisa
The Malaysian tourist visa permits travel in Malaysia for up to 30 consecutive days, without the possibility to extend. The eVisa can be used for tourism or business reasons and can be used within 3 months of its issue date.
Why did Pia stop in Malaysia?
Malaysian authorities seized the Boeing 777 aircraft on January 15 after a court allowed an application by the plane’s lessor, Peregrine Aviation Charlie Limited, to keep it grounded pending the outcome of a $14m lease dispute with PIA in a United Kingdom court.
What countries does PIA fly to?
Where We Fly
- Destinations. Milan. Abu Dhabi. Kuala Lumpur. Tokyo. Manchester.
- Our Network.
- Map of Pakistan.
Does Malaysian airlines fly to Pakistan?
Malaysia Airlines Tickets to Pakistan
Travelocity is proud to offer some of the lowest prices on Malaysia Airlines one-way and round-trip flights to many popular destinations in Pakistan.
Is Malaysia visa free for Pakistan?
Malaysia visa is available for Pakistani passport holders. Pakistani passport holders can get Malaysian sticker visa from embassy and can also apply for evisa online.
How long is the flight from Pakistan to Malaysia?
Flying time from Pakistan to Malaysia
The total flight duration from Pakistan to Malaysia is 6 hours.
What happened to the PIA flight?
On 22 May 2020, the Airbus A320 flown crashed in Model Colony, a densely populated residential area of Karachi only a few kilometres from the runway, while on a second approach after a failed landing. Of the 91 passengers and 8 crew on board the aircraft, 97 were killed, and two passengers survived with injuries.
What happened with PIA plane?
“A PIA aircraft has been held back by a local court in Malaysia taking a one-sided decision pertaining to a legal dispute between PIA and another party pending in a UK court,” a PIA spokesman said in a statement. … As it resumed operations in May, a domestic PIA flight crash in Karachi killed 97 of 99 people on board.
What is the full form of Pia?
|PIA||Parachute Industry Association|
|PIA||Peoplesoft Internet Architecture|
|PIA||Peripheral Interface Adapter|
|PIA||Primary Interop Assembly|
Why is Pia banned?
The European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) had suspended the authorisation for the PIA to operate in European Union member countries for six months in July 2020, after showing concern over the issue of pilots’ licences citing the Pakistan aviation minister’s speech in Parliament that one third of Pakistani pilots …
Is Pia a bad airline?
I can safely say that PIA are an appalling airline with a dreadful reputation. … From delays of up to 48 hours, to rude and inconsiderate cabin crew, to incompetent ground staff and the loss of luggage, and from drug smuggling to fatal crashes, it seems that this awful reputation of PIA is wholly deserved.
Is Pia banned in USA?
Bloomberg reports that on July 1, 2020, the US Department of Transportation banned Pakistan International Airlines from operating any flights to the United States. This follows a similar suspension from the European Union, which is also valid for six months.
How long is the flight from Karachi to Malaysia?
Flight time from Karachi to Kuala Lumpur is 8 hours 20 minutes.
How long is the flight from Lahore to Malaysia?
Flight time from Lahore to Kuala Lumpur is 5 hours 50 minutes.
Is Thai Airways flying to Pakistan?
THAI operates flights to three destinations in Pakistan which are Karachi, Lahore and Islamabad. … For information on flight schedules, passengers may check thaiairways.com or call the THAI Contact Center at Tel. + 66 (0)2-356-1111, 24-hours a day.


Official websites use .mil
Secure .mil websites use HTTPS
The Curtis E. LeMay Center for Doctrine Development and Education dedicated the Cleveland Wargaming Institute building in honor of the late Lt. Gen. Charles “Chick” Cleveland during a ceremony May 25, 2023, at Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama. The building houses the Air Force Wargaming Institute. Cleveland is a Korean War fighter ace and a former commander of Air University. (U.S. Air Force photo by Trey Ward)
28.0-300.0 mm f/3.5-5.6
No camera details available.
This photograph is considered public domain and has been cleared for release.
If you would like to republish please give the photographer appropriate credit.
Further, any commercial or non-commercial use of this photograph or any other
DoD image must be made in compliance with guidance found at
which pertains to intellectual property restrictions (e.g., copyright and
trademark, including the use of official emblems, insignia, names and slogans), warnings
regarding use of images of identifiable personnel, appearance of endorsement, and related matters.


B-24 Liberator “the Sandman” Emerging From Smoke During Raid On Ploesti Oil Field in Romania
PLOESTI OIL FIELD IN RUMANIA SUPPLIED IMMENSE AMOUNTS OF PETROLEUM TO WEHRMACHT
Outside of Berlin itself, this was the most heavily defended German military location
Aug. 1, 1943. The Sandman, a US Army Air Force B-24 Liberator from the 98th Bomb Group of the 9th Air Force, piloted by Major Robert Sternfels, shown emerging from a cloud of smoke as it barely clears the stacks of the Astra Romana refinery during the disastrous American raid on the Romania oil fields at Ploesti.
(caption and photo courtesy of the National Museum of the US Air Force. The photo was taken by Jerry J. Joswick, the only survivor of the 16 cameramen who flew on the operation)
Unfortunately, Not the Most Successful Action of the War
Since US Army Air Force doctrine stipulated high-altitude precision bombing, pilots had little experience in low-level missions. And this was a low-level mission. Several months prior to the attack, aircrews and aircraft were sent to Libya and trained day after day in flying fifty feet off the ground or lower and doing this in standard formation.
Coming in at low altitude was the key tactical element in the plan of attack
Coming in at low altitude was the key tactical element in the plan of attack on the refineries and associated facilities at the oil fields in Ploesti, Romania. These oil fields were Nazi Germany’s main source of oil, supplying almost 40% of the total. As such, Ploesti was the most heavily defended target against air attack in the entire Nazi empire. (Romania was a staunch ally of Nazi Germany).
USAAF Suffered Terrible Losses
The USAAF suffered terrible losses. Of the 177 B-24s on the raid, 53 were lost, most on the raid, some of which crashed and a handful interned in neutral Turkey. Official US Air Force casualty figures are as follows: 310 aircrewmen were killed, 108 were captured by the Axis, and 78 were interned in Turkey.
Despite the extreme heroism of the airmen and their determination to press the mission home, the results… were less than expected…. the attack temporarily eliminated about 3,925,000 tons (of petroleum production), roughly 46 percent of total annual production at Ploesti.
Ploesti Recovered Quickly
The overall loss in oil production from the nine refineries which made up the complex did not achieve what the mission planners had hoped. Within weeks the Germans repaired the damage restored production. Ploesti had the ability to recover rapidly. The largest and most important target, Astro Romana, was back to full production within a few months…”
Official Mission Report Missing From US National Archives
“The Mission Report from August 1, 1943 attack on the oil fields in Ploesti, Romania, code word “Tidal Wave,” is missing from the Army Air Corps 44th Bomb Group Mission Report.” Someone didn’t want the full details of this disaster to be known.
24 high altitude bombing missions eventually destroyed the oil fields at Ploesti in Rumania but never put the refineries completely out of business.
Source: Fact sheet on low-level bombing of Ploesti August 1943, US Air Force Historical Office. You can find the entire fact sheet here:


Textron Aviation today announced it has delivered a Cessna Grand Caravan EX to Brazilian aviation company Azul Conecta, a subsidiary of Azul Airlines based at the airport of Jundiai in São Paulo. This aircraft represents the 3,000th Cessna Caravan family turboprop delivered worldwide, reinforcing the Caravan as the most popular utility turboprop in the world. Azul Conecta transports travellers from smaller cities and remote locations throughout Brazil.
Textron Aviation employees and representatives from Azul Conecta celebrated this significant milestone with a special delivery ceremony at Textron Aviation’s location in Independence, Kansas.
“The Cessna Caravan’s versatility and reliability have made it the most popular aircraft in the utility turboprop category, with now 3,000 delivered globally,” said Lannie O’Bannion, senior vice president of Sales and Flight Operations at Textron Aviation. “I’m thankful to customers like Azul Conecta who continuously rely on the Caravan family of aircraft to fulfil their missions, deliver solutions and improve lives around the world.”
Conceived as a rugged utility aircraft with low operating costs, the Caravan was designed for use in remote areas with extreme weather changes, mountainous terrain and rough landing conditions. The aircraft’s versatility became renowned in all corners of the world, and the Caravan continues to see wide use in global markets by a variety of customers, including government agencies, law enforcement and militaries, air ambulance operators, freight hauliers, corporations and humanitarian organisations.
“This Grand Caravan EX will proudly fly the Brazilian skies and connect our 158 destinations, many of which are made possible by the aircraft’s utility and flexibility,” said Flavio Costa, chief technical officer of Azul and president of Azul Conecta. “As a longtime Textron Aviation customer with a fleet of over 25 Cessna aircraft, we are happy to be a part of this important milestone.”
Customers can choose between four models of the Cessna Caravan aircraft to best fit their mission: the Caravan 208, the Grand Caravan EX 208B, the Caravan Amphibian and the Grand Caravan EX Amphibian.
Cessna Caravan programme milestones
This content was originally published here.


C&K Components has developed a series of MIL-S-83731 qualified toggle switches designed for military, aerospace and other high-reliability applications.The MIL-S-83731 qualified toggle switches are rated for logic level up to 5A resistive loads and 2A inductive loads for use in various applications.
Featuring extra thick 50 µ inch selective gold over silver contact plating and flame retardant housing material, the C&K mil/aero toggle switches are built to provide reliable long term switching. The internal o-ring and external panel seal offer an IP67 seal for use in harsh environmental conditions including, water, dust, shock, vibration and salt spray. The RoHS-compliant and compatible switches have epoxy sealed terminals for process compatibility. The C&K’s MIL-S-83731 qualified toggle offers several panel and PC mounting options and multiple poles and circuits are available.


Debris thought to be of the missing Malaysia Airlines flight MH370 has arrived in Paris for examination.
US investigators are also gearing up to examine the wing component of a Boeing 777, which recently washed ashore on the Indian Ocean Réunion Island.
From Paris, the object will be transported to a laboratory operated by the French defence ministry in Toulouse for further examination. The military crew which specialises in analysing aviation wreckage will take over the inspection of the wing's part.
Malaysia Airlines flight number MH370, a Boeing 777, was carrying 239 people when it went missing in March 2014 while en route to Beijing from Kuala Lumpur.
"If the flaperon [the two metre-long wing surface] does belong to MH370 it is actually in accordance with the drift pattern seen in the Southern Indian Ocean. But we do not want to speculate. We will wait for verification from the French authorities," Malaysia's Transport Minister Liow Tiong Lai told Reuters.
Malaysia has also deployed additional personnel to look for more debris at Réunion while dispatching another set of experts to France to coordinate the investigation. Boeing is sending its technical team to France to provide assistance. The analysis is scheduled to begin on Wednesday, 5 August. A suitcase which was found alongside the flight part will also be analysed.


Winter!: Prepare for holiday gaming!
Simulation/Flight Combat Simulation
EVERYONE, Mild Violence
Mobile21 Co., Ltd.
TRAITS (member-attributed "LIKES")
THE SETTING #USES
PLAYING AS #USES
PLAYING AGAINST #USES
HOW IT'S PLAYED #USES
GENERAL TONE #USES
Taking its cues from the flight combat titles found on the Dreamcast and Xbox, AirForce Delta Storm transplants the underlying concept of those games into a top-down, mission-based shooter for the Game Boy Advance. Unlike traditional 2D shooters, AirForce Delta introduces a sense of depth. As players can increase or decrease altitude during combat, they may effectively engage the enemy at varying heights, as well as dive-bomb ground targets. When high in the sky, clouds will surround the craft, while flying at lower altitudes will allow players to engage ground-based threats.
Onscreen meters provide the necessary information, including altimeters that track the height of enemy craft, a map of the mission area, and other pertinent displays. The missions themselves range in scope from destroying enemy installations to intercepting high-speed aircraft. Some will even have players weaving at low-altitude through canyons and other close-quarter environments.
Mission objectives are detailed prior to each sortie, with text updates provided while in flight. An assortment of nine unique aircraft are at the players' disposal, however, some missions will dictate which aircraft will be used. Aircraft vary in ratings such as speed, mobility, power, and defense. To dispatch the varying enemy bogeys that populate the not-so-friendly skies, players are able to make use of machine guns and tone-lock missiles. Ground-based threats are also present, and at times players will be forced to avoid ground-to-air missiles and other dangers. ~ Gavin Frankle, All Game Guide


Agency missions (11 - 20 of 20 items)
Inspectors General: Actions Needed to Improve Audit Coverage of NASA
GAO-09-88: Published: Dec 18, 2008. Publicly Released: Jan 12, 2009.
GAO was asked to review the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Office of Inspector General (OIG) and provide information on (1) the audit and investigative coverage of NASA; (2) the NASA OIG's audit and investigative accomplishments; (3) the NASA OIG's budget and staffing levels, including staff attrition rates; and (4) the results of external reviews of the NASA OIG. GAO obtaine...
Fiscal Year 2007 Performance Plans
GAO-07-146SP: Published: Oct 1, 2006. Publicly Released: Oct 1, 2006.
This report presents the General Accounting Office's (GAO) Performance Plans for Fiscal Year 2007. In the spirit of the Government Performance and Results Act, this annual plan informs the Congress and the American people about what we expect to accomplish on their behalf in the coming fiscal year. It sets forth our plan to make progress toward achieving our strategic goals for serving the Congres...
NASA: Better Mechanisms Needed for Sharing Lessons Learned
GAO-02-195: Published: Jan 30, 2002. Publicly Released: Feb 5, 2002.
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) uses several mechanisms to capture and disseminate lessons learned. NASA has established an agency-wide Lessons Learned Information System that managers are required to review on an ongoing basis. NASA uses training, program reviews, and periodic revisions to agency policies and guidelines to communicate lessons learned. Several NASA centers...
Survey of NASA's Lessons Learned Process
GAO-01-1015R: Published: Sep 5, 2001. Publicly Released: Sep 5, 2001.
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA) procedures and guidelines require that program and project managers review and apply lessons learned from the past throughout a program's or project's life cycle. Managers must also document and submit any significant lessons learned in a timely manner. NASA's principal mechanism for collecting and sharing lessons learned from programs, pr...
NASA: Status of Achieving Key Outcomes and Addressing Major Management Challenges
GAO-01-868: Published: Jul 31, 2001. Publicly Released: Jul 31, 2001.
GAO reviewed the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA) fiscal year 2000 performance report to assess the agency's progress in achieving selected key outcomes important to NASA's mission. The selected key outcomes are to (1) expand scientific knowledge of the Earth system, (2) expand the commercial development of space, and (3) deploy and operate the International Space Station saf...
Observations on the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Fiscal Year 1999 Performance Report and Fiscal Year 2001 Performance Plan
NSIAD-00-192R: Published: Jun 30, 2000. Publicly Released: Aug 1, 2000.
Pursuant to a congressional request, GAO reviewed the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA) fiscal year (FY) 1999 performance report and FY 2001 performance plan required by the Government Performance and Results Act of 1993.GAO noted that: (1) NASA made progress in meeting its FY 1999 performance targets for the three key agency outcomes included in GAO's assessment; (2) however,...
Managing for Results: Observations on NASA's Fiscal Year 1999 Performance Plan
NSIAD-98-181: Published: Jun 5, 1998. Publicly Released: Jun 10, 1998.
Pursuant to a congressional request, GAO reviewed the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA) performance plan for fiscal year (FY) 1999, focusing on: (1) NASA's goals and objectives, including how the agency plans to measure its progress toward achieving these goals and objectives; (2) the agency's strategies and resources needed to achieve its goals; and (3) the availability and r...
Results Act: Observations on NASA's May 1997 Draft Strategic Plan
NSIAD-97-205R: Published: Jul 22, 1997. Publicly Released: Jul 30, 1997.
GAO reviewed the draft strategic plan submitted by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) as required by the Government Performance and Results Act.GAO noted that: (1) to its credit, NASA has been actively pursuing a strategic planning process since 1992, before enactment of the Results Act; (2) of the six elements required by the act, four are included in the draft strategic pla...
Summaries of Conclusions and Recommendations on Department of Defense Operations
OISS-82-2: Published: Feb 26, 1982. Publicly Released: Feb 26, 1982.
A summary is provided of conclusions and recommendations resulting from GAO audits and other review work in the Department of Defense (DOD). While the reports have previously brought the matters to the attention of Congress and department officials, the summary was compiled to assist congressional committees in their review of budget requests for fiscal year 1983.The summaries include DOD matters...
NASA's Resource Data Base and Techniques for Supporting, Planning, and Controlling Programs Need Improvement
PSAD-77-78: Published: May 19, 1977. Publicly Released: May 19, 1977.
Data compiled by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) on its resources and management techniques for supporting, planning, and controlling research and development programs omitted some resources and did not identify others with the projects they benefited.The database of resources available in fiscal year 1976 for carrying out its research and development programs excluded abo...


FAA: Drones more deadly than birds
DAYTON, Ohio -- Small drones could potentially cause more damage to an aircraft than a bird strike, a Federal Aviation Administration study found.Posted — Updated
DAYTON, Ohio -- Small drones could potentially cause more damage to an aircraft than a bird strike, a Federal Aviation Administration study found.
The FAA has reported a rising number of pilot sightings of small drones as the popularity of the small unmanned aircraft systems has soared. Though Dec. 10, the agency said pilots reported 2,118 drone sightings this year, compared to 1,840 in 2016, and 1,218 in 2015. The FAA cautioned, however, since the operator cannot be identified in many cases, it can't say what the person who reported the sighting actually saw.
The FAA's Alliance for System Safety of UAS through Research Excellence -- also known as ASSURE -- worked with researchers across the country, including Ohio State University, on the study.
The research found heavier, stiffer components, such as a drone motor, battery or a camera, could cause more structural damage to an aircraft than birds of the same weight and size, said Kiran D'Souza, an Ohio State University assistant professor of mechanical and aerospace engineering.
For all the sightings, the FAA said it has one reported incident of a drone striking an aircraft when one struck a Black Hawk helicopter near New York City in October.
ASSURE researchers investigated what would happen if a drone hit the body of an aircraft or was ingested into an aircraft engine, D'Souza said in an interview with the Dayton Daily News. The experiments were a mixture of computer simulations and lab tests, he said.
For example, at the University of Dayton Research Institute, parts of drones were fired into aluminum panels to simulate an aircraft, researchers said. The tests showed "a number" of panels were penetrated, said Kevin Poormon, a UDRI research engineer who participated in the study.
"Our plans in the near future are to shoot complete drones at actual aircraft structures," he said. The work, which will target windshields and aircraft wings, would begin in February at UDRI, he said.
The study showed the need to develop sense and avoidance technology to avoid mid-air collisions, D'Souza said.
OSU and ASSURE members Mississippi State University, Montana State University and Wichita State University were the primary investigators on the study.
While the effect of bird strikes on airplanes is well documented, little is known about the effects of small unmanned drones with stronger materials hitting aircraft, according to Marty Rodgers, ASSURE director and a Mississippi State researcher.
"The results of this work are critical to the safety of commercial air travel here in the United States and around the world," he said in a statement.
Researchers evaluated the potential impact of drones weighing 2.7 pounds to 8 pounds on a single-aisle commercial jet and on a business jet, according to OSU.
"Even small unmanned aircraft systems can do significant damage to engines," D'Souza said.
In future tests, researchers will focus on collisions with private planes, helicopters and commercial turbofan engines, ASSURE said.
The FAA has guidelines for building aircraft to withstand bird strikes of a certain weight, but tougher requirements do not exist specifically for drone collisions, researchers said.
Studies were expected to continue through 2021.
While the research studied the potential for damage to an aircraft, it did not estimate the probability of a collision between an unmanned drone and a plane, D'Souza said.
A spokesman for the Muncie, Indiana-based Academy of Model Aeronautics, which has about 200,000 members nationwide, said safety is the "highest priority" for the organization.
Drone operators face federal rules and operating guidelines, such as notifying air traffic controllers when they want to fly within five miles of an airport and making way for manned aircraft.
The federal provision "allows AMA members to continue flying responsibility under AMA's strict set of safety guidelines, as we have for decades," organization spokesman Chad Budreau said in a statement this week.
Barrie Barber writes for the Dayton Daily News. Email: Barrie.Barber(at)coxinc.com.
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Farc released Helifly pilots after 19 days
After holding them for 19 days, the Farc guerrilla released Helifly helicopter pilots, Juan Carlos Alvarez and Alejandro Ocampo. On July 10th, after 25 minutes in the air, a small engine forced the pilots to land immediately on the athletic field of El Plato, in Argelia (Cauca). They were taken by the guerrilla, which claimed it had to investigate who the pilots were and their reasons for flying over that area. There were no monetary demands made for the pilots’ release.
They weren’t treated with hostility, the pilots said, but the whole practice of kidnapping is “degrading”. During their time as hostages, they were constantly guarded by at least seven heavily armed guerrillas. Juan Carlos had to spend his birthday, on July 22nd, away from his family wondering if he would ever see any of them again.


Season 2, Episode 9 I Am the Enemy
Gallagher has reservations about promoting Maj. Kurt Brown, a German-born pilot with a brilliant flight record---and a complete lack of fear. Gallagher: Paul Burke. Elizabeth: Elen Willard. Britt: Andrew Duggan. Stovall: Frank Overton. Forbes: Peter Marko.
Cast & Details See all »
- Rating: None
- Premise: The exploits of World War II bomber pilots are re-created in this 1960s series adapted from a 1949 film, focusing on missions of the 918th Flyer Squadron in England. (more)


14 March 1908: Henry Farman makes the the first flight in his modified Voisin-Farman I bis, an airplane built by the Appareils d’Aviation Les Frères Voisin, founded by brothers Gabriel and Charles Voisin at Billancourt, a suburb of Paris, France.
The Voisin-Farman I was a single-place, single-engine, two-bay biplane with the elevator forward and a “box kite” tail. It was 10.500 meters (34 feet 5.4 inches) long, with a wingspan of 10.000 meters (32 feet, 9.7 inches). The chord of each wing was 2.000 meters (6 feet, 6.7 inches), and vertical gap between the upper and lower wings was 1.500 meters (4 feet, 11.0 inches). There was no sweep or dihedral.
The complete airplane weighed 530 kilograms (1,169 pounds).
The Voisin-Farman I was modified. The wings’ dihedral was changed to improve stability and the span of the tail reduced. The Antoinette engine was replaced with a Renault rated at 50 horsepower, but was quickly changed back to the Antoinette. A tank containing crushed ice was added to the condensed steam cooling system, increasing the time the engine could be run. The modified airplane is known as the Voisin-Farman I bis (also known as the Henri Farman nº 1).
The airplane was powered by a steam-cooled, direct-injected, 487.14 cubic-inch-displacement (7.983 liter) Société Antoinette 8V 90° V-8 direct-drive engine producing 53 horsepower at 1,100 r.p.m. The engine turned a two-bladed pusher propeller. It was designed by Léon Levavasseur. The engine was 1.120 meters (3 feet, 8 inches) long, 0.630 meters (2 feet, 1 inch) wide and (0.540 meters (1 foot, 9 inches) high. It weighed 95 kilograms (209 pounds).
5 September 1908: In France, the Goupy I bis triplane makes its first flight. Designed by Louis Ambroise Goupy and built by Appareils d’Aviation Les Frères Voisin, this was a single-engine airplane with three wings. It was a two-bay triplane with a tractor configuration. The I bis was significantly lighter than the original airplane and had longer wings.
The Goupy I bis was 9.80 meters (32.15 feet) long with a wingspan of 7.50 meters (24.61 feet). The vertical gap between the wings was 0.95 meters (3.12 feet). The three wings were slightly staggered and used assymetrical airfoils. The total wing area was 44 square meters (474 square feet). The “box kite” horizontal stabilizer had a span of 3 meters (9.84 feet) and was 0.75 meters high. The Goupy 1 bis weighed 475 kilograms (1,047 pounds).
Goupy’s triplane was originally powered by a steam-cooled, direct-injected, 487.14 cubic-inch-displacement (7.983 liter) Société Antoinette 8V 90° V-8 engine producing 53 horsepower at 1,100 r.p.m. The engine was designed by Léon Levavasseur. The Goupy I bis replaced the Antoinette with an Alessandro Anzani & Co. W-3 “fan-type” radial engine, also rated at 50 horsepower. The direct-drive engine turned a two-bladed fixed-pitch propeller with a diameter of 2.30 meters (7.55 feet).
The Goupy I bis was capable of a maximum 33 miles per hour (54 kilometers per hour).
Louis Ambroise Goupy was born at Paris, France, on 4 November 1875. He was the son of Louis Edmond Alexis Goupy, auditor at the Council of State, and member of the Seine-et-Oise General Council, and Mathilde Marguerite Masurier Goupy.
On 15 April 1899, Antoine Goupy married Mlle Marie Marguerite Jeanne Ferquer. They would have six children.
In 1914, M. Goupy was appointed Chevalier de la légion d’honneur. In 1937, he was promoted to Officier de la Légion d’honneur.
Antoine Goupy died in Paris, 25 January 1951.He was 75 years old.
8 July 1908: Thérèse Peltier (1873–1926) was the first woman to fly as a passenger aboard an airplane when she accompanied her friend, Ferdinand Léon Delagrange, aboard his Voisin biplane on a 200 meter (218 yards) flight at Milan, Italy.
She was taught to fly by Delagrange and in September 1908 made a solo flight at Turin.
The airplane was the first Voisin airplane, known as the Voisin-Delagrange I. It was built by Apparelles d’Aviation Les Frères Voisin, at Billancourt, France. It was a biplane with its elevator forward in a canard configuration and a “box-kite”-style rear stabilizer. The wings each had a span of 10 meters (32.8 feet) and a chord of 2 meters (6.56 feet). Its gross weight was 1,540 pounds (699 kilograms).
The airplane was powered by a steam-cooled, direct-injected, 493.41 cubic-inch (8.086 liter) Société Antoinette 8V 90° V-8 engine producing 49.2 horsepower at 1,100 r.p.m. The direct-drive engine turned a two-bladed, fixed-pitch propeller with a diameter of 7 feet, 6 inches (2.286 meters) in a pusher configuration. The Antoinette V-8 weighed 265 pounds (120 kilograms).
The Voisin-Delagrange I had a maximum speed of 45 miles per hour (72 kilometers per hour).
After her friend, Léon Delagrange, was killed 4 January 1910 when the wing of his Blériot XI failed near Croix d’Hins, Peltier never flew again.


Why Fly a Legend Cub?
Just For The Fun of It
THE LEGEND CUB continues to be the most coveted American manufactured sport aircraft. So why not fly one just for the fun of it? It is after all a modern legend possessing the right blend of flyboy fun. Those who have flown a Legend Cub consider it to be the most gratifying recreational aircraft in the skies today.
Reasons to fly the Legend Cub are many. For some it's the aircraft's right- and left-side clamshell doors, two 12-gallon wing tanks, the ability to solo from either seat, and an electrical system with starter. For others it's a wider, more comfortable cabin, a well-equipped panel, an array of landing configurations, and high-performance engine options. However, most pilots will tell you they fly a Legend Cub just FOR THE FUN OF IT.
More Options and More Fun in a Legend Cub
The Legend Cub is available in the classic J-3 styling with exposed cylinders or PA-11 style closed cowl. It can be equipped with straight floats or amphbious floats. A retro military version is available as the Legend Combat Cub. And the Lycoming powered Super Legend plus the Titan powered Super Legend HP are now more versatile than ever. Plus, each variation can optionally be built from a kit and certified as experimental further expanding the utility of a Legend Cub.
Your First Flight in a Legend Cub
At American Legend Aircraft Company we believe that once you FLY in a Legend Cub you'll be hooked. We see new airplane buyers constantly looking for that perfect combination of style, features and old-fashioned flyboy fun. These are the very reasons why we've created the Legend Cub, and we're convinced it is the PERFECT fit.
It is our desire to share with you the reasons for our conviction, that is, there's NOTHING QUITE LIKE flying in a Legend Cub.
Pilots who fly tailwheel aircraft possess an endless sense of adventure. They endure the challenges of flying on unimproved fields and they truly understand how to tame an airplane. Every day we keep adding Legend Cub pilots to the list of taildragger aficionados. Legend Cub pilots are an exceptional group of individuals who possess a set of stick and rudder skills that remain today admired among pilots of all experience levels and from all reaches of the globe.
We encourage you to make the time for a test flight in a Legend Cub. Please feel free to contact one of our owner representatives today to schedule your introductory flight.


Hermann Oberth's tired eyes were glued to a huge TV screen at the Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt yesterday as he sat watching the space shuttle Challenger land after a week orbiting the Earth.
Then, having seen the spaceship safely down, his lids drooped and the 91-year-old man fell asleep, content to know that the dream he had nurtured as a boy in pre-World War I Germany was still alive.
Oberth, a legend to the more historically minded enthusiasts of space travel, is the last scientist survivor of the era early in this century that transformed the literary fantasies of Jules Verne into the routines of modern space exploration.
Konstantin E. Tsiolkovsky, the Russian who worked out some of the early theory of rocket propulsion, died in 1935. Robert H. Goddard, the American who experimented with early rockets and for whom NASA's Greenbelt facility is named, died in 1945. But Oberth, who made the most complete analyses of the problems and prospects of human space travel, has lived to see it happen.
"Events," the Romania-born West German citizen said through a translator, "have proven me right. One has to be an optimist."
In 1923 Oberth wrote a book in which he not only showed mathematically that it was possible to escape Earth's gravity but anticipated a host of other aspects of spaceflight not seriously approached for another 30 years.
Oberth not only worked out the spaceship's propulsion system and architectural form -- even down to the rocket engine's nozzles -- he designed spacesuits and methods of eating in weightlessness, conceived of astronauts performing spacewalks, proposed space stations in Earth orbit as jumping-off points for interplanetary travel, considered the problems of weightlessness and motion sickness (a problem astronauts still face), proposed that the stations spin slowly to create an artificial gravity and suggested the use of flying shuttles that could take off like a rocket, visit the space station and land back on Earth like an airplane.
Oberth worked out the physics of joining two spacecraft in orbit, something NASA calls rendezvousing and docking. He anticipated that photographs of the Earth from space would be useful for studying the ground and forecasting weather. He foresaw that telescopes in Earth orbit could gather far better astronomical data than those that must peer from the ground through the atmosphere.
Oberth also said that astronauts traveling around the moon could learn about its far side, which is always turned away from Earth. He even claimed that practical uses for space travel would someday make it a profitable enterprise, something the shuttle is intended to achieve.
All of this Hermann Julius Oberth wrote as an amateur physicist and mathematician in the early 1920s, as a soldier in the Austro-Hungarian army in World War I, working entirely unaware of Tsiolkovsky or Goddard. Oberth's commanding officer was impressed enough to send the young man's paper to the War Ministry. The generals rejected it as obvious fantasy.
After the war Oberth entered the University of Heidelberg and submitted as his dissertation a longer version of the paper, complete with elaborate mathematical formulas proving the truth of his ideas. Again it was rejected.
Eventually Oberth paid to have the paper published on his own. "The Rocket Into Interplanetary Space" soon gained a wide and enthusiastic following. "The foregoing," Oberth concluded in the book, "demonstrates that it is possible, with present day science and technology, to construct vehicles which could attain cosmic speed and that it is probably possible for men to ride in these vehicles."
Oberth's unbounded optimism was, however, tempered. He said in the book that it could take more than a decade to realize his dreams.
"It has proven to be much more complicated than I thought," Oberth said yesterday.
As fame came to Oberth, so did a young rocketry enthusiast named Wernher von Braun. Von Braun, who would eventually lead the American effort to put a satellite into space, started as Oberth's assistant and then left to join the German government's military rocket research program at Peenemu nde. Von Braun rose quickly and brought his old mentor to Peenemu nde, where he worked on the V2 rocket, the first major weapon of war based on Oberth's ideas.
After World War II, von Braun and much of his staff were brought to the United States to develop the Redstone rocket and, eventually, the Saturn V that sent spaceships to the moon. In the 1950s Oberth joined von Braun for three years but then retired to West Germany in 1958.
Since then Oberth has lived quietly and in relative obscurity, forgotten by many newcomers to space exploration. Oberth visited Cape Canaveral, then known as Cape Kennedy, in 1969 for the launch of Apollo 11, which made the first lunar landing, and he returned a week ago to witness the liftoff of Challenger. Since the launch he has been touring NASA facilities, where his role in the history of space travel has required some explaining.
"You know," said Anna Roth-Oberth, a daughter who is accompanying him on this trip, "Professor Oberth is the father of spaceflight. Yet it was not until last year that he first could hold in his hands a piece of the moon. There were tears. He cried."


De Havilland Canada reaffirmed its long-term commitment to the global Dash 8 operator community and outlined the path forward for the Dash 8 aircraft program. While the pandemic has ravaged the global aviation industry, De Havilland Canada is making future-oriented investments in its organization, systems and infrastructure to enhance the Dash 8 platform for current and future aircraft operators.
“We fully expect worldwide demand for the Dash 8 to return once the industry has recovered from the pandemic, and the aircraft’s characteristics – including low operating costs, low emissions impact, and performance capabilities that support efficient regional operations – will make the Dash 8 an important part of the aviation industry’s post-pandemic recovery,” said David Curtis, Executive Chairman of Longview Aviation Capital, De Havilland Canada’s parent company. “The quality of the aircraft is demonstrated by the fact that we have significantly outperformed our competitors since the onset of the pandemic, delivering 11 aircraft to customers in 2020. While industry conditions remain challenging, we are looking to the future by enhancing our ability to support Dash 8 operators, and taking the necessary organizational steps to ensure we are ready to meet industry demand as the aviation industry recovers.”
Investing in the Dash 8 Platform
De Havilland Canada is introducing enhancements that will ensure the Dash 8 remains at the forefront of the regional aircraft market around the world:
In addition to these investments, De Havilland Canada continues to provide 24/7/365 customer support, and inventory over 35,000 part numbers required to serve the operating fleet from parts distribution locations in Canada and around the globe.
New Aircraft Production Pause
Given that prevailing industry circumstances have hindered the ability to confirm new aircraft sales, De Havilland Canada will not produce new Dash 8-400 aircraft at its Downsview site beyond currently confirmed orders. This is a responsible and prudent measure that reflects current industry conditions, and will limit strain on the market and De Havilland Canada’s supply base as the pandemic recovery occurs. Approximately 500 employees will be affected by the production pause.
De Havilland Canada’s objective is to resume new aircraft delivery at the earliest possible time, subject to market demand.
Downsview Production Site
The Downsview production site was sold by the previous owner Bombardier in 2018, with deadlines for the site and runway to be decommissioned. Pursuant to Bombardier’s sale agreement, the Dash 8 program’s current site lease expires in 2021. Accordingly, De Havilland Canada has begun preparing to leave the site over the latter part of the year. There are a number of excellent production site options in Canada, and the company will be ready to meet new aircraft demand as the industry recovers.
Added Mr. Curtis: “The transition from Downsview is a step in the planned evolution of the Dash 8 platform away from its former owner, and is an important part of our vision for Longview Aviation Capital as a leading global aviation company. While this evolution is taking place against the backdrop of unprecedented industry circumstances, we see a bright future for De Havilland Canada and the Dash 8. The Dash 8 is a segment defining aircraft, and it has never been in better hands – strengthened by being part of a robust aviation portfolio with patient long-term ownership. We are also the only company to have successfully re-launched an out-of-production aircraft, with our team bringing the renowned Series 400 Twin Otter back into production. We are fully committed to the Dash 8 and intend to further enhance its capabilities and performance, and remain a leader of the regional aircraft market of the future.
“We are sensitive to the impact that a production pause will have on our employees, and are committed to treating everyone with transparency and respect. This decision is no reflection on the quality of our team, which has performed exceedingly well through the disruptions of the past year.”
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