Fatigue is a syndrome, which is highly prevalent in the general population, especially among the young women. This is generally diagnosed with the symptom of a feeling of lack of energy and tiredness, without any significant physical exertions. This is a syndrome which can manifest itself among women for a variety of reasons ranging from a lack of iron in the body to chronic fatigue syndrome and hormonal imbalances to some extent also. Here, we are listing out some of the possible causes of the fatigue syndrome among the young women nowadays.
Causes Of Fatigue In Young Women
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
It is an extensively debilitating medical disorder, commonly affecting people of 15-45 years, mainly women, which can cause depressions, fatigue, cardiac and respiratory problems without any immediate physical exertion or other medical conditions. Its symptoms can persist for 6-12 months or more and is generally not relieved by rest. The cause of this syndrome is not yet known, so the treatment is symptomatic.
It is one of the prime causal agents of extensive fatigue and tiredness among women. Generally caused by an improper balance between the estrogen and progesterone levels in the body, it can have severe effects on the body.Primary causes of this disorder may range from intake of contraceptive pills to stress and from inadequate diet to even pollution. Some medical procedures like the hormone replacement therapy are also known to cause this disorder.
Anemia Or Iron Deficiency
It is commonly caused due to blood loss through uterine bleeding, low iron intake, reduced RBC production, folic acid deficiency and gynecological and gastroenteritis problems. As the hemoglobin count in the body decreases, it causes excess fatigue in young women. Its treatment is based on its severity as well as its cause.
Thyroid Gland Problems
Thyroid glands either producing inadequate or excess of hormone can also cause fatigue syndrome in young women. It generally causes fatigue and weakness, without any apparent symptoms. Thyroid test is required to diagnose this problem.
One of the prime factors affecting most of young women in today’s times is stress or anxiety. It causes various problems, both mental and physical.Often the most notable effects of stress is sleep deprivation. Inadequate sleep in turn causes fatigue and mental tiredness. Factors responsible for this may vary from work to education to other personal problems and social dilemmas. It can be relieved by regular exercise and meditation along with a good night’s sleep.
Persistent bouts of depression arising due to various reasons such as happenings in life, family problems, work, relationship issues and stress can also cause severe fatigue in young women. Anti-depressant drugs can be taken to relieve the symptoms after consulting a physician.
Inadequate food intake or improper food habits, a rising phenomenon among the young women today due to reasons such as losing weight and tight work schedules are the main causes of anorexia, which in turn are causing fatigue in an ever increasing numbers. It can only be taken care of by proper eating habits and adequate food intake.


Back to Initiatives & Projects List
Qatar University Biofuels Project
The aim of the Qatar University Biofuels Project is to find a way of producing affordable, sustainable biofuels which do not rely on the use of valuable arable land and which can be produced efficiently in the harsh climate of Qatar.
Research & Development
Type of pathway
Starting time and duration
The Qatar University’s project is a state-backed research program, carried out in cooperation with Qatar Airways and Qatar Science and Technology Park (QSTP). The first phase (USD 12 million) started in 2010 and is expected to finish end of 2013.
It focuses on the cultivation of single-celled photosynthetic organisms (cyanobacteria and microalgae) that are well suited to the Qatar local environment: extreme heat, strong sunlight and highly saline water. The main goals of the initial phase were to obtain candidate biofuel microalgae and test their performance outdoors in Qatar’s climatic conditions.
The plan for the second phase of the project is to capture CO2 generated by natural gas, oil and desalination industry for algal growth.
The ultimate goal is to build a pre-commercial pilot plant with an indicative volume of 1.5 million of litres and to produce one barrel of liquid biofuel per day.
Qatar University, Qatar Airways, Qatar Science and Technology Park
|Achievements to date|
- Selection of indigenous photosynthetic organisms with good growing capabilities under Qatar conditions, study of their growth characteristics, extensive biochemical and genetic characterization.
- Successful outdoor cultivation trials in 1500 litres tanks.
- Up-scaling to 25000 litres outdoor ponds underway (Qatar University Farm Demo Plant)


"If I have seen further, it is by standing on the shoulders of giants."This quote has been attributed to Sir Isaac Newton since it appeared in a letter he wrote to fellow English scientist Robert Hooke that was dated 5 February in either 1675 or 1676. There is no arguing that this quote in indeed Newton's.
However, I suspect that the reason for your confusion is the phrase "on the shoulders of giants," which was borrowed from earlier sources. This phrase was actually quite commonly used by authors and thinkers of the Middle Ages and Renaissance. Though Newton's reference is probably the best known today, 12th century theologian and author John of Salisbury was another well-known source of the phrase. I've come across many variations of his quote, but one of the more commonly cited versions is:
"We are like dwarfs sitting on the shoulders of giants. We see more, and things that are more distant, than they did, not because our sight is superior or because we are taller than they, but because they raise us up, and by their great stature add to ours."This quote appeared in a religious book called The Metalogicon that was written by John in 1159. However, John's thought was also inspired by an earlier Christian thinker named Bernard of Chartres. John was born in France and studied there during the early 12th century. It is likely that John learned the phrase at this time, for he later moved to England where he continued his theological research. The only example of Bernard's quote I've come across thus far was from Robert Merton's book On the Shoulders of Giants. Merton quotes Bernard as saying, in about 1130:
"We are like dwarfs standing [or sitting] upon the shoulders of giants, and so able to see more and see farther than the ancients."In addition, Merton goes on to point out that at least the idea Bernard was attempting to convey goes back to a 6th century grammarian named Priscian, who wrote:
"The younger the scholars, the more sharp-sighted."The common theme of these thoughts is that modern researchers owe much to the knowledge that earlier scientists have discovered. While many believe that was the sentiment being expressed by Newton in his letter to Hooke, some researchers have suggested he was actually using the phrase "on the shoulders of giants" as a veiled insult of Robert Hooke, who was a rather short man. Newton had a reputation as a petty and vindictive man whose ego clashed with those of his rivals in the scientific and mathematical communities. One of these rivals was Robert Hooke, who had been in a long-running feud with Newton over which one had discovered the inverse square law. Although Newton's letter to Hooke appeared courteous on the surface, some historians have concluded he cleverly employed the phrase "on the shoulders of giants" to ridicule Hooke's lack of physical stature and imply that he lacked intellectual stature as well.
Although Newton may have borrowed the phrase "on the shoulders of giants" from earlier writers, the specific quote referenced on our site is his and his alone. The phrase is indeed a commonly cited one, as the following examples illustrate.
"We are like dwarfs standing [or sitting] upon the shoulders of giants, and so able to see more and see farther than the ancients."
- Bernard of Chartres, circa 1130
"Bernard of Chartres used to say that we are like dwarfs on the shoulders of giants, so that we can see more than they, and things at a greater distance, not by virtue of any sharpness on sight on our part, or any physical distinction, but because we are carried high and raised up by their giant size."
- John of Salisbury, Metalogicon, 1159
"A dwarf standing on the shoulders of a giant may see farther than a giant himself."
- Robert Burton, The Anatomy of Melancholy, 1621
"Dwarfs on the shoulders of giants see further than the giants themselves."
- Stella Didacus, Eximii verbi divini CONCIONATORIS ORDINNIS MINORUM Regularis Observantiae, 1622
"A dwarf on a giant's shoulders sees farther of the two."
- George Herbert, Jacula Prudentum, 1651
"If I have seen further it is by standing on the shoulders of giants."
- Isaac Newton, letter to Robert Hooke, 1676
"Newton won the race in part because, as he put it, he had stood on the shoulders of giants and in part because he just happened to be the biggest giant of them all."
- Alan Cromer, Uncommon Sense: The Heretical Nature of Science, 1993
"In the sciences, we are now uniquely privileged to sit side by side with the giants on whose shoulders we stand."
- Gerald Holton
"If I have not seen as far as others, it is because giants were standing on my shoulders."Such commonality in thoughts is not at all unique to this phrase alone. Consider the following, somewhat more amusing example as well.
- Hal Abelson
"I think, therefore I am."
- René Descartes, Le Discours de la Mèthode, 1637
"I am, therefore I think."
- Friedrich Nietzsche
"I think that I think, therefore, I think that I am."
- Ambrose Bierce, The Devil's Dictionary, 1911
"I think I am. Therefore, I am . . . I think."
- George Carlin
"I don't think, so, therefore I'm probably not."
"I think, therefore I am. But I'm micromanaged, therefore I am not.""On the shoulder of giants" has generated a great deal of interest in recent years, particularly after Great Britain included the phrase "Standing on the Shoulders of Giants" on the edge of its £2 coin starting in 1997. A new coin of the series is released every year, each one celebrating a significant contribution to science made by a British citizen.
- Scott Adams, Dilbert comic strip, 1997
A teacher named Carla recently pointed out what appears to be a grammatical error in Isaac Newton's quote. She suggested that we change the text from the following:
"If I have seen further, it is by standing on the shoulders of giants."to this:
"If I have seen farther, it is by standing on the shoulders of giants."Carla's reasoning is farther refers to distance (e.g. "I traveled FARTHER from home than my relatives") while further designates degree (e.g. "Critics charge that welfare encourages FURTHER dependence"). Carla makes a valid point, but since the article describes a specific quote, we have chosen to leave Netwon's statement as is.
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Circumcircle of a triangle
From Latin: circum- "around"
A circle which passes through all three vertices
of a triangle
Also "Circumscribed circle".
Drag the orange dots on each vertex
to reshape the triangle. Note that the circumcircle always passes through all three points.
The circumcircle always passes through all three vertices
of a triangle. Its center is at the point where all the
of the triangle's sides meet. This center is called the circumcenter. See
circumcenter of a triangle for more about this.
Note that the center of the circle can be inside or outside of the triangle.
Adjust the triangle above and try to obtain these cases.
The radius of the circumcircle is also called the triangle's circumradius.
For right triangles
In the case of a
of the circumcircle, and its center is exactly at the
midpoint of the hypotenuse.
This is the same situation as Thales Theorem,
where the diameter
a right angle to any point on a circle's circumference.
If you drag the triangle in the figure above you can create this same situation.
For equilateral triangles
In the case of an equilateral triangle,
where all three sides (a,b,c) are have the same length, the radius of the circumcircle is given by the formula:
where s is the length of a side of the triangle.
If you know all three sides
If you know the length (a,b,c) of the three sides of a triangle, the radius of its circumcircle is given by the formula:
If you know one side and its opposite angle
The diameter of the circumcircle is given by the formula:
where a is the length of one side, and A is the angle opposite that side.
This gives the diameter, so the radus is half of that
This is derived from the
Law of Sines.
Construction of a triangle's circumcircle
It is possible to construct the circumcenter and circumcircle of a triangle with just a compass and straightedge.
Construction of the Circumcircle of a Triangle has an animated demonstration of the technique, and a worksheet to try it yourself.
Related triangle topics
Perimeter / Area
Congruence and Similarity
Triangle quizzes and exercises
(C) 2009 Copyright Math Open Reference. All rights reserved
Math Open Reference now has a Common Core alignment.
See which resources are available on this site for each element of the Common Core standards.
Check it out


A new study coming out of the University of Guelph appears to have discovered why exposure to pesticides increases a person’s risk of developing Parkinson’s disease.
While many studies in the past have demonstrated a link between Paraquat and Maneb (two commonly used agrochemicals) and Parkinson’s, this new study actually investigates the process and form that link takes within the cells themselves.
Professor Scott Ryan, lead researcher of the study, has determined that low-level of exposure to pesticides disrupts cells in such a way that mimics the mutations that cause Parkinson’s.
When the effects of the chemicals are taken in concert with a genetic predisposition to Parkinson’s, the risk of Parkinson’s onset is drastically increased.
“People exposed to these chemicals are at about a 250-per-cent higher risk of developing Parkinson’s disease than the rest of the population,” said Ryan, a professor in the Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology.
“We wanted to investigate what is happening in this susceptible population that results in some people developing the disease.”
Paraquat and Maneb are used on a variety of Canadian crops with the former being used on crops during the growth period and the latter used in order to prevent spoiling after harvest.
The study, which was published in the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology, used stem cells from people with Parkinson’s disease using a mutation in a gene called synuclein which is associated with an increased risk of the disease. The study also used normal embryonic stem cells in which the mutation was introduced via gene editing.
“Until now, the link between pesticides and Parkinson’s disease was based primarily on animal studies as well as epidemiological research that demonstrated an increased risk among farmers and others exposed to agricultural chemicals,” said Ryan. “We are one of the first to investigate what is happening inside human cells.”
Ryan’s research team made dopamine-producing neurons — the neurons affected by Parkinson’s — from both types of the stem cells and then exposed them to the chemicals.
The exposure of the neurons to the chemicals prevented energy-producing mitochondria from moving where they need to go inside the cells which in turn depleted the neurons of energy.
According to the University of Guelph press release, “Neurons from the Parkinson’s patients and those in which the genetic risk factor was introduced were impaired at doses below the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s reported lowest observed effect level. Higher doses are needed to impair function in normal neurons.”
“People with a predisposition for Parkinson’s disease are more affected by these low level exposures to agrochemicals and therefore more likely to develop the disease,” said Ryan. “This is one of the reasons why some people living near agricultural areas are at a higher risk.”
Ryan stated that the findings indicate that the current acceptable levels of these two agrochemicals should be reassessed.
“This study shows that everyone is not equal, and these safety standards need to be updated in order to protect those who are more susceptible and may not even know it.”
This article was originally published by Natural Blaze


Diet: needs differ for every person, but in general, some of the best foods you should regularly eat include: Tofu, tempeh, and other soy-based products are excellent sources of protein and are healthy alternatives to meat. Healthy fats are a great addition to every meal because we need the fat to absorb some of the vitamins from our greens and beans. When faced with foods in the category, search.
A reduced-calorie eating plan that includes the right amounts of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats will also help you to lose weight. All meals are created by a chef and approved by their nutritionist. Wrap vegetables and seafood in rice and seaweed for a delicacy called sushi. Strive to consume foods from each group throughout the day. You'll be cutting your calories because you're not having the food as often. The food we eat and how we produce it determines the health.
Dried fruit is four times as sweet as its fresh equivalent, which is great if you've got an exercise class or a gym session planned for the afternoon. A balanced diet refers to balance of food groups or protein fat and carbohydrate, fluid, and calories. Diabetes, heart disease, high blood pressure, some cancers, gallstones and constipationimproves the immune.
Protein from animal products is the best as it contains the complete range of important amino acids, but meat consumers must know that red meat has high levels of saturated fat that can lead to heart problems and other heart-related diseases. An article published in The of in noted that consuming adequate nutrients is an important contributing factor in strengthening and maintaining your immune system, while not eating sufficient nutrients could impair and suppress immune system.
Too much salt can make you more at risk of high blood pressure and stroke. It is also found in biscuits, cakes, chocolate, toffees, takeaway foods, foods covered in batter and breadcrumbs as well as milk, cheese and yoghurt. They also contain calcium, which helps keep your bones healthy. Most nutrients are not stored in the body. It's also important to make sure your children's diet is well balanced Calories only come from food and only go through activity.
Not only that, but seafood's high in protein. There are many ways you can eat to support your heart health and all of them are simple variations on a common dietary theme. Curciferous vegetables really have it all: vitamins, fibre, and disease fighting phytochemicals. The best sources of micronutrients in our diets are fruits and vegetables. Grains like bread, rice, quinoa, and pasta are an excellent.
Visit our web for further information about healthy eating. But despite not having lost any weight, those who improved their diet experienced significant improvement in their symptoms, and one third of them experienced remission of their depressive disorder. Dive into our week-long healthy menu plans. Much of the energy in what we eat comes from carbohydrate. However, many.
Don't assume that healthy-sounding dishes are always your best option. Sweet potatoes belong to vitamin food since half a cup of cooked sweet potatoes has mcg of biotin. A gluten-free diet is the primary treatment for celiac disease people with celiac sprue may have difficulty absorbing nutrients and vitamins, some people with this condition may also need calcium, iron, and vitamin supplements.
If you feel hungry after activity, choose foods or drinks that are lower in calories, but still filling. Eating a wide variety of superfoods daily will satisfy nutrient requirements for optimal body functioning. You need to know the commonly used food groups in order to advise the people in your community on how to have a balanced.
Fruit and vegetables and protection against diseases. What the diet guru says: ‘Every phase of the plan is based on proven scientific principles and is a completely safe, natural way to lose weight,' say. The provides recommendations on saturated fats as well as on solid fats because its aim is to improve the health of the U. In advance of her on the seminar, she shared of her top tips for healthy, mindful eating. Limit as much as.


In laboratory studies, Johns Hopkins researchers say they have found that engineered stem cells from a patient’s own fat may have potential to deliver new treatments directly into the brain after surgical removal of a glioblastoma. The most common and aggressive form or brain tumor.
Currently, standard treatments for glioblastoma are chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery, but even a combination of all three rarely leads to more than 1.5 year survival after diagnosis. Glioblastoma tumor cells are particularly nimble, migrating across the entire brain and establishing new tumors. This migratory capability is thought to be a key reason for the low cure rate of this tumor type.
Called mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), these cells derived from fat tissue have an unexplained ability to seek out damaged cells, such as those involved with cancer. This ability can be utilized by clinicians to access parts of the brain where cancer cells can hide and proliferate anew. The researchers say harvesting MSCs from fat is less invasive and less expensive than getting them from bone marrow, a more commonly studied method.
For their test-tube experiments, Dr. Quinones-Hinojosa and his colleagues bought human MSCs derived from fat. They engineered these MSCs to secrete a protein, BMP4, which has been shown by other research groups to inhibit the malignant characteristics of brain cancer. Dr. Quinones-Hinojosa and his colleagues found that these engineered MSCs were able to chase down brain tumors and reduce the growth of the tumor.
While further studies are underway, it will be years before human trials on MSC delivery systems can begin. Ideally, if MSCs work, a patient with a glioblastoma would have some adipose tissue (fat) removed – from any number of locations I the body – a short time before surgery. The MSCs in the fat would be drawn out and manipulated in the lab to secret BMP4 or other cancer fighting agents. Then, after surgeons removed the rain tumor, they cold deposit these treatment-armed cells into the brain in the hopes that they would seek out and destroy the cancer cells.
Dr. Alfredo Quiñones-Hinojosa (often referred to as Dr. Q) was born in 1968 in a little village near Mexicali, Mexico. He spent his childhood in Mexico until came to the United States at the age of 19. Speaking no English at that time, he worked on farms outside of Fresno, California earning money to take English classes. From there he took classes at San Joaquin Delta College in California and earned his bachelor’s degree in psychology at the University of California, Berkeley with highest honors. Dr. Q went on to receive a medical degree from Harvard University, where he graduated cum laude, and completed his residency in neurosurgery at the University of California, San Francisco.
Dr. Q is now an internationally renowned neurosurgeon and neuroscientist who leads cutting edge research to cure brain cancer. Named as one of the 100 most influential Hispanics in 2008, Dr. Q was also selected by Popular Science magazine as one of their 6th Annual Brilliant Ten in their search for young genius influencing the course of science. He has also published an autobiography, “Becoming Dr. Q” about his journey from migrant farm worker to brain surgeon.
Dr. Q conducts numerous research efforts on elucidating the role of stem cells in the origin of brain tumors and the potential role stem cells can play in fighting brain cancer and regaining neurological function. He has received R01 funding from the National Institute of Health for his work with stem cells and cancer and his awards include also grants from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute Physician-Scientist Early Career Award, the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, an the Maryland Stem Cell Foundation . Dr. Q has given over 200 invited lectures nationally and internationally, including visiting professorships at several universities.


- 1 Who was Jairus the synagogue leader?
- 2 What is the name of the synagogue leader who comes to Jesus asking him to heal his daughter?
- 3 Who died and came back to life in the Bible?
- 4 Did Jesus raise the dead?
- 5 Who healed Peter’s mother in law?
- 6 Who was the first person Jesus brought back to life?
- 7 What does Talitha Cumi mean?
- 8 Where did Jesus go after he came back to life?
- 9 Who will enter heaven?
- 10 Who died and rose again apart from Jesus?
- 11 Why did Jesus cry when Lazarus died?
- 12 Who was Jesus betrayed by?
- 13 How many times was Jesus seen after the resurrection?
Who was Jairus the synagogue leader?
Jairus (Greek: Ἰάειρος, Iaeiros, from the Hebrew name Yair), a patron or ruler of a Galilee synagogue, had asked Jesus to heal his 12-year-old daughter. As they were traveling to Jairus’ house, a sick woman in the crowd touched Jesus’ cloak and was healed of her sickness.
What is the name of the synagogue leader who comes to Jesus asking him to heal his daughter?
Jairus, the official from the local synagogue, had heard about Jesus’ reputation as a miracle worker and begged him to cure his sick daughter. Jesus was on his way to Jairus’ house when he was interrupted by a woman who touched his cloak to cure her bleeding.
Who died and came back to life in the Bible?
The story of Lazarus is one of the most popular ones in the Bible. He was a close friend of Jesus Christ. Sadly, Lazarus of Bethany died two days after Jesus was told about his illness. He was later resurrected after being dead for four days.
Did Jesus raise the dead?
This is the first of three miracles of Jesus in the canonical gospels in which he raises the dead, the other two being the raising of Jairus’ daughter and of Lazarus.
Who healed Peter’s mother in law?
The Mighty Miracles Of Jesus Healing Of Simon Peter’s Mother-In-law. During His ministry, Jesus performed more than 40 miracles including healing the sick, changing the natural elements of nature and even raising people from the dead. A miracle is considered an event that occurs outside the bounds of natural law.
Who was the first person Jesus brought back to life?
The miraculous story of Lazarus being brought back to life by Jesus is known from the Gospel According to John (11:1–45). Lazarus of Bethany was the brother of Martha and Mary and lived at Bethany, near Jerusalem.
What does Talitha Cumi mean?
Talitha (Classical Syriac: ܛܠܝܼܬ݂ܵܐ/ܛܠܻܝܬ݂ܳܐ ṭlīṯā or ṭlīṯō) is an uncommon feminine name meaning ” little girl ” in Aramaic, given in reference to the Biblical story in the Gospel of Mark in which Jesus Christ was said to have resurrected a dead child with the words “Talitha cumi” or “Talitha kum” or “Talitha koum,”
Where did Jesus go after he came back to life?
In Acts of the Apostles, Jesus appeared to the apostles for forty days, and commanded them to stay in Jerusalem after which Jesus ascended to heaven, followed by the coming of the Holy Spirit at Pentecost, and the missionary task of the early church.
Who will enter heaven?
Jesus states in Matthew 7:21-23: “Not everyone who says to Me, ‘Lord, Lord,’ shall enter the kingdom of Heaven”, yet there are some who teach salvation by “faith only”, i.e. as long as someone believes, he/she will be saved.
Who died and rose again apart from Jesus?
Lazarus of Bethany, also known as Saint Lazarus, or Lazarus of the Four Days, venerated in the Eastern Orthodox Church as Righteous Lazarus, the Four-Days Dead, is the subject of a prominent sign of Jesus in the Gospel of John, in which Jesus restores him to life four days after his death.
Why did Jesus cry when Lazarus died?
The sorrow, sympathy, and compassion Jesus felt for all mankind. The rage he felt against the tyranny of death over mankind. Finally, at the graveside, he ” wept in sympathy with their sorrow over Lazarus ‘ death”.
Who was Jesus betrayed by?
As told in the New Testament Gospels, Judas betrayed Jesus for “30 pieces of silver,” identifying him with a kiss in front of Roman soldiers. Later the guilt-ridden Judas returns the bribe and commits suicide, according to the Bible. The Gospel of Judas, however, gives a very different account.
How many times was Jesus seen after the resurrection?
Matthew has two post-resurrection appearances, the first to Mary Magdalene and “the other Mary” at the tomb, and the second, based on Mark 16:7, to all the disciples on a mountain in Galilee, where Jesus claims authority over heaven and Earth and commissions the disciples to preach the gospel to the whole world.


I wish taxpayers who begrudge our summer break could see all of the June posts popping up on Facebook as World Language Teachers research and plan for the new school year.
Many posts ask how to make a level one class 100% comprehensible so that both teachers and students can stay in the target language.
I’ve always addressed this in pieces but it’s time to put it all three steps together as teachers recharge and envision the way they want their classes to run.
Incorporate these three steps and you will have your 90% Target Language class . . . and superior classroom management.
- Make a daily tech guide – it can be in PPT, ActiveInspire, Classflow, SmartNotebook, GoogleSlides, whatever works for you.
Create a slide for each activity and use a remote presentation device or remote mouse so you can click through the slides from any spot in the room, say near the students who go off task most frequently. Click here to download the first day and see videos of the first week to give you an idea.
Other bundles are also Spanish Lessons here..
2. Use transition videos before each slide to keep the students on task and in the target language.
3. Use direct instruction to teach students 50 survival phrases set to music. Include the matching posters and desk reference sheet – focusing on the student – to – student slides so that they know how to talk to one another in the target language.


A bird’s blind spot may be directly related to beak size
Like many vertebrates – excluding humans – a bird’s eyes are located on the sides of its head. This anatomical specificity is believed to have several functions, including increased depth perception and greater visual coverage. However, not much has been known about the purpose of the blind spot in front of a bird’s head… until now.
Researchers Luke Tyrrell and Esteban Fernández-Juricic from Purdue University published a study on Wednesday in the open-access journal PLOS ONE. In this study, they found that birds with longer beaks had a larger blind spot in front of their heads, which correlates to a narrower field of binocular vision.
Binocular vision refers to vision that uses two eyes with overlapping fields of view, which allows for good depth perception. This is useful for a creature that might need to snatch an insect out of the air or land on a tiny branch without impaling itself.
In making this discovery, the researchers went through published data on the visual fields of 40 species of birds, and measured the beaks and skulls of museum specimens. Their findings suggest that the size of the blind area and the visibility of the beak play an important role in a bird’s vision.
Furthermore, Tyrrell believes, “The evolution of binocular vision in birds appears to be driven, in part, by a blind area in front of the head.” This finding will help scientists better understand how individual species of birds use sight to their advantage, and how they progressed evolutionarily.
By Connor Ertz, Earth.com Staff Writer
Source: PLOS ONE


50,000 Australians visit hospital due to burns each year
The kitchen is the most dangerous room in the house for burns
60 degree water can burn a child’s skin in only a second
When exposed to fire, hot liquids or steam, or certain chemicals, your skin becomes damaged and its cells around the injured area die. Burns range from mild to severe – depending on how many layers of skin are damaged and how much of your body is affected. They cause redness, inflammation and blisters – and may lead to permanent scarring.
Call for medical assistance immediately after any serious or extensive burn.
To avoid tissue damage, treat any burn straight away with a burn gel-infused dressing. This non-adherent dressing is non-toxic and the rapid cooling helps to relieve pain. It also hydrates the burn site, which encourages faster healing.
Watch the video to learn how to apply a burn gen-infused dressing.
For effective healing and to prevent infection, it’s important to properly cover a burn with a sterile waterproof dressing – which acts as an antibacterial barrier. It allows the wearer to shower without needing to redress and can be kept in place for up to 7 days.
Watch the video to learn how to apply a waterproof film dressing.
Degrees of a burn refers to how much damage it’s done to the layers of skin, so how much damage does each degree do?
1st degree burn
Affects the top layer of skin only.
2nd degree burn
Damages the top layer of skin and the dermis underneath. Will blister and be sorer to the touch.
3rd degree burn
Destroys two layers of your skin completely and damages nerve endings.
4th degree burn
Catastrophically damages skin and muscles or tendons. Can be life threatening.


If you had to estimate the amount of time you spent a day on digital devices, could you do it? What about, say, your kids? If your answer to either starts with some hesitation, don’t worry. It’s not easy to track deliberate usage of our digital devices – for example, to watch a movie – let alone incidental usage, every time we check our messages or reply to emails. Research finds that parents might be incorrectly estimating their children’s screen time.
How far were parents incorrectly estimating their children’s screen time?
It’d be even harder to estimate these numbers for our kids, especially when we don’t have the luxury of being beside them 24/7. A study published in 2020 reveals that, among a sample of 346 parents and guardians of children aged 3 to 5, around 70% either over or underestimated their child’s mobile device usage. The average amount that parents got it wrong by was 60 minutes and over, as compared to an app that monitors what mobile applications are being used, and for how long.
Thankfully, the study found that parents tended to overreport the time their child spent on mobile devices if their actual time was less than an hour. However, close to 60% of children whose parents or guardians took part in the study used their digital mobile devices for more than an hour a day. An hour isn’t a small amount of time – after all, we’ve only got 24 of them in a day. Shockingly, some 15% of children logged over four hours of usage a day. Just make sure they aren’t addicted!
With that much technology used every day, it’s no wonder parents are finding it difficult to accurately gauge their child’s usage. As we mentioned, incidental usage in short bursts was highlighted by researchers as one of the reasons why it’s difficult for parents to keep track of their child’s usage.
Further than that, it reveals how inaccurate our estimations tend to be. It’s important to note that if parents were aware that their child’s mobile device usage was being monitored they may have changed their usage patterns accordingly. It’s therefore unlikely that most parents would be significantly more accurate than what’s been reported here.
How can parents accurately track screen time then?
To help you monitor your children’s screen time when you can’t, look to the planoApp. Among encouraging other eye-healthy behaviours like keeping a suitable distance from one’s digital devices and finding a suitably-lit working environment, the planoApp’s child activity report yields a detailed breakdown of exactly when, and for what, your child is using their mobile device, taking the guesswork out of the equation.


The D’Hondt effects, explains German Rojas, an expert in electoral mathematics plays in favor of the great strengths and is reflected in the composition of the current legislature. In 2013, 100 of the 137 legislators of the Alianza Pais (AP) party won, resulting this in an absolute majority. In districts 1, 2 and 3 of the Pichincha province 11 parties participated and ten parties participated in District 4. In total, AP reached 13 of 16 seats in the province. Although in any district it obtained more than 57% of votes, it reached 81% of the seats. The same happened in other regions. The clearest example is Azuay, where AP won 56% of votes. 12 parties participated but none of the other 11 reached even 10% of the ballot.


Barium tests are used to help see the outline of the upper parts of the gut (gastrointestinal tract) such as the gullet (oesophagus), stomach and upper gut (small intestines).
Note: the information below is a general guide only. The arrangements, and the way tests are performed, may vary between different hospitals. Always follow the instructions given by your doctor or local hospital.
The gut (gastrointestinal tract) does not show up very well on ordinary X-ray pictures. However, if you drink a white liquid that contains a chemical called barium sulphate, the outline of the upper parts of the gut (oesophagus, stomach and small intestines) shows up clearly on X-ray pictures. This is because X-rays do not pass through barium.
Depending on what part of your gut is being looked at, you may have one or more of the tests listed below. In each test, the barium coats the lining of the gut being tested. Therefore, abnormalities in the lining or structure of the gut can be seen on the X-ray pictures.
In each of the following tests, several X-ray pictures are taken using low-dose X-rays. The total amount of radiation for each test is quite small and thought to be safe. The X-ray machine is usually linked to a TV monitor. Still pictures, or a video recording of X-ray pictures taken in quick succession, can be taken if necessary.
In this test you drink some barium liquid. The barium liquid is often fruit-flavoured so it is pleasant to drink. You stand in front of an X-ray machine whilst X-ray pictures are taken as you swallow. This test aims to look for problems in the gullet (oesophagus). These include a narrowing (stricture), hiatus hernias, tumours, reflux from the stomach, disorders of swallowing, etc. You will usually be asked not to eat or drink for a few hours before this test. A barium swallow test takes about 10 minutes.
This is similar to a barium swallow (above) but aims to look for problems in the stomach and duodenum such as ulcers, polyps, tumours, etc. You drink some barium liquid, but you then lie on a couch whilst X-ray pictures are taken over your abdomen. It may take a little longer to do than a barium swallow.
So that the barium coats all around the lining of the stomach, the doctor doing the test (radiologist) may do one or more of the following:
Ask you to swallow some bicarbonate powder and citric acid before swallowing the barium. These 'fizz up' when they mix in the stomach and make some gas. (You may have to resist the urge to burp.) The gas expands the stomach and duodenum and also pushes the barium to coat the lining of the stomach and duodenum. This makes the X-ray pictures much clearer. It is the shape and contours of the lining of the stomach and duodenum which need to be seen most clearly on the pictures.
Ask you to turn over on to your stomach on the couch. Various X-ray pictures may be taken whilst you are in different positions.
Give you an injection of a drug that makes the muscles in the stomach and gut relax.
You will usually be asked not to eat anything for several hours before this test. (Food particles in the gut can make it difficult to interpret the X-rays.) However, you may be allowed sips of water up to two hours before the test.
This test is similar to a barium meal but aims to look for problems in the small intestine. Therefore, you drink the barium liquid but then need to wait 10-15 minutes before any X-rays are taken. This allows time for the barium to reach the small intestine. You may then have an X-ray every 30 minutes or so until the barium is seen to have gone through all the small intestine and reached the large intestine (colon).
This test is similar to a barium follow through. However, instead of drinking the barium liquid, a thin tube is passed down your gullet (oesophagus), through the stomach and into the first part of the small intestine. Barium liquid is then poured down the tube. This test is not commonly done, but can give some different information about the small intestine to the tests above.
This is a test to take X-ray pictures of the colon. See separate leaflet called Barium Enema.
This will depend on which of the tests listed above you need to have. Your local hospital will give you advice on what to do before the procedure.


The Helping Your Child in S4 Evening, held on 3 November 2016, was designed to support parents and pupils with S4 attainment. There were three workshops delivered touching on important areas of focus for S4 pupils.
Mr Munogee led a workshop designed to inform parents and pupils of effective study strategies. His presentation also takes a solution focused approach to some of the barriers S4 pupils might experience when studying.
Mr Falconer delivered a question and answer session about the National 4 and 5 qualifications. This allowed parents the opportunity to ask questions about course structures and the type of work expected of their children. Mr Falconer also spoke to the parents about “Growth Mindset” and the importance of young people being resilient learners.
Mrs Watson presented a strategy that could be employed by parents to support their child’s learning. She discussed the importance of pupils having an independent and reflective approach to their learning, whereby they are honest with themselves if something has not been understood or has to be re-learned and they then take the necessary steps to tackle that area; either by approaching a teacher or by studying at home. She then went on to explain how parents could be part of their child’s learning by keeping a Learning Log with their child and discussing and checking their child’s learning with them.
The presentations above and support booklet (below) should allow any parents who were unable to attend on the 3 November 2016, a chance to access the information delivered at the S4 evening. It may also be useful to recap on the information from that evening for those parents and pupils who did come along.
Thank you to those who were able to attend the meeting, your support is very much appreciated.


Featured Archive Item
On October 16, 1908, cowboy showman and kite enthusiast Samuel Franklin Cody became the first man in England to achieve self-sustained manned flight. To honor one of the kiting world’s most famous and certainly most illustrious personalities, the Drachen Foundation will be using this “Featured Archive” column to highlight some of the Cody items it houses in its archive.
This month focuses on a model of a Cody war kite, purchased by Executive Director Ali Fujino at the Sotheby’s auction of the S.F.C. Cody Archive. It was purchased grouped together with samples of fabrics used in kite construction, a sales brochure for the Cody War Kite and two copies of an advertising leaflet for Pearson’s Magazine entitled The Kite That Lifts a Man.
The model (25 cm wide by 15 cm long) is composed of card, wood and thread, and is complete with a hand carved lifting basket. On the front and the back of the kite sail, one can see the hand drawn pencil lines the maker used as guidelines. Only a minor amount of wear has damaged this early-1900’s model, as the kite is intact but for a detached back-right spar. Also, the glue used for affixation appears to have discolored the cardstock.
Cody’s purpose in having this model created is unclear, although speculation is that it was a promotional model created to show others the simplicity of his man-lifting system. This speculation is supported by the detail attended to the model—even the basket’s woven detail is hand-drawn in with pencil.
Both the brochure—written by Cody himself—and the Pearson’s Magazine leaflet included in the sale of this artifact promote the use of “the kite that lifts a man.” Together, they document Cody’s ambition “to play an important part in the complete conquest of the air.”
For more information about and images of this archive item, please email email@example.com .
Oaxaca's Day of the Dead Takes Flight
In collaboration with celebrated Oaxacan museums, the Drachen Foundation is organizing a celebration of arts, kites, and culture in Oaxaca, Mexico, for the Day of the Dead 2008.
2007 JKA Fall Meeting, Aomori, Japan
On the northernmost tip of Japan's Honshu Island, in Fujisaki, Aomori, I and fellow Drachen board member Jose Sainz were the guests of Japan Kite Association President Masaaki Modegi at the JKA Fall meeting .
DF Celebrates Drachen Kite Journal
After 11 years and 25 issues, the journal team of Drachen says goodbye to our readers with this final issue. Under the research and journalistic expertise of Ben Ruhe, we have enjoyed learning new and exciting about the world of kites, its cultures and its people. Without fear and always with great enthusiasm, Ben has traveled more than four times around the world and visited almost every corner of kiting history, culture, art and sport. He yielded to no boundary—whether it geographic or political. He explored areas in kiting that hadn’t yet been touched, made many friends for Drachen and exposed many to kiting.
Throughout this time, little information about Ben himself has been given to the journal’s readers. A professional journalist with some of the best US newspapers, he took time off to vagabond around the world. He visited castles, kings and monks, never afraid to take colorful jobs when he needed money. After his world travels, he settled back in the nation’s capitol, Washington D.C., as an information specialist for the Smithsonian Institution. Beside his job at the Smithsonian, he gave much time to a personal passion for the boomerang (another object that flies.) Interestingly, this passion gave him much of the background to go on and report on the world of kites.
Ben was an important confidante and advisor to me before the Drachen Foundation had been born. I had traveled with Drachen administrator Ali Fujino to Ben’s Washington D.C. apartment to talk about book possibilities. Nothing came of that, but I got a glimpse of this mildly eccentric and wonderful man.
After closely examining every surface in the apartment, it was obvious that Ben was a voracious collector. More importantly, he had a variety of interests unlike anyone else—primitive spear points, modern art, boogie-woogie piano, and (his direct link to flying objects) boomerangs! A lasting memory from that visit was a visit to his artist friend’s apartment to see, first, his collection of art, but more importantly, his collection of marbles. Marbles! From then on, collecting, creating, and promoting kites seemed nothing more than mainstream to me.
When the Foundation was born, Kitelines Magazine was ending its great run and German and French kite magazines were coming and going; it was understood that a publishing arm would be a part of Drachen’s functions. When we established the Drachen Foundation Kite Journal to this end, it was understood that Ben would be its editor and primary writer.
Ben helped to define the Foundation’s mission, and his legacy is the volume of original material contained in the Journal section of the Foundation’s website. He leaves us to begin another frontier, immortalized in a film documentary as the guru of boomerangs and will be a consultant for the film.
Ben Ruhe has been an indispensable part of the Drachen Foundation and has helped us to strive to always work harder. Our final issue is dedicated as a tribute to his work.
I cannot thank you enough, Ben.
New Drachen Foundation Publications
The Drachen Foundation issues and offers a variety of publications, from scholarly studies of kite topics to overviews of kite cultures, pamphlets documenting special projects and special art “coffee table” books. Drachen has recently added two very special publications to its online store.
India: Kite’s Eye View (sorry, no longer available in the Drachen store)
By Nico Chorier
Offering majestic views of India captured through kite aerial photography, Nico Chorier’s new photography book India: Kite’s Eye View offers captivating documentation of India. Chorier’s unique images allow the viewer to appreciate the distinctiveness of Indian geography, archeology and humanity of this vast country.
A full time professional kite aerial photographer, Chorier has wandered the world, capturing wonderful close-up views of the Taj Majal in, photographing whales in India, agricultural projects in Brazil and archeological sites in France.
Paper in Flight
By Drachen Foundation
What happens when you gather some of the best kite artists and turn them loose in the traditional paper making regions of Japan? Paper takes flight. This new publication from the Drachen Foundation gives a personal view of these artists as they are mentored in the appreciation of Japanese paper making and in joining these materials and their talent with the culture of Japan as their muse. Detailing a collaboration of kite artists István Bodóczky, Anna Rubin, Scott Skinner, Robert Trepanier, Nobuhiko Yoshizumi and their workshop guests Anthony Bodóczky, Eveline Bischof, Alessia Marrocu and Daniela Zitzmann, the process and results are documented in this colorful book.


A quick and easy wax-dye art activity for kids.
Wax and Dye Pictures
You will need
1. Let your child draw picture outlines with the wax crayons or alternatively, you draw a simple picture for your child.
2. Paint over the drawing with some diluted food coloring or dye.
Ideas for Wax-dye Art pictures
Preschool Bible Craft - Golgotha Silhouette
You will need
Easy crafts for kids submitted by visitors to this site.
You are invited to upload a pic and share your kids' craft activities too!
A comprehensive list of preschool crafts listed in four categories: painting, drawing, cutting and pasting, and modelling and construction activities for kids.
Enjoy this collection of printable crafts, including an alphabet coloring book, story-based lapbooks for children and other easy art projects.
Explore some easy Christams craft ideas for kids to make gifts and decorations for the festive season.
Christian Bible-based activities and Easter crafts for kids including recipes, art activities, Easter coloring pages, Easter poems/songs, background about Easter and the first Passover and more.
New! CommentsHave your say! Leave a comment in the box below.
Ocean Theme Lapbook
Use this preschool ocean theme lapbook based on A House for Hermit Crab by Eric Carle to enhance your studies of marine life.
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All Rights Reserved.


Did your grandparents have food allergies? Mine sure didn’t. A stark comparison to the growing epidemic of food allergies, worsening with every generation.
So why didn’t your grandparents have food allergies? It’s really quite simple…
1) They ate seasonal real food.
Food came from farms and small markets in the early 1900’s, and because food preservatives were not widely used yet, food was fresh. Because of the lack of processed food, their diets were nutrient dense, allowing them to get the nutrition they needed from their food.
For babies, breast milk was valued and it was always in season.
2) They didn’t diet, and play restrictive games with their body and metabolism. They ate food when food was available.
Our grandparents did not fall victim to fad diets, food marketing, calorie counting, and other detrimental dieting habits that are popular today (in part because the marketing infrastructure didn’t exist yet). Because of this, they had a healthy metabolism, and ate according to their body’s needs and cravings.
3) They cooked food at home, using traditional preparation methods from scratch.
Buying processed food was not an option, and eating out was a rare luxury. Lucky for our grandparents, these habits actually increased their health.
4) They didn’t eat GMOs, food additives, stabilizers and thickeners.
Food was not yet treated with additives, antibiotics and hormones to help preserve shelf life and pad the pockets of food producers in the early 1900’s at the expense of the consumer’s health.
5) They ate the whole animal, which included mineral-rich bone broths and organ meats.
Animal bones were saved or bought to make broths and soups, and organ meats always had a special place at the dinner table. These foods were valued for their medicinal properties, and never went to waste.
6) They didn’t go to the doctor when they felt sick or take prescription medications. Doctor visits were saved for accidental injuries and life threatening illness.
When they got a fever, they waited it out. When they felt sick, they ate soups, broths, and got lots of rest. They did not have their doctor or nurse on speed dial, and they trusted the body’s natural healing process a whole lot more than we do today. Their food was medicine, whether they realized it or not.
7) They spent lots of time outside.
Our grandparents didn’t have the choice to stay inside and play on their phones, computers and gaming systems. They played on the original play-station: bikes, swing-sets and good ol’ mother nature!
And what do these things have to do with food allergies?
Nutrition affects EVERY cell in our body. The health of our cells is dependent on diet and lifestyle. Cells create tissues, tissues create organs, and we are made up of a system of organs. If your nutrition is inadequate, the integrity of each cell, tissue and organ in your body will suffer, thus you may be MORE sensitive to certain foods.
What do you think? Please share in the comments!


5 June 2013
1888, FRAME STAMPED WITH THE KIEV PECHERSK LAVRA MARKS IN CYRILLIC, 1885 AND 1886, 84 STANDARD, SILVER PLAQUE FURTHER STAMPED WITH THE KIEV PECHERSK LAVRA MARK, 84 STANDARD.
35 by 26 cm.
Provenance: Sold to the West from the Gatchina Palace and Museum through the All-Union Society Antikvariat in 1928-1934.
Private collection, Europe.
Related Literature: For similar icons dedicated to the 1888 event, see Auction Catalogue, Russian Art, Icons and Works of Art, MacDougall's, 28 November 2012, p. 340, lot 507.
This icon commemorates the occasion when Emperor Alexander III and his family were saved from a train crash on 17th October, 1888. On this day, ten of the fifteen coaches of the Imperial train were derailed close to Borki station, near Kharkov. Sixty eight passengers were injured and twenty one killed. The fact that the entire Imperial family escaped unharmed was regarded as a miracle. The date of 17th October was declared a national holiday; the Holy Synod ordered a Solemn Liturgy and prayers to be offered in every Orthodox church; chapels were built and icons created.
Icons commemorating the events of 17th October 1888 usually depicted the namesake saints of the Tsar’s family members – or the Holy Prophet Hosea and St Andrew of Crete, whose Feast days were jointly celebrated on this date. As distinct from other icons dedicated to the same miracle, our image is composed of symbols. At the centre, the Theotokos holds the Protecting Veil, symbolising miraculous protection for the Imperial family. Above, is the New Testament Trinity and in the foreground are the Venerable Martyr, St. Andrew of Crete and the Prophet Hosea. On the lower border is the inscription: “Depiction of the Saints celebrated on 17th October”. The texts on the scrolls are from the writings of the two holy men and highly appropriate to the miraculous event: on St Andrew’s scroll are the first words from his Great Canon “The Lord has become a help and protector for my salvation” and the verse on Prophet Hosea’s scroll is about the powerlessness of Hell before God and the promise of eternal life: “I will ransom them from the power of hell; I will redeem them from death” (Hosea 13:14). Of further significance is the depiction of the icon of Christ of Edessa held by St. Andrew – a direct reference to the icon that had been on board the train at the time and which became linked to the Imperial miracle.
Our icon is strikingly distinguished by the Tsar’s family depicted in silhouette form in the central background, between the two saints. Despite the sketchiness, seven figures are recognisable: Alexander III (centre), the Empress Maria Feodorovna (right), Grand Duke Georgiy and the Tsarevich Nikolai – the future Nicholas II – (left), Grand Duchess Xenia (extreme right) and the little figures of Grand Duchess Olga and Grand Duke Mikhail (front right). These same characters were depicted on the medal In Commemoration of the Miraculous Deliverance of the Tsar’s Family on 17 October 1888, designed by A. Grilikhis and issued by the St Petersburg mint. A silver memorial plate on the reverse of the icon testifies that it was specifically painted for presentation to Emperor Alexander III: “Earnest offering of the Kiev Pechersk Lavra to the Most Pious Lord Emperor Alexander Alexandrovich III in memory of the miraculous deliverance of His Majesty and his Most August Family from very great danger on the railway 17th October 1888. Platon, Metropolitan of Kiev.” Thus, this icon – aside from its “historical” subject matter – is also connected with one of the oldest and foremost centres of Orthodoxy, the Kiev Pechersk Lavra. To judge by certain artistic characterisitics of the icon, it may have been commissioned in St Petersburg from the famous Peshekhonov Workshop, particularly if its long-standing connections with Kiev are taken into account (in 1843-1853, M.S. Peshekhonov restored frescoes at the St Sophia’s Cathedral, Kiev).
The icon was reproduced by E.I. Fesenko’s Chromolithography in Odessa, 1895. The image caption reads: “A copy of the icon, presented to the Emperor Alexander Alexandrovich III by the Kiev metropolitan Platon in commemoration of the miraculous escape of His Majesty and the august family from the great danger on railway on 17 October 1888”. This plate was included in the Album of Reproductions of Sacred Icons, published by E.I. Fesenko’s Chromolithography in 1897. Repeated reproductions of the present lot are evidence that the icon was considered as a model for prayerful remembrance of the miraculous rescue of the Tsar’s family in 1888.
The icon is a genuinely historic artefact and of special significance in the year when the House of Romanov's quatercentenary is celebrated.
Notes on symbols:
* Indicates 5% Import Duty Charge applies.
Ω Indicates 20% Import Duty Charge applies.
§ Indicates Artist's Resale Right applies.
† Indicates Standard VAT scheme applies, and the rate of 20% VAT will be charged on both hammer price and premium.


QGIS is an excellent piece of free GIS software. This tutorial explains how to use Site Scan and QGIS together to generate topo/contour plots for earthwork, client updates, planning civil work, and accurately estimating jobs.
5. Now, create contours by navigating to the Contour tool via Raster>Extraction>Contour.
In the Contour dialog box, select the newly created clipped raster as the input and select an output filename and file type.
You can produce contour/topos in the following formats:
In a couple seconds, the contour shapefile will be created.
6. Right click the newly created file which now appears in the Layers window and select “Save As”
Once saved, you can use this file in whatever planning or earth work program you need.
7. To create a KML file for viewing in Google Earth, select “Keyhole Markup Language” as the output format, and select a filename for the output file.
8. Open resulting KML file in Google Earth!


Solution heat treated and stabilized
Solution heat treated, cold worked and then artificially aged
Solution heat treated, artificially aged and then cold worked
Artificially aged and then cold worked
Strain hardened only
Strain hardened and partially annealed
Strain hardened and stabilized
Added suffix digits 2, 4, 6, B, to the H1, H2, H3 symbols indicate the degree of strain hardening ,i.e., 2=1/4 hard, 4=1/2
hard, 6r 3/4 hard, and 8= full hard.
4-13. SAFETY REQUIREMENTS FOR HANDLING AND FABRICATION OF MAGNESIUM ALLOYS.
4-14. There are two special major areas of safety precautions to observe in processing of magnesium alloys other than
general shop safety practices. One is the fact some alloys contain thorium, a radioactive element (e.g., HK31A, HM21A,
HM31A) and the other is the low melting point/rapid oxidation (fire hazard) characteristics of the metal. Where the
application of heat is to be made to a thorium alloy, both of these areas must be considered.
Magnesium thorium alloys shall be handled, stored and disposed of in accordance with T.O. 00-110N-4.
4-15. MAGNESIUM-THORIUM ALLOYS (HK31, HM21, HM31, HZ32, ZH42, ZH62) are mildly radioactive but are within
the safe limits set by the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) and represent no hazard to personnel under normal
conditions. A standard of 0.1 milligram per cubic meter (mg/m3) of thorium in air is a safe limit for continuous
atmospheric exposure and is readily met in processing magnesium alloys cont2ining up to 10% thorium, For Example:
Stirring alloy melt of 5% thorium content resulted in 0.002 mg/m3 atmospheric contamination and grinding air alloy of 3%
thorium content gave thorium contamination in the breathing zone ranging from 0.008 to 0.035 mg/m3. Only long
exposure to fine dust or fumes need cause concern as to radioactive toxicity of magnesium thorium. Normal dust control
precautions, followed to avoid fire hazards, can be expected to control any health hazards that might result from fine dust
in grinding the low thorium content alloys. In welding these alloys without local exhaust, concentrations of thorium above
the tentative limitof0.1 mg/m3of air were found in the breathing zone. Use of local exhaust reduced thorium
concentrations to well within acceptable limits. If ventilation is such that the visible fumes flow away from the welder, it is
adequate, providing such fumes are not permitted to accumulate in the immediate vicinity. An alternate practice
involves use of a ventilated welder's hood, if there is not sufficient room ventilation to control contamination of the
general atmosphere. Thorium containing scrap and wet grinding sludge may be disposed of by burning providing an
ABC amendment is secured for the basic AEC license. If burned, the ashes which will then contain the thorium, must be
disposed of in accordance with AEC Standards for Protection Against Radiation 10 CFR Part 20. As an alternative the
ashes or scrap may be turned over to an AEC licensed scrap dealer, through applicable disposal procedures. See T.O.
4-16. For indoor storage of thorium alloy sheets and plates, the size of stacks should be limited to 1000 cubic feet with
an aisle width not less than one-half the stack's height. Such storage is within the normal recommendations for fire
4-17. Radiation surveys have shown that exposure of workers handling the referenced thorium alloys is well within the
safe limits set by the AEC. Assuming hand contact, the body one foot away from the alloy for an entire 40 hour work
week, the exposure would be 168 millirems (mr) to the hands and 72 mr to the whole body. These are maximum values
which probably would not be approached in actual practice. The corresponding AEC permissible safe limits are 1500
mr/week for the hands and 300 mr/week for the whole body.
4-18. Despite the relative safety present in the handling, storage and processing of thorium containing alloys, it is
mandatory that all such actions be made according to the requirements and restrictions of the 00-100 series technical
orders, as applicable, and ABC regulations. As previously stated, the normal precautions taken in the shop processing of
magnesium will suffice for safe handing of thorium alloys. These precautions are noted in the following paragraphs on
4-19. SAFETY PRECAUTIONS FOR ALL ALLOYS (INCLUDING FIRE HAZARDS).
4-20. Since magnesium will ignite and burn fiercely when heated to a point near its melting temperature, certain
precautions should be taken during working of it.
4-21. Machining Safety Rules. During machining operations, observance of the following rules will control any potential
Keep all cutting tools sharp and ground with adequate relief and clearance angles.
Use heavy feeds to produce thick chips.


In our continuing effort to enable the DIYer to build his own Air Data Computer, we’ve organized some code into a microcontroller-oriented standard library. The code is intended for the Teensy and Arduino boards. To let the user understand how the library can be used, we have prepared some fully working examples ([download id=”2584″] ).
This article presents the installation and operation of the library for a Teensy 3.1/3.2 board as a temperature logger.
Main functions of the logger
This temperature logger is able to:
- Record temperature readings to a Secure Digital (SD) memory card, as well as forward the measurements via USB
- Accompany the recordings with a corresponding time stamp
- Calculate certain physical properties of dry air using the AirDC library
Each data packet contains the following information:
- Air density,
- Air temperature ()
- Air temperature ()
- Air temperature measurement uncertainty ( )
- Reference pressure ()
- Viscosity ()
- Timestamp (year, month, day, hour, minute, second)
- Program execution time ()
Prerequisites and Components
To build a logger identical to the one presented, you will need the following hardware and software and basic soldering skills.
- 1 x Teensy 3.1/3.2 microcontroller (Figure 4, pinout information)
- 1 x DS18B20 temperature sensor, a low sampling rate digital temperature sensor from Maxim with a nominal accuracy of 0.5 (Figure 5)
- 1 x Portable, battery powered USB charger with microUSB plug (Figure 6)
- Some thin, multi-strand wire
- 1 x 32.768Hz quartz crystal, to enable the real time clock operation of the Teensy (RTC) (Figure 7)
- 1 x SD Card Adaptor for Teensy and SD card (Figure 9)
- 1 x 4.7kΩ/0.25W resistor, regardless of accuracy
- 1 x 3V coin battery and battery holder, to maintain RTC in case the USB charger is disconnected (Figure 8)
Download and install the latest public release of the AirDC Teensy library from our Github repository or here [download id=”2584″]. Once downloaded, place the whole AirDC folder within your Teenyduino libraries directory. Detailed third party libraries installation instructions for the Teensy/Arduino IDE can be found here.
If you want to keep your logger assembled and keep a small overall footprint, it is suggested that you solder every wire. Refer to Figure 9 for hints on soldering the SD Card Adaptor. Mounting the adaptor flush to the board will reduce the overall dimensions but soldering will be tricky. Instead, it is preferable to separate the adaptor from the Teensy board with pin header rows. There is also a relevant tutorial in the PJRC site. The adaptor schematics are available here.
Keep in mind that the USB cable might obstruct you from ejecting the SD card, if you solder the adaptor in the position shown in Figure 9.
The coin battery holder should be connected to Vbat (+) and to Ground (-) pins.
Three wires are required to be soldered between the temperature sensor and the Teensy board. Refer to the manufacturer datasheet. The following table describes the required connections.
Run the Code
You can run the sketch without an SD card: just set:
#define SDSAVE 0
within the example sketch.
The complete, ready-to-run sketch your logger is “BasicSDDataLogger.ino”, situated within the Example folder. You can also find it from within the Arduino IDE in Files > AirDC > Examples. There are a few basic parameters you can set to personalize your temperature recorder. Open the “BasicSDDataLogger.ino” sketch and modify the following parameters values to fit your requirements. First of all you can choose the sampling period. Set the variable ios to the desired value in seconds. The minimum value is 2 seconds.
The logger calculates (among others) the air density and viscosity and log the values to the SD card and the print them in the serial output. We only have a temperature sensor onboard, so during the calculations for the density and viscosity, the ambient pressure is assumed to be 101325Pa by default. The relative humidity value is set to 0%. Still, those pre-supposed values can be changed within the sketch to reflect the desired pressure value and humidity. Pressure is given in Pa and relative humidity is a value between 0 and 1.
You can use the logger with or without a RTC. To operate without a RTC (No quartz crystal, no coin battery) you first need to declare the absence of the RTC:
#define RTCPRESENT 0
and then your desired initial log timestamp:
setTime(23, 40, 15, 8, 1, 2016);
By the default, time is set to 23:59:55 and date to 31/12/2016.
To use the RTC functionality, be sure to leave the relevant line of code intact.
#define RTCPRESENT 1
A demo video of the code execution can be found here below. The real-time output in the serial port can be seen.
[youtube id=”S1dFmZvGPUA” align=”center” mode=”normal” maxwidth=”720″ grow=”yes”]
Configuring the RTC
The sketch will read the time from the RTC but is not able to setup the RTC time. To do so you can use the time library example File > Examples > Time > TimeTeensy3. You can configure the correct time and date and upload the logger sketch to the board afterwards. The RTC will maintain the correct time settings which will not be lost, as long as a battery is connected to the Teensy board
When you upload the code, the board will immediately logging values. You will notice the serial port blinking every time new data is sent over Serial. If you use an SD card, be sure to insert it prior to power on.
When you have finished data collection, unplug the power source from the board. Then, move the datalog.csv file from the SD card to your computer or any other convenient location. To plot, for example, temperature you can import the data file to Excel or LibreCalc. When you open the datalog.csv file from one of these applications, an import wizard will pop up. To convert the .csv file to LibreOffice or Excel select only comma (,) as separator for fields. With that conversion you can plot a graph similar to Figure 3 Suppose that every recorded measurement requires about 100 bytes of storage room on the SD (the size depends on measurement values) and the sampling period is 900 seconds. In one day the logger will write bytes. For every gigabyte of SD Card space, our logger can save 307 years of data. It’s apparent from this rough calculation that SD card capacity is not a critical design requirement for this device and application.
The employed temperature sensor has a “generous” measurement interval, in the order of 700ms. The measurement code is blocking (1000ms) and during that time the micro controller board is not executing other code. Consequently, this kind of sensor can be used only when fast response is not required from the program.
The sensor employed in our logger was shielded in a metal sheath, which can damp down the dynamic response of the sensor, in comparison to an unshielded sensor. The mass of the sheath implicates an increase in thermal inertia for the whole temperature probe, rendering any kind of fast dynamic application impossible. Considerations for sensor dynamics will be introduced when we deal with more demanding applications.


Life on Titan?
Titan, Saturn's largest moon, is a mysterious place. Its thick atmosphere is rich in organic compounds. Some of them would be signs of life if they were on our planet.
How do they form on Titan? Will they help us to discover how life began on Earth?
Titan's atmosphere is mostly nitrogen but there are also methane and many other organic compounds. Organic compounds form when sunlight destroys methane. If sunlight is continuously destroying methane, how is methane getting into the atmosphere?
On Earth today, it is life itself that refreshes the methane supply. Methane is a by-product of the metabolism of many organisms. On Earth, the simplest biological sources, such as those associated with peat bogs, rice fields and ruminant animals, continuously supply fresh gas to replace that destroyed by oxidation. Could this mean there is life on Titan?
Titan is not a pleasant place for life. It is far too cold for liquid water to exist, and all known forms of life need liquid water. Titan's surface is -180°C. According to one exotic theory, long ago, the impact of a meteorite, for example, might have provided enough heat to liquify water for perhaps a few hundred or thousand years.
However, it is unlikely that Titan is a site for life today. But scientists are still currently puzzled by the amount of methane that persists in Titan's atmosphere. Could there be oceans of methane on or under the surface?


By Jeffrey Zilahy
Do you're thinking that "math = extraordinary" is a real assertion? After examining this booklet, you may swap your solution to a certain. With "jargon avoidance" in brain, this leisure math publication promises the lowdown on why math is enjoyable, fascinating and proper in trendy society. meant for a person who's taken with math and the place it's circa 2010. This publication is much less considering exploring the mathematical information than it's with exploring the final impression of assorted discoveries and insights, and goals to be insightful, slicing edge-y and mathematically rigorous.
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Extra info for A Cultural Paradox: Fun in Mathematics
He also does not exhibit Savant traits, indeed it is postulated that he developed his skills through his genetics. If this is true, it could mean that more people will naturally develop "genius abilities" in the future. A bunch of Toothpicks 39 CH 16: History of the TOE and E8 It appears that the most famous genius to have lived, Albert Einstein, actually spent the majority of his professional life frustrated at how to reconcile his powerful theories of Relativity with those of Quantum Mechanics.
A bunch of Toothpicks 39 CH 16: History of the TOE and E8 It appears that the most famous genius to have lived, Albert Einstein, actually spent the majority of his professional life frustrated at how to reconcile his powerful theories of Relativity with those of Quantum Mechanics. While his theory was remarkably accurate in describing physics of the very large, his equations could not work in conjunction with physics of the very small. From this mathematical inconsistency, the quest of generations of brilliant scientists has been to determine what physical theory can explain both the large and small.
He is unique due to the fact that he never maintained a permanent residence, never married, never had kids, shunned worldly possessions and basically lived an entirely nomadic existence. He lived to be 83 years old and was a mathematician from a very early age. While his decision to live such a life probably has earned him a bit of a reputation as an eccentric, it also afforded him the opportunity to spend his long life dedicated entirely to mathematics and in the process become perhaps the most prolific mathematician ever in history as of this writing.
A Cultural Paradox: Fun in Mathematics by Jeffrey Zilahy


With the colder months approaching, critters living in urban areas like raccoons are looking for dry, warm spaces to curl up and settle down. Our heated homes are like an oasis to these animals during winter.
Before we get into how to deal with these creatures, let’s get acquainted with the raccoon itself. These animals are about the size of small dogs. They can weigh over 20 pounds and measure up to 95 centimeters long. Raccoons are extremely adaptable animals, and eat both vegetables and meat. They are agile, can run up to 24 kilometres per hour, and fall 11 to 12 meters without injury. In the wintertime, raccoons can lose up to 50% of their body weight. Female raccoons can give birth from between one and five babies, generally in April or May.
To keep raccoons out of your home this winter, here are a few useful tips from your local wildlife experts:
1.Secure all access points. Raccoons will scratch, claw, dig, and pry their way into your home. To prevent these fluffy, curious critters from getting into your house, be on the lookout for rotting siding or holes where through which your home can be accessed. Look for weakened structures in chimneys, decks, garages, attics, and basements.
2.Trim your trees. Raccoons are cunning, and will exploit any opportunity to reach your home. If a tree in your yard has branches long enough to reach your roof, you should consider cutting back the branches to prevent raccoons from accessing the top of your house. Fruit trees, especially, can encourage these pests to hang out around your home.
3.Rid your yard of food sources. You may not find frozen food appealing, but hungry raccoons will make a meal of it. To keep raccoons away, ensure your garbage containers are firmly shut or closed away in a lockable unit. Ensure that any pet food is kept inside.
4.Use light to your advantage. Raccoons are primarily nocturnal creatures. Keeping a well-lit backyard, or one with motion-sensor “predator” lights, might discourage raccoons from settling in on your property.
5.Contact a professional. If you feel like you’ve tried all possible options, but you’re still having raccoon trouble, contact a knowledgeable professional to help you deal with the problem. Raccoons can carry rabies, roundworm, and leptospirosis, all of which are transmittable to humans and pets.
Raccoons may look cute and relatively harmless, but they can do irreparable (not to mention expensive) damage to your home. To keep you and your family safe, scan the outside of your house for any openings, and ensure your yard contains no food.
If you have a raccoon problem that requires professional help, get in touch with the professionals at Raider Wildlife Control today.


Yoga Basics: What is Stretching?
Yoga is more than stretching. The definition of yoga is, in one word, is unity (of body, mind and spirit). Without discounting mind and spirit, understanding the physical aspect of yoga will enhance the overall experience of unity.
As you explore your body’s abilities on the yoga mat, you will undoubtedly experience the sensation of stretch. Stretching has many benefits including improved circulation, joint mobility and muscle elasticity. The common misunderstanding of yoga as merely “stretching” can lead to some not so smart or safe yoga practices. Understanding the science of stretching will improve your safety on the mat and your enjoyment.
Four Stretching Methods In Your Yoga Practice
There are several methods of stretching. These include:
Static is considered to be a passive stretch (muscles not active during stretch) but pushed to end range/tolerance.
Passive (or relaxed) stretching is a form of static stretching. However, with passive stretching, you relax into a pose letting your body weight, or gravity, stretch your muscles.
Active stretching is when you use antagonistic muscle groups (muscles that oppose the muscle you are stretching) or agonist (the muscle group you are stretching) to facilitate a reflexive response that neurologically relaxes the muscle you are stretching. Active stretching is accomplished by the voluntary use of one’s muscles without external aid.
Ballistic is dynamic bouncing in and out of stretches
These methods of stretching can be combined. A stretch can start out passive but then become active as you contract muscle groups while in a yoga pose. Or, you may actively move into a position and then use your hands to assist holding your leg in a position. No method is right or wrong, but active stretching and active assisted stretching tend to offer more control and can therefore be safer.
Why the Type of Stretching Matters in Yoga
When practicing yoga, it is important to move with control and to stay tuned to the sensations of the body. “No pain, no gain” is NOT a mantra of yoga. When doing static or passive stretching, it is useful to consider that we may be compressing a joint or straining a ligament which is usually accompanied by an unpleasant sensation. This is not generally a goal unless there is a therapeutic reason for doing so and you know what you are doing and why. More often a pleasant sensation of stretch in the center of a muscle is desired and therapeutic. This may seem obvious to some, but many people may feel that getting through the unpleasantness is part of the process. Perhaps this is true in rare cases, but for the most part, pain is a sign to back off.
How Hard Should I Push Myself in Yoga Poses?
It is generally not recommended to stretch a muscle at its tendon (its insertion point on a bone) or to stretch a ligament. This may happen if you push too hard, have weakness in a muscle, and/or lack the strength to control joint movement. Stretching a tendon doesn’t feel very good. If you find that certain poses result in discomfort despite your efforts to control the motion, you may need to work on muscle strength or modify until the sensation is less intense. Improving your body awareness and understanding your body’s limitations will help you determine when it’s safe to push, and when it’s smarter to yield.
Why am I so….Inflexible?
Limitations in flexibility are due to more than just muscle tightness, and include joint structure, ligaments, tendons, neural mobility and genetics1. In fact stretching does not necessarily lengthen muscle fibers. Improved flexibility and range of motion in joints is due to increased stretch tolerance rather than increased muscle length.
The word “tolerance” in this context means adaptation. To tolerate also means to accept and endure. Through practice, repetition and technique we learn to let go (rather than accept and endure) which creates a shift in not only our physiology, but perhaps also in the psyche. Flexibility is defined as range of motion in your joints, but also as the ability to bend without breaking, or willingness to compromise. To consider these polysemous words in the bigger context of yoga, we start to understand that practicing yoga embodies more than the physical.
Staying Safe in Yoga
The safest way to apply the principle of strength with flexibility is to stretch with the muscle around the joint while toned (in an active state). An example of this would be in Dhanurasana (Bow Pose). When you are on belly grasping ankles, you press the ankles into the hands to use the quadriceps (agonist) while you are stretching them. Likewise in Padangustasana (Hand-to-Foot Pose, mimicking a hamstring stretch) you activate the quadriceps (antagonist) to reciprocally relax the hamstrings. Actively moving into a pose and then gently contracting either the muscle(s) being stretched or the opposing muscles is the safest method of stretching. Passive stretching may be more intense, but is intensity necessary or safe?
Hatha yoga should be a balance between strength, flexibility and relaxation. An overly flexible muscle that has little strength may not function properly in everyday life. Similarly a very stiff muscle or joint may be unable to function properly. If we gently activate muscles while in stretching positions we protect the joints and we learn to respect our limitations and vulnerabilities at any given moment. The balance of wanting to go further and knowing when to stop is experienced, as is the understanding of what yoga is truly about. Now that is practicing smart, safe, yoga!
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Yoga basics: connective tissue, or fascia and stretching: explore more on this subject with YogaUOnline writer, Meagan McCrary.
Explore gentle and relaxing yoga stretching with YogaUOnline’s back to basics course: Healthy Back, Healthy Body: Yoga for Flexibility and Back Pain Relief.
Reprinted with permission from SmartSafeYoga.com
Christine Carr is the owner of Synergy Physical Therapy and Yoga, Inc. in Evergreen, Colorado. She incorporates both physical therapy and yoga in her work helping clients (synergyptyoga.com). She has been a physical therapist for 18 years and a yoga therapist for 11 years. Christine has studied with various yoga teachers and styles being drawn most to the Iyengar lineage and therapeutics in general. She now assists workshops in therapeutics for both the Professional Yoga Therapy Studies and Rachel Krentzman’s Yoga for a Happy Back Program. Her passion for learning and contributing to her field led her to Dr. Matthew Taylor, PT, PhD, E-RYT 500 for whom she is now contributing articles for his SMARTSAFE yoga blog.


Junior Solar Sprint Professional Development
Wednesday, March 4th from 9:00am - 12:00pm
Location: Cradle of Aviation
Description: Do you or your neighbors receive electricity for your home from solar panels?! Can you imagine cars running off the same panels?! The Junior Solar Sprint (JSS) incorporates uses solar technology to reinforce the need for renewable energy resources through engineering!
JSS challenges students to use their knowledge of science, creative thinking, and teamwork to design and build solar electric vehicles. Then, students will have the opportunity to race to the finish!
At our workshop, you’ll engineer your own solar car and learn how math is essential to building the most efficient solar vehicle!


Welcome to 4th Grade!
Discover what makes this year special, from world biomes dioramas and the Schooner Sultana, to St. Leonie Aviat's Mass and our spring show.
English Language Arts
Students focus on daily reading and writing. Instruction covers reading, writing, grammar, spelling, listening, and speaking.
Students are exposed to novels, short stories, articles, and the MacMillan/McGraw-Hill reading series, Treasures, from which reading strategies and vocabulary words are learned and applied. Weekly spelling, review, and challenge words are also an element of the program.
Focusing on the Six Traits of Writing: Ideas, Organization, Voice, Word Choice, Sentence Fluency & Conventions, and Presentation, students apply their writing skills to mini-lessons, grammar exercises, and a writing journal.
The backbone of the Singapore Math program is number sense instruction, model drawing, and mental math, which teaches students to progress from concrete to pictorial to abstract representations. Concepts covered include place value, comparing numbers, multiplying, dividing, fractions, decimals, line plots, calculating measures of central tendency (mean, median, mode, range), graphing, measuring angles using a protractor, and finding area and perimeter.
Students explore science through the LabLearner program. Units of study include: Microscopes & Magnification, Chemistry, Forms of Energy, Ecosystems & Adaptations, Light & Optics, and Nutrition. Investigations follow a pre-lab, hands-on lab study, and post-lab format.
Curriculum consists of the U. S. government, the five major regions of the United States, including their people and customs, early American history, a study of the state of Maryland and its Colonial history, and map studies. Students learn all 50 states & capitals, as well as their location on the map.
Through the series, Christ Our Life, students know, proclaim, and share the Catholic faith. Each lesson integrates Scripture, Catholic doctrine and tradition, as well as the Church's social teachings. The Sacraments are studied in depth, as well as the Commandments and the Beatitudes.