Oxytocin is a hormone produced by the hypothalamus and released by the pituitary gland that is commonly known as the “love hormone” due to its role in social bonding, trust, and social interaction. However, its functions go beyond that, and it plays an essential role in our mental and physical health. This article explores the wonders of oxytocin and its benefits.
Functions of Oxytocin
Oxytocin plays a crucial role in social bonding, helping to build trust and strengthen social connections. Positive interactions with others cause oxytocin to be released, making us feel more connected and bonded. This hormone also plays a crucial role in maternal behavior, facilitating the bond between a mother and her child.
Oxytocin reduces cortisol levels, a hormone released in response to stress, which can help calm us down and reduce anxiety and stress. Studies have shown that oxytocin can help reduce the negative effects of stress on the body, such as increased heart rate and blood pressure. In one study, researchers found that individuals who received intranasal oxytocin before a stress-inducing task had lower cortisol levels and reported feeling less stressed compared to those who received a placebo. This suggests that oxytocin supplementation may be a useful tool in managing stress and anxiety. However, further research is needed to determine the effectiveness of oxytocin supplementation for stress management, and it is important to note that oxytocin supplementation should only be done under the guidance of a healthcare professional.
Oxytocin has been found to be effective in reducing pain by decreasing the activity of pain receptors in the brain. It has also been shown to have a role in the perception and modulation of pain. Studies have found that oxytocin levels increase during childbirth, and it has been suggested that the hormone plays a role in the pain relief experienced during labor and delivery. During breastfeeding, oxytocin is released, which can lead to uterine contractions, helping to reduce bleeding and promote healing after childbirth. Overall, oxytocin plays a crucial role in the pain relief experienced during childbirth and can also help with pain relief in other situations.
Oxytocin has been found to be involved in the regulation of sexual behavior and sexual function. During sexual activity, oxytocin is released, leading to feelings of pleasure and bonding. The hormone has also been shown to have a role in the contraction of the uterus during labor and the production of breast milk during breastfeeding, which are essential for reproductive health. Additionally, research has suggested that oxytocin may play a role in sexual arousal, desire, and orgasm. In a study published in the journal Hormones and Behavior, intranasal oxytocin administration was found to increase sexual desire and arousal in women. Another study found that oxytocin administration increased the intensity of orgasms in men and women. While more research is needed in this area, these findings suggest that oxytocin may have potential as a treatment for sexual dysfunction.
Benefits of Oxytocin
Improved Mental Health
As oxytocin helps reduce stress and anxiety, it can lead to improved mental health. It can help with conditions such as depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Oxytocin has also been shown to improve social cognition, which can help people with conditions such as autism and schizophrenia.
Improved Social Skills
As oxytocin plays a crucial role in social interaction, it can help improve social skills. This hormone can help people feel more comfortable in social situations and improve their ability to read social cues.
The Pituitary: The Social-Psychological Role of Oxytocin
Research has shown that oxytocin and vasopressin, two pituitary neuropeptides, play a crucial role in social behavior and social cognition. Oxytocin and vasopressin are involved in various social interactions, including pair bonding, maternal behavior, and aggression.
Oxytocin has been found to increase trust and generosity in social situations, while vasopressin is associated with aggression and territorial behavior. Research has also shown that oxytocin can improve social cognition in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD).
The receptors for oxytocin and vasopressin are found in various brain regions involved in social behavior, including the amygdala, prefrontal cortex, and hypothalamus. These receptors are involved in regulating social behavior and cognition.
Understanding the role of oxytocin and vasopressin in social behavior and cognition is crucial for developing new treatments for conditions such as ASD, schizophrenia, and social anxiety disorder.
Oxytocin can also help with better sleep by reducing stress and anxiety levels, leading to a more restful night’s sleep. A study found that intranasal oxytocin improved sleep quality and reduced the time it takes to fall asleep.
A study published in the Journal of Psychopharmacology found that intranasal oxytocin administration improved sleep quality and reduced the time it takes to fall asleep. The study suggests that oxytocin may enhance sleep quality by reducing arousal levels and promoting relaxation. Additionally, oxytocin has been shown to increase the production of melatonin, a hormone that helps regulate sleep, which may also contribute to improved sleep quality. Overall, these findings suggest that oxytocin may play an important role in promoting better sleep and could be a potential treatment option for sleep disorders.
Improved Heart Health
Studies have found that oxytocin can help improve heart health by lowering blood pressure and reducing the risk of heart disease. A study found that oxytocin reduced systolic and diastolic blood pressure in individuals with hypertension.
Oxytocin and Atherosclerosis
Recent research has shown that oxytocin may have a positive effect on atherosclerosis, a condition in which the arteries become narrowed and hardened due to the buildup of plaque. Oxytocin has been found to reduce the levels of inflammatory markers in the blood, which can contribute to the development of atherosclerosis.
A study conducted on mice with atherosclerosis found that treatment with oxytocin led to a reduction in plaque buildup in the arteries. Oxytocin also helped to improve blood flow and reduce oxidative stress, which can contribute to the development of atherosclerosis.
While more research is needed to determine the exact mechanisms by which oxytocin affects atherosclerosis, these findings suggest that oxytocin could be a potential treatment option for this condition. However, it is important to note that further research is needed before oxytocin can be used as a standard treatment for atherosclerosis.
Researchers have explored the idea of oxytocin supplementation to reap the benefits of this hormone. While the results are still inconclusive, some studies have shown that oxytocin supplementation can help with conditions such as autism, schizophrenia, and social anxiety disorder. However, it is essential to note that oxytocin supplementation should only be done under the guidance of a healthcare professional, as it can have side effects and interact with other medications.
In conclusion, oxytocin is a remarkable hormone that plays a crucial role in our mental and physical health. From promoting social bonding to reducing stress and anxiety and improving heart health, oxytocin has a wide range of benefits. While oxytocin supplementation is still being studied, it is essential to remember that it should only be done under the guidance of a healthcare professional.
Have questions about oxytocin supplementation and/or your mental health? Call us today at: (844) 844-2981


As Breast Cancer Awareness Month ends, it is a prime time to remember that becoming better educated about the disease should not end. Early detection is critical. According to the American Cancer Society, the overall 5-year relative survival rate for localized breast cancer is 90%. This means that when cancer has not spread outside the breast, 90 out of 100 women are alive 5 years after they have been diagnosed with breast cancer that has not spread outside of the breasts. The survival statistics provided relies on information provided from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database. The numbers do not take every factor into account. It is also important to note that survival rates for women who were diagnosed with triple-negative breast cancer and inflammatory breast cancer differ from what is cited above.
Dr. Ken Lin Tai, Director and Medical Director of the Center for Cancer Prevention and Control, Maryland Department of Health, helped to sort out more fact from fiction about breast cancer, in part two of a two-part series.
Q: Does a woman’s risk of breast cancer increase if a mother, aunt, sister, or close family member was diagnosed with it?
A: A woman’s risk of breast cancer increases if she has a mother, sister, or daughter, or multiple family members on either her mother’s or father’s side of the family who have had breast or ovarian cancer. In some cases, a family history of breast cancer is linked to the inheritance of an abnormal gene that is associated with breast cancer, such as the BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene. Having a first-degree male relative with breast cancer also increases a woman’s risk for breast cancer.
Q: What is one major myth about breast cancer that should be dispelled?
A: One major myth is that a woman will not develop breast cancer unless she has a family history of breast cancer. The truth is most women who are diagnosed with breast cancer have no family history of the disease. Hence, it is important that all women get screened for breast cancer regularly.
Q: Are all lumps in the breasts cancerous? Why do they sometimes appear?
A: Not all lumps in the breast are cancer. There are other breast conditions that can cause lumps, such as cysts, which are fluid-filled sacs. However, the only way to tell if the lump is not due to cancer is to have a healthcare provider check it out.
Q: Does taking birth control pills contribute to a woman’s future or current risk of breast cancer?
A: The National Cancer Institute has information on this topic. Women should talk to their healthcare providers about the benefits and risks associated with the use of birth control pills.
Q: Can any preventative measures be taken to reduce the risk of being diagnosed with breast cancer? If so, please share a few.
A: There are things that women can do to reduce their risk of getting breast cancer, such as being physically active; maintaining a healthy weight; limiting the amount of alcohol consumed; and breastfeeding. If a woman is taking or considering taking hormone replacement therapy or oral contraceptives, she should speak to her healthcare provider about the benefits and risks and find out if it’s right for her. Also, if there is a family history of breast cancer or BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene changes, a woman should talk to her healthcare provider about other ways to lower her risk of breast cancer.
Q: Is it true that chemicals or deodorant from the environment can contribute to breast cancer?
A: The American Cancer Society has information on this topic. As for chemicals and other environmental exposures, their role in contributing to breast cancer risk is an area that is being actively researched. For example, the National Cancer Institute and the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences have been collaborating on the impact of the environment on breast cancer risk. One should note that studies of environmental factors and breast cancer can be challenging, due to factors such as the nature of environmental exposures (e.g., variability of exposure).
Q: Is it true that the risk of breast cancer increases with age?
A: The risk for breast cancer increases with age, with most breast cancers diagnosed in women ages 50 and older.
The Center for Cancer Prevention and Control, Maryland Department of Health’s mission is to reduce the burden of cancer in the state, according to Dr. Ken Lin Tai’s interview with Dr. David Doman. Watch Housecall via https://health.maryland.gov/phpa/cancer/Pages/faq_combined.aspx to learn more about cancer trends in Maryland. Visit https://www.cancer.org/cancer/breast-cancer/screening-tests-and-early-detection.html to learn more about breast cancer.


Nitric acid, a danger lurking
Nitric acid is a strong acid, found in the nature in salt forms (nitrates), with the formula HNO3.
Nitric acid is a strong oxidant that attacks almost all metals.
By its ability to separate the gold from silver upon dissolution of this, it was once known as “aqua fortis”.
Aqua fortis should not get mixed up with “aqua-regia”, which is a mixture of nitric acid and hydrochloric acid at a ratio of one part nitric acid for three parts of hydrochloric acid which presents this designation because it dissolves gold, the king of metals.
In the past, nitric acid was obtained by adding sulphuric acid to nitrate salts such as sodium nitrate (NaNO3). Among the many technical applications, there is the nitrification of organic compounds (manufacture of explosives, artificial fertilizers, pulp and varnishes).
Synonyms : Aqua fortis; Azotic acid; Nitric acid
Properties of nitric acid
The production of nitric acid is extremely polluting, releasing gases that contribute to outbreak of acid rain and greenhouse effect worsening.
Nitric acid, among its peculiarities, becomes an offending agent extremely peculiar, delegating a sui generis aspect, as the skin reaction of xantochromia (yellowish appearance of the skin after a certain contact time, resulting from reaction with cysteine of our skin).
During this phenomenon, the deepening and worsening of the lesions are clear, as well as the progressive and the end aspects, turning an injury apparently superficial in a 3 degree burn in a few hours or days. Washing with water, acting by mechanical removal but also by dilution, which facilitates in a manner that an aggressor goes deeper into the skin, rinsing is not enough and acid reactivity is not stopped, worsening injury more. In the case of a contact time greater than one minute and consequently, a deeper corrosive attack, the use of Diphoterine® solution can and should be extended for longer, so there is a more active and deep penetration, seeking to block the intracellular sub-epidermic chemical process reaction development.
In dermatological surgery the nitric acid is used to cauterize warts and corns, causing a gradual and 3rd degree burn in a controlled manner, with good results.
All aggression by nitric acid even being properly decontaminated with Diphoterine® solution, should be observed for about 5 to 7 days, because of these peculiarities (progressive injuries).
Dr Carlos Yoshimura,
Plastic Burn Surgeon and Intensive Care, Cubatao – Sao Paulo, Brazil


By Aisha Sembhi
Following the deadly insurrection of the United States Capitol on 6 January, the House of Representatives has voted to impeach President Donald Trump for the second time. The final vote was 232 to 197 against – of the 211 House Republicans, 10 joined the Democrats in voting to accuse the president.
Trump is the first president in US history to be impeached twice, and also the subject of half of all impeachments throughout the nation’s existence (the others being Andrew Johnson in 1868, Bill Clinton in 1998, and Trump himself in late-2019). Impeachment is a process in which the House can bring charges against an elected official. This individual can then face trial in the Senate, only if a majority of the House decides to indict the individual. Essentially, the formal impeachment of Trump does not result in the automatic ejection from office – this consequence only applies should the accused be convicted of the crime.
The impeachment articles officially accuse the president of “incitement to insurrection”, and “[threatening] the integrity of the democratic system, [interfering] with the peaceful transition of power”. An impeachable offence is defined in the US Constitution as “reason, bribery or other high crimes and misdemeanours”.
In this case, House Democrats refer to Trump’s impassioned speech at a Washington rally only hours prior to the storming of the Capitol, in which he decried the result of the 2020 presidential election and encouraged direct action: “If you don’t fight like hell, you’re not going to have a country anymore”. His false claims of electoral fraud have spiralled into some personal attempts to overturn the result. Calls made to Georgia’s state senate on 2 January, demanding officials “find” enough votes to overturn the result that eventually flipped the Senate in favour of the Democrats, will be used as evidence supporting the claim that there was a perversion of the course of democracy.
Generally, the steps following impeachment by the House are straightforward. The Senate will hold a trial to determine whether the president was guilty of the accusation filed by the House. A two-thirds majority is required to remove Trump from office, though a simple majority (i.e. more than 50% in favour) would ban the accused from ever standing for public office ever again.
Almost certainly, Trump will not be removed from office before the transition of power to president-elect Joe Biden, who is due to be inaugurated on 20 January 2021. The current Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell has reiterated that the Senate trial will begin only on 19 January, the original date the chamber was scheduled to reconvene. A common misconception is that in this instance, an impeachment trial will be inconsequential, as Trump’s term in office ends in only days and so his removal from office would be insignificant.
However, Trump can still be found guilty after Biden’s inauguration – in this situation, the penalty of losing the ability to stand for public office would still apply. Even if the Senate does not find the president guilty, they may hold separate follow-up election to again determine, by a simple majority, whether he would be able to hold public office in future. With the Senate split between the two major parties, plus the increasing number of Republicans denouncing and distancing themselves from the president, there is a reasonable chance Trump will be prevented from running seeking office again in 2024.
Additionally, Senate conviction would result in the loss of several benefits former presidents are entitled to. The 1958 Former Presidents Act states that benefits such as a $200,000 per year pension, alongside allowance for staff and personal security, will not be available to any individual removed from office after impeachment. For Trump, who appears well on his way to become the first US president found guilty of a high crime in the Senate, there is a real possibility of losing both political and financial security.
The question of whether or not Trump will face legal prosecution for his role in the Capitol insurrection remains unanswered. Impeachment is a political procedure, not a legal one, and therefore the president could still face legal charges for the exact same impeachment charges in future.
Image: Gage Skidmore via Creative Commons


Noise-Induced Hearing Loss Program
The Office of Naval Research (ONR) Noise-Induced Hearing Loss program develops science and technology solutions aimed at optimizing warfighter performance and enhancing the flexibility, efficiency and safety of all warfighter missions. An important result of this program is to decrease the incidence of noise-induced hearing loss/tinnitus and improve situational awareness/communications in noisy operational environments. Solutions should extend the reach of the warfighter and allow freedom of action in sea, air and land operations. Solutions from diverse areas such as biological, computer, engineering and behavioral sciences are encouraged, with the objective of developing improved methods, models, treatments and devices for understanding, preventing or mitigating adverse health effects associated with noisy operational environments (including psychological) that negatively impact Navy/Marine Corps operations.
Program interests currently include, but are not limited to, understanding the pathology and etiology of noise-induced hearing loss/tinnitus, pharmaceutical strategies to protect and/or recover from noise-induced hearing loss, cell regeneration, personal hearing protection equipment, dosimetry, talk-though circuitry and custom-molded hearing protection technologies to improve warfighter effectiveness in combat and high-noise operational environments.
Program Contact Information


“Occupational Hygiene Risk Management” (OHRM) – AkzoNobel
Setting and problem
In the ideal world, hazardous or dangerous substances should not be used at work. However, it is the combination of hazard and exposure that determines the final risk. AkzoNobel is therefore evaluating the hazards and potential exposure of all chemicals used at the workplace.
In 2011 AkzoNobel developed a tool named “Occupational Hygiene Risk Management” (OHRM). The tool helps their sites performing risk assessments based on two steps. First, the hazard of the substance is rated on a scale from 1 (non-hazardous) to 5 (very hazardous), taking the limit-value for long-term exposure as basis. This can be a (national) Occupational Exposure Limit (OEL) or a Derived No Effect Level (DNEL), or an Internal Occupational Exposure (IEL) is set based on available data. When there is no available data to set a limit-value for a substance, the middle hazard class (class 3) is used. For all substances evaluated, toxicologists from AkzoNobel have checked or derived the limit-values for the substances.
Secondly, the exposure level is estimated using 6 determinants (e.g. nature of the substance such as high or low dustiness or volatility, the degree of contact with the substance, and concentration and duration of exposure). Each determinant gets a score between 0 and 3, with a combined maximum of 18. If interventions are already in place, for example a good ventilation system, points may be subtracted. Based on the two scores, the table in the tool will then rank the risk. For example, when a substance is rated in hazard class 4, and the potential degree of exposure is scored high, you get code ‘Red’: immediate action required. Hazard class 1 and potential limited exposure, gets code ‘Green’. Code Green does not indicate it is 100% safe, but it means it has the lowest priority. The code in between is Orange, and has lower priority than code Red. Note that a substance in hazard class 4 but limited exposure (category 1) could also result in code Green. Hazard class 5 always has priority and will ask for special conditions such as containment. Subsequently the outcome for each combination of substance and use/activity determines which strategy should be used to reduce the risks; the Occupational Hygiene Control Strategy 1 (OHCS – 1) prescribes a.o. good ventilation, whereas OHCS – 3 prescribes closed systems and for example wearing proper respiratory protection while changing filters.
AkzoNobel observed that awareness among employees has risen, and employees are able to do their own exposure and risk analysis. Furthermore, the tool also helps in evaluating short-lasting activities that are generally not well included in exposure modelling tools such as Stoffenmanager.
Contact: 010-4389911 (Rotterdam) – 038 447 1911 (Gelderland)


Us States Worksheets Pdf
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Most of us will remember playing some sort of team sport during our Physical Education lessons as school whether this was netball and hockey or football and rugby, team sports are a part of the National Curriculum and so compulsory for children to learn. Alongside these team sports they will also undertake swimming classes, gymnastics and a variety of other track and field events. Sport is popular in the UK and many team sports are played by people on the weekend as a part of their social activities as well as those people who play sports as a part of a team in either an amateur or a professional capacity.
Here are some of the most popular sporting activities that are played in the UK.
- Football is probably universally the most popular sport both to play and watch. There are numerous leagues from professional through to amateur and from standard sized teams to five a side clubs. Children can join their local teams with some having feeder clubs into the areas larger teams and even academy set ups. Players regularly train in both football skills and in strength and stamina training to enable them to be in peak athletic shape. You can find Cheap Football Kits from stockists such as kitking.co.uk so that you can train whenever you want to.
- Rugby is just as popular as football and regularly draws in large crowds both at matches and spectators watching on the television. Similarly, to football children can join a local team and professional teams often have academy places available. Rugby players regularly take part in endurance and stamina training to enable them to improve their game and to help prevent injuries from happening by making sure they are in the best physical shape.
- Field Hockey is a sport that is regularly played in schools and is also popular as a recreational sport. Hockey is one of the most watched sports in the Olympics and the training and dedication of the players is evident as you watch them navigate the playing field.
- Cricket is classed as England’s National Game and there are around 18 professional cricket clubs around the country. Some schools are taking the opportunity to teach cricket skills to the pupils from an early age in a bid to give them a range of all options of team sports to learn during PE lessons. Over recent years the number of people watching cricket matches has increased, meaning that popularity for the sport may also be on the rise.


Ocean in Motion: Tides - Characteristics
Tides are the periodic rise and fall of the ocean waters. They
are caused by the gravitational pulls of the Moon and (to a lesser
extent) Sun, as well as the rotation of the Earth.
The Sun and Moon pull on the Earth, the water, even you! But gravitational
attraction depends on distance and mass. For example, you have very
little mass and you're very close to the Earth, so the Sun and Moon
can't just yank you off the planet. The Sun is extremely massive,
but it is an average of 93 million miles (150 million km) from Earth,
compared with about 238,866 miles (384,400 km) from here to the
Moon. And since the Moon is nearly 400 times closer to our planet,
its influence on our oceans is twice as strong as the Sun's.
The key to tides is the varying strength of the Moon's gravitational
pull on different parts of the globe. The Moon pulls most on the
water nearest to it, creating a high tide bulge of water. On the
opposite side of the planet, about 7,926 miles (1,2760 km) away,
the Moon's pull is much weaker and the water is left to form another
high tide bulge. Low tides are found halfway between the highs.
The rotating Earth carries us through these regions of high and
Within a small body of liquid, such as a pond or
bowl of soup, there are no tides because the whole body of water
is the same distance from the Moon, feeling an equal gravitational
The timing of tides is determined by the Earth's rotation and the
Moon's orbit around the Earth. As the Earth rotates once about its
axis in 24 hours, the Moon is moving 1/30th of the way around in
its orbit. It takes a given location on Earth about 50 minutes to
"catch up with" the orbiting Moon, so a particular tide
returns in approximately 24 hours and 50 minutes.


In April 1949, a ship called NATO left safe harbor to strive for peace and stability for all peoples and governments as stated in the preamble of the Washington Treaty. The sea embodies the values of freedom, liberty, and life which are protected in the North-Atlantic region. Since NATO left for the open sea of opportunities, it has faced significant challenges within the theatre of international peace and security. The ship has been confronted with heavy waves and winds in the forms of the Warsaw Pact, the conflict in Bosnia, and through international terrorism. These challenges were presented in different forms and the alliance had to adapt its strategy to these forms of adversaries. NATO was founded to set out for the sea and bring peace and stability. It was the ambition to face challenges in order to protect its core values. A rough sea needs a strong ship and a skilled crew which is able to navigate through the waters and continue its mission. NATO means to me the ambition to face challenges and protect core human values skillfully.


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- In honor of "Winning on Reducing Food Waste Month," the Trump administration recently announced a six-point strategy to advance the U.S. goal of 50% food waste reduction by 2030. Priorities include interagency coordination, consumer education, measurement, food safety and labeling, private industry collaboration and waste reduction at federal facilities.
- The EPA, USDA and FDA signed an agreement with national nonprofit ReFED to partner on these goals over at least the next two years. Priorities include collaboration with various levels of government, data collection and reporting on trends in the field, among other items.
- More than $110,000 in EPA grant funding was also announced for small-scale projects related to anaerobic digestion. Recipients include Vermont's Department of Environmental Conservation, Washington State University and Madison, Wisconsin — which is exploring a regional organics collection program.
Established by the Obama administration in 2015, the 2030 food waste reduction goal was once assumed to be a likely casualty of the Trump administration's environmental agenda. Amid the initial months of concern about possible EPA budget cuts and other shake-ups, it was often unclear even to some of the initiative's most active stakeholders where things stood. However, the participation of numerous federal officials at last summer's U.S. Food Waste Summit and the subsequent interagency rebranding in the fall indicate that the issue has been able to gain traction.
The release of this latest interagency plan is seen as historic in itself — and notable because it draws on many of the recommendations published by leading groups such as the Harvard Food Law and Policy Clinic — even if the framing might be different than some had originally envisioned. Rather than focusing on the climate implications of methane emissions from organic waste, the Trump team is more driven by economic opportunities.
"In one sense, this is a problem derived from America's incredible achievements in agriculture and technology," said EPA Administrator Andrew Wheeler at an April 9 event, going on to recount a story about former Russian President Boris Yeltsin's surprise when he saw the bounty of a Texas grocery store in 1989. "Together, we can promote American prosperity and turn wasted food into solutions that can feed America's communities, fuel our economy and maximize our resources."
USDA Secretary Sonny Perdue acknowledged the topic didn't seem like a natural fit for the Trump administration until it recognized the economic and moral potential. "We produce an abundance of food to feed the world and we want that abundance to feed and nourish people, not filling the trash and landfills across the country," said Perdue during the event.
Teaming up with ReFED, an increasingly dominant player in this area with close ties to interested philanthropic and corporate parties, suits the administration's market-driven approach. Combined with a variety of policy initiatives and infrastructure funding in the 2018 Farm Bill, this latest set of actions has the potential to bring a new wave of federal resources to bear on an often-overlooked national issue.
Unlike at the state or local level — where jurisdictions are taking more steps to mandate organic waste reduction, donation and recycling — the federal government isn't expected to exert any regulatory pressure in the near term. Instead, it's looking to voluntary commitments from 23 (and counting) corporate "champions" that have pledged to work toward the 2030 goal in their supply chains.
As recognized by the UN in a 2018 progress report on its own 2030 food waste goal, the pace will need to intensify soon — with much better measurement methods to track progress — if these targets will be anywhere close to attainable over the coming decade.


Prescribed (Controlled) Burns Clear out Invaders and Restore Diversity
Until recent times, fire was a natural part of life for our native woodlands, wetlands, and prairies. Ecosystems native to the Midwest depend on periodic fire events to rejuvenate growth and ensure long-term survival. Modern tendencies to suppress fire allow invasive plants to out-compete native grasses and forbs, therefore reducing plant and animal diversity. Fire is one of the best management tools for continued invasive plant control.
Understanding More About Controlled Burns: it’s a science
WHY: Prescribed burning is essential in the management of prairies, glades, wetlands and open woodlands. Fire bares and blackens the ground so that sunlight can warm the soil and stimulate plant growth. It promotes many native wildflowers and thins out overzealous woody plant growth. New growth following a fire attracts and sustains a diversity of herbivorous and other animal species. And of great importance to the Kansas City’s Wild Lands – fire helps control many of the exotic invasive plants that continually threaten our remnant wild places.
WHEN: Controlled burns are conducted when adequate fire lines or breaks have been established and factors such as humidity, temperature and wind fall within an acceptable and predetermined range. Fires on WildLands sites are conducted by burn-trained Kansas City land managers and their trained volunteers from fall through very early spring. This is the prime window for stimulating forb (wildflower) growth. Spring burns – like those conducted in the Flint Hills – stimulate grass growth at the expense of forbs, so they are avoid in the management of our biologically diverse wild land sites.


Welcome to IEA Wind and Task 27
Providing a standard consumer label for small wind turbines
The safety, reliability, and productivity of small wind turbines pose a challenge both to consumers and to governments. Since consumers want a good turbine and governments want to promote safe equipment, most countries with wind energy development programs want to ensure the performance of small wind turbines.
In response to this worldwide need, IEA Wind organized Task 27 Consumer Labeling of Small Wind Turbines. Beginning in 2009, Task 27 participants* developed and IEA Wind approved (in 2011) simplified standard tests and a label to provide understandable information on small wind turbines (up to 200 m2 rotor swept area).
The Recommended Practices for Wind Turbine Testing and Evaluation 12. Consumer Label For Small Wind Turbines provides both a standard label for small wind turbines and the procedures for conducting the tests needed to provide the information on the label.
Establishing an association for testing organizations
Standard test protocols and standard presentation of this information will give customers and governments information about the safety and performance of small wind turbines. The acceptance of this label by the public should encourage manufacturers to improve the technical reliability and performance of small wind turbines.
A successful consumer label requires qualified testers to carry out the production, sound, and endurance tests specified in the Recommended Practices for Wind Turbine Testing and Evaluation 12. Consumer Label For Small Wind Turbines. Task 27 has created the Small Wind Turbine Association of Testers (SWAT) to promote standardized testing for small wind turbines (See SWAT link at left).
Next: small wind turbines and buildings
Because many of the problems with small wind turbines occur in city environments, Task 27 will work over the next two years to develop consumer information for this special application. The result will be new Recommended Practice for Design of Small Wind Turbines in the Built Environment. It will address the special resource assessment needed for the built environment and the special testing and design standards needed for small wind turbines operating in communities.
Built-environment Wind Turbines (BWT) (See Figure 1) are installed on the roofs of buildings, side-mounted to a building, integrated into the building design, or otherwise operate in the urban setting. This new Recommended Practice will extend the consumer label to small wind turbines in the built environment.
Figure 1. Examples of small wind turbines in the built environment. Left to right: Side-mounted to building, roof-mounted, ground-mounted near buildings, building-integrated
*The Task 27 participants worked for three years with the International Electro-technical Commission (IEC) IEC 61400-2 Design Requirements for Small Wind Turbines, MT2, a new initiative approved by the TC88 Committee in October 2008. The IEC initiative is still underway. IEA Wind consumer label is included in the IEC 61400-2 third edition draft as Informative Annex N.


If you need to model things like the worlds weather, nuclear reactions, molecular dynamics or simulate the first few seconds after the big bang, you’re going to need some pretty serious computing power but just how much more powerful are the top 10 supercomputers compared to the PC on your desktop or the latest iPad Pro for example.
In this video we’ll see just how powerful supercomputers have become but first we need to know how do you measure a computers performance.
There are lots of way to do this but the most common for high performance systems and simplest to understand is to measure how many calculations per second they are capable of.
The unit of measurement is called the FLOP or Floating Point Operation.
A FLOP is a calculation that would be either adding, subtracting, multiplying or dividing 2 numbers with decimal points in them.
For example, 10.545 multiplied by 6.387 would be a single FLOP. Modern computers can do this billions of times per second.
At the time of making this video Feb 2016 the latest iPad Pro with the A9x dual core cpu is capable of about 1.5 gigaflops, that’s 1.5 thousand million FLOPS per second
Typical $1000 pc with a single Intel 5820 6 core CPU is capable of around 100 GigaFLOPS that’s 66 times more that the iPad pro
You can measure the performance of your own Intel based PC or MAC or mobile device with the same type of Linpack software as they use to benchmark supercomputers, look for the link in the description of this video.
Because supercomputers are so much powerful they are measured in PetaFLOPS. 1 PetaFLOP is equal to 1000 TeraFLOPs and 1 TeraFLOP is = 1000 GigaFLOPS and remember our PC was 100 GigaFLOPS and the Ipad Pro 1.5 GigaFLOPS
A petaflop is equal to about one million billion calculations per second. One estimate suggests it would take a human about 32,000,000 years to complete the same task.
Now we know what an everyday computing device that you or I can own is capable of let see the how it compares to the top 10 supercomputers in the world. All the figures given are correct as of Nov 2015 and gathered from the top500 list of supercomputers.
Supercomputer at the Texas Advanced Computing Center at the University of Texas, United States
This supercomputer made by dell has a maximum Linpack performance of 5.1 PFLOPS, that’s
Thats equivalent to 51,000 of our PC’s or 3.4M ipads pro’s. It has 462,462 processing cores, 192 Terabyes of RAM and consumes a maximum of 4.5 Mw of power
9. Shaheen II
Cray XC40 , at the King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Saudi Arabia
This supercomputer is made by Cray and has a maximum Linpack performance of 5.5 PFLOPS.
Thats equivalent to 55,000 of our PC’s or 3.66M ipads pro’s. Its cost aprroximatly $51M to buy and install.
It has 196,608 processing cores, 790 Terabytes of RAM and consumes a maximum of 2.8 Mw of power.
8 Hazel Hen
Cray XC40 at HLRS in Stuttgart, Germany
This is another supercomputer made by Cray Inc and it has a and has a maximum Linpack performance of 5.6 PFLOPS and is the fastest supercomputer in the European Union.
Thats equivalent to 56,000 of our PC’s or 3.73M ipads pro’s. It has 185,088 processing cores and consumes a maximum of 3.2 Mw of power.
7. Piz Daint
Cray XC30 at the Swiss National Supercomputing Centre (CSCS), Lugano, Switzerland.
Yet another Cray built supercomputer it has a and has a maximum Linpack performance of 6.2 PFLOPS
Thats equivalent to 62,000 of our PC’s or 4.13M ipads pro’s. It has 115,984 processing cores, 169 TB of RAM and consumes a maximum of 2.3 Mw of power.
Cray XC40 at the Los Alamos National Laboratory, New Mexico, United States
Yes, is another Cray supercomputer a and has a maximum Linpack performance of 8.1 PFLOPS
Thats equivalent to 81,000 of our PC’s or 5.4M ipads pro’s. It has 301,056 processing cores and cost $174M
BlueGene/Q at the US Department of Energy, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois, United States.
This supercomputer is built by IBM has a maximum Linpack performance of 8.5 PFLOPS
Thats equivalent to 85,000 of our PC’s or 5.66M ipads pro’s. It has 786,432 processing cores, 768 Terrabyte of RAM and consumes a maximum of 3.9 Mw of power. No cost has been released by IBM but it’s believed to be about $50M.
4. K computer
At the RIKEN Advanced Institute for Computational Science, Kobe, Japan
Built by Fujitsu the K supercomputer it has a maximum Linpack performance of 10.5 PFLOPS
Thats equivalent to 105,000 of our PC’s or 7M ipads pro’s. It has 705,024 processing cores, 1,410 Terrabyte of RAM and consumes a maximum of 12 Mw of power.
A simulation of the human heart which had taken two years, for instance, is accomplished in just one day on the K computer.
BlueGene/Q at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, California, United States.
The number 3 on the top 10 list is built buy IBM and has a maximum Linpack performance of 17.1 PFLOPS
Thats equivalent to 171,000 of our PC’s or 11.4M iPads pro’s. It has 1,572,864 processing cores, 1,572 Terrabyte of RAM and consumes a maximum of 7.8 Mw of power.
The primary use of the sequoia is for Nuclear weapons simulation but will also be used for study of the human Genome, climate change and astronomy to name a few.
Cray XK7 at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Tennesse, United States
Another Cray built Supercomputer is the number 2 and has a maximum Linpack performance of 17.5 PFLOPS
Thats equivalent to 175,000 of our PC’s or 11.6M iPads pro’s. It has 560,640 processing cores, 710 Terrabyte of RAM and consumes a maximum of 7.1 Mw of power.
Although the main CPUs are AMD 16 core Opterons the full power comes from the Nvidia K20 GPU’s or graphics processing units , they are similar to the top end graphics cards used in many home and gaming PC’s.
The 17.5 PFlops Linpack test was obtained using only the K20 GPU’s
1. Tianhe-2 (MilkyWay-2)
At the National Super Computer Center in Guangzhou City, Guangdong province, China
This was built by the Chinese National University of Defense Technology and has a maximum Linpack performance of 33.8 PFLOPS
Thats equivalent to 338,000 of our PC’s or 22.53M iPads pro’s. It has 3,120,000 processing cores, 1024 Terrabyte of RAM and consumes a maximum of 17.8 Mw of power.
If you were to stack all the equivalent ipad pro’s flat on top of each other the pile would be 155km high.
The Tainhe 2 has been the top supercomputer for the last 3 years in the top500 list which comes out twice a year.
Where do we go from here, well, If anyone can figure out how to build a real quantum computer, IBM has previously said that if one could be made with just 50 quantum bits (qubits), and that can detect both types of errors and scale to large systems, no combination of today’s TOP500 supercomputers could successfully outperform it.
Until then we will look forward to the first 1000 Peta FLOP or 1 Exa Flop machines in hopefully around 2025.


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Tooth is the action of maintaining people’s oral cavity and the teeth exempt from disorder along with other unsafe challenges by common scrubbing, at times and using dental floss dental care cleansing. Also, it is vital that dental care is carried out using a ongoing basis to prevent bad breath and inevitable dental care contamination. Nevertheless, a lot of people brush and use dental floss erroneously, which leads to tooth caries. If you’re not washed at standard intervals can propagate very quickly towards the gumline and intrinsic lining from the the teeth, so showing all dangerous to your tooth eventually.
Separate, from plaque and dental rot, poor tooth can lead to common ailments like Alzheimer’s disease and all forms of diabetes, these poor blotches. Alzheimer’s is a condition that is affecting the psychological performance and influences memory space, judgment, thinking and dialect and bodily activities. Its signs or symptoms are generally forgetfulness, swift changes in mood, anxiety and depression. All forms of diabetes is actually a junk food diet illness that produces an important rise in blood sugar hence diabetes mellitus is associated to a number of other health concerns such as cardiovascular illnesses, help disorder and rheumatism.
Dental treatment but not only makes certain balanced pearly white’s but also stops other health problems from developing. Correct tooth incorporates standard check-check out, washing and advantages-ups. using dental floss and Discovering twice a day are classified as the simple necessity for a wholesome oral cavity. Other than cleaning your teeth, using dental floss is usually a proposed action in order to avoid tooth decay and nicotine gum challenges. Typical dental hygiene enables the bacterias to ease off within the lips, therefore defending one’s teeth from cavities and chewing gum diseases.
Tooth manufactured uncomplicated together with the development of those unfortunate dental surgeons providing their services on the internet. A lot of the dental consultants who provide on-line services are expert and properly trained of their industry which enable it to provide entire preventative teeth’s health treatment. Quite a few have a very good reputation and provide excellent providers at cheap pricing, so that it is simple for people to help keep very good wellness.
Dental care assures overall fitness and dental care therefore boosts the general health on the affected person. Dental problems may affect an entire body like the blood pressure, cholesterol degree, the respiratory system troubles and in some cases anemia. Very poor teeth’s health can bring about cardiovascular cardiovascular system and health conditions attacks. Thus, just before they are able to obtain enamel cleaned out, it is critical for anyone to take care of superior oral health.
Affected individuals which do not have dental insurance plan wait around for a few months. Waiting for time period is frequently from six-eight weeks and make your best effort numerous challenges can occur which could mess with process. A few of these issues incorporate internal bleeding gumline, uncomfortable jaw,abscess and infections, and tooth loss. Very long waiting time period also affects the psychological overall health of a affected individual because they can not commit their selves to dental services.
Dental treatment is additionally crucial due to by mouth many forms of cancer. Verbal cancer malignancy can strike any part of your respective lips, but is most commonly encountered in your neighborhood involving the intelligence the teeth and your molars. Such a most cancers can spread on the teeth along with sections of your body and for that reason dental treatment can stop the distribute of by mouth many forms of cancer. To truly will have balanced tooth, though it can also alleviate problems with tooth loss, trigger an increase potential for coronary disease.
Dental care is crucial not just in prevent dental problems. Healthful pearly white’s enable you to consume properly and teeth with assurance. Balanced the teeth enable you to experience delighted and guaranteed and so dental treatments needs to be in your dental aim at every chance. Keep in mind in case you call at your dental professional often, that you are bound to achieve beautiful tooth for years to come.
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IF YOU LOVE THE MOUNTAINS but visiting or living at altitude makes you toss and turn in bed, you’re not alone. Oxygen levels in most Utah’s ski areas are about 30% lower than at sea level, and according to altitude physiology experts most people have difficulty sleeping in our thin mountain air.
When you come up to higher altitude, every lungful of air you take provides fewer oxygen molecules to your body. Because there is less pressure at altitude, air is not condensed, and because it’s not concentrated you’re breathing thinner air. Consequently, at altitude you’re getting less oxygen.
Lack of Oxygen
Insomnia is a common reaction to visiting high altitude areas, along with other symptoms that include headaches, fatigue, digestive issues and nausea. Yet altitude-induced insomnia is different than altitude sickness and may not improve even with long term acclimatization.
“One of the main reasons many people often don’t sleep well at altitude is because when you go to altitude your body goes through a variety of adaptations as it’s trying to make up for the lack of oxygen,” says Larry Kutt, CEO of Altitude Control Technologies.
Lack of oxygen triggers an unstable breathing pattern during sleep as the body struggles to restore normal oxygen levels. These breathing patterns — deep breaths followed by 5- to 15-second pauses in breathing — occur even in healthy people at altitudes above 6,000 feet and disrupt sleep even for people who sleep well at sea level.
“So instead of sleeping all through the night, you’re going through this period of breathing, not breathing, waking, dosing back off, waking back up, and you get into this cycle where you just don’t get good rest, and that’s why people can feel pretty bad at altitude,” Kutt explains.
Adding oxygen to your bedroom can create the same oxygen levels found at sea level and eliminate the cause of high altitude insomnia. An in-home system created by Altitude Control Technologies extracts oxygen from ordinary air, via a molecular sieve, then delivers the oxygen to your bedroom. Sensors for oxygen, air quality, and barometric pressure coordinate with ACT’s proprietary control system. The system restores normal oxygen levels and simulates a lower altitude in your bedroom that is the equivalent of descending about 7,000 feet. While your house may be at 9,000 feet, this technology produces an oxygen level equivalent to 1,500 feet, and eliminates altitude-related sleep issues.
“A lot of our customers are full-time residents of the mountains,” Kutt explains, “and as they get older they don’t always process the oxygen as well as they’d like too, and consequently they don’t feel well. So for many people who are trying to stay in the mountains, this helps to make them feel healthy and energetic again.”
Altitude Control Technologies provides altitude simulation systems to thousands of customers including Harvard Medical School, Naval Air Systems Command, the FAA, and the Smithsonian. The company is advised by a renowned group of science advisors comprised of leaders in the field of altitude physiology from the University of Colorado School of Medicine, the University of California School of Medicine, the Institute for Altitude Medicine, and William and Mary’s Altitude Research Center.
“It’s just about physiology — how your body responds to different oxygen levels, and we understand that,” says Kutt. “We understand what needs to happen to make the body respond in the way it needs to for you to feel better at altitude.”
The system meets CDC standards for safe oxygen, NFPA standards for fire safe oxygen use, and OSHA standards for air quality. The system is usually installed in about two days. Anyone who is interested can talk to a specialist at Altitude Control Technologies and they’ll come out and take a look at your house, measure it, and provide a proposal.
Altitude Control Technologies can be reached at (970) 528-1300 for additional information or at their website, www.ACT-O2.com


Riodinid Butterfly Caria mantinea amazonica
The butterfly members of this Order of insects include the popular and usually colorful species. Butterfly groups include monarchs, satyrs, dagerwings, leaf-wings, owls, buckeyes, admirals, checkerspots, crecents, fritillaries, heliconids, riodinids, blues, hairstreaks, coppers, whites, orange-tips, sulphurs and swallowtails.
This beautiful Riodinid jewel boldly presented its emerald metallic scales as it sampled minerals provided by a puddle on the trail on Southern Brazil. Although small, this Riodinid has strong flight. This species exhibits a midday sunning characteristic, while others Riodinids are much more elusive, rarely venture out of their forest retreat. Some Riodinids are attracted to fish and carrion. Metallic coloration is achieved through the diffraction of sunlight by a series of minutely spaces ridges on each scale of the butterfly wing.


Wilder Compound visits garden April 5 for opening event and to build geodesic greenhouse dome
A group of 30 volunteers, including many college and high school students, worked through sleet and snow to put up a greenhouse dome at the Southwest Community Garden Saturday, April 5. The workshop, part of The Canary Project, is meant to teach youth “hands-on skills” in sustainability and gardening, according the project organizers.
Susannah Sayler, co-founder of The Canary Project, said Hurricane Sandy inspired the project. “There was a lot of discussion at the time about communities not being resilient and prepared for extreme weather,” Sayler said.
The project involves producing art and other media, such as documentaries and books, to teach about climate change, said Sayler. But organizers also wanted to produce a workshop series so that community members actually had something to take away from it. Sayler said that other than education, the greenhouse will also lengthen the garden’s season and give farmers more control over their climate.
The Canary Project is part of an ongoing program called Modern Primitive Exchange. Ethany Uttech, the program director for Modern Primitive Exchange workshops, said she hopes the projects inspire conversation about climate change while still helping the community.
“We wanted to do something really concrete that would be educational through actual hands-on skills related to sustainability,” Uttech said.
Uttech said that Modern Primitive Exchange is based on the idea that people should bring together modern tools and technologies with primitive skills that are more environmentally efficient, which can help in urban gardening and maintaining water systems, among other things.
“Climate change is a fact, and is happening now, and to be more resilient in the face of climate change, we need to think about where these so-called primitive skills can intersect with modern technologies,” Uttech said. “We are trying to get people to think about these things through the workshops.”
Jessica Maxwell, the urban agriculture educator for Cornell Cooperative Extension of Onondaga County, a group focused on working with municipalities throughout the state to provide better ecological sustainability and social well-being, said neighborhoods like Southwest have been historically subjected to environmental racism. She added that the Southwest area has a poverty rate of over 70 percent and is mostly a neighborhood of minority residents.
Maxwell said that the sewage treatment plant the city put in this neighborhood a few years ago was a product of this environmental racism. She said that the community started fighting against it, and eventually the sewage plant was halted and the garden was built.
“A community garden project and growing fresh, healthy food seemed like such a great counter to the proposal of a dirty, old technology sewage treatment plant in the neighborhood,” Maxwell said.
She said she hopes the uniqueness of the project will draw other people from the community to come to the garden and create more community engagement.
Edward Morris, another co-founder of The Canary Project, said it is funded mostly by a $25,000 grant from the David Rockefeller Center, with some of the money also coming from Syracuse University. The university offers a class for credit where students work on the Canary Project and Modern Primitive Exchange.
Morris said that the grant was to run these workshops and then create an online presence. Online, they want to document all of their projects, workshops and lesson plans.
“We wanted to launch a concrete program here in Syracuse and build a foundation from that and do it next year as well, and make it so many people can access it via the web,” said Morris, who hopes other communities can use their model and start their own programs.
Morris said that the history of the project is mostly in media and art. Originally, it started out as a photography project to show landscapes being impacted by climate change, and the project organizers are currently working on a documentary series, a book, and a blog about climate change and sustainability. The art and media is meant to be educational and start conversations about climate change, but these workshops are supposed to provide the hands-on real-world experience of it, said Morris.
Morris said there will be a big event at the garden on Saturday, May 3, with live music and food. It is to show what they have been able to do at the garden throughout the past few months. This month, on April 19, volunteers will complete the dome building and hope to move some seedlings into the greenhouse. Syracuse Grows will also hold a resource drive and the garden will be the main hub for distribution of a generous compost donation from OCRRA.
— Photos from WILDER compound, Wildly Interdependent Living + Design Education for Resilience, Instagram account


To start our discussion of visual literacy at ALA, we broke out into small groups, and each group generated ideas about specific components of visual literacy. Each idea got its own post-it note. Groups then discussed which components/competencies should be included in a definition of visual literacy, and wrote definitions based on their discussion and conclusions. Groups reported out on their ideas and definitions, and we discussed as a large group.
Here are some of the ideas for components of visual literacy participants came up with (in no particular order, unedited):
using images as communication tool
discourse – recognizing the use of images in communities
understanding aesthetic values
interpreting meaning of an image
recognizing subjectivity of images
understand moving images/videos
creator important to give context, intent, and credit
express need to find image
learning to use multiple access mechanisms
metadata – making it access
technical issues – file formats, storage, resolution
images about multiple meanings
evaluating image – appropriateness
evaluating data – appropriateness, accuracy
how to use images in multiple applications – ppt, written paper
copyright, fair use, legalities – for different applications
managing own collections of images
finding images in text sources
critical thinking – aesthetic, historical, manipulated?
understanding different image resources – open web, licensed databases, proprietary
presentation of images
understand social & cultural context of image
finding images – high quality, high resolution, color fidelity
who is the creator, when, where manipulated?
what do you need
Please add to the list and discuss.


Oil palm is a perennial tree that well fits the humid tropical climate; fresh fruit bunchesare the palm raw fruit for oil mills. Palm oil is the world highest yielding oil crop determining that palms are extensively planted in South-East Asia, especially in Malaysia, Thailand, and Indonesia where plantations have been spreading in response to the increasing market demand. Cultivation of oil palm in tropical countries is an important economic factor, but it has already proved of endangering biodiversity and degrading environment with a global impact related to forest loss. Remote sensing well fits requirements of precision farming that many stakeholders involved in palm oil production are currently approaching to decrease or monitor environmental impacts. In this work, an enhanced vegetation index (EVI) time series of 415 images was obtained from the MODIS Vegetation Index 16 days composite product (MOD13Q1-v5) to explore tropical vegetation changes. The EVI time series covers a period of 18 years; it was processed aiming at mapping new oil palm plantations in the reference period, giving an estimate of their age, production, and economic value. In this work, a new methodology for oil palm detection and characterization was presented based on local EVI temporal profile analysis. Pixel EVI temporal profile proved to be effective in describing both vegetation macro-phenology and forest loss at that position. Consequently, the proposed algorithm looks for abrupt changes along the local EVI time series (sudden decreasing). The minimum EVI value recorded in the detected changing period is assumed as a predictor of the starting date of new plantations, being the latter reasonably related to forest loss and preliminary soil preparation. Starting date is then used by the algorithm to estimate oil palm age and, consequently, the present local (potential) production. Accuracy assessment showed an overall accuracy in new palm oil plantation detection of about 94%. Starting age estimation proved to be accurate enough: 76% of the estimates, in fact, were placed in a range of uncertainty of 1 year.
|Titolo:||Detection and characterization of oil palm plantations through MODIS EVI time series|
|Data di pubblicazione:||2019|
|Digital Object Identifier (DOI):||10.1080/01431161.2019.1584689|
|Appare nelle tipologie:||1.1 Articolo in rivista|
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Most credits are generated through investment in specific emission reduction projects. Although not an exhaustive list, the most common projects to invest in are bio energy and clean non-emitting electricity generation (for example, harnessing wind, solar, and hydro power). These projects not only generate credits but provide investment in renewable sources that reduce our long-term reliance on fossil fuels. As well as new technologies, maintaining the planet’s ability to absorb CO2 through nature is also important. For this reason forest-based carbon sequestration projects are also common and play an important role in tackling climate change, although some have doubts about the permanent carbon storage of such projects. Where a sequestration project is offered, look for information on how the forest is managed and risks are addressed. As a general rule, look for projects that provide evidence on how they contribute to sustainable development and whether they provide a genuine “additional” benefit (in other words, they finance projects that would otherwise have not taken place). This task is usually carried out for you where a project complies with a recognised standard. Also, you can also check to see whether any advice or information is provided by from local/national government.
Some companies and sectors have their emissions regulated and can be subject to a cap. Each regulated entity has a carbon allowance equivalent to the cap. Some offset providers offer the consumer the ability to purchase and cancel these allowances, forcing the regulated entity to make additional emission reductions to meet their cap.
[Ref. 1] Clean Development Mechanism allows emission-reduction (or emission removal) projects in developing countries to earn certified emission reduction (CER) credits, each equivalent to one tonne of CO2. These CERs can be traded and sold, and used by industrialized countries to a meet a part of their emission reduction targets under the Kyoto Protocol.
The mechanism stimulates sustainable development and emission reductions, while giving industrialized countries some flexibility in how they meet their emission reduction limitation targets. The projects must qualify through a rigorous and public registration and issuance process designed to ensure real, measurable and verifiable emission reductions that are additional to what would have occurred without the project. The mechanism is overseen by the CDM Executive Board, answerable ultimately to the countries that have ratified the Kyoto Protocol. UNFCCC website http://cdm.unfccc.int/about/index.html
Joint Implementation allows a country with an emission reduction or limitation commitment under the Kyoto Protocol (Annex B Party) to earn emission reduction units (ERUs) from an emission-reduction or emission removal project in another Annex B Party, each equivalent to one tonne of CO2, which can be counted towards meeting its Kyoto target.
In general, the price of an offset credit is no guarantee of its quality. The price of a project credit is determined by the investment required to generate a carbon saving, and the administration cost. Project investment will vary by location and the nature of the project, even if the quality is the same. Administration costs also vary. Some projects claim to invest 100% of your money directly in projects, but somewhere between 80-90% is typical. In practice, there may be little difference as some schemes attribute overheads and verification costs directly to the project.
Like the carbon markets generally, prices can and do fluctuate. This makes it difficult to provide accurate information on the average price of carbon offset credits at any moment in time. Some indicative information can be found by looking at the trends in the carbon markets. Various carbon markets are in operation, some are mandatory like the European Union (EU) emissions trading scheme and others are on a voluntary basis.


Today is the fast day of 17 Tammuz where we remember the breach of the walls of Jerusalem. Less than a month later on the 9 Av the Temple was destroyed.
A silver half shekel coin was discovered at the Emek Tzurim National Park during the sifting of rubble from the Temple Mount dumped by the Waqf in the Kidron Valley. The coin, weighing 7 grams, is from the Great Revolt against the Romans (66-70CE). A branch with three pomegranates and the words “Holy Jerusalem” appear on one side of the coin, while the words “Half Shekel” appear on the other, in proto-Hebrew script. The use of Hebrew (and not Jewish Aramaic that came into wide use during the Second Temple) and proto-Hebrew script is popular on Jewish coins from that period. During the period of the Great Revolt, they replaced the Tyrian shekels for the annual half shekel tax that every Jewish male adult gave to the Temple treasury and Jerusalem.
A Babylonian arrowhead was also discovered in the sifting of archaeological rubble from the Temple Mount. Only a small number of arrowheads from the 6th century BCE, the period of the destruction of the First Temple, was found as it was Babylonian army practice to gather up the used arrows. Arrowheads were found close to the top of the City of David hill, in the Jewish Quarter of the Old City and in Ketef Hinnom evidence of the heavy fighting.
Today is very appropriate to see the multi-media presentation about this period at the Burnt House in the Jewish quarter in the ruins of a house destroyed during the Great Revolt.


3D-printed plant-based steak could help eradicate world’s hunger
Giuseppe Scionti, an Italian bioengineer from a Spanish startup known as Novameat, has invented the world’s first meat-free steak that is 3D-printed. It mimics the texture of beef and is made from vegetable proteins. Vegan ingredients that provide amino acids for a healthy diet such as peas, seaweed, and rice are turned into a food paste to form a 3D-printed steak-like substance.
Scionti found that the market has an abundance of such meat-free products that taste similar to other animal meats but are limited only to meatballs, chicken nuggets, and imitation burgers. But none of these can reproduce fibrous flesh identical to that of chicken breast or steak. To improve people’s nutrition and reduce the impact of animal agriculture, the Milan based researcher is on a mission to create an alternative to meat products, and that is plant-based.
The bioengineer mixed paella colorant with the protein-rich ingredients to form a bright red paste, which can then be 3D-printed to develop a raw steak-like product. He created a vegan product by combining bio-printing and tissue engineering with modern cooking methods that boast the same appearance, nutritional properties, and appearance as animal meat products. With the help of 3D printing, the scientist generated the micro-structured complex tridimensional forms which are impossible to achieve if other techniques are used.
Scionti mixed a specific amount of protein with paella colorant for his first prototype that resulted in a red jelly-like substance. The 3D printing method developed by Scionti takes around 30 minutes to print a piece 100-gram steak. Another purpose of creating this alternative ethical meat was to reduce the emissions of greenhouse gas from livestock that accounts for almost 14.5 percent of the total human-made greenhouse gas emissions.
The Italian scientist was also successful in creating a light brown meat-free chicken breast. He also went on to develop a plant-based chicken breast – as well as a fake steak – with higher protein concentrations that included ingredients like fibers, vitamins, lipids, and minerals to mimic the nutritional properties of animal meat. However, it is light brown as it does not contain any colorant and is similar to ordinary cooked meat.
For production on mass-scale, Scionti predicts that the technology will be able to reduce manufacturing costs and time by ten times, compared with current values. The scientist is also researching how specific drugs can be incorporated into food products to help people in the world who are suffering from endemic diseases.
All Photos: © Novameat


We show that the absence of the Greenland ice sheet would have important consequences on the North Atlantic Ocean circulation, even without taking into account the effect of the freshwater input to the ocean from ice melting. These effects are investigated in a 600year long coupled ocean-atmosphere simulation with the high-resolution global climate model EC-Earth 3.0.1. Once a new equilibrium is established, a cooling of Eurasia and of the North Atlantic and a poleward shift of the subtropical jet are observed. These hemispheric changes are ascribed to a weakening of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) by about 12%. We attribute this slowdown to a reduction in salinity of the Arctic basin and to the related change of the mass and salt transport through the Fram Straita consequence of the new surface wind pattern over the lower orography. This idealized experiment illustrates the sensitivity of the AMOC to local surface winds.
Impact of Greenland orography on the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation / Davini, P.; von Hardenberg, J.; Filippi, L.; Provenzale, A.. - In: GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS. - ISSN 0094-8276. - 42:3(2015), pp. 871-879. [10.1002/2014GL062668]
|Titolo:||Impact of Greenland orography on the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation|
|Data di pubblicazione:||2015|
|Digital Object Identifier (DOI):||http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2014GL062668|
|Appare nelle tipologie:||1.1 Articolo in rivista|


Memory loss and poor concentration due to chemotherapy
Chemotherapy performed as part of cancer therapy can create changes in the brain. This would explain why cancer patients often suffer from memory problems or poor concentration during and after such treatment. US researchers first published their study results at the Radiological Society of North America (RSNA) annual meeting.
With positron emission tomography (PET), which was combined with computed tomography (CT), scientists were able to demonstrate physiological evidence of the negative effects of chemotherapy on the brain. It was shown that the agents used sustainably damage brain metabolism. Brain areas that are responsible for planning and assigning priorities are particularly affected. For this reason, cancer patients often complain during and after chemotherapy with difficulty concentrating and with poor memory.
Mental disorders with an organic cause
"Chemotherapy patients also describe the phenomenon as mental fog and loss of coping strategies," says Rachel A. Lagos, a diagnostic radiologist at the West Virginia University School of Medicine and West Virginia University Hospitals in Morgantown. So far, the causes of the side effects were still unclear.
The so-called "chemo-brain" is not a subjective experience, but a result of the treatment, emphasizes the researcher and study author. The research work has shown that "the functional disorders triggered by chemotherapy can be visibly identified during brain scans".
For the study, Lagos and colleagues examined the functions of the brains of 128 patients who were prescribed chemotherapy for breast cancer. The brain regions were recorded before and after therapy. With the help of PET, the scientists were able to measure the blood flow and examine different brain activities in individual areas. A specially programmed software then searched the recordings for differences in brain metabolism.
Changes in the brain are clearly visible
“When we saw the results, we were surprised because the changes were very obvious,” says Dr. Lagos. The so-called “chemo-brain phenomenon” is therefore more than just a feeling. It is not a patient depression. It is a change in brain function that is observable on PET / CT imaging. ” After chemotherapy, the images showed a significantly weakened metabolic activity for several regions in the brain than before. "The study shows that certain areas of the brain used less energy after chemotherapy," said Dr. "These brain regions are responsible for planning and prioritization." According to the scientist, the observed effects were more pronounced the more the subjects suffered from cognitive disorders.
Previous research had shown that patients could benefit from the help of nutritionists and exercise therapists. During the study, for example, participants complained that they found it difficult to prepare a meal for their family. "With shopping lists and written menus, the women were once again able to buy groceries," says Dr. Lagos.
Lagos, her colleagues, now hope that they have paved the way for better treatment so that the side effects of chemotherapy are reduced. "The next step should be a prospective study," said the expert. Further research could identify and narrow down the causes more precisely. This could also lead to improved treatment or prevention. (sb)
Chemotherapy can be counterproductive to cancer
Chemotherapy for breast cancer is not always useful
Breast cancer: genetic test to prevent chemotherapy


SURREY, United Kingdon - A University of Surrey-based team have filed the first patent applications for inventions created by a machine. Applications were made to the US, EU and UK patent offices; they are for a machine using artificial intelligence as the inventor of two ideas for a beverage container and a flashing light, reports Nancy Cohen for TechXplore.com.Continue reading original article
The Intelligent Aerospace take:
August 7, 2019-Aerospace and military computer experts have been utilizing hardware to utilize artificial intelligence (AI) to streamline decision making and implement automation among myriad other areas. But what happens when you use AI to produce new hardware? Can the AI's "invention" be patented? The interesting piece by Nancy Cohen for TechXplore.com. The United Kingdom, where the University of Surrey is located, requires that inventions are made by an inventor - a human being. Similarly in the United States, a person needs to author a book or take a photo for copyright to take effect, but people have AI snapping pics and writing predicatively. Companies no doubt would be keen to patent clever discoveries made by AI, but there will likely have to be changes made to laws for legal protections to be enacted.
Jamie Whitney, Associate Editor


(BPT) - Did you know that you could be slowly getting sicker with artery blockage, even if you are symptom free and not diagnosed with heart disease?
Your gender, age and whether you have diabetes all affect the prevalence of certain kinds of peripheral vascular disease, which is a condition that affects the blood vessels, according to a new study led by researchers at New York University Langone Medical Center. This study analyzed data from 3.6 million patients who were screened by Life Line Screening.
This insight could help doctors have a better understanding of who is at risk for which diseases.
Younger women: Peripheral artery disease
Peripheral artery disease is a narrowing of the blood vessels to the limbs, especially the lower limbs, caused by an increase of fatty deposits in the arterial walls. Most patients describe numbness or pain in the calf, hip, thigh or buttock, but up to 40 percent of people who are diagnosed do not feel any symptoms. Though often associated with older age groups, the NYU study found a distinction in younger age groups: The disease is actually more prevalent in younger women than younger men to a dramatic degree. Screening for peripheral artery disease can be as simple as comparing blood pressure in your ankle as your arm, known as an ankle brachial index.
Older men: Carotid artery stenosis
A narrowing of the arteries that carries blood to the brain is known as carotid artery stenosis, usually caused by an increase of fatty deposits. Most commonly, symptoms are not apparent until the patient has a stroke. The NYU study found a more pronounced and higher prevalence of this blockage in older men than in older women. If a patient does opt for screening, a non-invasive method is recommended, such as one offered by Life Line Screening, which uses ultrasound to visualize the arteries.
Men and women: Abdominal aortic aneurysms
The aorta is a major blood supply line to your body, running from your heart to your abdomen. When an aneurysm occurs, an area in this vital artery become enlarged and could eventually grow and rupture. These ruptures are serious, as they are life threatening and difficult to operate on. Causes are not known, but researchers have found a correlation with tobacco use, a hardening of the arteries and high blood pressure. Most people are unaware of having this condition, but a major symptom is a feeling of pulsation from the navel. According to the NYU study, prevalence of abdominal aortic aneurysms was similar across all age groups. Annual screening can be done with a simple ultrasound.
Diabetes patients: Peripheral vascular disease
Patients with diabetes are often screened for heart disease, just because of the great risk factors present in these patients. But the NYU study results indicate that doctors might want to consider the onset of peripheral vascular disease in their diabetes patients as well. Patients with diabetes were at a very high risk of developing peripheral vascular disease in the lower extremities or the carotid artery — even if they were not diagnosed with heart disease, according to the study.
Future study is needed to see if screening could lead to better health for diabetes patients, says senior investigator Dr. Jeffrey S. Berger, an associate professor in the Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology at NYU Langone.
“We know that if you have carotid artery stenosis, you’re at an increased risk for stroke, and we know that if you have lower extremity arterial disease, you’re at increased risk for significant impairment in your daily activities like walking, and even amputation,” he says. “What these studies show is the power of large data sets to provide insight into the prevalence of and risk factors for cardiovascular disease.”


E-Commerce: Its Improvement and Long run Views
Even which has a sizeable word wide web revolution now, digital commerce, usually often called e-commerce continues to be a comparatively new and rising location of conducting and controlling a business. E-commerce is truly a system of buying and marketing of various items and providers about electronic structures such as the internet along with computerized programs. It consists of an internet procedure that may be comprised of advertising, promoting, delivery, and servicing of programs. The event within the online, its availability, and usage has considerably elevated the quantity of corporations performed electronically from the new yrs. A multitude of organisations are having fun with the net infrastructures to greatly slice down costs of conducting internet business, achieve a broad scope in internet marketing, and provide awareness for his or her different solutions. The internet revolution and growth results in a far better upcoming viewpoint for e-commerce, owing to raised idea of digital commerce, its software, and importance to enterprise management.
The advancement of e-commerce commenced aided by the infamous sluggish world wide web infrastructure and underdeveloped on the net platforms.methodology for dissertation sample Nevertheless, the continual development of the the web and internet based technologies has led to big enhancements in conducting business in excess of the internet. A lot of service providers right away have introduced the multi-billion-dollar sector closer towards buyers inside of the internet business. Multiple businesses reformed e-commerce by introducing the point-and-click website browsing that pioneered other web based retail web sites in these days. Ongoing developments in e-commerce enabled one-click buying process that merged marketing and sales and profits. E-commerce progress also confronted a variety of pitfalls. Some over the internet seller suppliers were being pressured to shut down their online business products given that their profits were overwhelmed because of the demand. For example, Netscape reformed e-commerce by introducing a user-friendly system that authorized easy execution of opportunity functions that include marketing and advertising and sales. Amazon and E-bay adopted suit and launched the point-and-click word wide web browsing that eased the entire process of e-commerce. For the other hand, other enterprises which include Boo.com shut opportunity seeing as the organization was not able to sustain the online desire for its products and solutions.
The advancement of e-commerce offers a multitude of alternatives to vary the normal modes of conducting organization. This involves the elimination of intermediaries which includes brokers and various other dealers in the majority of from the industries. Analysis implies that e-commerce improvement will cause popular elimination if venture intermediaries so aiding in decreasing price of conducting online business and strengthening income margins. Additionally, conducting small businesses on the net decreases the stress of laying physical infrastructures and allows in rising geographical coverage and achieving a substantial number of possibilities potential consumers. Involving internet business intermediaries in location up this kind of physical buildings and promoting will increase business’s fees and decrease the revenue. Manheim Auctions, as an example, is a really organisation involved in auctioning automotive for automakers and rental institutions. An intermediary is considered the rental provider, Manheim Auctions that connects the vehicle house owners plus the visitors. However, e-commerce can help in removing the intermediary consequently enabling the car owners to handle the customers immediately. This example exhibits the real adjustments of e-commerce for venture and generates a far better future perspective for all business owners.
The progression of e-commerce results to transformation of from the internet firms. The enhanced web platforms and web infrastructure has supplied the spine for the e – commerce revolution. A wide range of organizations today implement simple net searching guidelines that enable each smaller and large corporations to carry out their organisations via the web. Improved speed and systems allows via the internet firms in increasing service recognition and achieving goal marketplaces effortlessly. E-commerce also will help in eradicating the non expense effective old fashioned ways of conducting opportunity. Managing the customers specifically has enabled numerous organizations cut down the price or working them and enhances their revenue margins.


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