In order to know the meaning of the term coexistence, it is necessary to discover its etymological origin. In this case, we can establish that it is a word with Latin roots. Specifically, it comes from the Latin verb that is formed from the sum of the following components:
-The prefix "co-", which means "everything" or "together".
-The element "ex", which is used to indicate "out".
-The verb "sistere", which is synonymous with "taking position".
The coexistence is the situation that occurs when a subject or a thing they exist at the same time than another or another. Coexisting, in other words, implies a simultaneous existence . For example: "The coach has the obligation to ensure that the coexistence of both players in the team does not generate problems", “The coexistence of people from different cultures in the same neighborhood is always a challenge”, "The government will analyze whether it is convenient to allow the coexistence of both technologies or if one of them should be eliminated".
The idea from peaceful coexistence it is used in the field of international relations to refer to rejection of violence as a mechanism for the resolution of a conflict between two countries or regions. The concept was coined by the communist leader Nikita Khrushchev with the intention of referring to the acceptance by the Soviets of the existence of capitalist powers as U.S .
The origin of this concept is in the year 1955 when the aforementioned Khrushchev proceeded to "de-Stalinize" the USSR, with the clear objective of being able to achieve economic growth for all Soviets, the impetus for the modernization of existing infrastructure in the country and even being able to get a little closer to the way of life that existed in the West.
The principle of peaceful coexistence must be applied when two villages With different characteristics (ethnic, religious, etc.) they must live in the same territory. This position leads to both discarding the use of weapons to impose themselves: on the contrary, they must coexist in peace and resolve their conflicts through dialogue and consensus.
Within the historical scope we can highlight the existence of what was called the "Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence." It is a group of standards that were presented in the 50s, specifically in 1954, for which he was Chinese leader Zhou Enlai. With these, what was intended was to establish or regulate international relations.
Specifically, those five principles were the following:
-No mutual aggression.
-The peaceful coexistence.
-The mutual respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity.
-The equality and mutual benefits.
-Non-interference in the internal affairs of other countries.
On a social level, coexistence requires accept the existence of the other . Those who coexist have the obligation to abide by certain shared rules that allow the organization of the society and violence control. In order to resolve the conflicts, within this framework, a mediating agency whose operation is institutionalized is used.


From the academic year 2008-2009 and, wanting to take advantage of features offered a theme park like ours to frame environmental education programs, Rancho Texas Lanzarote Park has made available to all primary schools, secondary and special education classroom raptors, framed under the “wing, beak and claw, life in heaven.”
With this program we want to present to students in all schools an important theoretical and practical content about these enigmatic animals. Thus, in approximately two hours, walking three scenarios:
1. The facilities in which theoretical explanation is given about the morphology and behavior of raptors using various teaching resources.
2. The amphitheater where you can enjoy an exhibition of flying techniques and complement the information previously obtained.
3. The great Indian tipi where they settle the concepts acquired and distribute educational material to all students.
Through our website, in the download section, you can get the PDF tutorial and a request for assistance to the classroom.
For any questions, concerns or suggestions, you can contact us at firstname.lastname@example.org or phone 928 84 12 86.


Includes bibliographical references (p. 122-131) and index.
This title helps you engage children and help them learn with meaningful constructive play. It includes: Our Families and Ourselves; Winter and Winter Animals; Large Buildings; The Ocean and Ocean Life; Wild Animals; Ways to Travel; and more. Blocks are a key teaching tool in any early childhood program. Through well-planned, teacher-supported block play experiences, young children can develop build math, language, and social skills while using their imaginations and boosting their creativity. Let's Build provides educators of young children with guidance in how to create early childhood environments that support children's natural need to play. It includes strategies for creating and scaffolding the block play experience, recommends children's books that support the learning, and outlines ways to match behaviors, content, and concepts to learning standards. (source: Nielsen Book Data)


Today we celebrate the 223rd anniversary of the signing of the Constitution of the United States. On this date in 1787, the delegates to the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia signed the Constitution.
At the National Archives Building in Washington, D.C., where the Constitution is on permanent display in the Rotunda, there is a celebration planned.
If you aren’t in D.C. today, you can learn more about some other remarkable documents that lead up to the signing of the Constitution in the video below.
Also, take a look at our set of photos on Flickr to see some important images about the document and the day:
For More Information:
- The Charters of Freedom: Constitution of the United States
- Constitution Day Activities at the National Archives
- The Constitution Facebook Page of the National Archives
- Check out some Constitution Day pictures on our Flickr Photostream
- Learn more about the Constitution and Constitution Day at Our Archives


The Emergence of Strong Interaction
Keywords:Strong interaction, Quarks/anti-quarks(u,u ̅,d,d ̅), Nuclear group ( P,P ̅,n, n ̅ ), π-on group (π^ ,π^-,π^±,π^0), Gluons, Neutrinos
The conclusion of this paper is that the strong interaction that emerged as the universe developed through the mediation of two pairs of four types of neutrinos (v_µ ,v ̅_µ ,v_e ,v ̅_e) acted on two pairs of four types of quarks/anti-quarks (u,u ̅,d,d ̅) to form two particle groups each having an electrical charge composition of (+1, -1, 0, 0) the π-on group (π^+,π^-,π^±,π^0 ) and the nucleon group ( P, P ̅, n, n ̅), which became the constituent materials for 120 types of atomic nuclei/anti-atomic nuclei. That is, the emergence of strong interaction is the physical force that shouldered the central role within the causal chain that was the development of the universe: From neutrino and quark/anti-quark → nucleon/anti-nucleon → electron/positron, atomic nuclei/anti-atomic nuclei → elements/anti-elements and so on. The quark chromodynamics on strong interaction of the Standard Model however accounts for the emergence of strong interaction as basically the result of the union of three colors/anti-colors of quarks/anti-quarks and is, therefore, no more than the result of a random accident. Hence, the principle of strong interaction according to the Standard Model is not a causal property that emerged in line with the flow of the development of the universe. For that reason, it is not possible for this principle to organize and connect the past, the present, and the future in a sophisticated manner.
 B. Povh, K. Rith, C. Scholz, F. Zetsche, and W. Rodejohann, Teilchen und Kerne: eine Einführung in die physikalischen Konzepte. Springer-Verlag, 2013.
 R. M. Barnett, H. Mühry, and H. R. Quinn, The Charm of Strange Quarks: Mysteries and Revolutions of Particle Physics. Springer Science & Business Media, 2013.
 N. Ozawa, "Emergence of Quarks and Anti-Quarks " Hyperscience International Journal, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 83-88, 2022.
How to Cite
Copyright (c) 2022 Hyperscience International Journal
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.


Researchers from Curtin University’s Centre for Marine Science and Technology (CMST) have just published a new paper on pygmy blue whale vocalizations using data from the SouWEST project!
The paper described non-song vocalizations of migrating pygmy blue whales as they travelled through Geographe Bay. Using simultaneous land-based visual observations and underwater acoustic recordings collected by the SouWEST team, 27 groups of blue whales were detected over 2011 – 2012. From this, researchers described six different vocalizations, five of which had not been previously described for this population.
Lead author Angela Recalde-Salas, a PhD student at CMST, believes this is a positive step in blue whale conservation. “It is important to identify, describe and quantify the acoustical repertoire of a species in order to understand their acoustical behaviour and function” she says. “This is a base for other acoustical and ecological studies. With this it will be possible to assess the effects of underwater noise, and improve detection techniques for this species”.
The paper, which was published on 17 April 2014 in the Journal of the Acoustical Society of America (JASA), has already been viewed online over 500 times. If other locations also have high levels of non-song vocalizations, the inclusion of these sounds in passive acoustic detection censuses will significantly increase counts. Furthermore, if social context for the different vocalizations is verified, an even more powerful tool for population studies will be available.


Demand in the area of analog and mixed signal is increasing exponentially. SJSU provides
a hands-on approach that ensures that graduates are well-prepared to enter this burgeoning
The analog/mixed-signal IC design field of study is based on the use of standard fabrication
technologies (e.g., CMOS and BiCMOS) to realize analog and mixed-signal functions
on monolithic integrated circuits. Students will learn how to design basic analog
building blocks used in industry and how to use them in system and product design.
Students will use industry tools from SJSU labs to perform device-level circuit design
and verification of the analog components covered in the classes.
Program Educational Objectives
After graduating from this program, students should be able to:
- Demonstrate a fundamental understanding of amplifier design, RF circuits, and broadband
- Demonstrate a fundamental understanding of data converter, PLL, voltage regulators,
power supplies, RF integrated circuits design, and signal integrity.
- Demonstrate a fundamental understanding of analog and mixed signal design, testing
at all levels, validation and verification using CAD and ATE tools, SPICE, and other
- Demonstrate skill performing research to solve open-ended design problems relating
to analog and mixed signal and incorporating system engineering principles
The curriculum is designed by SJSU faculty and local industry subject matter experts
with expertise in design development and testing. The curriculum is designed to respond
to current and future needs in Analog & Mixed Signal. The following is a partial listing
of curriculum topics:
- Amplifier design: Operation amplifiers, differential amplifiers, operational transconductance
- RF circuits: Low-noise amplifiers, power amplifiers, mixers, oscillators, frequency
synthesizers, RF transceiver architectures
- Broadband circuits: Phase Locked Loops (PLL), clock/data recovery (CDR) circuits,
serializers/deserializers, adaptive equalizers, broadband transceiver architectures.
- CMOS imaging: CMOS digital camera technologies, analog to digital converters, low-noise
techniques, focal-plane memory and processing.
- Design CMOS Analog Overview
- Semiconductor Devices
- Analog circuits
- Analog system architectures
- Data Converters
- Power management, its control and architecture
- Radio frequency integrated circuits
For more information, please visit:


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This Tonic:Dominant relationship gives rise to the basic functionality of music harmony.
In 2010 particle physicist Stephen Hawking stated the view that we can call this, ‘the first law of theoretical physics’.
The Derivation of Phi "Nature's most Beautiful & Best Kept Secret."
Stringularity also gives rise to 'Phi'. Given the significance of 'Phi', or the 'Golden Rate' discussed in more detail below, this derivation as a rate is simple, subtle and obvious, yet still "Nature's smallest, most beautiful and best kept secret."
'Stringularity' & 'Perfect Tuning'
In music this 'Stringularity' or ‘First Law’ gives rise to ‘Perfect’ or ‘Pythagorean Tuning’. With the intervals between the notes within the octave being different for the seven tones and ‘semi-tones’ arising, it roots music played on an instrument that is tuned ‘Perfectly’, firmly in the key of the scale in which that instrument is tuned.
At the time of ancient Greek music this procedure gave rise to the 7 'modes' (Ionian, Dorian, Phrygian, Lydian, Mixolydian, Aeolian & Locrian) each one starting on a different one of the seven available notes in the scale, but while maintaining the order of the tones and semitones arising in the scale.
Well Tempered Tuning
Around 2,225 years later ‘Equal Temperament’ or ‘Well-Tempered’ tuning was consolidated in Western music. In 1722 J S Bach first published his ‘Well-Tempered Harpsichord’. It eventually comprised the ‘48 Preludes & Fugues’ (four in each of the 12 keys available within the 'Perfect Octave') and this required ‘Equal Temperament’ or ‘Well Tempered Tuning’, where the tuning of each of the 12 semi-tones of the Octave is tuned to be in equal steps.
In both of these tuning systems a ‘Perfect Octave’ is always a ‘Perfect Doubling’. However, in Well Tempered Tuning, a ‘Perfect Fifth’ becomes a ‘Well Tempered Fifth’, comprised of eight of the 12 Well Tempered or ‘equal’ semi-tones within the 'Perfect Octave', so this ‘Well Tempered Fifth’ becomes marginally smaller than the ‘Perfect Fifth’.
Well Tempered Tuning and the Pythagorean Comma
Well-Tempered tuning is a response to the Pythagorean Comma that roots the instrument equally in any of the twelve keys available on each of the 12 semi-tones within the 'Perfect Octave'.
This ‘Well-Tempered’ tuning remains the basis of Western music to this day. It shows that music can be written, played in and modulate between any of the twelve ‘keys’ available within the 'Perfect Octave'.
The Well Tempered Climate Accord
For exactly the same reason, Contraction & Convergence ‘Well-Tempers’ future rights to anthropogenic carbon emissions by embedding the principle of equal carbon rights per capita within a finite global carbon budget.
Like an orchestra playing in in tune and in time together, this Well-Tempered Climate Accord enables the carbon-contraction-budget to be ‘created and performed’ at whatever rate (or in whatever key) that science requires; in other words as a complete UNFCCC-Compliant 'event' (vide Adair Turner UK Climate Act).
So the primary purpose of Well-Tempering the 'C&C' Climate Accord is practical. It is so that any convergence rate to equal per capita rights that may be negotiated, remains a self-structuring and self-limiting function of the global contraction-rate that the science requires. The stringularity law applies to this as double the rate halve the weight.
The ‘Pythagorean Comma’ has a much greater significance than has yet been widely realised. It is measurable as the Hertz (Hz) or ‘rate’ difference or ‘gap’ that emerges between 2^7 (seven Perfect Octaves) compared with 1.5^12 (twelve Perfect Fifths).
The Pythagorean Comma gives the derivation of 'Phi'
Physicist Richard Feynman once remarkably described the ‘Fine Structure Constant’ - 137.03597 - a very close derivative of ‘Phi’, as ‘one of the greatest damn mysteries of physics: a magic number that comes to us with no understanding by man’.
Most remarkable of all, is that on completion of the cycle 2^7:1.5^12, this Hertz gap has given rise to a sequence of rate-values that feedback between zero and ‘Phi’ or 0.618.... where the subtle ‘derivation’ from ‘Stringularity’ with a subtle ‘deviation’ to 'Phi' is also the reciprocal of 360°/Phi and a simple function of Stringularity: -
360/1.618= 222.4969 360-222.4969=137.5013
In other words 'Phi' is a simple function of the first three integers as per 'Stringularity', or the first law of theoretical physics.
Consequently, its 'origin' and derivation are not 'mysterious' at all.
However, as electro-magnetically, ‘Phi’ is evident throughout nature at every scale of time & space, this evidence of 'Phi' is often seen, heard and felt as 'awe-inspiring'. From the spiral of galaxies to the double helix of DNA, 'Phi' is dynamically encoded in the simple, subtle, self-structuring and self-limiting growth patterns of sunflower seeds, pineapples, fir cones, the human cochlea and much else besides.
All from the 'Hemiola' - truly awe-inspiring . . .
From zero to one; so what really happened at the Big Bang?
At the core 'Phi' and the First Law of 'non'-theoretical physics is the source of all we have: -
Some people ask, "what has music got to do with climate change?"
Perhaps instead one can ask, are ‘Stringularity' and the Golden Rate/Ratio what drive musicians and especially perhaps string-playing musicians, to measure the fine structure of frequency governed this way with such minute accuracy?
And as a consequence, is the ‘living music of Phi-the-rate’ that emerges from ‘Stringularity’, a key to the resilience of ‘the Well-Tempered Climate Accord’, a methodology for collective global action to cut carbon emissions in time to keep in tune with the planet, other life-forms and ourselves, failing which a catastrophe looms (Sir David King)
Often known as ‘Contraction & Convergence’ (C&C), after thirty years this Well-Tempered 'C&C-methodology' remains robust, widely supported and unchallenged at a fundamental level.
Portmeirion Festival Presentation 03 09 2016
(Come to where the two rivers meet)
Richard Feynman, one of the originators and early developers of the theory of quantum electrodynamics (QED), referred to the fine-structure constant in these terms:
"There is a most profound and beautiful question associated with the observed coupling constant, e – the amplitude for a real electron to emit or absorb a real photon. It is a simple number that has been experimentally determined to be close to 0.08542455.
My physicist friends won't recognize this number, because they like to remember it as the inverse of its square: about 137.03597 with about an uncertainty of about 2 in the last decimal place. It has been a mystery ever since it was discovered more than fifty years ago, and all good theoretical physicists put this number up on their wall and worry about it.
Immediately you would like to know where this number for a coupling comes from: is it related to pi or perhaps to the base of natural logarithms? Nobody knows. It's one of the greatest damn mysteries of physics: a magic number that comes to us with no understanding by man.
You might say the "hand of God" wrote that number, and "we don't know how He pushed his pencil." We know what kind of a dance to do experimentally to measure this number very accurately, but we don't know what kind of dance to do on the computer to make this number come out, without putting it in secretly!"
Richard Feynman, Richard P. Feynman (1985). QED: The Strange Theory of Light and Matter. Princeton University Press. p. 129. ISBN 0-691-08388-6.


The Christian tradition has always stood in solidarity with the poor. James reminds his readers that caring for the poor is a mark of true religion (James 1:27). In a similar manner, John writes that a failure to care for the poor may be a sign of an unregenerate heart, as he rhetorically asks,
But if anyone has the world’s goods and sees his brother in need, yet closes his heart against him, how does God’s love abide in him? (1 John 3:17)
Indeed, those of us who follow Christ face high expectations in ministering to the poor. Jesus teaches that caring for the poor is the same as caring for God himself (Matthew 25:31–40), while neglecting the poor is an offense to God (Matthew 25:41–46). Proverbs teaches these same truths, saying,
Whoever oppresses a poor man insults his Maker…. Whoever is generous to the poor lends to the Lord. (Proverbs 14:31; 19:17)
Even though Christians have consistently ministered to the poor, such ministry can be a challenging task since the measurement of poverty is relative and the causes are varied. Even in Scripture, the discussion of poverty is paradoxical at points. For instance, God’s stated ideal is clearly that “there will be no poor among you” (Deuteronomy 15:4). Yet, as I discussed in another post, Jesus voluntarily adopted a life of poverty and taught, “Blessed are you who are poor” (Luke 6:20).
As we seek to minister to the poor in a biblically faithful way, these tensions highlight how important it is for us to answer pressing contextual questions: Is the poverty in view voluntary or involuntary? Is the poverty in question the result of personal sin, public injustice or some other cause? Does the situation call for immediate aid or long-term development?
The Causes of Poverty
One way we can gain a proper foundational perspective on ministry to the poor is by examining the causes of poverty. Indeed, identifying the cause(s) of poverty in any given context can help us understand how best to minister to the poor, if ministry is called for. As we’ll discover during our discussion, the roots of poverty fall into three general categories. But it is important to note that the causes of poverty in a given context are usually mixed and self-aggravating. This is one of the many reasons why ministry to the poor can be complex and why it often (if not, usually) requires a personal, long-term commitment.
1. Personal Sin
The first category of causes of poverty is personal sin. Scripture often mentions moral failures that lead to poverty. For example, the Bible warns about poverty as a result of laziness or idleness (see Proverbs 6:10–11; 10:4; 19:15; 1 Thessalonians 5:14). Likewise, Proverbs warns about the effects of a poor work ethic (see Proverbs 14:23), and Paul teaches that those who will not work should not be insulated from the effects of their sin—namely, they should not be allowed to eat (2 Thessalonians 3:10).
Scripture cites other moral failures as cause for poverty, including a lack of self-discipline, stubbornness, drunkenness and gluttony (see Proverbs 13:18; 23:21). Jesus called out these sins in his parable of the Prodigal Son, describing how the wayward younger brother made his way into poverty (Luke 15:11–16). Poverty can stem from other personal sins, including greed, expensive tastes, dishonesty and frivolous pursuits. For example, Proverbs warns us,
Whoever loves pleasure will be a poor man; he who loves wine and oil will not be rich…. He who follows worthless pursuits will have plenty of poverty. (Proverbs 21:17; 28:19; see also 1 Timothy 6:9–10)
2. Natural Evil
Natural evil is the second category of causes of poverty. Simply defined, natural evil consists of things such as natural disasters (earthquakes, tornadoes, tsunamis, floods, droughts and other “acts of God”), diseases, genetic defects, injuries and death.
Natural evil is not directly caused by a person’s own actions or another person’s actions against them. Rather, this type of evil is a part of the fallen created order and, as such, involves material forces beyond human control. Natural evil can lead to poverty when it causes a loss of material goods, the death of a family provider, or a disease or physical infirmity that prevents a person from labor and production (see Mark 5:25–26; Luke 18:35).
A third category of causes of poverty is oppression by others. Unlike natural evil, this type of poverty can be prevented; thus, Scripture frequently warns against oppressing others.
Examples of oppression that cause poverty include common theft (Psalm 12:5), delayed wages (Leviticus 19:13; Deuteronomy 24:15; 1 Timothy 5:18), excessive taxation (2 Chronicles 10:1–19), biased justice systems (Leviticus 19:15) and exorbitant interest rates on loans to the needy (Exodus 22:25–27). Many of these types of oppression are systematic or institutionalized, or become so over time; thus, they tend to affect larger groups of people than do individual sins. Perhaps this is why the Lord promises to defend those who fall prey to this type of oppression and exhorts us to do the same (Psalm 146:9; Isaiah 1:17).
So if you want to minister to the poor, understanding the root cause of the poverty will help you pray for and minister to them more effectively.


Cleft Palate or Cleft Lip (Harelip) Complex
This is due to a disturbance of the processes that form the jaw and face during embryonic development. Cleft of the lower lip is rare and usually occurs on the midline. Clefts of the upper lip, usually at the junction of the premaxilla and maxilla, may be unilateral or bilateral, complete or incomplete, and often are associated with clefts of the alveolar process and palate. The defect may also involve the palate alone, affecting the hard or soft components of the palate, or both. Developmental anomalies affecting other organ systems are seen in ∼8% of dogs and cats with cleft palate or lips. Similarly, in large animals, cleft palate or lip is commonly seen with other defects, such as arthrogryposis, which is inherited in a simple autosomal recessive manner in Charolais cattle. In Texel sheep, a syndrome of bilateral cleavage of the lip with accompanying defects of the maxilla has been reported to have an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance. In small animals, incidence is higher in Beagles, Cocker Spaniels, Dachshunds, German Shepherds, Labrador Retrievers, Schnauzers, Shetland Sheepdogs, and Siamese cats. In Brittany Spaniels, it is believed to be an autosomal recessive trait, whereas in bulldogs (French and English), Shih Tzus, and Pointers, an autosomal dominant with incomplete penetrance mode of inheritance is suspected. Brachycephalic breeds can have up to a 30% risk factor. In large animals, cleft palate/lip complex has been reported in cattle, sheep, goats, and horses. The primary etiology is hereditary, although maternal nutritional deficiencies, drug or chemical exposure, mechanical interferences with the fetus, and some viral infections during pregnancy have also been implicated. Ingestion of toxic agents may also play a role; eg, ingestion of lupines (Lupinus sericeus and L caudatus) during the second and third months of gestation in cattle can potentially result in “crooked calf disease,” of which cleft abnormalities may be a component.
Initial signs reflect the extent of the malformation but may include difficulty suckling, dysphagia, and evidence of milk dripping from the nostrils when the newborn attempts to nurse. Respiratory infection due to aspiration of food is common and a grave consequence with a poor prognosis. Examination of the oral cavity generally readily reveals the defect, except in foals having only a cleft of the soft palate that may be difficult to see.
Initial management requires intensive nursing care, including hand or tube feeding to ensure daily nutritional and caloric requirements are met, as well as the occasional need for appropriate antimicrobial therapy to treat secondary infections of the rhinarium or lower respiratory tract. Surgical correction is effective only if the defect is small and is usually done at ∼8–12 wk of age in small animals, before their general health is compromised. Various surgical techniques, ranging from simple closure to sliding grafts or prosthetic implants, are used, depending on the severity and location of the defect. More severely affected animals may require multiple surgeries for successful correction. Historically, surgical correction has been associated with a high failure rate; however, newer techniques, such as the bilateral mucosal overlapping pedicle flap repair for soft palate defects, are improving success rates in dogs. Extensive involvement of the soft palate remains a poor prognostic sign. Surgical repair should be attempted only after ethical questions have been addressed, and the affected animal should be surgically sterilized or removed from breeding stock to prevent reproducing the anomaly in future offspring.
Brachygnathia (overshot, short lower jaw, or parrot mouth in horses) is manifest when the mandible is shorter than the maxilla. It can be found, with varying severity and incidence, in all species of animals. In cattle, it is inherited as a polygenetic factor and can be associated with other anomalies such as impacted molar teeth and osteopetrosis (see Osteopetrosis) in Angus calves and Simmental cattle, or with chromosomal aberrations such as trisomy, which is lethal. In foals, brachygnathia may be a component of the broader teratogenic effects of griseofulvin use during pregnancy in the mare. In small animals, mild forms may be of no clinical significance; however, more severe forms may result in trauma to the hard palate or the restriction of normal mandibular growth secondary to erupting adult mandibular canine teeth. Diagnosis is through careful oral examination. Treatment varies from none to various orthodontic or endodontic procedures, depending on severity. In small animals, the mandibular canine teeth are often removed or a crown reduction procedure performed, with concurrent pulpotomy or root canal. If indicated, early implementation of interceptive orthodontics is recommended and improves both short- and longterm outcomes. A range of occlusal defects in sheep, from brachygnathia to mandibular aplasia and agnathia, is reportedly inherited as a simple autosomal recessive. Craniofacial dysplasia of Limousin cattle is characterized by a convex profile of the nose, short lower jaw, deficient ossification of frontal sutures, exophthalmos, and a large tongue; it is thought to be due to homozygosity of a simple autosomal recessive gene.
Prognathia (undershot, or monkey or sow mouth in horses) is found when the mandible is longer than the maxilla. It is identified on oral examination by finding the mandibular incisors in contact with or rostral to the maxillary incisors. In brachycephalic dogs and Persian cats, it is considered a normal breed characteristic. Despite being seen to varying degrees, it rarely requires any specific treatment. If a foal is badly affected, suckling may be impossible; treatment, if feasible, consists of rasping or shearing the offending points and projections. In ruminants, it is often seen, to minor degrees, at birth, and it corrects spontaneously as the animal grows. More severe anomalies can impair the ability to graze and masticate and, therefore, have more serious repercussions.
In Angus calves, a facial defect characterized by a broad, short face is accompanied by degenerative joint disease and has a complex genetic transmission.
Ankyloglossia or microglossia refers to incomplete or abnormal development of the tongue. It is often referred to as “bird tongue” in dogs and may be a component of the fading puppy syndrome. Affected puppies have difficulty nursing and do poorly. Oral examination reveals missing or underdeveloped lateral and rostral thin portions of the tongue that result in prehensile and motility disturbances. It is generally lethal. Macroglossia, or large tongue, is seen in belted Galloway cattle but resolves with age and is rarely clinically significant.
Epitheliogenesis imperfecta, or “ smooth tongue,” is a condition of incomplete development of the lingual filiform papillae that is transmitted as an autosomal recessive trait in Holstein, Friesian, and Brown Swiss cattle. It results in excessive salivation and an unthrifty condition.
Tight-lip Syndrome of Chinese Shar-Peis
Some Shar-Peis have a small or absent lower anterior lip vestibule. The lower lip covers the lower teeth and folds over the lower incisor teeth toward the tongue. Contact between the palatal surface of the upper incisors and the lower lip worsens the lip position and may contribute to the lingual displacement of the lower incisor teeth. Surgical correction requires creating a vestibule through a horizontal release incision, dissecting free the mucosa, then suturing a free mucosal graft over the exposed connective tissue to prevent healing of the cut margins to each other that would result in a relapse.
Last full review/revision March 2012 by Walter Ingwersen, DVM, DVSc, DACVIM


A 19th-Century Writer's Words Still Resonate ; Celebrating the Man Who Wrote 'Les Mis' and 'Hunchback'
Ivry, Benjamin, The Christian Science Monitor
Two hundred years after his birth, the French writer Victor Hugo (1802-1885) is best known in America as the author of the novels that inspired the Broadway musical "Les Miserables" and the Disney film version of "The Hunchback of Notre Dame."
But as people worldwide - including many in Russia and China - celebrate the novelist 200 years after his birth, his contributions as a poet, a politician, and a nonfiction writer are also being more widely lauded in a growing number of English-speaking countries.
In addition to his novels,Hugo wrote nearly two-dozen plays, 18 collections of poetry, and about 3 million words of nonfiction prose (history and criticism). Seen …
Questia, a part of Gale, Cengage Learning. www.questia.com
Publication information: Article title: A 19th-Century Writer's Words Still Resonate ; Celebrating the Man Who Wrote 'Les Mis' and 'Hunchback'. Contributors: Ivry, Benjamin - Author. Newspaper title: The Christian Science Monitor. Publication date: February 8, 2002. Page number: 20. © 2009 The Christian Science Publishing Society. Provided by ProQuest LLC. All Rights Reserved.
This material is protected by copyright and, with the exception of fair use, may not be further copied, distributed or transmitted in any form or by any means.


Wikipedia definition of printer
In computing, a printer is a peripheral device which makes a persistent human-readable representation of graphics or text on paper. The first computer printer designed was a mechanically driven apparatus by Charles Babbage for his difference engine in the 19th century; however, his mechanical printer design was not built until 2000. The first electronic printer was the EP-101, invented by Japanese company Epson and released in 1968. The first commercial printers generally used mechanisms from electric typewriters and Teletype machines. The demand for higher speed led to the development of new systems specifically for computer use. In the 1980s were daisy wheel systems similar to typewriters, line printers that produced similar output but at much higher speed, and dot matrix systems that could mix text and graphics but produced relatively low-quality output. The plotter was used for those requiring high quality line art like blueprints.
Professional support for printers' shops
People who come to the store with printers hope that they will be quickly and efficiently and at the same time expertly served. It must be admitted that a high-efficiency store's ability to serve customers is not such a difficult task, because it is enough to hire the right number of employees and equip them with the highest quality equipment so that they can sell at a satisfactory pace. A bit more difficult task may be to create an advisory base for clients who are not sure what kind of goods they want to buy. However, the experience possessed by such salesmen allows for specialist support for print shops. Thanks to them, all clients will receive the information they need.
Printing once and today
Printing is needed, no one has doubts about it, but are they just as necessary as 20 years ago? This is a debatable issue, but certainly the market needs and consumer demand have changed a bit.
The production of marketing materials increased significantly - leaflets, banners, promotional leaflets, and advertisements - and decreased the production of books and magazines, mainly due to the popularization of the Internet. Will we wait for the times when printers, DTP operators and printing house owners will have to look for a new job?


In Part 1, I wrote:
The visceral revulsion of many seems to indicate a sense that these drones have, or will assume a life of their own, that despite their clearly mechanical appearance, they inhabit the uncanny valley.
But how can this be? A robot’s too/not enough human likeness is the core of the effect. There are in fact quite a number of drones, with various appearances. But I can’t recall one with any visual appreciable human likeness at all.
Mori’s graph show the industrial robot as the least uncanny. But the industrial robot’s environment is highly constrained and controlled. Even the huge mining or tunneling machines exist in specific environments when doing their work.
The drone roams the greater world, our world, seemingly unconstrained or controlled. Imagine observing from the ground a drone hovering for days. Then suddenly it launches a missile that strikes close by. Even if one is uninjured it must be a breathtakingly frightening experience.
From that vantage point, the drone appears to have intelligence, agency and to be capable of highly consequential action. I think,, for many of us, this empathetic understanding is at least as strong as a more rational and factual one.
Combined with drones not looking human, this leads us to metaphorically regard them as a different species.
Eliezer Yudkowsky of the Machine Intelligence Research Institute says one of the “families of unreliable metaphors for imagining the capability of smarter-than-human Artificial Intelligence” is
Species metaphors: Inspired by differences of brain architecture between species. AIs have magic.
Drones then become a magic species, capable of rainng death down on us.
Their different brain architectures leave them though emotionless. Human Rights Watch released its report Losing Humanity a few months ago arguing against the development of “fully autonomous weapons”.
Even if the development of fully autonomous weapons with human-like cognition became feasible, they would lack certain human qualities, such as emotion, compassion, and the ability to understand humans. As a result, the widespread adoption of such weapons would still raise troubling legal concerns and pose other threats to civilians. (p. 6)
The report received limited coverage. Among the most substantive was the Spencer Ackerman’s article Pentagon: A Human Will Always Decide When a Robot Kills You The wry, ironic tone of the title was typical of the few articles that did appear.
The Pentagon wants to make perfectly clear that every time one of its flying robots releases its lethal payload, it’s the result of a decision made by an accountable human being in a lawful chain of command. Human rights groups and nervous citizens fear that technological advances in autonomy will slowly lead to the day when robots make that critical decision for themselves. But according to a new policy directive issued by a top Pentagon official, there shall be no SkyNet, thank you very much.
.Looking up from the forest floor of the Uncanny Valley, through the canopy, I’m not so sure.


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Overview of the
The Commission has concluded that United States forces in Europe made extraordinary efforts to locate, safeguard, identify and restitute assets taken by the Nazis and their collaborators from victims of the Holocaust. Because of the enormity of Nazi crimes, the undertaking by U.S. agencies to preserve, protect and return looted assets was unparalleled in history and willingly carried out by a victorious power committed to righting the wrongs of a defeated enemy regime. U.S. military and civilian personnel encountered a myriad of obstacles under the very difficult circumstances prevailing in postwar Europe. Their achievements were nothing short of heroic.
Nevertheless, the restitution policy formulated in Washington, D.C. and implemented in the countries in Europe occupied by the United States could never fully address the unimaginable dimension and complexity of restituting assets to victims of the Holocaust. For the most part, the inadequacies in both policy and implementation reveal that U.S. authorities were driven by necessity. They were often unable to restitute all of the victims' assets under their control because of practical concerns that commingled with conflicting interests, priorities and political considerations. Restitution competed with, and was often subordinated to, the desire to bring American troops home, the need to rebuild devastated European economies and provide humanitarian assistance to millions of displaced persons, and the Cold War. These shortcomings can be partially explained as an unintended consequence of adherence to international legal principles, but the Commission's research has also revealed that, when it came to assigning scarce manpower and resources, the United States accorded a relatively low priority to restoring the looted assets and lost property rights of individual victims and their heirs.
With respect to many types of assets, the United States followed international legal tradition and undertook only to restore property to national governments, which it assumed would be responsible for satisfying the claims of their citizens. When the United States recognized that this arrangement excluded those who no longer had a nation to represent their interests, or who had fallen victim to the ruthless efficiency of Nazi genocide and whose property had been rendered heirless and unidentifiable, it designated certain "successor organizations" to sell heirless and unclaimed property and apply the proceeds to the care, resettlement and rehabilitation of victims. This innovation seemed to present an attractive alternative to the difficult and resource-intensive job of tracing individual ownership, but its adoption led many assets to be too hastily labeled as heirless or unidentifiable, with the result that they were assigned to the successor organizations, rather than returned to their rightful owners. This approach had a particularly negative impact on the ability to identify and restitute assets that had been taken from Roma and Sinti, homosexual, and disabled victims, who had no international organizations representing their interests.
Far more regrettable is the United States' failure to adequately assist victims, heirs and successor organizations to identify victims' assets, instead relying upon them to present their own claims, often within unrealistically short deadlines, with the result that much victim property was never recovered. Even when property was returned to individual owners or their heirs, it was often only after protracted, expensive and insensitive administrative proceedings that yielded settlements far less than the full value of the assets concerned.
While the overall record of the United States is one in which its citizens can legitimately take pride, even the most farsighted and best-intentioned policies intended to restitute stolen property to its country of origin failed to realize the goal of returning property to the victims who suffered the loss. Indeed, there remain today many survivors or heirs of survivors who have not had restored to them that which the Nazis looted. And, in large part, it will remain forever impossible to return the actual assets stolen from them over 50 years ago.
The uniqueness of the Holocaust
does not negate its ability to offer lessons for the behavior
of government in other contexts, and the Commission also believes
that it is important that these findings lead our government to
develop policies to promote the preservation and restitution of
the assets of victims of persecution associated with future armed
It is an enduring strength of American democracy that we can look honestly at the results of our actions, address their implications, and assess accountability and responsibility. In setting forth the following findings, the Commission does not imply that failures of policies to accomplish their goals are attributable to bad motives on the part of any official, agent or institution of the United States. Where combinations of policy and circumstance led to results that can be improved upon now, the Commission suggests ways to achieve these improvements. Where new facts have come to light that argue for changes in policy, the Commission proposes appropriate changes. The findings that are associated with particular policy recommendations are meant to locate those recommendations in the historical context and not to mechanistically quantify or assign dollar values to perceived historical shortcomings in U.S. policy making or implementation.
The Commission believes that this history, viewed as a whole, suggests that a series of actions to be taken now are appropriate to provide a modicum of justice to Holocaust victims and their heirs. It is the desire to do justice that animates American policy in this area, including this Commission's recommendations.
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X-rays are imaging tests that produce images of the structures inside the body. X-rays use a type of radiation called electromagnetic waves to produce these internal images. As these waves penetrate the body, they are absorbed in different amounts by different body tissues. Bones are dense and absorb X-ray waves very well and the images appear very clearly, but soft tissues do not absorb the X-rays as well and are therefore harder to see on an X-ray image. Often used to confirm a fracture or a break in a bone, X-rays may be used to investigate lung conditions, digestive tract problems, arthritis, heart failure, breast cancer and other conditions.
The X-Ray Procedure
For some types of X-rays, a solution called contrast medium is given to the patient prior to the procedure, to help outline a specific body area on X-ray film. The contrast medium may be swallowed or injected into a vein. The patient will either stand on the floor or lie or sit on a table in an X-ray room, and depending on the reason for the X-ray, a technician positions the body in a way that gives the best view. The X-ray machine then produces a small burst of radiation (at a safe level) that passes through the body and records an image on a specialized plate. X-ray procedures commonly take only a few minutes for a bone, but may take longer for more-involved procedures, such as those using a contrast medium. After an X-ray, patients can immediately return to normal activities.
Risks of X-Rays
There are no side-effects associated with X-rays. X-ray equipment emits only a small amount of radiation and the risks of radiation exposure are extremely low. Lead aprons and other types of lead shields are often used to protect other parts of the body during the procedure. Because a fetus is more susceptible to harm from radiation, pregnant woman should always inform their doctors before having X-rays.
Although X-rays do not cause pain, patients may experience some discomfort by the positions they are asked to assume during the procedure. If contrast material has been administered, patients may experience a few side effects, such as a feeling of warmth in certain parts of the body, lightheadedness, or a metallic taste in the mouth. It is also possible that some patients will be allergic to the contrast dye.
Contact us at 978.275.9650 to learn more about On-Site X-Rays or to scheduled an appointment.


by Rob Dietz
To get a sense of how the broader economy works, it’s useful to analyze one particular sector. In trying to answer the question of how a non-growing economy could work, Part 1 of this article considered methods (categorized as “economizing” and “innovating”) for achieving a sustainable transportation sector. But the transportation sector is complex enough that it’s worth drilling down even further and analyzing something simpler. “Economy” derives from two Greek words that translate into “management of the household.” Thinking of the economy as a big household is a useful frame. Likewise, thinking of an actual household as a small economy can be a helpful exercise. I have made or been a party to many decisions in an attempt to run my household as a steady state. For example, my wife and I decided to have a one-child family. We also decided to live in a cohousing community founded on sustainability values. In the spirit of drilling down to the smallest scale possible, I want to describe my recent experiment with one “sector” of my household economy: the laundry.
For years I did laundry American style, fighting dirty clothes in a full-on assault with an army of water, detergent, heat, and electricity. I would:
- Dump my clothes in a pile after wearing them once;
- Use a water-hogging top-loader washing machine;
- Select the hot water setting because — well, because why not?; and
- Apply the hottest setting in an electric tumble dryer, including a dryer sheet or two.
As I learned more about conservation over time, I began to shift my laundry habits, by both economizing and innovating. For example, my family began using a front-loading machine that conserves water and electricity. I started sorting my laundry, hanging articles of clothing that were suitable for a second wearing. We began using only cold water for washing with no adverse results. We forgot about dryer sheets (no need to smell like a chemist’s over-scented interpretation of “spring fresh”), and then we forgot about the dryer entirely.
The electric tumble dryer is one of the most energy intensive home appliances, but it’s also one of the most unnecessary. As a friend of mine is fond of saying, “Clothes want to get dry all by themselves. You just leave them alone, and that’s what they do naturally.” Line drying clothes, then, is a simple way to cut energy usage. The folks at Project Laundry List see line drying as something even more powerful — an entryway to the world of sustainable behavior.
In my household, making the switch to line drying turned out to be fairly easy, so I decided to try another step. I wanted to see if I could have a low-water, resource-conserving, electricity-free laundry system that would get my clothes clean. My method is another mix of economizing and innovating.
The setup consists of four pieces of equipment: a five-gallon bucket, a portable clothes agitator that looks like a plunger, a hand-cranked wringer, and a clothesline. The procedure is simple:
- Put a little soap in the bucket and add a couple of gallons of water;
- Throw in five or six articles of dirty clothing;
- Plunge the agitator up and down in the bucket to force water, soap, and air through the clothes for a few minutes;
- Dump the water on the plants in the backyard and refill the bucket with two more gallons, adding the soapy clothes to rinse;
- Run each article of clothing through the wringer; and
- Hang the clothes on a line.
On the economizing front, the wringer, clothesline, and bucket are old-school technologies that draw energy from only the sun and a bit of personal labor. And there’s much less embedded energy in these tools than in a washer/dryer combo. A note about the labor: I thought it would be a more of a chore, but so far it’s been fun. There’s a degree of mindfulness that comes with washing clothes this way, and it doesn’t take very long. Granted, I’ve been conducting the experiment during the summer when I’m mostly wearing shorts and t-shirts, and the strong Pacific Northwest sun is accelerating the drying sessions.
On the innovating front, the agitator could be considered a new technology, but it’s such a simple device that it’s hard to think of it as being all that innovative. Where technology does come into play is in the clothing itself. This laundry method works much better with quick-drying clothes. I have been experimenting with natural wool clothes. Designers have figured out how to make quick-drying wool garments that are comfortable against the skin and don’t get stinky (as opposed to polypropylene and other synthetic materials). Such clothing can be pricey, but if you’re doing small loads of laundry each day or every other day, you don’t need to own very many of them — another nod toward economizing.
It’s still in flux, but I’ve gotten a good start on changing my behavior in the laundry sector of my household economy, and the change represents progress toward a steady state. Such changes are inconsequential in a numerical sense. My laundry process isn’t going to stabilize the climate or solve the global overshoot problem, but it’s a small step in the right direction. In addition to lowering my ecological footprint, this laundry experiment is helping me understand how the broader economy can economize and innovate to clean up its act.Trackback


The basic premise of a map is to assit us in navigating from one point to another, giving vital information illustrating whatever might be between those points. Mapping is guided direction, whether that leads to exterior terrain as in terra firma, the crevices of our oceans or the exploration of our endless universe.
But maps also serve to navigate the inner worlds of the human being, that landscape that constitutes us as humans. Navigate Maps enjoys reporting on the mappings of our outer worlds, but how does mapping apply to our inner worlds?
As humans we all go off the wall once in a while – how about off the map? Health care practitioners have constructed a guideline known as a bio-map indicating healthy parameters for “acceptable” behavior. Also referred to as emotional mapping, it is used as a diagnostic tool when assisting an individual through the territories of life. As we all know, life is not always a chauffeured party bus ride and most of us should use all the guidance we can get. Read More


It is often said that chemistry lacks “big questions” like physics and biology. But this is not entirely true. The origin of life is a quintessentially chemical problem, and it's as big as fundamental questions can get. More importantly, what chemistry may lack in terms of big questions it has in spades in terms of issues which directly impact the daily life of earth’s denizens. From waste disposal to food production, from new medicines to solar energy, chemistry is the driving force for scores of crucial problems that humans will face in the new millennium.
What do chemists spend their time thinking about? What questions would chemists want answered, preferably in the next few minutes? There are many, but here are a few of my favorites, starting with my top favorite.
1. Can we unravel the puzzle of life’s origins?
It’s the ultimate origins question. Darwin told us how life evolved but he did not tell us how it got started. Ever since Stanley Miller inaugurated the era of serious research in the origin of life, chemists have been at the forefront of answering the question at the crux of the matter: how did the simple, primordial molecules on an early Earth self-assemble to form self-replicating, robust chemical structures subject to Darwinian natural selection?
Forty years ago this question would have been seen as a product of the kind of lazy intellectual meandering that scientists indulge in after they have washed the last of their flasks and settled down with a beer. But in those forty years a series of remarkable discoveries have turned the origin of life into a hard scientific problem with well-defined potential answers. While Miller had already kick started the field by demonstrating how a collection of reducing gases catalyzed by lightning could form some of life’s key molecules, the discovery of deep sea black smokers has outlined an alternative pathway for life’s origins. Since the 80s a series of breakthroughs have firmed up the field’s basic hypotheses. Most notably, Thomas Cech’s groundbreaking studies on self-replicating RNA laid the foundations for an RNA world, the discipline's most widely accepted thesis.
More importantly, chemists have now found solid potential chemical pathways for the synthesis of life’s basic building blocks; nucleotides, ribose, amino acids and lipids. A few years ago John Sutherland caused a stir in the field when he discovered a potential joint synthesis of ribose bound to the bases comprising DNA and RNA. Steve Benner has recently documented how borate – a ubiquitous component of both earth and Martian rocks – can catalyze the formation of ribose using chemical reactions familiar to organic chemists. Similar synthetic routes have been discovered for lipids and amino acids.
The fact is that the molecular origin of life is no longer the realm of fanciful speculation. Reasonable pathways now exist for the formation of pretty much all of life’s building blocks. The next challenge is to find out how these building blocks comes together and form a self-contained, self-replicating system that can evolve by Darwinian natural selection and give rise to the kinds of biochemical pathways that drive the functioning of the cell. There is already some headway in this direction; for instance Jack Szostak’s group has found out that RNA can replicate inside primitive fatty acid vesicles. The fact is that even if we don’t know which single pathway operated on the early earth – and since evolution proceeds in multiple directions the question may even be pointless – we can get very close to narrowing down well-defined possibilities in the near future.
2. Can we ever beat photosynthesis?
It’s one of the holy grails of energy; coming up with a material for capturing the energy of the sun which can beat the efficiency of photosynthesis. This is an incredibly challenging problem, to say the least. And it’s one that could have an outsize impact on our very way of life, leading to energy from water splitting and biomass from energy conversion.
Evolution has had the luxury of tinkering around for billions of years before hitting on an exceptional solution that made multicellular life on earth possible. And yet this wonderful solution is still woefully inefficient; while the theoretical efficiency of photosynthesis is about 11%, in reality a variety of factors limit it to not more than 6%/. Clearly even nature has not managed to really utilize the energy of the sun, a fact that is perhaps not surprising considering the complex biochemical apparatus it has to marshal in its goal of synthesizing equally complex carbon-based organic compounds.
Humans can try to achieve the same goal as plants by doing two things; building chemical systems that mimic the photosynthetic apparatus and genetically engineering plants themselves to become better photosynthesizers. The second option, although tantalizing, faces some serious hurdles. Last year Nobel Laureate Hartmut Michel pointed out the kind of profound biological re-engineering we will have to do in order to overcome some very fundamental deficiencies in the photosynthetic machinery of plants. This is not impossible but we will be fighting 3.5 billion years of evolution in attempting it. Another fanciful option is to try to engineer silicon-containing leaves; we already know that photovoltaics can already achieve efficiencies of 45%, although they have the much simpler job of only converting solar energy to electricity. Nobody knows how a silicon-carbon hybrid plant will perform, but we have already started interfacing biology with electronics, so it’s certainly worth trying.
The other promising route is to create “artificial leaves” which are capable of achieving at least one important thing that photosynthesis does, splitting water to form hydrogen and oxygen. If realized this will be a godsend for solar energy and for the world’s energy problems in general. One of the leaders in the field is Dan Nocera, previously at MIT and now at Harvard. Nocera has created a cobalt-based catalyst which when combined with standard inexpensive silicon-based semiconductors generates hydrogen and oxygen when the assembly is placed in water at room temperature. But the efficiency of the setup is still about 5% at best, so much more work needs to be done.
Clearly there are promising efforts to mimic at least some aspects of photosynthesis and there’s no doubt that this ambitious goal should keep the midnight oil burning in chemistry labs. It is fascinating and deep pure science, with potentially revolutionary applications in energy and food production. Certainly a question that should keep chemists awake.
3. How do we make chemistry environmentally friendly?
With global warming, deforestation, fertilizer runoff and plastic waste piled up as high as skyscrapers, chemists face an unprecedented responsibility to be environmentally conscious. The chemical industry has had a mixed record of environmental stewardship. Episodes like Love Canal and Toms River have tarnished the reputation of the industry, even if the allegations are not all sensible. In 1991 Paul Anastas laid out a set of requirements for practicing what he called “green chemistry”. Since then the term has become embedded in chemists’ consciousness, but perhaps not quite enough.
Developments like the use of water and supercritical carbon dioxide to replace potentially toxic organic solvents, deployment of catalysts that function at room temperature and pressure, mindful consideration of product toxicities and amounts when performing chemical reactions and keeping track of energy requirements for chemical machinery and equipment are only some of the strategies adopted by chemists for responsible chemical analysis, synthesis and manufacturing. Yet there is a long way to go.
Chemists still have to develop perfectly biodegradable plastics – or materials which can replace plastics – to prevent the kind of plastic pileups that are destroying both land and the oceans. They have to work harder on using safe fertilizers and agricultural products that stay localized and do not persist in the environment. And they have to create even better technologies for preventing the release of harmful greenhouse gases. Responsible environmental stewardship will not only save the planet but it will go a long way in convincing the public of the value of chemistry. It should thus always be a major concern for chemists.
4. Can we design the perfect drug?
Most chemists in the field would probably say right away that the goal outlined by the question is a fool’s errand. And yet the quest for a drug that works perfectly on the disease it is supposed to treat or cure and causes zero side-effects is one that has driven drug discovery scientists in both academia and industry. One of the problems is that we still have a poor handle on the way drugs affect the entirety of a living system. We can study what happens in a limited sense in test tubes and model organisms, but put a drug in a human and we are still groping around in the dark. And yet nobody would dispute that reducing side effects is one of the most important goals in medicine, especially in areas like cancer where the side effects are often as awful as the disease.
Getting a grasp of side effects will need chemists to have a systems-level view of biology. It will require them to step out of their comfort zone and collaborate with biologists and computer scientists to understand how a particular drug affects the entire web of complex metabolic pathways on which cells depend. It will also involve being able to calculate the free energy of interaction between a drug and protein, a general goal whose solution may be decades into the future. Ultimately it may be impossible to have a drug with zero side effects, but the goal itself remains noble, part of a quest to cure suffering while causing no intentional harm. It’s a quest that chemists should cherish with doctors, and one that should certainly keep them thinking and experimenting.
5. How do we sell chemistry to the public?
Over the last two hundred years or so the chemical industry has really transformed human life. The products of chemistry –drugs, plastics, textiles, fertilizers, foods - underlie the very foundation of modern civilization. They have saved and improved billions of lives around the globe. And yet chemists are confronted with an increasingly wary public whose reactions to chemistry range from mildly skeptical to wildly hysterical.
Part of the problem is that almost any criticism of chemical or biological technology relies on emotions, and as decades of PR and propaganda have taught us, it is far easier to sell emotions than facts. Much of the effect is purely psychological; the mass media, zealous bloggers, journalists, filmmakers and some failings of the chemical industry itself have turned words like “chemicals”, “drugs” and “GMOs” into visceral triggers that elicit emotional rather than rational responses. Context and statistics are often ignored, and anecdotal evidence and generalizations often rule.
It’s not easy to counter misunderstandings about chemistry, especially when we are fighting emotions with facts. There is no simple answer to the problem, and I would point readers to a previous rumination on the topic. One potential solution is to create a non-profit, independent National Center for Chemistry Education that will instruct and educate the public and try to convey the fact that on balance, chemistry has done much more good than harm. But whatever the strategy, there is no doubt that battling chemical superstition will be an enduring concern for chemists in the future.
Note: I had forgotten about a wonderful 2011 piece by Philip Ball in the pages of this magazine which expounded on some other fundamental questions of concern to chemists. I thank SeeArrOh for the reminder.


You might be wondering about some of the more physiological and long-term effects of alcohol.
Learn about how alcohol affects your:
Check out this fun and scientific video about many of the ways alcohol effects your brain. It's the neurochemistry behind why people act the way they do when they drink.
If you're an athlete, here's what you need to know when you're deciding whether and how much to drink.
Alcohol impairs skills crucial to athletic performance for up to 72 hours (3 days). Effects include:
- slowed reaction time
- impaired precision, equilibrium, hand-eye coordination, accuracy, balance and judgment
- diminished focus, stamina, strength, and power
Alcohol will also slow recovery from injury and illness by:
- delaying muscle repair
- increasing risk for nutrient deficiencies-- vitamins and minerals used for normal function are now being used to break down alcohol
- suppressing immune function
- impairing sleep
Think twice before drinking close to bedtime. Alcohol prevents a good night's rest by:
- reducing the amount of REM sleep, causing drowsiness, poor concentration and memory problems the next day.
- increasing the number of times you wake up in the middle of the night.
- relaxing muscles in the body, meaning that you may be more likely to snore during sleep. This not only impacts your sleep, but anyone sleeping nearby.
Long-term, heavy use of alcohol can cause lasting health effects, in addition to the prolonged effects that last a few days after a single night of heavy drinking.
Alcohol use can:
- weaken the immune system
- cause organ damage, such as to the brain, pancreas, and liver.
- increase the risk of high blood pressure, heart disease, and certain kinds of strokes
- increase the risk for certain kinds of cancer, such as cancer of the mouth, throat, and liver
Research in cisgender women shows that heavy episodic drinking in college increases risk for osteoporosis and even moderate use of alcohol can increase the risk for breast cancer.
For more on the health impacts of alcohol, check out this page.
Alcohol is a drug. Mixing it with other drugs, medicines or supplements (even herbal remedies) may cause harmful interactions, for example:
- Using alcohol and marijuana at the same time can lead to overuse of both and produce unpredictable effects including alcohol poisoning or inability to vomit, a problem if the body needs to rid itself of excess alcohol.
- Depressants have similar effects as alcohol. Combined, the effects are intensified, increasing risk of overdose.
- Alcohol is metabolized by the liver. Adding even a small amount of another medicine or supplement that is metabolized by the liver, such as Tylenol®, can lead to liver damage.
- Mixing alcohol and stimulants, such as caffeine, can make you underestimate how drunk you are and impair your ability to limit your drinking.
The NIH has a list of commonly used medicines that interact with alcohol.
Always determine if it’s safe for you to drink while taking any drugs, medicines or supplements.
You can read medication information or consult a pharmacist or other health professional if you have questions about whether any alcohol is safe while on specific medications
If you are taking illegal drugs or drugs that have not been prescribed to you, you are taking a big, unknown risk. Always avoid mixing alcohol and drugs in these situations.
Alcohol tolerance is when:
- an individual drinker needs to consume more alcohol to achieve the same effects
- positive effects associated with consumption are diminished
- negative effects on the body remain the same
Tolerance does NOT mean that you can simply use more:
- using more means introducing more alcohol for the body to break down
- judgment and motor functioning can become more and more impaired even if you do not feel “buzzed” or “drunk"
- you may be unaware of how much alcohol you are putting into your body and the subsequent toll it takes on your organs (e.g., liver and brain functioning).
Tolerance can happen with almost any drug:
- illegal drugs such as cocaine and heroin
- over-the-counter anti-inflammatories, i.e. ibuprofen (Advil) and acetaminophen (Tylenol).


The road rules in Tasmania help protect cyclists. Everyone has the right to use the road safely. Cyclists don’t have the protection of a vehicle but interact with them. And a bicycle is harder to see. That’s why distance makes the difference.
Drivers need to always be alert to cyclists who should be as visible as possible. Bright clothing and flashing lights – white on the front, red on the back – helps visibility.
If you believe a driver has been within the 1-metre or 1.5-metre passing distance, you can make a complaint to police. A high standard of evidence to prove beyond reasonable doubt that a person is guilty of breaking the law.
Cyclists can ride across pedestrian crossings, marked foot crossings (controlled by lights) and children’s crossings.
When riding across a crossing, cyclists must:
- Ride slowly and safely
- Give way to pedestrians on the crossing
- Keep left of oncoming cyclists or pedestrians
At pedestrian crossings with lights, the same rules apply to cyclists as pedestrians. Cyclists must not cross the road when the pedestrian lights are red, and only cross the road when the pedestrian lights are green.
Drivers must give way to cyclists and pedestrians on a pedestrian crossing, marked foot crossing or children’s crossing.
- at least 1.5 metres in speed zones higher than 60 km/h
- at least 1 metre in 60 km/h or lower speed zones
The law applies to all roads, even where there are bicycle lanes.
Before passing a cyclist, drivers must:
- Check that the road ahead is clear
- Check mirrors and blind spots
- Pull out to pass, leaving plenty of room between their vehicle and the cyclist
- After passing, check for the cyclist in their mirror before moving back into the lane.
If it’s not safe (for example the road is too narrow or the view ahead is not clear), then drivers must slow down and wait until road conditions change before passing safely.
When passing cyclists riding two abreast, drivers need to provide a minimum safe passing distance (either 1 or 1.5 metres) between them and the cyclist closest to the driver.


As Human Rights violations continue around the world, will 2013 be a better year?
International Human Rights day is celebrated on December 10, but from a human rights perspective, 2012 has been more of a year to learn from than one to celebrate.
Human Rights Day was chosen to honour the UN General Assembly’s adoption and proclamation of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, on December 10, 1948, which was the first global enunciation of human rights.
Yet, for most of the years since then, the reality has been quite different than the Human Rights ideals set more than 60 years ago.
“Northern Mali is a veritable hell-hole, especially for women, as an al-Qaeda affiliate imposes its version of Sharia Law on the population, leading to amputations, executions and complete lack of freedom,” Bill O’Neil, an international lawyer who is the Director of Conflict Prevention and Peace Forum told Al Jazeera.
O’Neil pointed out how North Korea continues to violate countless Human Rights, as the country engages in true totalitarian repression, and explained how the government in Bahrain “has exerted control over all aspects of basic freedoms, continues its crackdown on freedom of assembly, association and a lack of fair trial, and torture is common in detentions there.”
And it’s not just countries one would usually suspect of Human Rights violations.
O’Neil posed this question for the United States:
“Will the Obama administration reveal its drone targeting criteria so that we can all see whether they are consistent with obligations under binding international law?”
The Obama administration ordered an end to government complicity in torture but continues to refuse to investigate, let alone prosecute, US officials who were responsible.
This last year saw continuing pressure on Western countries from international human rights groups to prioritise their leadership on international norms and the universality of human rights.
For example, the UN Human Rights Council, addressing the issue of the United States’ actions towards refusing to renew their membership to the group said, “By withdrawing from these institutions or restricting funding, the United States forfeits its leadership … and undermines its ability to advance its own interests.”
Human rights organisations, by the end of 2012, are also concerned about governments lacking enough measures to prevent genocide and mass atrocities, as well as lacking enough opposition to the coordinated global assault on civil society by the murder, criminalization and vilification of human rights defenders.
There also appears to be an ongoing lack of accountability to prevent western corporations from contributing to human rights violations in their operations as well as via their supply chains, lack of access to services and justice for survivors of sexual and gender-based violence, and relationships with Western states with alliances to governments that violate human rights.
May Ying Welsh is an Al Jazeera journalist who has been covering the Middle East and Africa since 2001.
“The US war on Iraq spurred one of the worst human rights crisis I’ve ever seen,” Welsh explained. “Outside of that, some of the most egregious human rights violations I’ve seen since I’ve been with Al Jazeera have been in Southern Sudan. One of the things I’ve found most distressing there has been the gang raping of children on a massive scale.”
Welsh says that these types of atrocities having been ongoing throughout 2012, along with a lack of coverage in the media.
She believes there is politicization of the conflicts, in which certain parties commit human rights violations that become exaggerated, yet when other parties commit the same violations, “It’s as if the whole world has no eyes and ears.”
“And all of this is ongoing in South Sudan and continues to largely be unreported,” she added. “And South Sudanese journalists who try to uncover these are severely punished, so it’s up to Western journalists to cover this story, but they seem largely unwilling to cover this story.”
Welsh has spent most of 2012 covering stories in Mali and Niger, two of the poorest countries in the world.
“Because they are so isolated, a lot of things happen there that no one ever knows about. The Sahara is a vast island of illiteracy so you can commit violations there and no one will ever know. The people are extremely poor and illiterate and don’t know their rights.”
The French state nuclear corporation, Areva, one of the largest corporations in the world, has been mining uranium in this area of the world for 40 years.
“They are polluting the non-renewable ground water,” Welsh explained, which is a phenomenon that is a violation of the local populations rights to clean water, clean air, and healthy food. “The people are having birth defects and their animals are dying.”
The radiation pollution crisis also underscores how climate change has become a massive Human Rights issue, as it has compounded the worsening problems presented by climate change, like the fact that the Sahara desert is advancing several kilometres annually, choking the people of Niger’s reliance on rain fed pasture and agriculture.
“So this climate change problem, coupled with a massive corporation polluting your land with uranium, is killing an entire peoples way of life and pushing them into starvation and ever-desperate methods of surviving.”
What Welsh is witnessing is an example of how a population that has done nothing to contribute to climate change and has a minimal carbon footprint are suffering dramatically from the crisis of climate change.
“These people have nothing, and they are being swept away by the sand,” Welsh concluded. “They are desperate; they are in a life or death struggle.”
Mary Robinson, the former UN high commissioner for human rights, recently told Democracy Now that she believes climate change is “the biggest human rights issue of the 21st century.
Al Jazeera senior correspondent Mohammed Adow has been covering Africa for years, and told of a situation in Kenya where two politicians who have been indicted by the International Criminal Court for rape, forcible transfer of people, killings, and other charges are actually running for the office of president.
The two indicted men, Uhuru Kenyatta and William Ruto, are running for president and vice president respectively, despite their alleged crimes that took place during post-election violence in 2007.
“You can understand how Kenyan’s are feeling, and the hearing of the cases will begin after the elections,” Adow explained. “So, many people are apprehensive about being ruled by two suspects of the ICC, who would be forced to shuttle between The Hague and Nairobi.”
Shockingly, the two men have a viable chance of winning the election, which will take place in March 2013, due to their enjoying the support of some of Kenya’s larger tribal populations.
People vote along tribal lines, and some of the larger tribes joined together could bring, what some jokingly refer to as the “ICC ticket”, victory.
Adow describes Kenya as a situation of “survival of the fittest” where the average schoolteacher earns in a decade what a member of parliament earns in one month.
“Kenya’s future is at stake,” he added. “The sense of entitlement of the politicians, for the sake of protecting themselves, they put themselves ahead of 40 million Kenyans. And there are massive amounts of Human Rights violations.”
Hope for 2013?
Systematic and ongoing human rights violations continue in the aforementioned countries as well as Sudan, Belarus, Syria, and China, but there were a few positive stories from this year.
Myanmar saw big changes.
“There is much more freedom and a working parliament,” O’Neil informed, as well as pointing to Sierra Leone.
“There we saw successful elections while human rights abuses have diminished and the police are doing good work, especially on gender issues,” he added.
And in Argentina, trials of perpetrators of horrendous violations are taking place, which according to O’Neil, “Shows that although it may take time, impunity can be overcome through persistent advocacy of human rights.”
Source: Al Jazeera 9th January 2013


Hands on Journal Publication Workshop with Chief Editor
If your research is not published in a journal it does not exist – it must be possible to find it because your paper is your passport to the community. There are 3 necessary steps in useful research:
- First is to begin with it
- Second is to end with it
- Third is to publish it
Review article (chapter 2)
Critical synthesis of a specific research topic – 8000-12,000 words
Disseminating completed research findings – 6000 – 8000 words with references. Choose the appropriate journal to build a scientific research career
TOC in Original Article
1. Title – must be catchy & spicy. Be honest & concise. the content must at par with the tittle. Make sure cover all the keyword. Less than 15 words.
2. Abstract – no technical jargon, standalone, 4W1H.
3. Keyword – repeatitive of the words so the manuscript to be easily found online and cited. should be specific, avoid uncommon abbrevieations and general terms. more than 85 repeatition should be keyword. the journal appointed reviewer based on the keywords. Not more than 5 keywords and abbs the establish one.
3. Introduction – the most difficult.
i Start by general aspect then go down to specific to your research.
ii. Flow must consistent between paragraph.
iii. Must have Statements that indicate the need for more investigation.
iv. Introduction should start with the problem in that case.
4. Study area/background (easy)
5. Methods (easy)
6. Results (easy-just the facts)
7. Discussion (second most difficult) – good paper will have good discussion.
8. Conclusions (what have done in your study) – easy. Avoid repeatition with other sections, overly speculative.
9. Acknowledgements – anyone who helped you, sources of funding. e.g. grant or reference numbers.
10. Figure 5-6 and tables 4 is appropriate. Dont put too many in one paper.
Level of difficulty
- Non-indexed journal
- Indexed Journal
- A journal is indexed when its bibliographic and citation information is included by the citation data supplier – set turnitin similarity indexed to 0 ( I dont understand, need to check with Librarian).
- Overlapped with
- Impact factor is an annual measure of the extent to which articles in that journal are cited. It can be calculated as follows:
- Research Uni – ISI (Web of Science) and Scopus.
- ISI founded in 1960 and becoming WoS
Criteria for choosing a journal
- Scope of journal
- Impact factor (IF)
- number of citations that articles in the journal have received within a specific time.
IF=CITATIONS/ARTICLES PUBLISHED (in two years)5 year impact factor=IF in five years(sum of citations in 5 years/articles published in five years)yearly IF= IF in one year.
- Journal ranking
- Q1 & Q2 – highest quality paper
- Publication frequency
- Time to publish.
Tips to publish
- Journal selection Process
- Target 3-5 possible journal
- Choose the journal that matches the quality of journal
- Factors to consider – scope of journal, journal indexing database.
e.g. IEEE, Elsevier – high rank & top view
- http://journalfinder.elsevier.com –
- Enter title and abstract of your paper to easily find journals that could be best suited for publishing. JournalFinder uses smart search technology and field-of-research specific vocabularies to match your paper to scientific journals.
- Most downloaded papers – use it in your journal references.
- How to increase the visibility – Publish papers in somewhere pay (elsevier, IEEE) then put into researchgate so people can easily download without pay.
- Enhance your writing by:
- Critical review for thesis chapter 2 (LR)
- Finding the Gap of the study
- Novelty of the study
- Build an expertise area.
- Submitting the paper – traditional submission (email) via a journal online submission – include the cover letter (very important) – contain authors’ rationale.
- Cover letter is important. Example of cover letter:
- for choosing the editors’s journal. The letter can suggest reviewer.
- The peer review process – Editors to the reviewers to review. Then the reviewer will recommend – reject, revise, accept. Managing editor – involve in clerical and administrative detail in the review process. Makes some preliminary decisions.
- Initial screening – language, content.
- Review process from 1 hr to 6 months. 1-4 reviewers along with editorial comments. Proof preparation for checking by authors. In press/queue/article in press.
- Reviewers comment – after taking the considerations matter above – publish or reject!
- Some of the good criteria – title must be good, then get unique methods or result is something interesting, new and novelty idea.
- Addressing reviewers comment
- not being out rightly rejected
- make sure address everything
- If it is rejected – at least give some feedback
Social Network for Academic
- Research gate
- Academia Ed
- Google scholar
- Scopus profile Rdsearch ID profile
- Pubfacts profile
- Publons profile


Thousands of people joined Invasion Day protests in cities across Australia yesterday to mark the beginning of British colonization of the vast continent.
Jan. 26 is officially recognized as Australia Day, a public holiday to celebrate the origins of the modern nation, and is commemorated with fireworks, concerts and citizenship ceremonies.
However, the date is a time of mourning for indigenous Australians, who have inhabited the land for 65,000 years and view the arrival of British settlers in 1788 as heralding two centuries of pain and suffering.
Annual rallies have steadily grown in size as protesters bring attention to injustices faced by indigenous people and call on the government to change the date of Australia Day.
It was only formally established as a nationwide celebration in 1994.
This year, non-indigenous Australians were asked to give reparations in the form of a donation to the #PayTheRent campaign.
Melbourne rally organizer Lidia Thorpe, a former Victoria state government politician, drew attention to the plight of Aboriginal families who had to pay for the funerals of relatives who died in custody.
"It's 2020, and we're still trying to raise money to bury our people. So we're asking people to pay the rent, you're on stolen land," she said.
Chants of "Always was, always will be, Aboriginal land" rang out as large crowds marched through the city.
Some waved the Aboriginal flag while others held aloft signs with slogans such as "No Pride in Genocide" and "Sovereignty Was Never Ceded".
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According to the recent Institute of Medicine report, up to 2.5 million Americans have chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS).
Patients with ME/CFS are more functionally impaired than those with other disabling illnesses, including congestive heart failure, multiple sclerosis, and end-stage renal disease.
The NIH funds ME/CFS at $5 million per year, and that amount is estimated by the NIH to stay about the same through 2016. The NIH spends almost 10 times more on attention deficit disorder, 15 times more on infertility, and 80 times more on depression.
The IOM report confirms this dismal state of affairs, stating that remarkably little research funding has been made available, especially given the number of people afflicted.
Please help get more funding for this devastating and badly neglected illness. Please sign only if you are a resident of the United States. Thanks!
Dear Francis Collins and Members of Congress:
National Institues of Health fudning of ME/CFS (chronic fatigue syndrome; SEID) has remained essentailly flat at $5 million a year since 1993. The recent Institue of Medicine ME/CFS report states that "remarkably little research funding has been made available, especially given the number of people afflicted."
It is past time for the NIH and the federal government to take this illness seriously. It affects as many as 2.5 million Americans and often is more disabling than congestive heart failure, multiple sclerosis, and end-stage renal disease.
An increase in NIH funding to at least $50 million per year is urgently needed to bring funding for ME/CFS in line with illness severity and prevelence.