New research shows that reducing inflammation reduces the rate at which you age. Less inflammation equals less rapid ageing. There is a certain amount of inflammation that occurs in infection and this is a good thing. What they have found is that in older people inflammation gets out of hand. So control your inflammation. Optimize your vitamin D level, imho, to just under 100, eat berries that are colored, use turmeric in your cooking or take a supplement, drink green tea, prepare and eat fermented foods like sauer kraut, exercise and drink plenty of water every day ( hopefully clean well water as it contains liberal amounts of magnesium), and avoid alcohol.
Now the news letter.
Vitamin D Newsletter - May 7, 2013 View this email in your browser Supporters of the Vitamin D Council
The Vitamin D Council's latest patient friendly health summary reviews the research on vitamin D and multiple sclerosis. The Vitamin D Council systematically reviewed the literature this past January and produced our findings in a patient friendly style. Be sure to share with friends, family, and health care professionals!
Multiple Sclerosis and vitamin D: A patient friendly summary
Vitamin D Council
Multiple sclerosis is a condition where the body’s immune system attacks the nerves in the brain and spinal cord. Because these nerves provide messages to so many different areas of the body, the symptoms of multiple sclerosis can involve many systems of the body. You may experience problems walking, talking, speaking, swallowing, or difficulty thinking. It’s not known exactly what causes multiple sclerosis, but researchers think that vitamin D may play a role. Some studies show that vitamin D helps to control your immune system, but how this may play a role in multiple sclerosis is not fully understood.
Some research shows that vitamin D improves the symptoms of multiple sclerosis, but these studies are small and difficult to compare because of their differences.
Research hasn’t shown conclusively yet whether taking vitamin D supplements may help reduce your chances of developing multiple sclerosis, treat symptoms once the disease has already started, or both. There are other things that researchers think may increase your likelihood of getting multiple sclerosis, including being a carrier for certain genes.
Because of all the differences in the research studies, it’s difficult to know for certain what role vitamin D plays in preventing or treating multiple sclerosis.
If you have multiple sclerosis and want to take vitamin D, it’s unlikely to harm you or make your symptoms worse. However, you may not see any improvement in your symptoms either. You should not take vitamin D in the place of other medications for your condition. Talk to your doctor about taking vitamin D or any other supplement. Continue reading →
Share the wealth!
Want to share the full summary with friends, family, and health professionals? Download a PDF copy and share the summary online!
Do you need interesting print material for a waiting room, doctors office, or to simply share with friends? Download the printable handout here! This is a copy meant for printing so if you want to go to your local print shop, use this version. More on Multiple Sclerosis The multiple sclerosis D-lemma
February 16, 2013 -- Brant Cebulla
In the use of vitamin D in medicine, there is probably no greater dilemma and debate currently than the tussle of whether or not to supplement patients with multiple sclerosis. Continue reading → (no membership required) Vitamin D and multiple sclerosis: Implications for assessment and treatment
October 20, 2012 -- Rebecca Oshiro
A recent review summarized the evidence for vitamin D in the development and treatment of multiple sclerosis patients. Continue reading → (membership required) New randomized controlled trial says, vitamin D prevents and delays multiple sclerosis
January 10, 2013 -- Brant Cebulla
Good news for those at risk for developing multiple sclerosis! A study found that vitamin D may prevent the onset of multiple sclerosis. Continue reading → (no membership required) RCT: Vitamin D supplementation in patients with MS
September 8, 2012 -- John Cannell, MD
Scientists recently conducted a double blind, placebo-controlled trial of vitamin D in 66 MS patients, to see if it helped as an add-on therapy with interferon. Continue reading → (membership required) Multiple sclerosis: Vitamin D status and brain lesions
December 23, 2012 -- Rebecca Oshiro
A study published by the American Neurological Association investigated the relationship between 25(OH)D levels and brain lesions in patients diagnosed with multiple sclerosis. Continue reading → (membership required)
Vitamin D Council Members Blog The seasonality of heart attacks
April 30, 2013 -- John Cannell, MD
One of the mysteries of heart attacks is their seasonality. Before the modern sun avoidance era, there were 50% more heart attacks in the winter than in the summer. Continue reading → (membership required)
Meta-analysis confirms: Low vitamin D linked to increased risk of type II diabetes
May 1, 2013 -- Brant Cebulla
New meta-analysis finds higher vitamin D levels are associated with a 38% reduced risk of developing type II diabetes. Continue reading → (membership required)
Study: Low vitamin D increases breast cancer risk in China, too
May 5, 2013 -- Kate Saley
Higher vitamin D levels may have a protective effect against breast cancer, according to researchers in China. Continue reading → (no membership required) Pregnancy complications: Can vitamin D help?
May 4, 2013 -- John Cannell, MD
Complications during pregnancy can include preeclampsia, small for gestational age, and gestational diabetes. Will vitamin D help prevent any of these complications? Continue reading → (membership required)
Conflicting reports: Rickets or battered baby syndrome?
May 3, 2013 -- John Cannell, MD
In 1962 a new condition, battered child syndrome, was discovered by Dr. C. Henry Kempe, a pediatrician. Dr Cannell explains the similarities between the syndrome and rickets. Continue reading → (membership required)
Vitamin D deficiency and SIDS
May 3, 2013 -- John Cannell, MD
Dr Cannell discusses the possible link between vitamin D deficiency and SIDS, Continue reading → (membership required)
Vitamin D News Room American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Nutrition release new guidelines for preterm infants
April 30, 2013 -- Vitamin D News
The American Academy of Pediatrics released new guidelines on vitamin D requirements for preterm infants. Continue reading →
Increased vitamin D linked to faster recovery from muscular injury
May 1, 2013 -- Vitamin D News
Sufficient vitamin D levels may increase the rate of muscle strength recovery after intense exercise, according to research published in the journal Nutrients. Continue reading → Low vitamin D increases pneumonia risk in older adults
May 3, 2013 -- Vitamin D News
Low vitamin D levels are associated with an increased risk of pneumonia, according to new research published in the Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. Continue reading → Vitamin D Society holding a symposium in Victoria, Canada
May 3, 2013 -- Vitamin D News
The Vitamin D Society is holding a free symposium at the University of Victoria in Victoria, Canada, May 22nd. Continue reading →
The facts on vitamin D and calcium
May 7, 2013 -- Vitamin D Event
This week's free Grassroots Health webinar features lead vitamin D researcher Robert Heaney, MD, discussing how vitamin D interacts with calcium and other minerals in the body, how they work together to affect bone health, and what levels of each are considered safe.
Register here for today's webinar, which starts at 10am PST! Have a vitamin D question? You can submit your questions for Dr Heaney when you register.


The Rosary is a powerful weapon of protection and peace. Now, in the face of this war, it is more true than ever.
The Polish people teach us all a lesson in humanity through their behavior in the face of the avalanche of refugees arriving at their borders. Current estimates of the number of people who have entered the country since the start of the Russian invasion are well over one million at the time of this writing; the United Nations puts that number at nearly double.
The Poles have forged a chain of brotherhood that makes no distinction. Everyone helps as best they can. The situation is heartbreaking, seeing all the women, children and elderly people who have left behind their male relatives who remain in the fight and those who cannot leave due to the bombings against the proposed humanitarian corridor.
In these comings and goings of Polish buses going to the border to pick up refugees, a man named Michal was one of the many volunteers coordinating a trip. He is usually involved in projects aimed at improving education in rural Poland.
On the way, on the bus – which in this case belonged to the public administration – Michal was with a group of law enforcement officers. They were there as guards to help and protect the refugees.
Michal is married and father of 4 children. Like all the men on the bus, he was pensive, and along the way they pondered what they would encounter. No doubt many imagined themselves and their own families as refugees. At first they were talking about how they were going to organize themselves, but then there was silence.
Then Michal took the microphone and suggested, “How about praying the rosary? The rest agreed. He told the driver and, with Michal on the microphone, they prayed the mysteries together. Some of them did not know how to pray the Rosary, but others helped them.
They arrived at the border and greeted a group of people who were already waiting: babies held by their mothers, young and old women, exhausted old people. All of their faces showed the relief of having achieved a goal and the determination to keep fighting to move forward.
The guards helped them onto the bus, and Michal coordinated everything: he listened to each refugee’s story and concerns. Then they left for Warsaw.
Along the way, the children had time to talk and discover the Polish landscape that now welcomed them, and to draw with colored markers. (Upon arrival at the border, each child is greeted with a stuffed animal, a simple gift that comforts the little ones.)
Arriving in the Polish capital, the refugees got off the bus. Guards accompanied them, helping to unload baggage, strollers, and any loose baggage these unplanned travelers might have taken with them.
The guards then approached Michal and thanked him for the rosary he had encouraged them to pray. It had helped them, they told him, to undertake the task with a greater sense of good for their fellow man, the helpless, the powerless, the discouraged, those who had lost everything, and also those who were afraid.
The Rosary is a powerful weapon. Now, in the face of this war, it is more true than ever.
“The Holy Rosary is a powerful weapon. Use it with confidence and you will be amazed by the result. (Saint Josemaría, The Way, 558)
The children, as always, noticed the warmth of the welcome, and a little boy gave Michal a drawing that read: “I love Poland”.
The drawing will remain on the bus, so it will be a source of inspiration. Poland, “ever faithful“, always faithful to God, says his motto.


Solar panels have become a popular way for homeowners to save money and do their part to protect the environment. Many people want to know how much solar panels cost and if they’re worth the investment.
The cost of a single solar panel can range from $4,000 to $16,000. Since you need other equipment for your solar panels to work, the total fees for installing a solar panel system in your home can cost between $10,550 and $28,000. The savings you can get from solar panels make them worth it.
In this article, we’re going to look at the average costs of solar panels, solar panel systems, and reasons why solar panels are worth it.
How Much Solar Panels Cost?
In 2020, the national average to install an average-sized system can range from $10,085 to $28,000. An average price is around $18,500, which is a 6kW system.
The cost per watt using solar panels ranges from $2.38-$3.50. These values include the 26% federal tax credit.
Individual panels can cost $0.40 to $1.10 per watt, depending on the solar panel brand. Panels are priced by watt rather than total cost.
To figure up the total cost, you can multiply the watt’s value by the panel’s wattage. This cost does not include the price of installation or the system needed to run the panels.
You can use a solar calculator to get an accurate estimate of how much your system will cost. This program will calculate electricity usage, roof direction, location, and other crucial factors.
Factors Affecting Price of Solar Panels
The final cost of your solar panel system will vary by multiple factors, including the brand of solar panels, where you live, and the size of your system. Residential solar panels range in size:
- 3kWh – 3,6000 kWh to 4,800 kWh/year
- 5kWh – 6,000 kWh to 8,000 kWh/year
- 10kWh – 12,000 kWh to 16,000 kWh/year
The area where you live can have a significant impact on the cost of your solar system. How much sunlight your location gets can affect system output, which decides how many modules you’ll require. The more you need, the more you’ll spend.
The availability of companies that can install your system can also affect costs. When there’s less competition, the prices can be higher.
Your current electric spending habits is one of the best ways to figure out if you can save money by installing solar panels and a system.
Analyzing your electricity usage helps you determine the size of the solar system you’ll need, so you don’t end up spending more or less than you need per unit.
An average home uses around 10,850 kWh a year, which equals around 900 kWh a month. Your solar system should be able to generate enough power to reduce or eliminate your electric bill.
The equipment needed by the company for a solar system to operate correctly can vary in price depending on its fees and the brand of equipment.
In addition to solar panels, you’ll also have to purchase inverters, racking equipment, solar batteries or a grid connection, and performance monitoring.
The different types of power storage and inverters can fluctuate in costs based on the type of inverter. The inverter transfers the direct current power (DC) from the sunlight and turns it into (AC) alternating current, which powers your home.
You also have to purchase racking, which is how your solar panels mount to your roof. There’s also ground mounts and solar carport racking. These racks help your solar panels rest at a 30 to 50-degree angle.
There are fixed or track mounts, which vary in price. Track mounts adjust to the sun’s position, so they cost more than fixed racking, which keeps the panels stationary in one place.
If you’re going to be using solar panels, you’ll need a way to track your hourly electrical production. You can use your monitoring system to watch your system’s performance.
You can spot issues so you can tweak your system to run correctly, saving you money, and improving productivity. Which system you choose will determine your price point.
On-site monitors are installed with your panels. Remote monitors let you access your system through the cloud. You can track your performance online.
Your solar system requires a way to store the energy your panels collect. The process is called net metering. Many states have net metering when you store your converted energy in the electrical power grid.
Solar-plus-storage, or solar batteries, are usually lead-acid or lithium-ion and can retain some of your generated power instead of putting it into the power grid.
Lithium-ion batteries are the most popular choice, but they are more expensive than lead-acid storage options.
Installation of Solar Panels
Most people cannot DIY solar system installations. It’s easier and safer to let experts set up your system.
You should estimate 20% of the gross total for your system to go towards labor. This small fee pays for itself in warranties and enhanced performance.
Some states offer rebates for low-income households, so you can still afford to install a solar system. These programs do not give you solar panels for free, but they will reduce the cost drastically.
In most locations with these programs, the grant would cover the cost of installing the solar system on the roof. But the homeowner will still face some expenses. There’s also on-bill repayment plans, which allow you to pay back the cost of installing a system by adding the charge to your electric bill.
Low income means the family income is at or less than 80% of the area median income (AMI). States that offer low-income programs include:
- New York
- Washington D.C.
Property Assessed Clean Energy (PACE) Financing Programs
PACE or Property Assessed Clean Energy financing programs let local governments help with financing for energy efficiency upgrades such as solar panel systems.
Currently, 17 states, including Washington, D.C., participate in PACE programs. These states are as follows:
- New York
PACE legislation currently exists in 37 states. These include the 17 states we’ve mentioned, as well as:
- New Mexico
- North Carolina
- New Jersey
- New Hampshire
- Rhode Island
Why Solar Panels are Worth It?
A common reason that many people consider switching to solar systems is that you can often get incentives, such as tax credits, reduced electrical bills, getting money back, and other incentives.
Investment Tax Credit (ITC)
If you’re planning to install solar panels, 2020 and 2021 is the best time to do it. Homeowners who go solar in 2020 will be eligible for the 26% solar panel. By the beginning of 2021, this credit will drop to 22%, and it will be unavailable by the end of 2021.
State Tax Credits
Your state of residence may also offer tax credits or rebates. States currently offer tax credits or rebates include:
- New Jersey
- New York
- South Carolina
- New Hampshire
- South Carolina
Some states, including California, New York, New Jersey, Washington D.C., and Massachusetts, offer performance-based incentives (PBI). These programs give you extra money each year for the energy your panels produce. Homeowners get paid over some time with a flat rate for each kWh of energy.
Some states, including Texas, come from local governments and utility companies. Check with your county and state utility departments to see if there are options for you.
The cost of installing a solar panel system can seem steep and range from $10,550 and $28,000. Depending on your location, you may receive rewards or incentives for using solar systems, helping offset the costs. You’ll also see significant savings on your electrical bills. We hope we’ve answered how much solar panels cost and if they are worth it.
- EnergySage: Is Solar Really Worth It?
- EnergySage: Solar Energy Equipment: The Basics
- Modernize: How Much Does Solar Panel Installation Cost?
- National Conference of State Legislatures: PACE Financing
- Seia: Performance-Based Incentives
- Solar Reviews: Low-income solar incentives in the US
- Solar Reviews: Texas solar panels guide 2020
- Sunrun: Solar incentives by state
Summary of the Article
- How Much Solar Panels Cost?
- Factors Affecting Price of Solar Panels
- Affordable Options
- Why Solar Panels are Worth It?
- In Closing


Empathy is the entire act of trying to view a thing as per another person’s point of view; in simple words, to see an aspect by placing yourself in their shoes.
It is an attribute which helps us get along better with our peers, elders, youngsters, alike. More to say, it really helps us get better ourselves as a human. It is using politeness as a means to building a base of understanding and compassion with another person.
Paul Ford, in an engrossing post on Medium, talking about politeness shed a light to a very interesting facet of empathy where difficult words might not actually make you feel depressed but deeply satisfied. Trust, after all empathy is empathy, be it by any mean howsoever it is, whatsoever the case is.
“When that painful lull arrives [during the conversation], be the master of it,” writes Paul. So when he asks them what they do for a living, whatever they respond to it – means whatever – he just says, “Wow, that sounds hard”.
“Because nearly everyone in the world believes their job to be difficult,” writes Paul. And we couldn’t agree more with it.
Hard is a difficult word, for some, it could be weirdest of all, but those words have brightened up the smile because that made the other person feel they are doing a job that’s hard. This probably can head you to be version of ‘weirdly polite’, just like people tell Paul. And that’s nothing but a sign of empathy.
In the same context, the most difficult of words can actually help you realise your own true value – to the other way, by thinking that those who mouth angry or insulting words are in some way jealous of you.
In effect, there could be two types of empathy. Affective empathy is the inner sensibilities we feel as a reflex to the emotions of someone around us.
At times, we are a mirror image of what another person is going through.
We too may feel what could be termed ‘sympathy pains’ when those we care about are going through a difficult patch. Cognitive empathy, on the other hand, is our capacity to relate with someone else’s feelings.
However, empathy may have an indirect bearing which is a bit on the negative side as well. We may feel a bit of an emotional burnout if we have too much empathy towards others.
As per Daniel Goleman, author of ‘Emotional Intelligence,’ empathy has five basic nuances to it. These are: understanding others; developing others; having a service orientation; leveraging diversity; political awareness.
In the same vein, empathy, basically speaking, could be a feeling which an emotionally strong person can feel. If you yourself are a drained out individual, one who is constantly worried about himself or herself, can you feel empathetic towards others? – probably not.
There is an opinion about this very count – those who are suffering themselves and are not emotionally strong may not be in the position to be empathetic toward others. They are far too caught up in a web of sorrow themselves. However, those who are emotionally strong may be able to take on this burden of sorts.
Whichever context we are speaking in, empathy remains a virtue and not a negative attribute to have at all. For an instance, a study suggests empathetic people are more likely to put off negative noise or unintended errors like arriving late than scheduled, and concludes that empathy can be an effective tool for coping with “misinterpreted behaviours”.
To be able to understand and even appreciate the downswing which another human is getting affected by, is a positive quality, no doubt. This will, in a way, help ease the sorrow of another person just if someone else is understanding enough about their predicament.
However, there does exist another angle to this picture. It is said that if another human is not really empathetic towards you or your plight and makes fun of it, you may get all charged up and try to prove them wrong by making extra efforts to improve your state. Though by no means is this something which one should do, there are instances of it happening in our midst at times.
Whether they are actually not empathetic towards you or are trying to get you to wake up and take charge of your act remains doubtful. Although such a thing doesn’t seem the so-called ‘right thing to do’ at all. After all, when we see someone else in trouble, we have been taught to be genteel towards those who suffer. This is natural enough and a good human being-like reaction.
Do not try to tread the path of not being empathetic towards others. All said and done, we should do unto others as we would want them to do unto us. Is it not?
(With inputs from Ayush Garg).
Crafted with brevity
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Online Dictionary: translate word or phrase from Indonesian to English or vice versa, and also from english to english on-line.
Hasil cari dari kata atau frase: common tobacco(0.00785 detik)
Found 1 items, similar to common tobacco.
English → English (WordNet)
Definition: common tobacco
n : tall erect South American herb with large ovate leaves and
terminal clusters of tubular white or pink flowers;
cultivated for its leaves [syn: Nicotiana tabacum]


Comprehensive Web Sites
In addition to the Oregon State University WIC site, here are links to other comprehensive sites covering a variety of topics important to teachers of writing. Many of these sites include links to more online resources and best practices for the teaching of writing. These are useful reference points for general resources and ideas for writing teachers.
Web and Document Accessibility
Gabriel Merrell's 2013 WIC Spring Lunch presentation on equal access and opportunity across the curriculum.
Designing Rubrics and Assessing Student Writing
This section includes links to specific examples of effective writing rubrics that can be adapted for use across various disciplines.
Devising Effective Writing Assignments
These resources provide guidelines on creating clear and purposeful writing assignments as well as information about effective assignment scaffolding.
Working with English Language Learners
This section contains a link to a variety of resources to help teachers work with English language learners. The link include quizzes, activities, and assignments for language learning students, as well as language-specific quizzes to improve English vocabulary.
These links provide information on common errors in language usage as well as more resources for teaching grammar to students.
Giving Effective Presentations
This section contains links to information and resources on presentation skills and effective speeches. The information includes tips for giving presentations in academic settings and strategies for developing an engaging presentation style.
Assigning Peer Review
The resources in this section include tips and strategies for teachers who wish to design effective and impactful peer review assignments for writing classrooms across the curriculum. The section includes links for assigning both in-class and online peer review activities.
Guiding Student Research
This section includes resources for both teachers and students to help students in their research projects. The resources include information on writing and presenting research, citation styles (including MLA, APA, Chicago, and CBE), and using online source material. The websites also include tutorials, activities, and sample student writing that may be helpful for teachers.
Using Informal Writing To Learn
These sites provide an explanation of writing-to-learn and example writing-to-learn activities. Particularly useful for the sciences, these resources are great for planning small but impactful writing activities to include in the classroom.


cedar cladding can swell or shrink as it gains or loses moisture to reach equilibrium ,. this vapour migrates through the fabric of a building from the warm interior to the cold exterior, and when it condenses to water can cause structural damage and damage to claddings and ,. staining, buckling and damage to finish coats.
7 sep 2015 , this swelling can create pressure between the boards, which can cause the boards to warp or cup. , to help protect your floors from cracks, cupping, crowning, and buckling, try to follow these guidelines: , never use a damp mop on a hardwood floor, as the water may deteriorate the wood and finish.
12 sep 2012 , water or water vapor rising out of a concrete slab on grade can cause flooring to lose adhesion, to warp, and to peel. beneath continuous flooring , other harmful effects include damage to flat electrical cable systems, buckling of carpet or carpet tiles, odors, and fungi growth. it can even damage the,
extended exposure to moisture of this type may cause the core of your laminate flooring to warp or swell. in some instances, with special installation procedures, it is possible to install laminate floors in bathrooms where water will not stand on the floor for any length of time. other than that, laminate is very versatile: install it,
excessive moisture buildup in attic spaces can cause water vapor to penetrate asphalt shingles. this water vapor in turn is boiled by the sun and causes blisters in shingles. excessive attic moisture can also cause the roof framing and decking members to swell. excessive swelling can buckle shingles, which in turn can,
wood dries by movement of free water through fiber cavities, fiber walls and movement of water vapor through wood. because wood is not , these shrinkage variations cause drying , the air dried decking will typically reach equilibrium after installation, the partially air dried decking shrinking less than the green decking.
if the system is open to the interior of the building, the vapor will push into the building envelope and condensate showing up as a roof leak. if the water vapor cannot escape, , deck failures can be caused by excessive weight, typically as a result of the weight associated with standing water. decking failures can also occur,
the shingle length, usually near the nail or sealant line occurring along the deck board joints. how can the roof deck influence buckling? buckling, as a cause of the roof deck, generally occurs when shingles are applied over dimensional lumber (e.g. tongue and groove planks, board lumber etc.). dimensional,
water vapor could have been coming through at a rate high enough to penetrate the adhesive and reach the wood. there are tests that can verify the moisture level of concrete before flooring is installed, but they only give you a snapshot of conditions at that time. if water migrates beneath the slab during periods of heavy,
25 mar 2014 , given enough time, the mc of wood will come to an equilibrium value based on the rh of the air. if the mc is increased, the wood will swell, just as it does when liquid water is introduced. the vapor-driven process is slower than when liquid water is present. problems caused by water vapor can take,
an often overlooked source of moisture is the water entrained in the foundation which all needs to evaporate to the interior of the house. , if the sheathing panels are butted flat together with no gap, the panels will not only buckle between the studs, but will crush along the edges causing a small ridge line. 5. vapor diffusion,
1 sep 2011 , when wood has the chance to pick up water, it will always do so. in this washington state deck, the ends of the capstock decking have swollen after installation. photo by kim katwijk. in decking, the problem lies with the nature of the composite. a large portion of the composite decking available on the,
28 jun 2017 , as we turn the calendar pages and celebrate our great nation this independence day, builders can support american businesses by using products made right here in the u.s. of a. from , the waterproof planks resist spills, dirt, scuffs, and staining and will not swell or buckle when exposed to water.
air can cause many issues including buckling of the roof sheathing. always vent appliances outside. attic ventilation may not be required if a vapor guard is installed or where a building inspector deems it unnecessary. , roof sheathing panels swell when exposed to moisture and this may contribute to buckling. allowing,
regarding how hurricanes affect roofing systems. thus, distinguishing , the rafter, and d) wavy roof deck from lack of clips. wind flowing over a ,. fasteners can protrude from the wood when the wood swells when wetted. therefore, wood roofs tend to require more maintenance than asphalt shingle roofs. refer to figure 6.
8 feb 2008 , moisture-related expansion could cause beadboard porch ceilings to buckle. why, and , yes, some housewraps with high perm ratings will allow the penetration of more moisture vapor; low perm rating house wraps provide more of a weather resistive barrier - to water, wind, and moisture vapor. but i don't,
improperly applied felt: buckling can occur when the vapor barrier know as felt (or commonly referred to as tar paper) is installed wrong. felt can rise and buckle if it's not stretched and applied to your roof decking (plywood) properly. naturally, being that your shingles are installed "over," the felt, it causes the shingles to,
buckling of wood structural panel sheathing such as plywood or oriented strand board (osb) occasionally results when increased moisture , this results in swelling or shrinking of the wood. for solid , the tendency of expansion to cause buckling in structural panels is related to mechanical properties, physical properties.
interior water vapor can also move into the attic space and condense on the gable ends, causing paint peeling. moisture may also condense on the attic side of the roof decking and eventually work its way down the side walls, causing paint peeling near the tops of these walls. to prevent condensation problems in the attic,,
3 sep 2010 , when the mc is too low, the wood may expand, and may buckle, bow, and distort surrounding material. there are six key areas finish ,. in a 6 point mc change. this swelling of the material can cause significant problems in situations where installation creates accumulated movement (more on this below).


Based on the results
showed under the students’ perception according to intrinsic motivation which
is interest subtopic, it can be seen that the three highest means for the items
were in between 4.32 to 4.52. Most of the students felt that the traditional
music course was fun to learn and they enjoyed while learning traditional music
course. According to Oz (2001), the aims of traditional music course are for
the students to express themselves through the traditional music performances,
to develop their musical knowledge about history and to teach students to appreciate
the culture values.
Besides, students also
said that learning traditional music is something that interesting and quite
enjoyable. So that while they attending traditional music classes, they always
think on how much they enjoyed it. However, the three lowest mean under this
students’ perception were between 2.13 to 2.27 which indicated that traditional
music learning is a boring activity and it did not hold their attention at all.
They also felt that learning traditional music is not their own choices.
Moreover, based on the
result showed under the students’ perception according to intrinsic motivation
of effort, it can be observed that the three highest means were in between 4.15
to 4.25. Most of the students thought that the it was important for them to do
well during traditional music lesson. They also have to put a lot of effort
into traditional music learning as well as do their work thoroughly. According
to Coban and Konakci (2011), the traditional music course is regarded as the one
important course that need effort in order to help students to shape future
career as well as their professional lives after graduation.
However, the three lowest
mean under this students’ perception indicated that students didn’t try very
hard to do well and didn’t put so much energy during traditional music
learning. But, there’s also students who try very hard to understand the
traditional music learning.
Furthermore, based on the
data collected under the students’ perception according to intrinsic motivation
of usefulness, it can be observed that the highest means were in between 4.40
to 4.53. Most of the students thought that by learning traditional music, it
could help them to understand more about Malaysian cultures. They also thought
that traditional music is an important subject as well as could be beneficial
to them. In addition, Shahanum (2013) stated that this traditional music course
involves the learning and application of techniques, knowledge and skills of
playing traditional music instrument, performing traditional musical pieces and
the utilization of the traditional music instrument.
Next, the three lowest
means under the students’ perception of usefulness were between 4.32 to 4.38.
Most of the students believe that traditional music could be of some value to
them and useful for their future. They also taught that it is important to
learn traditional music because it can help them to do better in school and
they willing to learn this course again because it has beneficial value itself.


By analogy with the technology involved in putting out a print paper,
("The Techie Details") told student journalists and their advisers how to round up an inexpensive printing press, newsprint, ink and delivery trucks and publish their own papers. This chapter will tell them what to put where once they start
Moving from print to the Web means entering a new world of layout and design. Any site design for an online paper must also include a plan for how to make it easy for readers to navigate around the site.
For high schools that want to get started with a minimum of trouble, this chapter includes at the end HTML templates for a 10-page online paper. Those templates can be used intact - just copy and paste
in your own stories - or can be modified to meet the staff's tastes. Some staffs may decide to do the entire design from scratch, using the software tools described in Chapter 7.
The field of Web design is a work in progress. If you spend some time browsing online newspapers and magazines (Webzines), you'll see that publications have yet to figure out just what an online paper
should look like. Web sites shouldn't all look alike, of course, any more than all magazines look alike or all television programs have the same look and feel. But most news magazines have a similar
look, as do most youth-oriented television sitcoms. Those standards are still under development in the new medium of the Web.


King William departed for Normandy in March 1067.
“... the king went over sea, and had with him hostages and moneys ...”‘Anglo-Saxon Chronicle’ Manuscript E
William delegated the government of England to, his friend since boyhood, William fitz Osbern, and to, his half-brother, Odo, bishop of Bayeux. Fitz Osbern had been given the Isle of Wight and the earldom of Herefordshire. The king had a castle built in Winchester, says William of Poitiers, and fitz Osbern was based there to govern the kingdom “towards the north”.* Odo had been made earl of Kent, and was based in the castle at Dover.* Manuscript D of the ‘Anglo-Saxon Chronicle’:
“And Bishop Odo and Earl William remained here behind, and wrought castles widely through the nation, and oppressed the poor folk; and ever after that it greatly grew in evil. May the end be good when God will.”*
But William of Poitiers says:
A key element of Norman tactics was castle building. Indeed, according to Master Wace (‘Roman de Rou’), they even brought prefabricated components with the invasion fleet – shaped wooden sections, already drilled to take the precut pegs which they transported in large barrels – that enabled them to erect a castle by nightfall on the day of landing. Norman castles fall into two categories. The simplest is the ‘ringwork’ – an enclosure, generally circular, defined by an outer ditch and inner bank. (A sub-division of this category is the ‘partial ringwork’, where advantage is taken of existing fortifications, such as at Pevensey, Dover and Winchester, so that a complete circuit of new earthwork is not required.) As indicated by Wace, the earthwork defences would be enhanced by timber palisades and towers, and, importantly, these castles could be thrown-up very quickly. At the great majority of known sites, though, the castles are of ‘motte-and-bailey’ design, where, attached to an enclosed area (the ‘bailey’), is a high earth mound (the ‘motte’), topped by a tower which forms the strong-point of the castle. Excavation has shown that sometimes, as at Winchester, the original ringwork castle was subsequently converted to motte-and-bailey.* At some sites the timber fortifications were later rebuilt in stone – castles that were not rebuilt survive only as dilapidated earthworks.
“Meanwhile Odo, bishop of Bayeux, and William fitz Osbern were administering their prefectures in the kingdom, each praiseworthy in his own, working sometimes together, sometimes separately; if ever necessity demanded it, one gave speedy help to the other. Their wise vigilance was made all the more effective by the friendly willingness with which they genuinely agreed. They loved each other and the king equally; they burned with a common desire to keep the Christian people in peace, and deferred readily to each other's advice. They paid the greatest respect to justice, as the king had admonished, so that fierce men and enemies might be corrected and brought into friendship. The lesser officials were equally zealous in the castles where each had been placed. But neither benefits nor fear could sufficiently force the English to prefer peace and quiet to changes and revolts.”
Orderic Vitalis borrows extensively from William of Poitiers, but his mother was English, and he had spent the first decade of his life in England. He contradicts Poitiers' rose-tinted assessment of the government of Odo and fitz Osbern, and agrees with Manuscript D's author:
“... the English were groaning under the Norman yoke, and suffering oppressions from the proud lords who ignored the king's injunctions. The petty lords who were guarding the castles oppressed all the native inhabitants of high and low degree, and heaped shameful burdens on them. For Bishop Odo and William fitz Osbern, the king's viceregents, were so swollen with pride that they would not deign to hear the reasonable plea of the English or give them impartial judgement. When their men-at-arms were guilty of plunder and rape they protected them by force, and wreaked their wrath all the more violently upon those who complained of the cruel wrongs they suffered. And so the English groaned aloud for their lost liberty and plotted ceaselessly to find some way of shaking off a yoke that was so intolerable and unaccustomed.”
The English, says William of Poitiers:
“... repeatedly sent envoys to the Danes or some other people from whom they might hope for help. In addition, some fled abroad where, as exiles, they might either be free from the power of the Normans, or, having gained foreign help, might return to fight against them.”(II, 46)
One of the people whose help was sought was Eustace, count of Boulogne. The Englishmen of Kent, “goaded to rebellion by Norman oppression”, says Orderic Vitalis (‘HE’ IV: ii, 173), sent word to Eustace, urging him to make sail for England and capture Dover – Bishop Odo, with most of the castle garrison, being otherwise occupied beyond the Thames. The situation must, indeed, have been desperate to consider overthrowing King William in favour of Count Eustace. Back in 1051 Eustace had travelled to England to visit his brother-in-law, King Edward. On his return journey, he had attacked the people of Dover – starting a chain of events that brought England to the brink of civil war.* He had fought on the Norman side at the battle of Hastings – he is said to have been directly involved in the killing of King Harold.* Since then, however, he had, for unknown reasons, fallen-out with King William, and returned to Boulogne. “It was because they hated the Normans that they reached an agreement with Eustace, formerly their bitter enemy”, says William of Poitiers (II, 47): “They thought that if they were not to serve one of their own countrymen, they would rather serve a neighbour whom they knew.” At any rate, Eustace accepted the Kentishmen's invitation, and, with their assistance, assailed Dover. The defenders, despite their depleted numbers, resisted fiercely. Orderic says (‘HE’ IV: ii, 174) that Eustace “feared a shameful defeat”, and signalled his men to withdraw to the ships.* A vigorous sally from the castle caught Eustace's retreating men on-the-hop, and, thinking that Odo had arrived with reinforcements, they took to panicked flight. Though Eustace himself managed to escape, many of his men died in the chaos, and his nephew (nepos) was taken prisoner. The Norman garrison was too small to pursue the Englishmen, who fled in all directions. Not surprisingly, Eustace forfeited the English property he had been granted by King William after the victory at Hastings. More surprisingly, perhaps, Eustace and the king were later (by the time William of Poitiers was writing) reconciled – the count's extensive English landholdings are recorded in the Domesday Book.
It was the ‘zealous’ administration of one Richard fitz Scrob (who had actually settled in England during Edward's reign), that caused the rebellion of Eadric the Wild. Eadric was a thegn in the Welsh Marches, holding land in Herefordshire and Shropshire. Florence of Worcester s.a. 1067:
“At that time lived a very powerful thegn, Eadric, surnamed Silvaticus ... whose land, because he refused to surrender himself up to the king, the garrison of Hereford and Richard fitz Scrob frequently devastated; but as often as they sallied out against him they lost many of their knights and squires. Wherefore Eadric, having summoned to his assistance the kings of the [north] Welsh, Bleddyn and Rhiwallon, about the Assumption of St Mary [15th August], laid waste the province of Hereford, up to the bridge over the river Lugg, and brought back great spoil.”
“... Eadric the Wild, that is the man of the woods [Edricus Wilde quod est silvestris], so called from the agility of his body and the charm of his words and works, a man of great worth and lord of the manor of Lydbury North.”Clearly, Walter believed Eadric's surname was on account of his personal attributes, however, Orderic Vitalis (‘HE’ IV: ii, 184), referring to English rebels, states:
“Many men lived in tents, disdaining to sleep in houses lest they should become soft; so that the Normans called them ‘wild men’ [silvatici].”Florence of Worcester maintains that Eadric had “refused to surrender himself up to the king”, but Orderic Vitalis (‘HE’ IV: ii, 166) places him amongst those Englishmen who submitted to William, at Barking, early in the year. Orderic says that this Eadric (the Wild), was nepos of, the notorious ealdorman, Eadric Streona. Nepos can have the specific meanings ‘grandson’ or ‘nephew’, but can also simply indicate ‘a descendant’. In this case it would appear to mean ‘nephew’, since Florence specifies that this Eadric's father was Ælfric, a brother of Eadric Streona. In Walter Map's fantastical yarn (II, 12), Eadric the Wild marries a fairy. News of this amazing marriage reaches “William the Bastard, recently crowned king of England”, and he summons the pair to London, to discover if it could possibly be true. It clearly is, and they return home. The marriage has a tragic, magical, ending, but they have had a son, Ælfnoth, who inherits his father's land. In his old age, Ælfnoth is miraculously cured of a palsy, and gifts the manor of Lydbury North to the church of Hereford, “an estate which is even now under the rule of the bishop of Hereford”. Unfortunately, although the Domesday Book does record Edric salvage as the previous holder of manors in Shropshire and Herefordshire, it states that Lydbury North (Shropshire) had actually been held by the bishop of Hereford since King Edward's reign. Incidentally, in Manuscript D of the ‘Anglo-Saxon Chronicle’, Eadric is called Eadric cild. It is widely believed that this is a scribal error – se wilda (the Wild) being intended.*
Of course, many Englishmen had accepted Norman rule. Orderic Vitalis:
“At that time Ealdred, archbishop of York, and some of the other bishops were acting in the king's interests * ... At that time too some of the most able citizens of the towns, some native knights of wealth and good name, and many of the common people rose unequivocally on the Norman side against their fellow countrymen.”(‘HE’ IV: ii, 176–7)
King William, alarmed by rumours which had reached him from across the Channel – that the English, with the assistance of the Danes “and other barbarous peoples”, were planning a massacre of the Normans he had left behind in England – set-off from Dieppe on 6th December, sailing through the night, to arrive at Winchelsea the next morning.*
Orderic, in passages presumably derived from William of Poitiers, reports:
“He celebrated Christmas at London, and made himself very gracious to the English bishops and lay lords. He was at great pains to appease everyone, invited them to receive the kiss of peace, and smiled on them all; he willingly granted any favours they sought, and gave ear readily to their statements and proposals. Such skilful conduct often brings back to the fold persons whose loyalty is doubtful....
.... As for the Normans, sometimes he would school them to behave with the same artful attention, sometimes he would warn them, behind the backs of the English, never to relax for a moment. Every city and district which he had visited in person or occupied with his garrisons obeyed his will. But in the marches of his kingdom, to the west and north, the inhabitants were still barbarous, and had only obeyed the English king in the time of King Edward and his predecessors when it suited their ends. Exeter was the first town to fight for liberty ... It is a wealthy and ancient city built in a plain, strongly fortified ... A great force of citizens held it, young and old seething with anger against every inhabitant of Gaul. Further, they had repeatedly sent for allies from the neighbouring districts, had detained foreign merchants with any aptitude for war, and had built or restored their towers and battlements as they judged necessary. They sent envoys urging other cities to combine with them in similar measures, and prepared to fight with all their strength against the foreign king, with whom they had had no dealings before that time.”(‘HE’ IV: ii, 178–9)
Later (‘HE’ IV: ii, 181), Orderic reveals that the people of Exeter had “insulted and ill-treated” some knights whom William had despatched across the Channel whilst he was in Normandy, and who had, allegedly, fetched-up in Exeter as a result of stormy weather. What Orderic doesn't mention is that King Harold's mother, Gytha, was a resident of Exeter. It doesn't seem unreasonable to suppose that she had designs on restoring her family to power. Anyway, William demanded that the “leading citizens” of Exeter swear fealty to him. They replied that they would neither swear fealty, nor allow him within their walls, but they would continue to pay their customary tribute to the Crown. The king was not amused.
“... he marched on them in force, and for the first time called out Englishmen in his army.”(‘HE’ IV: ii, 180)
It seems that there were two factions in Exeter – the hardline rebels who wanted William overthrown (presumably Gytha's faction), and those who simply wanted fairer taxation and considerate treatment from the new foreign king. When they learned that William was on his way with an army, says Orderic, a group of Exeter's leading citizens went-out to meet him. They begged for peace, offered to let him enter the city, promised to obey him, and gave him hostages. It would appear, though, that, when they returned to Exeter, this group were outvoted by the hardline rebels, since the citizens continued to prepare for a fight. When the king, who was now only four miles away, found out, he was furious. He rode ahead with a detachment of five hundred knights, to find the city's gates closed and the walls manned. The main force of his army arrived. He had one of the hostages blinded in front of the gates, but the citizens would not surrender. William lay siege to the city.
“... for many days he fought relentlessly to drive the citizens from the ramparts and undermine the walls.”Orderic Vitalis (‘HE’ IV: ii, 180)
“... he went to Devonshire, and besieged the town of Exeter for 18 days, and there many of his army perished.”‘Anglo-Saxon Chronicle’ Manuscript D*
“Finally the citizens were compelled by the unremitting attacks of the enemy to take wiser counsel and humbly plead for pardon.”Orderic Vitalis (‘HE’ IV: ii, 180)
“... he besieged and speedily reduced the city of Exeter, which the citizens and some English thegns held against him.”Florence of Worcester*
“And they gave the town up to him, because the thegns had betrayed them.”‘Anglo-Saxon Chronicle’ Manuscript D
“Favoured by God's assistance, he easily reduced the city of Exeter, when in a state of rebellion; for part of the wall fell down accidentally, and made an opening for him. Indeed he had attacked it with the more ferocity, asserting that those irreverent men would be deserted by God's favour, because one of them, standing upon the wall, had bared his posteriors, and had broken wind, in contempt of the Normans.”
“But Countess Gytha, the mother of Harold, king of the English, and sister [incorrect – actually aunt] of Swein, king of the Danes, escaped with many others from the city, and sought refuge in Flanders ...”Florence of Worcester
According to Orderic (‘HE’ IV: ii, 181), the citizens of Exeter “humbly threw themselves” on William's mercy, and he: “graciously granted them pardon and forgave their guilt”. The citizens were were overjoyed at the king's leniency – he didn't seize their goods, and posted guards on the gates to prevent his troops looting the city. On the other hand, ‘Chronicle’ Manuscript D complains that William: “promised them well, and performed ill” – though the Domesday Book indicates that Exeter's financial obligations to the Crown remained the same as they had been during Edward's reign. At any rate, having left a force at Exeter, to build and garrison a castle within the city,* William proceeded into Cornwall. After “putting down every disturbance that came to his notice”, he disbanded his army, and was in Winchester at Easter (23rd March 1068).
“And soon after that came the Lady Matilda hither to this land; and Archbishop Ealdred [of York] hallowed her queen at Westminster, on Whit-Sunday [11th May 1068].”*‘Anglo-Saxon Chronicle’ Manuscript D
“In the same year the noble youths Edwin and Morcar, sons of Earl Ælfgar [of Mercia d.c.1062], rebelled, and many others with them; so that the realm of Albion was violently disturbed by their fierce insurrection. For when King William had made his peace with Earl Edwin, granting him authority over his brother and almost a third of England, he had promised to give him his daughter in marriage; but later, listening to the dishonest counsels of his envious and greedy Norman followers, he withheld the maiden from the noble youth, who greatly desired her and had long waited for her. At last his patience wore out, and he and his brother were roused to rebellion, supported by a great many of the English and Welsh... Bleddyn king of the Welsh came to the help of his uncles, bringing a great army of Welshmen with him....
.... After large numbers of the leading men of England and Wales had met together, a general outcry arose against the injustice and tyranny which the Normans and their comrades-in-arms had inflicted on the English. They sent envoys into every corner of Albion to incite men openly and secretly against the enemy. All were ready to conspire together to recover their former liberty, and bind themselves by weighty oaths against the Normans. In the regions north of the Humber violent disturbances broke out. The rebels prepared to defend themselves in woods, marshes, and creeks, and in some cities. The city of York was seething with discontent, and showed no respect for the holy office of its archbishop when he tried to appease it... To meet the danger the king rode to all the remote parts of his kingdom and fortified strategic sites against enemy attacks. For the fortifications called castles by the Normans were scarcely known in the English provinces, and so the English – in spite of their courage and love of fighting – could put up only a weak resistance to their enemies. The king built a castle at Warwick ... After this Edwin, Morcar, and their men, unwilling to face the doubtful issue of a battle, and wisely preferring peace to war, sought the king's pardon and obtained it at least to outward appearance. Next the king built Nottingham Castle ...”Orderic Vitalis (‘HE’ IV: ii, 182–4)
“And in this summer  Edgar Cild [i.e. Edgar Ætheling] went out, with his mother Agatha, and his two sisters, Margaret and Christina, and Mærleswein and many good men with them, and came to Scotland under the protection of King Malcolm, and he received them all.* ... It was then announced to the king that the folk in the north had gathered themselves together, and would stand against him if he came. He then went to Nottingham, and wrought there a castle ...”‘Anglo-Saxon Chronicle’ Manuscript D
According to Orderic Vitalis, when they heard of William's arrival at Nottingham, the “terrified” citizens of York hurried to surrender to him – sending him hostages and “the keys of the city”.
“As he was very doubtful of their loyalty he fortified a castle in the city, and left trustworthy knights to guard it.”*(‘HE’ IV: ii, 185)
To York then he went.
In a castle he shut up
The thegns taken in the country.
He gave their lands to the French.Geffrei Gaimar (5399–5402)
“And Earl Gospatric and the best men went to Scotland.”*‘Anglo-Saxon Chronicle’ Manuscript D
The bishop of Durham (Æthelwine) had evidently supported the rebellion. Orderic Vitalis reports that he made his peace with William, and, being “returned to the king's favour”, was sent, as William's emissary, to King Malcolm:
“Malcolm, although he had already been wooed by the English rebels and had prepared a strong force to send to their aid, was ready to listen to the envoys and lay down arms; he gladly sent back with the bishop of Durham ambassadors to swear fealty and obedience to King William on his behalf... When this was done the king [i.e. William] retired, building castles at Lincoln, Huntingdon and Cambridge on his way, and garrisoning them strongly.”(‘HE’ IV: ii, 185)
Then he went south, harrying;
Many a town he left burning.Geffrei Gaimar (5403–5404)
“And in the same time came Harold's sons from Ireland,* with a naval force, into the mouth of the Avon unawares, and immediately harried over all that part; they then went to Bristol, and would storm the town; but the townsmen fought stoutly against them....
.... And when they could gain nothing from the town, they went to the ships with the plunder they had taken; and so they went to Somersetshire, and there landed. And Eadnoth the Staller, fought against them and was there slain, and many good men on each side; and those who were left departed thence.”‘Anglo-Saxon Chronicle’ Manuscript D
“... and they [Harold's sons], having gained the victory, and carried away a considerable spoil from Devon and Cornwall, returned to Ireland.”*Florence of Worcester
Presumably Harold's sons had intended to establish a foothold in England, but far from being greeted with open arms, they were opposed by Englishmen defending King William's authority. At any rate, as 1068 was drawing to a close William must have been quietly confidant that the situation in England was under control – he paid off his mercenary soldiers (says Orderic), and, though it is not recorded in our sources, he and Matilda (who had probably given birth to the future Henry I since her arrival in England) apparently (indicated by Continental charters) travelled to Normandy, where they remained over the Christmas period.
One Robert Cumin had been appointed to Gospatric's erstwhile, earldom – i.e. Northumbria beyond the Tees. What happened when Earl Robert, and his considerable forces, arrived in the North is described most graphically by Symeon of Durham, in his tract on the Church of Durham:
“When the Northumbrians heard of this man's arrival, they abandoned their houses, and made immediate preparation for flight; but a sudden snow-storm and a frost of extreme severity supervening, effectually prevented them from putting their intentions into practice. They all, therefore, came to the resolution of either murdering the earl or of themselves dying together. When the bishop [of Durham, Æthelwine] met the earl he told him of this plot, and advised him to return. But the other was not permitted to hearken to these words of counsel, for he was one of those persons who paid the wages of their followers by licensing their ravagings and murders; and he had already killed many of the rustics of the church. So the earl entered Durham with seven hundred men, and they treated the householders as if they had been enemies. Very early in the morning, the Northumbrians having collected themselves together, broke in through all the gates, and running through the city, hither and thither, they slew the earl's associates. So great, at the last, was the multitude of the slain, that every street was covered with blood, and filled with dead bodies. But there still survived a considerable number, who defended the door of the house in which the earl was, and securely held it against the inroads of the assailants....
.... They [the Northumbrian assailants], on their part, endeavoured to throw fire into the house, so as to burn it and its inmates; and the flaming sparks flying upwards caught the western tower, which was in immediate proximity, and it appeared to be on the very verge of destruction. The people knelt down on their knees and besought St Cuthbert to preserve his church from burning; and immediately a wind arose from the east which drove the flames backwards from the church, and entirely freed it from all danger. The house, however, which had caught fire, continued to blaze; and of those persons who were within it some were burnt, some were slaughtered as soon as they crossed its doors; and thus the earl was put to death along with all his followers, save one, who escaped wounded. This occurred on the 2nd [ll] of the Kalends of February [i.e. 31st January, 1069].”*(‘LDE’ III, 15)
“Not long afterwards Robert fitz Richard, guardian of the castle at York, was slaughtered with many of his men.”Orderic Vitalis (‘HE’ IV: ii, 187)
“... Edgar Ætheling came with all the Northumbrians to York ....
.... and the townsmen made peace with him.”‘Anglo-Saxon Chronicle’ Manuscripts D and E
“William called Malet, who was castellan there, sent word to the king that he would be compelled to surrender unless his beleaguered forces were speedily relieved. Swift was the king's coming ...”Orderic Vitalis (‘HE’ IV: ii, 188)
“And King William came unawares on them from the south, with an overwhelming army, and put them to flight, and slew those who could not flee, which were many hundred men, and plundered the town, and defiled St Peter's minster, and also plundered and oppressed all the others.”*‘Anglo-Saxon Chronicle’ Manuscript D
“The king remained a further eight days in the city, built a second castle, and left Earl William fitz Osbern as castellan there.* He himself returned to Winchester with a thankful heart, and celebrated Easter [12th April] there. The English made one further attack on both castles after the king's departure; but they could not prevail against Earl William and his men who engaged them hotly in one of the baileys, killing and capturing many whilst the remainder prolonged their lives for a while through flight.”Orderic Vitalis (‘HE’ IV: ii, 188)
“And the ætheling went back [“again” adds Manuscript D] to Scotland.”*‘Anglo-Saxon Chronicle’ Manuscripts D and E
“Whilst he was quelling the storms of war that rose on every side, King William sent his beloved wife Matilda back to Normandy so that she might give up her time to religious devotions in peace, away from the English tumults, and together with the boy Robert [their eldest son] could keep the duchy secure.”Orderic Vitalis (‘HE’ IV: ii, 188)
“After this came Harold's sons from Ireland, at Midsummer, with 64 ships into the mouth of the Taw [on Devon's north coast], and there heedlessly landed; and Earl Brian [a Breton count] came against them unawares with no small band, and fought against them, and there slew all the best men that were in the fleet; and the others, in a small band, fled to the ship. And Harold's sons went back again to Ireland.”‘Anglo-Saxon Chronicle’ Manuscript D
There are no further recorded visitations from Ireland by Harold's sons. According to Saxo Grammaticus (XI, 6), “his two sons” ended up in Denmark, where King Swein II (Swein Estrithsson): “received them with the kind of affection that befits relatives” (their grandmother, Gytha, being Swein's aunt).*
Swein Estrithsson had his own pretensions to the English throne.* Encouraged by “many messengers from the English begging for help and sending subsidies”, notes Orderic Vitalis, Swein despatched “a great fleet”, say both Orderic and Geffrei Gaimar – “240 ships”, ‘Chronicle’ Manuscript D and Florence of Worcester; “300 ships”, Manuscript E – to England. Swein didn't go himself. Amongst the leaders of the expedition were three of his sons,* and his brother, Earl Osbeorn, who appears to have been commander-in-chief.
“... betwixt the two St Mary masses [i.e. between 15th August and 8th September, 1069], [they] came from the east, from Denmark ...”‘Anglo-Saxon Chronicle’ Manuscript E
“Landing at Dover they were attacked by royal forces and driven off to Sandwich, where they were again repulsed by the Normans. They seized an opportunity of landing and plundering around Ipswich, but the inhabitants rallied against them, killed 30, and drove the rest away. When they landed at Norwich on a similar foray Ralph de Gael fell upon them, killed many, drove others to their death by drowning, and forced the rest to take shameful flight to their ships and put to sea. King William at the time was enjoying one of his regular hunting expeditions in the Forest of Dean. The moment he heard of the coming of the Danes he sent a messenger to York to tell his men to prepare for an attack and send for him if they were hard pressed. The custodians of the castles there replied that they could hold out without help for a year.”Orderic Vitalis (‘HE’ IV: ii, 191–2)
Swein's fleet sailed onwards up the coast, and entered the Humber:
“... and there came to meet them Edgar Cild [i.e. Edgar Ætheling],* and Earl Waltheof, and Mærleswein, and Earl Gospatric with the Northumbrians, and all the people of the land, riding and walking with a countless army, greatly rejoicing; and so all unanimously went to York ...”‘Anglo-Saxon Chronicle’ Manuscript D
“Ealdred, archbishop of York, being much affected by grief at their arrival, fell into a dangerous sickness, and in the 10th year of his archiepiscopate, on Friday, the 3rd of the Ides of September [11th September], as he had prayed of God, he departed this life, and was buried in the church of St Peter.* On the eighth day after this, namely on Saturday, the 13th of the Kalends of October [19th September], the Normans who kept the castles set fire to the houses adjacent to them, fearing that they might be of use to the Danes in filling up the castle ditches; and the flames spreading, attacked the whole of the city, and entirely consumed it, together with the monastery of St Peter. But this was most speedily followed by a heavy infliction of the divine vengeance. For on Monday, before the whole of the city was entirely burnt, the Danes arrived with their fleet ...”Florence of Worcester
“The Danes reached York, and a general rising of the inhabitants swelled their ranks. Waltheof, Gospatric, Mærleswein * ... were in the advance guard and led the Danish and Norse forces. The garrison made a rash sally to attack them and engaged them ill-advisedly within the city walls. Unable to resist such numbers they were all slain or taken prisoner.”Orderic Vitalis (‘HE’ IV: ii, 192)
“... the Danes assailing the castles on one side, the Northumbrians on the other, they took them by storm the same day [i.e. on Monday 21st September]. And more than three thousand of the Normans being slaughtered, and William Malet, who then held the office of sheriff, with his wife and two children, and Gilbert de Gant and a very few others, being preserved alive, the Danes returned to their ships with untold spoils, and the Northumbrians to their abodes.”Symeon of Durham (‘Historia Regum’)
“The king was filled with sorrow and anger, and mustering his army made all speed to join battle. But the enemy, fearing the conqueror, had fled across the Humber and landed on the Lindsey side. The king hastened to the spot with his knights, hunted out some of the ill-doers who had taken refuge in the almost inaccessible marshes, put them to the sword, and wiped out their hiding places. The Danes escaped back to the other shore, waiting for a suitable opportunity to avenge themselves and their comrades.”Orderic Vitalis (‘HE’ IV: ii, 192–3)
Apparently encouraged by events in the North, there was a spate of rebellions in other parts of the country. Orderic (‘HE’ IV: ii, 193–5) says that the men of Dorset and Somerset (“with their neighbours”) attacked Montacute Castle. They failed to capture the castle when Geoffrey, bishop of Coutances, with a force, drawn from Winchester, London and Salisbury, “marched against them, killed some, captured and mutilated others, and put the rest to flight”. An alliance of “the Welshmen” (this would have been Bleddyn's forces), the men of Chester and “the native citizens, the powerful and warlike Eadric the Wild, and other untameable Englishmen” besieged Shrewsbury Castle. Meanwhile, the men of Devon “allied with hordes from Cornwall” besieged Exeter (mindful of their previous experience, the citizens of Exeter had sided with the king). To deal with these two sieges, the king sent reinforcements, commanded by William fitz Osbern and Brian, the Breton count. Before they could get to Shrewsbury, the attackers had burned the town and dispersed. In Exeter, though, a sudden sally by the garrison drove-off the besieging Englishmen. They were intercepted by William and Brian, who “punished their audacity with great slaughter”. The king himself, having left his half-brother, Robert, count of Mortain, and Robert, count of Eu, in Lindsey, had “no difficulty in crushing large forces of rebels at Stafford”. The two Roberts, meanwhile, surprised a number of Danes who, thinking the coast was clear, had joined in the feasts of the local people. They were driven back, with great slaughter, to their ships. At Nottingham, King William, presumably on his return journey to Lindsey, heard that the Danes had gone to York. He hurried north, but was brought to an unexpected halt, near Pontefract, when he found he was unable to cross the river Aire – it would seem that the bridge had been broken.* There was a delay of three weeks before a suitable fording place was found and the crossing accomplished. The Normans then made a difficult cross-country trek to York – only to find that the Danes had already left.
“And the fleet lay all the winter in the Humber, where the king could not come at them.”‘Anglo-Saxon Chronicle’ Manuscript D
“The king assigned officers and castellans with armed retainers to repair the castles in the city, and left others on the bank of the Humber to ward off the Danes. He himself continued to comb forests and remote mountainous places, stopping at nothing to hunt out the enemy hidden there. His camps were spread out over an area of a hundred miles. He cut down many in his vengeance; destroyed the lairs of others; harried the land, and burned homes to ashes”Orderic Vitalis (‘HE’ IV: ii, 195)
“And King William went into the shire and ruined it all.”‘Anglo-Saxon Chronicle’ Manuscript E
King William's ruthlessly brutal campaign of the winter of 1069/70 is known as the 'Harrying of the North'.
“Nowhere else had William shown such cruelty. Shamefully he succumbed to this vice, for he made no effort to restrain his fury and punished the innocent with the guilty. In his anger he commanded that all crops and herds, chattels and food of every kind should be brought together and burned to ashes with consuming fire, so that the whole region north of the Humber might be stripped of all means of sustenance. In consequence so serious a scarcity was felt in England, and so terrible a famine fell upon the humble and defenceless populace, that more than one hundred thousand [100,000] Christian folk of both sexes, young and old alike, perished of hunger. My narrative has frequently had occasion to praise William, but for this act which condemned the innocent and the guilty alike to die by slow starvation I cannot commend him.”Orderic Vitalis (‘HE’ IV: ii, 195–6). (Clearly, Orderic is speaking with his own voice here. Such criticism could not have come from William of Poitiers.)
“In the midst of the fighting William sent to the city of Winchester for his crown and other royal insignia and plate, left his army in camp, and came to York to celebrate Christmas there.”Orderic Vitalis (‘HE’ IV: ii, 196)
“Meanwhile he sent messages to the Danish earl, Osbeorn, and engaged to present him secretly with a large sum of money, and to grant permission to his army to forage freely along the sea-coast, on condition that he would depart, without giving battle, at the end of the winter. The Dane, who was very greedy for gold and silver, to his great dishonour, agreed to the terms proposed to him.”Florence of Worcester
Orderic tells how William discovered a place on the coast where “another enemy band” was hiding-out.* He set out to capture them, but, when they found out he was on his way, they “fled away by night”. The king gave chase, “forcing his way through trackless wastes”, until he arrived at the Tees:
“He spent fifteen days encamped on the bank of the Tees. There Waltheof ....
.... and Gospatric submitted to him and took oaths of fealty, Waltheof in person and Gospatric by proxies.”Orderic Vitalis (‘HE’ IV: ii, 197)
“... the king's army, which had spread over all the places between the Tees and the Tyne, found only one continued solitude; the dwellings being everywhere deserted, and the inhabitants seeking safety in flight, or lying hid in the woods or the fastness of the mountains. Then, too, the church of St Paul at Jarrow was destroyed by fire; the church of Durham, deprived of all care and ecclesiastical service [Bishop Æthelwine had retreated to the island of Lindisfarne, taking St Cuthbert's remains with him], became a den for the poor, the infirm and the sick, who no longer being able to fly, there lay perishing of hunger and disease.”Symeon of Durham (‘Historia Regum’)
William himself apparently travelled as far north as Hexham. Orderic (‘HE’ IV: ii, 197) describes his hazardous return to York, “following a route no army had hitherto attempted”, across “towering peaks” and “precipitous valleys”, in “the depths of a bitter winter”.* Having restored order in the North to his satisfaction, William set out across the Pennines, in “rain and hail”, to deal with “the Welsh and the men of Chester”, who had lately avoided the clutches of William fitz Osbern and Count Brian. For some of his troops, having already campaigned through bad weather in difficult terrain, this new mission was the final straw:
“The men of Anjou, Brittany, and Maine loudly complained that they were grievously burdened with intolerable duties, and repeatedly asked the king to discharge them from his service. The king, however, maintained a calmness worthy of Julius Caesar in this crisis ... He continued on the venture he had so boldly undertaken, commanded his faithful troops to follow him, and counted any who chose to desert him as idle cowards and weaklings... he pushed on with determination along a road no horseman had attempted before, over steep mountains and precipitous valleys, through rivers and rushing streams and deep abysses... Sometimes all were obliged to feed on horses which had perished in the bogs. The king himself, remarkably sure-footed, led the foot-soldiers, readily helping them with his own hands when they were in difficulties. So at last he brought his army safely to Chester and suppressed all risings throughout Mercia with royal power. He built a castle at Chester and another at Stafford ... Then going on to Salisbury he distributed lavish rewards to the soldiers for all they had endured, praised those who had shown prowess, and discharged them with warm thanks. But in his anger he kept back those who had wished to desert him for forty days after the departure of their comrades, and in this way punished a crime that had deserved far more.”Orderic Vitalis (‘HE’ IV: ii, 198–9)
“By the advice of William [fitz Osbern], earl of Hereford, and some others, during the time of Lent , King William commanded the monasteries of the whole of England to be searched, and the money which the richer English, by reason of his harshness and ravaging, had deposited in them, to be seized and carried to his treasury.”Florence of Worcester


Beginning on the 21 October 1862, about 500 U.S. troops worked 36 hours in good weather to destroy the Goose Creek Salt Works in Clay County along with about 50,000 bushels of salt stored there. Confederate Brigadier General Zollicoffer about a year before had sent wagon trains to transport loads of salt to the south. The effect of the destruction of the salt works was felt with the arrival of cold weather of November. The temperature fell and, as usual, the slaughter of hogs began. Salt was used to cure the pork so that it would be preserved for consumption through the winter and spring. But this November, the price of the salt used in the curing of the pork rose from 50 cents to $2.00 per bushel because of the shortage resulting from the Goose Creek action.


The Texas Parks and Wildlife Department reminds hunters throughout the state to properly dispose of carcasses from harvested deer to help prevent the spread of infectious diseases in deer.
This is particularly important for harvested mule deer taken inside the Chronic Wasting Disease Containment Zone, which covers portions of Hudspeth and El Paso counties, and the surrounding High Risk Zone.
“Because many hunters process their own deer, they are key players in slowing the spread of diseases such as CWD,” said Ryan Schoeneberg, Big Game Program Specialist with TPWD. “One possible way that disease can spread is by the transportation and improper disposal of carcass parts.”
Deer can become infected with CWD if they come into contact with other infected deer or an environment contaminated with CWD prions. While CWD prions are found ubiquitously throughout the body of an infected deer, they are known to accumulate in the brain, spinal cord, eyes, spleen, and lymph nodes.
CWD was first found in Texas in Hudspeth and El Paso counties two years ago and the disease appears to be limited to those remote areas thanks in large part to hunter diligence, restricting unnatural movement of deer, and ongoing measures to monitor and sample for evidence of the disease.
Hunters who harvest deer in the Containment Zone are required to present the unfrozen head of the deer to a designated check station within 24 hours of take in order to have tissue samples removed for CWD testing. Additionally, hunters in this area should not take whole deer carcasses out of the Containment Zone, or carcass parts that contain brain, spinal cord, eyes, spleen, or lymph nodes, according to Shawn Gray, mule deer program leader for TPWD. “We recommend hunters in the Containment Zone and High Risk Zone quarter deer in the field and leave all but the quarters, backstraps and head at the site of harvest, if it is not possible to bury the inedible carcass parts on the ranch or take them to a landfill.”
Hunters are urged to follow these safe handling recommendations:
Proper Carcass Disposal
- Avoid cutting through bones, spine, or brain when processing deer carcasses.
- Remove meat in the field and leave the carcass behind. Bury it if possible.
- If processing harvested deer in camp or at home, place carcass parts in trash bags and properly dispose of them through a trash service or landfill.
- Take harvested deer to a licensed commercial processor to assure proper carcass disposal.
- For taxidermy work, use a licensed taxidermist to assure proper carcass disposal.
Safe Parts to Transport
- Quarters or other portions of meat with no part of the spine or head attached,
- Hides or capes from which all excess tissue has been removed,
- Antlers, including antlers attached to skull plates or skulls cleaned of all muscle and brain tissue.
For more information visit: http://www.tpwd.state.tx.us/huntwild/wild/diseases/cwd/


What Is Rectal and Anal Prolapse in Dogs?
Rectal prolapse in dogs is a condition in which rectal tissue protrudes through the anus. It’s usually caused when your dog repeatedly strains while pooping or peeing. There are two types of prolapse:
Partial Prolapse: Only a small portion of the anal and/or rectal tissue is visible as it protrudes through the anus. This small portion may only be visible while your dog is straining, then spontaneously returns to its normal position inside the rectum.
Complete Prolapse: All the anal tissue and some of the rectal tissue and lining protrude from the anus, even when your dog is not straining. This tissue does not return spontaneously to its normal position.
Prolapsed tissue will often appear bright red in color, and it may look like a swollen tube because it’s filled with fluid. If prolapse is not treated, over time it may develop into a complete prolapse, and the tissue may dry out and turn a dark color—usually blue or black. This means the blood supply to the tissue is obstructed and the tissue itself may be dying.
Symptoms of Rectal and Anal Prolapse in Dogs
Dogs with rectal prolapse typically hunch over while straining to poop or pee. While they’re straining, you may see a tube-shaped mass of tissue protruding through the anal opening.
In a partial anal prolapse, the exposed tissue may go back to its normal position after your dog stops straining. In a complete anal prolapse, tissue will usually not go back to its normal position without medical or surgical intervention.
Causes of Rectal and Anal Prolapse in Dogs
The most common causes of rectal and anal prolapse in dogs include:
Straining to poop because of severe diarrhea
Inflammation of the intestinal tract
Other causes may include:
Straining to pee because of a urethral obstruction (the urethra is the tube that carries urine) or enlarged prostate gland
Obstruction of the bowel because of something unusual your dog ate or the presence of a foreign object
Straining in pregnant females with dystocia (difficult birth)
Birth defects in your dog’s anatomy
Rectal polyps (clumps of cells)
Tumors in the rectum or anus
How Veterinarians Diagnose Rectal and Anal Prolapse in Dogs
A complete physical examination, including manually feeling the rectum, is key to diagnosing rectal or anal prolapse in dogs.
In a severe complete prolapse, tissue may be visibly protruding through the anus in an elongated tube. These tissues may be swollen or discolored depending on the length of time of exposure.
X-rays and/or ultrasound of your dog’s abdomen are both important diagnostic tools. These tools allow your vet to identify the following:
Obstruction or a mass in the bowel
Kidney or urethral stones
Thickening of the bladder wall
Enlargement of the prostate in male dogs
Retained fetuses in female dogs that have recently given birth
A fecal examination should be completed to check for parasites. Bloodwork is often valuable in identifying an elevation in your dog’s white blood cell count, which can signal inflammation or widespread infection.
Treatment of Rectal and Anal Prolapse in Dogs
The main goal of treatment is to restore the protruding rectal and anal tissue to its normal position. This will reduce damage or the risk of tissue death.
General anesthesia is often required to replace the prolapsed tissue. After your dog is under anesthesia, the vet will gently massage the exposed tissue with lubricant gels or a topical application of 50% dextrose solution to shrink swelling. This will help reduce the prolapsed tissue back to its normal anatomic position through the anus.
Once the prolapse has been reduced and is back in place, a purse-string suture should be placed around the anal opening for 5-7 days to prevent a recurrence of the prolapse. A purse-string suture is a special type of stitch that will help preserve the anal opening and reduce the risk of the prolapse recurring.
Severe Rectal Prolapse
In cases of severe prolapse, dead or dying rectal tissue may need to be surgically removed. Your vet will use resection (cutting out the tissue) and anastomosis (reconnecting the ends of the rectum where the dead tissue was cut away).
This surgery is designed to remove dead tissue, reduce the risk of further damage to the tissue, and reduce the risk of a serious inflammatory reaction called sepsis.
Treating Underlying Causes
Some underlying causes of rectal prolapse in dogs will also need to be addressed at the same time as the prolapse:
Bowel obstruction: If the prolapse has occurred because of a foreign body obstruction in the bowel, it should be addressed at the same time as the prolapse. This will avoid additional tissue damage to other sections of the bowel.
Urethral obstruction: Urethral obstructions should also be addressed while your dog is anesthetized, to avoid continued straining and prevent damage or rupture to the urinary bladder and urethra.
Dystocia (difficult birth): Pregnant females with a puppy they cannot push out will also require surgical intervention to safely remove the puppy via cesarean section. Prolonged straining with dystocia (difficult birth) can lead to maternal exhaustion, potential rupture of the uterus, and possible death of the puppy.
Enlarged prostate: Intact (not neutered) male dogs who suffer from rectal prolapse should be evaluated for an enlarged prostate, which can cause straining as the prostate partially obstructs the flow of urine through the urethra.
Recovery and Management of Rectal and Anal Prolapse in Dogs
After the prolapse has been resolved, additional treatment should address the underlying cause(s) of the prolapse.
If your dog is intact and suffers from an enlarged prostate, they may benefit from castration (neutering), which will result in a gradual decline in male hormone levels, leading to a decrease in the size of the prostate gland.
If a fecal examination is positive for parasites, your dog should be dewormed and placed on a monthly oral or topical heartworm and intestinal parasite prevention to reduce the likelihood of reinfection.
Stool softeners and a low-residue diet may also be recommended in the post-surgical period so your dog can pass bowel movements more easily.
In cases of recurrent rectal prolapse, long-term management of the condition may require that your dog undergoes a colopexy. This is a type of surgery in which the vet attaches your dog’s colon to the left side of the abdominal wall so it cannot come out of the anus.
Rectal Prolapse in Dogs FAQs
What does rectal prolapse look like in a dog?
Rectal prolapse in dogs occurs when part of the rectal or anal tissue protrudes from the anal opening. A partial prolapse may look like a doughnut-shaped ring of prolapsed tissue, while a complete prolapse will be look like a solid, tubular structure protruding from your dog’s anus.
Depending on the severity of the prolapse and how long it’s been prolapsed, the rectal tissue may be swollen with fluid (e.g., edematous) and red, or it may turn blue/black as the tissue begins to die.
Can a rectal prolapse heal itself in dogs?
Mild, incomplete prolapse of anal tissue may resolve itself after the underlying cause for straining has stopped. A complete prolapse of rectal and anal tissue will usually require medical and/or surgical intervention.
How do you fix a rectal prolapse?
Treatment of a rectal prolapse typically involves anesthetizing your dog to manually replace the prolapsed tissue through the anus and restore it to its normal position within the pelvis.
The exposed tissue must be cleaned and handled gently, lubricant gel or a rinse of 50% dextrose solution is often required to shrink the tissue and replace the prolapse.
After the prolapse has been replaced, a purse-string suture is placed around the anal opening. The placement of the suture will allow poop to pass during a bowel movement but prevent rectal tissue from being pushed out again.
What is the difference between rectal prolapse and hemorrhoids in dogs?
Rectal prolapse is the protrusion (pushing out) of the rectal and anal lining and tissues through the anus.
Hemorrhoids are swollen blood vessels in the rectum or anal area. Dogs do not suffer from hemorrhoids because their gastrointestinal system is situated horizontally in the abdomen.
As a result, they do not have the added downward pressure of body and organ weight pushing on the blood vessels of the rectum and anus, which is often a contributing factor to developing hemorrhoids
Featured Image: iStock.com/redonion1515
Brister, DVM, J. G. (2020, August 7). Rectal Prolapse in Dogs and Cats. Veterinary Partner. https://veterinarypartner.vin.com/default.aspx?pid=19239&id=9761112
Rubin, DVM, MS, DACVIM, S. I. (n.d.). Disorders of the Rectum and Anus in Dogs. Merck Vet Manual. https://www.merckvetmanual.com/dog-owners/digestive-disorders-of-dogs/disorders-of-the-rectum-and-anus-in-dogs
Sherding, R. G. (1994). Chapter 11: Anorectal Diseases. In Saunders Manual of Small Animal Practice (pp. 781–782). American Animal Hospital Association.


Data Collection: Baseball ERASummary of Research Process ResultsPurpose of the Research: The purpose of the research will be to determine the mean ERA and compare that number to the number of wins that teams have that are above and below the mean ERA. Team A will also be looking at the mean number of wins that Major League Baseball teams above and below the mean ERA have and how those numbers compare. This research is important because it allows us to compare wins to ERA.
Problem Definition: The problem that will be examined in this research project will be whether or not teams that have lower than average ERAs (below the mean) will be able to win as many games as teams with above average ERAs (above the mean).
Problem Hypothesis: Team A has chosen to use the two-tailed hypotheses through null and alternative hypothesis to (indirectly) predict the direction of the difference between lower than average ERAs (below the mean) and above average ERAs (above the mean).
Two-tailed hypothesesNull Hypothesis:(verbal form)Ho: No statistically significant difference in the mean wins between teams that have ERAs below the mean and teams that have ERAs above the mean.
(Numeric form)Ho: ÃÂ¼ (ERA below mean) = ÃÂ¼ (ERA above mean)Alternate Hypothesis:(verbal form)H1: A statistically significant difference exists in the mean wins between teams that have ERAs below the mean and teams that have ERAs above the mean.
(Numeric form)H1: ÃÂ¼ (ERA below mean) Ã¢Â ÃÂ¼ (ERA above mean)The outcome of this two-tailed hypotheses will be that Team A will either reject the null or fail to reject the null.
The two types of variables that will be used to support the hypothesis are objective and precise method of measurement. Since measurement of ERA's and win's can be measured in actual numbers and not...


By David Cyranoski | November 16, 2015
Protein complex offers explanation for how animals sense Earth’s magnetic pull.
In the cells of fruit flies, Chinese scientists say that they have found a biological compass needle: a rod-shaped complex of proteins that can align with Earth’s weak magnetic field.
The biocompass — whose constituent proteins exist in related forms in other species, including humans — could explain a long-standing puzzle: how animals such as birds and insects sense magnetism. It might also become an invaluable tool for using magnetic fields to control cells, report researchers led by biophysicist Xie Can at Peking University in Beijing, in a paper published on 16 November in Nature Materials (S. Qin et al. Nature Mater., 2015).
“It’s an extraordinary paper,” says Peter Hore, a biochemist at the University of Oxford, UK. But Xie’s team has not shown that the complex actually behaves as a biocompass inside living cells, nor explained exactly how it senses magnetism. “It’s either a very important paper or totally wrong. I strongly suspect the latter,” says David Keays, a neuroscientist who studies magnetoreception at the Institute of Molecular Pathology in Vienna.
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A crisis intervention program allows the children to begin the survival process. Children are placed in care of One Way Children's Home for many needs. Upon request, a child is scheduled for counseling. This begins the process toward healing. If it is needed, we also offer psychiatric evaluations and are able to dispense prescribed medications. An independent Licensed Social Worker meets with the child in our administrative building.
The placing agency receives an evaluation of the youth's progress monthly. Problems that arise during their placement are discussed and the agency receives the information so that appropriate responses can be worked into their placement goals.
The Job and Family Services and the Juvenile Courts place children at One Way Farm Children's Home for shelter and to secure for them any needed medical and counseling attention. Upon request, a child is scheduled for counseling. If it is needed, we also offer psychiatric evaluations and are able to dispense prescribed medications. Weekly time is scheduled for the child and, if necessary, additional sessions are arranged. An Independent Licensed Social Worker (I.L.S.W.) meets with the child in our administrative building. We also have a board certified psychiatrist that meets with children on a weekly basis.
Children in placement at One Way Farm Children's Home are offered counseling that is targeted to address varying issues related to the child's stage of placement.
At the beginning of placement, counseling focuses on providing support and encouraging the expression of grief and anger over the separation from family. It also attempts to facilitate adjustment to the group home by examining conflicts with peers and staff. The staff is trained in accordance with state regulations. We have stay-awake staff twenty-four hours per day, seven days a week.
After several weeks, the focus shifts. The child continues to address issues related to adjustment in both the group home and the school setting. She/he also begins to examine problems that led to the placement.
In addition, the child begins exploring alternative behaviors for resolving conflict, in theory as well as in practice, in the group family setting and through counseling.
If reunification with the child's family is imminent, child and family begin a service plan to ease the transition and to prepare for problems and conflicts that may arise after the child returns home.
Counseling and Psychiatric Services
The child's record reflect all ongoing documentation.
The staff is trained in documentation along with the I.L.S.W. to ensure the care plan is in order.
Daily progress of the children is documented.
During the scheduled sessions, assessments are made and noted, then entered into the child's file to become part of their record.


What Islam Means by Minhaj uddin, Zubair Hossain
What is Islam? by Yazeed Osman
Five Pillars of Islam by Minhaj Uddin
Allah by Sharmin Akhter
Fasting by Safiya Sharif Ali
The Foreign Exchange Student by Lalleh Rafeei
99 Attributes of Allah by Farhana Mujib
15 Prophets from Qur'an by Fahmida Mujib
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