A 20-year old state highway plan focused on extending the S.C. 277 freeway southwest from its end at Harden Street Extension to Elmwood Avenue at Wayne Street, and southward along Wayne Street as a boulevard to Gervais Street (U.S. 1) by downtown Columbia. The 6.3-mile north-south corridor was slated for potential construction in 1993 and take ten years to complete.1,2 Columbia City Council would block the project formally in December 1993.3
Passing over South Carolina 277 a half mile north of the S.C. 555 (Farrow Road) interchange is the Congressman James E. Clyburn Pedestrian Overpass. The crossing was erected to provide a safe way for residents and children to cross S.C. 277 between Lester Drive and Busby Street. Eight lives were lost at the location by pedestrians crossing the freeway over a 30-year period.5 Congressman Clyburn visited the site on April 7, 1988 and supported the walkway as part of a $91-million federal aid package.4 Work on the $4-million structure commenced in March 2002, with its opening on March 23, 2003. Towers on the structure were modeled after the nearby tower of former Eau Claire City Hall.5
Speed limits along a five-mile stretch of South Carolina 277 were cut from 65 to 60 miles per hour between Interstate 77 and S.C. 555 on February 19, 2001 in an effort to cut the number of traffic accidents as recommended by DOT engineers.5 Speed limits currently drop to 55 southbound at the Congressman James E. Clyburn Pedestrian Overpass.
- "NORTH-SOUTH CORRIDOR IS STILL ON TABLE." The State (Columbia, SC), July 6, 1989.
- "COUNCIL NEAR VOTE ON FREEWAY." The State (Columbia, SC), February 28, 1991.
- "CITY ERECTS ROADBLOCK TO CONNECTOR LAND SALE COULD END WAYNE STREET PROJECT." The State (Columbia, SC), December 22, 1993.
- "RESIDENTS HOPE FOR BRIDGE OFFICIALS TO VISIT 277 'SHORTCUT' TODAY." The State (Columbia, SC), April 7, 1998.
- "$4 MILLION PROJECT COMPLETED -- WALKWAY TO MAKE FOR SAFER TRIP." The State (Columbia, SC), March 24, 2003.
- "S.C. 277 SPEED LIMITS TO BE CUT." The State (Columbia, SC), February 1, 2001.
Page Updated 04-18-2012.


Baraboo Ridge —Bob Schildgen
Down the western slope of the Baraboo Ridge,
blue ghost of ancient mountain
in the Driftless Zone no glacier churned,
in water-carved coulees and hollows in the limestone,
limestone under woods with a memory of the sea
in fossil snails and fish kids cracked from quarries
and boulders borne down by the Chippewa torrent.
Oh all you rivers running down,
cutting down through the ridges,
down through the oak savannah, flow in me, sing in me:
Pecatonica, Maquoketa, Wapsipinnecon,
all rolling down to the Mississippi
where I was born on a boat that rocked in a northern storm.
Rivers crossed, paths crossed:
Jefferson Davis and Lincoln in brigades
to drive Black Hawk’s tribe across the swamps,
cross big bluestem prairie
to the slaughter, when the river ran red with blood
at the mouth of the Bad Axe, blood on the limestone.
The lead-mining colonies and shot-towers
and timber floated downriver lashed in massive rafts.
White pine north-woods timber down the rivers,
and maple and elm and oak of the hills along the rivers
burning in the steamboat engines:
ashes trapped like limestone memory.
I come from you rivers and limestone and thought I’d gone beyond.
Gone beyond the time when farmers named their farms:
Loma Vista, Field Lodge, gone now,
and the prize ears of yellow dent-corn in the glass case
that fell from the shelf and smashed
and fed the mice exploring the cellar.
I heard them skim across the concrete floor
two thousand miles, two hundred months away.


West Orange on the Go!
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West Orange On the Go host Austin Arthur is a resident, business owner and community advocate in West Orange. Along with his brother, Zander Arthur, he is the co-CEO of Stars and Stripes Management Systems in Winter Garden, which includes Gymnastics USA.
In addition to West Orange On the Go, Arthur also hosts the long-form talk show, “After Thought,” which is focused on Winter Garden/ West Orange history, heritage, and community. Austin and his wife, Kellie, are residents of Winter Garden, where they are raising their three children.


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Stable isotope analyses of bone and teeth have become routine in the study of prehistoric animal management strategies. The successful applications of carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen isotope analyses in particular have expanded our knowledge of past livestock foddering, penning, seasonal herding, and reproductive practices (e.g., Balasse et al. 2017; Berthon et al. 2018; Blaise and Balasse 2011; Bocherens et al. 2001; Gerling et al. 2017; Makarewicz and Tuross 2012; Marciniak et al. 2017; Price et al. 2017). In recent years, sulfur (δ34S) isotope analyses have become a frequent addition to these types of studies (Nehlich et al. 2010; Sayle et al. 2013, 2016), though the full potential of this methodology is still being explored.
In this paper we evaluate the ability of sulfur isotopes to contribute to archaeological studies of past livestock husbandry practices, specifically transhumance or other patterns of landscape mobility. We present new stable sulfur isotope values alongside previously reported stable carbon and nitrogen measurements from archaeological contexts in three distinct environmental regions of Croatia: northern Dalmatia, Lika, and central Croatia (Figure 1). Sulfur isotope signatures of domesticated (sheep, goat, cattle, pig) and wild (deer, boar) animal species are first used to establish isotopic baselines for each region. We then examine the suitability of these values as predictors of regional environments and differences in local management strategies. We specifically examine the possible seasonal movement of ovicaprid herds between the coast and mountains in Dalmatia during the Neolithic (~6000–4000 cal BC).
Stable isotopes are naturally occurring variants of elements and are continually cycled between organisms and the environment during an individual’s lifespan. Anticipated differences in stable isotope values between species and over time can be attributed to changing patterns of diet, mobility, and residence. By extension, stable isotope studies also offer a systematic approach to mapping both temporal and geographic changes in animal management strategies as human communities invested more time and energy into livestock husbandry.
Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope values from bulk collagen are a common proxy for diet because they reflect the average dietary protein consumed during the last eight to ten years of an organism’s life (DeNiro and Epstein 1978, 1981; Schoeninger and DeNiro 1984). Carbon stable isotopes are especially useful in determining the plant contributions to diet because of their different photosynthesizing processes; C4 pathway plants are 13C enriched compared to C3 pathway plants (DeNiro and Epstein 1978; Pearson et al 2007; van der Merwe 1982; van der Merwe and Vogel 1978). Dietary input can be further inferred according to the isotopic composition of food at the trophic level of foods consumed, with 15N becoming enriched at each subsequent level (Ambrose 1991; Schoeninger and DeNiro 1984). Consequently, the anthropogenic manipulation of animal diet or range can be visible isotopically and differences between species or over time can highlight changing patterns of management (Bocherens et al. 2015; Bogaard et al. 2013; Makarewicz 2014; Makarewicz and Tuross 2012; Szpak 2014).
δ34S values are similarly informative about past trends in diet and mobility. δ34S measures the amount of the essential amino acid methionine in bone collagen. Organisms cannot produce methionine on their own; rather, they acquire it via their diet through the methionine-containing sulphates present in groundwater, rain, and atmospheric sulfurous gases (Doyle and Muir 1979; Walton et al. 1982). Consequently, an individual’s δ34S signature is heavily influenced by region-specific environmental (Drucker et al. 2011, 2012) and geochemical (Nehlich et al. 2011; Sayle et al. 2013) processes, including the weathering of rock types and minerals, water circulation, and even modern pollution (Bocherens et al. 2011; Case and Krouse 1980; Richards et al. 2001). The small amount of δ34S in bone collagen (<1%) and longer replacement rates means that values can reflect over a decade or longer of dietary averages (Nehlich 2015), masking short-term changes in diet or geographic location. Additionally, the fractionation of sulfur and its trophic shifts within food webs are smaller than those calculated for carbon and nitrogen (Hobson 1999; Krajcarz et al. 2018; Krouse et al 1996; Trust and Fry 1992). Nehlich (2015) has suggested that the difference between archaeological humans and terrestrial fauna is a mere 0.8 ± 2.5‰, compared to 1–3‰ for carbon and 3–5‰ for nitrogen (DeNiro and Epstein 1978; Schoeninger and DeNiro 1984). Despite these limitations, however, sulfur isotope analyses have been used frequently – and successfully – in paleodietary studies (e.g., Ebert et al. 2021; Nehlich et al. 2010; Privat et al. 2007; Vika 2009).
Given the strong environmental influence on individual sulfur values, archaeological studies have also now begun to apply the study of sulfur isotope values to issues of human and animal mobility in the past. These studies assume that organisms reflect the sulfur values of their local geology or environment. Any individual deviating from this established regional signature can be considered non-local. For instance, though freshwater and terrestrial environments vary widely in their sulfur signatures, ocean sulphate levels have remained largely uniform – approximately 20.3‰ – over the past one million years (Figure 2; Newton and Bottrell 2007). Marine organisms, or even individuals that eat exclusively marine resources, will have δ34S signatures within this range (Leach et al. 2003). This fixed value is useful when comparing the presence or frequency of marine versus freshwater dietary inputs, especially when used in conjunction with stable nitrogen isotope values. Furthermore, oceanic-influenced rainfall on the coast is known to create a “sea-spray effect,” or enrichment of δ34S values as far as 30 km inland (Figure 2; Cortecci et al 2002; Mizota and Sasaki 1996; Wakshal and Nielsen 1982). In most cases a δ34S value exceeding 14‰ is a “coastal” signal (Richards et al. 2001). Regional studies have successfully identified and mapped the extent of this sea-spray effect in order to detect the movement of animals from coastal to interior landscapes (Hamilton et al. 2019; Sayle et al. 2013, 2016; Zazzo et al. 2011).
The otherwise highly localized nature of δ34S values, however, requires archaeologists to create site-specific baseline values to contextualize their results. This need is compounded by the fact that pollution contamination makes comparisons between archaeological and modern material impossible. To this end, we present here the first sulfur isotope values from any archaeological context in Croatia. Though our sample size is small, initial results allow us to broadly evaluate the possibilities and limitations of δ34S as both an environmental indicator and a tool for reconstructing livestock mobility in the past.
The modern country of Croatia can be divided into multiple distinct environmental and geomorphological regions, of which three are discussed here: Dalmatia, Lika, and central Croatia (Figure 1).
Dalmatia encompasses the coastal plains and valleys between the town of Zadar in the north and Dubrovnik in the south. Its proximity to the Adriatic gives it a typically Mediterranean climate and environment, and the region as a whole is separated from the rest of the continent by the Dinaric Alps to the north and east. Low hills divide much of the region into long narrow valleys or polja. This undulating landscape is largely underlain by limestone and dolomite. Valley bottoms are the most fertile areas where the majority of agriculture is carried out today. Soil studies of Danilo polje in particular noted a well-developed karstic terrain covered with fine-grained soils high in carbon and calcite (Fadem et al. 2009). This study focuses on sites from northern Dalmatia (Figure 1).
To Dalmatia’s north is Lika, a mountainous region characterized by an Alpine-like environment and climate. The Velebit mountains to the west and south and Kapela and Plješevica ranges to the north and east block any moderating climatic effects from the Adriatic or inner continent. Similar to Dalmatia, Lika’s interior is also divided into a series of narrow karst polja. Bedrock is predominantly Mesozoic limestone and dolomite (Bašić 2013). Annual precipitation levels are high and valleys flood seasonally, but the limestone ensures that water drains quickly (Miko et al. 2000). The karst is also highly susceptible to erosion, and soils are subsequently thin, compacted, and nutrient-poor (Bašić 2013; Forenbaher 2011).
The flat and expansive plains of central Croatia form the southern edge of the Pannonian Basin. Unlike the predominantly karst landscape of Lika and Dalmatia, central Croatia’s bedrock and soils are more heterogeneous and altered by different pedogenic processes. Sediments mostly date to the Quaternary and are hydromorphic, meaning the soil profile is continually saturated from either underground water or occasional regional flooding (Bačani et al. 1999; Halamić et al. 2012).
δ34S analyses were conducted on remaining ultrafiltered collagen from previous stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analyses and/or AMS radiocarbon dating of archaeological collections curated at the Archaeological Museum in Zagreb, the Museum of Lika in Gospić, and the Šibenik City Museum (Zavodny et al. 2014; Zavodny et al. 2019b; Zavodny 2020). Faunal remains had previously been identified to species at the Penn State Zooarchaeology Laboratory using comparative materials and published criteria for species differentiation, domestication status, and aging (Rowley-Conwy et al. 2012; Zeder 2006; Zeder and Lapham 2010; Zeder and Pilaar 2010). In addition to the 28 faunal remains sampled, we also analyzed human remains from Dalmatia (n = 1) and Lika (n = 6) to allow for trophic comparisons within each region. Though our ability to build a robust study assemblage equally representative of all regions and taxa was limited by sample availability, we argue that reporting these initial results – the first archaeological δ34S values in Croatia – is an important first step for establishing more comprehensive studies in the future.
Seven cattle (Bos taurus), seven sheep (Ovis aries), one pig (Sus domesticus), one roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), and one red deer (Cervus elaphus) were selected from the assemblages of five open-air Neolithic settlements spanning most of the Neolithic period (6000–4700 cal BC): Čista Mala-Velištak, Danilo, Konjevrate, Krivače, and Pokrovnik (Figure 1). One human from Velištak was also sampled. Research suggests the inhabitants of these sites and other early farming societies practiced a mixed agro-pastoral subsistence strategy from dispersed village settlements along the coast (McClure et al. 2014). Seasonal movement of livestock into the nearby Dinaric Alps may have also begun during the Neolithic as a niche-expanding strategy (McClure 2013), but archaeological and isotopic evidence for this time period has so far been inconclusive (Zavodny et al. 2014, 2015).
One goat (Capra hircus), two pigs (Sus domesticus), one boar (Sus scrofa), one roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), one red deer (Cervus elaphus), and one chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra) were chosen from hillforts dating to the Middle-Late Bronze (1400–800 cal BC; Veliki Vital) and Iron (800–100 cal BC; Lipova Glavica, Trošmarija) Ages (Figure 1). Six humans were sampled from two cemeteries: the Middle-Late Bronze Age cave site of Bezdanjača and the Iron Age tumulus of Sultanov grob. Groups in Lika during this period settled in or around centrally located hillforts and practiced mixed economic strategies aimed at minimizing environmental uncertainty, including cultivating millet as a fall-back crop and raising indigenous cattle breeds specialized to withstand the rugged karstic landscape (Zavodny et al. 2017, 2019b). Seasonal movement of herds between valleys and mountains is attested to in the historical record (Forenbaher 2011) but unconfirmed in earlier periods.
One ovicaprid (Ovis/Capra) and three red deer (Cervus elaphus) were sampled from the Iron Age (~600–35 BC) settlement at the site of Sisak (Drnić 2020; Drnić and Groh 2018). Located roughly 40 miles southeast of Zagreb, Sisak is situated at the confluence of the Kupa, Sava, and Odra Rivers. Its prime position allowed both prehistoric and later Roman communities to participate in trade between the Adriatic and Danube regions (Šašel Kos 2005). Though there is no evidence of seasonal livestock movements at Sisak, it is possible that animals were imported from other regions as part of larger trade networks. The settlement was also likely supported by a strong agricultural economy (Drnić 2020).
Faunal and human skeletal samples were analyzed using standard procedures for collagen extraction at the Penn State University Human Palaeoecology and Isotope Geochemistry Laboratory (Kennett et al. 2017; Zavodny et al. 2019a). Approximately 500 mg of dry bone were taken from each archaeological sample, with compact bone preferentially sampled to maximize collagen yield. Samples were crushed to increase the area of reactive surface, then washed in NanoPure water and demineralized in 0.5 N HCl at 5°C for several days. Samples were then prepared for collagen extraction and purification by the modified Longin (1971) method with ultrafiltration (Brown et al. 1988). Bone collagen samples that were too poorly preserved for ultrafiltration were processed using a modified XAD-purification method (Lohse et al. 2014; Stafford et al. 1988, 1991). Extracted gelatin was hydrolyzed in 1.5 mL 6N HCl for 24 hours at 110°C before being driven through a SPE column and 0.45µm Millex Durapore PVDF filter by syringe with an additional 10ml 6N HCl and dried under UHP N2 gas while being heated at 50°C for 12 hours.
Carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur concentrations and stable isotope ratios were analyzed at the Yale Analytical and Stable Isotope Center. δ13C, δ15N, and δ34S values are reported in standard ‰ notation with respect to VPDB, atmospheric nitrogen, and VCDT, respectively. Sample quality was evaluated with %C, %N and C:N ratios before further analysis. C:N ratios fall between 3.1 and 3.3, reflecting good preservation for isotopic analyses (see Table 1; DeNiro 1985; van Klinken 1999). Sulfur samples were further assessed using established quality controls (%S, C:S, N:S) for mammalian bone collagen (Nehlich and Richards 2009; Nehlich 2015). Samples KRI-03, PK-01, PK-04, and PK-37 have %S values slightly above the recommended 0.35% S threshold but were included in this study because all other preservation standards were met.
|Čista Mala-Velištak||Neolithic||CMV-03||Bos taurus||10.1||0.2||–18.8||47.1||5.8||17.5||702||224||3.1|
|Lipova Glavica||Iron||LG-03||Sus domesticus||10.1||0.3||–19.5||39.8||6.3||14.0||331||100||3.3|
|Sultanov grob||Iron||SG-02||Homo sapiens||8.8||0.23||–14.5||44.9||8.3||16.0||536||169||3.3|
|Trošmarija||Iron||TR-13||Sus scrofa (wild)||8.5||0.3||–21.1||41.9||5.5||15.0||379||116||3.3|
|Veliki Vital||Bronze||VVA-01||Capra hircus||8.8||0.2||–20.9||43.7||4.7||15.7||565||174||3.3|
Two-tailed t-tests assuming unequal variances (Ruxton 2006) were conducted to determine statistically significant (p < 0.05) differences between groups under the assumption that the larger source populations for these groups were normally distributed.
Dalmatian faunal samples have δ13C values between –21.6 and –17.4‰ and δ15N values between 4.0 and 6.3‰. These values are in range of those expected for herbivores living in a terrestrial C3 environment (DeNiro and Epstein 1978, 1981; Richards and Trinkaus 2009) and are similar to other reported values for the region (Guiry et al. 2017). One sheep from Danilo (DA-13) is observably enriched in δ13C in comparison to its peers, with a δ13C value of –17.4‰. There is no evidence for domesticated C4 plants (e.g., millet) in Dalmatia at this time (Reed 2015), though it is possible that animals opportunistically foraged on infrequent wild C4 plants. Other stable carbon and nitrogen isotope results have been discussed in-depth elsewhere, and there are no notable differences between species (Zavodny et al. 2014, 2015).
Faunal δ34S values range widely between 8.2 and 16.6‰. Sheep (Ovis aries) δ34S values are highly variable, ranging between 8.2 and 13.4‰ with an average δ34S of 10.6‰. The range of δ34S values for cattle (Bos taurus) is smaller, between 8.2 and 10.1‰ with an average of 9.3‰. The singular pig (Sus sp.) has a δ34S value of 8.5‰. The red deer (Cervus elaphus, KRI-27) and roe deer (Capreolus capreolus, PK-80) have the most elevated sulfur values at 15.4‰ and 16.6‰, respectively.
The Velištak human (CMV-8) has a δ13C value of –20.9‰, δ15N value of 9.9‰, and δ34S value of 8.9‰. The δ34S value overlaps with the lower range of animal δ34S values. There is no evidence of C4 plant consumption, though exploitation of marine and/or freshwater resources is possible. The individual’s stable carbon and nitrogen values are also similar to those reported for humans from other Neolithic contexts (Guiry et al. 2017).
Lika faunal samples exhibit δ13C values between –22.6 and –19.5‰ and δ15N values between 4.5 and 6.3‰. These results have been discussed in-depth elsewhere (Zavodny et al. 2017, 2019b) and are typical of a terrestrial C3 environment. There are no significant inter-species differences in stable carbon or nitrogen isotope values. As a group, wild animals from Lika (red deer, roe deer, and boar) appear to have slightly lower δ13C values than their domesticated counterparts, which could be the result of frequenting more heavily forested areas, i.e. the “canopy effect” (Drucker et al. 2010; Zavodny et al. 2019b).
Humans have δ13C values between –16.2 and –14.4‰ and δ15N values between 7.6 and 10.6‰. At first glance, there is a wide spread in nitrogen values. However, the two adult individuals from Sultanov grob have lower δ15N values (7.6 and 8.3‰) while the higher δ15N values are from Bezdanjača (9.9 to 10.6‰). At least two of the individuals from Bezdanjača are identifiable as juveniles (BZ-01 and BZ-04) and may have eaten diets higher in meat or dairy than contemporary adults. Both populations ate a significant amount of C4 plants, likely millet. Comparison between human and faunal δ13C values suggest, however, that C4 plants were not used to systematically fodder livestock (Zavodny et al. 2017, 2019b).
Faunal δ34S values are narrowly distributed between 8.5 and 10.1‰. Despite the small sample size, it appears that there are no discernable differences in sulfur isotope values according to species or domestication status. Domesticated animals exhibit δ34S values between 8.8 and 10.1‰ with an average of 9.4‰. The range of δ34S values for wild animals is 8.5 to 10.0‰ with an average of 9.2‰. Human δ34S values overlap this range with values from 7.2 to 9.6‰. There is very little evidence for large amounts of sulfur in human diet indicative of freshwater or marine resources, suggesting a mostly terrestrial diet. There is, however, a distinction to be made between the very similar values of the Sultanov grob burials (8.8 and 8.1‰) and the wide range in values exhibited by the individuals at Bezdanjača (7.2 to 9.6‰). More research is needed, however, to determine whether this pattern is representative of actual inter-population differences or the effect of a small sample size.
Sisak faunal samples have δ13C values between –24.7 and – 20.7‰ and δ15N values from 6.7 to 10.9‰, consistent with a terrestrial C3 environment and temperate climate. The three red deer (Cervus elaphus) from Sisak have much lower δ13C values than the ovicaprid. This separation in carbon values is likely the result of different habitats, specifically deep forest versus open fields (Drucker et al. 2010). Reported δ34S values fall between –0.8 and 1.4‰. Only one domesticate, an ovicaprid, had enough collagen to sample for sulfur, but there is no observable difference between this individual and the deer from Sisak.
At the outset of our study we hypothesized that each region would exhibit clearly different δ34S values because of wide variations in geology, environment, and climate. Values from Sisak are indeed significantly different than those from the karst landscapes of Dalmatia (p = 9.1E–08) and Lika (p = 1.2E–06; t-tests assuming unequal variances). Sisak’s δ34S values, ranging from –0.8 to 1.4‰, are instead more comparable to those reported from other sites with similar environments and geology in the continental interior of Europe (Oelze et al. 2011; Richards et al. 2008). Low δ34S values have also been reported from other riverine floodplains where 34S-depleted freshwater sulphates are periodically deposited on the surrounding soils (Nehlich et al. 2011). The low δ34S values from Sisak may be an effect of occasional floods from the nearby Kupa and Sava Rivers, and the elevated δ15N values of the sampled individuals further suggest that both domesticated and wild animals grazed close to these rivers (Oelze et al. 2011).
We expected fauna from Dalmatia to exhibit the highest δ34S values within our study because of the enrichment of soils from the “sea-spray effect.” The two deer from Krivače and Pokrovnik do exhibit the highest sulfur signatures of any sample (15.4‰ and 16.6‰). Though the sample size is small, both values are above the generally accepted “coastal” threshold of 14‰ (Richards et al. 2001) and suggest these individuals ranged close to the shore. The domesticated animals and human from Dalmatia, however, are not nearly as elevated and instead range in δ34S value from 8.2 to 13.4‰. Rather than displaying a coastal signal, these individuals more closely resemble their landlocked contemporaries to the north in Lika (Figures 4, 5). In fact, despite differing proximities to the sea and marine-influenced rain, there is no clear δ34S threshold between values reported from Dalmatia and Lika. The overlapping ranges of δ34S values could be the effect of the limestone and dolomite bedrock present in both regions. It is also possible that the sea spray effect in Dalmatia was weak or diluted by rain (Heaton 1987), causing δ34S values in both regions to appear comparable despite different geological and climatic processes. Though the modern Adriatic coastline has been altered since the Neolithic, we assumed that villages would still have been close enough to the coast to result in coastal δ34S values. However, it is also possible that we underestimated the effect this geographic difference might have had on δ34S distribution across the landscape. For instance, the higher δ34S values of the two deer from Dalmatia could signal a “coastal” zone independent of the Neolithic settlements sampled in this study.
Regional distinctions in stable isotope values are clearer only when we include stable carbon and nitrogen isotope results in our analyses. For instance, carbon values are generally lower in Lika (p = 0.02; t-tests assuming unequal variances), possibly because of a more densely forested landscape (Zavodny et al. 2019b). Regional averages of wild fauna δ15N isotope values are even more regionally discrete: 3.6‰ ± 0.7 in Dalmatia, 5.6‰ ± 0.4 in Lika, and 7.2‰ ± 0.9 at Sisak. Again, though these δ15N averages may be biased by small sample sizes, especially at Sisak, the trend is worth investigating further as a way of complementing sulfur baselines.
Archaeological and historic evidence suggest that the seasonal transhumance of goats and sheep between villages on the coastal plains and pastures in the Dinaric Alps was a key feature of life in Dalmatia for centuries (Moore et al. 2007, 2019). Though previous stable carbon and nitrogen isotope studies to identify this practice in the Neolithic were inconclusive (Zavodny et al. 2014, 2015), more recent incremental sampling of ovicaprid tooth enamel does suggest vertical movement of livestock during part of the year at certain sites (McClure et al. 2018). We predicted sulfur isotope values could help identify this practice by varying according to species and level of movement across different landscapes. In this scenario, we anticipated that ovicaprids moved between pastures throughout the year should have lower δ34S values than the pigs and cattle kept near coastal settlements year round.
The majority of Neolithic sheep, cattle, and pig sampled, however, have δ34S signatures that fall within the narrow range of 8.2 to 10.1‰ (Table 1). The single human from Velištak also has a similar δ34S value of 8.9‰. This low sulfur signature is consistent with a terrestrial diet, and corroborated by paleobotanical and zooarchaeological evidence from Neolithic settlements (Legge and Moore 2011; Moore et al. 2019; Podrug et al. in press; Podrug et al. 2019; Reed 2015). The low sulfur values of livestock also suggest that crops and animals were managed largely in areas unaffected by sea-spray, as discussed above. We suggest that the foddering of cattle and pigs was fairly uniform and their movement tightly controlled throughout the Neolithic. The overlap of cattle and pig δ34S values with the single human from Velištak further supports the idea that these animals were kept in close proximity to humans.
Sheep –the likeliest candidate for seasonal transhumance- possess both the widest range (8.2–13.4‰) and highest average (10.6‰) of δ34S values (Figures 4, 5). Three sheep in particular exhibit high δ34S values of 11.3, 12.6, and 13.4‰, though these values do not quite exceed the so-called “coastal” threshold (Richards et al. 2001). Privat et al. (2007), identifying a similar pattern at an Eneolithic site in Ukraine, argued that 34S-enriched ovicaprid values could be evidence of imported livestock or multiple management systems. While we initially assumed herds would have wintered near the settlements in this study, the higher δ34S values of some sheep from Danilo and Pokrovnik could indicate they were held in other settlements or fields closer to the coast instead. Indeed, the δ34S values of two deer from Krivače and Pokrovnik hint at a potential “coastal” zone beyond the five sites represented in this study.
In a study of modern sheep, Zazzo et al. (2011) found that animals utilizing the same environment exhibited inter-individual variation of δ34S between 0.1–3.4‰. There is a 3.1‰ difference between the two Danilo sheep and a 4.8‰ spread among the four Pokrovnik individuals. This pattern strongly suggests that these individuals were not kept in the same area year-round. The wide range of δ34S values could reflect individual age or, more specifically, the number of times an individual sheep cycled between the coast and inland prior to death. For instance, lambs born in late winter or spring may not have survived long enough to set out for the mountain pastures in the summer. Hypothetically, then, they should have higher δ34S values than individuals who completed at least one seasonal cycle. Grazers feeding exclusively at higher arid elevations, such as in the Dinaric Alps, should also have higher δ15N in relation to lowland grazers (Ambrose 1991). Presuming all individuals were weaned by the time of their death, those with elevated δ15N and lower δ34S values likely spent a significant amount of their lives in upland pastures while others with lower δ15N and elevated δ34S values would have spent the majority of theirs near the coast.
Approximate age at death for all seven sheep sampled from Dalmatia was estimated based on the stage of element fusion (Table 2; Zeder 2006): five individuals were at least six months old, one individual was likely between six and twelve months old, and another was older than eighteen months. A clear gradient can be seen among those individuals at least six months or older when sulfur and nitrogen values are plotted (Figure 6). The sample from Konjevrate (KON-02), an individual 18 months or older, has a δ34S value that falls squarely within the middle of this gradient, similar to what we would expect for an individual that survived multiple transhumance cycles between coast and mountain. A linear regression trendline fitted to the other five individuals suggests a strong negative relationship between δ34S and δ15N (Figure 6). This pattern could indicate these individuals died before completing multiple cycles, or even possibly before completing just one full seasonal cycle. Furthermore, cattle do not exhibit this same δ15N and δ34S relationship, lending more support to the argument that sheep were more mobile than other livestock during the Neolithic. However, while these results are suggestive, the individual sheep in this study could not be assigned an exact age-at-death and may be much older. More research is needed to determine whether this age-dependent gradient truly exists within the population.
|SITE||PERIOD||LAB #||ELEMENT||AGE (MOS.)||δ34S|
Our results demonstrate sulfur stable isotopes are a promising – though sometimes coarse-grained- tool for untangling animal management strategies and other questions of movement between environments in prehistory. In our study, δ34S worked best in interregional comparisons and would be most useful for tracking the movement of animals or people along trade or exchange routes between the continental interior and Adriatic coast. However, our results also show that δ34S values do not always reflect the precise nature of Croatia’s environmental and geomorphological heterogeneity. There are problems in establishing differences between regions with similar bedrock and/or underlying soils, such as between Dalmatia and Lika. With our current understanding of regional δ34S isotopic baselines, identifying the presence of any movement of animals or people between Lika and Dalmatia using δ34S values alone would be difficult if not impossible. Future research should sample more aggressively within each region to determine whether these results reflect reality or are the bias of small sample sizes. Additionally, our study highlights how complementary δ15N and δ 13C datasets can elevate δ34S studies and bring regional isotopic differences into better focus.
In our case study from Neolithic Dalmatia, we expected δ34S values to reflect differences in local management strategies (e.g., transhumance vs. local grazing). According to our results, communities primarily farmed and managed livestock in inland valleys despite the short distance to the coast. The possible correlation between δ34S values and age among sheep hints at possible seasonal movement on the landscape, but our sample size is small and should be expanded in order to answer this question conclusively. In general, our study has shown that δ34S has great potential as a tool for archaeologists, but that there is still much work to be done in refining the methodology to address more nuanced questions about mobility, animal management, and environmental change in prehistory.
Special thanks to Tatjana Kolak (Muzej Like Gospić) and Lidija Bakarić (Arheološki Muzej u Zagrebu) for granting access to their respective museum collections; Siniša Radović (Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts) for sharing faunal data from Sisak; and Laurie Eccles (PSU) and multiple undergraduate students for their help with sample preparation.
Research was funded by the Penn State Anthropology Department and a NSF Dissertation Improvement Grant (BCS-1462124, EZ and SBM). General laboratory support was funded by an NSF Archaeometry grant (BCS-1460369, DJK and BJC).
The authors have no competing interests to declare.
EZ conceptualized the study and drafted the manuscript. All authors contributed data, conferred on methodology and results, and helped to edit and revise the manuscript.
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van der Merwe, N. 1982. Carbon isotopes, photosynthesis, and archaeology: different pathways of photosynthesis cause characteristic changes in carbon isotope ratios that make possible the study of prehistoric human diets. American Scientist, 70: 596–606.
van der Merwe, N and Vogel, J. 1978. 13C content of human collagen as a measure of prehistoric diet in woodland North America. Nature, 276: 815–816. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/276815a0
van Klinken, G. 1999. Bone collagen quality indicators for palaeodietary and radiocarbon measurements. Journal of Archaeological Science, 26: 687–695. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1006/jasc.1998.0385
Vika, E. 2009. Strangers in the grave? Investigating local provenance in a Greek Bronze Age mass burial using δ34S analysis. Journal of Archaeological Science, 36: 2024–2028. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2009.05.022
Wakshal, E and Nielsen, H. 1982. Variations of δ34S (SO4), δ18O (H2O), and Cl/SO4 ratio in rainwater over northern Israel, from the Mediterranean Coast to Jordan rift Valley and Golan Heights. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 61: 272–282. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(82)90058-9
Walton, M, Cowey, C and Adron, J. 1982. Methionine metabolism in rainbow trout fed diets of differing methionine and cysteine content. Journal of Nutrition, 112: 1525–1535. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/112.8.1525
Zavodny, E. 2020. Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope results from the Sisak Iron Age settlement. In Drnić, I (ed.), Segestica and Siscia – a settlement from the beginning of history, 69–72. Zagreb: Archaeological Museum.
Zavodny, E, Culleton, B, McClure, S, Kennet, D and Balen, J. 2017. Minimizing risk on the margins: Insights on Iron Age agriculture from stable isotope analyses in central Croatia. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 48: 250–261. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaa.2017.08.004
Zavodny, E, McClure, S, Culleton, B, Podrug, E and Kennett, D. 2014. Neolithic animal management practices and stable isotope studies in the Adriatic. Environmental Archaeology, 19: 184–195. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1179/1749631414Y.0000000021
Zavodny, E, McClure, S, Culleton, B, Podrug, E and Kennett, D. 2015. Identifying Neolithic animal management practices in the Adriatic using stable isotopes. Documenta Praehistorica, XLII: 261–274. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4312/dp.42.18
Zavodny, E, Culleton, B, McClure, S, Balen, J and Kennett, D. 2019a. Recalibrating grave good chronologies: new AMS 14C dates from Bronze-Iron Age Lika, Croatia. Antiquity 93: 113–127. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2018.184
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- Boating & Sailing
- Dolphin Encounters
- Scuba Diving
- Water Sports
- Whale Watching
Air Tours on Maui
No matter how many times you’ve visited Maui, you really haven’t experienced the island until you’ve seen it by air.
The majority of Maui is exceptionally remote — humans might not have even set foot on some of the most isolated ridgelines. It’s an island where roads mostly circle the coast. Even if you’ve been to Haleakalā Crater and driven each upcountry road, there are still enormous swaths of land you’ll never see from the ground.
Consider the fact that the Road to Hāna is lined with waterfalls. Each of those waterfalls is tucked in a valley about 50-100 yards wide, which is all you see while passing by on four wheels. Those valleys actually climb and twist up numerous slopes, housing dozens of thundering falls miles away from the road.
Aside from the West Maui/Moloka‘i route, the other popular air tour on Maui is a loop over Haleakalā and Hāna. Watch as the fields of Central Maui give way to pastures and ranchland, and see the jet-black lava rock from Maui’s last eruption. You’ll also cruise by Haleakalā Crater to glimpse its multihued cinder cones before exploring the East Maui rainforest with its hidden valleys and falls.
Aside from determining what part of the island you want to see, another thing to consider is what sort of extras these air tours include. Some companies, like Air Maui, offer private landings at cliff top viewpoints and pastures along the ocean. Other companies, like Pacific Helicopter Tours, offer visitors the chance to take off the doors and get even closer to the action.
For an air tour on Maui unlike anything else that’s offered, take a powered hang gliding lesson from the small airstrip in Hāna. Along with a professional pilot and instructor, you’ll not only learn the basics of how to steer a powered hang glider, but you’ll also see the Hāna coastline and experience its valleys in a uniquely thrilling way.
Air Tours Directory
Visit Pearl Harbor and tour Oahu on a self-guided day trip. Flight/car rental included.
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Find the best hotels in Canada with Global Galaxxy Tracker. If you are looking to book luxury hotels in Canada, use our refine search option to find the best hotels in Ottawa, Vancouver, Toronto, Montreal, Quebec city and all other major travel destinations in Canada. Use our powerful search features to search for the best restaurants in Canada. Lookout for Asian Restaurants, Caribbean Restaurants, Mexican Restaurants, Italian Restaurants, Chinese Restaurants and much more at your preferred destinations. If you are a foodie, search for seafood restaurants, vegan restaurants and soul food restaurants and steakhouses in Canadian cities of your choice.


Immerse Yourself in the Fresh Natural Beauty of Halosa Lounge & Cafe – SapaDate18-08-2023
Nestled within the heart of Sapa’s breathtaking landscape, where lush greenery and imposing mountains converge, lies a hidden gem that offers a boundless experience of connecting with nature. Halosa Lounge & Cafe resembles a sacred realm, where visitors can escape the hustle and bustle of daily life and immerse themselves in the serene beauty that envelops them
A Place of Tranquility and Renewal Inspired by Sapa’s Nature
Halosa Lounge & Cafe goes beyond the concept of being merely a place to dine or unwind; it is an intriguing destination that encourages you to slow down, breathe in the fresh mountain air, and relax in the embrace of the wilderness. As you step foot into this haven, you are greeted by a harmonious symphony of rustling leaves and the distant melody of streaming water, crafting an enchanting experience.
Amidst the lush green landscape, Halosa takes pride in its panoramic views that are nothing short of spectacular. Whether you opt to enjoy your time indoors or select an outdoor balcony spot, you will be ‘treated’ to vistas that embody the spirit of Sapa’s natural beauty.
Delectable dishes that resonate with the soul of the connoisseur.
The dishes at Halosa are not just a feast for the eyes. They tantalize your taste buds with a fusion of flavors that pay homage to local ingredients. From aromatic herbal teas that reflect the essence of this region to culinary creations prepared from fresh, pristine ingredients, each dish is a celebration of the diverse offerings of Sapa. As you savor each bite, you’ll feel a deep connection to the land and its abundance
A Spiritual Retreat Amidst Sapa
Halosa Lounge & Cafe transcends being just a culinary destination. It’s also a place for spiritual relaxation. The refreshing atmosphere, picturesque scenery, and tranquil ambiance all come together to create an experience that renews and invigorates. Whether you’re seeking a moment of serene solitude, a romantic adventure, or a place to connect with friends. Halosa provides the perfect backdrop.


The northernmost part of the Antarctic mainland, the Antarctic Peninsula extends 1,300 kilometers (800 miles) from Cape Adams on the Weddell Sea. The entire peninsula is made up of a string of bedrock islands covered beneath a permanent sheet of ice; each of these islands is separated by channels. Because it has the mildest climate in Antarctica, the peninsula is dotted with research stations from many different nations, including Argentina, Chile and the United Kingdom, each having overlapping and competing claims to sovereignty. Although naval historians dispute the peninsula's discovery by Europeans, most concur that it was first sighted in 1820 by a Russian Imperial Navy expedition led by Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen, even though it was presumed to be an ice field, not a landmass. Only days later, a British expedition headed by Edward Bransfield and William Smith became the first to actually chart the peninsula.


More Eastern Mediterranean Antiquities; Italy's Instep; Exploring Morocco
February 16, 2014•52 min
Guides from Greece and Egypt share tips for sightseeing the historical highlights of the eastern Mediterranean. Plus, guides from southern Italy and Morocco take listener calls with ideas for exploring the local color of the "instep" of southeast Italy, and for going deep into Morocco.
For more information on Travel with Rick Steves - including episode descriptions, program archives and related details - visit www.ricksteves.com.


The top of the South Island and bottom of the North have been rocked by a series of earthquakes this morning.
The biggest quake struck at 4.13am, measuring a magnitude 4.6, 30km north-east of St Arnaud, an alpine village south of Nelson.
It struck at a depth of 7km.
It was followed shortly by a 4.0 magnitude quake in the same area at 4.51 but with a depth of 21km.
They were measured by Geonet as strong and moderate respectively.
The same area was struck with four other lighter quakes, before a 3.2km magnitude quake struck 35km south-west of Wellington at 6.38am.
– Story by NZ Herald


The Coordination team of the Redemptorist Conference for Africa and Madagascar (COREAM) are meeting in Nairobi in Kenya from December 5th to 9th. Frs. Guy Aranud Guy Agbossaga and Fr. Nicolas Ayouba both from the Vice Province of West Africa as well as Fr. Sean Wales from South Africa will travel to Nairobi. They will be joined by Fr. Gerry O’Connor from the Redemptorist Solidarity Office for Africa and Madagascar. The Coordination team will work with the highly respected Corat Institute in Nairobi, learning additional skills about effective strategic planning. The plan is to develop strategies to improve the implementation performance of the ambitious COREAM strategic plan. COREAM assigned five Redemptorists to a training course on financial management at the Corat Institute in July and August of 2012. The evaluation of the course was very positive. The decision to partner with the Corat Institute reflects COREAM’s determination to achieve the objectives integral to the strategic plan. The Coordination team will also visit the Redemptorist mission in Nairobi. The Coordination team will then travel to South Sudan to take the first steps towards the opening of a new Redemptorist mission in South Sudan.


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Wednesday, 05 January 2022 02:04
World Bank says that seeing Central American countries as a bloc is key to boosting their growth potential
According to the World Bank (WB), Central America comprises a diverse set of countries, including two upper middle-income countries (Costa Rica and Panama), two of the poorest countries in Latin America and the Caribbean (Honduras and Nicaragua) and two middle-income economies (Guatemala and Panama, El Salvador).
Published in Breaking News


We’re in the process of mapping out dates and times for 2020. We welcome Founders and Entrepreneurs who have launched and are in the process of raising funds to apply to present at one of our 2020 Lunch and Learns. Founders are encouraged to apply here.
Plug-In Lunch and Learns are designed to help cultivate the next generation of founders and entrepreneurs in Los Angeles. Our meetings and workshops take place in South LA and around Los Angeles at leading VC firms, corporations, entertainment, and digital media studios . If you’d like to be a featured presenter at one our programs, please get in touch by providing the information below. We’ll review and get in touch if we think we can help.


While the nation was mostly natural disaster-free in 2006, the West suffered a few fourth quarter storms that took the blush off of an otherwise relatively rosy year. Beginning with Thanksgiving and heading into the New Year, the western states suffered high winds and unusual amounts of snow.
Snowy Colorado shuts airports
Just before Christmas, a major snowstorm paralyzed Colorado and its neighbors. Most significant was that the snow forced the Denver airport to close, halting flights and stranding travelers for a few days. Just as the state was recovering from that snowstorm, another one seemed to be heading its way about a week later.
Officials say it’s too early to predict the total insured losses.
The last major blizzard to hit Colorado occurred in March 2003. The snow fell wet and heavy that year, causing extensive and expensive damage, according to the Rocky Mountain Insurance Information Association. As structures and roofs collapsed under the weight, insured claims payouts totaled $93.3 million.
“That was the most costly blizzard Colorado had … the 100-year snowfall,” said Carole Walker, RMIIA executive director. Fortunately, she said the snow from the first storm in 2006 stayed dryer and lighter than it did in 2003, lessening the damage.
“We got a lot of [snow], though it doesn’t appear to be as heavy. There was also a lot of wind, which kept it from building up so we haven’t seen the extensive damage as in 2003,” Walker said.
According to Walker, typical claims from the initial storm included leaky roofs, burst pipes, cars sliding into garages, and the collapse of small buildings, fences and carports. Although many malls and major holiday shopping areas closed down during the first storm, Walker said business interruption claims were minimal.
“We didn’t see a lot of damage associated with business interruption,” she said.
However, she emphasized in a cautionary tone as she looked out her window, Colorado was facing a second round of storms at press time, adding to the snow it already had. With the Denver airport closed for the second time in a week, the second storm could change the claims picture.
Walker was hopeful at press time. “We are in a wait and see mode to gauge whether additional claims are going to come in as people’s businesses dig out and find more damage or delay in making claims,” she said.
According to Robert Hartwig, chief economist for the New York-based Insurance Information Institute, it is too early to tell what the insured losses will amount to, with claims only now being filed. He said typically severe winter storms of the magnitude felt in Colorado produce losses in the $100 million to $250 million range. “Again, it’s too early to tell what the full extent of the damage will be, but there are occasions when severe winter storms cost more $400 million,” he said.
“We get a lot of snow in Colorado, but usually not this much at once,” Walker added.
New Mexico and Wyoming
Not to be left out, Wyoming and New Mexico caught the edge of the powerful Colorado storm systems, which dumped snow in the states, forced highways and schools to close, and stranded travelers.
Mike Sowko, forecaster with the National Weather Service in Cheyenne, Wyo., said that the storm was the most intense to hit the area in several years, with wind gusts of 50 mph and heavy snow.
“I think it surpasses the last couple of winters,” Sowko said. “I think the March of ’03 storm was the last time we had this much severe winter activity.”
Sowko said it was difficult to determine exact snowfall amounts because they were not evenly distributed. “We have drifts up to 6 feet high in some locations, and in other areas, it is completely dry on the asphalt and concrete.”
With so many flights in and out of Wyoming communities going through Denver, air travel was disrupted around the state.
Further to the West, more than 32,000 insurance claims in Washington and Oregon have poured in after a severe windstorm tore through the area around Thanksgiving. The NW Insurance Council said the number of claims continues to grow, and is estimated to exceed $500 million.
The storm caused 14 deaths and more than 100 people suffered carbon monoxide poisoning while trying to keep warm during power blackouts. Those statistics are giving the Pacific Northwest storm the unfortunate recognition of the worst winter storm in 13 years, according to catastrophe risk modeling company AIR Worldwide Corp.
Since the storm hit, adjusters have been working late into the evenings to aid insureds in dealing with the damage, according to the NWIC. Its member companies brought in adjusters from out of state and contracted with independent adjusters to handle the claims volume. Also, member companies said some of their employees received temporary claims duties and set up special phone banks to help customers process claims more efficiently.
“Insurance companies really show their value to customers following a catastrophe like this,” said Karl Newman, NWIC president. “It’s frustrating to deal with a windstorm loss, but it would be financially devastating to many if they hadn’t insured their homes and businesses.”
According to III’s Hartwig, on average, winter storms account for 10 percent of all catastrophe loses in the United States. With the Colorado Plains storms coming only a week after a major winter storm struck the Pacific Northwest, “this would mean that late in the fourth quarter of a relatively low cat year, the industry will be hit with a pretty expensive December,” Hartwig noted.
The Associated Press contributed to this report. Copyright 2007 Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.


Set on a luxuriant coffee plantation 30 min from the Ngorongoro Crater, this award-winning country house & spa offers many activities.
Enjoy exceptional game viewing as you follow the Serengeti's migrating wildebeest from the comfort of this luxurious mobile tented camp.
Lying in Tanzania's extraordinary Selous Reserve, this romantic, activity-packed lodge is ideal for an off-the-beaten-track luxury safari.
With its dramatic on-the-rim setting, this deluxe lodge offers extraordinary views of the Ngorongoro Crater plus classic Big 5 safaris.
The epitome of ‘Out of Africa’ safaris & steeped in colonial grandeur, Singita Sasakwa Lodge in Tanzania offers a once-in-a-lifetime Serengeti Migration experience.
Offering superb year-round game viewing in the Serengeti, this classic tented camp is ideally situated to catch the wildebeest migration.
This exclusive safari lodge is the only accommodation set in Tanzania's Lake Manyara National Park & features amazing tree-house suites.
This no-frills tented eco-camp lies on the Rufiji River in Tanzania's teeming Selous Game Reserve - a huge wildlife experience awaits.
Soundbites required here
Set on a classic Zanzibar beach, easy-going Matemwe Beach House is the perfect island escape for privacy-seeking families & friends.


Colombia - trips and tailor-made holidays
Colombia - Travel tips
Its territory is divided into four big geographical areas, offering several types of landscapes and natural environments. From the high peaks of the Andes, to the Caribbean islands lapped by a crystal-clear sea where it is possible to practice every kind of water sports or just relax under the palms and enjoy the calm and the tranquillity of the place.
Colombia boasts several unmissable spots, such as Tayrona Park, rich in amazing natural spots, the Sanctuary of Monserrate, overlooking Bogotà, the islands of San Andrès, but also Cartagena, a beautiful town where it is possible to enjoy the most authentic culture and tradition of the country.
Taste the typical dishes, admire the local handicraft products and take part in the popular festivals, which highlight the hospitality and the warmth of the Colombian people. They really make visitors feel at ease.
The enchanting cities, the unfading smiles of the inhabitans, the natural beauty of the landscape, these are all features that make Colombia an ideal destination for all those who are looking for relax, fun and culture. Plan your tailormade tour with viviTravels local experts, you won't be disappointed.Read more
Travel ideas in Colombia
Tailor-madeThe Colombian Amazon Tour Colombia: Tanimboca, Marasha, LeticiaON DEMAND | 5 days | No flight
Tailor-madeLa Guajira: where the desert meets the sea Colombia: Riohacha, Cabo de la Vela, ...ON DEMAND | 6 days | No flight
Tailor-madeColombia trekking tour: Los Nevados traverse Colombia: Los Nevados, PereiraON DEMAND | 5 days | No flight
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From 5th to 7th of June took place, in the San Salvaro Monastery, the “Festival delle Basse”, an event to promote the territory.
In reference to the territories that are located in the south of Padua, Verona and Vicenza, historically identified as "basse".
The Festival has created a comprehensive cultural program with music, literature, with a special look at local excellence.
VenetaSedie Production could not miss this, with a special contribution that we tell through the visual language.
Special guests, concerts, culture, culinary excellence have characterized each nights. In particular, the exhibition "Re del Tempo" by Mirko Artuso who represented the soul of the festival for its social impact.
Small jewels of the heritage and history that can be found in these Venetian regions are discovered thanks to this initiative.
Do what you want, with what you have, in the place where you are.
Wood By Wood
The raw wood material, from which comes our passion and where born our way, was the protagonist of the event. Protagonist of values and corporate culture at the service of sustainable development. The raw classic designed chair was the undisputed star of a production voted to an experience with a contact to stabilize and to live. Just the raw frame, materic and authentic, was also irreplaceable support to the communication of those values that each day the Venetasedie group is committed to translate into concrete reality.
Love, care, enthusiasm, harmony: just a few values that we wanted to share with visitors of the “Festival delle Basse”.
Values and products linked together by doing business in a conscious, constructive and increasingly way, oriented to the exploitation of the homeland.
We are happy to support cultural initiatives, especially related to our territory, and we are equally excited to promote sustainable development by telling the way we work, design and produce.
“Each trunk tells a story, each chair holds itself this memory”.
Photographs courtesy of Ludovico Guglielmo, PH


Dengue exhibits focal clustering in households and neighborhoods, driven by local mosquito population dynamics, human population immunity, and fine scale human and mosquito movement. We tested the hypothesis that spatiotemporal clustering of homotypic dengue cases is disrupted by introduction of the arbovirus-blocking bacterium Wolbachia (wMel-strain) into the Aedes aegypti mosquito population. We analysed 318 serotyped and geolocated dengue cases (and 5921 test-negative controls) from a randomized controlled trial in Yogyakarta, Indonesia of wMel deployments. We find evidence of spatial clustering up to 300 m among the 265 dengue cases (3083 controls) in the untreated trial arm. Participant pairs enrolled within 30 days and 50 m had a 4.7-fold increase (compared to 95% CI on permutation-based null distribution: 0.1, 1.2) in the odds of being homotypic (i.e. potentially transmission-related) as compared to pairs occurring at any distance. In contrast, we find no evidence of spatiotemporal clustering among the 53 dengue cases (2838 controls) resident in the wMel-treated arm. Introgression of wMel Wolbachia into Aedes aegypti mosquito populations interrupts focal dengue virus transmission leading to reduced case incidence; the true intervention effect may be greater than the 77% efficacy measured in the primary analysis of the Yogyakarta trial.


Download and read online The Everglades in PDF and EPUB Before 1947, when Marjory Stoneman Douglas named the Everglades a "river of grass," most people considered the area worthless. She brought the world's attention to the need to preserve the Everglades. In the Afterword, Michael Grunwald tells us what has happened to them since then. Grunwald points out that in 1947 the government was in the midst of establishing the Everglades National Park and turning loose the Army Corps of Engineers to control floods--both of which seemed like saviors for the Glades. But neither turned out to be the answer. Working from the research he did for his book, The Swamp, Grunwald offers an account of what went wrong and the many attempts to fix it, beginning with Save Our Everglades, which Douglas declared was "not nearly enough." Grunwald then lays out the intricacies (and inanities) of the more recent and ongoing CERP, the hugely expensive Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan.
Download and read online The Everglades in PDF and EPUB
Download and read online An Everglades Providence in PDF and EPUB Profiles the suffragist, feminist, and environmentalist who fought for the preservation and protection of the Everglades and won the battle that turned it into a national wilderness area.
Download and read online Lost in the River of Grass in PDF and EPUB "I don't realize I'm crying until he glances at me. For a moment, I see the look of anguish in his eyes, then he blinks it away and slips off into the water. I immediately think of the gator. It's still down there somewhere. . . ." A science-class field trip to the Everglades is supposed to be fun, but Sarah's new at Glades Academy, and her fellow freshmen arent exactly making her feel welcome. When an opportunity for an unauthorized side trip on an air boat presents itself, it seems like a perfect escapean afternoon without feeling like a sore thumb. But one simple oversight turns a joyride into a race for survival across the river of grass. Sarah will have to count on her instinctsand a guy she barely knowsif they have any hope of making it back alive.
Download and read online Marjory Stoneman Douglas and the Florida Everglades in PDF and EPUB Biography of Marjory Stoneman Douglas, dubbed "the grandmother of the Everglades," a woman who devoted her life to teaching the importance of preserving the unique habitat of southern Florida.
Download and read online Vor ihren Augen sahen sie Gott in PDF and EPUB Florida 1928. In einer einzigen Nacht erzählt Janie ihrer besten Freundin Pheoby wie sie aufbrach, ein anderes Leben zu führen, den viel jüngeren Tea Cake traf, endlich das Glück fand, und was geschah, als der große Hurrikan kam ... Von ihrer Reise kehrt Janie als ein neuer Mensch zurück - und mit ihr alle, die ihre Geschichte hören. Der Klassiker aus den USA, zum 120. Geburtstag der Autorin neu übersetzt, gehört zu den schönsten, traurigsten und herzergreifendsten Liebesgeschichten, die je geschrieben wurden.
Download and read online A River in Flood and Other Florida Stories in PDF and EPUB About Nine Florida Stories by Marjory Stoneman Douglas: "Written as entertainment for a mass market . . . crammed with colorful characters, vivid incidents and palpable atmosphere. . . . A reminder of a Florida gone by or fast disappearing."--Orlando Sentinel "Reflects the same concerns found in her better-known non-fiction work--a fascination with the beauty of Florida and a warning against its imminent destruction."--Tallahassee Democrat In the pantheon of Florida writers, Marjory Stoneman Douglas (1890-1998) is cherished as the grande dame. Famous as the author of The Everglades: River of Grass, prolific as a writer, and passionate as an environmental crusader for almost a century, she became the nation's best link to a remarkable era in Florida history. The timeless themes of her stories in this new collection resonate with interest for readers today. Whether the subject is hurricanes, cockfighting, real estate deals, struggling immigrants, or corruption in the Everglades, Douglas wrote about it with distinction--and usually first. Originally published in the Saturday Evening Post during the 1920s and 1930s, the golden age of the short story, these nine works have never before been collected or available in one place. Kevin M. McCarthy, who edited the companion volume, Nine Florida Stories by Marjory Stoneman Douglas, offers an introduction to each story, explaining its significance, setting, unusual references, place in Douglas's works, and significance to the history of South Florida. Kevin M. McCarthy, professor of English and Florida studies at the University of Florida, is the author or editor of nineteen other books, including Florida Lighthouses, Florida Stories, and More Florida Stories (published by the University Press of Florida). The stories: "At Home on the Marcel Waves" "Solid Mahogany" "Goodness Gracious, Agnes" "A River in Flood" "The Mayor of Flamingo" "Stepmother" "You Got to Go, But You Don't Have to Come Back" "High-Goal Man" "Wind Before Morning"
Download and read online Everglades in PDF and EPUB The 31 chapters provide a wealth of previously unpublished information, plus topic syntheses, for a wide range of ecological parameters. These include the physical driving forces that created and continue to shape the Everglades and patterns and processes of its flora and fauna. The book summarizes recent studies of the region's vegetation, alligators, wading birds, and endangered species such as the snail kite and Florida panther. This referee-reviewed volume is the product of collaboration among 58 international authors from 27 institutional affiliations over nearly five years. The book concludes with a synthesis of system-wide restoration hypotheses, as they apply to the Everglades, that represent the integration and a collective viewpoint from the preceding 30 chapters. Techniques and systems learned here can be applied to ecosystems around the world.
Download and read online The Everglades Experiments in PDF and EPUB The Florida Everglades ecosystem is recognised world-wide as a significant wetland whose natural processes have been altered and remain threatened. State and Federal US agencies face critical decisions about the course of conservation and restoration efforts. Synthesising nearly ten years of laboratory and field research of the Duke University Wetland Center, this book provides the long-term integrated scientific studies needed to understand the functioning of this region. Background information about the current and historical ecological conditions of the region set the context for reports of long-term research projects, while a series of gradient studies determine the effects of hydrology and nutrient changes. Subsequent sections present models for predicting responses to various conditions and analyse the studies and models, focusing on management and restoration of the Everglades.
Download and read online Nine Florida Stories by Marjory Stoneman Douglas in PDF and EPUB "A collection of tales boiling with real estate dealers, egret poachers, rumrunners, mango growers, sportsmen, land grubbers, murderers, and mosquitoes. First printed in The Saturday Evening Post during the 1920s, '30s, and '40s, these stories constitute a rip-snorting glimpse back to a South Florida that now exists only in memory."--Miami Herald"Reflects the same concerns found in her better-known non-fiction work--a fascination with the beauty of Florida and a warning against its imminent destruction."--Tallahassee DemocratThe subjects that would fire Marjory Stoneman Douglas’s enthusiasm for the rest of her life first appeared in her short fiction published in the 1920s. Florida’s most celebrated environmentalist, the author of The Everglades: River of Grass, wrote even then about protecting South Florida’s fragile ecosystem and the state’s endangered species, about the dangers of short-sighted land development, and about Florida history. The nine stories in this first collection take place in a scattering of South Florida settings--Miami, Ft. Lauderdale, the Tamiami Trail, the Keys, the Everglades—and reveal the drama of hurricanes and plane crashes, of kidnappers, escaped convicts, and smugglers. Editor Kevin McCarthy relates each story to Douglas’s life and points out the autobiographical touches which surface frequently in her stories.
Download and read online Such News of the Land in PDF and EPUB A collection of new essays establishes women's voices as a powerful presence in US nature writing.
Download and read online Barron s CHSPE in PDF and EPUB Prepares students for the California High School Proficiency Exam with an introductory self-assessment test; reviews of math, writing, and reading; and two model tests with answer keys and explanations.
Download and read online Everglades National Park in PDF and EPUB Discusses the history of this national park, its geological features, trails, wildlife, dangers in the park, and efforts to preserve it.
Download and read online Everglades National Park in PDF and EPUB The Everglades are unique among the national parks for their warm wetlands. Everglades National Parkexplores the park, including its geology, plant and animal life, the peoples who have called it home, and its main attractions. Easy-to-read text, vivid images, and helpful back matter give readers a clear look at this subject. Features include a table of contents, infographics, a glossary, additional resources, and an index. Aligned to Common Core Standards and correlated to state standards. Core Library is an imprint of Abdo Publishing, a division of ABDO.
Download and read online Der Reinfall in PDF and EPUB


Argentina will stun you by day and Argentina will stun you by night. With terrain as diverse as its history is complex, Argentina will enchant, shock and surprise. If you visit you will leave vowing to return to embrace the vibrant culture, to try to understand the complexities of a political, class and cultural system that espouses equality but is experiencing the difficulties globalised money markets visit upon sovereign nations so very easily. While forging a new path out of its own history, it is also caught in the tangles of the past.
If wondering about the tangles of the past with the pressures of globalization, hedge funds and defaulting economies are not your thing then seek out the highlights of the Argentine landscape for a much more dramatic escape. Amongst these highlights are the Iguazu Falls on the north eastern border of Argentina and Brazil. There is any number of reasons to travel to Iguazu from anywhere in the world and each ends in the phrase “because they are breath taking!” Like wise there is a myriad of reasons not to take a long haul night bus to Iguazu from anywhere. All of these reasons end with “because from anywhere Iguazu is just too far away.” If however, like many other travelers who decide to go, time and money force you into the semi-cama beside the toilets on a night bus, here are a number of reasons why you should never, ever take sleeping pills to get you through the journey. Even when the stench of bloo loo fills your nostrils for each of the 18 hours from Buneos Aires to Puerto Iguazu take my advice and avoid sleeping pills.
First of all when the bus travels across the pampas and you have taken a sleeping pill you will miss the change of light as Argentina moves from day to night. The flat plains become a flame of colour with night red spilling across the thin line of the horizon. A sunset without a center, the pampas look as though the evening change is being poured flood like across the Pampas grass tops. This stunning sight is not to be missed. Neither is the steak dinner that will be presented to you anywhere between 8pm and 3.30am on the bus. If you haven’t had lomo at 2am, then I urge you not to sleep on the bus.
My top reason for not taking sleeping pills on the bus however, is missing out on cuddling gaucho resting on your shoulder. Argentinians are an open affectionate people. But it is possible that you may be unprepared for the snuggles and the warm sweaty hand holding that may go on for a while before you wake up from your slumber. Don’t get me wrong – we are all humans and need a good cuddle every now and again. Iguazu falls are also worth it. But if the fondness of strangers is not part of your holiday plans, then take my advice and avoid taking sleeping pills on long haul bus journeys!