Hansson, S. Employers and workers in Sweden. 1939
2019-07-26 Industrial Revolution Britain changed more during this era than at any other time. People moved from the countryside to the new towns and cities. 14. Superpower Britain became the world's biggest superpower with the huge increase in industrial production, and imperial expansion. 15.
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J Taalbi Innovation trends and industrial renewal in Finland and Sweden 1970–2013. PiiA strengthens Sweden and Swedish process industry through world-class Peter Wallin: In the context of the fourth industrial revolution and digitalization as The industrial revolution of Sweden. – TECHNOLOGY, CULTURE and HISTORY We are currently at the beginning of the 4th industrial revolution. Professional transformations are set in motion by globalisation and technological revolutions, J. (2019) "Origins and pathways of innovation in the third industrial revolution.
Sweden's road to modernity : an economic history - Lennart
The industrial revolution in Sweden Government policies Social aspects Institutional change Factory life depends on reliability, punctuality and endurance rather than craft skills. Emergence of a working class identity and a labour movement. Increased real wages after 1850.
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14/11/2019. 9:00-12:30. FREE EVENT. Craftware It is dedicated exclusively to the great Swedish emigration movements Before the first industrial revolution, which had begun a lot later in Sweden, it was an industrial revolution, or “Industry 4.0”, in which digitalization and globalization ORGANIZATION This is a preprint from the book “Sweden Through the Crisis”, Patent collaboration networks in Sweden and Spain during the Second Industrial Revolution. DE Andersson, P Galaso, P Sáiz. Industry and Innovation 26 (9), Siemens Industrial Turbomachinery AB i Finspång tillverkar gasturbiner som säljs över hela världen. Samtidigt driver man utvecklingen av framtidens digitala Det brittiska politiska systemet var inte lika tungrott som på kontinenten.
1870-1914. 3.0. The third industrial revolution late 20th century. 4.0. The fourth industrial revolution ongoing
Jernbro is one of Sweden's leading players in industrial services.
And our constant repetition is extremely important. It is a prerequisite for professionals to get what professionals want: … BT - Development blocks and the second industrial revolution - Sweden 1900-1970. ER - Lund University Box 117, 221 00 LUND Telephone (switchboard): +46-46-222 00 00 firstname.lastname@example.org Sweden Industrial Revolution Emergence of the iron and steel industries Expansion from 1870. Innovation increases quality and lowers prices. Concentration into fewer and larger units. Export expansion aided by the communication revolution railways.
J Taalbi Innovation trends and industrial renewal in Finland and Sweden 1970–2013. SAP CPQ: The Best Thing to Hit Manufacturing Since the Industrial Revolution. Learn how, the SAP® CPQ solution offers one of the mosteffective ways of
which was established by the Swedish Government to identify policy challenges and to accelerate policy development linked to the fourth industrial revolution. Welcome to the fourth industrial revolution. New concepts and buzzwords appear with stunning regularity and, usually, sink without a trace soon afterwards.
Professional transformations are set in motion by globalisation and technological revolutions, J. (2019) "Origins and pathways of innovation in the third industrial revolution. Sjöö, K.; Rilla, N. (2018) "Innovation trends and industrial renewal in Sweden… Book chapter abstract. Novelties and Responses. Iron and coal in the Industrial Revolution in Britain, Sweden, (and Russia),. Authors/Editors. Information saknas.
• “Piano Nazionale Industria 4.0” from Italy (2016). industrial economics, Lund university and the annual meeting of the European For some, Sweden is proof that a generous welfare state and big government is fully old age pensions, family allowances, and unemployment and workers'
latecomer to the Industrial Revolution. As a result of its low population density,. Swedish industrialization was rural in nature, leading to the formation of small
Industry 4.0 – The fourth industrial revolution has arrived in the industrial sector and offers attractive opportunities. 16 Nov 2020 A decarbonisation pathway for industries can fulfil the twin objectives of India and Sweden led the transition track at the UN Climate Action
15 Dec 2017 and the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR), conducted by the EPO the but as clear evidence of the Swedish IoT revolution shows, Sweden
8 Sep 2018 The U.S., U.K, Sweden and the Netherlands were in some of the top positions of the ranking, although it was Singapore and Finland that came in
11 Oct 2018 The objective of Sweden's industrial policy is to strengthen renewable revolution has been bioenergy. Biomass, such as firewood, wood
5 Jun 2019 2.2 The laws of 1819 and 1834: Against the tyranny of monopolies.
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Export expansion aided by the communication revolution railways. Iron works increasingly sells The industrial revolution, a term under dispute but hard to avoid, was the economic transformation beginning in northwestern Europe in, it appears, the 18th century, accelerating in the 19th century, and spreading worldwide—with many diversions for war and socialism—in the 20th. Industrial Revolution. The industrial revolution did not had a big impact in Spain, caused workers to live with an unfair payment and with labor works of 12 hours. The industrial revolution was weaker and slower in Spain than in other European countries, but capitalism was implemented. Immortal Technique - Industrial Revolution - YouTube.
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Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Social Anthropology. 2014 (English) Doctoral thesis, monograph (Other academic) The industrial revolution, a term under dispute but hard to avoid, was the economic transformation beginning in northwestern Europe in, it appears, the 18th century, accelerating in the 19th century, and spreading worldwide—with many diversions for war and socialism—in the 20th. Cotton trade was the biggest driver of the Industrial Revolution. The Indo Saraswat Civilization … Learn more about history and science with Studies Weekly!StudiesWeekly.com An industrial mod made for Fabric. Browse Get Desktop Feedback Industrial Revolution. Mods 429,295 Downloads Last Updated: Apr 13, 2021 Game Version: 1.16.5.
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Sharing Economy and SwedenBIO initiated a project mapping the Swedish industry Sweden with both R&D and manufacturing sites, as well The digitalisation revolution has. Sigma is a leading consulting group with an objective to make our customers more competitive. Our means are technological know-how and a constant passion How to bring manufacturing back to Europe and the US. Apr 15, 2016 | News. There's a lot of talks around the fourth industrial revolution and Translation for 'factory' in the free English-Swedish dictionary and many other Swedish translations. The system reflects industrial revolution-type thinking of a. Women lost their ancient jobs as collectors, but then with the industrial revolution and the post-industrial revolution they're moving back into the job market.
The iron ore was of very high quality. The extensive forests of Sweden provided the charcoal used for smelting iron before the days of the coke furnaces of the industrial revolution. Our products are made in Mora, Sweden, like we have since 1891.


How Parents Can Reduce Youth Violence
Recently, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) released the results of their Youth Risk Behavior Survey, a bi-annual survey that measures adolescent health and well-being. Collected in fall 2021, the survey responses from 17,232 U.S. high school students showed that most of the indicators for teen well-being worsened significantly from past years.
The survey showed that experiences of youth violence, including sexual violence, are increasing. Most alarming was the large increases in violence against teen girls, including:
- 20% were electronically bullied, including through texting, Instagram, Facebook, or other social media, during the past year.
- 17% were bullied on school property during the past year.
- 10% did not go to school because they felt unsafe either at school or on their way to or from school at least once during the past 30 days.
- 14% (1 in 7 girls) had been physically forced to have sexual intercourse when they did not want to sometime during their life.
- 18% (1 in 5 girls) were forced by someone to do sexual things (including kissing, touching, or being physically forced to have sexual intercourse) when they did not want to during the past year.
With the prevalence of youth violence growing, it’s important that parents take action to address these problems. Below are ideas for how parents can reduce youth violence.
Teens who know how to approach a problem and resolve it effectively are less likely to be angry, frustrated, or violent. Problem-solving helps teens identify the pros and the cons of potential solutions before taking action. If your teen understands that there are many possible solutions to a problem, they are more likely to spend a few minutes examining their options rather than resorting to impulsive behavior. Whenever your child faces a problem, don’t solve it! Walk through the process with them. Help your child think through the consequences of each possible solution and determine how their behavior will affect themselves and those around them. Allow them to make the decision, implement their chosen solution, and discover the results for themselves.
Stay Involved in Your Child’s School
Take an active role in your child’s schools. Show your children you believe education is important and that you want your children to do their best in school by being involved in their education. Get to know your child’s teachers and help them get to know you and your child. Talk regularly with staff. Volunteer in the classroom or library, or in after-school activities. Work with parent-teacher organizations.
Join a Violence Prevention Group
According to the National Crime Prevention Council, the crime rate can decrease by as much as 30 percent when a violence prevention initiative is a community-wide effort. Join up with other parents, through school and neighborhood associations, religious organizations, civic groups, and youth activity groups. Talk with each other about violence problems, concerns about youth in the community, sources of help to strengthen and sharpen parenting skills, and similar issues.
Writing an editorial for the local newspaper, holding a petition drive, speaking before a school board meeting, or sending a letter to your legislator can be effective ways to voice your opinion and gain support from decision makers for violence prevention programs in your community. These efforts also role model your values to your teen.
Work with the School
Parents can ask school administrators for help in creating a safe and supportive school environment. Offer to help create and implement policies. Ideas to suggest to your teen’s school include:
- Creating school-wide behavioral expectations
- Offering psychological and counseling services
- Including student participation in safety planning
- Creating anonymous reporting systems for students
- Monitoring school parking lots and common areas, such as hallways, cafeterias, and playing fields
- Developing crisis plans and providing preparedness training to all staff members for a variety of safety situations
- Creating school-community partnerships to enhance safety measures for students beyond school property
- Teaching students alternatives to violence including peaceful conflict resolution and positive interpersonal relationship skills
If you keep firearms at home, ensure that they are securely locked, that ammunition is locked and stored separately, and that all children in your home know weapons are never to be touched without your express permission and supervision.
Talk to Your Teens
Listen to and talk with your children daily (not just when there’s a crisis). Ask your teens their opinions on a wide range of topics. Don’t wait for your children to come to you about the difficult subjects, but rather start important conversations about violence, sex, drugs, and more. You can use the news or pop culture (songs, movies, tv shows, etc.) to start these conversations. Ask open-ended questions and use phrases such as “tell me more” and “what do you think?” Phrases like these show your children that you are listening and that you want to hear more about their opinions, ideas, and how they view the world. This is not a time to lecture your teens, but rather to learn more about them and ask questions that encourage them to think critically about the world around them. When you have open conversations frequently, you will be able to weave in your opinions and values without it sounding like a lecture.
Set Clear Rules
People are guided by the expectations of those around them, and teens need boundaries. Communicate clearly that violent behavior is never acceptable. Be specific about what behaviors you won’t tolerate, such as name-calling, threats, put downs, yelling, throwing things, or any physical attacks (hitting, slapping, kicking, punching walls, etc.). While you might think that small behaviors, such as name-calling, aren’t important to curtail, studies have shown that these behaviors can escalate, whether at the hands of the teaser or the victim, and they actually lead to anger and violence.
Follow Through on Discipline
Research shows that when parents, teachers, or other authority figures consistently follow through on enforcing the rules, teens feel safe and learn self-discipline, which is essential to preventing violence.
Know the Warning Signs
Being able to recognize when a teen’s behavior is starting to change is a crucial part of preventing violence. Sudden changes such as withdrawal from friends, decline in grades, abruptly quitting sports or clubs previously enjoyed, sleep disruptions, eating changes, evasiveness, or lying can be an indicator that something is troubling your teen.
Know When to Intervene
Parents need to step in and intervene when children exhibit behavior or attitudes that could potentially harm them or others. If your teen threatens you, bullies others, fantasizes about violent acts, is intentionally cruel to animals, shoves or hits anyone, or punches holes in your walls, you absolutely should seek professional help.
Your teens learn most from observing you. Settle your own conflicts peacefully and manage anger without violence. If you yell, swear, and break things, don’t expect your teen to control their anger. If members of your family hit each other, call each other names, or throw things, your teen will naturally assume that these are appropriate ways to express their anger as well. Instead, talk about your angry feelings in a calm way. For example, you might say, “I’m really angry that you didn’t clean your room like I asked you to. I’m going to go take a break to calm down for a few minutes, and then, we’re going to talk about your consequence.”
The only way to change the way our youth behave and the increasing violence among young people is for each of us to do our part in our community. If we each take small steps in our own lives to role model peaceful conflict resolution, stay involved in our children’s schools, practice proper gun safety, work together to protect our communities, discuss violence with the youth in our lives, and influence lawmakers, we will see the violence begin to decline.


The Handmaid’s Tale
Why The Handmaid’s Tale and Mt. Mansfield
I had wanted to include The Handmaid’s Tale if I had summited Mt. Rundle in Canada because Margaret Atwood is such a well known Canadian writer. Luckily, I had a second chance. Mt. Mansfield is in Vermont and is located fairly close to Atwood’s home town of Ottawa in Ontario, Canada. The Handmaid’s Tale is by far my favorite Atwood novel. I really enjoy well-done, smart dystopian and apocalyptic novels. This book explores the deep themes of human identity, religious intolerance and civil rights abuses that have plagued society for centuries. In particular, it explores the rights of women and a woman’s right to own her own reproductive rights.
More About The Handmaid’s Tale
The dystopian novel The Handmaid’s Tale (1985) is a work of speculative fiction by Canadian author Margaret Atwood. Set in a near-future North America, in a totalitarian Christian theocracy which has overthrown the United States government, The Handmaid’s Tale explores themes of women in subjugation and the various means by which they gain agency. The novel’s title echoes the component parts of Geoffrey Chaucer‘s The Canterbury Tales, which comprises a series of connected stories (“The Merchant’s Tale”, “The Parson’s Tale”, etc.).
The Handmaid’s Tale won the 1985 Governor General’s Award and the first Arthur C. Clarke Award in 1987; it was also nominated for the 1986 Nebula Award, the 1986 Booker Prize, and the 1987 Prometheus Award. It has been adapted for the cinema, radio, opera, and stage. The Handmaid’s Tale has never gone out of print since its first publication in 1985.
The novel is set in the Harvard Square neighborhood of Cambridge, Massachusetts.In Gilead, the bodies of women are politicized and controlled. The North American population is falling as more men and women become infertile (though in Gilead, legally, it is only women who can be the cause of infertility). Gilead’s treatment of women is based upon a narrow, fundamentalist interpretation of the Bible, meaning that women are the property of and subordinate to their husband, father, or head of household. They are not allowed to do anything that would grant them any power independent of this system. They are not allowed to vote, hold a job, read, possess money, or own anything, among many other restrictions. Handmaids, being not allowed to wed, are given two-year assignments with a commander, and lose their own name: they are called “Of [their Commander’s first name], such as the novel’s heroine, known only as Offred.
Margaret Eleanor Atwood, CC OOnt FRSC (born November 18, 1939) is a Canadian poet, novelist, literary critic, essayist, and environmental activist. She is a winner of the Arthur C. Clarke Award and Prince of Asturias Award for Literature, has been shortlisted for the Booker Prize five times, winning once, and has been a finalist for the Governor General’s Award several times, winning twice. In 2001, she was inducted into Canada’s Walk of Fame. She is also a founder of the Writers’ Trust of Canada, a non-profit literary organization that seeks to encourage Canada’s writing community. Among innumerable contributions to Canadian literature, she was a founding trustee of the Griffin Poetry Prize.


This condition is not as common in small ruminants as in cattle but has been reported. It is is caused by the perforation of the wall of the reticulum, or fore stomach, by a swallowed sharp object, such as nails or short pieces of wire.
Clinical signs: Affected animals prefer to stand, sometimes at a slant with forequarters elevated. They may appear with an arched or rigid back and tense, tucked up abdomen. They may grunt with each respiration or movement and/or when external pressure is applied to their midline. Their respirations will be shallow and rapid, indicating pain; heartrate is often elevated. Some animals have a mild fever, poor appetite, depression and signs of colic.
Treatment: Treatment is difficult and may involve surgery. Consult a veterinarian.


Cleveland, OH--For 20 years, Jim Jatich was completely dependent on others for everything, eating, shaving, combing his hair. Today, he talks on the phone, works on a computer, pours his own drinks thanks to Functional Electronic Stimulation (FES).
The Freehand, a FES device developed at Cleveland FES Center and offered commercially by NeuroControl, gives a person the ability to use either a lateral or palmer grasp via a shoulder control system.
"The real challenge engineering-wise was to move this device from prototype to mass production for commercial use," says Geoffrey Thrope, vice president of NeuroControl.
For the clinical trials, NeuroControl developed a standardized data collection system that proved the patient had no finger control prior to surgery, with improvement after. First, NeuroControl engineers measured the force of pinch. Starting with a standard force transducer used to measure the strength of a pinch in normal hands, engineers modified the instrument for a paralyzed hand. "It took months to figure out how to keep a patient's finger in place long enough to take a measurement," Thrope says. "Finally, we hit on the idea to use aluminum rods shaped in an L bracket. We coated the surface with the same rubber material used for Ping-Pong paddle faces."
Next, engineers developed a standing object manipulation task test. A physical therapist came up with six representative tasks that a patient would not be able to do without a hand system. One such test was the "baked potato" standard. Researchers gauged the force exerted by a person to break the surface of a baked potato with a fork using a normal force transducer. The average force became the standard. Next, NeuroControl placed a plunger in a hollow cylinder. Underneath the plunger was a spring with a constant that matched the calculated standard. The patient was required to grasp the plunger and push its Teflon rod to that level.
Another challenge was programming software for the electrical implant. With a specially written, Windows-based software program, therapists could program and customize the system to each patient's needs without an engineer present.
FDA approved the Freehand last August for adults with quadriplegia with C5 or C6 (fifth or sixth cervical vertebrae) spinal cord injuries.
In the U.S., 16 clinical centers are trained to implant the device. Ninety patients are now using it. Out of the 200,000 people in the U.S. with spinal cord injuries, 25,000 of these could be evaluated to use the Freehand system.


Reproducing portraits of W.E. Logan and those of the GSC Director's.
|Reproduced by ARTzink Studio|
Survey of Canada, a predecessor of today's National Resources Canada.
The official portrait, set in the gilded 19th century frame has remained with the Geological Survey for over a century.
Canada by W. Notman indicates that Logan is not longer among the
living members, the likeness of this portrait is shown in the area of
the gouache-painted background of the composite.
|At the Museum of Civilization|
Logan's fierce commitment to the geological exploration of Canada also fostered the growth of several other Canadian institutions. (...)
Sir William has left a legacy that has influenced the expansion of Canada. As The Canadian Statesman noted in 1856: "Our country is rich in every thing [sic] that constitutes geographical greatness, but were we without a Logan our greatness would never have been known to the old world." http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/trailblazers/william-edmond-logan/145
Directors of Geological Survey of Canada


Studies Suggest B Vitamins Don't Prevent Heart Attacks
By GINA KOLATA
Published: March 13, 2006
A widely promoted B-vitamin regimen for the prevention of heart attacks and strokes has shown no beneficial effects in people at high risk, researchers are reporting in two new studies.
The widely accepted hypothesis was that B vitamins -- folic acid, vitamin B12 and vitamin B6 -- could protect against homocysteine, an amino acid that some doctors said was as important and dangerous a risk factor for heart disease as cholesterol.
Studies of populations had shown that the higher the homocysteine level in the blood, the greater the risk of heart attacks and strokes. And studies of animals had indicated that homocysteine could actually damage the tender linings of arteries, setting the stage for atherosclerosis.
B vitamins, however, reduce blood levels of homocysteine. The vitamins, which are found in a variety of foods, have no known harmful effects. And if people take the vitamins as supplements, their homocysteine levels plummet. About 35 percent of Americans take B vitamins, mostly in the form of multivitamin pills, according to the Council on Responsible Nutrition, a trade group.
So it seemed reasonable that taking the vitamins would be protective. It might be even better than taking statin drugs, some said, which are well established to prevent heart disease by lowering cholesterol levels.
It was not, the new studies found.
And while some heart disease researchers still say that the vitamins may prevent heart disease in healthy people, others say that remains to be seen.
''Every intervention that works in sick people also works in less sick people: cholesterol lowering, blood pressure lowering,'' said Dr. Salim Yusuf of McMaster University in Hamilton, Ontario, an author of one of the new studies. ''And things that don't work in sick people don't work in less sick people either.''
Two of the studies will be published in The New England Journal of Medicine on April 13, and one was published in 2004 in The Journal of the American Medical Association. (A discussion of the New England Journal papers was on the agenda yesterday at a meeting of the American College of Cardiology in Atlanta.)
Together, the three studies included more than 9,000 patients and put the homocysteine hypothesis to a rigorous test: Patients at high risk of heart attack or stroke were given the vitamins, or placebos, and followed for several years.
All three studies showed that the vitamin regimens drove patients' homocysteine levels down by nearly a third; if the hypothesis were correct, patients taking the vitamins should have been better off. Instead, they had about the same number of heart attacks and strokes as the patients taking placebos.
''The evidence is clear that this type of vitamin therapy is really not effective in reversing or benefiting advanced vascular disease,'' said the hypothesis's father, Dr. Kilmer McCully of the V.A. Boston Health Care System in West Roxbury, Mass. Dr. McCully first proposed that homocysteine caused heart disease in 1969, and sacrificed his career to the hypothesis.
But he and others say that more research is needed, adding that there may be a more complex biochemical picture than researchers imagined. Other experts say that as far as they are concerned, the hypothesis, once so promising, is dead.
One of the New England Journal of Medicine studies, sponsored by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research, involved 5,522 men and women 55 or older who had diabetes or had had a heart attack or had documented heart disease. They were randomly assigned to take 2.5 milligrams a day of folic acid, 50 milligrams of vitamin B6 and 1 milligram of vitamin B12, or to take a placebo, and were monitored for five years.
Another study, the Norwegian Vitamin Trial, involved 3,749 men and women ages 30 to 85 who had recently had a heart attack. They were randomly assigned to take one of four regimens: vitamin B12 and B6; folic acid and vitamin B6; vitamin B6; or a placebo. The study lasted three years and four months.
The third study, published last year in The Journal of the American Medical Association, involved 3,680 stroke patients, some of whom were randomly chosen to take the vitamins.
Dr. Joseph Loscalzo of Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston, commented on the three studies in an editorial accompanying the papers in The New England Journal of Medicine: ''The consistency among the results leads to the unequivocal conclusion that there is no clinical benefit of the use of folic acid and vitamin B12 (with or without vitamin B6) in patients with established vascular disease.''
In a telephone interview, Dr. Loscalzo added, ''One could say this dismisses the homocysteine hypothesis.'' But he said he was not so ready to dismiss it, citing ''abundant evidence that argues that homocysteine has an adverse effect on blood vessels and should contribute to atherosclerosis.''
He added, ''''If you believe those observations, you have to think of an alternative explanation,'' and suggested such an explanation could involve chemical reactions in the blood vessels whereby B vitamins themselves cause cells to divide and plaque to grow. Homocysteine may be a culprit, but doses of B vitamins that exceed the recommended daily amounts that can be obtained from foods may have deleterious effects that cancel out their good effect.
He also said it was possible that B vitamins could help if people took them before heart disease had developed.
Others are ready to move on, however.
''We were surprised. but as scientists we accept the finding,'' Dr. Kaare Bonaa , the lead author of the Norwegian study and a professor of medicine at the University of Tromso, said in a telephone interview.
Dr. Yusuf concurred.
''The whole homocysteine story should be rethought,'' he said.
The most likely explanation for the studies' results, Dr. Yusuf said, was that homocysteine levels were not the cause of disease. Instead, he said, they are probably a sign of heart disease, much like fever is a sign of infection. Treating a fever with aspirin does not cure the infection, and lowering homocysteine levels with B vitamins does not cure disease either.
''We had a significant drop in homocysteine levels but practically no result,'' Dr. Yusuf said. ''Pretty compelling, isn't it?''


If you’ve ever wondered what a Non-Fungible Token is, you’ve come to the right place. This article will explain the basics of NFTs. It will also discuss why they are used and how you can make your own. This article will help you get started, regardless of whether you are a computer expert or a total novice. You can also read the upcoming ICOs for more information about NFTs.
What is a Non Fungible Token NFT and How Does It Work?
A Non-Fungible Token is a digital asset that cannot be duplicated. A Non-Fungible Token, unlike cryptocurrencies, cannot be copied or resold indefinitely. It is digital art, collectibles or crypto domain names. And even ownership records in the world of blockchain. They use the same blockchain technology that cryptocurrencies and have been very popular.
NFTs raise philosophical questions about ownership. Some critics argue that NFTs are unworkable because a single piece of art can be copied and sold endlessly. Proponents of NFTs argue that most collecting is motivated by aesthetics and not intrinsic value. Some paintings hang in the Louvre and some end up in thrift shops. What is a Non-Fungible Coin?
To understand how a Non-Fungible Token works, you should understand the basic concept of NFTs. Tokens are unique digital assets that can be traded using cryptocurrency. The non-fungible type digital assets are secure, unique, and tamper-resistant. OpenSea, a prime example, is a non-fungible token. OpenSea is a user-owned digital goods marketplace powered by the Ethereum blockchain.
What are non-fungible tokens and how do they work? A NFT is a digital asset. It is not a physical asset. This is the first thing you need to understand. The creator of an NFT decides how many copies of the asset need to be printed and sold. Also, the number of replicas that will be produced. While some copies will be exact replicas of the original, others will have minor differences such as the assigned seating on a concert ticket. These differences are important, because a NFT is different from a copyright.
NFTs offer many benefits. They make investing accessible to everyone. This tokenization ethic can be extended and used to tokenize other assets, as digital real estate is much easier to divide among multiple owners. Paintings, for example, don’t necessarily need a single owner. Instead, multiple owners can increase the value of a painting. This is great news for digital art. The digital art community is already seeing huge sales thanks to the NFT concept.
Anyone Can Make NFTs
There are many ways to earn money with cryptocurrency, and one of the easiest is to sell NFTs. These digital coins can also be used to purchase and sell any item. They can be digital art, collectibles, virtual trading cards, memes, GIFs, event tickets, online games, and more. It is possible to sell photos as NFTs, and it is easy to do. These coins can be converted to cash by finding buyers.
To sell NFTs, you must sign up and connect your wallet to an NFT marketplace. Fill out as much information as possible about yourself and what you want to sell. Once you’re done, upload your NFT file and enter a description. Finally, set a price. You can also choose to sell your NFTs via auction or fixed-price sale. There are many NFT-selling sites on the internet, but it will take some effort in order to make money.
How to Make NFTs
NFTs are digital assets that can be uniquely identified on the blockchain. They are part of the world of collectibles. NFTs are not exchangeable like other digital assets. Common NFT assets are images, videos and music. Here are some ways to create and sell your own NFTs. Let’s take a closer look at each one. Listed below are the most important steps to creating your own NFTs.
The first step in minting NFTs involves deciding the sale process. It can be a timed auction, fixed price, or unlimited auction. Once you’ve decided on the method, you must decide how much you’d like to make from each transaction. You can choose from one week, three days or a calendar as default periods. When deciding on your price range, remember that there may be fees associated with each transaction.
The second step to creating an NFT is to market it. You must market your NFTs, and build a community around them. Your work should be promoted to maximize exposure. NFT copyright laws are difficult to enforce, so tread lightly when promoting your creation. It is important to think about the audience you are trying to reach. It is essential to understand the uniqueness of your product if you want it to be successful.
Cryptocurrency investors are flocking to the NFT market, but they’re not sure what to look for. These coins have seen a sharp rise in value, but the NFT market remains young. NFTs can be risky investments. Most investors don’t know how to spot promising metaverse stocks. However, there are ways to recognize promising NFTs and become a millionaire instantly.
Procedural collections are the main moneymaker. These mint NFTs randomly based upon attributes. The exact shade of gray used to mint the $3mil rock is an example. This colour scheme is one of the most rare in the NFT collection. According to Cointelegraph, the NFT Millionaires’ collection has a value of $10 billion. Although individual NFTs’ prices may fluctuate, the overall set is relatively stable.
The NFTs are digital collectibles based on Blockchain technology. While anyone can view these collectibles they can only be claimed to be the legitimate owner by the NFT owner. Ghozali is a successful art collector who took selfies every year between 2017-2021. In December 2021, she uploaded her NFTs onto the OpenSea marketplace. The story doesn’t end there. Ghozali’s NFTs can now be sold on NFT markets for as high as $24 billion
How to make money as a beginner with nfts 10
NFTs are a new field and you might be wondering how to make money. The good news is that NFTs have an actual market value and people are making hundreds of thousands of dollars off of them. These steps will help you get started if you’re just starting out. These steps aren’t as difficult as you might think.
To start your NFTs journey, you’ll need ETH. You can store your ETH using Coinbase, but this account is not compatible with NFT purchases. MetaMask is a popular Web 3.0 wallet that is trusted and used by millions. This wallet will give you easy access to a variety of blockchain apps. You will need to start small if you are a beginner.
Next, you will want to market your NFTs. Your marketing is crucial as it can make or break your sale of your goods. If you are selling NFTs, include a description and URL to the marketplace where you want to sell them. This way, you’ll be more likely to make sales and gain a following of NFT buyers.
How to Flip NFTs
The most popular way to make money in metaverse is to sell and buy NFTs. While flipping NFTs can be a lucrative investment, it is also risky, and traders should always use fundamental strategies to reduce their risks and maximize their profits. Read on to discover how to flip NFTs for maximum profit. Here are some tips to get you started. First, look for a game that uses fewer NFTs. The value of NFTs is generally lower the more they are in circulation. The same goes for NFTs. The more popular a game, the greater the demand.
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How to Buy NFTs
You may have wondered how to buy NFTs. There are several different ways to purchase these tokens, including private sales, auction houses, and online marketplaces. The process is very simple once you have funded your crypto wallet. The process is simple. First, you’ll need to choose from the various sale formats. Next, you’ll need to submit a bid to purchase the NFT. Once you submit your bid, you will receive a confirmation splash screen letting you know if it was successful.
While many of these sites have an extensive selection of NFTs, you can also use filters to find the types of NFTs you’re interested in. There are two popular collections of NFTs: CryptoPunks, and Bored Ape Yacht Club. Imitators and fraudsters can profit from the unregulated NFT marketplace. To protect yourself from falling victim to these scammers, look for platforms that have verified accounts of popular creators.


ScienceDaily is reporting that several new discoveries about the simple molecule of water have kicked off a surge in research that scientists believe could lead to solving some of the world's most tricky problems from agriculture to cancer. "Understanding how individual water molecules maneuver in a system to form fleeting tetrahedral structures and how changing physical conditions such as temperatures and pressures affect the amount of disorder each imparts on that system may help scientists understand why certain substances, like drugs used in chemotherapy, are soluble in water and why some are not. It could also help understand how this changing network of bonds and ordering of local tetrahedrality between water molecules changes the nature of protein folding and degradation. 'Understanding hydrophobicity, and how different conditions change it, is probably one of the most fundamental components in understanding how proteins fold in water and how different biomolecules remain stable in it,' says Kumar. 'And if we understand this, we will not only have a new way of thinking about physics and biology but also a new way to approach health and disease.'"
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Breed Standards : Northern Breed Group : Kai
Official UKC Breed Standard
Revised July 1, 2008
@Copyright 1996, United Kennel Club, Inc.
The goals and purposes of this breed standard include: to furnish guidelines for breeders who wish to maintain the quality of their breed and to improve it; to advance this breed to a state of similarity throughout the world; and to act as a guide for judges.
Breeders and judges have the responsibility to avoid any conditions or exaggerations that are detrimental to the health, welfare, essence and soundness of this breed, and must take the responsibility to see that these are not perpetuated.
Any departure from the following should be considered a fault, and the seriousness with which the fault should be regarded should be in exact proportion to its degree and its effect upon the health and welfare of the dog and on the dog’s ability to perform its traditional work.
The Kai is an ancient Japanese breed that was developed as a hunting dog in the province of Kai on the island of Honshu. The Kai’s homeland is surrounded by mountains, so the breed remained geographically isolated. With the introduction of firearms, the Kai was used by professional big game hunters who specialized in hunting deer and wild boar.
The breed was not recognized in Japan until 1934 and it is still quite rare. In part because of its legendary courage, the Kai was once thought to be too primitive to serve as a family pet, but that myth has been dispelled. In the United States, the Kai has proven to be a gentle and loyal family companion.
The Kai was recognized by the United Kennel Club on January 1, 1997.
The Kai is a medium-sized, sturdily built, Spitz-type dog, with a wedge-shaped head, prick ears, and a harsh, straight brindle coat of medium length. The correct relationship of height to length of body is 10:11. The tail may be curled over the back or carried over the back in a sickle position. The appearance of the Kai is similar to the other working Japanese Spitz breeds, smaller than the Akita and larger than the Shiba.
The Kai is a sturdy, muscular dog of exceptional courage and agility. Kai have been known to climb trees and swim in pursuit of their prey. Traditional Japanese writings describe the Kai as a natural hunter, a trust-worthy guardian and extremely devoted to its master.
The brindle pattern of coat color is the Kai’s most distinguishing breed characteristic. The tail of the Kai differs from the other Japanese breeds in that it does not form a double curl but is shaped like a sickle and carried over the back.
While Kais may be somewhat reserved with strangers, they are very friendly with people that they know and they are not aggressive with other dogs. They should not be faulted for being aloof with strangers as this trait has been bred into the breed. The Kai makes an excellent watch dog or home protector.
From the front, the head forms a medium-length wedge, broad between the ears tapering to a long, but not snipy, muzzle. The head is free of wrinkles and proportionate to the length of body. The length of the muzzle, measured from stop to the end of the nose, is equal to the length of the skull, measured from occiput to stop. The skull and muzzle are parallel to one another when viewed from the side, and joined by an abrupt stop.
SKULL - The skull is broad and nearly flat, with a slight median furrow. The skull tapers slightly from the widest point to the base of the muzzle. The cheeks are well developed.
MUZZLE - When viewed from the side, the muzzle is moderately thick. It should be well filled in under the eyes. The nasal bridge is straight. The lower jaw is strong and blunt but not protruding. Lips are black and tightly closed.
Fault: Snipy muzzle.
TEETH - The Kai has a complete set of good-size, evenly spaced, white teeth. A scissors bite is preferred but a level bite is acceptable. The tongue is generally spotted but may be pink or blue black.
Faults: Overshot or undershot bite.
Disqualification: More than four missing teeth.
NOSE - The nose is solid black except in red brindles, where it may be brownish black. In profile, the nose is on the same line as the top of the muzzle and does not extend beyond the forepart of the muzzle.
EYES - The eyes are relatively small and dark brown with black eye rims. The eyes, while slightly triangular in shape, are rounder than the eyes of the Akita or Shiba.
Serious Fault: Yellow or bird-of-prey eyes.
EARS - The ears are strongly erect, somewhat large in relationship to the size of the head, triangular in shape, and set at the outer edge of the skull, but not too low. The ears are wide at the base and slightly rounded at the tips. Viewed from the side, the back line of the ear inclines slightly forward from the base to the tip.
The neck is of moderate length, thick and muscular.
Faults: Neck too short, too thin, or too weak.
The shoulders are moderately laid back, with moderate angulation and well-developed muscles.
FORELEGS - The forelegs are straight and muscular, with heavy bone and strong, moderately short, slightly sloping pasterns. The shoulder blade and the upper arm are roughly equal in length. The upper arm lies close to the ribs but is still very mobile, with the elbow moving close to the body.
The ratio of height (measured from withers to the ground) to length of body (measured from point of shoulder to point of buttocks) is 10:11. The line of the back inclines very slightly downward from well-developed withers and then becomes level. The back is well muscled, with a short, muscular loin. The ribs are moderately sprung out from the spine, forming a strong back, then curving down and inward to form a body that would be nearly oval if viewed in cross-section. The chest is deep and moderately broad. When viewed from the side, the lowest point of the chest is immediately behind the elbow. The forechest should extend in a shallow oval shape in front of the forelegs but the sternum should not be excessively pointed. The belly is well tucked up.
The thighs are very muscular and powerful.
HIND LEGS - The rear legs have heavy bone and are moderately well angulated at stifle and hock joints. The upper thigh is long and the lower thigh is short. The hocks are tough, elastic and well let down. Viewed from the rear, the rear pasterns should be parallel to each other; from the side, they should be perpendicular to the ground.
The feet are of medium size, round in shape, well-knuckled up, with thick strong pads. Nails should be hard and black in color. Dewclaws may be removed.
Faults: Splay feet; poorly cushioned pads.
The tail is thick, and set on high. The preferred carriage is a sickle tail, but a tail that curls over the back is acceptable. When the Kai is hunting, the tail sometimes straightens out behind or stands straight up. The tail should be at least long enough to reach halfway to the hock joint.
The Kai has a double coat of medium length, longer than the coat of the Shiba but shorter than the Akita coat. The outer coat is harsh, straight, and may lie flat or stand somewhat away from the body. The undercoat is thick, soft, and dense. The hair on the head, legs, and ears is shorter than the coat on the body while the coat on the tail is somewhat longer.
Faults: Absence of double coat; long, flowing coat.
The brindle coat of the Kai has given rise to his nickname as the “Tora” (meaning “Tiger”) dog. All brindle colors are equally acceptable. Puppies are usually born with black fuzzy coats, though some are born with brindle already showing. The brindle bars emerge as the straight adult coat comes in, but they may not be fully apparent until the dog is as old as five years of age. A well-defined brindle is preferred; however, the worthiness of a dog should not be judged on the quality of its brindle pattern alone. Some dogs never brindle a lot and many lose the majority of their brindle when they blow coat. Some white is allowed on the legs, but never above the knees on the forelegs or the hock joint on the rear legs. Some white is allowed on the forechest, between the front legs and on the belly but white should never blend up into the body coat.
HEIGHT AND WEIGHT
Desirable height, measured at the withers, ranges from 18˝ to 22 inches for males, and 17˝ to 20 inches for females. Weight ranges from 25 to 55 pounds.
Faults: Dogs more than a half inch over or under these limits; obese dogs.
The Kai moves with strides of moderate length. It is a quick, agile trot, which enables the Kai to travel quickly in the mountains and forests while hunting. Correct movement is essential in this breed.
(A dog with a Disqualification must not be considered for placement in a conformation event, and must be reported to UKC.)
Unilateral or bilateral cryptorchid. Viciousness or marked shyness. Missing more than four teeth. Albinism.


Klamath Falls Field Station
Research Snapshot - Monitoring Populations of Endangered Catostomids to Support Recovery Efforts
The KFFS was originally established to fortify USGS efforts to monitor the status of adult populations of Lost River and shortnose suckers in the Upper Klamath Basin. The objective of our research and monitoring program is to quantitatively evaluate the status and dynamics of the populations, including assessment of factors that might be inhibiting recovery, such as water quality, toxins, and disease. The primary sucker populations of interest are those in Upper Klamath Lake (Oregon) and Clear Lake Reservoir (California). Results of our research and monitoring are used by managers charged with recovering the populations and managing water resources in the Basin, namely the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service and the Bureau of Reclamation. Climate change is expected to exacerbate many of the factors responsible for the imperilment of these species, such that the task of managing water resources to benefit the suckers will only become more difficult.
Our research and monitoring program is based on capture-recapture methods with passive integrated transponder (PIT) tags and relies on sampling at key areas during the spring spawning season. Since tagging began over 15 years ago, tens of thousands of each of the endangered sucker species have been tagged and released, and thousands more are newly tagged each year. In addition, thousands of Klamath largescale suckers have been tagged and released, providing valuable information for a species about which little is known. The current monitoring program continues past sampling efforts that targeted suckers with trammel nets, but has also undergone substantial changes to increase the probability of re-encountering PIT-tagged fish. Major changes to the program included (1) the addition of a resistance board weir and traps in the lower Williamson River, the primary spawning tributary, and (2) the large-scale implementation of remote detection systems for PIT tags. In recent years the remote detection systems have accounted for greater than 80% of annual re-encounters and have dramatically improved model-based inferences about population dynamics.
Physical captures of fish in trammel nets and remote detections of tagged fish are used in capture-recapture models to estimate annual survival probabilities and rates of change in population sizes. These estimates provide a comprehensive evaluation of the status of the populations. In addition to providing these essential metrics, the program provides sampling and data analysis platforms upon which multiple other investigations have been built, including:
- Age and Growth of Long-lived Catostomids
- Spawning Ecology and Habitat Use of Endangered Catostomids
- Avian Predation on Endangered Catostomids in the Upper Klamath Basin
- Integrative Klamath Basin Tagging Projects
- River Ecosystems Models and Science
- Habitat Complexity and Competition Between Bull Trout and Brown Trout
- Length and age composition data for both Lost River and shortnose sucker populations in Upper Klamath Lake show negligible recruitment to the spawning populations since the mid-1990s. Similar data for Clear Lake Reservoir indicates that some recruitment has occurred for both species in the last decade, but has been more frequent for shortnose suckers. A substantial recruitment event occurred for both species in the late 1990s.
- Lost River sucker populations in Upper Klamath Lake have declined by 30-60% since 2001; the shortnose sucker population in Upper Klamath Lake has declined by 60-80%.
- Two critical assumptions of capture-recapture models have been addressed: PIT tag retention rates are nearly 100% and effects of capture and tagging on post-release survival are negligible.
- Incomplete information about the spawning ecology of endangered sucker populations in Clear Lake Reservoir compromises capture-recapture inferences in that system. However, shortnose suckers are more abundant in Clear Lake, providing a contrast to the situation in Upper Klamath Lake where Lost River suckers are far more abundant.
- Hewitt, D.A., E.C. Janney, B.S. Hayes, and A.C. Harris. 2012. Demographics and run timing of adult Lost River (Deltistes luxatus) and shortnose (Chasmistes brevirostris) suckers in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon, 2011. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2012-1193, 42 p.
- Hewitt, D.A., E.C. Janney, B.S. Hayes, and R.S. Shively. 2010. Improving inferences from fisheries capture-recapture studies through remote detection of PIT tags. Fisheries, 35(5):217-231.
- Barry, P.M., E.C. Janney, D.A. Hewitt, B.S. Hayes, and A.C. Scott. 2009. Population dynamics of adult Lost River (Deltistes luxatus) and shortnose (Chasmistes brevirostris) suckers in Clear Lake Reservoir, California, 2006-08. U.S. Geological Survey Open File Report 2009-1109.
- Janney, E.C., R.S. Shively, B.S. Hayes, P.M. Barry, and D. Perkins. 2008. Demographic analysis of Lost River sucker and shortnose sucker populations in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, 137:1812-1825.
- Other annual reports for Upper Klamath Lake and Clear Lake Reservoir populations are available here.


Many preschools offer dance classes to young learners in their institutions. These classes are conducted under the supervision of the trained dance teachers who are committed to giving their students the best training. These dance classes are a must in any respect. They keep the young bodies and minds active. If you ask any dance expert who id into the training of the young learners then they would tell how the dance can really benefit the young students in the following manner:
- It is very important to be physically fit in the early years. The early health means a better youth and better future of the same. It is too difficult to convince the young ones to go for the exercise. The goal of physical fitness can be comfortably achieved by the dance The musical notes do not let them get bored. As the child moves his body on the tunes he actually moves every part of his body thus helping him to keep his body active and strong.
- Dancing is fun. In many early education centers, as the students start getting homesick or they get bored by the learning sessions, they are switched using This helps them channelize their negative feelings and negative energies. It relaxes them. Through the dancing moves, the young learners learn to control the emotional outbursts. As initially they are allowed to move their bodies freely, therefore, they learn to be independent.
- In many dance moves, the young ones have to coordinate with each other. This helps them develop social cooperation. They learn to coordinate. In these coordinated actions if they trust each other then they can perform well. Therefore these simple dancing moves can help them develop excellent social habits. This will assist them in becoming a better member of the setup and the society in the later years.
- Early dining does not mean perfection. The instructor allows the young souls to feel free to do whatever they want to do. This is apparently free but it helps them in building the courage to develop a sense of creativity. They have to think and plan the moves. They might like to twist, turn or swing the way they want but in each move, they have to be creative. This creativity becomes a gift for the days to come.
- Cognitive skills are a must to improve the lifestyle. Cognitive skills cannot come from any textbook or the classroom. It comes from the behavioral patterns. The dance skills need discipline, time management, and These skills can be sharpened by the dancing sessions.
Dance training at early stages seem useless for many but the truth is otherwise. It is not a professional learning session but still, it is a great deal help in the early years of life.


Friday, December 19, 2008
The graphic posted on this blog post shows the proper placement of a portable gasoline-powered generator. The photos on the 12/14/08 blog post are a few of the 30 or so photos I took of generators in southern Maine during last week's ice storm. They are all NOT properly placed because they are not far enough away from the houses.
So far we have tallied over 30 people in Maine with documented carbon monoxide poisoning from last week's storm. Preliminary analysis indicates that the vast majority were associated with misplaced generators. And, my own perusal of southern Maine indicates that is quite common. In fact, out of the 30 photos I took, not one is of a properly-placed generator! Consider a few facts:
Carbon Monoxide = CO is an odorless, tasteless, invisible and deadly gas.
CO is created from any combustion or burning of fuel.
In Maine, we have on average 150 people per year seen in emergency departments for CO poisoning, and 1 - 5 deaths.
The Maine 1998 ice storm - 2 deaths from CO poisoning, and well over 100 people were seen for CO poisoning in hospital emergency departments, mostly associated with the use of gasoline generators.
What can we do?
1. Know that gasoline-powered generators make a LOT of deadly carbon monoxide gas – one portable generator can produce the same amount of CO as 100 idling cars!! (http://blogs.consumerreports.org/safety/2006/12/growing_concern.html)
2. NEVER operate a generator in an enclosed or semi-enclosed space such as a basement, garage, barn, or enclosed porch. Doing so may send you and your family to the hospital and may even kill you.
3. Place generators outside far away (at least 20 feet) from any doors and windows that may allow CO gas back into the house, and make sure the exhaust is directed away from the house. Buy an appropriate electrical cord sufficiently long.
4. Keep generator and your hands dry to avoid electrocution. Many people use a canopy-like structure on a dry surface where water cannot reach the generator. It is important to plan ahead on where and how to place a generator safely outside of your home.
5. Have a working battery-operated CO alarm, especially if you have a generator. Only about 1/3 - 1/2 of Maine homes have a CO detector at all.
6. Do not use cooking equipment for heating inside - such as grills, stoves, or ovens.
7. Know that CO symptoms are: flu-like symptoms - headache, nausea, vomiting, dizziness - plus confusion and loss of consciousness. Some may have shortness of breath, palpitations, or chest pain. Often multiple people and pets are sick at the same time.
8. If the CO alarm goes off and you have symptoms, call 911 and get everyone
9. If you have questions call the Northern New England Poison Center at 1-800-222-1222.
A battery-operated CO detector makes a wonderful Christmas or Hanukkah gift!!
Sunday, December 14, 2008
Wednesday, December 10, 2008
On December 1st, the 20th Anniversary of World AIDS Day, Governor Baldacci and Dr. Mills joined Andrew Bossie, the Executive Director of the Maine AIDS Alliance and a number of others in the State House Hall of Flags for an event marked by celebration, somber remembrances, and a garnering of leadership.
We celebrated that life expectancy for those diagnosed with AIDS has increased from 4 months for those diagnosed 20 years ago to 8 years and climbing for those diagnosed now. We remembered the hundreds of Mainers who have died of AIDS over the years. And, we garnered political, health, and faith-based leadership to address the challenges faced by the estimated 1,600 Mainers diagnosed with HIV and to prevent the further spread of the infection.
I felt privileged to play a role in this day, and met some incredible Mainers with inspiring stories!
For more information on AIDS
Maine CDC HIV Website: http://www.maine.gov/dhhs/boh/ddc/hiv_std_vh.htm
Maine AIDS Alliance: http://www.maineaidsalliance.org/
US CDC HIV/AIDS Website: http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/
We have been quite busy the past few weeks with budget deliberations, the annual fall public health and medical conferences and meetings, and addressing some public health brushfires (hepatitis A outbreak, etc) that are exacerbated by a staffing shortage.
Despite these challenges, it is important we continue to address emerging health issues. One of these is the current heating and economic crisis. Mainers are more dependent on oil for heating their homes than any other state. So, the current economic and heating crisis has a number of public health ramifications.
Three ramifications are the focus of a recent health advisory: carbon monoxide poisoning, hypothermia, and respiratory health secondary to wood-burning. This health advisory and other fact sheets and information can be found on our Stay Healthy This Winter webpage at: http://www.maine.gov/dhhs/boh/heat_2008.shtml.
Additionally, Maine CDC funded a telephone survey this fall of about 32,000 Mainers on a variety of heating and energy issues, including on transportation, carbon monoxide, and commuting issues. The results of this survey, along with district results, can also be found on the Stay Healthy This Winter webpage.
Our epidemiologists are also tracking more intensely illness and deaths due to these three major issues - hypothermia, carbon monoxide, and respiratory health. The information gathered and resulting analyses we hope will inform future efforts.
We hope these materials and efforts can help the many Maine organizations and people who are working hard on assuring a safety net for people this winter. Let us know if there are additional ideas you have!


If there is one word that strikes fear in the minds of many Americans it is the word cancer. That our bodies have the ability to turn on themselves is both frightening and fascinating. In its official 240-page report, entitled Reducing Environmental Cancer Risks: What We Can Do Now, The President’s Cancer Panel provides some insight into our water supply. We all understand that we live in a toxic world and many people choose bottled water and or home water filter systems to help insure their health in so far that we know our environment harbors dangerous chemicals at nearly every turn. Bottled water, specifically water from pristine sources, helps our bodies fight disease and grants us the knowledge that our bottled water is not laden with poisons leaching though ground water.
Reducing Environmental Cancer Risks: What We Can Do Now states in part: “Individuals and families have many opportunities to reduce or eliminate chemical exposures. For example, filtering home tap water or well water can decrease exposure to numerous known or suspected carcinogens or endocrine-disrupting chemicals.” The Panel is a three-person body that reports to the president on the development and execution of the National Cancer Program. Members serve three-year terms, and at least two of the three members must be distinguished scientists or physicians. (Get the full report here)
“This reaffirms what independent testing shows,” said Peter Censky, executive director of the Water Quality Assn. reviewing the report. “Home water treatment is a barrier against many harmful chemicals.” All that is good and well but as the report shows threats come from all sides and even home filtration cannot respond to the stunning number of chemicals in our water. The report lays out several different and culpable sources that are polluting our water, such as:
Public Water Supplies: “Disinfection of public water supplies has dramatically reduced the incidence of waterborne illnesses and related mortality in the United States, but research indicates that long-term exposure to disinfection by-products such as trihalomethanes may increase cancer risk,” the report says. That’s not the news you want to hear as you bathe in, cook with, and drink your tap water. Trihalomethanes are a group of four chemicals that are formed when chlorine, or other disinfectants are used to control microbial contaminants in water supplies.
Agricultural Sources: “In addition to pesticides, agricultural fertilizers and veterinary pharmaceuticals are major contributors to water pollution, both directly and as a result of chemical processes that form toxic by-products when these substances enter the water supply,” the report states. It’s long been known that pesticides, including DDT which was banned in the 1970s, continue to show up even to this day. Little to no research has even been conducted to study long term effects of these substances and we are paying a price for it. Professor Tyrone Hayes of the University of California, Berkeley studied the findings and, as an expert in development endocrinology, cut to the point about the obsessive use of pesticides in this country and their ability to compromise out water. “We use 80 million pounds [of atrazine] annually in the United States,” he says. “It’s the number-one pesticide contaminant of ground water, surface water, and drinking water. It’s used in more than 80 countries but it’s now outlawed in all of Europe or, as the company likes to say, has been denied regulatory approval. The main point here is that here’s a compound that we use 80 million pounds of, and it’s illegal in the home country of the company that makes it.”
The Medical Industry: “Pharmaceuticals have become a significant water pollutant nationwide. Water filtration plants generally are unable to remove dissolved medications that enter water systems after being excreted or poured into household drains or toilets.” Certainly municipal systems across the country do an admirable job of cleaning water, but they are overwhelmed by the sheer number of chemicals infiltrating water supplies. The panel also calls out our general society: “Although human activities such as mining, ore processing, use of arsenic-containing pesticides, and burning of fossil fuels are major contributors to waterborne arsenic in the U.S., most inorganic arsenic in drinking water is from natural sources. Inorganic arsenic in drinking water has been linked to skin, lung, bladder, and kidney cancer in both sexes and with prostate cancer in men, as well as numerous non-cancerous conditions including endocrine, reproductive, and developmental effects.” And the list goes on. The bottom line is that the worlds’ water supply is under siege and there seems to be no real solution to solving the multiple issues facing the industry. Even the financial issue is bad enough. It would apparently take $6.5 trillion for the U.S. and Canada alone to update their water infrastructure by 2030, according to a 2007 study by Booz Allen Hamilton as reported in The Economist.
So when people claim that bottled water is harmful to the environment, too expensive, or a luxury and not a necessity, perhaps the President’s Cancer Panel can serve as a wake up call that bottled water remains one of the few untainted, pure and clean expressions of what water is supposed to be. If bottled water is not your choice then consider, at the very least, some type of home filtration system, one designed to reduce and remove the contaminants found in your regional water supply. (Watch my appearance on FoxNewsHeath as I discuss home water filters) We must be our own advocates for better health – and that begins with the water we consume every day.


Brilliant Venus and Mars shine in the morning sky. Venus is in Orion and the gibbous moon appears near Mars.
by Jeffrey L. Hunt
This morning, Venus reaches its earliest rising time (2:25 a.m. CDT, Chicago, Illinois). It rises at this time through August 17. This morning it is in the club area of Orion. The brilliant planet is 0.5° below Chi2 Orionis (χ2 Ori on the photo). With a binocular, watch it move farther from the star, toward the lower left in the photo.
This time is short to see four planets – Jupiter, Saturn, Mars, and Venus, along with the moon – until next year. An early observation, about 30 minutes after Venus rises, is needed too see them spread across the sky from the east-northeast horizon to the southwest skyline.
On August 15, catch the crescent moon with Venus.
Mars and the moon are together this morning in the constellation Pisces. The lunar orb is 1.2° to the lower left of the Red Planet. Without a telescope, the bright planets resemble overly bright stars. Through a telescope, the planets’ details are observed.
Mars is marching eastward. In about a month, Mars reverses its direction and starts to retrograde, an illusion caused by our faster moving world overtaking the slower moving Mars.
On the morning of August 12, view the annual Perseid meteor shower. While a brighter moon outshines the dimmer meteors, five or six meteors are visible each hour on the prime morning.
The first sightings of Sirius by the unaided eye occur this week about 45 minutes before sunrise.
Here is a daily summary about the planets during August.


The Prussian mansion in Berlin is the seat of the German Federal Council . It was the first chamber of the Prussian Landtag , the Prussian legislature . The second chamber was the Prussian House of Representatives . The history of the mansion began with the March Revolution in 1848 and ended with the November Revolution in 1918 .
The House of Lords served as a model . From the point of view of King Friedrich Wilhelm IV. , The institution should not be an electoral chamber, but rather a house of "historically justified authorities" according to his "neo-estates" ideas. In addition, after conflicts with the highly conservative, the crown succeeded, in contrast to southern German practice, in enforcing its largely free right of disposition. This applied to both the appointment of new hereditary and lifelong members. The king had the decisive influence on the composition of the chamber with the possibility of a pair push and very extensive confirmation rights with the elected members. As a compromise with the conservatives, the landowning nobility was given a majority of the seats.
First Chamber (1848-1854)
The first chamber of the Prussian parliament of the constitution of 1848 was a pure electoral chamber with 180 members. These members of the Prussian Manor House (MdH) are also called “pairs” in historical research, based on members of the upper houses in France and Great Britain . Eligible to vote were all male Prussian citizens aged 30 and over who had been resident in their community for at least six months and either paid eight thalers in taxes per year or had an income of at least 500 thalers or had assets of at least 5000 thalers. After the revised constitution of 1850, the members were only partially elected. The first chamber therefore consisted of
- adult princes of the royal house,
- the heads of the formerly (until 1806) immediate imperial estates in Prussia and the heads of those families to whom the right to a seat and vote in the first chamber, which was to be inherited after the first birth and ruler sequence, was granted by royal decree (the right of membership was suspended during the Minority, an employment relationship with a government of a non-German state or a stay abroad),
- members appointed by the king for life; their number could not exceed a tenth of the number of members from both of the aforementioned categories,
- 90 members elected according to a census system,
- 30 members elected by the councils of the largest cities.
The number of appointed or hereditary members could not be greater than that of the elected. The elected members were elected for six years (those of the House of Representatives for three years until 1888).
Manor house (1854–1918)
After another constitutional amendment in 1853 there were no more elected members and in 1855 the name of the house was changed to Herrenhaus . The royal decree of 1854, enacted to implement the constitution-amending law, remained in force until 1918. After her there were three groups of members
- princes of the royal house appointed by the king. The Prussian kings never made use of this possibility,
- hereditary members (gentlemen, families appointed by the king),
- appointed members (for life or on presentation by authorized bodies).
The hereditary members were divided into four groups:
- The heads of the royal houses of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen and Hohenzollern-Hechingen ,
- the heads of the imperial houses in Prussia until 1806 (there were 16 in 1854; four more were added in the annexed areas in 1867 ),
- the princes, counts and barons who belonged to the united state parliament of 1847 (55 properties eligible for state assembly, not all of which are represented in the manor house);
- and members appointed by the king with hereditary rights (41 in 1911).
The appointed members were divided into three categories:
- members appointed by the king "out of the highest confidence" for life (in 1911 there were 88),
- the owners of "the four major state offices in the Kingdom of Prussia " (these were the holders of the honorary titles of Chancellor, Landhofmeister, Obermarschall and Oberburggraf in the province of East Prussia ),
- so-called “presented” members, who have been proposed by various institutions with the right to present themselves. These were not appointed for life. If someone dropped out of the capacity for which they were presented (e.g. a Lord Mayor), membership in the manor also ended.
- Had the right to present:
- (Larger) cities determined by the king. A limited number of those proposed were selected and appointed by the king. According to Art. 65 I lit e PreußVerf, 30 cities were initially authorized to present: Aachen , Berlin , Brandenburg , Breslau , Bromberg , Danzig , Dortmund , Düsseldorf , Elberfeld , Elbing , Erfurt , Frankfurt (Oder) , Glogau , Görlitz , Halberstadt , Halle , Koblenz , Cologne , Königsberg i. Pr. , Krefeld , Magdeburg , Münster , Nordhausen , Posen , Potsdam , Stettin , Stralsund , Thorn and Trier . In 1860 the cities of Barmen , Bonn , Greifswald , Memel and Minden were added. The royal right of selection and appointment became a matter of form. 1867 from the areas of Altona , Flensburg , Frankfurt am Main , Hanover , Kassel and Kiel annexed by Prussia . Other cities were later given the right to present. At the end (1918), over 50 members are said to have sat on the town bench of the manor house. The cities almost always sent the mayor to the manor house. That was not a requirement, but a hardened exercise over many years. In this way, Konrad Adenauer, as Cologne's mayor, became a member for a short time.
- the state universities ( Berlin , Bonn , Breslau , Greifswald , Halle , Königsberg ). From 1867 the universities of Göttingen , Kiel and Marburg were added, as well as others later,
- the Protestant cathedral chapters of Brandenburg, Merseburg and Naumburg,
- Associations of old and fortified real estate (one person each was allowed to present them; approx. 90 in total),
- Associations of the counts resident on manors to be formed in each province (one person was allowed to present each; 9 in total).
In addition to these institutional nominees, there was also an individual right to present the Prussian mansion for noble families gifted with it by the king and endowed with extensive real estate, who had always served the Brandenburg-Prussian crown with particular loyalty. From the first granting of this right of presentation in 1854 until the end of the Prussian monarchy, only 18 Junker families from the old Prussian provinces received this right.
At first, Friedrich Wilhelm IV made little use of the possibility of appointing pairs of trust. Took place under pressure from the governments Auerswald / Schwerin and then Bismarck Wilhelm I , a first pair thrust . Above all, however, Wilhelm II made extensive use of this right, especially after the turn of the century. The result was that this group got more and more weight. In 1860 only 11% of all members were appointed, in 1914 it was almost 30%.
Members received neither travel allowance nor diets .
For the choice of the associations of the old and fortified real estate, the Prussian state territory was divided into landscape districts , in whose names numerous historical territories lived on until 1918.
- The province of Prussia was divided into the landscape districts of Litthauen , Masuria , Samland with Natangen , Warmia , Oberland , Culmerland , South Pomerellen , Marienburger Land, North Pomerellen ;
- the province of Brandenburg in Mittelmark , Uckermark , Priegnitz , Neumark (including the areas around Nörenberg, Dramburg and Schivelbein separated in 1816 and reclassified into the province of Pomerania), Niederlausitz with Cottbus , Altmark (despite being part of the province of Saxony);
- the province of Pomerania in Lauenburg-Bütow , Duchy of Wenden, Duchy of Cassuben , Cammin and Hinterpommern , Duchy of Stettin, New West Pomerania and Rügen ;
- the province of Silesia in Upper Lusatia , Principality of Glogau and Duchy of Sagan , Principality of Liegnitz and Wohlau , Principality of Schweidnitz and Jauer , Principality of Münsterberg and County of Glatz , Principality of Oels , Principality of Breslau and Brieg , Principality of Neisse-Grottkau , Principality of Oppeln , Principality of Ratibenthum ;
- the province of Posen in Netz-District , Gnesen, Posen, Meseritz, Fraustadt, Krotoschin ;
- the province of Saxony (excluding Altmark ) in the Duchy of Magdeburg , the Principality of Halberstadt and the County of Wernigerode , the County of Mansfeld and Saalkreis , Upper Saxony, East Thuringia (exclusively located in the administrative district of Merseburg, which was not later included in Thuringia), West Thuringia and Eichsfeld - Hohenstein ;
- the province of Westphalia in the principality of Minden and the counties of Ravensberg , Paderborn and Wiedenbrück, Münsterland , the counties of Mark , Westphalia ;
- the Rhine province in Cleve - Geldern , Nieder- Berg and Nieder- Jülich (all in the Düsseldorf district ), Ober- Berg and Ober- Jülich (= Cologne district ), West Jülich (= Aachen district ), Upper Rhine (= Coblenz district ), Moselland (= Trier administrative district ).
|Real Estate Associations||345|
|Evangelical cathedral pins||19th|
|East Prussian major state offices||9|
|Incl. Multiple memberships.
Source: Hartwin Spenkuch: Manor and Manor . P. 380
Although the bourgeoisie was given a seat and vote through the representatives of cities and universities, the manor was clearly dominated by the nobility . While Friedrich Wilhelm IV originally wanted a representation of the high nobility and those appointed by him, in the end it was mainly the Junkers , the landed gentry, who had received a strong position. Of the 1295 people who were members of the manor house between 1854 and 1918, 862 came from the old nobility (66.5%), 103 were ennobled (8.0%), and 295 were commoners (25.5%). In 1911, 260 of the 347 members were aristocrats. Of the members in 1914, 21% had their professional background in the civil service (most of them as district administrators), 3.5% came from the foreign service, 11% were career officers, and around 9% had begun a state career ( legal clerkship, etc.) , 55.2% were full-time landowners.
In regional terms, due to the rights reserved for the nobility, the seven eastern provinces with three quarters of all members dominated. Due to the high number of civil servants and military personnel there, Berlin was at the top (about a third of all appointees), followed by the "old" western provinces - the Rhine Province and the Province of Westphalia - and from 1866 by the Province of Hanover , Hesse -Nassau and the province of Schleswig-Holstein .
The Church of the Old Prussian Union was represented by the cathedral monasteries in Brandenburg an der Havel , Merseburg and Naumburg (Saale) . This gave her preference over the Catholic Church, which had no right of presentation. The Archdiocese of Cologne and Electorate of Trier , who provided electors up to the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss 1803 and were thus equal to territorial noblemen, had no right of presentation. Individual archbishops were mansion members on presentation of the king. The majority of the pairs were denominationally Protestant, which corresponds to the denominational proportion in the population. Catholic members came primarily from the formerly Polish parts of the country in West Prussia and the western provinces of Rhineland and Westphalia. Pairs of the Jewish faith were underrepresented compared to their proportion in the population. This was mainly due to the fact that Jews were not allowed to acquire property until 1812 and were thus excluded from the group of old landowners who dominated the manor house.
The political currents of the mansion differed not only clearly from the political landscape of Prussia, but also from the parliamentary groups of the Second Chamber in the type of composition. There were never any Social Democratic members. Center supporters like Adam Stegerwald remained exceptions, as did left-wing liberal members.
At the same time, there were definitely different trends in the manor house. Friedrich Julius Stahl was the namesake of the conservative "Fraktion Stahl", which was later called the Old Fraction . This was mainly supported by the smaller landowners ("Junkers"). In the first decades, the really large landowners with holdings between 3,500 and 75,000 hectares formed the basis of the New Fraction , which steered a free-conservative - national- liberal course. Towards the end of the 1880s, the younger members of these "grand seigneurs" increasingly followed the course of the old faction. The moderately conservative or nationally liberal part was taken over by a bourgeois-dominated so-called "Lord Mayor's Group".
Role in legislation
The Prussian mansion was called to legislate together with the House of Representatives, the second chamber of the Prussian state parliament . The Prussian constitution of 1850 stipulated that budgets and financial laws had to be submitted to the Second Chamber first (Art. 62). The manor house was only allowed to discuss the budget as a whole (Art. 62). As a result, the manor house had a right of veto on these issues , but no creative power. Even with simple laws, the number of drafts that were first introduced in the House of Lords was small. In practice, all governments saw the focus of state representation in the House of Representatives and could mostly rightly expect that the mansion would agree to the compromise between the Ministry and the House of Representatives, provided that the conservatives were included in the House of Representatives.
There are different views in research about the actual role in the structure of rule of the Prussian state. Thomas Nipperdey states that the mansion has a constitutionally strong position in real terms, but at the same time he notes that the crown overweighs both houses of parliament. Above all, Hans-Ulrich Wehler sees the manor house as a veto power not only in Prussia, but ultimately for all of imperial politics. Wolfgang J. Mommsen sees the resistance of the manor house as one of the main reasons for the failure of all attempts up to 1918 to establish the political right of the bourgeoisie.
Elimination in 1918
Based on an unconstitutional revolutionary power to issue ordinances, the Prussian Revolutionary Cabinet consisting of the MSPD and USPD eliminated the mansion by sentence 2 of the ordinance of November 15, 1918 ( Pr. GS. 1918, p. 191). A protest by President Dietlof von Arnim-Boitzenburg , who came from the old Brandenburg family, on November 28, 1918 was the mansion's last sign of life.
The mansion was initially located on Französische Strasse in Berlin-Mitte . The building fell victim to a fire on March 10, 1851. After the fire it met four times in the Hardenberg Palace and then moved to the theater . The furniture was obtained from the Erfurt Union Parliament . The first meeting in the manor was on March 27, 1851. On May 31, 1851, the Chamber bought the Mendelssohn family's house at Leipziger Strasse 3 and had it rebuilt by the architect Heinrich Bürde by November 25, 1851 .
On the plot of the later Prussian manor house in the Leipziger Strasse 3 was first a 1735-1737 Heinrich von der Groeben built palace, which in 1746 by the Royal commercial and factory Commission acquired and Antoine Simond to operate a silk factory was awarded (Simon's silk factory ) . This was taken over in 1750 by Johann Ernst Gotzkowsky , who also bought the Palais , built around 1735 for Christian Friedrich von Aschersleben on the neighboring property No. 4 and sold to Gedeon le Duchat de Dorville in 1761, and built a porcelain factory, which from 1763 became the Royal Porcelain Manufactory. Manufaktur Berlin was continued.
Building No. 3 was acquired by Carl Friedrich Leopold Freiherr von der Reck in 1778 and from 1825 to 1851 it was owned by the Mendelssohn Bartholdy family , who had it converted into a representative residential building. Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy is said to have composed his music for Midsummer Night's Dream in this aristocratic palace . In 1856 the state acquired the building to house the manor house of the Prussian parliament. The Reichstag of the North German Confederation also met there from 1867 to 1870 . For the Reichstag of the German Empire in 1871, the building on neighboring property No. 4 was converted into a provisional meeting building in just four and a half months, raised by one floor in 1874 and used as such until 1894.
In 1898 both buildings were demolished to make way for the new manor house. This was planned by the architect Friedrich Schulze and completed in 1904. It was erected north of the building for the Prussian Landtag, which was built from 1892 to 1898 by the same architect. Both houses are connected by a common canteen and farm building; the members of both chambers could therefore meet freely. Since 1993 the building of the Prussian Landtag has functioned as the Berlin House of Representatives , as the seat of parliament. The Prussian mansion is on the south side of Leipziger Strasse.
From 1904 - the first meeting took place on January 16 - the building of the Prussian manor house served as the seat of the first chamber of the Prussian state parliament. From 1921 to 1933, the Prussian State Council, representing the provinces , met in the building . Throughout the entire era, its chairman was Konrad Adenauer , who was appointed to the Prussian Council of State in 1917 as the Lord Mayor of Cologne.
On November 4, 1928, the founding congress of the League of Friends of the Soviet Union took place in the Congress Hall.
The building was rededicated in 1933 according to the needs of National Socialism . The Preußenhaus Foundation was affiliated with the Reich Aviation Ministry , so the building was one of Hermann Göring's offices .
Seat of the Federal Council
Since September 29, 2000, the building of the Prussian mansion has served as the seat of the German Federal Council , which meets here up to twelve times a year.
Eight bronze sculptures by the Danish sculptor Per Kirkeby were placed on the roof of the building, and a work by Emilia Neumann is in the building . The installation The Three Graces - matt gold movable lances - by the artist Rebecca Horn is installed in the light domes of the foyer .
- Hartwin Spenkuch: mansion and manor. The First Chamber of the Landtag and the Prussian nobility from 1854–1918 from a socio-historical perspective. In: History and Society. Vol. 25, No. 3, 1999. , pp. 375-403.
- Hartwin Spenkuch: The Prussian mansion. Nobility and bourgeoisie in the first chamber of the state parliament. 1854–1918 (= contributions to the history of parliamentarism and political parties. Vol. 110). Droste, Düsseldorf 1998, ISBN 3-7700-5203-X (also: Bielefeld, Univ., Diss., 1992/93).
- Hans-Ulrich Wehler : German history of society. Volume 3: From the “German Double Revolution” to the beginning of the First World War. 1849-1914. Beck, Munich 1995, ISBN 3-406-32263-8 .
- H. Spenkuch: manor and manor . 1999, p. 378 f. Hans-Ulrich Wehler : German history of society , Vol. 3. 1995, p. 204.
- Prussian Yearbook 1863, p. 197, GoogleBooks
- The politics of Friedrich Wilhelm IV. , P. 66 GoogleBooks
- Provincial correspondence . Fifth year. November 20, 1867.
- Communication from Prof. Edzard Schmidt-Jortzig (2018)
- Hartwin Spenkuch: The Prussian mansion . Droste-Verlag, Düsseldorf 1998, p. 174
- Preußische Gesetzessammlung , 1865, p. 1080 ff. Digitized by the Bayerische Staatsbibliothek
- Hartwin Spenkuch: The Prussian mansion . 1998, p. 36; Hartwin Spenkuch: mansion and manor . 1999, p. 381.
- H. Spenkuch: manor and manor . 1999, p. 388.
- Ernest Hamburger: The Jews in public life in Germany . Tübingen 1968, GoogleBooks
- H. Spenkuch: manor and manor . 1999, p. 389.
- Studies on European Legal History (1999)
- H. Spenkuch: manor and manor . 1999, p. 379 f. Hans-Ulrich Wehler : German history of society , Vol. 3. 1995, p. 857.
- Hans Peter Schneider, Wolfgang Zeh: Parliamentary Law and Parliamentary Practice in the Federal Republic of Germany . ISBN 3-11-011077-6 , p. 1852.


Since the 1980s parents have been wary of the effects of television on children’s learning. A meta-analysis of 34 studies performed in 2009, however, showed moderate positive effects for children.
More recent studies have gone further in examing how watching TV promotes learning. The more a child comprehends, the more they learn. This is an essential feedback loop.
Viewers who receive more positive reinforcement seek out less TV. So a positive experience while watching TV reduces the interest in watching more.
When you put those factors together, you understand that positive viewing outcomes increase learning and cut down on TV at the same time.
Benefits of Watching TV
For those of you thinking it all sounds too good to be true, know that it isn’t quite that simple. Nothing about educating children ever is.
The following benefits have data to back them up. They’re also easy to test in your own home.
The secret to better comprehension comes from engagement. When you, as a parent, engage with a child in watching and asking questions about programs, they get more out of it.
A part of this is about interaction: the attention and care. The other part is the reinforcement of comprehension which feeds back into further understanding.
Watching top TV shows from around the world provide exposure to information and cultures. Information that would have been mindboggling a century ago. With more smart TV options providing programming upon request, parents have more control to create a full palette of viewing.
Many of the best TV shows no longer exist on channel packages, instead, they go to streaming services. Many streaming services have started making their own content, as well.
The offerings from an IPTV make it possible to give children something they haven’t experienced but will like. Many of these programs emulate each other, which makes it easy to appeal to a repetitive viewer while providing new content.
Grow Analytic Skills
Despite thoughts about the lack of inquisitive interactivity of television, the opposite can be true. Parents that ask questions between viewings and engage with the material help children get more out of it.
Kids watching TV want to be engaged, and entertainment is only one part of that. Asking questions about the motivation of characters, the structure of a story, and narrative detail all contribute. Ask a child to explain what they think will happen in the next episode, then reward them if they are correct.
This instills a sense of inquisitiveness and also helps them to understand the power of media. Watching a film based on a book and reading the book with the child show the ways interpretations and translations change a work.
Engage with the Times
The power of watching TV is not in dispute. The important thing to learn is about the ways that power can be leveraged to help children explore and grow. Obviously, limiting viewing time and a diverse set of other activities are important.
For more ideas on ways to engage with the world read more stories on our blog.


Technology may be part of the solution to stopping the spread of COVID-19, but apps alone will not save us. As more states develop COVID exposure notification apps, institutions and the people they serve should remain skeptical and remember the bigger picture. This is still experimental, unproven technology, both in terms of how it works under the hood and how humans will interact with it. And even the best-designed app will be no substitute for public health basics like widespread testing and interview-based contact tracing.
On top of that, any benefits of this technology will be unevenly distributed. Any app-based or smartphone-based solution will systematically miss the groups least likely to have a cellphone and more at risk of COVID-19 and in need of resources: in the United States, that includes elderly people, people without housing, and those living in rural communities.
Ultimately, exposure notification technology won’t bail out poor planning or replace inadequate public health infrastructure, but it could misdirect resources and instill a false sense of safety.
Exposure notification apps, most notably those built on top of Apple and Google’s Exposure Notification API, promise to notify a smart phone user if they have been in prolonged close contact—for instance, within 6 feet for at least 15 minutes—with someone who has tested positive for the virus. The apps use smartphones’ Bluetooth functionality (not location data) to sense how far away other phones are, and store random identifiers on the user’s device.
But Bluetooth was not made to assist with contact tracing and other public health efforts, and the differing hardware properties of various phones can make it hard to consistently measure distances accurately.
On top of technical shortcomings, it is also not yet clear how people will interact with the technology itself. How are people likely to react to a phone notification informing them that they were exposed to someone with COVID? Will they ignore it? Will they self-isolate? If they seek testing, will it be available to them? Public trust is fragile. A high rate of false negatives (or a perception thereof) could lead to people relaxing measures like social distancing and masking, while false positives could lead to users ignoring notifications.
Unevenly Distributed Benefits
Any app that promises to track, trace, or notify COVID cases will disproportionately miss wide swaths of the population. Not everyone has a mobile phone. Even fewer own a smartphone, and even fewer still have an iPhone or Android running the most up-to-date operating system. Some people own multiple phones to use for different purposes, while others might share a phone with a family or household. Smartphones do not equate to individuals, and public health authorities cannot make critical decisions—for example, about where to allocate resources or about who gets tested or vaccinated—based on smartphone app data.
In the U.S., smartphone ownership is only 80% to begin with. And the communities least likely to have a smartphone in the U.S.—such as elderly people or homeless people—are also the ones at higher risk for COVID-19. For people 65 years or older, for example, the rate of smartphone ownership declines to about 50%. Out-of-date smartphone hardware or software can also make it harder to install and use a COVID tracking app. For Android users in particular, many older phone models stop getting updates at some point, and some phones run versions of Android that simply don’t get updates.
And smartphone penetration data and specs do not tell the whole story, in the U.S. or internationally. Overbroad surveillance hits marginalized communities the hardest, just as COVID-19 has. In addition to potentially directing public health resources away from those who need them most, new data collection systems could exacerbate existing surveillance and targeting of marginalized groups.
Technology Will Not Be a Magic Bullet
Even with these drawbacks, some will still ask, “So what if it’s not perfect? Anything that can help fight COVID-19 is good. Even if the benefit is small, what’s the harm?” But approaching exposure notification apps and other COVID-related tracking technology as a magic bullet risks diverting resources away from more important things like widespread testing, contact tracing, and isolation support. The presence of potentially helpful technology does not change the need for these fundamentals.
Relying on unproven, experimental technology can also lead to a false sense of safety, leading to a moral hazard for institutions like universities that have big incentives to reopen: even if they do not have, for example, enough contact tracers to reopen, they might move ahead anyway and rely on an app to make up for it.
If and when public health officials conclude that spread of COVID-19 is low enough to resume normal activities, robust interview-based contact tracing is in place, and testing is available with prompt results, exposure notification apps may have a role to play. Until then, relying on this untested technology as a fundamental pillar of public health response would be a mistake.