CSS is an important part of development, but you need to make sure you get it right; otherwise you are making more work for yourself. By instilling good practice when you work, you can be sure that anything that you create will be the best it can be.
As with any task, organisation is key. Avoid randomly dropping items in as they occur to you; you should establish a structure and stick to it to ensure that you know where you are at any point.
Declare your generic items first, followed by the less generic ones; this will allow your CSS to inherit attributes, making it easier for you to override a specific style when required. Your editing will become faster because your structure makes more sense.
Work out a structure that works best for you, but also try to keep in mind other developers and future edits you may wish to make.
Here is a suggestion:
- Resets and overrides
- Links and type
- Main layout
- Secondary layout structures
- Form elements
Create a Logical Structure
You may be tempted to jump straight into coding before planning what it is you wish to create. This will lead to all kinds of problems. Instead, you should first create a logical structure for how you wish the page to look. The most experienced developers always first make sketches or wireframes before they move to development so that they can plan out not just what the final work will look like, but also work out what needs doing first.
- Draw the logical structure.
- Create an HTML structure that will support this.
- Start working on CSS.
Make HTML First
Some developers create their CSS at the same time as their HTML. A better approach is to make the entire HTML mockup first. This is because you know all the elements of your site layout, but you don’t know what CSS you will need for your design. Making the HTML layout first will enable you to visualise the page as a whole, and let you think of your CSS in a more top-down way.
Choose Names Wisely
Avoid limiting names; when selecting naming conventions, always remember future edits. Name your elements based upon what they are, rather than what they look like. If a client asks you to change the colour of links, for example, you won’t have to go back and re-name everything.
Use External Stylesheets
External stylesheets can be useful as a way to keep content and presentation separate. Put all your CSS into an external file and include it in your HTML.
Sometimes, depending upon the size and complexity of your design, it will be useful to use multiple stylesheets, as opposed to one huge one. Make sure you bear in mind the number of HTTP requests that are being made – you may find it best to develop with multiple stylesheets then combine them into one file; this way the entire file will be cached on the user’s computer without casing speed issues.
Include a Colour Reference
A simple way to avoid complications if you cannot remember the hexadecimal colour code for each element of the design is to include a colour reference at the top of your CSS file.
It would be lovely if you could use float: center to center block level elements, but it isn’t that straight forward. Instead you will need to use this code:
margin: 0 auto; // top, bottom – and left, right values, respectively – add a width to center it too.
Firebug is a great tool if you are using Firefox. Packed with features, you can use it to inspect, modify and edit your CSS in real time.
If you are using Chrome, you already have developer tools that work similar to Firebug.
Lists are a brilliant way to present your data in a structured format, where it is easy to modify the style. They are also good for making navigational menus.
Finally, here are some essential things to avoid:
Keep things organised where possible by re-using attributes, grouping elements as opposed to declaring the styles again. If your h1 elements use the same font size, colour and margin as your h2 elements, group them together with a comma.
- Using Inline Styles
Inline styles mix up content and presentation, which can be very confusing for future edits.
- DIV Wrap
It might seem easier to create a unique element style by wrapping a DIV with an ID or class around it, but you’ll start to clutter your stylesheet.
- Extra Selectors
This won’t be the end of the world, but adding extra selectors will keep your CSS from being simple, straightforward and clean.


Pancreatic Cancer Survival Rates
When looking at survival rates for pancreatic cancer, it's important to know that the numbers relate to the percentage of people with the disease who remain alive for a certain period after their diagnosis. In most cases, statistics refer to five-year survival rates. The survival rates discussed in this article are based on the relative survival rate, which measures the survival of cancer patients in comparison to the general population. The overall five-year relative survival rate for 1995-2001 was 4.6 percent.
Pancreatic Cancer Survival Rates: An Introduction
Pancreatic cancer survival rates indicate the percentage of people who survive the disease for a specific period of time after their diagnosis. Often, statistics refer to the five-year survival rate for pancreatic cancer, which refers to the percentage of people who remain alive five years after a pancreatic cancer diagnosis. This includes patients who have few or no signs or symptoms of pancreatic cancer, are free of disease, or are receiving treatment for pancreatic cancer.
Survival rates are based on large groups of people; they cannot be used to predict what will happen to a particular patient. It is important to note that no two patients are exactly alike, and pancreatic cancer treatment and responses to treatment vary greatly from patient to patient.
Factors Affecting Survival Rates for Pancreatic Cancer
In general, the survival rate will depend on:
- Whether or not the tumor can be removed by surgery
- The stage of the cancer (the size of the tumor and whether the cancer has spread outside the pancreas to nearby tissues or lymph nodes or to other places in the body)
- The patient's general health
- Whether the cancer has just been diagnosed or has recurred (come back).
Pancreatic cancer can be controlled only if it is found before it has spread and only if it can be removed by surgery. If the cancer has spread, palliative treatment can improve the patient's quality of life by controlling the symptoms and complication; however, palliative treatment cannot cure the disease.


Lady Margaret Hoby
Lady Margaret Hoby née Dakins (1571–1633) was an English diarist of the Elizabethan period. Hers is the oldest known diary written by a woman in English.
Margaret Dakins was born before 10 February 1571 (the date of her baptism), the only child of a landed gentleman, Arthur Dakins (c.1517–1592) of Linton, East Riding, and his wife, Thomasine Gye (d. 1613).
Margaret was educated in the Puritan household of Katherine Hastings, Countess of Huntingdon, a devout Protestant with Puritan leanings who ran a school for young gentlewomen. Penelope and Dorothy Devereux, the daughters of Margaret's future father-in-law, Walter Devereux, 1st Earl of Essex, also attended the school. As an heiress Margaret was a valuable commodity on the Elizabethan marriage market. Her first husband was Walter Devereux, the younger son of Essex, and a court favourite of Queen Elizabeth I. The manor and parsonage of Hackness near Scarborough in the North Riding were purchased for the couple, and remained Margaret's property after the death of Devereux at the siege of Rouen in 1591.
Three months later, Margaret was courted unsuccessfully by Sir Thomas Posthumous Hoby, son of the translator and English ambassador to France Sir Thomas Hoby. She married at that juncture Sir Thomas Sidney, the younger brother of Philip Sidney and Robert Sidney, but after Sidney died in 1595, she next married Hoby, on 9 August 1596. They lived at Hackness, near Scarborough, but had no children. Margaret spent much of her time there in the company of a confessor, Richard Rhodes. She went around tending the sick and infirm in her own community, as well as running her household and recording detailed household accounts. The activities reported in her diary reflect profound religious beliefs.
Margaret Hoby's diary – the earliest known by an Englishwoman (1599–1605) — gives a notable account of the domestic disciplines of Elizabethan puritanism, along with the religious exercises and prayers for the whole household and the private prayers and reading, in which she was guided by her chaplain, Richard Rhodes. It was written as a pious exercise, and as such, presaged a school of religious soul-searching in diary form that continued into the 18th century. The diary also shed light on the management of the estate in her husband's frequent absences, supervising and paying servants, sorting linen, playing music, gardening, giving medical advice and treatment to neighbours and tenants. It tells little about the writer's private feelings. References to Sir Thomas Hoby are formal, though Margaret was strong-minded enough to resist until 1632 his request that she make over her Hackness and other properties to him and his heirs. She had no children herself. As with the diary of Samuel Pepys later in the 17th century, the day's entry often ends with the phrase, "And so to bed."
Margaret Hoby visited York and London several times during the years covered by her diary, but it makes little reference to public events. Margaret died on 4 September 1633 and was buried on 6 September in the chancel of Hackness church, where her husband erected an alabaster monument to her. It survives, but St Margaret's Chapel in Harwood Dale, which Hoby also built to her memory, is in ruins. Her husband died in 1640 leaving his manor at Hackness to the son of his first cousin named John Syndenham, whose son, Sir John Posthumous Syndenham, erected a monument to Hoby in Hackness church. There is also a memorial to him in All Saints' Church, Bisham, Berkshire.
- ODNB entry.
- This may have been the vanished village of Linton in the SE of the parish of Wintringham, represented on modern maps only by Linton Wold Farm, but still described in 1835 as "Linton, a hamlet in the parish of Wintringham, wapentake of Buckrose, East Riding of the county of York, 7 miles E. from New Malton." Lewis's Topographical Dictionary of England, 1835. Quoted on Genuki site: Retrieved 2 October 2011. However, it was described only as a farm in the seventh, 1848 edition: Retrieved 2 October 2011.
- Freedman, Sylvia: Poor Penelope: Lady Penelope Rich. An Elizabethan Woman (Abbotsbrook, Bucks: Kensal Press, 1983, p. 31. ISBN 0-946041-20-2; ODNB entry.
- Freedman..., p. 75.
- University of Victoria, Internet Shakespeare site: Retrieved 24 September 2011; ODNB entry.
- Diaries (journals). In: The Cambridge Guide.
- ODNB entry.
- Hoby [née Dakins], Margaret 1571–1633. In: The Cambridge Guide.
- Dorothy M. Meads (ed.), The Diary of Lady Margaret Hoby 1599-1605 (London: Routledge, 1930)
- Joanna Moody (ed.), The Private Life of an Elizabethan Lady: The Diary of Lady Margaret Hoby 1599-1605 (Phoenix Mill: Sutton, 1998)ISBN 0-7509-1349-5
- Sylvia Freedman,Poor Penelope: Lady Penelope Rich. An Elizabethan Woman (Abbotsbrook, Bucks: Kensal Press, 1983). ISBN 0-946041-20-2
- Hoby, Lady Margaret. In: A Historical Dictionary of British Women (London: Europa, 2003). ISBN 1-85743-228-2
- Hoby [née Dakins], Margaret, 1571–1633. In: The Cambridge Guide to Women's Writing in English (1993). Retrieved 24 September 2011.
- Thomas Posthumous Hoby. Secret-bases site, UK Retrieved 24 September 2011.
- Paul Slack, "Hoby , Margaret, Lady Hoby (bap. 1571, d. 1633)", rev. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford, UK: OUP, 2004). Retrieved 3 November 2011. Subscription required.
- Cambridge University Orlando project page on Hoby. Subscription required.
- University of Victoria biography


On Some Orders of Arthropoda in the Dry Forest Landscapes of South-central Puerto Rico
drawings by Jacqueline Margetts
Landscape architecture has on the whole ignored invertebrates, favoring mammalian and avian fauna. Amongst the slugs, snails, worms, spiders and insects that comprise the invertebrates our discipline, moreover, prefers the aerial Hymenoptera and Lepidoptera (the glamor pusses of Arthropoda), but only some species of each attract the attention of designers. Honeybees for instance, and monarch butterflies. Ants are an exception to aerial attraction, owing to the systems-friendly social ecologies they have developed. But insects and arachnids make up the bulk of the world’s animals, and are essential to that all-encompassing complex adaptive system we call Planet Earth - “the holistic nature of the Earth’s system,” as the LAF New Landscape Declaration puts it.
A recent article in the Guardian Weekly notes that we live in an invertebrate world. “Of all known animal species, less than 5% have backbones,” it says. “About 70% are insects. Fewer than one in every 200 are mammals …” (Mikanowski 2018: 27). Inspired by the indictment of myopic speciesism that this article suggests, an investigation of invertebrates was undertaken by Master of Landscape Architecture Students from Washington University in St Louis. The research occurred in the savannah-like dry forests that have appeared along the Portugués River near Ponce, Puerto Rico, since clearance ceased and successional regrowth appeared.
Following the ground-breaking work of tropical entomologist Terry Eames in 1982, this group of students adapted an arboreal fogging technique to explore the insect biodiversity of one tree species growing along a quiet bridal path that follows the Portugués. The experiment was multi-layered. For instance, it offers a commentary on the construction of scientific knowledge from observation; it also provides an allegory of the decimation of the indigenous Taíno people of Puerto Rico by their Spanish conquerors. A serious inquiry, however, it is at the same time tongue in cheek.
A small tree was selected, wrapped in plastic sheeting, and huffed with insecticide. After a few minutes dead Arthropoda were collected, returned to the field lab, identified and counted.
For the MLA students who conducted the Portogués River biodiversity survey, the process of fieldwork demonstrated the constructed and contingent nature of empirical inquiry, by probing the spaces between hypothesis, methodology, outcome and theory. It showed that the layered, scalar, temporal, self-organizing, frame-dependent operations of open systems are not readily reducible to generalization, and that epistemologies are local and constructed.
The students also queried the ethical basis of work that puts species to death in the name of knowledge-production. They saw a striking similarity to the 16th century colonization of Puerto Rico, where a dominant intruder with more effective technological power exterminated previous occupants in order to achieve its ends. The indigenes died out and their material culture ended up in the vitrines of the invaders’ museums.
Biodiversity Survey Results
The tree species selected for the survey is known as neem (Azadirachta indica).
It is worth noting that a derivative from this tree is used as a natural alternative to synthetic pesticides.


The British contribution to the Gulf war, the Cold War rhetoric of Margaret Thatcher, and the fresh memory of the Falklands war remind us of the military propensities of the British state.footnote＊ Yet Britain has not had conscription since the fifties, its generals keep out of political life, and its armed forces have been held to suffer from amateurism and neglect. Memories of the interwar period still inform contemporary perceptions, and the spirit of appeasement is frequently perceived to be a live danger. In this article I will question conventional pictures of the British state and its military policies shared by Right and Left alike. I will show that the war-fighting sector of the state has been well funded and deeply suffused with the scientific, technological and industrial spirit. There was a good reason for this: the ‘British way in warfare’, which I label ‘liberal militarism’, has relied on technology; and creating this technology required a technically expert state machine. I will argue, furthermore, that Britain’s war-fighting strategy is ‘modern’: Britain’s weapons have been directed not only at the armed forces of enemy nations,
Why Britain pursued such a policy is easily explained: Britain was, after all, the first industrial nation, and the first scientific nation; the two distinctive elements in nineteenth-century culture were political economy and natural science. Just as important was the fact that from the end of the nineteenth century Britain was challenged, industrially, commercially and militarily, by nations which were, actually or potentially, absolutely larger and thus more powerful in each of these three spheres. To defend itself, and to maintain control over its markets, trade routes and empire, Britain developed military and diplomatic alliances—with France and Russia before 1914; through the League of Nations in the interwar years; and above all through nato since 1945. But Britain also had to rely on its comparative advantage in warfighting technology to sustain this. Why Britain’s policy of high-tech militarism is neglected in the vast literature on the British state and its industrial and scientific policies is not so easily explained.
Both the military and war do figure in accounts of the British state. Perry Anderson, for example, has tried to integrate British defence policy into his explanation of British decline. He notes three ‘absences’ in the Victorian state, one of which was the lack of a mass army. The War Office and Admiralty,footnote2 he argued, were not ‘the controlling centre of the state structure as a whole’. This role was played by the laissez faire Treasury.footnote3 Because the British State was not defeated in war or revolution, it retained its Victorian character: the British state ‘constructed to contain social conflict at home and police an empire abroad, has proved impotent to redress economic decline. The nightwatchman state acquired traits of the welfare officer, but never of the engineer. Sustained and structural intervention in the economy was the one task for which its organic liberalism was entirely ill-suited.’footnote4 Anderson drew much of his evidence from Correlli Barnett’s influential account of British scientific, technical and industrial performance in the Second World War, which is probably the most interconnected analysis of war, state and economy ever attempted for Britain.footnote5 Barnett argued that the British war economy, contrary to the prevailing view, performed very badly: even in its greatest emergency the state failed to modernize itself. Instead it launched an expensive programme
The traditional view of the effect of war, and especially of the Second World War, on the British state and its relationship to the economy is rather different and very important to Britain’s self-image. It is that the British state transformed itself, and as a result the British war economy was uniquely successful. Of course there are many pictures of why the wartime state was successful: we have only to think of the Right’s adulation of Churchillian militarism and of Harold Wilson’s invocation of the Dunkirk Spirit.footnote6 For socialists the war showed that democratic planning was possible, despite Oskar Lange’s damning comparison between state socialist planning and capitalist war economies. For Michael Barratt Brown, for example, the wartime discontinuity is important as a key example of the possibilities that existed and exist for the transformation of the state, and to argue against Anderson’s explanation of why the state is as it is.footnote7 But it is important to note that the contrast with the Anderson/Barnett view of the British state is not as great as first appears: there is little disagreement over the nature of the British state in peacetime.
I will suggest that both these views are misleading, and show that ‘liberal militarism’ represents an important but neglected continuity in the history of the British state. The successes, and failures, of wartime armaments production are due not just to the peculiar circumstances of wartime, but also to the long-term policies of the state for the development of military technology. I will argue that the military sector needs to be distinguished from the civil sector in both war and peace, and that in the military sector there has been no indifference to science, technology or industry. The state machinery for armament supply has had, from the Victorian era, traits of the engineer. I am not arguing that the Admiralty, the War Office and the later service and supply departments controlled the state. Instead I suggest that the central bodies of the state, including the Treasury, have pursued a policy of ‘liberal militarism’ which required the creation of ‘technocratic’ departments of state. I do not deny that important changes were made to these departments during the two world wars, or that war required the incorporation of labour and the mobilization of the whole nation. Yet I do argue that these changes resulted not from a failure of these


|INT'AL CLASS'N OF DISEASES | AIDS GLOSSARY | ANATOMY | DRUGS | USA STATS | CHINA STATS | GENOME DICTIONARY|
HEALTH TOPICS A TO Z
History and overview
Legionellosis is a serious and sometimes fatal form of pneumonia. It is caused by the bacterium Legionella pneumophila and other legionella species. These bacteria are found naturally in the environment and thrive in warm water and warm damp places. They are commonly found in lakes, rivers, creeks, hot springs and other bodies of water. They can also be found in soil and potting mix.
The bacterium Legionella pneumophila was first identified in 1977, as the cause of an outbreak of severe pneumonia in a convention centre in the USA in 1976. It has since been associated with outbreaks linked to poorly maintained artificial water systems, particularly cooling towers or evaporative condensers associated with air conditioning and industrial cooling, hot and cold water systems in public and private buildings, and whirlpool spas.
The dose of legionella necessary for infection is unknown, but the infective dose for susceptible humans can be assumed to be low, as patients have been known to be infected after exposure of only a few minutes to the sources of some outbreaks, and at up to 3.2 km from the source of others. Infection depends on the water contamination level by bacteria, the effectiveness of formation and dissemination of bacteria through air, host factors and the virulence of the particular strain of Legionella.
The disease and its effect on people
Legionellosis is a generic term describing the pneumonic and non-pneumonic forms of infection with Legionella.
The non-pneumonic form is an acute, self-limiting influenza-like illness usually lasting 2-5 days. The incubation period is from a few and up to 48 hours. The main symptoms are fever, chills, headache, malaise and muscle pain (myalgia). No deaths are associated with this type of infection.
Legionnaires’ disease has an incubation period of two to ten days (but up to 16 days has been recorded in some recent well-documented outbreaks). Initially, symptoms are fever, loss of appetite, headache, malaise and lethargy. Some patients may also have muscle pain, diarrhoea and confusion. There is also usually an initial mild cough, but as many as 50% of patients can present phlegm. Blood-streaked phlegm or hemoptysis occurs in about one-third of the patients. The severity of disease ranges from a mild cough to a rapidly fatal pneumonia. Death occurs through progressive pneumonia with respiratory failure and/or shock and multi-organ failure.
Untreated Legionnaires’ disease usually worsens during the first week. In common with other risk factors causing severe pneumonia, the most frequent complications of legionellosis are respiratory failure, shock and acute kidney and multi-organ failure. Recovery always requires antibiotic treatment, and is usually complete, after several weeks or months. In rare occasions, severe progressive pneumonia or ineffective treatment for pneumonia can result brain in sequelae.
The death rate as a result of legionnella is dependent on: the severity of the disease, the appropriateness of initial anti-microbial treatment, the setting where legionella was acquired, and host factors (i.e. the disease is usually more serious in patients with immuno-suppression). The case fatality rate may be as high as 40 - 80 per 100 in untreated immuno-suppressed patients and can be reduced to 5 - 30 per 100 through appropriate case management and depending on the severity of the clinical signs and symptoms. For persons able to develop an immune response the death rate is usually within the range of 10 - 15%.
The causative agents, legionellae, are freshwater bacteria that are found in aquatic environments worldwide but artificial water systems sometimes provide environments conducive to the growth of Legionella bacteria. These bacteria survive within or between the cells as parasites of free-living protozoa and within biofilms which develop in water systems where bacteria survive. They can cause human infections by infecting other human cells utilizing a similar mechanism to that used to infect protozoa. L. pneumophila is the species most frequently isolated from patients with either community, travel-associated or hospital-acquired legionellosis.
Legionnaires’ disease is believed to occur worldwide.
How the disease is transmitted
Legionella organisms can be spread by aerosols such as wind. Infection results from inhalation of contaminated water sprays or mists. Infection can also occur by inhalation, particularly during outbreaks in hospital. The bacteria live in water and colonize hot and cold water systems at temperatures of 20 to 50 degrees Celsius (optimal 35 degrees Celsius). They contaminate air conditioning cooling towers, hot and cold water systems, humidifiers, whirlpool spas and other water-containing devices. There is no direct human-to-human transmission.
Extent of the disease
The incidence of community-acquired Legionnaires’ disease varies widely according to the setting investigated and the diagnostic methodology applied. Since many countries lack appropriate methods of diagnosing the infection or surveillance systems capable of monitoring the situation, the real magnitude of the problem is unknown. In 2003, 34 countries (population: 467.76 million) out of the 36 in the European Working Group for Legionella Infections reported a total of 4578 cases, meaning an average rate across Europe of 9.8 per million population. Based on findings from Denmark where a high level of testing for legionella in patients with pneumonia is developed, a more realistic incidence would be closer to 10 000 cases a year for the same 36 countries.
Risk factors for community-acquired and travel-associated Legionellosis include: male, over 50 years, smoker, a history of heavy drinking, pulmonary related deaths, immuno-suppression, and chronic debilitating illnesses.
Risk factors for hospital-acquired pneumonia in the host are: recent surgery, intubation, which is the process of placing a tube in the trachaea, mechanical ventilation, aspiration, presence of nasogastric tubes, and the use of respiratory therapy equipment. The most susceptible hosts are immuno-compromised patients, including organ transplant recipients and those receiving corticosteroid treatment.
Delay in diagnosis and administration of appropriate antibiotic treatment, increasing age and presence of co-existing diseases are predictors of death from Legionnaires’ disease.
There is no vaccine currently available for Legionnaires’ disease.
Patients with the non-pneumonic form of infection do not require any antibiotic treatment and the symptomatic approach is sufficient. Patients with Legionnaires’ disease always require antibiotic treatment, following laboratory confirmation of diagnosis.
The public health threat posed by legionellosis can be addressed via preventive measures. Although it is impossible to eradicate the source of infection, it is possible to reduce the risks substantially. Prevention of Legionnaires’ disease depends on good maintenance of possible sources, including regular cleaning and disinfection and the application of other physical (temperature) or chemical measures (biocide) to minimise growth. Some examples are: the regular cleaning and disinfection of cooling towers together with frequent or continuous addition of biocides; maintaining an adequate level of a biocide such as chlorine in a spa pool along with a complete drain and clean of the whole system at least weekly; keeping hot and cold water systems clean and either keeping the hot water at 60°C and the cold below 20°C or alternatively treating them with a suitable biocide to limit growth. Applying such controls particularly in hospitals, industrial sites, hotels, leisure centres, etc will greatly reduce the risk of legionella contamination and prevent the occurrence of sporadic cases.
Such control and prevention measures must be accompanied by proper vigilance on the part of general practitioners and community health services for the detection of cases.
Sources: US Department of Health; The World Health Organization


Part one: Does a so-called ‘balanced diet’ really exist?
(First in a multi-part look at PD, food and food supplements)
Being human puts unique stress on our requirements for nutrients that are essential to our health, but why do we need so many different nutrients? The simplest way to answer that question is to look back into the murky waters of billions of years ago when life slowly evolved from less than 1-celled bacterium into ever-more complex combinations of cells and as it got more complex so life needed greater numbers of amino acids, vitamins, minerals etc. in order to thrive and develop further. Basic life-forms took in nutrients from the water they lived in and synthesized vitamins and amino acids etc. to build themselves, but the drawback here is this ties up cell functions and so limited creatures adaptability.
Along the way creatures successfully grew more complex and part of the reason for this was giving up synthesizing nutrients that already existed in their environment, in effect freeing-up cell functions to do other things. Fast-forward in time to today and we as humans require a lot of different nutrients to function optimally: More than cats and dogs for example. They synthesize vitamin c in their bodies like most animals so they don’t need to eat fruits or vegetables to get it. On the other hand, because fruit bats live on fruit they have evolved like us to having to get it from their diet; after all, why waste resources to make it when you are already eating plenty of it? This proves that we evolved in places where vegetables and/or fruit were available for us to eat (or does it? Maybe not!), and depending on genetics and/or poor health individual variations in the amounts we need can be vast.
For example, in the world of human nutrition there seems to be a fascination with the R.D.I (reference daily intake) also called the R.D.A (recommended daily allowance). Whatever we call it we can easily raise doubts over the figures these lists produce. We are told ‘Take so many milligrams of this vitamin and that mineral per day and it will satisfy our bodies needs and keep us healthy as possible’. Really? So a 100 kg (15 and a half stone) manual labourer humping bricks up to the bricklayers on a building site needs A, B and C per day and these amounts are the same as suggested to a 45kg (7 stone) retired granny who sits all day and lives a totally sedentary lifestyle. It is obvious that 2 such contrasting physiques and lifestyles would require radically different amounts of protein, fats, vitamins etc. in order to function properly. Yes I know some RDI lists vary the intakes based on differences in age, gender, lifestyle etc. but generally the variances are not significant enough to adequately cover the differences.
Consider this: If we can only stay healthy if we eat our ‘5-a-day’ fruits and vegetables, how did humans survive a series of ice-ages that our planet went through? When there are no fruits or vegetables to be found and everywhere is deep in snow and ice you have to do as the Inuit did, namely live on whales, polar bears, seals, fish etc. or in the Arctic circle deer provided food and clothing. Despite eating huge amounts of fat and protein and almost zero carbohydrates (sugar, rice, cereals, pasta, bread, starchy tubers such as potato etc.)these olde-worlde Eskimos thrived and their bodies adapted over countless generations to be short and thick-set i.e. less surface area relative to body mass reduces heat loss from the body. Several decades ago an explorer called Stefansson lived with Eskimos for 18 years eating the above diet: No carbs, no fruits or vegetables and his health was good with no cholesterol problems when he came back to ‘civilization’ and was thoroughly checked out by doctors.
On the opposite side of the coin look at the African plains-dwellers called the Maasai. They are exposed to hot sun all day all-year round so their bodies are very tall and thin – no good in the Antarctic but great for losing more body
heat and preventing heat stroke. Basketball fans see the descendants of tribes like the Maasai that were taken to the USA many years ago – a long time in human years but a very short time in evolutionary time, hence these basketball players grow up to possess that tall thin body. Maasai still live as nomads in Africa and eat things like milk with blood mixed in (bleeding their cattle but not to the point of death).
While we are on this theme of diversity in diets, if we could visit every country in the world we would see that each has its own ‘cuisine’ and a ‘balanced diet’ is different in every one of them. Scandinavian and extreme northern countries live on high fat and protein diets, temperate zone countries eat more carbohydrates and even (in the case of religions such as Hinduism) vegetarian
diets. Some countries like France eat a lot of dairy products and drink wine while others like Japan have a population that generally find these items almost indigestible. In fact, the vast majority of black and far eastern races cannot digest dairy products once they become adults as they lose the enzymes needed to do the job. So, across the globe we see the truth of the old adages ‘different strokes for different folks’ and ‘one man’s meat is another man’s poison’.
I think it’s fair to say that those doctors who tell us ‘supplements etc. are a waste of money, just eat a balanced diet and you will get all you need’ are
assuming we are all the same. Well, it ain’t that simple! By now you must be saying ‘ where does Parkinson’s come into it?’ The point of all the above examples is to get you thinking about your own diet and to recognise that medical science is based on the premise that we are all human and therefore are biologically the same. This is true enough and makes it possible to understand and treat many illnesses successfully, but if we look at Parkinson’s, it is also true to say that we are all different and no 2 parky people exhibit exactly the same symptoms or rate of progression. Also there is a significant difference between young-onset (anywhere up to 60 years of age) and elderly-onset. Dr. Nelson Ho (now retired himself) was a Parkinson’s geriatrician and his years of experience showed that young-onset have a wider variety of symptoms, progression is faster and reaction to specific treatments is more variable. Because progression is faster in PD ‘young’ people it is more of a ‘moving-target’ requiring changes to medications, dosages etc. on a more frequent basis.
Okay friends, if you have stuck with me this far you probably are now saying ‘what do you recommend to eat to parky people then?’ Come back for part 2 of this article and I will tell you about various things that I (and others) have tried and the logic behind these choices. Am I a food fanatic that only eats the ‘right’ foods? NO! I like all kinds of foods and living on a puritanical diet is to miss out one of the great pleasures in life. Also, whatever I talk about food-wise please remember these are from my experiences and a few other parky people – I would strongly suggest that if you experiment with your diet that you get blood tests done by your doctor to make sure that you are benefiting for real and not just the infamous ‘Placebo’ effect!
See you in part 2!


This book deals with the bottom-living fishes of the world's largest ecosystem, the deep-sea. After a brief review of the oceanographic setting, the diversity and ecology of this unique ichthyofauna are considered in detail.
The book deals explicitly with slope fisheries, both developed and developing. The interaction of the ecology of the species involved (examples include orange roughy, grenadier, Greenland halibut and black scabbardfish) with fishing practices and management regimes is then discussed.
An ecological framework for management is necessary for the resources to be sustainable it is argued, rather than simply extending approaches used on the Continental Shelf to the deep-sea.
Deep-Sea Demersal Fish and Fisheries is available to order from our co-publisher Springer Distribution Centre. For details of how to contact them, please visit Publishing partners.


Undergoing a digital detox can be good for you.
Technology is taking over the lives of many people around the world. According to a TIME Magazine poll, 84% of people worldwide confessed that they could not bear the thought of going through a single day without their beloved mobile device. The study also showed the extent of people?s addiction to modern technology. Here are some important facts that you should consider.
- One in four people habitually check their phones every 30 minutes while one in five checks their phones every 10 minutes.
- 75% of people aged 25 to 29 take their phones to bed.
- 76% of Americans believe that being connected ?is a good thing?.
Similar studies also reveal some astonishing facts, which include the following:
- One in every eight Americans shows signs of internet addiction.
- 82% of Americans spend more time online than necessary while 65% claim they use the internet to escape their day-to-day problems.
- 34% of American women check their phones before getting out of bed while 21% even wake up in the middle of the night to check their Facebook account.
Negative Effects of Internet Addiction
While it can definitely make your life easier, numerous studies show that excessive dependence on modern technology can have a negative effect on your physical, mental and psychological well-being.
- It contributes to sleep disturbances. The use of computers before bedtime affects a person?s circadian rhythm and increases the risk of insomnia.
- It increases the risk for certain health conditions. It increases the risk for weight gain, high blood pressure, osteoporosis and colon cancer. It also doubles the risk of obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases.?
- It increases the risk of depression. Internet overuse can lead to depression, ADHD and social phobia, especially among adolescents. It can also cause unnecessary stress, exhaustion and fatigue.
- It affects your brain. Studies show that using some form of technology causes the brain to shrink up to 20% over time.
How to Do a Digital Detox
To avoid these negative effects, here are some easy ways that may help you disconnect from technology.
- Meditate. Start your day with silence. Meditating even for just 10 minutes a day can help your mind calm down, refresh and focus on what needs to be done.
- Set boundaries with your boss. If you don?t want your boss to think that you are on call 24/7, don?t reply to emails during weekends. Similarly, if you are going on a vacation, check with your boss to see if it is okay for you to unplug, and check emails only once per day.
- Put self-imposed limitations. Cut down the time you spend on social media, and take a deep breath when you feel the urge to check your email or social media accounts.


Atrial fibrillation/flutter is a heart rhythm disorder (arrhythmia). It usually involves a rapid heart rate , in which the upper heart chambers (atria) are stimulated to contract in a very disorganized and abnormal manner.
Auricular fibrillation; A-fib
Causes, incidence, and risk factors:
Arrhythmias are caused by a disruption of the normal electrical conduction system of the heart.
Normally, the four chambers of the heart (two atria and two ventricles) contract in a very specific, coordinated way. The electrial impulse that signals your heart to contract in a synchronized way begins in the sinoatrial node (SA node). This node is your heart's natural pacemaker.
The signal leaves the SA node and travels through the two upper chambers (atria). Then the signal passes through another node (the AV node), and finally, through the lower chambers (ventricles). This path enables the chambers to contract in a coordinated fashion.
In atrial fibrillation, the atria are stimulated to contract very quickly and differently from the normal pattern. The impulses are sent to the ventricles in an irregular pattern. This makes the ventricles beat abnormally, leading to an irregular (and usually fast) pulse.
In atrial flutter, the ventricles may beat very fast, but in a regular pattern.
If the atrial fibrillation/flutter is part of a condition called sick sinus syndrome, the sinus node may not work properly. The heart rate may alternate between slow and fast. As a result, there may not be enough blood to meet the needs of the body.
Atrial fibrillation can affect both men and women. It becomes more common with increasing age.
Causes of atrial fibrillation include:
You may not be aware that your heart is not beating in a normal pattern, especially if it has been occurring for some time.
Symptoms may include:
Note: Symptoms may begin or stop suddenly.
Signs and tests:
The health care provider may hear a fast heartbeat while listening to the heart with a stethoscope. The pulse may feel rapid, irregular, or both. The normal heart rate is 60 - 100, but in atrial fibrillation/flutter the heart rate may be 100 - 175. Blood pressure may be normal or low.
An ECG shows atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter. Continuous ambulatory cardiac monitoring -- Holter monitor (24 hour test) -- may be necessary because the condition often occurs at some times but not others (sporadic).
Tests to find underlying heart diseases may include:
In certain cases, atrial fibrillation may need emergency treatment to to get the heart back into normal rhythm. This treatment may involve electrical cardioversion or intravenous (IV) drugs such as dofetilide, amiodarone, or ibutilide. Drugs are typically needed to keep the pulse from being too fast.
Long-term treatment varies depending on the cause of the atrial fibrillation or flutter. Medications to slow the heartbeat may include:
- Calcium channel blockers
Anti-arrhythmic medications may be used to get the heart back into a normal rhythm. These medications may work well in many people, but they can have serious side effects. Many patients may go back to atrial fibrillation even while taking these medications.
Blood thinners, such as heparin and warfarin (Coumadin) reduce the risk of a blood clot traveling in the body (such as a stroke). Because these drugs increase the chance of bleeding, not everyone will use them. Antiplatelet drugs such as aspirin or clopidogrel may also be prescribed. Your doctor will consider your age and other medical problems to decide which drug is best.
Some patients with atrial fibrillation, rapid heart rates, and intolerance to medication may need a catheter procedure on the atria called radiofrequency ablation .
For some patients with atrial flutter, radiofrequency ablation can cure the arrhythmia and is the treatment of choice. Some patients with atrial fibrillation and a rapid heart rate may need the radiofrequency ablation done directly on the AV junction (the area that normally filters the impulses coming from the atria before they move on to the ventricles).
Ablation of the AV junction leads to complete heart block. This condition needs to be treated with a permanent pacemaker.
The disorder is usually controllable with treatment. Many people with atrial fibrillation do very well.
Atrial fibrillation tends to become a chronic condition, however. It may come back even wtih treatment.
- Fainting (syncope), if atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter cause the pulse to be too quick or slow
- Heart failure
- Stroke, if clots break off and travel to the brain (drugs that thin the blood such as heparin and warfarin can reduce the risk)
Calling your health care provider:
Call your health care provider if you have symptoms of atrial fibrillation or flutter.
Follow the health care provider's recommendations for treating underlying disorders. Avoid binge drinking.
Fuster V, Rydén LE, Cannom DS, Crijns HJ, Curtis AB, Ellenbogen KA, et al. American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines; European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines; European Heart Rhythm Association; Heart Rhythm Society. ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 Guidelines for the Management of Patients with Atrial Fibrillation: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2006;114:e257-e354.
Noheria A, Kumar A, Wylie JV Jr., Josephson ME. Catheter ablation vs. antiarrhythmic drug therapy for atrial fibrillation: a systematic review. Arch Intern Med. 2008;168:581-586.
Doyle JF, Ho KM. Benefits and risks of long-term amiodarone therapy for persistent atrial fibrillation: a meta-analysis. Mayo Clin Proc. 2009;84:234-242.
|Review Date: 4/23/2009|
Reviewed By: Alan Berger, MD, Assistant Professor, Divisions of Cardiology and Epidemiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M., Inc.
The information provided herein should not be used during any medical emergency or for the diagnosis or treatment of any medical condition. A licensed medical professional should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and all medical conditions. Call 911 for all medical emergencies. Links to other sites are provided for information only -- they do not constitute endorsements of those other sites. © 1997-
A.D.A.M., Inc. Any duplication or distribution of the information contained herein is strictly prohibited.


Geo heat pumps better than air-source heat pumps
The image at left may cause you to think this is an inactive air conditioning condenser in winter months. It is not. This is an air-source heat pump (ASHP) struggling in the heating mode. It’s a vertical discharge unit that normally pulls air in from the sides and discharges it vertically.
RESTRICTED BY SNOW
As you can see, the discharge is totally blocked with snow and the sides are compromised by snow build up. For equipment that is dependent upon great volumes of air passing through its perimeter coils and exiting upward, this one is seriously hampered. Evidence of cold refrigerant attempting to extract heat from the outdoor air is seen by the frost over much of the coil fins. When cold/damp air hits cold coils, frost forms and slows the passage of air. Areas of non-frost seen here are probably blowing air laterally outward that would have exited the cabinet vertically if only the snow wasn’t piled deep on top of it.
There is less heat that can be tapped from outside air during snowy or clear cold days. Outdoor coils in air like this also require periodic defrost cycles where the refrigerant flow is temporarily reversed to melt ice that forms. If it’s very cold outside, melted frost that’s become water can re-freeze in
more solid form (ice)
which can totally block lateral air movement. Because the thermostat is still calling during defrost for interior heat, electric resistance coils will need to be energized inside of ductwork in order to keep distributing heat to the interior and end the thermostat’s call.
Outdoor siting and difficult extremes of temperature and moisture take useful life away from ASHPs. They also can be noisy for occupants and neighbors, and they consume far more power than geothermal heat pumps (GHPs). If the outdoor units are not located in private spaces, there could be damage from vandals. Debris from above, interior insects, and encroaching vegetation can all reduce the performance of ASHPs. GHPs are not susceptible to any of these factors, and because their underground heat exchangers work in a thermally stable environment above freezing, they run more efficiently than ASHPs on any day of the year and are immune from vandalism.


Michigan Man Among First to Get Bionic Eye
Roger Pontz, of Reed City, was diagnosed with the degenerative eye disease retinitis pigmentosa as a teenager- a disease that slowly robbed him of his vision. He has been completely blind for several years.
Now 55, Pontz is one of four people in the U.S. to receive a bionic eye.
The bionic eye that Pontz has received is actually an artificial retina, developed by the company Second Sight, which also includes a small video camera and transmitter housed in a pair of glasses.
Images from the camera are converted into a series of electrical pulses that are transmitted to electrodes on the surface of the retina. The pulses then stimulate the retina’s remaining cells, relaying the signal to the optic nerve. The signal then moves to the brain, where it’s transformed into patterns of light and images that become recognizable to the wearer.
The procedure was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration late last year, but has already been performed several dozen times in Europe.
Pontz received his bionic eye at the University of Michigan– one of 12 centers in the U.S. that offers the procedure.
For all the crazy technology we have out there, it’s nice to see it put to good use once in a while!
Check out how the artificial retina works below.


One of my very favorite sets of free homeschool planner printables is this set of living learning lists. They are by far one of the the most popular downloads ever on Everyday Snapshots, only eclipsed by the ever-popular learn to write numbers printables.
I am a long-time fan of the Bravewriter Lifestyle List. I love the ideas in it and how an entire language arts experience can be built on a few rich, real-life routines.
I have often thought, wouldn’t it be amazing to have a list like that for all the subjects? What if instead of following a curriculum all the time, there was a way to help worried moms spread a feast of learning ideas in the home — in addition to using a curriculum or in place of using it.
With a little help from some of the collaborative minds at the Well Trained Mind Forums, we devised this list of printable ideas for math, science, history and geography.
These lists could be used for long periods of time over entire grades or years (the elementary years comes to mind) or for brief periods of time when burnout might be getting everyone down.
- Discuss and add questions to the science board for further exploration
- Subscribe to, view, and discuss a science video- or photo-of-the-day
- Subscribe to and discuss science magazines of interest
- Look for and discuss science current events
- Read biographies of scientists.
- Chart interesting data — the weather, plant or puppy growth, conduct surveys among family and friends. Graph and discuss the data
- Add things up at the grocery store, weigh produce/bulk foods, learn to check price per unit
- Use math with a hobby or project. Design something (bird house? quilt?) Plan materials needed, including amounts. Go to store or check online for prices. Figure out totals based on prices and amount needed. Make it!
- Jump on trampoline, or in the house or with jump rope, doing times tables. Toss bean bags and you need to say the next number when it is thrown to you. You can do this with skip counting too.
- Read and discuss a This Day in History book or website each day
- Ask kids about people or events they want to learn about and add the topic to a “History interest” list
- Collect articles from newspapers and magazines on current events and add to a scrapbook
- Study the history of your child’s interest or passions (i.e. history of juggling, coins)
- Map things interesting to your family
One way to use these ideas is to choose one or two per topic and build it into your morning time routine. Introduce one for a term or year and then move on and introduce another to replace it (if the kids will let you).
If you haven’t already, be sure to subscribe to this site to get a set of free homeschool planner pages. Use them, along with the lists above, to create a homeschool plan perfect for your family this year.
Latest posts by Pam Barnhill (see all)
- All About Reading Gets a Fun Update - February 13, 2019
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Guide: Planned Language Approach – Phonological Awareness
Head Start: ECLKC
This resource illustrates:
5A) Phonological awareness
This guide discusses the meaning of phonological awareness and how it typically develops in children from birth to age five. This guide also discusses effective practices that support young children’s phonological awareness skills and provides examples of activities that teachers can use in their classrooms.


26 September 2015
GENEVA – The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria welcomes an initiative by the U.S. President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief to drastically reduce HIV infections in girls and young women in 10 sub-Saharan African nations hard hit by the disease.
“The best investment we can make to end HIV as an epidemic is giving women and girls an equal opportunity,” said Mark Dybul, Executive Director of the Global Fund. “We need to focus on a person, not an issue.”
Gender inequalities and discrimination against women fuel a disproportionate number of infections among them. In the hardest hit countries, girls account for more than 80 percent of all new HIV infections among adolescents. HIV is the leading cause of death for girls aged 15-19 in eastern and southern Africa.
The Global Fund works closely with the U.S. President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR), whose initiative aims for a 25 percent infection reduction in women between ages 15-24 by the end of next year and a 40 percent reduction by the end of 2017.
The 10 countries that will be targets of the new initiatives accounted for nearly half of all new HIV infections among girls and young women last year. The countries are Kenya, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.


1. Soil Types
Description: Online article, textbooks, or webpage that provides scientific description on the types of soil based on their characteristics.
Core Concepts: Types of soil based on the characteristics or properties.
2. Soil Properties (Physical and Chemical Properties)
Description: Online article, textbooks or webpages that provides explanation on physical, chemical, and biological properties of soil.
Core Concepts: Physical, chemical, and biological properties of soil.
3. Soil Testing
Description: Video that outlines the basic scientific procedures for soil nutrient content test.
Core Concepts: Soil types and soil testing.
Link: Video on soil testing
4. Making Vegetable Nursery Bed, and Care and Management of Nursery Bed
Description: Textbook (REC publication) that explains the process of making vegetable nursery bed.
Core Concepts: Vegetable nursery bed.
5. Procedures of Growing Cabbage, Bean, and Potato
Description: Technical reports or white papers that talk about the cultivation practices of common vegetables, such as bean, cabbage, and potato.
Core Concepts: Cultivation practices of cabbage, bean, and potato.
- Government white paper(RGoB) on the scientific practices of growing bean, cabbage, and potato
- Government white paper(RGoB) on the scientific practices of staggered vegetable production
- Government white paper(RGoB) on the scientific practices of growing vegetables
- Webpage (DoA) on art of growing vegetables
6. Cultivation Practices of Common fruits, such as pome, stone, strawberries, and walnut
Description: Technical report or white paper that talks about scientific practices of growing common fruits, such as pome, stone, strawberries, and walnut.
Core Concepts: Cultivation practices of growing common fruits, such as pome, stone, strawberries, and walnut. .
7. Planting a Modern Orchard
Description: Journal articles, video, and webpage that provide scientific explanation on how modern orchards are made or constructed.
Core Concepts: Making modern orchard for fruit bearing trees.
8. Native and Exotic Poultry Birds in Bhutan
Description: Journal article, proceeding paper, or webpages that offer insight onto the native and exotic poultry birds of Bhutan.
Core Concepts: Description of native and exotic poultry breeds of Bhutan.
- Journal article on morphometric variations of native chicken types
- Proceeding paper on native poultry birds of Bhutan
- Thesis that talks about the native poultry birds of Bhutan
- Webpage that talks about the native poultry birds of Bhutan
- Technical report on exotic poultry birds of Bhutan
- Newsletter that talks about exotic poultry birds of Bhutan
- Technical report that talks about exotic poultry birds of Bhutan
- Online article on native poultry birds of Bhutan
9. Starting a Poultry Farm
Description: Textbook and online book chapter that provide detail account on starting a backyard poultry farm.
Core Concepts: Starting a backyard poultry farm.
10. Equipment for Poultry Farm Construction
Description: Videos that provide rough ideas on the art or methods of constructing poultry farm or backyard.
Core Concepts: The construction of poultry farm.
11. Feeding Practices of Poultry Birds
Description: Videos, textbook, webpages, or online pieces that explain the feeding practices of poultry birds for better production.
Core Concepts: Feeding poultry birds.
12. Effect of Feed and Feeding on Chicken Performance
Description: Journal articles that offer insight on the effects of feeds and feeding on chicken performance.
Core Concepts: Impact of feeding on productivity of chicken.
13. Native or Indigenous Pig Breed, Exotic Pig Breeds; and Productivity
Description: Journal article, online article, and webpage that provide insight onto native pig breeds, exotic pig breeds, and productivity in Bhutanese contexts.
Core Concepts: Native and exotic pig breeds; and productivity in Bhutan.
14. Management of Piggery or Pig Farm
Description: White paper, textbook, or technical report on management of piggery or pig farm (breeds, feeding, sow management, wearer management, etc.).
Core Concepts: Management of piggery.
15. Requirement for Pig House
Description: Video's that offer insight onto the requirements and procedures of establishing pig's house.
Core Concepts: Requirements for pig house establishment.
16. Swine Fever
Description: Videos that explains methods and strategies to avoid or control the infection and spreading of swine fever.
Core Concepts: Measures to avoid swine fever.
17. Agro-Ecological Zone Map for Bhutan
Description: Webpage and textbook that contains agro-ecological zones of Bhutan (map) with the possible corresponding crop cultivation across the zones.
Core Concepts: Agro-ecological zones of Bhutan.
18. Healthy Eating Pyramid
Description: Webpage or online pieces that provide insight onto the dietary guides for healthy food and dietary habits or patterns.
Core Concepts: Dietary guides for healthy food and dietary habits .
19. Forest Nursery
Description: Webpage, textbook, or online piece that provides explanation on the methods and culture of starting forestry nursery
Core Concepts: Starting forestry nursery.
20. How to Lay Drip Irrigation and Plastic Mulch
Description: Video that provides description on how to lay dip irrigation system and mulching to save water and nutrients.
Core Concepts: Irrigation and water management.
21. Drip Irrigation
Description: Video that provides explanation on the dip irrigation system to save water and nutrients.
Core Concepts: Irrigation and water management.
22. Types of Greenhouse on the Basis of Construction
Description: Video that explains on types of greenhouse based on the basis of the construction.
Core Concepts: Controlled environment agriculture (green house or polytunnel).
23. Polytunnel Garden Introduction
Description: Video that explains the how polytunnel helps to produce more food throughout the year, and a wider range of vegetables
Core Concepts: Polytunnel for gardening


Right now, I'm spending a month as a visiting scholar in the Friesen Lab at Queen's University, in the lovely snow-globe city of Kingston, Ontario.
- CLOCK (circadian locomotor output cycle kaput), a gene that controls diurnal and annual cycles in response to light conditions. The number of repeating segments on the end of the CLOCK gene has been associated with migratory activity in butterflies, and with timing and distance of songbird migrations.
- ADCYAP1(adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide 1) is also involved in circadian rhythms, and has been shown to have a relationship with migratory activity of raptors and captive songbirds.
- DRD4 (dopamine receptor D4), which is linked to aggression and risk-taking behavior in both humans and birds. These traits can be associated with how far an animal is willing to move away from the location where it is born, and a student in the Friesen Lab has found associations between DRD4 sequence and migration in bluebirds.


When experiments on peas were repeated using other traits in other plants, it was found that sometimes the F1 had a phenotype that did not resemble either of the two parents and was in between the two.
The inheritance of flower colour in the dog flower (snapdragon or Antirrhinum sp.) is a good example to understand incomplete dominance.
In a cross between true-breeding red-flowered (RR) and truebreeding white-flowered plants (rr), the F1 (Rr) was pink (Figure 5.6). When the F1 was self-pollinated the F2 resulted in the following ratio 1 (RR) Red: 2 (Rr) Pink: 1 (rr) White.
Here the genotype ratios were exactly as we would expect in any mendelian monohybrid cross, but the phenotype ratios had changed from the 3:1 dominant : recessive ratio.
What happened was that R was not completely dominant over r and this made it possible to distinguish Rr as pink from RR (red) and rr (white) . Explanation of the concept of dominance: What exactly is dominance? Why are some alleles dominant and some recessive?
To tackle these questions, we must understand what a gene does. Every gene, as you know by now, contains the information to express a particular trait. In a diploid organism, there are two copies of each gene, i.e., as a pair of alleles. Now, these two alleles need not always be identical, as in a heterozygote.
One of them may be different due to some changes that it has undergone (about which you will read further on, and in the next chapter) which modifies the information that particular allele contains. Let’s take an example of a gene that contains the information for producing an enzyme.
Now there are two copies of this gene, the two allelic forms. Let us assume (as is more common) that the normal allele produces the normal enzyme that is needed for the transformation of a substrate S.
Theoretically, the modified allele could be responsible for production of –
- the normal/less efficient enzyme, or
- a non-functional enzyme, or
- no enzyme at all
In the first case, the modified allele is equivalent to the unmodified allele, i.e., it will produce the same phenotype/trait, i.e., result in the transformation of substrate S.
Such equivalent allele pairs are very common. But, if the allele produces a non-functional enzyme or no enzyme, the phenotype may be effected. The phenotype/trait will only be dependent on the functioning of the unmodified allele.
The unmodified (functioning) allele, which represents the original phenotype is the dominant allele and the modified allele is generally the recessive allele. Hence, in the example above the recessive trait is seen due to non-functional enzyme or because no enzyme is produced.


Honors Project On-Campus Access Only
This exploration of selected texts from renowned authors Virgina Woolf and Zora Neale Hurston differs from traditional analyses in proposing that these works are precursory thought to the later social movement known as Third Wave Feminism. Hurston and Woolf lived and wrote in the early twentieth century, while the Third Wave emerged in the early nineties. Third Wave ideology uses intersectionality, which called for a simultaneous consideration of factors such as gender, race, and class to name a few. Woolf and Hurston’s works both indicate a desire to employ intersectionality to advocate social change and self-actualization.
Nishikawa, Megan R., "A Third Wave Revisitation of Selected Works of Virginia Woolf and Zora Neale Hurston" (2006). English Honors Projects. 3.
© Copyright is owned by author of this document


Education for Life
Offers a constructive and brilliant alternative to what has been called the disaster of modern education. Gives practical techniques for incorporating spiritual values into learning.
Education for Life offers a constructive and brilliant alternative to what has been called the disaster of modern education. The need for a change is universally recognized. The statistics of illiteracy, drug abuse, and violence speak for themselves. In this book, Kriyananda traces the problems to an emphasis on technological competence at the expense of spiritual values, which alone can give higher meaning to life. Education for Life offers parents, educators, and concerned citizens everywhere techniques that are both compassionate and practical.
This revolutionary book is based on the pioneering work in India of Paramhansa Yogananda, in the early years of the twentieth century. The Education for Life system has been tested and proven for over three decades at the many Living Wisdom schools located throughout the United States.
This book is a workable combination of idealism and practicality telling educators what to teach, when to teach it, how to teach it, and why. Educators in both American and Europe have acclaimed the Living Wisdom schools as places where children are encouraged to grow toward full maturity as human beings, and where they learn not only facts, but also innovative principles for better living.


One of the most widely adapted and resilient forages just got a little better.
AU Grazer, a new sericea lespedeza variety, tolerates frequent and/or close grazing. It'll make sericea more useful by reducing the amount of management needed to make the crop persist in pastures.
Although sericea lespedeza suffers from an image problem, it has a lot to offer. It's a drought-tolerant, non-bloating perennial legume that's resistant to diseases and is rarely attacked by insects. It's much more tolerant of soil acidity than most other legumes and, though it responds to applications of potassium and phosphorus when they're highly deficient, it's also quite tolerant of low fertility.
It's widely adapted in the Southeast, but is best-suited for use as a pasture plant on well-drained clay or loam soils from southern Ohio to central Alabama and from eastern Oklahoma to the Atlantic coast. Forage yields are good and forage quality of improved varieties is better than that of most warm-season perennial grasses.
Its ability to grow in poor, droughty soil makes it a popular choice for stabilizing critical areas such as roadbanks and mine reclamation sites. However, it can also fill a niche on many livestock farms in areas where most pastures are dominated by cool-season forages, especially on sites where other forages aren't well-adapted.
One of the main disadvantages of using sericea for pasture has been its sensitivity to heavy grazing. To avoid stand loss it's been necessary to maintain a stubble height of at least 4" throughout the growing season, which requires a fairly high level of grazing management.
AU Grazer, the new grazing-tolerant variety from Auburn University, counters that problem. It was developed using breeding techniques similar to those used in the development of grazing-tolerant alfalfa varieties.
Tannins, compounds that naturally occur in sericea lespedeza and some other forage plants, reduce the intake and digestibility of fresh forage. Consequently, forage-type sericea varieties are often categorized as being high-tannin or low-tannin types. AU Grazer has higher tannin levels than low-tannin types, but this is not a serious problem.
Livestock often show preference for grasses when first exposed to sericea, but will eat it readily after a week or two.
Intake may eventually decline if animals only have access to high-tannin sericea for very long periods, but that's rare. Animal performance will be slightly lower on the new variety than on low-tannin types, but vigor and persistence under close grazing will be much greater.
Sericea lespedeza is normally planted at 20-30 lbs/acre in mid-spring. It has poor seedling vigor so it's normally planted in pure stands.
However, where adapted, a cool-season perennial grass such as tall fescue can be drilled into established sericea with high probability of obtaining a mixed sericea-grass stand. For many beef cow-calf producers, this will be more feasible now that seed of a grazing-tolerant sericea variety is available.
Don Ball is an extension agronomist and Jorge Mosjidis is a professor of agronomy, both at Auburn University.


Born: September 4, 1892; Aix-en-Provence, France
Died: June 22, 1974; Geneva, Switzerland
One of the more prolific composers of the twentieth century, Darius Milhaud was born to a Jewish family in southern France during the last decade of the nineteenth century. He learned the violin as a youth. Studies at the Paris Conservatoire from age 17 on gave the young composer opportunity to work with some of the most prominent French composers and theorists of the day, including Charles Marie Widor, Vincent d'Indy and André Gedalge, andRead more allowed him to focus on developing his skills as a pianist.
While serving as an attaché at the French delegation in Rio de Janeiro during the First World War, Milhaud began a long and fruitful association with poet Paul Claudel (who was at that time a Minister at the delegation), several of whose plays Milhaud would go on to provide with incidental music (Proteé, 1919; L'annonce fait à Marie, 1934) and who, in turn, would supply libretti for many of Milhaud's compositions (e.g. the opera Christophe Colomb of 1928).
After returning to Paris in 1919 Milhaud was adopted into the circle of "Les Six," a group of progressive French composers brought together under the guidance of Jean Cocteau. However, like any such artificial collection, Les Six was quick to dissolve, and during the 1920s Milhaud adopted an assortment of new musical influences (notably jazz, which the composer first discovered during a trip to the U.S. in 1922, and which features prominently in much of his subsequent music).
Milhaud composed, performed, and taught ceaselessly during the 1920s and 1930s, only abandoning his homeland in late 1939 after all hope of resisting the German advance vanished. Settling in the United States, Milhaud accepted a teaching position with Mills College in Oakland, California, and continued to compose prolifically. From 1947 he combined his American teaching duties with a similar position at the Paris Conservatoire, remaining at both institutions until 1971, when his poor health forced him into retirement (Milhaud had suffered from a serious, paralyzing rheumatic condition since the 1920s; in later years he was only mobile through the use of a wheelchair). He died in Switzerland three years later.
Milhaud's musical output is impressive, both in terms of quantity and quality. The numbers alone are staggering for a twentieth century composer: nine operas, 12 ballets, 12 symphonies (in addition to six chamber symphonies), six piano concertos (one of them a double concerto), 18 string quartets, and about 400 other compositions in almost every conceivable form and instrumentation. The most frequently discussed feature of his musical language is polytonality (the simultaneous use of multiple tonal centers), though Milhaud was familiar with and fluent in any number of twentieth century "techniques." A skillful contrapuntist, Milhaud composed two string quartets (Nos. 14 and 15, both from 1949) which may also be performed simultaneously as an octet. Read less
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Native American Horse Breeds
The Bashkir Curly
The Bashkir Curly horse originated in America and there are now three registries representing the breed’s interests. The Bashkir Curly horse’s other names are American Bashkir or North American Curly. Such horses carry a gene for curly hair. There is a ‘dominant’ and a ‘recessive’ gene responsible for this phenomenon. A double dominant gened horse will produce curly offspring when bred. Recessive curly horses may be the product of a straight haired sire and dam.
The ‘curl’ is more obvious in the winter coat and varies from tight ringlets to a marcel type wave. The hair is soft and similar to mohair. It can be spun to form yarn. Some shed to a smoother summer coat while manes and tails may be fully or partly shed or not shed at all.
Horses of this type occur in all sizes, colours and types. The curl in the coat is more evident in the winter. These horses have a protein missing from the coat. Most people who are allergic to horses are able to handle curly horses without feeling any effect. Research is continuing to try to discover if lack of the protein is the reason normally allergic people are able to handle these horses without being affected.Credit: Wikimedia - Author Penella22
Curly horses are classified as one of three types.
- Those classified as ‘minimal’ have wavy hair inside the ears and on the fetlocks. They also have a kinked mane and tail.
- ‘Maximal’ animals have all over curls. The mane is a mass of dreadlocks, and the eyelashes and guard hairs are also curled.
- ‘Extreme’ horses have very tight curling. When they shed their winter coat they can become almost completely bald. The summer coat, if they have one, will show slight waving.
Some purebred Curlies show no curl at all and are known as ‘smooth coat’ curlies.
There is still much debate about the origins of these horses. Most Curlies stand between 14 and 16 hands but two of the registries allow anything from miniatures to draught horses.
Asian artwork shows curly horses as early as 161 AD. Charles Darwin came across some in South America. The Crow and Sioux Indians looked upon these horses as sacred mounts for chiefs and medicine men. In 1876, a native American depicted such horses at the battle of Little Bighorn. They have also been found in several Reservations.
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One of the early documented accounts was in Eureka, Nevada by John Damele who had seen an odd one running with mustangs on his ranch. In 1932, following a very harsh winter, curlies were the only horses to have survived. Twenty years later, another harsh winter convinced the Dameles to breed some curlies for the own herd. As well as their foundation stallion, they added Morgan and Arab blood. As the stock gradually spread, curlies were bred to many different breeds. Around 10% of curlies are gaited and may show a natural running walk or foxtrot. These are the progeny of curlies mated to Missouri Foxtrotters and Tennessee Walkers.
Most curlies are tough and have good resistance to disease. The hooves are strong and round and they have good dense bone. The cannon bones may be round rather than flat. The eyes are wide apart and may be hooded.
Today Curlies are used in almost all equestrian disciplines, especially by those who are affected by ‘normal’ horse hair.


|Spring Equinox 2013 By Manoj Soma|
This short article aims to explain the etymological and astronomical basis of the Spring Equinox of 20th March 2013. An astrological perspective of this is also explored examining the lead up to this equinox and in particular how the mystical symbolism of the major planets have ushered in some global changes to pave the way for a new beginning in 2013
The earth has a circular orbit around the Sun, but itself rotates on its North to South axis (the axis of rotation) with a tilt of 23 degrees. This is like a top spinning at a slight angle, rather than being perfectly horizontal. If the earth were perfectly horizontal the sun would give each face of the earth equal light and darkness as it spins. Instead, and as a result of the ‘wobble’ the orientation of the earth’s North to South axis in relation to the Sun changes over the course of a year. This provides variation of the amount of solar energy, light and heat the north and south hemispheres receive in the four seasons.
|During this orbit there are specific times when the axis of rotation (i.e. the line from the North to the South Pole) is exactly parallel to the direction of motion of the earth around the sun. This happens on only 2 days of the year and is known as an equinox.|
When this happens the length of the day is almost exactly the same as the length of the night creating the perfect day.
This indicates how the word ‘equinox’ originated. Equinox is derived from the Medieval Latin word ‘aequinoxium’ which translates as the union of two words Aequs (equal) and Nox (Night). In taking this etymology further there is also a time where there is equal balance of Sol/Luna - day/night - yin/yang – a very opportune time for creation and integration to take place. It is on these four equinoxes that the tropical zodiac is based.When this phenomenon happens in spring, in the northern hemisphere, it is known as the Vernal Equinox and this occurs on the 20th of March in 2013.
Vernal is a word of Latin origin; meaning ‘bloom, young or developing’. In our lives it is our young adulthood. The vernal equinox is a celebration of the end of winter and rebirth of nature with spring’s associated symbolism of fertility, resurrection, growth and regeneration. After the spring equinox. The axis of the rotation of the earth continues to slowly increase its tilt towards the sun, and the length of daylight starts to increase with the sun also being visibly higher in the sky. The northern hemisphere begins to warm providing the base heat for plant growth and for flowers to start to bloom, many other interconnected changes take place in the biosphere that support this process. In 2013, the vernal equinox takes place with the Sun at 6 degrees in Pisces in the Nakshatra of Uttara Bhadrapada, this particular equinox has the Sun in close proximity to Mars and Venus in Pisces (in combustion) whilst Jupiter is in Taurus creating an exchange of signs between the worlds of Mystical Spirit and Earthy Matter and Form. Jupiter, Guru of the Gods (Jupiter) is uncomfortable in the enemy, earthy and worldly domain of Venus the Guru of the mortals/demons (Venus) who is present and dignified in exaltation in Pisces. – This is the second major exchange of houses this year involving Venus having just emerged out of an exchange with that great teacher of experience (Saturn).
The lead up to this equinox has seen much societal reformation through the Venus/Saturn exchange - the refining and sculptive energy of Venus is chiseling away at the traditional and conservative approach of Saturn to create change and revolution to traditional religious and organizational structures. A way this refining ‘union of change’ is demonstrated is through Venus’s current transits, as dispositor of both Venusian zodiacal signs that relate to gratifying our senses (Libra and Taurus). Both these signs contain strong symbolism relating to the change currently taking place in the UK food industry. They also relate to relevant parts of the body, the mouth, and what we eat, and the stomach where it is digested. Venus’s lordship and refining power during its transits Capricorn into Aquarius, has brought to attention the processes involved in the farming and food production industry. Jupiter’s position is currently in Taurus which is the fixed earth sign for farming, agriculture, soil, food and consumption. However it is not placed positively in this sign, as it is in the sign of an enemy. Jupiter’s natural desire for growth and the expansion of wisdom is not seated well or optimal in Taurus the sign of its enemy Venus; however these two planets will have an opportunity to connect energies better to each other in the forthcoming Venus /Jupiter exchange at the time of the Equinox.
The Karmic reckoning of Rahu’s conjunction with Saturn in the justice sign of Libra has exposed the nature of the processes being used in the UK industry for food production and indicated a need for reform and clarity. The exposure has had severe repercussions for the meat industry involving lawsuits and accusations of deception. Until recently there has been a trend of increased intake of processed ready meals, we have been running out of time to cook properly and in doing so risking our health and longevity, as a result obesity is on the rise. Much of this relates to the lifestyle we live in the modern age and the need to reassert a balance with using traditional methods or growing one’s own produce and simplifying diet – very much a Saturnine lesson of the importance of traditional approaches which is a recurring and reinforcing theme during its dignity and exaltation. It also promotes natural and organic farming methods, which are simple and acquired through honest means.The manufacturers of such food products are alleged to have taken shortcuts in order to meet demand and also cut costs for commercial reasons, but in doing so have apparently kept the truth from the public. This has now come to the fore with many of these manufacturers requiring the revisiting of production processes to ensure future ethical conduct as well as appropriate and clear advertising of information. High Street Retail has suffered in mundane astrology, with many stores closing down unable to compete with the digital market place. This is indicated within the position of Saturn and Rahu within the sign of the market place: Libra. It is all well and good for Saturn to stick to its traditional bricks and mortar approach to selling but with Rahu’s approaching embrace and Venus the technology sculptor transiting Aquarius, revolution and evolution is necessary in order to keep up with the digital generation and consumer dynamics of today.
A whole new digital architecture, structures and processes need to be in place to match this demand – notably Mercury is having a particularly long transit and station through Aquarius this year. New innovations such as Smart Touchscreen watches from Apple, and Glasses containing information display screens from Google have recently lit up many a technologist’s radar. As we move forward from the equinox the exchanging energy will invoke the exalted Piscean Venus to exchange with grounded Earth-based Jupiter in each other signs as caretaker landlords. Here as spring gets into flow, the equinox energies will provide fertile and healthy ground for new growth to take place after a period of intense scrutiny, revisiting purpose, authenticity and integrity. This particular equinox could signify further reconciliation of the realms of science and spirit as ancient traditions become duly respected for the wisdom they contain, and new ways of living in line with universal order. All this born from a day where there is equal union between night and day.
Wishing you the best of spring 2013!
Manoj Soma Biography
|My background in Astrology began in 2001 when I first started to attend classes at BAVA in London under the excellent tutelage of Geoffrey Pearce. Since then I have had the fortune to be influenced by many excellent teachers and authors including Hart deFouw, Geoffrey Pearce, Andrew Foss, Komilla Sutton and Dennis Harness. I was also very fortunate to gain audience with the late Bepin Behari which provided me with special esoteric guidance as to how to develop my understanding intuitively and by an exploration into Myth, Science and Culture.|
I am qualified as an educationalist by profession and work with designing curriculum and integrating technology and multimedia into teaching and learning. I am now part of a growing online community for Astrologers with an active Facebook group. I run regular webinars, classes and counseling for Vedic Astrology and Science at evenings & weekends in the UK to find out more please contact me!
Vedic Astrology and Science, United Kingdom
Facebook Group: http://www.facebook.com/groups/schoolofmysticarts/


Six Facts You Need To Know About Childhood Cancers
- Cancer is the #1 disease killer of children in the United States.*
- Every day in the United States, 43 more children will learn they have cancer.*
- Over the last 40 years, the number of children diagnosed with cancer has risen 24%, and that number continues to rise.*
- Researchers are struggling to keep up with the over 100 types of childhood cancers being diagnosed today.
- For many of the childhood cancers, the same treatments that existed in the 1970’s continue without change today.*
- Federal budget cuts have impacted children’s cancer research funding. Funding is at near record lows and today, for every Federal dollar allocated to adult cancer research, children’s cancer research receives .04 cents. *


Systems thinking uses feedback loops to describe many structures in life. We experience feedback loops when we make good decisions and bad decisions.
Feedback loops are structures where the output of a system is fed back into the input. This, then, goes through the system again to be converted to an output. This output will then likely be put back into the system as an input. This can continue on and on and magnify the output.
Sometimes this is used to balance the system. In a balancing feedback loop, the output is used to limit the input to adjust the system. If we haven’t eaten in a while our body starts to prompt us to eat. Our empty stomach starts to generate a specific pain that we all know means we are hungry. It balances our eating to make sure we don’t starve ourselves unintentionally.
But there is another type of feedback loop also. According to Donella Meadows in her book, Thinking in Systems, A Primer, “The second type of feedback loop is amplifying, reinforcing, self-multiplying, snowballing – a vicious circle that can cause healthy growth or runaway destruction. It is called a reinforcing feedback loop.”
We tend to notice these when things start to get out of control. We might look back and see a series of incidents that drive us backwards. We may call it a downward spiral.
Many times we don’t see our own part in the system. We see that we had an assignment for work that we stayed up late to complete. Then we went to bed late. This caused us to oversleep. Then we had to rush to get to work. The rushing meant we drove faster and less cautiously so when the car in front of us slammed on their brakes for a squirrel we didn’t stop in time, causing an accident.
We can certainly point to aspects of the feedback loop that weren’t under our control. Most people, in an attempt to save face, only look at those external factors. They don’t see how they were the ones reacting from each of those external factors.
They were the reason the assignment was completed late and they went to bed late. They were the reason they had to rush. Yet there are enough external factors at play, that we can completely ignore our own fault and instead focus on what happened to us.
Feedback loops are a great example of this thinking. The more we tend to think externally for excuses the unhappier we will likely be. We will constantly feel as though we are the victims not the one in control.
But we need to be able to break out of this feedback loop in order to gain control of our lives. We have to start seeing these feedback structures to see that a decision we make impacts other areas. Combined with a few bad external factors and we could create a very negative situation.
But if we can identify the feedback loop, we can break ourselves from feeding into it and change our behavior. If we are running late for work we have other options. Even if we go through this whole ordeal, we can then look to institute better practices in the future that won’t create this situation, such as getting the assignment done earlier and not waiting until the night before.
But most people don’t associate their decision to delay working on the project until the night before with the car accident. In their world those are completely different, not related at all.
But that is exactly why they gave up control. They don’t realize that their decisions create these structures that are more likely to produce negative outcomes. If we adjust our perspective to see these, then we can change how we interact with the world and gain the control that we are missing.


Educator's Guide Takes the Mystery Out of Student Data Privacy
Guest post by Kerry Gallagher
Now that technology is an imperative in our personal and professional lives, it is also a necessary part of education. More than that, technology is making it possible for more students and teachers across the country to collaborate, create, and get access to high quality resources. At the same time parents and policymakers are increasingly concerned about the student datathose tools create and track. How can a classroom teacher or a building level administrator who knows and loves education technology balance student privacy with powerful student learning?
ConnectSafely and the Future of Privacy Forum have partnered to write The Educator's Guide to Student Data Privacy. My co-authors, Larry Magid and Kobie Pruitt, and I wanted to create an easily accessible resource that teachers and administrators could use right away. We all came to the table, or rather the online collaborative document, with varied perspectives. Combined, we have experience in classroom education, media, policy, connected technologies, and parenting. And we all believe that no one should be intimidated by the data privacy discussion. This guide, which includes a ten question checklist to help educators as they consider using a new tool with students, will make managing privacy manageable for educators.
Thanks to technology tools, teachers and students and parents are able to communicate more often and better than ever before. From simply clarifying assignment expectations to circling-the-wagons when students need every adult in their corner: technology tools keep everyone connected and informed. It doesn't end there. Our students are researching, reading, listening, and viewing top notch resources created by master teachers and experts in the field. Once they have that information, they are analyzing and creating their own original media rich projects together. Some are so proud of their work that they go a step further and share their work online via a school website, their own blogs, or even on social media.
The Data Balance
All the while concerned parents and policymakers warn that the information those powerful technology tools track, also know as PII (Personally Identifiable Information), should be carefully protected while our learners are still young. All of us deserve some measure of privacy, especially our children. Education technology and student data privacy can coexist in harmony, as long as educators, parents, policymakers, and students continue to share the discussion and work together. My co-author, Kobie Pruitt, said it well:
"Schools across the country are rapidly integrating new technologies meant to deliver a quality education to students in more effective and efficient manner. The educator's guide will be a vital new resource for teachers when helping students use educational applications and technology in a safe way that protects their data privacy."
As a teacher who knows firsthand how technology tools have helped my students feel empowered to find the resources they need, collaborate with one another and with me, and create professional quality work I know we are in the midst of a transformational time for education. Teachers want to both inspire and protect their students, and this guide will help them feel confident they are doing both when using technology.