{"text": "In 2003, Dr. Lihong V. Wang at Washington University introduced one of the most exciting technologies we’ve had the chance to see in a long while. By combining ultrasound and light absorption, Wang and colleagues developed a new method that makes multicontrast images of biological tissues several inches below the skin. Among others, this allows specialists to see cancer in action with unprecedented detail and provide a faster and more accurate diagnosis. Recently, Want and colleagues at Washington University published a paper that refines this innovative optical imaging method by using what they call “time-reversal” technology that allows for better-focused light in tissue, such as muscles and organs.\nPeering through the skin\nCalled photoacoustic tomography (PAT), the technique achieves imaging depth by combining the spatial resolution of ultrasound with the high contrast resulting from light absorption by colored molecules such as hemoglobin or melanin. Typically, high-resolution optical imaging technology allows researchers to see about 1 millimeter deep into the body. PAT, however, can peer through biological matter at depths as big as 7cm!\nWhat makes PAT really exciting is its ability to reveal the use of oxygen by tissues. When oxygen is burned in excess (hypermetabolism), this is usually a telltale sign that cancer is lurking. Diabetes also causes hypermetabolism. By using PAT, doctors can analyze patient tissue and provide an early-warning diagnosis without using a contrast agent – a big game changer!\nThe key to PAT’s success is converting light into sound waves, which scatter a thousand times less than light. A nanosecond-pulsar laser is used to this end, which is directed at the tissue. The thermoelastic expansion of the tissue causes the photons to convert into sound waves, later used to form images with a resolution associated with the ultrasound wavelength at tissue depths never before possible. Because scattering does not destroy photons, the technique makes it possible to reach a depth of about 7 cm.\nOf course, there are many methods to examine living cells inside the body. Optical microscopy is used to examine organelles and cells, and nonoptical imaging techniques such as x-ray tomography are used for tissues and organs, but between these two domains – the macro and micro – a huge divide exists in scale. “Using the same contrast allows the same landmark features to appear in images acquired across length scales with different spatial resolutions,” Wang says.\nWith help from exogenous (introduced) contrast agents, PAT can image tissues such as lymph nodes that otherwise would blend with their surroundings. A huge improvement comes in sentinel node biopsy. Sentinel nodes are the nodes nearest a tumor, to which cancerous cells first migrate. To perform a biopsy, a surgeon injects a dye, a radioactive substance or both near a tumor. The body treats both substances as foreign, so they flow to the first draining node to be filtered and flushed from the body. Using Wang’s technique, however, a simple optical dye is injected that shows up clearly in photoacoustic images a vast improvement over its invasive counterpart.\nSince 2012, the Washington University team has gone to great lengths to improve and refine their PAT tech. Reporting in the Nov. 2 issue of Nature Photonics Advance Online Edition, Wang and colleagues write how they are now using time-reversed adapted-perturbation (let’s call it TRAP for short) optical focusing to image movement in real time.\nWhen light moves through stationary tissue it shows different than that that passes through moving tissue, like blood. The new refinement takes two successive images, then subtracts the stationary-moving light, retaining only the scattered light due to motion. Through a process called time-reversal, the light is then jettisoned back to its original sources where it becomes focused. This allows the PET technique to be a lot more efficient at tracking moving objects. Also, images can now be taken from greater depths.\nJournal Reference: Cheng Ma, Xiao Xu, Yan Liu & Lihong V. Wang. Time-reversed adapted-perturbation (TRAP) optical focusing onto dynamic objects inside scattering media. Nature Photonics (2014) doi:10.1038/nphoton.2014.251\nWas this helpful?", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Scivita Medical brought the products of this year: 3D imaging system, 4K ultra-high-definition endoscopic system and disposable electronic ureteropyeloscope system to participate in this Spring ICMD in Shanghai.\nThe new concept created by Scivita Medical: 4K+3D laparoscope system combining 4K ultra-high-definition image with 3D effect yields brilliant results and wins unanimous praise of the professionals.\nDuring the exhibition, many peers in the industry gathered in front of the exhibition booth, to explore the application and development of the latest medical technology.\nIntroduce the latest technology of 4K-3D\nEnjoy the visual feast of 4K-3D products\nOriginal 3D imaging system\nOne highlight in this exhibition: disposable electronic ureteropyeloscope system\nDisposable electronic ureteropyeloscope system of Scivita Medical has won the professional audience with its image processing technology matching the image quality of endoscopic products for repeated use, accurate operating performance for clinical use, smooth and reliable endoscope engineering design, as well as perfect function details.\nScivita Medical embraces the mission of “resolving the clinical problems in a safe and effective manner”, and quality guideline of “seeking for excellent quality, and unlimited innovation”, so as to provide high-quality products and considerate and close services for the medical personnel worldwide, and contribute to the health of the human beings.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Apple is expected to use Fresnel lenses in its rumored augmented reality headset to increase the device’s field of view and reduce pressure, according to analyst Ming-Chi Kuo.\nIn a note to investors Monday seen by AppleInsider, Kuo says that Apple will use Fresnel lenses as the design solution for the device ‘s ultra – short focus length lenses. That increases the optical performance of the machine while cutting weight and thickness.\n“We believe that Apple will further use the Fresnel hybrid lens design to enhance the optical performance of a Fresnel lens (e.g., improve vignetting and optical artifacts), and each hybrid Fresnel lens is made up of three stacked Fresnel lenses,” Kuo said. writing.\nThe analyst said the micro-OLEDs used in Apple’s head-end device could compensate for the light caused by the adoption of Fresnel lenses. He says that with the high brightness of the micro-OLEDs, and says that the platform could provide an “innovative [augmented reality and mixed reality] experiences. ”\nApple’s proper system could eliminate some of the cases of custom VR or AR headphones with Fresnel lenses, which typically weigh around 300 to 400 grams and sport as a more form factor. greater. One of the main design challenges among VR headset manufacturers is to achieve a fairly thin and lightweight design.\nHowever, Kuo says that one of the main competitive advantages of video-see-through augmented reality devices, such as the “Apple Glass” rumor, is that field-of-sight requirements are typically lower than headsets. VR. Because of this, they can be thinner and lighter.\nThe analyst says the use of Fresnel lenses will allow Apple to achieve a better balance between the shape factor of its headset and its field of view. The Apple HMD rumor device could weigh around 150 grams or a little less, he said. Each Fresnel hybrid lens for one eye is made up of a stack of three Fresnel lenses. Since each Apple headset uses two Fresnel hybrid lenses, that equates to a total of 10 lenses per device.\n“Apple HMD Fresnel lens material is plastic. Because of the custom material and coating, the light transmission is not inferior to glass,” Kuo writes. “It also means that the [average selling price] it is not low. ”\nKuo names Young Optics and Genius as Fresnel lens suppliers for Apple’s headset device. He believes Young Optics is the main supplier, since Apple and the company started working together and investing more resources earlier than Genius.\nEarlier in March, Kuo speculated that Apple’s AR headset could feature advanced eye tracking and possibly magazine recognition technology.\nApple is thought to be working on at least two separate headset devices, including a visor-like mixed reality device that Kuo says could be debated in 2022 for an estimate of $ 1,000. That device could then be followed by the thinner and lighter “Apple Glass” in 2025, and by AR contact lenses after 2030.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Luna OpticsTM 1x Night Vision Binocular Goggles... rugged, compact Binocs!\nOne of the smallest Binocular / Goggle combos on the market, this Pair is lightweight and durable for years of reliable use! The all-aluminum, water-resistant construction makes this baby safe for use in the outdoors.\nA high-powered observation system features 1x magnification, 26 mm objective lens with lens covers (2) and an extended-range IR illuminator for use in total darkness. Bright-light protection sensor keeps your eyes safe in the face of headlights or a flashlight. Comes standard with comfortable hands-free head mount with flip-up feature and padded multi-compartment case.You ain't seen nothin' yet:\nGet your Night Vision at the Guide ONLINE today!", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Warning: mysql_connect(): Headers and client library minor version mismatch. Headers:100029 Library:50552 in /data/NANOTECH/wap/inc/SQLclient.inc.php on line 64\nThe optical microscope system offered by Nanotec Electronica gives you the possibility of easily monitoring the position of the cantilever above the sample and facilitates the study of particular features accesible to viewing by optical microscopy. The combination of high magnification optical lenses with CCD technology provides an impressive magnification, allowing the user to observe the cantilever movement over the sample in real time on the computer screen simultaneously with the acquisition of SPM images.\nThe Optical Chassis is strongly recommended for combination with the optical microscope.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Be the first to review this item and earn 25 Rakuten Super Points™\nVIVOTEK IP8362 is a best-in-class 1080p outdoor bullet network camera designed for diverse outdoor applications. With full HD resolution in 16:9 aspect ratio and WDR enhancement, users can identify image details in extremely bright as well as dark environments.\nThe IP8362 supports high-performance H.264/MPEG-4/MJPEG compression technology and offers extra smooth video quality with up to 30 fps @ 1080p full HD. Furthermore, the IP8362 boasts a number of innovative technologies, including Video Cropping and Activity Adaptive Streaming, giving user the utmost in bandwidth and storage efficiency.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "OMERO.server image rendering\nA major requirement for any image data application is the ability to display images. In most applications, this is achieved by reading pixel data from a filesystem and then mapping the pixel data to the 256 grey level available on most computer display monitors. It is common in some experiments to record and display multiple channels at once. Typically three, four, or even five separate images must be mapped, and then presented as a color image for painting on a monitor. Because these operations can require many thousands of operations and must be displayed rapidly to support the display of time-lapse movies, most image display software applications use a high-speed graphics CPU and dedicated hardware for image rendering and display. This requirement limits the deployment of these applications to high-powered workstations.\nOMERO.server includes an image server, a software application that delivers rendered images to a client. This ensures that client applications can display image data. The OMERO Rendering Engine (OMERO-RE) has been designed to minimize the amount of data transferred to the client and thus removes the requirement for a specific graphics CPU, allowing high-performance image viewing on standard laptop computers. The OMERO-RE achieves this by limiting data transfer times by being close to the data, using highly efficient network transfer protocols, utilizing modern multi-processor and multi-core machines to provide the data to clients in a format that is as efficient to display as possible. OMERO-RE is multi-threaded and can use multi-core servers to simultaneously render individual channels before assembly into a final color image ready for transfer to the client. The use of the RE is not mandatory. If a client needs to have the full pixel data, it can. This OriginalPixels facility is used for client-side analysis, like that performed in the OMERO.insight measurement tool.\nTransfer of image data even after rendering can limit performance, especially when accessing data remotely on connections with limited bandwidth (e.g. domestic ADSL). Therefore the OMERO-RE contains a compression service with an API that allows a client adjustable compression providing minimal image artefacts and a 20-fold range of data size to the client.\nThe OMERO Rendering Engine is accessed by OMERO client applications written in Java, C++, or Python via a binary protocol (ICE) provided by ZeroC.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Ideal as a normal lens designed exclusively for Nikon DX format SLRs, this ultra-compact 18-55mm 3X zoom provides superb versatility in a wide variety of shooting situationsNew compact rod-type Silent Wave Motor (SWM) enables ultra-high speed autofocusing with exceptional accuracy and super-quiet operationED glass element achieves minimized chromatic aberration and superior optical performanceHybrid aspherical element ensures high resolution and contrastFocus Mode switch enables quick-switching between A (Autofocus) and M (Manual Focus)7-blade rounded diaphragm for more natural out-of-focus highlightsNikon Super Integrated Coating minimizes ghosting and flare to provide even higher contrast and more vivid images, even in challenging light conditions\n|Included Components||18-55mm f/3.5-5.6G ED AF-S DX Zoom-Nikkor LensLC-52 Snap-on Front Lens CapRear Lens Cap|\n|Warranty Information||1 Year Limited Warranty|\n|Maximum Aperture||3.5 1/f|\n|Minimum Aperture||32 1/f|\n|Lens Construction||7 Elements in 5 Groups|\n|Angle of View||76 to 28 degrees|\n|Filter Size Supported||52 mm|\n|Min Focus Distance||11.4 in|\n|Min Focal Length||18 mm|\n|Max Aperture||f/ 3.5 (Wide)|f/ 5.6 (Tele)|\n|Compatible Camera Mount||Nikon Digital SLR Cameras|\n|Max Focal Length||55 mm|\nThe EF 70-300mm f/4-5.6 IS USM telephoto zoom lens has been developed to...\nA focal length that is perfect for portraiture and a range of other...\nAF-S Nikkor 70-200mm f/2.8G ED VR II is fast aperture, f/2.8 zoom lens...\nThis easy-to-use standard zoom lens can cover a large zoom area ranging...\nCovering a range from 29mm-216mm in 35mm format, Canon's new EF-S 18-135mm", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "We report a new optical vortex phase-shifting method for digital holography, in which an optical vortex mode is taken as the reference beam for holographic recording, and the required phase shifts are directly generated by rotating the vortex mode. In digital reconstruction, the complex amplitude of the object wave can be retrieved by use of the conventional phase shifting algorithm on condition that the digital illumination beam is replaced by an vortex beam with the same topological charge as the reference used. Both the theoretical analysis and experimental results demonstrate the feasibility of this approach.\n©2004 Optical Society of America\nIn digital holography, holograms are captured by a CCD camera and reconstructed by a computer through diffraction integral [1, 2]. Compared with conventional holography; it saves the trouble of photographic processing and shortens the exposure time. Some other salient features include the freely focusing to yield the image at arbitrary position and the quantitative retrieving for the phase distribution of the object wave [3–6]. Lower resolution of CCD array than photographic materials, however, limits the use of an off-axis recording geometry for separating the reconstructed image from the conjugate replica and the zero diffraction order. Phase-shifting digital holography that employs the in-line setup together with phase shifts of the reference wave overcomes this issue by directly retrieving the complex amplitude in the CCD plane [6–11].\nRealizing exact phase shifts is of great importance for phase-shifting digital holography [12,13]. Some phase-shifting techniques suitable for different applications have been proposed. For example, the phase shifts can be produced by moving a mirror, tilting a glass plate, moving a grating, rotating a wave plate, or using computer generated holograms [14–16].\nIn this letter we propose a new avenue for phase-shifting digital holography based on optical vortices. We use an optical vortex (OV) beam as the reference beam for holographic recording. This special helical wavefront can be generated by a spiral phase plate (SPP)  or a computer-generated hologram (CGH) [18, 19]. At the same time, the phase shifts required in phase-shifting algorithm can be directly produced by turning the SPP to different angles around the beam axis. Despite substituting an OV reference beam for conventional plane or spherical wave in recording a digital hologram, no special difficulties are brought for the digital reconstruction, because the OV beam is easily produced and adjusted in computer. By contrast, this substitution may be especially useful in interferometric null testing of aspheres [20, 21] and in research on dynamics of optical vortices in linear or nonlinear materials. In the following description, this method will be called OVPS (optical vortex phase-shifting) method for short.\nThe basic setup for the OVPS method is shown in Fig. 1. An expanded laser beam is divided by a splitter into two beams. One beam illuminates the test object to form the object beam Uo. Another beam is incident vertically on the SPP with a phase-only transmittance of exp(ilϕ), where ϕ is the azimuth angle and l is an integer known as the topological charge. The OV beam UR emerged from the SPP interferes with the object beam U0 in the CCD plane to form a hologram, which is recorded by the digital CCD camera. In order to use the phase-shifting algorithm for retrieving the complex amplitude of the object wave from the recorded holograms, some global phase shifts of the reference wave have to be introduced stepwise. This can be achieved by use of the flexibility of the SPP in the phase shift, that is, the global phase of the reference beam can be changed stepwise by rotating the SPP around its axis. On rotation of the SPP through an angle θ, the complex amplitude of the OV beam in the CCD plane can be written as\nwhere A(r) is the amplitude, which is only dependent on the radial coordinate. We can see that the rotation of an angle θ corresponds to a definite global phase shift of Δφ = lθ. Obviously, an optimal choice of the topological charge of the SPP should be l = 1 for our purpose; in this situation the global phase shift is exactly equal to the turned angle of the SPP.\nFigures 2(a), (b), (c) and (d) show the phase distributions of an OV beam with l=1, corresponding to the turned angle θ is equal to 0, π/2, π and 3π/2, respectively. Figure 2(e), (f), (g) and (h) give the interferograms formed by the above four OV beams with an oblique coherent plane wave, respectively. It can be seen from the interference fringes that the turned OV beams really have the same wave fronts except for a global phase shift in order. These phase shifts satisfy the requirements for four-frame phase-shifting digital holography . We can derive the complex amplitude distribution Uh(x,y) of the object wave on the CCD plane from four phase-shifted holograms In(x,y, θn) as\nThe reconstruction of the object at a distance zo is performed generally by the Fresnel transformation of the derived complex amplitude\nWe carried out experiments to demonstrate the method described above. The experimental setup is shown in Fig. 1. It is essentially a Mach-Zehnder interferometer. A 30-mW He-Ne laser at a wavelength of 632.8 nm was used as the light source. In principal, we could use a spiral phase plate (SPP) or a computer-generated hologram (CGH) to generate the required OV. Of course a carefully designed SPP could be a good choice in this purpose. In our experiments, however, the SPP shown in Fig.1 was replaced by a CGH of an optical vortex with l = 1 just because of the limitation of our experimental condition. This CGH was formed by interference of the required OV with an oblique plane wave in computer and was dynamically displayed onto a programmable spatial light modulator (SLM) with 1024×768 pixels (each pixel has a 18 μm × 18 μm size). In general, several reconstructed wavefronts (as different diffraction orders) emerge from the CGH. The first diffraction order of particular interest is selected by a spatial filter and is taken as the reference beam UR. Quantitative rotations of the reconstructed optical vortex can be implemented by displaying the CGHs with differently angled helical wavefront onto the SLM in a proper sequence. The interferograms formed by the vortex reference and the object waves were recorded by a CCD camera.\nTo quantitatively check the phase-shifting values, we first measured the global phase shifts versus the turned angle of the optical vortex by use of the Fourier method [22, 23]. Figure 3 shows our experimental result, in which the solid line is the theoretical curve and the circles are the measured values. The consistency of our experiment with the theory proves the validity of this phase-shifting method.\nNext we carried out a phase-shifting digital holographic experiment. A transparency of two Chinese characters is used as the object. We adopt the four-step phase-shifting algorithm described in Eqs. (2) and (3), and the required phase shifts are generated by four CGHs with different angled optical vortices as shown in Fig. 2(a), (b), (c) and (d), respectively. After a set of holograms at four phase-shifting steps has been recorded on the CCD, the complex amplitude of the image can be calculated in terms of Eq. (2). Figure 4(a) shows the photo of the object (a Chinese word meaning “kindheartedness”). Figure 4(b) is one of four digital holograms recorded with the CCD camera. Figure 4(c) gives the image directly reconstructed by the hologram shown in Fig. 4(b). It is obvious that the reconstructed object wave is seriously contaminated by the conjugate image and the zero diffraction order. To eliminate this kind of contamination, we derive the complex amplitude of the object wave by Eq. (2). Figure 4(d) shows the final image reconstructed by the complex amplitude derived from our four digital holograms, in which the influences of the conjugate and zero diffraction parts are removed successively. This result implies that the precision of the phase shifts with the OVPS method is good enough for phase-shifting digital holography.\nIn digital retrieval of the complex amplitude of the object wave, we have to create an optical vortex as the illumination beam in computer. Theoretically, only when the illuminating vortex is the same as the reference vortex used in recording process, the complex amplitude of the object wave could be exactly retrieved, that is to say, the illumination vortex and the reference vortex have both the same topological charge and the same central point in the holographic plane. Keeping the same topological charge is easy. Locating the central point of the illumination vortex, however, brings a small error in general, which depends on the precision of determining the central point of the reference vortex in the CCD plane. In practical experiments, we can locate the central point of the reference vortex with the precision of two pixel spaces by use of the interference fringes between the reference vortex and a plane wave. Figures 5(a), (b), (c) and (d) give four reconstructed images of the holograms discussed in Fig. 4 when the location error is set on purpose to 8 pixels, 12 pixels, 16 pixels and 32 pixels, respectively. It can be seen that the reconstructed images keep a good quality if only the location error for a digital hologram with 1024×1024 pixels is less than 12 pixels, which implies that a location error of two pixels in practical experiments is allowed for good reconstruction in our OVPS method.\nIn conclusion, we presented and demonstrated the idea of optical vortex phase-shifting holography, named OVPS method, which allows us to conveniently realize arbitrary global phase shift by rotating an optical vortex around its axes. In addition, optical vortices are intriguing special optical structures with helical wave front and well-defined orbital angular momentum (OAM), which have been widely studied in different research fields [24–26]. Some of their fascinating properties have been found and many possible applications were demonstrated, which involve trapping of atoms or mesoscopic particles, driving microoptomechanical pumps, processing quantum information, generating optical vortex solitons, and so on. We believe that it is also a meaningful experiment to take an optical vortex as the reference beam in digital holographic recording. This OVPS method could offer a new approach for applications of the phase-shifting digital holography in measurement of the OAM and in research on the dynamics of the optical vortices in linear or nonlinear materials.\nThis work is supported in part by the NSFC under Grant Nos. 10474043, 90101030 and 10325417 (“Excellent Youth Foundation”) as well as the Research Foundation for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education under Grant No. 20030284012. Corresponding author H. T. Wang’s email address is email@example.com.\nReferences and links\n2. J. Pomarico, U. Schnars, H.-J. Hartmann, and W. Juptner, “Digital recording and numerical reconstruction of holograms: a new method for displaying light in flight,” Appl. Opt. 34, 8095–8099 (1995). [CrossRef] [PubMed]\n3. C. Wagner, W. Osten, and S. Seebacher, “Direct shape measurement by digital wavefront reconstruction and multiwavelength contouring,” Opt. Eng. 39, 79–85 (2000). [CrossRef]\n4. M. K. Kim, “Tomographic three-dimensional imaging of a biological specimen using wavelength scanning digital interference holography,” Opt. Express 7, 305–310 (2000). http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-7-9-305 [CrossRef] [PubMed]\n5. S. Grilli, P. Ferraro, M. Paturzo, D. Alfieri, P. D. Natale, M. D. Angelis, S. D. Nicola, A. Finizio, and G. Pierattini, “In-situ visualization, monitoring and analysis of electric field domain reversal process in ferroelectric crystals by digital holography,” Opt. Express 12, 1832–1842 (2004). http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-12-9-1832 [CrossRef] [PubMed]\n6. I. Yamaguchi and T. Zhang, “Phase-shifting digital holography,” Opt. Lett. 22, 1268–1270 (1997). [CrossRef] [PubMed] S. Lai, Brian King, and M. A. Neifeld, “Wave front reconstruction by means of phase-shifting digital in-line holography,” Opt. Commun. 173, 155–160 (2000). [CrossRef]\n7. T. Zhang and I. Yamaguchi, “Three-dimensional microscopy with phase-shifting digital holography,” Opt. Lett. 23, 1221–1223 (1998). [CrossRef]\n8. S. Lai, Brian King, and M. A. Neifeld, “Wave front reconstruction by means of phase-shifting digital inline holography,” Opt. Commun. 173, 155–160 (2000). [CrossRef]\n9. I. Yamaguchi, J. Kato, S. Ohta, and J. Mizuno, “Image Formation in Phase-Shifting Digital Holography and Applications to Microscopy,” Appl. Opt. 40, 6177–6186 (2001). [CrossRef]\n10. L. Z. Cai, Q. Liu, and X. L. Yang, “Generalized phase-shifting interferometry with arbitrary unknown phase steps for diffraction objects,” Opt. Lett. 29, 182–185(2004). [CrossRef]\n11. L. Z. Cai, Q. Liu, Y. R. Wang, and X. L. Yang, “Simultaneous digital correction of amplitude and phaseerrors of retrieved wave-front in phase-shifting interferometry with arbitrary phase errors,” Opt. Commun. 233, 21–26(2004). [CrossRef]\n13. C. S. Guo, L. Zhang, H. T. Wang, J. Liao, and Y.Y. Zhu, “Phase-Shifting Error and Its Elimination in Phase-Shifting Digital Holography,” Opt. Lett. 27, 1–3 (2002). [CrossRef]\n14. C. C. Jin, N. K. Bao, and P. S. Chung, “Application of a novel phase-shift method using a computer-controlled polarization mechanism,” Opt. Eng. 33, 2733–2737 (1994). [CrossRef]\n16. C. S. Guo, Z. Y. Rong, H. T. Wang, Y. R. Wang, and L.Z. Cai; “Phase-Shifting with Computer-Generated Holograms Written on a Spatial Light Modulator,” Appl. Opt. 42, 6975–6979(2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]\n17. M. W. Beijersbergen, R. P. C. Coerwinkel, M. Kristensen, and J. P. Woerdman, “Helical-wavefront laser beam produced with a spiral phase plate,” Opt. Commun. 112, 321–327 (1994). [CrossRef]\n19. J. Arlt, K. Dholakia, L. Allen, and M. J. Padgett, “The production of multiringed Laguerre-Gaussian modesby computer-generated holograms,” J. Modern Opt. 45, 1231–1237 (1998). [CrossRef]\n20. J. C. Wyant and V. P. Bennett, “Using Computer Generated Holograms to Test Aspheric Wavefronts,” Appl. Opt. 9, 2833–2839(1972). [CrossRef]\n22. K. A. Goldberg and J. Bokor, “Fourier-transform method of phase-shift determination,” Appl. Opt. 40, 2886–2894 (2001). [CrossRef]\n23. C. S. Guo, Z. Y. Rong, J. L. He, L. Z. Cai, and Y. R. Wang, “Determination of global phase shifts betweeninterferograms by use of an energy-minimum algorithm,” Appl. Opt. 42, 6514–6519(2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]\n24. L. Allen, M. P. Padgett, and M. Babiker, “The orbital angular momentum of light,” Progress in Optics 39, 291–372 (1999). [CrossRef]\n26. Z. Chen, H. Martin, E. D. Eugenieva, J. Xu, and A. Bezryadina, “Anisotropic Enhancement of Discrete Diffraction and Formation of Two-Dimensional Discrete-Soliton Trains,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 143902 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]\n27. K. Ladavac and D. G. Grier, “Microoptomechanical pumps assembled and driven by holographic optical vortex arrays,” Opt. Express 12, 1144–1149 (2004). http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-12-6-1144 [CrossRef] [PubMed]", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Contact lenses are so-called because people wear contact lenses in contact with their eyes. People are more likely to use contact lenses instead of using eyesight sunglasses. People use contact lenses for a wide range of purposes. The majority of the people have eye issues so they cannot see without some aid. For this purpose, people have to use contact lenses. Moreover, the majority of people use contact lenses for fashion purposes.\nContact lenses are quite beneficial as they are designed in such a way to improve refractive errors in human eyes. Contact lenses are beneficial in improving the ocular health of people. A contact lens is designed in such a way that it floats on the tears of the surface of the cornea. A contact lens is made as it looks natural and becomes a part of the human eye.\nBenefits of using contact lenses\nWearing eyesight glasses has become old-fashioned. Nowadays, people want to become more modern and updated. For this purpose, people prefer to wear contact lenses instead of wearing glasses. People can get a wide range of contact lenses at Korean contact lenses. Some of the most significant benefits of using contact lenses are listed below.\n1. Better view\nThe first benefit of using contact lenses is that these help people have improved vision. The majority of people all over the world are suffering from eye disorders. The most common eye disorders are nearsightedness and farsightedness. So contact lenses can help people get rid of these eye problems and help people see better.\n2. Enhanced comfort\nContact lenses are better to use as compared to glasses because this helps enhances comfort. Contact lenses are available in several colors. Moreover, these are made up of materials that are suitable for the health of the eyes. The lens is available in rigid as well as soft materials that are quite safe to use.\n- A wider vision\nAnother benefit of using contact lenses is that these help people have the better and wider vision. Contact lenses help people improve their vision as it helps them minimize the image distortions.\nLast but not least significant benefit of using contact lenses is that people can have a feeling of self-satisfaction when they use contact lenses. Those people who have vision problems cannot see clearly without some aid. This inability to see clearly can make them miss a lot of things in their lives. Using contact lenses can be beneficial for people as people can see well. Using contact lenses is better as compared to glasses because glasses are often blurred and condense with fog that makes it difficult for people to see.\nThe bottom line\nThe above-mentioned points are some of the most significant points that show the importance of using contact lenses. These points show that it is beneficial to use contact lenses. Moreover, people can have the benefits of using contact lenses only if they choose the right contact lenses for their eyes.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "A telescope is mounted to facilitate easy tracking of celestial objects as they move across the night sky. One axis (the polar axis) is aligned to the celestial pole (parallel with Earth's axis) and the other (the declination axis) is oriented at right angles to it.\nNew Products For May - Astronomy\nCelestron 11\" CGE PRO 1100 EDGE HD Telescope\nOrion SkyView Pro 180 Mak-Cass\nYour IP Address is: 18.104.22.168", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The wavefront reconstruction of hologram and holographic stereogram are analyzed to compare their imaging properties, and 'phase added stereogram' (PAS) is proposed as a technique for the calculation of computer generated hologram (CGH). Applying PAS, computer graphics techniques, for example, surface shading and hidden surface removal are easily applied in CGH generation process. The amount of computation is reduced compared with actual hologram calculation, and the quality of reconstructed image is superior to that of holographic stereogram. The theoretical expression of PAS is presented, and experimental results are also demonstrated.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "A passively Q-switched S-band fiber laser is proposed and demonstrated using a thulium-doped fluoride fiber as laser gain medium. The proposed design possesses significant advantages including broader tuning wavelength range as compared to previously reported Q-switched S-band lasers. The laser cavity is configured in a simple forward-pumped ring design with a 1400 nm single upconversion pumping scheme. Q-switching is achieved using a polyvinyl alcohol/nitrogen-doped graphene nanosheet (PVA–N-Gns)-based thin-film saturable absorber. Stable Q-switched pulses are obtained at a center wavelength of 1504.7 nm over a pump power range from 101.8 to 280.6 mW. The generated pulses have a maximum pulse repetition rate of 36.85 kHz and minimum pulse width of 4.8 μs at the pump power of 280.6 mW. The maximum pulse output power of 1.30 mW indicates a laser efficiency of approximately 0.63% while a signal-to-noise ratio of 57 dB shows pulse stability. The ability of the proposed cavity design to produce broad wavelength tunability range from 1450 to 1510 nm make it highly suitable for various application in the S and S + band regions.\n- Nitrogen-doped graphene\n- Passive Q-switched", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The Challis is perfect for those seeking a tighter fit and a slightly smaller lens profile. This 8-base wrap utilizes our premium ChromaPop and Techlite glass lens technologies for unparalleled optical clarity. Integrating premium spring hinges into the thin, flexible temples, this piece is perfect to accompany you down the road less traveled. Tortoise frame. Imported.\n- Tighter fit\n- Slightly smaller lens profile\n- 8-base wrap\n- ChromaPop and Techlite glass lens technologies\n- Premium spring hinges\n- Thin, flexible temples", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "At our centre in N16, Askew Eyewear checks for astigmatism in your regular eye test.\nWhat is astigmatism?\nLike short and long-sightedness, astigmatism is a problem in the way your eye focuses light. It happens when the cornea or the lens of your eye is not perfectly curved. This can cause your eye to focus images in two places on your retina, instead of one.\nAstigmatism is very common, and can be corrected with the right lenses or contact lenses.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Researchers at the University of Maryland have developed a system that essentially turns the human eye into a mirror. The research team managed to convert what the person is looking at into a 3D scene by sequentially recording the images reflected on the human eye through binoculars.\nA key element of the researchers’ technique is that humans are not stationary. The movement of the head, even if it is very small, creates different perspectives of the opposite scene on the eyes, and thus the process of virtual reconstruction of the scene becomes easier.\nWhen training their neural network to deal with the complexity of iris tissues and solve the problem of low-resolution light reflection, researchers used corneal state optimization and iris tissue decomposition.\nwritten by TechSpot, researchers succeeded in reconstructing 3D scenes using data obtained from the human eye with different colors. This research team has shared a video of their prototype system, which looks very interesting and scary.\nIt is worth mentioning that the initial results of the 3D scene creation system based on light reflection on the human eye were obtained in laboratory conditions with ideal light conditions and deliberate head movement. In addition, the recorded results were better than the artificial eye.\nThe researchers also correctly emphasized that the human eye is a source of information that is not considered in the world around us. It is very interesting to imagine what role the said technology will play in criminal cases without evidence.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "|Publication number||US5483347 A|\n|Application number||US 08/067,500|\n|Publication date||Jan 9, 1996|\n|Filing date||May 19, 1993|\n|Priority date||May 19, 1993|\n|Publication number||067500, 08067500, US 5483347 A, US 5483347A, US-A-5483347, US5483347 A, US5483347A|\n|Inventors||Joerg W. Hollmann|\n|Original Assignee||Hughes Aircraft Company|\n|Export Citation||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|\n|Patent Citations (4), Referenced by (22), Classifications (5), Legal Events (9)|\n|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet|\nThe present invention generally relates to a non-contact measurement apparatus and, in particular, relates to one such non-contact measurement apparatus having a bifurcated bundle of optical fibers, a first portion of which are adapted to receive light from a light source and a second portion of which are adapted to convey light to a light detector.\nIn general, one of the more common methods of optically determining the thickness of a lens, or other reflective surface, is by laser interferometry. In such an instrument, the laser is directed toward the surface and the reflected interferogram is formed in accordance with the rules of light cancellation or reenforcement depending upon the phase of the signals. For example, if the reflected light is one hundred and eighty degrees out of phase with the incident light the light reflected is canceled and a dark ring is exhibited on the interferogram. It is well known that laser interferometers are capable of measuring very small changes in the thickness of an optical material. However, such techniques are quite expensive and introduce problems relating to eye safety. Further, such techniques, to operate most efficiently, require a highly reflective surface.\nOther methods and instruments for measuring the thickness of lenses include ultrasonic systems and astigmatic and knife edge focus systems. Typically, however, ultrasonic systems od not have high accuracy although they are relatively inexpensive. Astigmatic and knife edge focus systems are typically used in data storage systems and are affected by both surface tilt and surface quality.\nHence, it is highly desirable to provide a non-contact measuring apparatus for measuring the thickness of an object that is highly accurate and relatively inexpensive.\nAccordingly, it is one object of the present invention to provide a non-contact measuring apparatus that overcomes the above-recited drawbacks of similar conventional apparatus.\nThis object is accomplished, at least in part, by a non-contact measuring apparatus having a bifurcated bundle of optical fibers, a first portion of which is adapted to convey light from a light source and direct it toward a surface to be measured and a second portion of which is adapted to convey light to a detector such that the light intensity received via the second portion is indicative of the position of the surface.\nOther objects and advantages of the present invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the following detailed description of the invention read in conjunction with the appended claims and the drawings attached hereto.\nThe drawing, not drawn to scale, includes;\nFIG. 1 which is a block diagram of an apparatus embodying the principles of the present invention;\nFIG. 2 which is an end view of a bundle of optical fibers particularly adapted for use in conjunction with the apparatus shown in FIG. 1; and\nFIG. 3 which is a graph showing a typical position vs. intensity plot (intensity profile) as determined by the apparatus shown in FIG. 1.\nAn apparatus, generally indicated at 10 in the drawing and embodying the principles of the present invention, for non-contact measurements includes a bifurcated cable 12 of optical fibers having first and second arms, 14 and 16, respectively, each arm, 14 and 16, having a first end, 18 and 20, respectively, and a common second end 22, means 24 for providing light to the first end 18 of the first arm 14, means 26 for detecting light from the first end 20 of the second arm 16, a lens assembly 28 and means 30 for introducing relative motion between the lens assembly 28 and a surface 32 to be measured. Preferably, in one preferred embodiment, the apparatus 10 further includes means 34 for controlling the apparatus 10, means 36 for recording the output of the apparatus 10, means 38 for regulating the power to the means 30 for introducing relative motion between the common second end 22 of the bifurcated cable 12 and the surface 32 to be measured, means 39 for monitoring the ambient temperature within the lens assembly 28, and means 41 for selecting the optical wavelength reaching the means 26 for detecting light.\nIn one particular embodiment, the bifurcated cable 12 can be any commercially available optical fiber cable that has the optical fibers thereof split into the first and second arms, 14 and 16, respectively. The arms, 14 and 16, are terminated in a conventional manner at the first ends, 18 and 20, thereof. Preferably, as shown in FIG. 2, the ends 40 of the individual optical fibers of the first arm 14 and the ends 42 of the individual optical fibers of the second arm 16 are intermixed with each other. As a result of this intermixing, as more fully discussed below, the reflections from the surface 32 to be measured are substantially equally distributed across the common end 22 of the bifurcated cable 12. Hence, the determination of the point of minimum light reflection to the means 26 for detecting light from the first end 16 is more positionally accurate than if all of the ends 40 and all of the ends 42 were adjacent each other. In one specific embodiment, each of the arms, 14 and 16, has about 800 individual optical fibers and the common second end 22 is about 2.2 millimeters in diameter.\nIn this preferred embodiment, the means 24 for providing light to the first end 18 of the first arm 14 of the bifurcated cable 12 includes a lamp power regulator 44 that is powered by the system control means 34, a non-coherent light source 46 powered through the power regulator 44, a lens 48 disposed in the path of light emanating from the light source 46 and a heat absorbing filter 50 disposed between the lens 48 and the first end 14 of the of the bifurcated cable 12. In one specific embodiment, the light source 46 is a halogen lamp, the lens 48 is, in this embodiment, a 5 to 1 microscope objective having a 37 millimeter working distance, a focal length of 31 millimeter, and an aperture of 0.143. The heat absorbing filter 50 absorbs heat generated from the light source 46. Alternatively, the light source 46 can be a light emitting diode.\nIn this embodiment, the means 26 for detecting light from the first end 20 of the second arm 16 includes a light detector 52 and a signal amplifier 54. The light detector 52 generates an electrical signal dependent upon the intensity of the light received. The light detector 52 outputs the electrical signal to the signal amplifier 54 which is connected to the control means 34. Typically, the light detector 52 is a silicon photodiode. Further, in one preferred embodiment, the means 41 for selecting the optical wavelength reaching the means 26 for detecting light is disposed between the first end 20 of the second arm 16 and the light detector 52. Preferably, the means 41 for selecting the optical wavelength includes at least one optical transmission bandpass filter. The optical transmission bandpass filter is used to maximize the reflected optical signal from the workpiece. Hence, the optical reflection wavelength resulting from such things as fingerprints on the workpiece or multiple reflections from optical coatings can be minimized.\nThe lens assembly 28 is a high quality transfer lens having a known focal point. Preferably, the focal point is precisely determined by measurements using a known gauge block. In this embodiment, the lens assembly 28 is sealed to prevent atmospheric disturbances from affecting the measurements and mounted to an arm member 56 of the means 30 for introducing relative motion between the lens assembly 28 and the surface 32 to be measured. In one embodiment, the movement of the arm member 56 is controlled by a stepper motor 58 controlled by the power regulator 38. Further, the means 30 for introducing relative motion between the lens assembly 28 and the surface 32, in one embodiment, includes a base member 60 rigidly affixed to a vertical member 62, or post, to which the arm member 56 is slidably mounted.\nIn one preferred embodiment, the means 39 for monitoring the ambient temperature within the sealed lens assembly 28 includes a conventional temperature sensor connected to the control means 34. Typically, the temperature sensor is used by the control means 34 to compensate for changes in the index of refraction of the air within the sealed lens assembly 28 due to temperature. The temperature sensor can be initialized to provide a temperature reference at start-up and thereafter provide a measurement such that the control means 34 can make compensations for the measurements taken for the effects of temperature changes.\nThe control means 34 can be any computerized mechanical control system including a computer adapted for use in controlling the power regulator 38, controlling the means 24 for providing light, receiving and processing signals from the means 26 for detecting light, and providing an output signal to the means 36 for recording the output of the apparatus 10.\nIn one specific embodiment, the means 36 for recording the output of the apparatus 10 includes a memory disk and a printer. In addition, the means 36 may also include other recording devices such as a video display, or the like.\nIn one exemplary operation, a spherical lens 64, the axial thickness of which is to be measured, is placed in a fixture 66 of accurately known dimensions. As the lens 48 or the surface 32 is moved with respect to the axis of the lens assembly 28 light from the first arm 14 of the bifurcated optical fiber cable 12 is reflected from the surface 32 and received through the second arm 16 and detected at the light detector 52.\nThe amount of light measured at the light detector 52 steadily increases as the position of the surface 32 moves with respect to the lens assembly 28. However, when the thickest point of the surface 32 of the lens 64 approaches the preset focal point of the lens assembly 28, the light reflected back to the common end point 22 is preferentially imaged onto the fibers of the first arm 14 from which it came. Consequently, the light returns to the light providing means 24 rather than going to the light detector 52. As shown in FIG. 3, this results is a dip 68 in the signal intensity. As the lens assembly 28 continues to move across the surface 32 the intensity of the signal increases again. The minimum position of the dip 68 is therefore taken as a measurement of the axial line of the lens 64.\nIt will be understood that a thickness measurement in absolute terms can be achieved by calibrating the apparatus 10 against an appropriate gauge block or master lens. The accuracy is then substantially determined by that of the gauge block or master lens.\nIn order to remove any backlash effects from the measurements, the procedure is preferably used with the lens assembly 28 always moving in the same direction.\nHence, it can be recognized that the non-contact measurement apparatus 10 is advantageous in that it can be particularly adaptable in the comparison measurements of a number of lenses. That is, once the focal point is set, a plurality of similar lenses can be measured and the acceptability of each determined.\nAlthough the present invention has been described herein with respect to one or more particular embodiments, it will be understood that other configurations and arrangements can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of this invention. Thus, the present invention is deemed limited only by the appended claims and the reasonable interpretation thereof.\n|Cited Patent||Filing date||Publication date||Applicant||Title|\n|US4750835 *||Jun 21, 1985||Jun 14, 1988||Renishaw Electrical Limited||Method of and device for measuring dimensions|\n|US4786176 *||Jan 6, 1987||Nov 22, 1988||Rank Taylor Hobson Limited||Metrological apparatus and method using polarization modulation|\n|US5063290 *||Sep 14, 1990||Nov 5, 1991||The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy||All-optical fiber faraday rotation current sensor with heterodyne detection technique|\n|USRE34345 *||Sep 19, 1990||Aug 17, 1993||Dolan-Jenner Industries, Inc.||Fiber optic imaging system for on-line monitoring|\n|Citing Patent||Filing date||Publication date||Applicant||Title|\n|US5675406 *||Oct 17, 1995||Oct 7, 1997||Hughes Electronics||Portable device for ensuring that a center thickness of a lens is within a predetermined tolerance|\n|US6014204 *||Jan 23, 1998||Jan 11, 2000||Providence Health System||Multiple diameter fiber optic device and process of using the same|\n|US6043880 *||Sep 15, 1997||Mar 28, 2000||Becton Dickinson And Company||Automated optical reader for nucleic acid assays|\n|US6519861 *||May 4, 2000||Feb 18, 2003||Raytheon Company||Mechanical centering apparatus and method|\n|US6597450||Jan 14, 2000||Jul 22, 2003||Becton, Dickinson And Company||Automated Optical Reader for Nucleic Acid Assays|\n|US6734967||Feb 11, 1999||May 11, 2004||Kla-Tencor Technologies Corporation||Focused beam spectroscopic ellipsometry method and system|\n|US6776543 *||Feb 4, 2003||Aug 17, 2004||Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P.||Fiber optic print media thickness sensor and method|\n|US6778277||May 24, 2001||Aug 17, 2004||Eastman Kodak Company||Apparatus and method to measure film motion in a film gate|\n|US6870621 *||Mar 26, 2004||Mar 22, 2005||Therma-Wave, Inc.||Small spot ellipsometer|\n|US7057157 *||Oct 29, 2001||Jun 6, 2006||Kirin Techno-System Corporation||Photosensor device and disk inspection apparatus using it|\n|US9696328||Jul 18, 2012||Jul 4, 2017||Becton, Dickinson And Company||Automated system for isolating, amplifying and detecting a target nucleic acid sequence|\n|US20020079434 *||Oct 29, 2001||Jun 27, 2002||Tb Optical Co., Ltd.||Photosensor device and disk inspection apparatus using it|\n|US20030030812 *||May 24, 2001||Feb 13, 2003||Eastman Kodak Company||Apparatus and method to measure film motion in a film gate|\n|US20040029260 *||May 19, 2003||Feb 12, 2004||Hansen Timothy R.||Automated system for isolating, amplifying and detecting a target nucleic acid sequence|\n|US20040100632 *||Nov 18, 2003||May 27, 2004||Piwonka-Corle Timothy R.||Focused beam spectroscopic ellipsometry method and system|\n|US20040179199 *||Mar 26, 2004||Sep 16, 2004||Lanhua Wei||Small spot ellipsometer|\n|US20050105090 *||Dec 7, 2004||May 19, 2005||Piwonka-Corle Timothy R.||Focused beam spectroscopic ellipsometry method and system|\n|US20090155808 *||Feb 11, 2009||Jun 18, 2009||Hansen Timothy R||Automated system for isolating, amplifying and detecting a target nucleic acid sequence|\n|US20150097551 *||Oct 7, 2014||Apr 9, 2015||Xiaotian Steve Yao||Faraday current and temperature sensors|\n|EP0769689A2 *||Oct 17, 1996||Apr 23, 1997||HE HOLDINGS, INC. dba HUGHES ELECTRONICS||A portable device for ensuring that a center thickness of a lens is within a predetermined tolerance|\n|EP0769689A3 *||Oct 17, 1996||Jan 7, 1998||HE HOLDINGS, INC. dba HUGHES ELECTRONICS||A portable device for ensuring that a center thickness of a lens is within a predetermined tolerance|\n|WO2013186879A1 *||Jun 13, 2012||Dec 19, 2013||Shincron Co., Ltd.||Device for measuring film thickness and device for forming film|\n|U.S. Classification||356/624, 250/227.11|\n|May 19, 1993||AS||Assignment|\nOwner name: HUGHES AIRCRAFT COMPANY, CALIFORNIA\nFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:HOLLMANN, JOERG W.;REEL/FRAME:006563/0219\nEffective date: 19930510\n|Mar 1, 1999||AS||Assignment|\nOwner name: RAYTHEON COMPANY, MASSACHUSETTS\nFree format text: MERGER;ASSIGNOR:HE HOLDINGS, INC.;REEL/FRAME:009790/0503\nEffective date: 19971217\n|Mar 3, 1999||AS||Assignment|\nOwner name: HE HOLDINGS, INC., CALIFORNIA\nFree format text: CHANGE OF NAME;ASSIGNOR:HUGHES AIRCRAFT COMPANY;REEL/FRAME:009798/0610\nEffective date: 19951208\n|Jun 28, 1999||FPAY||Fee payment|\nYear of fee payment: 4\n|Jun 24, 2003||FPAY||Fee payment|\nYear of fee payment: 8\n|Jul 13, 2007||FPAY||Fee payment|\nYear of fee payment: 12\n|Jul 13, 2007||SULP||Surcharge for late payment|\nYear of fee payment: 11\n|Jul 16, 2007||REMI||Maintenance fee reminder mailed|\n|Jan 19, 2012||AS||Assignment|\nEffective date: 20120105\nOwner name: RAYTHEON CANADA LIMITED, CANADA\nFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:RAYTHEON COMPANY;REEL/FRAME:027558/0411", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Scientists have found that many surfaces have distinctive spectral signatures that are apparent within certain wavelengths or channels. For instance, to distinguish between bare ground and vegetation a sensor should scan in the area between 0.6-0.7 micro-metres (red colour) and 0.7-0.9 micro-metres (near infrared). Vegetation will give a strong reflection between 0.7-0.9 micro-metres, whereas it will weakly reflect between 0.6-0.7 micro-metres.\nThe spectral signature of vegetation is quite characteristic so the distinction between it and bare ground is usually straightforward. The difference between radiation reflected in the visible wavelength red and near infrared can be used to determine more detail about the vegetation such as its photosynthesis and vegetated ground cover.\nThe Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) is usually calculated as\n|NDVI=|| near infrared - red\n|near infrared + red|\nNow create a NDVI image of the Alban Hills area.\nChoose Tools/Compute NDVI.\nUsing the Alban Hills images select 'LS7_190_31_09062001_B04.tif' as the infrared band and 'LS7_190_31_09062001_B03.tif' for the red band and click OK.\nCompare the image with the natural colour image and the false colour image.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The IVIS laboratory contains a variety of field resources and equipment to support the current lab projects. The resources and equipment are used to validate observations and interpretations from remote sensing data (calibration/validation) and laboratory experiments by acquiring field measurements for “ground truth”. Additionally, the field-based data are used to investigate active geologic processes for direct scientific studies.\nField-based equipment includes three multispectral forward-looking infrared (FLIR) camera systems, two larger handheld instruments (an older FLIR S40 and a new FLIR T1030sc) and a new miniature system using a FLIR A65. These camera systems accurately broadband TIR temperature data at high speeds for comparison with laboratory and orbital/airborne data products. They can be used to investigate dynamic volcanic processes (e.g., lava flow emplacement, the thermal convection and ash particle size distribution in volcanic plumes/columns), urban systems and ecological studies. The S40 and T1030sc cameras can be outfitted with telephoto optics lenses for imagine up to 5 km away from the target. In addition, the S40 and A65 have been modified with multispectral filters allowing compositional information to be derived from these cameras for the first time. These filters have a comparable spectral resolution to the ASTER, MODIS, TIIRS and VIIRS orbital sensors, which enables comparable studies to be untaken. The smaller A65 system, dubbed the miniature multispectral thermal infrared camera (MMT-Cam), is highly portable and used mostly to investigate relatively slow volcanic processes, for example, the cooling regimes of active lava lakes and lava flows. For more information about these systems please refer to the “Developing TIR field Instrumentation” page.\nAdditional equipment available includes an ASD Fieldspec HH VNIR field spectrometer; two Trimble differential GPS Pro systems unit with two different Laser Tech 3-D profiling systems (long and short range); a Raytek Raynger MX hand-held radiometer; and two hygrometers.\nTo date these field resources and equipment have been deployed on field campaigns to Arizona, Alaska, California, Hawaii, Guatemala, El Salvador, Iceland, Japan, Kamchatka and Nicaragua.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Effective 3D People Counter and Flame/Smoke Detection Cater to Vertical Applications\nHuper Laboratories (known as huperLab), a leading provider of intelligent video surveillance system, and a technology innovator on 2D & 3D video analytics, showcased its mainly developed 3D People Counter and vision-based Flame/Smoke Detection at Secutech trade show in Taipei last month that caught the attention of many worldwide visitors.\nFeatured as great combination of surveillance and video analytics, huperVision 2D & 3D video analytics solutions can accurately detect and analyze moving objects and dynamic characteristics in real time. In addition to simply providing analytic information, video footage can also be recorded to verify details in various scenarios as forensic evidence.\nBased on stereo vision, by utilizing dual-lens camera, huperLab 3D Video Analytics constructs 3D moving objects in depth to better distinguish moving objects from background, lights, shadows to achieve high accuracy. The real-time analytic information can be collected to export for further analysis in different needs. For example, the 3D analytic information can be used to distinguish adults, children and carts by specifying height filters.\nNowadays, people have been aware that early warning of flame and smoke can prevent possible tragedy and property loss. huperLab vision-based Flame/Smoke Detection solution with well-tuned CCTV/IP cameras can effectively detect and identify suspicious flame and smoke with high accuracy, and promptly send alert to the operators in seconds. It’s proved that the huperLab solution can help users take quick actions compared to conventional detectors, once they receive event notifications through mobile devices or central management system.\nTo increase the solution flexibility, huperLab 2D & 3D Video Analytics support SDK/CGI interfaces to integrate with the third- party products and systems, such as business intelligence analysis systems, fire/siren equipment, air-conditioning and lighting adjustment, to make their management more efficient.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "SAVIMEX is specialized in optical design, and this is usually the first step in the Company’s technical offer. This activity consists of designing an optical formula based on functional specifications and integration constraints.\nThe Company uses CAD software for this purpose.\nCODE V / ZEMAX (Modeling)\nCODE V and ZEMAX are optical design softwares used to model, analyze, optimize, and provide fabrication support for the development of optical systems for diverse applications.\nLightTools is a 3D optical engineering and design software product that supports virtual prototyping, simulation, optimization, and photorealistic renderings of illumination applications.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The DLR project RCAS (Railway Collision Avoidance System) aims the development, the evaluation and the demonstration of technologies for collision avoidance.\nThe department of optical information systems is responsible for vehicle based optical sensors within this project. It contributes to conception, test and operation of monocular and stereo cameras, its geometrical and radiometric calibration and to image data processing. The scientific goals on this area within the project are:\n- Detection of switches\n- Optical localisation\n- Multi-sensor localisation (using additional GPS and inertial measurement units)\n- 3D modelling", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "In the video Why all solar panels are secretly LEDs (and all LEDs are secretly solar panels) a silicon photovoltaic cell from a calculator is purposefully damaged and then a 36 V bias is applied. When imaged with a normal silicon CCD (or CMOS) camera with its infrared filter removed, infrared light can be seen emitted from the photovoltaic cell and the damage visualized.\nThe pattern is well delineated and instantaneous as the voltage is turned on and off, and the device is hand-held so it's not thermal infrared; cutoff for a silicon CCD is 1.1 eV or about 1100 nm.\nThis sounds familiar to me. I remember hearing about the use of infrared imaging to localize defects or failures in ICs a long time ago, and I think it was explained to me that the radiation was direct emission from the silicon and not just blackbody thermal emission.\nQuestion: Am I remembering correctly? Is direct infrared photoemission from silicon used in IC manufacturing diagnostics? If so, then since silicon is not a direct band gap material, how does it produce at least small amount of light?\nNote: I was reminded of this when reading the recently-posted Physics SE question Do silicon solar cells act like an LED when you flip the voltage, or are we just seeing black body radiation?", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Lightweight and durable. Rubber grips the limb for secure no slip fit. Easy one hand operation with ..\nEXTREMELY quiet. The most advanced treestand sights available. Automatically compensates for distanc..\nUltra light-weight carbon-composite construction. TRU•TOUCH soft-feel technical coating. Micro push-..\nOur brightest 1-pin archery sight. Tool-less yardage lock Clean, circular sight picture with all-met..\nWith TRUFUSION HYBRID TECHNOLOGY, the CARBON HYBRID is the first and only archery sight constructed ..\nOur largest diameter bead replacement. CNC-machined. Fiber diameter is .100\". Fiber length is 0.5\"...\nOur best selling turkey choke! Precision CNC-machined. Accepts all turkey loads, including Hevi•Shot..\nFeatures precision machined grade steel and specifically adapted for different types of gun models. ..\nLaser located in flashlight housing for a more compact design. Interchangeable back plates for right..\nNext generation, high-efficiency superconductor laser diode. Pulse and constant laser modes...", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Which lens is best for cataract surgery replacement?\nA multifocal lens splits the light in each eye to give a near and distance focus. This decreases the contrast of each eye. Multifocal lenses are usually only used if they can be implanted into both eyes and are best for people who don’t have any other eye disease.\nAre premium cataract lenses worth it?\nMost people agree that premium IOLs are worth the extra investment. It’s important to consider if you can afford them and if living without glasses is a priority. Whatever you choose, the decision is up to you. Your eye doctor will also recommend the IOL they think is best for you.\nWhat is the average cost of multifocal lens for cataract?\nFor a multifocal lens, there are extra costs ranging from $1,500 to $4,000; however, costs can fall outside of those ranges as well.\nDoes cataract surgery restore 20/20 Vision?\nVision Quality After Surgery\nMost patients can achieve 20/20 vision as long as they have no other conditions. Conditions that can affect the quality of vision after cataract surgery include: Glaucoma. Corneal scarring.\nWhich lens is better monofocal or multifocal?\nExisting systematic reviews have generally concluded that multifocal IOLs result in better uncorrected near vision and greater spectacle independence, but more unwanted visual phenomena such as glare and halos, compared to monofocal IOLs.\nHow long do cataract lenses last?\nA cataract lens will last a lifetime, and the vast majority of patients do not experience any complications with their lenses after cataract surgery.\nIs it OK to wear reading glasses after cataract surgery?\nThis sometimes happens after only one eye has had cataract surgery, and the opposite eye has a very different prescription. In this case, your old prescription glasses won’t match the newly operated eye; however, there is no harm wearing them if they help the opposite eye.\nWhat is a premium lens?\nWhat Are Premium Cataract Lenses? Premium cataract lenses are an upgrade from the monofocal lens that provides high-quality vision at only one focal point. However, you don’t live your life on one focal point! The premium lenses are the cherry on top of the FDA-approved laser-assisted cataract surgery we offer.\nWhat type of intraocular lens is most popular?\nOne of the more popular types is the multifocal lens. A multifocal lens allows the user to see much better up close and corrects presbyopia. You also don’t need to wear glasses after cataract surgery in most instances.\nAre toric cataract lenses worth it?\nExcellent Toric IOL Outcomes\nResearch has shown that toric lenses produce excellent visual results after cataract surgery and can correct astigmatism more effectively than limbal relaxing incisions.\nWhich monofocal lens is best?\nFifty-four percent of the surgeons say they use the Alcon IQ Aspheric IOL for most of their cases, while 31 percent prefer the J&J Vision Tecnis one-piece lens.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "60 LED 40W 60W IP65 Solar Street Light With Radar Motion Sensor Remote Control. Features: -40/80/120/144LEDs High-brightness LED lamp beads, energy saving, even light, longer lasting.-Using microwave body sensing technology makes it more energy-efficient, light on when sensing motion, dim light when sension no motion.-Get a Quote\nAbout this item. SUPER BRIGHT BUT ENERGY SAVING: With 60 ultra-bright LED beads, this 60w flood light can produce up to 6000lm high brightness clear cool white light. With 2 Pack, each of floodlight can replace 350W traditional halogen bulbs, saving 85% of your electricity bill.\n100 led solar lights waterproof pir motion sensor security outdoor lamp yard . c $28.76. under cabinet closet 10 led light wireless pir motion sensor magnetic strip lamp. c $14.23. 436 led waterproof led outdoor sensor solar street light outdoor street wall security bright pir motion sensorGet a Quote\nSolar Super Bright LED Flood Light Energy Saving Waterproof Outdoor IP66 100W 200W 300W 400W LED Solar Flood Light with IP Camera FOB Price: US $30-90 / Piece Min. Order: 1 Piece\noct 24, 2017 if all street lighting was sourced with solar power, that would mean over 2 thousand billion kilograms less co 2 being released into our atmosphere annually, significantly decreasing the greenhouse effect and reducing global warming. as expected, there is a positive relationship between solar street light 100watts in lekki and the environment.Get a Quote\nLED Light, LED Outdoor Garden Light, LED Garden Lamp manufacturer / supplier in China, offering Aluminum Garden Lamp Pole Light IP66 LED Garden Light Outdoor, Chinese Supplier Solar Outdoor Light Garden Light Energy Save, Hot Sale LED Street Light IP65 High Performance and …\nnew street light huapai new design 30w 60w 90w 120w remote control ip65 waterproof smd led solar street light. us $15.20-$17.80 / piece. 2.0 pieces cobra head cob 20w 30w 40w 60 energy system high quality cheap price solar light new green power solar led light for garden street lamp. us $135 factory direct sale new design energy saving outdoorGet a Quote\nEnergy Saving Solar Lamp 100w Led Solar Flood Light OKELI Energy Saving Outdoor Light IP66 Waterproof 30w 60w 100w 200w Outdoor Led Solar Flood Lamp US $11.17-$27.42 / …Get a Quote\nBulkbuy Ce RoHS TUV SGS 60W-300W LED Solar Street Light Lamp Lights Lighting Decoration Energy Saving Power System Home Products Sensor Portable Garden Wall Light\nBRIGHT 60W SOLAR STREET LIGHT: 216LEDs high-brightness LED lamp beads, energy-saving, uniform, and long service life. The maximum can reach 6000lm 6000K. Built-in 20000mAh high-capacity lithium battery, the sensing range is 6-8 meters, and the irradiation area can reach 70-80 square meters.\nhigh power high bay. july 23, 2018. explosion proof street light. july 23, 2018. explosion proof flood light b. july 23, 2018. explosion proof high bay. july 23, 2018. explosion proof flood light. stand alone africa and solar powered street lights new york. july 16, 2018. led street light tech-led tx5-sl5y. july 16, 2018.Get a Quote\nNingbo Skyzon Energy Co., Ltd. - LED Street Light, LED 2018 Popular Product 120Lm/w IP66 Waterproof 80W 100W 120W 150W Led Street Lighting. $39.00 - $59.00 Manufacturer solar street LED light price list energy saving outdoor lighting with pole. $67.29 - $110.00 / Piece. 1 Piece (Min. Order) Everlite 200w LED Street Light With CE CB GS from TUV-SUD 30w 50w 60w 70w 80w …\n60W High Power LED Integrated All in One Solar Street Light Lamp Lights Lighting Decoration Energy Saving Power System Home Lamps Bulb Sensor Light, Find Details about LED Panel Street Light 300W, LED Inground Light from 60W High Power LED Integrated All in One Solar Street Light Lamp Lights Lighting Decoration Energy Saving Power System Home Lamps Bulb Sensor Light - XIAMEN BRIGHT NEW ENERGYGet a Quote\nOlafus 2 Pack 60W LED Flood Light Outdoor, 6600LM Outside Security Lights, IP66 Waterproof Exterior Floodlights, 5000K Daylight White Lighting for Yard Garden Playground, 300W Equivalent Ultra Bright - - …\n50w 100w 200w 300w solar street light outdoor lighting waterproof ip66 solar road light with panel pole remote control. $20.00 - $61.00 integrated remote control 30w 60w 90w waterproof outdoor integrated solar road lamp price in Croatia. $11.50 - $19.80 / piece. 6.0 our staffs are all professional on foreign trade business,and familiar with foreignGet a Quote\nBattery Backup IP66 Solar LED Street Light with 8m Pole Working Mode Advantage Of Solar Street Lighting Syatem * Green Energy,Low Power Consumptiom,Save 60%~80% Than Others. * Higher Power,Higher Brightness Intensity,Good Color Rendition. * Save Electricity Cost,Save Electric Transformer And Cable Cost,Free Maintanenance.Get a Quote\nSolar Hot Sales Outdoor Waterproof Energy Saving Solar LED Garden Light, find complete details about Solar Hot Sales Outdoor Waterproof Energy Saving Solar LED Garden Light, solar LED garden light, solar lights, street lights 60W LED 6000K-6500K. Lamp Size. Ф510*226mm. Ф712*256mm. Solar Panel. 16V 23W, PolycrystallineGet a Quote\nLED Waterproof Light, Waterproof Lighting Fixture, LED Bulkhead manufacturer / supplier in China, offering Integrated LED Solar Portable Outdoor Work Light 10W for Tent, Solar LED Rechargeable Portable Light Emergency Lamp 20W/40W for Hiking/Fishing, Energy Saving 20W/40W LED Solar Portable Light Emergency Night Lamp for Outdoor/Camping and so on.\n2-3m light pole 7w 9w led solar garden light. 2-3m light pole 7w 9w led solar garden light. solar panel portable solar camping kit solar brick light solar cat eye solar garden light solar guardrail light solar panel solar power system solar road cone light solar road mark solar road spike solar road stud zanflare 42 led solar street lights,. keep in touchGet a Quote\nSolar Outdoor Lamp Waterproof All In One Led Street Light 60w Integrated Solar Street Light D1 series IP65 Waterproof Outdoor Security All in one LED Solar Street Light, environmental friendly, Lifepo4 lithium Batteries with overcharge and over discharge protection, more safe and reliable.\nsolar spotlights, magictec warm light 2-in-1 adjustable 4 led wall/landscape 20 watt solar street lighting ltd used for highway with automatic on/off sensor, 2 pack 4.3 out of 5 stars 3,838 $28.35 $ 28 .Get a Quote\nIP66 Solar Street Light with Inbuilt Battery and Panel 40w 50w 60w 80w . Item: Solar street light, Outdoor street lighting, solar street lamp, outdoor LED solar street light, integrated solar street light B. Energy saving working mode means the light will dim to 70% 50% or 30 % follow the night time. when motion detected people orGet a Quote\nSolar LED Flood Light, LED Flood Light, Ceiling Flood Lights manufacturer / supplier in China, offering 60W Outdoor 5054 IP66 Solar LED Flood Light with Remote Controller, 10W Solar Generator with MP3 Player Radio and Blue Tooth Speaker, 10W Solar Generator Lighting with Phone Charger Radio MP3 Player Bluetooth and so on.Get a Quote\nSolar LED Flood Light, Solar LED Panel, Remote Control LED Light manufacturer / supplier in China, offering Outdoor Lighting Remote Control IP67 Waterproof 30W/50W/80W/100W Solar Panel LED Flood Light, LED Polycrystalline Solar Street Light with Daylight Cool Daylight White 6500K Flood Light for Yard, Garden, Street, Outdoor Energy Saving Solar Flood LED Light IP66 Waterproof Garden SolarGet a Quote\nAbout this item ENERGY SAVING: 2-Pack, Each of them can replace 300W traditional halogen bulb by 30W LED, save 80% on electricity bill of lighting. WATERPROOF: IP66 waterproof rating ensures that your led outdoor flood light won't give in to the elements. No matter the weather, the Ustellar LED floodlight can handle it.\n120wlight led (sx-led-ld-39) solar led street radar pir motion sensor wall timing lamp pole remote. au $68.99 new. sunforce solar bhbusazin028364 triple head motion activated security light. 4.5 out of 5 stars. (12) total ratings 12, au $79.99 new. sunforce triple head led solar motion activated light sensor 1500 lumens. 5 out of 5 stars.Get a Quote\nHigh lumen Bridgelux Energy Saving SMD Outdoor Waterproof IP65 25W 40W 60W 100W solar LED flood light. Widely arrange mount applications Landscape eaves, building facades, plazas, leisure sports fields, stage, billboards, rockeries, bridges, roofs, bridges, high-rise buildings, villas, parks and other decorative contours, pixels, projection lighting.Get a Quote\nChina IP66 Energy Saving CE, FCC, RoHS, CCC Certified 42W Solar Street Light, Find details about China Solar Street Light, Solar Lighting from IP66 Energy Saving CE, FCC, RoHS, CCC Certified 42W Solar Street Light - Yangzhou Bright Solar Solutions Co., Ltd.\nintegrated smart solar public light on jumia. with the development of led technology and batteries, the volume of the lighting source or batteries has been greatly reduced. this makes it possible for the street lighting luminaires to integrate light source, sensor, solarGet a Quote\nBRIGHT 60W SOLAR STREET LIGHT: 216LEDs high-brightness LED lamp beads, energy-saving, uniform, and long service life. The maximum can reach 6000lm 6000K. Built-in 20000mAh high-capacity lithium battery, the sensing range is 6-8 meters, and the irradiation area can reach 70-80 square meters.Get a Quote\nquality all in one led solar street light & solar panel dusk to dawn solar wall light with motion sensor 60w auto integrated ip65. wireless solar sensor wall light 30 led bright motion sensor die castinig aluminum. integrated solar street light 60 watt , 45ah solar powered road lights energy saving. integrated solar led street light. landscape solar powered pole lights 30w ip66 for garden yardsGet a Quote\nSolar Power, LED Lamp, LED PARA Exterior manufacturer / supplier in China, offering Distributor Reflector Brightness Energy Saving Aluminium 60W 100W 200W Garden Outdoor Waterproof IP65 Solar LED Luminaire Flood Light, Lebekan IP66 5000K Rectangular Exteriores Poste Alumbrado Publico LED Solar 100W 200W 300W 400W Streetlight, Lebekan Alumbrado Publico Luz Calida Panel Solar …Get a Quote\narilux solar powered 56 led motion sensor street light. buy 60w waterproof pir motion sensor solar garden street light outdoor led wall lights street area lighting auto on/off courtyard deck night lights from merchant marknathan.me online store at affordable price and best quality. you can get up to 80 off discount when you purchase this product from our website, so you only have to pay us$61\nstainless steel solar powered led light path stair wall fence step garden lamp. brand new. c $12.71. from united states. 1/4/8pk 8 led solar power buried light under ground lamp outdoor way garden deck. brand new. solar led street light shenzhen henry lighting outdoor security light wall lamp motion waterproof 128 cob .Get a Quote", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Quadralite L-60 is a projection lens that was designed specifically to work with the Quadralite optical snoot SN-5260 Pro. Combining these accesoriess allows precise illumination of the subjects both on photography as well as film sets. The f/2.8 aperture comes in handy while taking pictures in low light environment. Thanks to it, satisfactory results are possible to obtain even while using low power lights.\nSmall and compact design of the lens allows it to work with studio LED lights and flash units with pilot lightning switched on.\nThe kit includes:\n- Quadralite L-60 projection lens\n- Original packaging", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Focusing on 3D machine vision, Cognex acquires two companies\nCognex has acquired EnShapeand complete acquisition of AQSense.\nCognex (NASDAQ: CGNX, Natick, MA) announced that it has acquired EnShape (Jena, Germany) and complete acquisition of AQSense (Girona, Spain). EnShape is a maker of 3D machine vision sensors and software based on area-scan technology for fast image capture at high resolution. The technology eliminates the need to mechanically move objects in front of the device as required with laser line scanners. The company engineers will become part of a new Cognex engineering center based in Jena.\nAQSense develops and sells a library of 3D vision tools and a configuration software package that helps customers easily set up 3D vision applications. The company’s software engineers joined Cognex’s 3D engineering team upon the closing of the acquisition.\n“We see a growing number of opportunities for 3D vision in industries such as automotive, consumer electronics, and logistics, to name just a few,” said Joerg Kuechen, Vice President of Vision Products for Cognex. “We believe that our acquisition of these two companies, especially the addition of two highly experienced new engineering teams, will accelerate our ability to bring innovative new 3D products to market.”", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The digital revolution has reached its zenith and the stage is set for the development of Quantum Computers. Researchers have perfected a method to observe and control the spin state of a single electron with the help of Lasers.\nA research team headed by University of Chicago scientists has found a way to record and manipulate the behavior of a single electron at the quantum mechanical level. The researchers used laser light in ultrafast pulses to manage the quantum state of electrons which is present inside nanoscale defects which are located in a diamond. At the center of the research is a quantum spin system also known as a nitrogen-vacancy center, an atomic-scale defect found in naturally occurring in diamonds.\nResearch head David Awschalom, a molecular engineering professor at Chicago said, “These defects have garnered great interest over the past decade, providing a test-bed system for developing semiconductor quantum bits as well as nanoscale sensors. Here, we were able to harness light to completely control the quantum state of this defect at extremely high speeds.”\nThe process envisages illuminating a single such Nitrogen Vacancy center with two pulses of light from a laser. Quantum state of the electron bound within the defect is switched on when it is excited by the first pulse and then switched off or stopped by the second pulse. The time period between the first pulse and the second pulse is important since the way electron interacts with local surroundings is determined by the timescale.\nUsing different timescale to test the electron’s reaction to a wide array of pulse timescale could lead to a demonstration of the quantum dynamics of an NV center, which is much better than which has been ever been obtained before.\nTesting the electron’s reaction to a wide number of different pulse timescale can yield a demonstration of the quantum dynamics of an NV center that is much better than has ever been obtained before, the researchers said.\nThe findings have immense use in the future development of Quantum Computing. However the scientists have to move beyond just observing the quantum state controlling materials at the atomic level.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Prof. Guillermo Aguilar and his colleagues from the University of California, Riverside have developed a new approach to laser speckle imaging, called Laser Speckle Optical Flow Imaging (LSOFI) to be used for autonomous blood vessel detection and as a qualitative tool for blood flow visualization. LSOFI works by capturing the speckle displacement caused by different physical behavior and use the data to create a mapped image. It has been shown that LSOFI has many advantages over LSCI methods both in temporal and spatial resolution. Namely, LSOFI can be used to produce higher resolution images compared with the LSCI method using less frames. Combining this technology with Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) computation increases the speed of LSOFI, so GPU enabled LSOFI shows potential to create a fast and fully functional quasi-real time blood flow imaging system. Fig 1: Comparison of blood flow imaging techniques applied to the raw image. The shown results are for Laser Speckle Optical Flow Imaging (LSOFI) using the Farneback Optical Flow algorithm, traditional Laser Speckle Imaging (LSI), and Temporal Frame Averaging (sLASCA).", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Dynamic range is the camera sensor’s ability to capture detail in very bright and very dark parts of a scene. Cameras (or sensors) with a low dynamic range record dark shadows as a solid black or bright highlights as a featureless white. In the days of film, this was known as a film’s ‘exposure latitude’. […]\nAn exposure mode on some Nikon digital cameras which balances up the exposure in high-contrast scenes. The camera reduces the exposure to make sure it captures bright highlight detail and then processes the image to brighten up dark shadows. It can be applied in different strength settings.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Benefit from our experience\nIn addition to our own research in the field of \"optical analysis of string instruments\", SCHILBACH opens its photo studio in cooperation with SCHILBACH DesignThinkingProcess for violin makers, bow makers, musicians and restorers.\nExpert reports, appraisals, certificates,analysis, research or an instrument passport require photos that are as meaningful as possible and that show the instrument as true-to-proportion as possible, true to colour and in high resolution. In addition to conventional white light, photography using the LUMATEC lamps offers additional advantages.\nBy illuminating with different wavelengths of light, hidden objects are made visible and can be used to reinforce statements. When assessing authenticity and originality, appropriate light can provide information about the association between various components of an instrument. Photos with corresponding wavelengths show other features that can be attributed to the instrument with certainty.\nWe also offer photography using the invisible infrared range using an adapted camera. This can be used to illuminate opaque varnishes, to make retouched cracks on instruments and hairline cracks on bows visible or to locate worm burrows on the surface.\nPhotography for painting restoration\nAnalysis using with different wavelengths of light also offers great advantages in painting restoration. What applies to instruments also applies to a large extent to paintings.\nThus, using the short-wave UVA and violet wavelength range, retouching, polishing, colour compositions / components can be determined or, thanks to our studio, captured by a photographer. In the red spectrum, when paintings are darkened, the original image under the darkening can be made visible and easily photographed.\nThe invisible infrared range is suitable for the analysis of paintings, as preliminary drawings and image changes can be recorded under the top layer of paint.\nBenefit from our experience in the field of professional full-format instrument photography and optical analysis.\nHigh-resolution photos with white light and all wavelengths of the LUMATEC lamps.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Minimizing the temporal jitter in ultrafast oscillator systems is key to successful pump-probe spectroscopy. Recently, synchronization between two independent oscillators has been applied to higher-energy, amplified systems and has achieved sub-200 fs synchronization between two amplifiers.\nIAN READ and KEVIN O'KEEFE\nTime-resolved spectroscopic techniques are used widely by scientists for exploring processes with sub-nanosecond timescales. During the past 20 years, such techniques advanced significantly, creating an ongoing need for ever more sophisticated instrumentation. In some cases, these advances have first been defined theoretically, leaving experimentalists to anxiously await the instrumentation that enables them to explore the new territory. One such case is ultrafast laser science. From the advent of the laser in 1950, scientists have been interested in manipulating this unique light source to generate more wavelengths, more energy, and shorter pulses. Lasers can now routinely deliver picosecond (10-12) and femtosecond (10-15) pulses. Ultrafast laser science has enabled significant advances in modern chemistry, physics, and even biology1-3.\nBy far the most popular technique for modern time-resolved spectroscopy is pump-probe spectroscopy, which can be configured to measure transients corresponding to molecular properties (such as 2D infrared [IR] Raman), semiconductor physics (such as carrier dynamics), and materials science.4 The technique requires two optical pulses that are aligned both spatially and temporally with respect to each other. The first (pump) pulse, typically of higher energy, induces a transient effect in the sample that is then sampled by the second (probe) pulse. The time evolution of the transient is determined by methodically altering the temporal spacing between the arrival of the pump pulse and that of the interrogating probe pulse. The time resolution is determined solely by the duration of the optical probe pulse. In the simplest configuration, the pump and probe pulses are derived from the same laser pulse by splitting the beam. This single-color geometry has several advantages because using a single pulse eliminates problems arising from temporal jitter. When two lasers are required-such as for two-color experiments or when there is insufficient pulse energy from a single laser-the two lasers must be synchronized in order to minimize temporal jitter between the pulses and to optimize the overall precision of the measurement.\n|FIGURE 1. Schematic representation of Spectra-Physics advanced timing configuration. Two regenerative amplifier systems are synchronized to within 200 fs. Phase adjustment of the seed oscillators can generate delays from 0 to 12.5 ns without the use of optical delay lines.|\nSeveral techniques have been used to minimize the temporal jitter in ultrafast oscillator systems. They generally involve an electronic comparison between the optical oscillator and a reference oscillator. The difference between the oscillators is minimized by a fine cavity length adjustment of the optical oscillator so its output matches the characteristics of the reference. This method is successful in reducing temporal jitter between two independent oscillators to within 200 fs. Techniques such as coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) imaging have been developed using such a scheme. Many laboratories use this technique for synchronizing their experiments with free electron lasers and synchrotrons. The approach is reliable, reproducible, and affordable but has only been available for low energy oscillators. More recently, an extension of this synchronization method has been applied to higher energy, amplified laser systems.\nSynchronization of ultrafast amplifiers\nThe classical high-energy, ultrafast laser system generally uses chirped pulse amplification (CPA) to convert ultrafast low energy (nJ) oscillator pulses to higher energy (mJ) pulses. Optical damage from the high-energy pulses is avoided by stretching the oscillator pulses before amplification. Because the extensive bandwidth content of a femtosecond pulse is large (~10-60 nm), a grating is used to stretch the pulse to several hundred picoseconds. The stretched pulse is then amplified using regenerative amplification. The high-energy picoseconds-long pulse (now several mJ) is then compressed back to its original pulsewidth.\nThe CPA process requires several laser sources to operate in synchrony: the seed laser, used to generate the ultrafast pulse; the amplification pump laser, used to power the amplification stage; and the amplifier. Timing of these components has traditionally been handled using an analog electronics module that controls the amplifier switches (Pockels cells). These switches and the amplification laser are synchronized while the seed laser operates in a \"free-running\" mode. Although operating in this manner is satisfactory for many applications, a limitation arises when high-precision measurements are required. A mismatch exists between the seed laser and amplification laser repetition frequencies so the amplifier system timing varies as a function of this mismatch. For a seed oscillator running at 80 MHz, the overall system timing uncertainty will have an upper limit of 12.5 ns. To overcome this limit, each component of the amplifier system must be synchronized. More sophisticated, digital synchronization modules such as the Spectra-Physics Timing and Delay Generator (TDG) improve precision and allow for multiple amplifier systems to be synchronized.\n|FIGURE 2. Experimental setup for quasi-phase matching. Two amplifier systems operate in synchrony through use of the scheme outlined in Fig. 1. The chirped output pulse is passed through a waveplate polarizer to generate a pulse train. The characteristics of the output pulse train can be programmed using an acousto-optic programmable dispersive filter (AOPDF) to maximize harmonic generation.|\nDuring the past few years, digital equipment has been developed for improving the overall timing capabilities of CPA laser systems. Digital electronics enable the timing of the switching electronics to be governed by the seed laser. By dividing the 80 MHz signal from the seed laser to about 1 kHz, additional amplifier systems can be synchronized to either one or multiple seed lasers to within <200 fs (see Fig. 1). When two seed lasers are used, the relative arrival of each amplifier pulse can be adjusted from t = 0 to t = tmax, where tmax is equivalent to the seed laser interpulse spacing. This adjustment is accomplished via electronic phase adjustment of the seed laser arrival time. The timing electronics (TDG1, TDG2) control the additional amplifier components. In practice, several experimental methods can be performed that benefit from this advance. A popular example of where this capability is utilized is high harmonic generation (HHG) via quasi-phase matching (QPM).\nHigh harmonic generation\nWhen generated using femtosecond lasers, HHG suffers from very low conversion efficiency. Typical conversion efficiencies are on the order of 10-6 for photon energies of 100 eV, with the conversion efficiency decreasing to as little as 10-15 for photon energies near 1 keV. One reason for such low conversion efficiencies is the difference between the phase velocities of the driving laser and the harmonic beam. This causes the intensity of each generated harmonic to oscillate with propagation distance. The oscillation period is 2Lc, where Lc = π/Δk. Here, Lc is the coherence length, and Δk is the wave vector mismatch. In order to overcome this problem, the harmonic generation must be phase matched such that Δk = 0. This can be achieved for output photon energies up to approximately 100 eV by balancing different sources of dispersion in a gas-filled hollow-core waveguide. However, above a certain ionization level it is no longer possible to balance the negative dispersion caused by plasma formed during ionization, and alternative approaches to phase matching are required.\nQuasi-phase matching is an alternative approach suitable for increasing the generation efficiency of higher-order harmonics. The aim of QPM is to suppress HHG in those regions where the generated harmonics are out of phase with the harmonic beam. If HHG can be suppressed in N such out-of-phase regions, then the overall intensity of the harmonic beam should increase by a factor N2, greatly increasing the efficiency of this source. This increase can be achieved using a counter-propagating train of femtosecond laser pulses. In pulse-train QPM, harmonic generation is suppressed in regions where the driving laser pulse overlaps with a counter-propagating pulse. This interaction modifies the trajectory of the photoionized electron. To date, pulse trains containing just a few pulses have been used with this technique. For QPM to be most efficient, a large number of high-energy counter-propagating pulses must be generated and their relative temporal separation must be controlled.\nIn the simplest configuration, a single amplifier source can be used where a single, high-energy output pulse is split into two parts. The first part is used, untreated, to generate the harmonics, while the second part generates the counter-propagating pulse train. This pulse train is produced by first introducing a linear chirp onto the femtosecond pulse. The chirped pulse is then passed through a birefringent plate oriented at 45° relative to the polarization of the incident pulse. Next, a linear polarizer is oriented parallel to the incident pulse. The waveplate/polarizer combination attenuates all wavelength components whose retardance is an odd multiple of π/2; those components whose retardance is a multiple of 2π pass with no attenuation. A pulse train is formed whose spacing is constant and depends upon the thickness of the birefringent plate. An extension of this technique, in which the separation between pulses in the train can be controlled via computer, has also recently been demonstrated and is described below.5\nOptimizing pulse trains for efficient HHG\nThis technique for generating pulse trains with variable pulse spacing is of particular interest for QPM because it enables them to be tailored to best match the coherence lengths of harmonics in a waveguide.6 The lengths can change based upon local conditions inside the waveguide. In order to achieve QPM over many coherent zones pulse trains must be generated in which there are large numbers of pulses of sufficient energy that each pulse in the train can suppress harmonic generation, and in which the spacing between the pulses can be controlled to deliver pulse trains with nonlinear pulse spacing. Programmable control of these pulse trains is a major advantage since it allows the most suitable pulse train to be easily synthesized to quasi-phase-match a particular harmonic.\nThe first step to achieving this level of control requires that the driving pulse and counter-propagating pulse come from two different amplifier sources and that the amplifier sources are fully synchronized (see Fig. 2). In this configuration, the driving pulse is delivered, untreated, from the first amplifier. The counter-propagating pulse originates from the second amplifier, and its characteristics are controlled using a pulse shaper. Pulse trains with variable pulse spacing can be generated and HHG via QPM can be maximized.\nSynchronization of the amplifier pulses is critical for QPM in this configuration because the driving and counter-propagating pulses must collide at the same point in the waveguide for each laser shot. The Spectra-Physics Timing and Delay Generator enables a clean and robust approach for achieving sub-200 fs synchronization between two amplifiers at no additional cost.\n1. A.H. Zewail, Femtochemistry: Ultrafast Dynamics of the Chemical Bond, World Scientific Series in 20th Century Chemistry, Vol. 3, World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., Singapore (1994).\n2. Y. Silberberg, \"Ultrafast Physics: Quantum Control with a Twist,\" Nature, 430, 624-625 (Aug. 5, 2004).\n3. W. Denk, J.H. Strickler, W.W. Webb, \"Two-photon laser scanning microscope,\" Science, 248, 73-76 (1990).\n4. C. Weiman; T.W. Hänsch, Phys. Rev. Lett., 36, 1170 (1976).\n5. K. O'Keefe, T. Robinson, and S.M. Hooker, \"Generation and control of chirped, ultrafast pulse trains,\" J. Opt., 12, 015201 (2010).\n6. T. Robinson, K. O'Keefe, S.M. Hooker, \"Generation and control of ultrafast pulse trains for quasi-phase-matching high-harmonic generation,\" J. OSA B, 27, 763-772 (2010).\nIan Read is senior product manager, ultrafast amplifiers for Newport Corp.'s Spectra-Physics Laser Division, 3635 Peterson Way, Santa Clara, CA 95054; e-mail: email@example.com; www.newport.com. Kevin O'Keefe is senior research associate, Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, England.\nTell us what you think about this article. Send an e-mail to LFWFeedback@pennwell.com.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "We describe the synthesis and spectroscopic investigation of neodymium-doped silicone-urea copolymers. Absorption and luminescence analysis show that neodymium-doped silicone-urea copolymers are promising candidates for the development of polymer-based active photonic devices in the near infrared.\n© 2006 Optical Society of America\nU. Demirbas, A. Kurt, A. Sennaroglu, E. Yilgor, and I. Yilgor, \" Luminescence Characteristics of Nd3+-Doped Silicone-Urea Copolymers,\" in Advanced Solid-State Photonics, Technical Digest (Optical Society of America, 2006), paper WB22.\nReferences are not available for this paper.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "An analysis of the results of Land’s experiments with two-primary color projections has been carried out in terms of the known phenomena of object-color perception. It is shown that no new theory is required for the prediction of Land’s result that two-primary color projections can produce object-color perceptions of all hues; nor for his result that many choices of pairs of primaries yield substantially the same object-color perceptions. Land’s hypothesis that when the colors of the patches of light making up a scene are restricted to a one-dimensional variation of any sort, the observer usually perceives the objects in that scene as essentially without hue, is new; several special cases of it are supported by previous work as well as Land’s. This hypothesis deserves the serious attention of research workers in object-color perception.\n© 1960 Optical Society of AmericaFull Article | PDF Article\nMore Like This\nJ. Opt. Soc. Am. 54(4) 529-531 (1964)\nD. E. Pearson and C. B. Rubinstein\nJ. Opt. Soc. Am. 60(10) 1398-1403 (1970)\nD. E. Pearson, C. B. Rubinstein, and G. J. Spivack\nJ. Opt. Soc. Am. 59(5) 644-658 (1969)", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The CP A3 LED light pad is ideal for various viewing, drawing and tracing fields of use; Photography, Tattoo design , Film and Slide Transferring, Animation, Architecture Design, Fashion design, X-ray viewing, and more.\nThe CP A3 light pad has adopted the latest Constant Current & Backlight Technology featuring no extra heat generation and high security performance. The light pad maintains a comfortable operating temperature of 90°F, which also effectively extends the lifespan of the LED.\nEasily Adjustable Screen Brightness\nSimply press and hold the Main Button to adjust the screen brightness then release the button to select the brightness you prefer (from Light to Dark); The CP A3 light pad will memorize the brightness setting of your last selection. Click the Main Button after turning the light pad on to set the screen brightness automatically to your last setting.\nTriple Eye Protection Technology\nLight transmission from the LED light pad is higher than normal glass surfaces by 20%. In conjunction with our applied eye protection film, the light is gentle and will not hurt your eyes over prolonged use.\nThe LED Tracing Light Pad’s display area has the same dimensions as a standard A3 sized piece of paper, which is compatible for most commonly used applications and uses. The light Pad features ruler measurement markers along the sides of the display work area to aid you in certain tasks\nTablet Width: 37cm Model Number: XP-Pen CP A3 Interface Type: USB Material: Acrylic Tablet length: 48cm Dimension(L x W x H): 48.5 x 37 x 0.7 cm Active area: 16.92\" x 12.59\" Scale size: A3 (43 x 32 cm) Working surface: PC Light source: LED Working voltage: 12V Electric current: 600mA LED life cycle: 6500-7000K Rated power: 12W", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "SLM LIGHT INTENSITY REGULATOR\nPublication Date: 2002-Nov-19\nThe IP.com Prior Art Database\nRelated DocumentsPatent/Patent Application:\nHomogenous light intensity is a key element in a lithographic patterning process. A spatial light modulator (SLM) can be used to homogenize intensity distribution in a beam spot used in a lithographic patterning process. A detector device detects the original intensity distribution and sends information to the SLM to adjust certain pixels in order to achieve a desired intensity pattern.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Micromax presents A-GAGE EZ-ARRAY two-piece measuring light curtains with IO-Link output, the newest addition to the company's line of measuring array sensors.\nThe new EZ-ARRAY sensors from Banner Engineering provide a cost-effective measuring sensor solution designed for quick and simple installation with the sophistication to handle tough sensing applications.\nThe measuring array sensors offer superior performance in high-speed, precise process monitoring and inspection as well as profiling and web-guiding applications such as package and baggage sizing on material handling conveyors, profiling/positioning of packages or material in process, web edge guiding, log diameter measurement and carpet to nap edge detection among others.\nAccording to Dean Tyo, Chief Engineer for Vision, Measurement and Instrumentation at Banner Engineering, the introduction of the IO-Link in the sensors allows for full configuration of the EZ-ARRAY operating parameters and beam status monitoring.\nHe adds that the EZ-ARRAY configuration and measurement data can be communicated to a host controller on the field bus network when connected to an IO-Link Master, allowing for convenient reporting of measurement values.\nKey features of EZ-ARRAY measuring array sensors:\n- 6-position DIP switch for setting scan mode, measurement modes, analogue slope and a discrete output 2 option for complementary measurement or alarm operation\n- Excellent 4-metre range with 5mm beam spacing\n- Capable of a 5mm minimum object detection or 2.5mm edge resolution depending on the scanning method\n- Remote teach wire option for alignment, inverted display and DIP switch disable also included\n- Complete configuration, alignment assistance and process monitoring tools are available through PC based software tools\n- Software interfaces available for advanced sensor setup functions\n- MODBUS-RTU equipped models use Banner’s Sensors user interface, a free software package to interact with the EZ-ARRAY\n- IO-Link equipped models use PACTware, a complimentary IO-Link software package available from TURCK to interact with the EZ-ARRAY", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Jiafang Li, Jing Liu, Ximin Tian, Zhi-Yuan Li\nMetal nanoparticles have unique localized surface plasmon resonance (SPR) properties due to the strong interaction of localized surface plasmon polariton (SPP) with incident light. This review will cover some of our recent theoretical and experimental studies on exploring the unique optical interaction and mechanical motion properties of plasmonic particles that originate from SPR enhanced light-matter interaction. Firstly, the efficient enhancement of both the fluorescence excitation and emission process of dye molecules by the double SPR modes (longitudinal and transverse modes) in gold nanorods, and surface plasmon amplification in metal nanoparticles with gain is discussed. Secondly, it is theoretically demonstrated that two basic physical processes of molecules interacting with light, i.e., the elastic Rayleigh scattering and inelastic Raman scattering, will strongly intertwine and correlate with each other in many plasmonic surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) and tip-enhanced Raman scattering (TERS) nanosystems. Thirdly, it is experimentally shown that SPR can enhance the optical force and torque of nanoparticles embedded within non-intrusive optical tweezers. The work presented in this review shows that plasmonic particles can possess unique optical interaction and mechanical motion properties when their geometries are deliberately controlled.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "|Home||» Products||» Industrial LED Display Board||» Transport Management LED Display|\nWith the help of our team of creative professionals, we have emerged as one of the foremost manufacturers and suppliers of a broad range of Transport Management LED Display. A provided display is manufactured to perfection using the superior quality material. The offered display is available in various patterns and sizes with eye-pleasing light emission. This Transport Management LED Display is highly demanded information display purposes.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The Leupold Golden Ring 12-40x60mm HD spotting scope takes the performance of the standard model to a new level.\nHD lens system - this fluoride-based objective lens system is eco-friendly and offers substantially enhanced resolution, color, and contrast (especially at 40x) for sharper, better defined images of game in cover.\nLong constant eye relief - 30mm regardless of the magnification setting.\nMatching brown, soft-side, form-fitting case - included with the scope, provides extra protection and can remain on the scope during use.\nIndex Matched Lens System - along with folded light path technology, it minimizes light dispersion and provides maximum light transmission.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Adaptive Representation of Specular Light Flux\nand Pierre Poulin\nProc. Graphics Interface 2000, May 2000\nCaustics produce beautiful and intriguing illumination patterns.\nHowever, their complex behavior make them difficult to simulate\naccurately in all but the simplest configurations.\nTo capture their appearance,\nwe present an adaptive approach based upon light beams. The coherence\nbetween light rays forming a light beam greatly reduces the number of\nsamples required for precise illumination reconstruction.\nThe light beams characterize the distribution of light due to\ninteractions with specular surfaces (specular light flux) in 3D space,\nthus allowing for the treatment of illumination\nwithin single-scattering participating media. The hierarchical\nstructure enclosing the light beams possesses inherent properties\nto detect efficiently every light beam reaching any 3D point,\nto adapt itself according to illumination effects in the final image,\nand to reduce memory consumption via caching.\ncaustics, global illumination, ray tracing, wavefront, beam, shaft.\ntitle = \"Adaptive Representation of Specular Light Flux\",\nauthor = \"Normand Briere and Pierre Poulin\",\nbooktitle = \"Graphics Interface 2000\",\nyear = \"2000\",\nmonth = \"May\",\npages = \"--\"\nAdobe PDF version of the paper", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Can you patch a fiber optic cable?\nFiber optic cables are repaired in the same way that they are spliced. Unlike conventional copper wire, a cut fiber cable cannot simply be twisted or crimped back together. If the fiber isn’t cut but damaged, then the bad section is removed and the remaining fiber must be carefully spliced.\nWhat is a fiber optic patch cord used for?\nPatch cables are used for connections to CATV (Cable Television), telecommunication networks, computer fiber networks and fiber test equipment.\nHow do I choose a fiber patch cord?\nUsually in even numbers as fiber is specified as Transmit and Receive. Fiber counts can be from One Fiber to 144 Fibers. Choices are: 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 84, 96, 108, 120, 132, 144. It is recommended to always pull more fiber than needed.\nHow many types of fiber patch cords are there?\ngenerally there are two types of fiber optic patch cords: single mode fiber optic patch cords and multimode fiber optic patch cords. here the word mode means the transmitting mode of the fiber optic light in the fiber optic cable core.\nWhat are the different types of patch cords?\nPatch cables can be made from a variety of cable types: coaxial, UTP, STP, and fiber patch cable types.\nHow long can a fiber patch cable be?\nMultimode Fiber Optic Patch Cable You’ll want multimode fiber optics for applications that have shorter distances, like within a building or an A/V application within the local network. The maximum length for a fiber optic cable is about 400 to 550 meters.\nWhat are the different types of patch cord?\nPatch cables can be made from a variety of cable types: coaxial, UTP, STP, and fiber patch cable types. Further, pig tails refer to a cable assembly that has been terminated only at one end with exposed bare wires.\nWhat are the types of patch cables?\nTypes of patch cords include microphone cables, fiber optic spectroscopy cables, headphone extension cables, XLR connector, Tiny Telephone (TT) connector, RCA connector and ¼” TRS phone connector cables (as well as modular Ethernet cables), and thicker, hose-like cords (snake cable) used to carry video or amplified …\nWhat is optical welding?\nLaser beam welding (LBW) is a welding technique used to join pieces of metal or thermoplastics through the use of a laser. The beam provides a concentrated heat source, allowing for narrow, deep welds and high welding rates.\nWhat is splicing in fiber optics?\nTo begin, the standard definition of splicing in optical fiber is joining two fiber optic cables together. The other, more common, method of joining fibers is called termination or connectorization. Splicing is most commonly used in the field but has application in cable assembly houses.\nWhat is a fiber optic patch cord?\nFiber optic patch cords are very important passive fiber optic components in fiber optic networks. There are many different fiber optic patch cable types as per their connectors and cables in making a fiber optic patch cord. You can learn Fiber Optic Patch Cord Wiki first. You will know the basic knowledge about them.\nHow much does fiber optic patch cable cost in SC?\nFiber Optic Patch Cable SC to SC LEIHONG SC/UPC-SC/APC-SM Singlemode Simplex Fiber Optic Jumper Optical Patch Cord 2M-2 Pack 4.3 out of 5 stars50 $9.98$9.98\nWhat is the best fiber optic cord for SFP?\nAmazon’s Choicefor fiber patch cord Fiber Patch Cable – LC to LC OM3 10Gb/Gigabit Multi-mode Jumper Duplex 50/125 LSZH Fiber Optic Cord for SFP Transceiver, Computer Fiber Networks and Fiber Test Equipment, 1-Meter(3.3ft, 4-Pack) 4.8 out of 5 stars217\nHow much does St to St fiber patch cord cost?\nST to ST Single Mode Fiber Patch Cord (Insensitive) – Duplex – 3M – UPC/UPC – 9/125um OS2 100G – Beyondtech PureOptics Cable Series 4.7 out of 5 stars45 $10.90$10.90", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "RENTON, WA, June 23, 2016 – Microscan, a global manufacturer and pioneer of miniature barcode imagers and machine vision smart cameras for industrial automation, redefines imaging technology as a single, omni-capable platform for any automation task. With the scalability to accomplish basic to high-performance auto ID as well as simple to advanced machine vision in one, MicroHAWK® offers the breadth of Microscan software and hardware options on the smallest smart camera suite ever developed. The MicroHAWK family includes a fully-integrated imaging engine and three industrial-rated miniature imagers with unrivaled flexibility, ease of use, and universal application potential.\nA leader in the miniaturization of industrial data acquisition technologies, Microscan founded its company and namesake with the invention of the world’s smallest and fastest laser barcode scanner in 1982 (the MS-1000). With the ability to accomplish high-performance barcode reading in the most space-restricted instruments, Microscan quickly became the leading brand of embedded barcode readers for clinical applications and has remained committed to space-efficiency in the design of its products. When the company acquired Siemens’ Machine Vision business in 2008, Microscan combined the compact form factor of its products with new and vast machine vision inspection capabilities. Microscan released the world’s smallest smart camera (Vision MINI®) on the award-winning AutoVISION® Machine Vision platform and coined the term “Auto ID+” – the first technology to go beyond barcode reading to add basic inspection tasks such as counting, measurement, OCR, and more within a single, fully-integrated device.\nWith the release of the MicroHAWK platform in 2015, Microscan re-engineered the form factor of its barcode reader line from the ground up to offer the industry’s most capable and intuitive barcode imagers at an incredibly small scale. These micro-sized devices offer a fully-configurable framework, allowing users to choose decoding capability, decode speed, lighting, camera lens, and sensor, and to package them into the MicroHAWK reader with the ideal dimensions, industrial rating, and connectivity required by the application. This revolutionary flexibility has laid the groundwork for even more feature combinations for MicroHAWK imagers.\nToday, Microscan announces that it has now added its full range of machine vision tools to the ultra-compact MicroHAWK platform, releasing the world’s smallest fully-integrated machine vision systems. Paired with Microscan’s browser-based WebLink UI, simplified AutoVISION Machine Vision Software, or the advanced Visionscape® Machine Vision Software, MicroHAWK Smart Cameras (MV-20, MV-30, and MV-40) expand the concept of industrial imaging from barcode imaging alone to the universal imaging of any code, text, or part feature to accomplish any automation task based on visible data. MicroHAWK now provides users a single hardware solution with options to meet any decoding or inspection task, in any integration space, and at any experience level.\nWith the addition of machine vision, the MicroHAWK platform gains scalability beyond its selectable hardware configurations. Now users can also choose their device’s software capability to accomplish barcode reading, machine vision, or a combination of the two on a single, adaptable platform. The browser-based WebLink interface provides MicroHAWK cameras with industry-leading X-Mode decoding technology for reading any code, from high-contrast 1D to the most challenging direct part marks (DPM). This interface offers intuitive controls and does not require software installation, enabling users to integrate MicroHAWK into any system with ease. Alternately, AutoVISION software provides MicroHAWK with Auto ID+ capability for the barcode reading performance of WebLink plus a range of inspection tools offered through Microscan’s machine vision library, scalable to Visionscape for complex inspection.\nThe launch of MicroHAWK machine vision also ushers in the latest revision of Microscan’s AutoVISION 4.0 software, featuring an expanded toolset in a simplified interface for basic to mid-range machine vision applications. AutoVISION 4.0 adds a Circle Measure Tool for measuring features like drill holes; color tools for detecting and matching colored objects like test tube caps; support for autofocus in the MicroHAWK MV-30, MV-40, and Vision HAWK® smart cameras; and support for Microscan’s PC-based GigE (gigabit Ethernet) machine vision cameras. AutoVISION continues to be fully scalable to Microscan’s comprehensive machine vision software, Visionscape, for the most advanced inspection tasks and custom machine vision programming. With unrestricted software capability now available for MicroHAWK, users are able to address the breadth of applications image-based ID, measurement, gauging, defect-detection, and guidance from the smallest devices available.\nLearn more about the MicroHAWK platform or request a demo at www.microscan.com/microhawk.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Mobile / WhatsApp:+86-13553831871 firstname.lastname@example.org\nFeb 26,2021| LED Knowledge\nWhy use LED display screens?\nThis question is most often asked in comparison to projectors and projector screens. The projected image is a reflection, not a light source, so the maximum brightness you can get off of a reflection is never enough in sunlight versus a LED display screen. LED display screens are light-emitters, as opposed to standard projection screens which are light-reflectors. This means that the screen IS the light source, so you get brighter images and more vibrant colors. LED produces colors in a range greater than most video cameras are capable of capturing! Unlike projection screens, LED display screens are useable in bright environments such as convention centers, stages with full scenic lighting, and even the sunny outdoors.\nAnother question we get often is in comparison to flat panel television walls. In this scenario, several TV’s are butted together to make the wall. The first problem here, and probably most glaring, is the seams between the walls. Viewed side by side, the LED display screen is one large seamless screen, where the TV panel matrix’s seams are constantly, jarringly there. It’s very hard for the brain to forget that these seams are right in the middle of the image and they are a constant distraction. Another problem with them in comparison to LED display screens is their picture. The TV panels just can not produce the same amount of brightness and crispness as an LED display screen can, and that’s what attracts the eyes. With our ultra high-resolution panels, we can achieve the same HD quality and much higher brightness and contrast than any flat panel TV wall matrix.\nAnother huge reason to consider LED is that outdoor LED display screens are built for the weather, and can remain in service during a rainstorm. This is a huge plus for event organizers, especially in the summer when unexpected weather could develop at any time.\nLED display screens are getting lighter in weight and higher resolution all the time. When you partner with Neots, we will provide the screen type that best fits your situation and budget.\nWhat makes an LED display screen HD?\nPeople ask all the time what makes the LED display screen HD?\nAs long as the screen is built in the proper Aspect Ratio, we can display HD content and it will look great, even when building smaller screens. However, with our 5mm panels, for example, the screen would be over 21 feet wide and 13 feet tall before it contained enough pixels to be called “HD”. HD commonly comes in 2 different formats, the 720 and 1080 format. More recently 4k content is all the rage, but 720 and 1080 content still is the most widely available and commonly used. Here is the pixel configuration for a common HD picture:\nFor true 720 High Definition, the screen will be at least 1280 pixels wide by 720 pixels tall, with a total pixel count of 921,600.\nFor true 1080 High Definition, the screen will be at least 1920 pixels wide by 1080 pixels tall, with a total pixel count of 2,073,600.\nSo if you know the pixel count of your screen, using these metric’s you can know if your screen qualifies to fully display, pixel for pixel, an HD image without any upscaling.\nTo learn more, just give us a call and we’ll discuss this further with you.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "At Larbalestier Opticians we recommend the best lenses for you, offering the very latest technological developments. Not all lenses are the same. Uniquely in Guernsey, all dispenses are actually carried out by a qualified Optician (no unqualified dispensing), so you will receive the most expert advice, measurements and fittings.\nUnique to Larbalestier Opticians (and the only opticians in Guernsey), all lenses that we dispense now come with Crizal UV coating as standard giving you 6 protection benefits;\n- Reduce glare\n- Resist scratches (Crizal Forte UV has a 2 year guarantee against scratches)\n- Resist smudges\n- Repel dust\n- Repel water\n- Protect against UV\nInnovative lens technology reduces glare from the sun and car headlights, helping you see better; reduces headaches and eye fatigue from using digital devices. Crizal UV is the best E-SPF (Eye Sun Protection Factor) available on a clear lens.\nCrizal Easy UV – these lenses are not only cost effective, they offer excellent glare and scratch resistance, along with smudge resistance, it also comes with UV protection.\nCrizal Forte UV – give your eyes the best available protection, on a clear lens, against damaging UV light. It is also guaranteed against scratches and defects for 2 years.\nCrizal Prevencia – UV light from the sun can cause cataracts, while blue light can cause AMD. By choosing Crizal Prevencia, you are protecting your eyes on a daily basis and maintaining your long term eye health. At the same time, it lets in good light that regulates sleep and mood, and boosts brain activity.\nXperio Polarising lenses\nMore than just a sun lens, these lenses eliminate glare, enhance colour and contrast, whilst protecting the eyes from damaging UV rays. They are ideal for driving, being at sea or on the beach, sports, other outdoor activities, and for people with light sensitivity. For extra comfort and clarity these are recommended to be combined with Crizal Sun UV coating. With standard sunglasses the light that comes from the sides and the back of your lenses is reflected back into your eyes. Crizal Sun UV protects against this as well as smudges and scratch resistance on both sides, which they are cleaner, twice as easy to clean and last longer.\nXperio polarising lenses have an Eye-Sun Protection Factor of 50+, which means they give your eyes 50 times more protection than wearing no lenses. They come in a range of colours including brown, grey, grey-green, blue sky, violet, blue purple. All these lenses are now available in either full tints or graduated these lenses are available as prescription lenses of all types including single vision and varifocal. Come in store to see the samples of these excellent lenses.\nThe Transitions range of photochromic lenses adapt to changing light. They have the latest light control technology to be more responsive than ever before whilst protecting you against UV. Our Crizal Transitions lenses provide 25 times more UV protection than without any lenses.\nTransitions XTRActive – going extra dark in sunny conditions and also darkening inside the car, these lenses offer superior visual comfort.\nTransitions Signature – the everyday lenses that automatically adjust from clear to dark and every shade in between\nTransitions Graphite Green – from classic to cutting-edge style, you can transform any pair of regular glasses into a striking look all on your own.\nSatisfaction guarantee – Larbalestier Opticians with exchange your Transitions lenses to clear lenses at no cost if you are not satisfied with your Transitions lenses.\nStay fog free. You no longer need to suffer the inconvenience, embarrassment or danger of fogged-up lenses. Clean your Optifog lenses daily with the Optifog Smart Textile and washing them with water every two weeks. Stay fog free whatever the conditions, and get the daily defence against UV to protect the long term health of your eyes.\nWe are the only Varilux specialist on the island offering you the very latest varifocal technology. From the inventors of varifocal lenses, Varilux gives dynamic clarity and greater comfort whilst providing natural vision near, far and in between. All Varilux lenses are tested and approved by wearers to ensure your satisfaction, including fast and easy adaption. With Varilux lenses adaption is guaranteed. Varilux lenses come as standard with Crizal UV and can be made as clear, Transitions or Xperio polarised.\nA tailored solution. Our Eyecode measurement system tailors your lenses perfectly to you and your eyes, giving you flawless clarity. Lenses designed using Eyecode are up to five times more precise than standard versions, resulting in considerably more accurate vision. Standard lenses are manufactured on the basis that everybody has the same Eye Rotation Centre (ERC). In reality this can vary by as much as 30%. Eyecode gathers 3D measurements to produce a highly accurate, tailored lens specification unique to you. Eyecode personalisation is available on Varilux and Single Vision lenses.\nLenses for the digital age\nSwitch vision quickly and easily between near and mid distances, without the need for varifocals. These are recommended if you need a near vision correction, find your reading glasses have limitations and find it annoying to continually change your glasses. They are particularly useful for office based work.\nCombine with Crizal Prevencia and protect against harmful blue light.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "A promising outlook for vision\n09 August 2011\nJohn Haddon, technical consultant for UK Industrial Vision Association, is excited about the future potential for vision technology – fuelled by the need for automated technology to make efficiency savings while ensuring better quality control and product consistency.\nJohn Haddon, technical consultant for UK Industrial Vision Association\nThe European vision market was forecast to grow 5% in 2010 but the European Machine Vision Association (EMVA) has recently announced that growth was nearer 35%. In addition, the European Machine Vision Industry Report 2011, published by the EMVA, predicts further growth of 20% in 2011. This has been fuelled by the accessibility of vision and imaging technologies, easy to use of software and the flexibility of interfaces and camera technology.\nA major contributor to this trend is the increasing demand placed on industry to be more cost efficient and to reduce defects, improve quality control and to eliminate human error through the use of automation.\nAutomation is having a significant influence on the industrial vision market as the manufacturing sector strives to ensure competitiveness in response to the threats posed by lower labour costs in other parts of the world. Industry has also been able to benefit from technology advances, developed for the demanding security and defence sectors, which have been driving improved performance and reducing system prices. Vision is also expanding outside its natural home of industrial production and is moving into areas such as agriculture, security, surveillance, logistics, life science, medical technology, retail, sports and many other walks of life. It would seem that this trend is no ‘flash in the pan’. Another report, ‘Global Machine Vision and Vision Guided Robotics Market (2010-2015)’ published recently by US based Marketsandmarkets predicts significant growth for the machine vision and related components market throughout the world during this period.\nA cash injection\nIn the industrial sector, a cash injection of £600,000 has been announced by the UK Coalition Government to help stimulate the adoption of automation in UK manufacturing. A two-year programme will allow experts to go into UK manufacturing companies and work with them to identify their automation needs and help specify the most appropriate solution. This offers a big opportunity for the UK Vision industry to demonstrate the contribution that vision can make to this vital area.\nFrom a control engineering perspective, vision systems can help automate manufacturing processes, both in conjunction with robotic systems (pick-and-place and robot guidance) and independently by providing sophisticated automated inspection capabilities, at high speed, if required. Smart cameras (where image processing is carried out within the camera itself), multipoint camera systems (where image processing is carried out in a dedicated industrial controller) and the traditional PC-based single and multi-camera inspection systems offer powerful and versatile inspection capabilities.\nA key factor is not just the ability to incorporate vision into new processes or OEM equipment, such as processing and packaging machinery, but also to seamlessly integrate it into existing processes and manufacturing environments. With GigE Vision now an established industrial vision standard, and other Ethernet products available for I/O, triggering and lighting control, a ‘network centric’ approach to running a production line vision system provides a high level of automation and versatile processing and control possibilities.\nIntegrating vision measurements into statistical process control (SPC) methods offers even greater potential productivity benefits by controlling the manufacturing process within its allowed tolerances. In many applications, 100% inspection can be carried out, and each and every product or component can be measured. By feeding this data into the SPC system, trends be identified at an early stage and random and sudden defects can also be identified. If the process cannot be brought under control and the tolerances can not be relaxed (for example in the automotive industry), then the vision system can still be used at the end of the production line in its ‘inspection’ role to weed out defective items and ensure only in-tolerance product is delivered to the customer.\nWith new data transmission standards such as GigE Vision 2.0, CameraLink HS and CoaXPress emerging to offer faster data transmission over longer distances using simplified components, together with continued advances in camera technology, image processing capabilities and the improving affordability of 3D imaging and measurements, the technology of industrial vision continues to develop at a fast pace. Improving capabilities, downward trends in pricing and a strong market demand make the vision industry an exciting and rewarding place to be right now.\nContact Details and Archive...\nMost Viewed Articles...", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "PHANTOS LED Panel 24X12W Hex RGBAWUV with Barn Doors\nThe Hex Panel is wash light with barn doors featuring 24X12W RGBAW+UV LEDs. The projection angle is 38.5° for best color mixing result. The large barn doors help to block lighting from going where they are not needed. the Hex Panel supports 9 DMX channels.\n24X12W RGBAW+UV LEDs\nDMX Channels: 6/10CH (User Selectable)", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Orders placed after 4PM on weekdays will not ship until the next business day. Orders placed after 12pm Fridays will not ship until the following Monday.\nFaster shipping methods may be available; just upgrade during checkout.\n*Some exclusions apply.\nEnter new zip code to refresh estimated delivery time.\nThe 8x32mm Point 'n View 8 MP Camera Binocular from Barska seamlessly supports a symbiotic relationship between an 8x32 binocular and an 8 megapixel digital camera. View an exciting, awe-inspiring visual in the binocular and save it for posterity with a still shot or video via the integrated camera. Stills and videos can be played back on the flip-up 1.5\" LCD color display located on top of the binocular. While the camera itself has no on-board memory, up to 16 gigabytes of images and video can be saved to a user-supplied SD memory card. While the binocular has a normative 8x magnification, the camera has a 1-4x zoom magnification. A CMOS color image sensor optimized at 8 megapixels delivers a maximum image size of 3264 x 2448. With a quick change of a simple button setting, still shots can morph into AVI videos at 640x480 pixels. The time limit of video depends on the capacity of the SD storage card. This camera binocular combination has a USB 1.1 port compatible with a PC to store the data and access the media files.\nThe 8x32 binocular features a roof prism design with fold-up eyecups allowing comfortable magnified observation for long periods of time without eye-strain whether an eye/sunglass wearer or not. The multicoated lenses enhance the image quality for a more vivid and sharp viewing experience. It has a minimum close focus distance of 16.4 feet or five meters, out until as far as you can see, and can be mounted on a tripod with an optional 1/4\"-20 adapter. The Point 'n View is a symbiosis of a roof prism binocular with a digital camera that is equally at home on a nature outing, sporting event, or vacation.\nBinocular AAoV of 50.3°\n1-4x camera digital zoom\nBuilt-in USB 1.1 port for fast data transfers\nStandard image formats of JPEG for stills and AVI for videos\nUp to 8.0 MP & 3264 x 2448 pixels of clarity and high contrast\n8x binocular magnification brings far away objects that much closer\n1.5\" TFT LCD flip-up color display screen replays the pictures and videos\nGreen tinted objective lenses help block glare and excessive ambient light\nPowered by 4x user-supplied AAA alkaline batteries with a 3 hour battery life\nVideo formats of 30 fps @ QVGA / 20 fps @ VGA with a time limit dependent on the SD card capacity\nStorage media is a SD/MMC memory card up to 16GB, user supplied. There is no on-board memory\nDiopter adjustment and fold-down rubber eyecups provide comfort viewing for both sun/eyeglass wearers and those not wearing glasses\nMulticoated binocular optics on at least one lens surface reduces light loss and glare due to reflection offering a brighter, higher-contrast image\nLanguage: Traditional Chinese, Simplified Chinese, English, French, German, Japanese, Spanish, Portuguese, and Italian provides international usage\nThe included Installation CD with driver and editing software is compatible with Win98E/2000/Me/XP/Vista.\nWith an SD memory card the device can be leveraged as a mass storage device to access media files with a PC", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Sensors of world’s largest digital camera snap first 3,200-megapixel images at SLAC. Its resolution is so high that you could spot a golf ball from 15 miles away.\nThe camera will explore cosmic mysteries as part of the Rubin Observatory’s Legacy Survey of Space and Time.\nCrews at the Department of Energy’s SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory have taken the first 3,200-megapixel digital photos – the largest ever taken in a single shot – with an extraordinary array of imaging sensors that will become the heart and soul of the future camera of Vera C. Rubin Observatory.\nThe complete focal plane of the future LSST Camera is more than 2 feet wide and contains 189 individual sensors that will produce 3,200-megapixel images. Credit Jacqueline Orrell/SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory\nThe images are so large that it would take 378 4K ultra-high-definition TV screens to display one of them in full size. These and other properties will soon drive unprecedented astrophysical research.\nNext, the sensor array will be integrated into the world’s largest digital camera, currently under construction at SLAC. Once installed at Rubin Observatory in Chile, the camera will produce panoramic images of the complete Southern sky – one panorama every few nights for 10 years.\nThe LSST Camera’s focal plane has a surface area large enough to capture a portion of the sky about the size of 40 full moons. You could spot a golf ball from 15 miles away. Credit Greg Stewart/SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory\nIts data will feed into the Rubin Observatory Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST) – a catalog of more galaxies than there are living people on Earth and of the motions of countless astrophysical objects. Using the LSST Camera, the observatory will create the largest astronomical movie of all time and shed light on some of the biggest mysteries of the universe, including dark matter and dark energy.\nThe first images taken with the sensors were a test for the camera’s focal plane, whose assembly was completed at SLAC in January.\nIndividual imaging sensors and supporting electronics of the LSST Camera’s focal plane are packaged into units, called “rafts.” Credit Farrin Abbott/SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory\n“This is a huge milestone for us,” said Vincent Riot, LSST Camera project manager from DOE’s Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. ”The focal plane will produce the images for the LSST, so it’s the capable and sensitive eye of the Rubin Observatory.”\nsource SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory\nLeave A Comment", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Table of Contents\nAtn 3×6 Thermal Scope\nThe Thermal Scopes are equipped with advanced technology that will help you hit your target. They consider factors such as wind speed, multiple-weapon profiles and angle to the target. These calculators can perform calculations in seconds. They also help you calculate distances and velocities in different scenarios. Atn 3×6 Thermal Scope.\nHow to Choose a Thermal Scope\nYou need to review the specifications and features of each thermal scope to ensure you get the best one for you. These include resolution, magnification, and battery life. You should also consider the environment where you will use the scope. For example, if it is extremely cold, the image quality will be lowered. This is why you should choose a thermal scope that can withstand these conditions. Atn 3×6 Thermal Scope.\nMany thermal scopes can be a useful tool because of their many features. Some thermal scopes can be removed from the rifle. This feature makes them useful for hunting and patrolling. Some models have a range of up to 300 yards, which is great for keeping the property safe from hogs and varmints.\nThermal scopes are not inexpensive. Make sure you know how much you are willing to spend before buying one. There are many types of thermal scopes. It is important to know what features you need.\nATN Thermal Scope\nThe ATN Thermal Scope is a combination of durability and performance. It has a waterproof design that can withstand temperatures up to 120°F. It is compatible with both Picatinny and Weaver style rails.\nEven for beginners, the ATN Thermal Scope can be used easily. The ATN Thermal Scope comes with a ballistics calculator that you can use to program different rifles and ammunition calibers. It will display information such as rifle type, bullet weight, initial velocity, zero range, and environmental information. It also has a programmable Mil Dot reticle, which uses the formula 1mm = 10cm at 100m to calculate bullet trajectory.\nIts affordability is another benefit. ATN Thermal Scopes can be bought for as low as $300. This is a significant savings. The scope is smaller and lighter than regular scopes. You can use it for longer periods of time without feeling fatigued.\nPulsar Thermal Scope\nPulsar Thermal Scope is a great choice for anyone looking to view thermal information in the most reliable and accurate way. Its AMOLED display boasts a resolution of 1024 x 768 pixels, and it offers an 8x digital zoom with stepped zoom functionality. The thermal imaging scope uses a Li-Ion rechargeable battery. It is waterproof.\nThe Thermion XG50 Pulsar Thermal Scope is the most recent and best. This new model has been awarded the Optic of the Year Award by American Rifleman and the Golden Bullseye Award. This scope features state-of the-art technology and unsurpassed target clarity. It also has a thermal detection range up to 2,400 feet. Atn 3×6 Thermal Scope.\nThe Edge detection feature reduces night blindness by displaying only the edges around the target. This feature allows you to see your target for longer periods without getting tired. The Thermion thermal scope also has a high-quality internal video recording system. These videos can be transferred directly to your computer for further viewing.\nThe Pulsar Thermion, if you are new to thermal optics is the right tool for you. Its objective lens is adjustable and has a simple-to-use interface. It also comes with a Quick Start Guide, which will guide you through the basic functions of the thermal scope.\nTrijicon Thermal Scope\nThe Trijicon Thermal Scope helps hunters find targets in dark environments and brush. It reveals hidden heat signatures. You can buy the Trijicon thermal scope from OpticsPlanet. They offer customer service and product experts to help you find the perfect thermal scope. Spend $49 to get free shipping Here are some of the best features of the Trijicon Thermal Scope: Atn 3×6 Thermal Scope.\nFirst, you need to check the refresh rate of a thermal scope. For crisp, clear images, this measure measures the number of image updates per seconds. To achieve peak performance, select a scope that has a 60 hertz refresh speed if you can. A lower refresh rate will help save battery life.\nA thermal scope is an excellent tool for hog hunting. The scope’s large field of vision allows you to see targets up to 400 feet away. It is also very easy to use. It can be used to hunt coyotes which have been known to decimate agricultural fields. This means that you can take out dozens of these pests with ease.\nOpticsPlanet Thermal Scope\nThermal Scopes are a great way to keep track of the environment. These instruments can be detached from your rifle and are perfect for hunting and patrolling. They have a range of approximately 300 yards and are ideal for property protection. They can be used to protect your livestock and ranch from varmints or hogs.\nThermal scopes are excellent for self-defense as well. They make a great hunting tool and can be used to spot nocturnal game animals in low-light conditions. You can use a thermal scope, for example, to find hogs hidden in fog and brush. You can also use one for self-defense if you suspect an intruder has broken into your home.\nOne important thing to consider when choosing a thermal scope is the refresh rate. A higher refresh rate means that the image is refreshed more often. This means you can get a more precise image. This is especially important when your target moves. While most thermal scopes can refresh at 60 Hz, some have higher refresh rates. Atn 3×6 Thermal Scope.\nDepending on your needs, thermal scopes can cost thousands of dollars. A high-quality thermal scope should cost at least $2,000 if you’re considering buying one. There are few thermal scopes under $1,000, so spending the extra money is worth it.\nNight Vision vs Thermal Scope\nBoth thermal imaging and nightvision are high-tech devices with rapidly improving capabilities. However, there are differences. To maximize your viewing capabilities and avoid dangerous situations, it is crucial to select the best scope for you. Whether you’re hunting or protecting your property, it’s important to choose the right device for your needs.\nThe thermal core is one of the most critical components in thermal imaging. The thermal core is responsible for detecting heat from objects and producing a better-quality image. The sensitivity of the thermal core is measured in millikelvins, and most modern thermal scopes have a sensitivity of 50 millikelvins or more.\nNight vision devices and thermal imaging use different methods to produce images. Thermal imaging uses infrared light instead of visible light. Infrared light can create a more clear image than night vision in complete darkness. Thermal imaging scopes can also be used in bright light conditions, but the risk is the device’s image intensifier tubes may be damaged. Atn 3×6 Thermal Scope.\nThermal imaging is also affected by the refresh rates. Low refresh rates create lag in the image. This can add up to a significant amount of time while hunting. Fortunately, thermal imaging scopes can function during the day as well. Although thermal vision optics in the real world aren’t as effective as night vision, they can still detect animals and people from hundreds of yards away.\nIf you’re looking for the best thermal scope, then there are several models to choose from. Some are built to be used in the military while others are designed for home use. It is important to select one that can withstand extreme temperatures and water. Thermal scopes can also be useful for property protection. Thermal imaging can be useful if you live on a ranch to protect your property from varmints or hogs.\nThermal scopes have a number of advantages over other night vision devices. Because they do not require light to function, they can work in darker settings than night vision devices. They also have the advantage of displaying an orange color when they detect heat. Night vision devices, by contrast, typically output a green-tinted image.\nOne of the most important features to look for in a thermal scope is its resolution. A thermal scope that is accurate should be capable of detecting targets at over 1,000 yards. This is an important feature for hunters who hunt in close quarters. This will give them an excellent field of view and allow them to identify their target. If you are only looking to hunt with your thermal scope, it is worth considering one that has a smaller detection range. For example, one that can detect small animals. Atn 3×6 Thermal Scope.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "While living in solar powered homes is very sustainable and environmentally friendly, the materials from which most solar PV arrays are constructed are not. Since they are often made from rare natural materials or plastics, researchers are constantly looking for way to improve this flaw and make the whole package more eco-friendly. A team of scientists from the University of Maryland, the South China University of Technology, and the University of Nebraska-Lincoln have recently developed a type of paper, which is made from wood fibers. This paper is 96 percent transparent and could conceivably one day be used instead of the plastic materials used to construct the solar cells of today. This would make solar cells more eco-friendly as well as much cheaper.\nAccording to the researchers, solar cells perform best when the materials they are made of have a high optical transparency, which offers good light transmission, and a high optical haze. The latter allows for increased scattering, which aids the absorption of the transmitted light within the material. Until now all the materials with high transparency values of 90% or more, have very low optical haze values, namely of 20% or less. However, the wood-based paper the researchers have developed has both a very high transparency (96%) and very high optical haze, namely 60%, which is also the highest optical haze value among other transparent substrates.\nWhat makes this high optical haze possible is the fact that the new paper is nanoporous, as opposed to microporous like conventional paper. Because of this there are fewer cavities in the material that could potentially scatter light. The researchers created this paper by using a process called TEMPO to treat the wood fibers. This process weakens the hydrogen bonds between the microfibers of the wood fibers, and caused them to swell up and collapse into a dense, tightly packed structure containing nanopores rather than micropores.\nThe researchers tested the new paper for solar cell use by coating it onto a silicon slab. These experiments revealed that solar cells coated with the new type of paper are capable of collecting light with a 10 percent increase in efficiency. The technique of coating, or laminating existing solar cells with the paper is very easy to achieve and could be used on existing solar cells, which would raise their efficiency.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Tunable multimode-interference bandpass fiber filter\nAbbreviated Journal Title\nRING LASER; OPERATION; Optics\nWe report on a wavelength-tunable filter based on multimode interference (MMI) effects. A typical MMI filter consists of a multimode fiber (MMF) spliced between two single-mode fibers (SMF). The peak wavelength response of the filter exhibits a linear dependence when the length of the MMF is modified. Therefore a capillary tube filled with refractive-index-matching liquid is used to effectively increase the length of the MMF, and thus wavelength tuning is achieved. Using this filter a ring-based tunable erbium-doped fiber laser is demonstrated with a tunability of 30 nm, covering the full C-band. (C) 2010 Optical Society of America\n\"Tunable multimode-interference bandpass fiber filter\" (2010). Faculty Bibliography 2010s. 6955.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Glossary | Telescopes | GoTo control | Alignment method | StarSense Explorer\nStarSense Explorer is a free app for Android and iOS operating systems. It uses the camera and other technology incorporated within the smartphone to align the telescope with the night sky. For this purpose, the telescope requires a special holder with a mirror system, as seen in the picture.\nOnce initialized, the app displays the direction in which the telescope is pointing. Using arrows, it directs you to the most beautiful objects (PushTo). In this way, beginners can find their way around, even under a light-polluted city sky.\nThe StarSense Explorer app also generates a list of currently visible objects to help you select your cosmic destinations: planets, brighter nebulae and galaxies, star clusters and double stars.\nWhile observing, the smartphone does not need network access. It also does not have to be connected to the telescope via a WLAN or Bluetooth.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Fujifilm KLASSE W with a Sophisticated, Refined, and Relaxed Design\nSo many 35mm autofocus compact cameras have been released since 1980, but the KLASSE W is said to be the most matured camera as well as the last model.\nWith providing a touch of softness in the accurate, the SUPER EBC Fujinon 28mm f/2.8 lens has both a modern lens configuration and a coating technique.\nCompared to the so-called luxury compact cameras, you can use the KLASSE W in a casual way while featuring with such a high-performance lens.\nAt a major turning point from a film camera to a digital camera, the KLASSE W developed by using a variety of essential technologies of other 35 mm compact cameras.\nWhat part of the camera is attractive to photographers?\nLet’s check it out!\nAbout the Fujifilm KLASSE W\nThe Fujifilm KLASSE W is the latest 35mm compact camera. In another words, it has positioned as the fully newly-developed camera.\nPerformance and Specification of the KLASSE W\nAccording to the catalog, the Fujifilm KLASSE W seems to have a standard performance and a specification. But, the camera actually overcame its traditional implementation restrictions and successfully added functions, including the most frequent request from photographers.\nThe SUPER EBC Fujinon 28mm f/2.8 lens contains six elements in five groups. Equipped with the automatic winding/rewinding function, the KLASSE W is available both in autofocus (including AF lock) and manual focus mode.\nFurther, the KLASSE W enables to select a program AE mode or an aperture-priority AE mode. It also provides the exposure compensation up to the two steps, with each half step up. Its shutter maximum speed is up to 1/500th of a second when remaining the aperture open, while it is 1/1000th of a second when stopping down the aperture.\nAs you can see those features above, the KLASSE W is “a wolf in sheep’s clothing”, even though it looks just a standard compact camera at first glance.\nIn no way inferior to the luxury compact cameras with titanium coating, the KLASSE W has all necessary functions including a touch of lightness.\nAbout the SUPER EBC Fujinon 28mm f/2.8 Lens\nFujifilm has traditionally used EBC (Electron Beam Coating) on lenses.\nThe SUPER EBC Fujinon 28mm f/2.8 lens, designed for the KLASSE W, is covered with a perfect coating as a compact camera.\nThe most remarkable feature of EBC is to suppress diffuse reflection of the light and to make image noise less noticeable. Even under the bad light condition like an image or a gradation pattern are not clear, the KLASSE W can attain an excellent performance of a lens. Moreover, the lens enables to resolve images accurately.\nBy means of this technique, the KLASSE W can deliver images with its feel and texture, even if the image is captured in the presence of backlight, sunset, or direct sunlight in summer.\nFree Photographic Representation with an Aperture-Priority Automatic Mode\nThe KLASSE W can work well for photographic representation as hobbies or arts. One of the reasons for that is because an aperture-priority automatic mode is suitable for shooting street snaps and candid photos. Then, the most modern Fujinon lens will also help you to capture the world representing your own mental pictures.\nThe combination of a program AE mode and an aperture priority mode reminds me of the masterpiece “RICOH GR1”. The KLASSE W, with the light small body, can achieve the functions in the same level of luxury compact cameras or professional models.\nHigh Efficiency to Grasp the Overall Image within Minutes\nThe KLASSE W achieves a great operation that everyone can smoothly use at a glance.\nBasically, the camera is controlled by dial operations. For example, the exposure compensation control dial is located on the shoulder of a camera body, and it is possible to switch from a program mode to aperture-priority mode immediately.\nThe exposure compensation dial is placed in front, next to the lens. This also uses the dial type in order to check the correction value quickly, so the camera can easily adjust exposure depending on light conditions.\nIt is recommended that you use the autofocus function to deal with exposure at will. Furthermore, you can gather lights overflows in the world and print them into a film by using a small dark box that is called a compact camera.\nFujifilm KLASSE W – “A Wolf Dressed in a Sheep’s Skin”\nAs I mentioned above, the Fujifilm KLASSE W is just like a high-end, high specification compact camera if I describe it in a word.\nWhile the KLASSE W has the same visual appearance of compact cameras, you can capture a scene as intended, along with an impression of its feel and its overwhelming volume.\nWould you like to capture the scene around you with the free-spirit KLASSE W?", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Thats not quite the case, Gentoo.\nVR is a game of correction for angular motion. I think we can all agree on that.\nSensor-based VR ONLY needs to know the focal length of the lens, and with that and an accelerometer it can calculate needed sensor motion. to compensate. Since all modern lenses communicate that information already nothing more is needed to \"tweak\" the system on a lens-by-lens basis.\nThe beauty of PatMann's theory, and why I like it so much, is that it points to where sensor-motion based VR systems would break down - and that is in a limited range of motion available to the sensor due to physical constraints within the body. (Longer focal length = mucho more sensor motion needed per arc-minute of motion.)\nWhen doing a mechanical VR system the implementation is beyond my math, but it is apparent that the implementation would need to vary depending on which elements move during zoom and/or focus.\nEDIT: If my talk of this being an angular issue at heart is confusing I can try to draw up some diagrams of the situation and resulting math tonight. It would be helpful to know if you grok trig or not, though.\nEDIT 2: Though if you dig trig I think you can see where I am going with this, as the focal length increases the velocity of the image motion on the sensor increases (another possible point-of-failure in sensor-based VR) and therefore the range of motion needed (velocity times exposure time) grows in correlation to focal length. (Which is why wider lenses can normally be hand-held at slower speeds as the same angular movement @ 85mm and at 35mm have vastly different distance blurs on the sensor all other things being equal. Since it is that distance of movement across the sensor/film over the exposure time that we perceive as blur shorter focal length lens=less prone to blur.)", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Skye Automation Inc. is an automated solutions provider for controls, electro-mechanical, safety, machine vision and sensor applications. Representing a limited number of manufacturer's offers us the opportunity to truly be specialists for these products. Offering our customers the highest degree of service and technical support.\nIn North America, Spruce-Pine-Fir lumber is the construction method of choice for many single-family homes due to its competitive cost, strength, light weight, and ease of cutting and nailing. Spruce-Pine-Fir - or SPF - lumber is a group consisting of four species of Canadian trees......\nSpecialists for vision software solutions\nSkye Automation Inc. is a partner to improve your manufacturing process. Through machine vision and advanced control systems, we provide an integrated solution to enhance your productivity. Do you need a more comprehensive way to ensure quality, throughput, and manufacturing uptime?\nWe provide methods to provide all of these, with seamless integration into your existing process\nProduct and Solution We Provide.\nSilicon Software is a globally recognized technology leader in the development and programming of image processing boards and individual OEM products with FPGA processors. We realize solutions in the field of real-time image processing and industrial use.\nOur product portfolio currently covers following product series:\nAward-winning VisualApplets software enables graphic programming of FPGA vision processors using flowchart, allowing hard- and software programmers to implement demanding and time-sensitive applications on FPGA hardware within minutes.\nVisualApplets Expert enables advanced users to easily import existing HDL code from VHDL and Verilog into VisualApplets and to further work with them as generic operators. Operators created on their own can be added to the custom library. With Expert, it is additionally possible to debug the design under runtime condition and to set paths to parameters in hierarchical structures\nDemanding vision tasks such as precision measurement require zero distortion telecentric lenses. Opto Engineering® provides the best components from the machine vision world covering almost every possible need in precision telecentric optics: wide range of high to low magnifications, classic and extremely compact designs like the TC4K FLAT and TC CORE series, standard or long working distances, fixed or variable magnifications like the TCZR and TCDP PLUS series, lenses with Scheimpflug adjustment for 3D applications as well as telecentric lenses with integrated coaxial illumination. Click here for more info.\nLighting can be considered as one of the most critical elements of a vision system: incorrect illumination choice may result in extensive and time consuming software pre-processing or, in the worst case, in crucial information loss.\nOpto Engineering lighting solutions, from standard to custom products, are the result of our optical knowledge and are designed keeping in mind our guiding principle “simple works better”: optimized illumination is in fact a key factor to achieve stable and repeatable results without extensive and time consuming image processing.Click here for more info.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "In addition to the finest, purest raw materials used to produce Barberini glass, rare earths can be added to improve contrast enhancement and color perception by fundamentally changing the hue of the glass itself.\nOxides gathered from the earth’s crust are carefully incorporated into the melt to precisely change light absorption and determine the tint of the glass.\nPure and crystalline vision\nOptimal perception of colors and contrasts\nSharp and colorful vision\nMore about RARE EARTHS technology by BARBERINI® ?", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "LED tape light, also commonly referred to as flexible LED strip light, is designed for use as under cabinet lighting or accent lighting around residential and commercial spaces.\nThe brightness of LED tape light is determined using metric lumens. Unlike incandescent bulbs, different types of LED tape light can have different levels of efficiency, so the wattage rating does not always determine the actual light output.\nLED tape light brightness is typically described in lumens per foot (or meter). For example, a quality LED tape light should provide at least 450 lumens per foot (1500 lumens per meter), which will provide the same amount of light output per foot as a traditional T8 fluorescent lamp (E.g. 4-foot T8 fluorescent = 4-foot of LED tape light = 1800 lumens).\nLED tape light brightness is typically determined by three factors:\n- Light output and efficiency per LED emitter\n- The number of LEDs per foot\n- The power draw of the LED tape light per foot\nLED tape light is available in various shades of whites or colors. Typically, white light is the most used and popular option for indoor lighting applications.\nThere are different shades and qualities of white. Color temperature (CCT) and color rendering index (CRI) are two metric help determine how white the light output will be.\nColor temperature is a measure of how warm or cool the light's color will appear. If your looking for a soft glow that resembles that of an incandescent bulb, a low color temperature (2700K) is the best choice. However, if your need a more crisp, bright white that resembles natural daylight, a high color temperature (6500K) is recommended.\nColor rendering is a measure of how accurate colors will appear under the light source. Under a low CRI LED tape light, colors will appear distorted, washed out, or indistinguishable. Whereas, high CRI LED tape lights allows objects to appear the way they would under an ideal light source such as a halogen lamp, or natural daylight.\nIf you're looking for something that pops, or has a saturated color effect, colored LED tape light is ideal. Its great for accent and theatrical lighting effects. There are several colors across the visible spectrum available, such as blue, green, amber and red.\nThere are two types of color LED tape light, fixed single color and color changing. A fixed color LED tape light emits just one color, and operates just like the white LED tape light previously discussed. A color-changing LED tape light consists of multiple color channels on a single LED strip. The most basic type will include red, green and blue channels (RGB), which will allow you to dynamically mix the various color components to achieve virtually any color your space requires.\nEach LED tape light segment is required to be connected to a DC power supply, or another LED tape light segment that is connected to a DC power supply (daisy chain). The connection method depends on the type of wires or plugs provided with the LED tape light, as well as whether or not the DC power supply includes a plug.\nLED tape light can be installed in multiple ways. If you're looking for more of a polished look than using the double-adhesive backing, we recommend using aluminum channels and diffuser covers. Mounting the LED tape light inside of an aluminum channel, along with a diffuser cover, can drastically improve the aesthetics of a lighting installation.\nAluminum channels are long pieces of extruded aluminum in a U or V shape. The LED tape light is neatly placed and secured (using the double sided adhesive) at the bottom of the channel. Then a long frosted polycarbonate plastic lens then snaps onto the top of the aluminum channel. Besides being aesthetically pleasing, aluminum channels also help to dissipate the heat away from the LED tape light as well.\nAll LED tape light is dimmable when paired with the correct hardware. There are two methods of dimming LED tape light, a traditional phase-cut wall dimmer, or a DC low-voltage dimmer. The AC phase-cut dimmer is the most ideal choice for residential and commercial lighting applications, which is where the dimming input signal comes from a traditional wall-switch dimmer.\nThe DC low-voltage dimmer, or (RGB) controller, is typically a manual or digital dimmer module that is placed between the DC power supply and the LED tape light. This method is most suitable for color changing applications, or less permanent lighting installation.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "What is special-shaped LED display?\nLED special-shaped display screen is a special shaped LED display screen based on the LED display screen, which makes the new product better adapt to the overall structure and environment of the building. Its size and size can be customized according to the requirements, and the requirements for its appearance are further improved, so that it can better adapt to the overall structure and use requirements of the environment. Do you know the advantages of small pitch LED display?\nWhat are the characteristics of special-shaped LED display?\nFrom the perspective of advertising display, advertising is to maximize the exposure. The LED special-shaped display screen will have its own eye catching aura because of its unique shape, so it will also bring twice the result with half the effort in advertising display to make the publicity more effective.\nMoreover, due to the popularity of outdoor conventional LED display screens to a certain extent, when the display screen is not lit, a black display screen is hung on the wall, which inevitably brings problems to the building and affects the overall appearance of the building; However, if it is a LED special-shaped display screen, we will make relevant planning according to the building body in the early stage of installation, and design a LED display screen that conforms to the wall appearance. Even if it is not lit, the LED special-shaped display screen has a different appearance, more like the sculpture on the wall, which not only does not affect the building appearance, but also adds artistic beauty.\nPrecautions for installation of special-shaped LED display\nThe selection of special-shaped LED display screen shall be determined in combination with the use scenario\nAs we all know, special-shaped LED displays can be used indoors or outdoors. Different application scenarios require different materials for special-shaped LED displays. It is recommended that the material and structure of the special-shaped LED display should be consistent with the use scenario.\nPrevention of light pollution\nNow people are more and more protective to the environment, and light pollution is also an important topic of environmental protection. Therefore, in the installation and debugging of special-shaped LED displays, how to protect and control light pollution should be considered.\nThe special-shaped LED display is a consumable, which needs continuous maintenance to ensure its continuous normal use. Therefore, when designing and installing the special-shaped LED display screen, it is necessary to leave a way for future maintenance, so as to prevent problems before they occur.\nThis is a special-shaped LED display project from the Egyptian exhibition hall! Do you think it looks like a pyramid!\nWhere can special-shaped LED display screen be used?\nThe special-shaped LED display screen is mainly used to show creative content, and the available scenes are also relatively wide, among which the common places are as follows.\nThe ingenious combination of the special-shaped LED display screen and the scene can bring the audience a different and novel audio-visual experience.\nWe also know that the special-shaped LED display screen has many different shapes, which is installed in each square and is also a beautiful landscape.\nMunicipal Planning Department\nIn fact, the special-shaped LED display is also used to convey information and display images. It is often seen in the municipal planning hall.\nThe development of special-shaped LED display\nThe appearance of the special-shaped LED display screen indicates that the traditional display screen has completed the task of transforming to enrichment. The enrichment here is not only the diversification of appearance, but also the enrichment of structure and function. Sostron can customize various types of LED digital display, such as spherical screen, circular screen, etc. The display is no longer limited to rectangular appearance; In terms of function, the special-shaped LED display can show clearer pictures, transmit more pictures and video information, and achieve 360 ° viewing experience.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Monitor your space with the white QND-6012R 2MP Network Dome Camera from Hanwha Techwin. This unit uses a 1/2.8\" CMOS sensor to capture 1920 x 1080 resolution video at 30 fps. IR LEDs provide up to 65' of night vision. The camera's 2.8mm fixed lens delivers a 113.74° horizontal field of view. A built-in microphone enables the QND-6012R to pick up audio. An onboard memory card slot accepts microSD/SDHC/SDXC cards up to 128GB (available separately). Integrated PoE technology simplifies connectivity by enabling the transfer of power and data through a single cable.\nThis dome camera complies with ONVIF profiles G, S, and T, making it compatible with a wide range of surveillance devices.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The generation of beams with a double frequency (i.e. half wavelength) or other multiple frequencies is done with so-called nonlinear crystals.\nVarious crystal materials are available. These materials vary in the wavelength range that can be used, crystal structure, and thermal properties. The most common ones are BBO, LBO, KTP, LiNbO3, KDP, KD*P, RTP and BiB3O6. Our product specialists would be more than happy to assist you when choosing an appropriate crystal for your application.\nTypical applications for nonlinear crystals:\nFrequency multiplication (SHG, THG, …)\nFrequency mixing (SFM, DFM)\nOptical parametric oscillators/amplifiers (OPO/OPA)\nElectro-optical components (Pockels cells, Q-switches)", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The adapter sits inside the camera and compresses the lens image to fit the camera's Super 35mm sensor, and restoring the look of the original focal length of the lens\nArticles tagged \"speedbooster\"\nAug 5, 2019 at 22:00\nThe new adapter series is designed to take account of the thinner filter stack of the BMPCC to deliver better performance than the regular versions, says Metabones\nMost popular cameras", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Wavelength-Tunable Lasers: Does the Tuner Degrade the Power Efficiency?\nPosted on 2008-10-03 as part of the Photonics Spotlight (available as e-mail newsletter!)\nPermanent link: https://www.rp-photonics.com/spotlight_2008_10_03.html\nAuthor: Dr. Rüdiger Paschotta, RP Photonics AG, RP Photonics AG\nAbstract: Depending on the situation, a tunable bandpass filter in a laser resonator, used for wavelength tuning, may or may not cause a substantial reduction of output power. The article discusses this in some detail.\nRef.: encyclopedia articles on tunable lasers, wavelength tuning, optical filters\nIn a wavelength-tunable laser, some kind of adjustable optical bandpass filter such as a birefringent tuner is often used for adjusting the emission wavelength. As such a tuner introduces wavelength-dependent power losses, one may wonder to what extent it reduces the power efficiency of the laser, and on which factors this power reduction depends.\nA tunable continuous-wave laser usually operates with a relatively narrow emission bandwidth. The question is then to what extent the filter introduces losses in that narrow wavelength region. In principle, it could have virtually zero losses in some wavelength interval and strong losses outside that interval. One might then expect that the power efficiency of the laser is not affected at all, simply because there is no loss for the circulating light, having the right wavelength to be well transmitted.\nOf course, the power may be reduced when forcing the laser to operate at some wavelength with low gain. Even when not enforcing oscillation at an “inconvenient” wavelength, the power efficiency may be reduced if the laser doesn't “like” to emit with a narrow bandwidth. For example, spatial hole burning in the laser crystal may reduce the power efficiency when single-frequency operation is enforced. Other kinds of inhomogeneous saturation may also play a role, even without single-frequency operation.\nAnother problem arises when the filter has no steep edge in its transmission spectrum. For example, consider the use of an etalon as a tuner. The etalon shouldn't be too thick in order to select one particular transmission window, but that window is then relatively broad. A similar situation occurs when a prism pair is used to spatially disperse different wavelengths in some region of the laser resonator, and a knife edge is inserted in that region. The oscillation wavelength of the laser will then be a kind of compromise between minimum filter loss and maximum gain. Therefore, it does introduce significant loss for the oscillating wavelength, even though there would be some other wavelength nearby with even smaller losses. It can then be helpful to use a filter with a steeper spectral transmission function. It is even possible that the insertion of such a narrowband filter in addition to the original tuner increases the output power by forcing the laser to operate where the loss is lower. Of course, one would then remove the first tuner, as it is not more required – except if the steeper filter is a thicker etalon, and the thinner one is required to select the right transmission window.\nThis article is a posting of the Photonics Spotlight, authored by Dr. Rüdiger Paschotta. You may link to this page and cite it, because its location is permanent. See also the RP Photonics Encyclopedia.\nNote that you can also receive the articles in the form of a newsletter or with an RSS feed.\nShare this with your friends and colleagues, e.g. via social media:\nThese sharing buttons are implemented in a privacy-friendly way!", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "This paper focuses on the simulation of propagation of radiation in UV and visible wavelength regions within a superficial skin layer (stratum corneum, SC) partially filled with titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles. Volume concentrations of the particles (0.67% - 2.25%) correspond to the maximal concentrations of the considered particles in the frames of independent scattering. Transmittance of 307-, 400-, and 500-nm light through a 20-μm thick SC is calculated. The effect of the TiO2 nanoparticles on the contribution of photons undergone different numbers of scattering acts into transmittance is considered. It is shown that administration of the nanoparticles results in the broadening of the distribution of transmitted photons over undergone scattering acts. It also results in the shift of the maximum location of this distribution to larger number of scattering acts for the wavelengths of 400 and 500 nm being the latter the most pronounced. The increase of undergone scattering acts leads to the elongation of photon trajectories within the medium and results in the increase of the diffuse reflected light and the transmittance decrease.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "SAMYANG LENS 12MM F2.0 AF CSC APS-C FUJI X\n✔ We ship nationwide. To deliver your order securely, we use NZPOST's Trace & Track courier.\n✔ FREE pick up at our Auckland store. We will contact you when your order is ready for collection.\n✔ All our products come with a 1-year warranty, so you can buy them with confidence.\n✔ Condition - Brand New, Genuine Products, Parallel Imported\nGet Into X Universe\nThe AF 12mm F2 X, Samyang's first autofocus ultra-wide angle lens for Fuji X-mount, is now available! Samyang, the master of wide angles, designed the world's first Autofocus 12mm lens compatible with Fuji X-mount to meet the Fuji X mirrorless digital camera users' consistent needs for a wide-angle autofocus lens. Capture the rich colors of Fujifilm to landscapes and snapshots with the advantages of the ultra-wide angle of view and the usability of the autofocus lens!\nExcellent Resolution in All Areas of the Image\nYou can take outstanding image quality landscapes and cityscapes with decreased optics aberrations thanks to the advanced optical design, incorporating 5 special glasses (1 H-ASP, 1 ASP, and 3 ED). This lens achieves exceptional resolution image quality from the center to the edges of the frame, even at F2 maximum aperture. The backlight haze is effectively decreased due to the 14-layer-special coating even with the small hood.\nWarranty: 1 Year.\nDelivery within 1-5 business days.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Mind-blowing 3000mm zoom. 4K Ultra HD video. RAW (NRW), macro, time-lapse and so much more.\n- 3000mm optical zoom—the most powerful zoom lens ever put on a Nikon COOLPIX camera\n- 4K Ultra HD video with HDMI out, stereo sound and an accessory hot-shoe\n- Rock-steady Dual Detect image stabilization and great low-light capability\n- RAW (NRW), time-lapse and Superlapse shooting plus great creative modes\n- Full manual controls along with easy auto shooting\nImagine being able to zoom far beyond the reach of standard telephoto lenses, to capture not just the moon, but the craters, peaks and valleys of its surface. Imagine being able to view the International Space Station in flight, even the rings of Saturn—not with a telescope, but with a one-of-a-kind Nikon camera. Introducing the COOLPIX P1000, the most extreme zoom Nikon ever, and a game-changer for birders, sports and wildlife enthusiasts, travel photographers and even those aspiring to venture to the moon and beyond without leaving their backyard.\nTelescope-like zoom power\nThis isn't super zoom, it's extreme zoom. A 3000mm equivalent NIKKOR ED glass lens—the most powerful lens ever used on a COOLPIX camera—opens a new world of shooting possibilities.\nRock-steady image stabilization\nWhen shooting with extreme zoom power, tiny camera movements are amplified. The COOLPIX P1000 uses a Dual Detect Optical Vibration Reduction system to stabilize both horizontal and vertical movements.\nBring your cinematic vision to life\nHarness the flexibility of the COOLPIX P1000's incredible lens and high quality image sensor to create amazing video content in 4K UHD (3840 x 2160 at 30p) with true stereo sound. For greater control of your videos, manual mode allows you to adjust focus, exposure and more during recording.\nCreate extraordinary fast-motion footage with the COOLPIX P1000’s time-lapse and superlapse recording modes. Time-lapse combines still images shot at customizable intervals into a 10 second video, while the Superlapse feature can capture video at speeds of 2x, 4x, 10x, 20x, and 30x.\nA marvel of optical ingenuity\nThe COOLPIX P1000’s miraculously compact lens design puts the power of a massive professional super telephoto lens into a compact bridge zoom camera design along with convenient external control features like a smooth focus control ring, snapback subject acquisition checking and AF/MF switching; and some of NIKKOR’s most advanced lens technologies.\nSmooth control ring\nThe COOLPIX P1000’s smooth operating control ring provides next-level operation, enabling you to intuitively adjust focus in MF mode or exposure, white balance or ISO in AF mode right from the lens barrel without having to look away from the viewfinder.\nSnapback zoom button\nWith the press of a button, the COOLPIX P1000 zooms out so you can easily recapture distant subjects that may have moved out of frame. Release it and your focal length snaps right back to where it was.\nVersatility that ignites creativity\nUse the extreme zoom power of the COOLPIX P1000 on close subjects for macro photography and reveal the smallest details. Focus as close as 1 ft. from your subject. The COOLPIX P1000's fast f/2.8 maximum aperture, backside-illuminated image sensor, high ISO capability and EXPEED 4 image processing power through low light situations.\nShoot from new angles\nNot only does the 3.2-inch 921,000 dot LCD display offer brilliant composing and playback, but its Vari-angle functionality lets you frame shots from tricky high or low angles with ease.\nThe new ML-L7 Remote Control allows various camera functions, such as zoom, aperture, ISO and the COOLPIX P1000s shutter to be triggered remotely without disrupting the camera and your composition during super telephoto shooting.\nThe front and rear grips on the COOLPIX P1000 were specially designed to enhance holding and minimize fatigue as a result of extreme telephoto shooting.\nShoot and share with a compatible smartphone\nShow off the COOLPIX P1000’s incredible zoom shots instantly on social media thanks to Nikon’s SnapBridge app for iOS® and Android™. SnapBridge pairs easily with Bluetooth/Wi-Fi® enabled Nikon cameras like the COOLPIX P1000 and allows you to send photos from the camera straight to your smartphone, then edit and share like normal.\nPoint and shoot simplicity\nThe COOLPIX P1000 has a host of automatic functions to help you capture great photos from day one. Scene modes optimize settings for a selected scene type such as portrait, sunset, landscape, night and more, while auto ISO, exposure and white balance ensure great, hassle-free results so you can focus on getting the shot.\nMoon and bird modes\nTake the guess work out of shooting tricky far off subjects. Moon mode automatically compensates for low light astrophotography while the advanced bird-watching mode optimizes the camera’s settings for capturing elusive creatures.\nSensor Resolution: 16 Megapixels\nVideo Resolution: 4K\nOptical Zoom: 125x Optical Zoom\nLens Construction: 17 elements in 12 groups\nMinimum Focus Distance: 1cm\nContinuous Shooting Speed: 7fps (up to 7 shots)\nShutter Speed: 30sec - 1/4000sec\nISO Sensitivity: 100 - 6400\nScreen Size: 3.2\"\nRecording Media: SD/SDHC/SDXC\nFrame Rate: 60p, 30p\nAudio Inputs: 3.5mm Stereo Minijack\nPower Source: EN-EL20a Li-Ion Battery\nDimensions: 14.6 x 11.8 x 18.1cm\nWhat's In The Box\nEN-EL20a rechargeable battery\nEH-72P charging AC adapter\nUC-E21 USB cable\nAN-DC3 camera strap\n77mm snap-on lens cap\nHB-CP1 lens hood", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Are you a camping or military fan? Having you ever think of buying professional camping and hiking needs, for example the binocular?\nIn recent years, the military binocular has become the hottest seller between those outdoor sports and camping fans. The high precision and long distance capability are disadvantages than those ordinary binoculars. However, with the appearance of the night vision binocular, a new fervor of purchasing has been blown up. Don’t you think it’s cool and practical?\nNight vision binocular is also called as UV night vision instrument. At night, the visible lights are filmy, while the invisible ultraviolet rays are abundant, which could help in observing, searching and driving for humans with UV instrument. Though people discovered the ultraviolet long ago, the UV remote sensing technique was developing slowly due to the restriction of IR components. It is not until 1940 after the innovation of lead sulfide and several UV transmission materials that the UV remote sensing instrument was born.\nThe night vision binocular was first utilized in military activities by the using of photoelectric conversion technology. So far, the night vision binocular can be classified as active mode night vision binocular and passive mode night vision binocular, for the former one illuminates the target by UV searchlight, while the latter one forms a ‘thermal image’ of the target according to the UV radiation of the target itself, which is also called as ‘thermal image instrument.\nIt is reported that the night vision binocular can help in seeing through human’s body with an attachment lens, and these attachment lens are produced by YAMADA DENSHI, the company who is producing light-transmission cameras for military and defense.\nAlready have a binocular? See how to use it in a more probable way.\nHow to use your binoculars:\nA. IDP Adjustment:\nSet the interpupillary distance by grasping the body and bending it until you can see one circle of view. The setting for your eyes will be indicated on the IPD Scale. (Note the scale setting for later use.)\n1. Close your right eye and sight an object with your left eye. Focus the binoculars by rotating the center focus wheel until the image is sharp and clear.\n2. Open your right eye and close your left eye, rotate the right eyepiece until the object sighted is sharp and clear (Note the setting of the diopter scale for later use.)\n3. Both sides (eye) are now in focus and you will need to use only the center focus wheel to focus on the other objects.\nIf your binoculars is an InFocus model, it has no focusing mechanism. Your binocular is permanently id focus at all distances from a minimum focus point to infinity, just lift the binocular to your eyes and enjoy the view.\nRubber Fold-down Eyecups\nThe compact binoculars feature rubber fold-down eyecups. These convenient eyecups fold down for use with eyeglasses and fold up for use without eyeglasses. They provide comfort and promote viewing ease.\nHow to Care for Your Binoculars:\nA. When wiping the lenses, use the lens cloth that comes with the binocular, or a soft, listless cloth.\nB. To remove any remaining dirt or smudges, add one or two drops of isopropyl alcohol to the cloth.\nC. Store your binocular in a moisture-free area.\nNever attempt to clean your binoculars internally or try to take it apart.\nViewing the sun can cause permanent eye damage. Do not view the sun with these binoculars or even with the naked eye!\nAre you interested in these camping and hiking needs? Today, Brilliantstore, the online electronics store that selling sports and outdoor products, is recommending you a new type of binocular – the Sakula Folding Day and Night Vision Binoculars on the Outdoor Sport Equipments panel. These new type of binocular can definitely fit your demand!! Now, please have a look at its showing pictures and enjoy the visible night!!\n- Magnification: 30 x power, brings objects 30 times closer.\n- Objective Lens Diameter: 60mm. Possibly one of the largest objective lenses for such a compact type of monocular. This new design feature provides a sharper and clearer image, and works very well even at low lighting level.\n- Fully multi-coated transparent lens to achieve outstanding performance by minimizing light reflection, increasing light transmission and brightness. You can see a distant object even when it is getting fairly dark.\n- Foldable design for easy carrying and storage.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Heerbrugg, Switzerland. Leica Microsystems launches the digital microscope Leica DVM6, which is designed for inspection, analysis, and measurement in quality control, quality assurance, failure analysis, research and development, and forensics. Integrated illumination options and PlanApo-corrected optics ensure high quality images. The design of the Leica DVM6 enables users to work with the instrument intuitively, for example, tilting the microscope head or changing the objectives with one hand. Because of the instrument’s encoding, results are reproducible, and reports and documentations can be generated with the click of one button.\nGeorg Schlaffer, Product Manager with Leica Microsystems says: “Everybody can be a microscopist with the Leica DVM6. Users can easily navigate their samples because of the 16:1 zoom range, tilt the microscope head with one hand, and even change objectives while the sample stays in focus. Managing high sample throughput and routine documentation and reporting becomes easy due to the encoded parameters that are saved with the images.”\nIn addition to the zoom range of 16:1, users have a choice of three objectives covering a magnification range between 10x and 2,350x, resolving details down to a size of 0.4 micrometers. The objectives are PlanApo-corrected and will not show color fringes over the entire zoom range. Users can change objectives with one hand and work without interruption, since the objectives keep the sample in focus. With the tiltable microscope head, users can observe samples at any angle from -60 to +60 degrees. Combined with different illumination options for various contrast methods, users can see details of the sample that might not have been revealed without tilting.\nThe Leica DVM6 tracks specific parameter values and saves them with the image data. For the Leica DVM6, these encoded parameters include the objective, camera, and illumination settings, sample stage position, and rotation angle of both manual and motorized movement. They can be recalled or restored any time. Encoding facilitates reproducibility and makes workflows more efficient. Users can generate documentation and reports at the touch of a button.\nSome useful guidelines for understanding magnification in today’s new digital microscope era on Digital Microscopy on Science Lab: What Does 30,000:1 Magnification Really Mean?", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Inspection of cast parts:\nOur versatile videoscopes generate highest quality images in the inspection for core residues, shrinkage cavities, and burrs. For documentation purposes, our rigid systems can also be used with cameras.\nWeld seam inspection:\nWe offer systems that have been proven for years and are used daily for this area as well.\nInspection of turned parts / holes:\nOur compact KARL STORZ systems offer complete inspection of holes and document all generated images when used in combination with a camera and documentation system such as the TECHNO PACK®.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "This is a laser variant of the normal biathlon target with flaps for shooting at 50 meters.\nWhen the hit zone is hit by a laser rifle, this zone is covered by a white flap.\nThe hit zones are 115 mm in size and the target can also be switched for prone shooting, where a reduction plate is automatically moved in front of the zones to reduce the hit zone to 45 mm.\nSuitable for summer biathlon training shooting at actual 50 meters.\nWhen using a special laser rifle, this target functions as a Hit/Miss. It also has a sound module output that simulates the sounds of shooting. (Regular speakers with a 3.5mm jack plug into this output)\nThe target will reset itself after all 5 shots are hit, or after 50 seconds from the first hit if all 5 shots have not been hit within that time. The target can also be equipped with a remote control to manually restart and move the reduction plate.\nPhotos can be viewed here:\nVideo: CbSS 2010", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "capacity when you need it, the Staccato C2 is equipped with a double-stack\nmagazine. Compact and lightweight, the C2 is durable, reliable, insanely\naccurate, and easy to shoot well.\nThe Staccato C2 DPO Carry ships with a\nstandard height front sight which, when used in conjunction with the\nappropriate Staccato 2011® optic mounting plate (sold separately), is designed\nto co-witness with industry leading carry-sized red dot optics such as the Holosun 507K, Trijicon RMRcc, and\nothers. Optics and mounting plates\nare sold separately.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Code no: 2351\nBase magnifier with high-quality lens made of optical glass. Sharp, distortion-free image up to the edges. Eyesight correction from +1 to -2.5 for individual adjustment to one's own visual acuity. Light-weight, sturdy plastic housing. Translucent base for reflected and transmitted light originals.\nLens: ø 35mm\nViewing field: ø 45 mm (suitable for 35 mm slides)\nHeight: approx. 70 mm\nWeight: approx. 56 g\nSubject to errors and technical changes.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Lugging behind your DSLR camera and the several lenses that go with it can be hard not only on the body but also on your wallet. But in fixing its predecessor’s glaring flaw, the Nikon D610 is now a camera that earns our complete-hearted recommendation. Lots of people acquire high-priced cameras or get 1 for a gift and never finish up using them much. There are a quantity of typical technologies the newer digital cameras offer which can increase the top quality of your photos. Any of these cameras will be in a position to provide considerably far better top quality pictures than your typical smartphone or compact. Then upgrade your point-and-shoot camera to a DSLR camera Acquiring the knack of making use of a DSLR camera is not simple if you are new to making use of one particular, so it is always far better to go for a user-friendly DSLR camera.\nWith the launch of the Coolscan 9000 ED Nikon introduced its most up-to-date film scanner which, like the Minolta Dimage scanners were the only film scanners that, due to a unique version of Digital ICE , were able to scan Kodachrome film reliably both dust and scratch free of charge. There is also the tiny situation of regardless of whether you’d truly be far better served by a smaller mirrorless camera rather than a DSLR. The Nikon D90, released in 2008, was the extremely 1st SLR camera to record video and paved the way for the other Nikon DSLR cameras to come with video mode.\nThis will contain models with modes to guide you by way of learning about manual controls, up to cameras which will be much more than sufficient as your photography skills create. Cameras for social savvy snappers featuring easy web upload and cameras for perfect scenery shots boasting panoramic frames and super zoom. The auto-concentrate and exposure on this low-cost digital SLR camera under $1000 is quite unreal, and you can snap 4 frames per second at full resolution. Digital cameras have replaced Film cameras and Digital SLR Cameras have replaced Film SLR Cameras.\nYou probably could not find a horrific SLR camera from the top rated cameras even if you wanted to. Any of these cameras are sure to make you content. If your hunting for a lot of option, and the lowest obtainable rates, it would seem apparent to purchase digital cameras on the web. It is modest (for a DSLR) but nevertheless packs an 18 megapixel APS-C (22.three x 14.9 mm) CMOS sensor which is capable of turning out fantastic good quality pictures in each bright conditions and the reduce light scenarios your smartphone struggles with. If you’ve saved a bit acquiring a good, cheap DSLR camera under $1000, take into account investing some of the savings here. Many point and shoot cameras give automated controls to users that help adjust exposure, shutter speed, and/or white balance to capture much better shots in spite of adjustments in lighting and much more challenging situations.\nNikon cameras are delivering higher pixels, mine being 24.1MP which is much more than that in most Canon cameras. Our favorite digital cameras are from Sony and Nikon, nonetheless you’re presenting some really reasonably priced alternatives here. Cameras below $100 are not going to offer the same top quality and controls that cameras more than $300 offer you. For instance, you can take video clips using a DSLR camera, which is not possible in Film SLR camera.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "October 2008 saw Japan's biggest electronics show: Ceatec. More than 196,000 visitors to Ceatec got a chance to see the best of the Japanese electronics industry, including some exciting prototypes of devices that are still a long way from hitting the market.\nCasio Exilim EX-FH20\nCasio's EX-FH20 is an update on the F1 that was launched earlier this year. It has a 9Mp resolution and 20x optical zoom. Like the F1, the new camera can take super slow-motion video and perform a host of neat tricks thanks to a burst shooting mode.\nFor example, the camera can be set to take up to 40 images at 7Mp resolution per second, which means you can get it to record a series of pictures either side of the shutter button being pressed. That means that if you miss a perfect picture moment, the camera will likely still capture it thanks to these extra pictures.\nThe fast shutter also allows video to be recorded at up to 1,000 frames per second and then achieve a super-slow motion effect when played back at the normal 30 frames per second. It will launch in the US and Europe in October and will cost around £350.\nNEXT PAGE: Canon EOS 5D Mark II", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Leica Geosystems AG, the inventor of the laser distance measuring devices, celebrated the 750,000th sold Leica DISTO with a special edition. The special model, limited for this occasion to 1,600 pieces, is in unmistakable Leica red. The Leica DISTO Special 5 stands out through its precision, ease of use and measurement comfort.\nUsing the latest laser technology enables a measurement range of 0.7 to 650' within 1/16\". Most importantly, using a laser distance meter will save time in daily measurement tasks, raising productivity considerably. Even in difficult measurement situations, only one person will be needed to measure.\nThe Leica DISTO Special 5 has numerous functions that make your work easier. The Pythagorean function allows for the indirect measurement of height and width - a necessity in inaccessible places. All of the DISTO functions are simple to use and intuitive, making your measuring task simpler and easier.\nDISTO's products are sold through a network of authorized DISTO Plus distributors and dealers throughout North America.\nSource: Leica Geosystems, Feb. 7, 2005", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Here we offer you the upgrade of a Blickle Multi Check tool measuring system. The extremely solidly built Multi Check PC500 still enjoy great popularity. We have put together an upgrade for these devices. The old optical solution is dismantled and by means of an adapter plate which has the appropriate hole pattern, the ready adjusted zoom system can be mounted immediately. The zoom system is mounted on an adapter plate and can be adjusted by the existing rack and pinion adjustment.\nThis system uses a 12x detent zoom system, which has an extended depth of field and zoom range. The measuring systems of the Multi Check are read out by means of a new interface and transferred to the Metric MT measuring software. In this way, an old device is upgraded to the latest technology and offers all the conveniences of video measurement technology and fast documentation of the measurement results.\nScope of delivery of the retrofit KITO Blickle-Multi-Check\nKITOZOOM 12x zoom with 3 Mpx USB camera\nLED cold light source with slit ring light and diffuser\nAdapter with clamps\nInterface for the measuring systems\nMeasuring software Metric MT\nCalibration disc with test certificate\nInstallation and training as well as delivery of a PC and 4K monitor is of course possible. If delivered with a PC, the measuring software is installed and the video system is completely calibrated.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Richmond, CANADA – Teledyne FLIR is pleased to announce its all new Ladybug6 360-degree camera is now in full production.\n“We are excited to announce that our newest Ladybug camera is in production now and units are shipping immediately. The interest expressed by so many of our long-term customers has been astounding with order commitments made months in advance,” said Mike Lee, Senior Product Manager at Teledyne FLIR. “For applications that require high accuracy imaging like high-definition mapping, road surveying, and asset inspection, the Ladybug6 gives users precision trigger control and resolution in a field-proven format unmatched by other manufacturers.”\nLadybug6 is the industry’s leading high-resolution camera designed to capture 360-degree spherical images from moving platforms in all weather conditions. Its industrial-grade design and out-of-the-box factory calibration produce 72 Megapixel (MP) images with pixel values that are spatially accurate within +/- 2 mm at a 10-meter distance.\nSee our Ladybug6 on show at the following events:\nTeledyne FLIR Integrated Imaging Solutions is a part of Teledyne’s Vision Solutions group and a leader in the design, manufacture, and deployment of digital imaging components for machine vision. Teledyne FLIR area scan cameras, spherical cameras, smart cameras, frame grabbers, software, and vision solutions are at the heart of thousands of machine vision systems around the world and across multiple industries. For more information, visit www.teledyneflir.com/mv", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Remote Drilling Rig Lighting\nIt is a common practice in the oil and gas industry to use incandescent or high-pressure sodium (HPS) lights on remote compressor sites. The emergence of LED technology combined with industrial fixtures allows the implementation of more operator friendly lights and is more cost-effective than incandescent or high-pressure sodium (HPS) lights.\nAn oil company operates an oil facility in northern Alberta. Remote compressor sites transfer the oil to a centralized facility. Compressor maintenance is done on a 24-hour basis. At night, HPS lights are used to light up the work area.\nHPS lamps generated light that is yellow to orange. To a large degree, it is invisible to the human eye and challenging to work under.\nThere are significant overhead costs with replacing burned out light bulbs on remote sites. This includes downtime while waiting for lamp replacement and extra labour to accomplish the task.\nRe-lamping is required whenever the compressor is shipped over long distances.\nThe remote compressor sites are a potentially hazardous location. The oil & gas owners were looking for a way to reduce maintenance costs on their remote sites and improve overall operational safety during maintenance activities.\nIncandescent or HPS lights offer a lower initial cost. An HPS lamp can provide a significant amount of lumens for a small investment, although most of the generated light is yellow to orange. These types of lamps are also susceptible to vibration.\nNemalux’s XCANLED technology produces high-quality light that is brighter than conventional outdoor lighting. Due to its solid-state design, LEDs are inherently vibration resistant; use less electricity, and last longer life than conventional outdoor lighting alternatives.\nBased on proven experience with LED technology in industrial applications, Nemalux fixtures were selected for a trial run on a remote compressor.\nBasis of recommendation:\n- LED luminaires provide full spectrum light that can mimic daylight. Improve lighting (in comparison to HPS) and operational safety.\n- Eliminate the need of re-lamping after shipping the compressor over longer distances.\n- Significantly decrease the generator load and size of the generator.\n- Provide a lighting package that is virtually maintenance free for 10-20 years.\n- The return of the initial investment for such an installation can be as short as 1-2 years when considering the significant overhead cost of replacing burned out light bulbs on remote industrial and hazardous locations.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Nikon Introduces AX and AX R Confocal Microscopes\nNikon Corporation has launched the next generation confocal microscope series, AX and AX R.\nThis new confocal series features a completely re-designed scan head with 8K x 8K resolution, ultra-high-speed resonant scanning, and the world’s largest 25 mm field of view.\nCombined with a new user-friendly interface and advanced AI-based tools, the AX/AX R confocal series is designed to enable users to acquire data faster, with an unprecedented level of detail and ease.\nAs biological research continues to trend toward systems-level studies that range from molecules to whole cell populations, tissues, organoids, and even whole organisms, needs for microscopy have been similarly evolving.\nThere is an increasing need to acquire data that is higher-resolution, both spatially and temporally; for a larger range of specimens and with greater throughput.\nNikon’s 10th generation confocal microscope system, the AX/AX R, features improved pixel density, sensitivity, speed, and the world’s largest field of view to meet these needs.\nA suite of AI-based tools assists users in acquisition, processing and analysis, while the streamlined user interface ensures ease of use. With its modular design, the AX/AX R confocal microscope system easily accommodates multi-modal experiments as well as future expansion to meet evolving research directions.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "A stair case height Bio-Transfer-Standard (BTS), developed and produced at the University of Helsinki (UH), was measured in two laboratories. The Round Robin test aims to determine whether BTS works with different optical profilers in different laboratories. First the artefact was measured at UH using a custom-built Scanning White Light Interferometer. Then BTS was measured at Sensofar-Tech, S.L. using an S-neox-type interferometer working either in Phase Shifting Interferometry mode or in Imaging Confocal Microscopy mode. To remove the influence of system calibration, a method featuring sample shifting and measurement subtraction was used. The BTS features eight lipid bilayer steps that each are 4.6 ± 0.1 nm tall on average. All 30 measurements done by four different operators at the two laboratories agree to within 0.1 nm which agrees with theoretical estimates and with measurements done using a surface plasmon resonance technique. The Round Robin results show the applicability of the newly developed bio-imaging transfer standard for calibrating 3D optical profilers.\nA. Nolvi, T. Viitala, A. García Pérez, N. Sandler, E. Hæggström, C. Bermudez, R. Artigas, and I. Kassamakov, \"Round Robin test on bio-imaging transfer standard for 3D optical profilers,\" Proc. SPIE 10110, Photonic Instrumentation Engineering IV, 101100M (Presented at SPIE OPTO: February 01, 2017; Published: 20 February 2017); https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2250261.\nConference Presentations are recordings of oral presentations given at SPIE conferences and published as part of the proceedings. They include the speaker's narration with video of the slides and animations. Most include full-text papers. Interactive, searchable transcripts and closed captioning are now available for most presentations.\nSearch our growing collection of more than 22,000 conference presentations, including many plenaries and keynotes.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "On the red coloration of saltern crystallizer ponds\n- 78 Downloads\nTo assess, respectively, the contribution of red bacteria of theHalobacterium-Haloferax-Haloarcula group and of the β-carotene-rich green algaDunaliella salina to the red colour of saltern crystallizer ponds, we studied the optical properties of the brines of NaCl-saturated saltern ponds in Eilat, Israel, and quantified the pigments present in their biota. The absorption spectrum of the brines, as measured using the opal glass method to reduce the interference by scattering, or using an integrating sphere, nearly corresponded to thein vivo absorption spectrum of bacterioruberin-containing red archaeobacteria. However, extracts of the microbial community in organic solvents were dominated by β-carotene, a pigment occurring in high concentrations in theDunaliella cells present, and bacterioruberin contributed only between 13 and 28 per cent of the total visible light absorption by the extracts. The apparent discrepancy between these results can be explained by the very small in vivo optical cross-section of β-carotene, which is densely packed in globules inside theD. salina cells.\nKey Wordssolar salterns Halobacterium Dunaliella bacterioruberin β-carotene\nUnable to display preview. Download preview PDF.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Olympus FLASH WIRELESS FL-36R. Works with DSLR E-System, C and SP series cameras with TTL Hot Shoe. The FL-36R is a lightweight and compact wireless external flash. Wireless flash transmission channel settings can be controlled from the camera body, and they enable selection of flash/no flash for groups of multiple flash units. It's equipped with a 1/8 step illumination control for precision shooting, a wide-angle diffuser panel for even illumination with wide-angle lenses and a compact zoom head to accommodate lenses from wide-angle to telephoto.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The Oakley SI Ballistic M Frame surpasses ANSI Z87.1 Industrial Standards for high-mass and high-velocity impact protection. The M Frame 2.0 additionally meets MIL SPEC MIL-PRF 31013. All lenses are made of pure Plutonite®, a proprietary material that offers the highest level of optical clarity available in eyewear. It also features a clip that holds the lens and frame together providing more secure support.\n- Frame color:;Black\n- Lens color:;Grey\n- Light Transmission:;16%\n- Light Conditions:;Bright Light\n- Base Lens Color:;Gray", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Band 21 calibration is imprecise at high temperatures.\nImpact to L1B Data Set\nThis effect causes increased uncertainty in the brightness temperature due to the indirect nature of the calibration. Detector to detector striping exists, but is within specifications.\nEstimated Impact to L2 Science Products\nScience research will be seriously impacted until the calibration can be extended.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "In the past, vision guided robots were in the minority with only about 10% of industrial robots integrated with vision. Fast forward to today, with robot vision systems having become standard for many robotic applications. As the need for robotic automation has grown, so has the complexity of applications needing to be automated. This factor along with the increasing affordability of vision systems has led to the expansion of vision guided articulated robots.\nVision guided industrial robotic arms are industrial robots integrated with cameras and sensors that provide visual feedback to the robot. These robot manipulators are eliminating past barriers of robotic automation and allowing for the automation of more production processes. Why should you consider automating with a vision guided robot? The top reasons are listed below.\nAutomate Applications with Variables\nIn the past, robotic automation was limited to highly repetitive applications with regular parts. Processes needed to involve the same part types and part locations as factory robots did not have the technology to handle variables. Vision guided robotic manipulators have changed this. The FANUC Lr Mate 200ic with vision can adapt to variables through feedback from its camera system. If part shapes or locations change the robot is able to recognize these changes through the vision system. Vision guided handling robots can automate processes with a mix of part types, various locations, or parts with complex geometries. Vision guided robots can now automate applications involving parts that are not distinctly separated or located in a specific work areas.\nSince vision guided industrial robot arms can automatically recognize and adapt to changes, less programming is required. With traditional six axis robot, programming is needed for every change. This means stopping the robot’s operation until the new program had been implemented, causing downtime. Integrating the ABB 4600-40 with vision decreases programming time since it can adapt to changes on its own. With vision guided robots there is greater uptime, which allows the manufacturing robot arms to operate for longer periods of time, ultimately resulting in higher productivity rates.\nLess Human Involvement\nWhile automating with industrial robots reduces human involvement with your productions, automating with a vision guided robot will reduce it even more. With less programming required and the ability of vision guided robots to be able to “see” there work environment, less monitoring of the robotic system is needed. Vision guided robots can operate autonomously. Factories utilizing the lights-out manufacturing method are doing so with vision guided robots. With fewer workers needed for vision guided robots, companies can see a significant reduction in labor expenses.\nIndustrial robots are designed for accuracy on their own, but adding a vision system can enhance that accuracy. Errors become nonexistent as robots can use visual feedback to enhance their operation. Vision guided robots operate with precision ensuring they do not deviate from an application path. Their ability to adjust to variables on the go, prevents costly errors such as damaged parts or material waste. Vision guided robots can even evaluate and inspect their own work, catching minute defects. Product quality significantly increases with vision guided robots.\nRobots Done Right is the place to start when it comes to used robots. Contact us if you are interested in buying or selling your used robot.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Simultaneous measurements of position and angular displacements. The system offers real time measurements of beam position and angular displacements as well as power display, with resolution down to 0.1 um.\nThe system measures CW beams, and offers portable, fast and accurate beam alignment solution.\nIt is a USB2.0 device, the system ...\nMax 150Hz at 500Hz digital filter\n350 - 1100 nm\nPosition Measurement Range :\n8 dia circle max mm\n10 - 10000 µW", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Telecommunications is one of the largest application sectors for lasers and laser amplifiers worldwide. For lasers to be viable for telecommunications applications they, not only have to be single spatial mode (allowing them to be efficiently coupled into a single mode fiber), but they also need to be single frequency to allow for dense wavelength multiplexing to increase the transmission bandwidth. For long-haul fiber optic communications, most telecommunications lasers operate at either 1550 nm or 1310 nm to take advantage of the minimal absorption of fiber optics at those two wavelengths. With the majority of telecommunication lasers now at 1550 nm due to the prevalence of desperation shifted fiber optics. Even though absorption is minimized at 1550nm, it still becomes an issue over long distances making it necessary to boost the signal using fiber amplifiers. On this page, you will find a list of all of the telecommunications lasers and amplifiers we offer.\nTo see a full list of other applications RPMC lasers are used for please check out our applications page by clicking here.\nContact us today to let one of our knowledgeable Product Managers assist you!", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Seller assumes all responsibility for this listing.\nWarranty: 6 months\nThe Optovue RTVue is an ultra-high speed, high resolution optical coherence tomography (OCT) retina scanner used for retina imaging and analysis. TCP is the ability to calculate both the front and back surfaces of the cornea to enhance post-refractive IOL calculation for greater confidence in surgical outcomes.\nSIX MONTH WARRANTY INCLUDED\n• Fully refurbished\n• Complete with table and printer\n• Ships worldwide", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The LED strips from production series L are the ideal light source for all applications where only one consistent light colour is required. They are used amongst other things in architecture (for example accents in walls, floors, counters or as decorative elements), for the backlighting of edges, areas or fluorescent letters.\nThanks to their practical dimensions, the LED strips can follow almost any curves and any bend. The distance between the individual LEDs is dimensioned in a way that results in homogenous illumination. Thanks to the Lehmann-Modulation, stageless brightness control is also possible in the lower intensity range, as is (flicker-free) dimming that is suitable for cameras.\nThe LED strips L are activated via the Long Distance Controller, the Sys One, or System Power Supplies 4 and 4E with Intelligence. In terms of small installations, the LED-Strips can also be activated via a corresponding power supply and – if dimmability is desired – with a Big Intelli Monochrome.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The minimum angle of diffraction can be calculated by using Bragg’s equation.\nn is the wavelength multiplier\nis the wavelength of the X–ray beam\nd is the spacing between the two layers of atoms or ions\n2 is the angle of diffraction\nUpon rearranging the above equation, we get", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The Fujifilm X10 is a highly advanced compact camera with specifications that\nfollow in the footsteps of the multi award-winning Fujifilm FinePix X100 the\nultimate in refined design, components, functions and specification.\nFeaturing a bright optical zoom viewfinder with a wide viewing angle, the X10\nallows users to enjoy the pleasure of photography via a traditional viewfinder,\nproviding all the benefits and ease of composition that this brings.\nThe Fujifilm X10 features a large 2/3 inch 12 megapixel EXR-CMOS sensor and a\nhigh-definition F2.0 wide-angle and F2.8 telephoto Fujinon 4x manual zoom lens\n(28-112mm), characterised by its brightness and superb picture quality right up\nto the edge of an image.\nThe X10 FUJNON 4x manual zoom lens (28-112mm), has been treated with Super EBC\n(Electron Beam Coating) and \"consists of 11 glass lens elements in 9 groups. It\nhas a wide angle maximum aperture of F2.0 and a maximum telephoto aperture\nof F2.8 The optical glass viewfinder has an extra wide 20 degree viewing angle.\nThe X10 also records movies in Full HD 1080p and has a fun mode called Motion\nPanorama 360 for creating in-camera 360 degree panorama pictures.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Approved Ortho-K Night Lenses* for Myopia Correction\nSince early 2000s, our 100% topography-based Ortho-K lenses have become the Gold Standard for personalized Orthokeratology. Used by many of the most progressive and advanced Orthokeratology experts around the World, WAVE is the leader and pioneer in custom Ortho-K lens designs.\nDesign Personalized Ortho-K Lenses for Each Patient\nUsing the corneal topography data and WAVE lens design tools you can create a personalized Ortho-K lens based on individual needs of each patient. Creating a well-fitting custom Toric or Free Form Ortho-K lens for your patients are achieved in few simple steps. The size and location of the optic zone and treatment zone can be easily modified to achieve optimal results.\nDealing with complicated cases, such as, against-the-rule astigmatism, low eccentricity, or need to create an oval shape treatment zone? WAVE can help! Take your Orthokeratology practice to the next level with the WAVE NightLens®!\nPrecision Myopia Management\nMyopia management demands precision. With the WAVE Contact Lens System you can design a well-fitting lens with a smaller optic zone to correct for myopia and restore clear vision while bending peripheral light to reduce hyperopic defocus, which is associated with eye elongation.\nWAVE users can independently adjust the exact placement of the optic zone and treatment zone over pupil center to fine-tune the treatment.\n* WAVE NightLens®\nis an approved Bausch + Lomb Vision Shaping Treatment (VST", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Skip to Main Content\nWe have developed optoelectronic packages having optical waveguide holes with core-clad structures for chip-to-chip optical interconnection within computer systems. A rate of 10-Gb/s/ch chip-to-chip optical signal transmission has been demonstrated. The optoelectronic package we have developed consists of two guide pins and four-channel optical waveguide holes. The two guide pins are used to align an optical fiber connector with an optical device. The optical waveguide holes are used to transmit optical signals vertically through the optoelectronic package. Using the optical waveguide holes in the optoelectronic package, and high-quality signal transmission has been achieved.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "A planet centroid is an important observable object in autonomous optical navigation. A high-accuracy algorithm is presented to extract the planet centroid from its raw image. First, we proposed a planet segmentation algorithm to segment the planet image block to eliminate noise and to reduce the computation load. Second, we developed an effective algorithm based on Prewitt-Zernike moments to detect sub-pixel real edges by determining possible edges with the Prewitt operator, removing pseudo-edges in backlit shady areas, and relocating real edges to a sub-pixel accuracy in the Zernike moments. Third, we proposed an elliptical model to fit sub-pixel edge points. Finally, we verified the performance of this algorithm against real images from the Cassini-Huygens mission and against synthetic simulated images. Simulation results showed that the accuracy of the planet centroid is up to 0·3 pixels and that of the line-of-sight vector is at 2·1 × 10−5 rad.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Optic Rifle Scopes have become a necessity for modern shooters. Choosing a scope for your AR-15 depends upon several factors with the most important being the range of your rifle.\nThe most basic type of variable rifle scopes available in the market is the 1-4x scope. Here we’ll be talking about these scopes and their effective use with your AR-15 platform. We’ll also take a look at some of the best 1x-4x scopes available on the market.\nQuick Comparison Table of the Best 1-4x Scopes\nLeupold VX-2 1-4×20\nNikon M-223 1-4×20\nTrijicon Accupoint TR24 1-4×24\nVortex Crossfire II 1-4×24\nBushnell AR Optics 1-4×24mm\nWhat Is A 1-4x Scope?\nWhat are these numbers and what do they mean? If you are a novice with optic scopes, these numbers define the magnifying power of a scope. Magnification refers to the number of times an object can be viewed closer or enlarged. A 1x scope provides one times the magnifying power, a 2x provides two times the magnifying power and so on. This means that with a 2x scope, you can view an object that appears to be two times closer than its present position.\nScopes can have fixed or variable magnifying power. With fixed power scopes, you can attain only a fixed magnifying power while viewing through them. A variable scope offers a wide range of magnifying powers. For example, in a 1x-4x scope, you can attain magnification of 1x, 1.5x, 2x, 2.3x, so on and so forth to a maximum of 4x magnification. Variable scopes are good for taking shots at different distances and for different target sizes.\nAnother important aspect of an optic scope is the objective lens diameter. For example, if a scope is marked as 1-4 x 24mm, then 24 is the diameter of the objective lens in millimeters. The objective lens is in the front and is the aperture where the light enters the scope. A larger objective lens means more light will enter the scope, which in turn will generate a brighter and clearer image.\nOther important factors are the reticles and the focal plane of a scope. A reticle was simply known as a ‘crosshair’ some decades ago, until the advent of the latest, more technically-advanced crosshairs known as reticles. Ranging from Duplex and BDC to mil-dots and illuminated ones, there are numerous reticle types available in the market.\nAnother important aspect is the focal plane. There are FFP(First Focal Plane) and SFP(Second Focal Plane) scopes available in the market. The basic difference among these is that, while you zoom over the target, the reticle size increases respective to the target in an SFP scope, whereas in an FFP, it does not. SFP scopes are without a doubt amazing for long-range shooting.\nOne very minor and often overlooked factor to check for in a scope are the target turrets. These turrets have knobs to make adjustments for windage and elevation for long-range shooting. Before buying a scope, you must ensure that target turrets are accurate, easy to use and audible (if that’s available in your price range).\nWhy Use A 1-4x Scope?\nSince we are talking about adding 1-4x scopes to the AR-15, let’s look at some of the reasons this combination makes sense.\nTeach The Basics\nWhen a novice learns shooting, the trainer has to explain the fundamentals and basic techniques. A 1x-4x scope is an appropriate choice for teaching anyone about long-range shooting. Of course, here we just mean “longer range than you can handle with the naked eye”.\nThe AR-15 proves to be an excellent rifle for teaching people to shoot with centerfire rifles. A 1-4x scope ensures that proper basics of shooting through scopes are learned without letting them get bogged down in the more complex adjustments of higher-range scopes\nRange Of The Rifle\nAccording to the instruction manual, the effective range of an AR-15 rifle is 550 meters (600 yards). Remember, this is the effective range. If you are shooting heavier subsonic rounds or using bull barrels, you can achieve another 100 - 200 meters, but that’s when you are an expert shooter. A 1-4x scope is quite effective in the normal range, giving you a clear shot at different distances.\nHunting In The Woods\nThe AR-15 rifles are among the most-loved rifles for hunting in North America. The silent recoil, weight, powerful ammo and easy operation make it a great tool for hunting. If you’ve been on hunting trips (especially for whitetails and mule deer), you might be aware that high magnification scopes are next to useless in dense woods. That’s because once you try higher magnification, all you’ll see will be magnified tree trunks with beetles on them.\n1-4x optic scopes offer optimum magnification for quick acquisition of targets over varied distances. Scopes with higher magnifying powers are quite difficult to adjust and you have to struggle to create a perfect sight-picture at short distances. 1-4x scopes offer quick adjustments in line with the range of your AR-15 rifle.\nMore power means larger lenses, more components and thus a heavier scope. A 1-4x optic scope has a comparatively smaller objective lens, small main tube, and fewer components. This helps reduce its weight, meanwhile keeping it effective at the shorter distances you’ll probably be shooting with your AR-15.\nReviews Of The Best 1-4x Scopes For The AR-15\nLet’s take a quick look at some of the best low magnification scopes that’ll mount on your AR-15.\nThe Leupold VX-2 scope has a variable magnification of 1x - 4x. The 20mm objective lens is large enough to let a good amount of light enter the scope at ranges respective to the scope’s power.\nThe index-matched lens system and lead-free glass offer a brighter image. A custom dial system lets you adjust the ¼ MOA windage and elevation easily with your fingers. The scope is fully waterproof and the tube is filled with argon/krypton to make it shockproof and durable. The click adjustments let you keep track of the windage and elevation without removing your eye from the ergonomic aperture.\nThe scope weighs only 8.1 ounces and has a long eye relief of 3.7 - 4.2 inches. This Leupold VX2 scope also features a Second Focal Plane Duplex reticle to let you take precise shots over a long distance.\n- Second Focal Plane Duplex Reticle\n- Fogproof, Waterproof and Shockproof\n- Click adjustments\n- Leupold Lifetime Guarantee\n- Doesn’t have a zero stop\n- No holdover reticle\n- No Sunshade\nA masterpiece from Nikon, the M223 has been specifically designed to fit your AR-15. The 1-4x scope features a 20mm objective lens which creates bright images for the effective range of an AR-15. The wide field of view and point-blank reticle provide quick and effortless target acquisition. The patented ultra-clear-coat optical system provides an incredibly flat sight picture and maximum light transmission.\nThe elevated target turrets offer precise ½ MOA adjustment for windage and elevation. Nikon’s eye box technology offers a constant 4” eye relief. The single-piece main body construction is nitrogen-filled and O-ring sealed. The scope is waterproof, shock-proof and fog-proof.\n- Enhanced ring mount spacing. Can be attached to any rifle including magnums\n- Eye box technology with a constant 4” eye relief\n- Point Blank Reticle\n- Single Piece durable main body\n- Weighs 13 ounces, which is a bit more than its counterparts\nThe Trijicon Accupoint TR24 optical rifle scope has a 1-4x magnification with a large 24mm objective lens. The scope features a tri-dot illuminated reticle which does not require batteries to operate. The fiber-optic technology automatically adjusts the illumination of the reticle (this is available with a manual override option).\nThe tritium phosphor lamp illuminates the reticle in low to no light. The illuminated reticle does not project any light through the front objective lens. Sealed in a high-grade aluminum casing, the multi-coated lenses provide superior clarity with zero distortion.\n- Illuminated Triangle Reticle with SFP\n- Battery-free Operation due to tritium phosphor lamp\n- Auto-adjustment of the illumination with manual override as well\n- Aircraft-grade aluminum body\n- Zero Forward Emission\n- A bit heavier than its counterparts(14 ounces)\nThe Vortex Crossfire II riflescope features multicoated lenses for acquiring a clean and clear target image. The scope has been sealed with inert gases to keep it fog-proof, shock-proof and waterproof under harsh weather conditions. The anodized aircraft-grade aluminum body makes the scope durable and apt for hunting trips.\nThe fast-focus eyepiece, complemented by an illuminated center-dot reticle. allows quick and easy target acquisition. The elevated target turrets allow re-indexing of the turret to zero after sighting in the riflescope. The scope is backed by an unlimited lifetime warranty by Vortex. Exceptional for 3-gun competitions.\n- Illuminated Reticle\n- Dot reticle with Duplex Crosshairs\n- Aircraft-grade aluminum construction\n- Fast-focus eyepiece and long eye relief\n- Backed by an unlimited lifetime warranty\n- Heavy (16 ounces)\n- Effective with live batteries only\nAs the name suggests, this scope from Bushnell has been designed exclusively for the AR-15. Fully multi-coated optics provide incredible brightness to the sight picture. The Drop Zone 223 BDC reticle has caliber-specific markings and aiming points out to 500 yards to shoot every bullet with pinpoint accuracy.\n- Quality Construction\n- Multi-coated optics\n- BDC 223 Ballistic Reticle\n- Excellent eye-relief\n- Best value for the money\n- Comparatively Heavy\n- Reticles not illuminated\nRelative to the range of an AR-15, 1-4x scopes are an apt choice for taking short, mid- and long-range shots. Factors such as magnification, objective lens size, focal plane and reticles affect the effectiveness of a scope.\n1-4x scopes have a wide field of view (FOV) and are easily adjustable, making them great for hunting and 3 gun competitions. Illuminated reticles may or may not be a concern while choosing 1-4x scopes because of your hunting habits and law regulations. By far, 1-4x scopes are perfect for your AR-15 if you’re not really looking to go sniping.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Application Note: Capture Brilliance with the Celena S\n25 April 2017\nThis brochure provides an overview of the Celena S from Logo Biosystems. The Celena S is an all-in-one digital imagining system, for your benchtop. It is equipped with advanced optics, highly sensitive CMOS sensor and digitally controlled LED light source.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "High CRI (96+) LED Downlight kit\nWider beam highr CRI downlight\nAustralian made LED downlight fantastic performance and service.\nAustralian made LED downlight, industry leading performance.\nAustralian made LED downlight - best color rendering and brightness\nThe DL7-1400 in a cube housing. Greater gimbal movment and a corporate look\nAustralian made commercial downlight.\nHigh performance recessed commercial led downlight...\nHigh performance commercial led downlight\nHigh lumen downlight for domestic and commercial application\n7W LED MR16 Bulb for direct halogen bulb replacement.\n10W LED MR16 \\bulb for direct halogen bulb replacement.\nTop quality UK made phase cut dimmable led driver\nPhase cut dimmer designed for LED Downlights\n7W LED DOWNLIGHT\n7x 1W LED Downlight\n15W LED DOWNLIGHT\n900 lumens - get those electricity hungry halogens out!\n12W - LED Downlight\nBefore the dollar dropped we stocked up on these bright 12W LED Downlights.\n3.6W 12V Garden light\nideal for replacing halogens in your garden lighting or camping etc\nFLEXIBLE STRIP LIGHTING\nQuality 12V led strip lighting for under cabinet, accent and architectural\nPANEL LIGHT 600x600\nA high CRI, super bright backlit LED Panel light.\nCustom made linear lighting has many advantages over strip lighting.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "It comes with a camera and objects of different shapes and colors to allow you to study topics such as image recognition, machine learning and Artificial Intelligence thanks to the contribution of vision.\nThe Workspace, also included in the Vision Set, is designed to work horizontally, vertically or even tilted. Its design, based on nano-suction technology, makes it sticky and repositionable.\nConnect it to the robot via the Ned2 rear panel\nusing the USB 3.0 ports;\nOpen the visual programming interface (Blockly).\nCalibrate the workspace. Use the new blocks\nto perform advanced functions.\nWrite a script in the desired programming language;\nUse the new functions introduced by the vision set.\nNiryo Studio 2 Beta\nDiscover our new ultra-intuitive interface for developing your robotic potential. Many new features :\n- Integration of a Python IDE\n- 3D preview\nand more ...", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Spending time with those we love is a pleasure culminative. There will always be moments more precious rare that can leave a lasting impression in our hearts. To maintain the integrity of those precious moments, it is now one of the leading camera manufacturers have to be exact NIKON camera series very suitable for beginners. So if you are a newcomer to the world of photography and want to buy a camera or confused to choose what type of camera, the camera NIKON D3300 series could be the first choice reliable.\nAlthough NIKON D3300 series is not a new product, but the quality of shots produced by this camera is undoubtedly since first launching in January 2014. For these types of members DSLR camera is priced by NIKON price is still relatively affordable at around 5.5 million rupiah. Among the advantages possessed NIKON D3300 is:\nSENSOR & PROCESSOR\nNIKON D3300 is a compact and versatile camera with a DX-format 24.2 megapixel CMOS sensor and EXPEED image processor 4. The combination of sensor and processor best on this camera is able to produce images with a resolution high enough. In low light the position of the ISO sensitivity can be expanded up to 25600, and up to 5 fps continuous shooting and video recording capabilities can last up to Full HD 1080p.In addition to the above advantages, the design of sensors embedded in the camera can eliminate the traditional optical low-pass filter aagar can produce maximum sharpness and good resolution when shooting photos or when creating a video. Completeness of assets in the NIKON D3300 adds more complete with 11-point autofocus system, so that the camera can focus your project quickly and accurately in all lighting conditions.\nType NIKON D3300 lens is the AF-S DX NIKKOR 18-55mm f / 3.5-5.6G VR II lens, with a 35mm standard zoom (equivalent focal length range 27-82.5mm). This lens incorporates VR image stabilization system that is strong enough. VR system in the camera helps to minimize the appearance of camera shake in clips up to four shutter speed steps. Wow, pretty high right shutter speed of this camera. Then the camera is also equipped with super integrated lens coatings are useful to reduce flare and ghosting in the resulting photos and videos. Furthermore NIKON D3300 camera lens can be removed from the camera body and can be replaced with the NIKON F mount lenses.\nVarious wireless options for connectivity with smartphones or tablets can be achieved through module Nikon WU-1a or Eye-Fi SD card. The camera adapter can be used to provide Wi-Fi connectivity. With so many advantages contained in the entry-level camera of this kind, we can control the camera remotely could also transfer files in a way that is very easy and fast. Quite effective and efficient instead.\nHopefully the above article can answer the anxiety you in selecting the appropriate camera for beginners or entry-level. And lastly NIKON D3300 camera make your real friends in an adventure in the world of photography.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "When we are unable to see a distant object, then it is due to one of these reasons:\n- Our eyes lack the sufficient angular resolution to recognize the object.\n- Atmospheric condition limits visibility.\n- The object is far enough and obscured by Earth’s curvature.\nSome flat-Earthers like to show that a previously unseen distant object can be brought into view using infrared vision. They would take that as ‘evidence’ of the non-existence of Earth’s curvature. They are wrong. Infrared vision can reveal hidden objects caused by visibility limitations, but not ones obscured by Earth’s curvature.\nUsing infrared vision might alleviate some visibility limitations. Infrared vision can see through mist or fog, and reveal an object previously unseen using our normal vision.\nBut if Earth’s curvature already obscures the object, then no amount of infrared vision can bring it back into view. It is the other way around. Infrared is refracted less than visible light. Due to this reason, infrared vision might actually ‘hide’ an object previously seen using our normal vision.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "May 2007SRI International, Products/Services & Physical Sciences Divs.Request Info\nThe Cam1M100-SFT from Sarnoff Corp. is a split-frame-transfer CCD imager that delivers 1024 × 512-pixel images at 190 fps for industrial inspection, remote sensing and biological imaging. Each pixel is 16 × 16 μm. The camera features 16 output taps, a large imaging area, 100% fill factor and high quantum efficiency. It is back-illuminated and designed for use with dual base configuration ports or two single-port cards with a third-party Camera Link frame grabber card.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Image Formation by a Diverging Lens\nYou can move the object around by either clicking and dragging or just clicking in the location of your choice. A diverging lens always forms an upright virtual image. The image appears on the left of the lens as a gray arrow.\nThis applet shows: two arrows, a diverging lens, and rays of light being emitted by the red arrow. The red arrow is the object, while the gray arrow is the virtual image that results after the rays have passed through the lens. The applet also displays two foci shown as blue dots.\nThe image formed by a diverging lens can be made using only three principal rays:\n- Ray 1 is the ray which travels parallel to the axis and after going through the lens it passes through the focal point.\n- Ray 2 passes through the center of the lens.\n- Ray 3 goes through the focal point and then travels parallel to the axis after passing through the lens.\nUnlike in the converging lens case, the rays do not intersect. Instead the mind assumes the image to be at an imaginary point which is derived by extending the rays and then taking the intersection of the extensions. The extensions are shown in green. Thus any point on the object can be mapped, using the rays above, into a corresponding point on the image.\nRay tracing is a useful technique, but it usually involves a drawing of\nsome sort. A more practical way is not as complete but is much simpler. You can find the\ndistance of the image from the lens by the following equation: 1/di + 1/do\n= 1/f, where di is the distance from the lens to the image, do\nis the distance from the object to the lens, and f is the focal distance of the\nNote that for the diverging mirror f should be negative. This ensures that di is negative and that the image is on the left of the lens (a virtual image), this is the only possibility for a diverging lens.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Microscope DARK FIELD\nThe PRO 2010 is an excellent high powered microscope for Dark Field application for water or live blood viewing application.\nWhen coupled with the Truechrome HDMI camera that has simultaneous HDMI and USB application, clients can see the screen and images can be saved into computer or onto onboard SD card.\n- Super bright 10W LED in base (little heat)\n- HDMI camera 60f/sec (no jitter) full 1080P (1920 x1080) simultaneous HDMI/USB output\n- Efficient Dark Field condenser\n- High quality Plan achromatic objectives the PL 100x with iris diaphragm\n- Coupler 0.65x C mount adjustable to ensure parfocality with eyepieces.\nThis microscope was developed to do Dark field microscopy. Other cameras can be substituted depending on users application.\nPlease contact us for pricing etc\nPlease click on images taken with PRO2010 and Truechrome HDMI camera to see at full resolution.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The RGBLink 20x NDI PTZ Camera For Live Streaming\n- You’ll be able to see things that are hard to see with the naked eye.\n- Zoom in on any subject without losing quality.\n- Share your thoughts and ideas with the world.\n- Get the perfect shot every time.\n- Capture high-quality footage in any lighting.\n- Be confident that you’ll have the best video possible.\n- NDI Support onboard\n- 20x high-speed optical zoom\n- High performance in low light with Wide Dynamic Range\n- White Balance control\n- 1920x1080p FullHD camera resolution up to 60fps\n- HDMI & SDI outputs\nThe RGBLink 20x NDI PTZ Camera is a perfect addition to any church or business looking to implement video streaming services. It employs a 1/2.8 inch high-quality CMOS sensor and features multiple network protocols including the remote desktop protocol, which makes it the ideal tool for webcasting as well as video conferencing needs alike. Rain or shine, this camera fits your busy lifestyle with its ability to stream low-quality images without interruption.\nSay goodbye to the problems of limited bandwidth. Say hello to a clear, crisp resolution. When it comes to NDI resolutions up to 1920×1080@60fps without any compromise, this PTZ camera is the one for you! With advanced ISP processing algorithms and a 1/2.8 inch high-quality CMOS sensor for vivid image quality with depth and fantastic color rendition, why not give this High-Resolution PTZ Camera System the ultimate test today?", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Protection from Digital Device Blue Light\nAnti Reflective Lenses, Get Protection From Digital Device Blue Light\nA next-gen and sophisticated anti reflective lenses coating that filters out the high-energy harmful blue light emitted by artificial lighting and digital device, while still allowing beneficial blue-turquoise light to pass through.\nIt improves contrasts without distorting colour vision to provide strain-free, enhanced visual experience and protects eyes with an advanced anti-reflection technology. Lustraa Blue+ lenses are more attractive and enhance the cosmetic look of the wearer.\nWatch Our Video", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "It's impressive enough that scientists have developed tiny pill-size cameras that allow physicians to view images inside a patient's intestine--now, in the not-to-distant future those cameras may come with remote control, allowing physicians to steer and stop the device as they would a vehicle.\nCurrently, patients can swallow a camera--the same way they would a hard candy--which transmits images to an external receiver attached to a belt worn by the patient, allowing the physician to identify any hemorrhages or cysts. But until now there has been no way to control the camera's speed as it travels through the esophagus to the stomach. Thus, patients with potential problems in the esophagus or stomach still have to swallow a thick endoscope.\nNow, those hard-to-get images are within reach, according to researchers from the Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering in Sankt Ingbert who developed the idea and are working to refine it with engineers from the manufacturer Given Imaging, the Israelite Hospital in Hamburg and the Royal Imperial College in London.\n“In future, doctors will be able to stop the camera in the esophagus, move it up and down and turn it, and thus adjust the angle of the camera as required,” said research team leader Dr. Frank Volke, in a news release. “We have developed a magnetic device roughly the size of a bar of chocolate. The doctor can hold it in his hand during the examination and move it up and down the patient’s body. The camera inside follows this motion precisely,” Dr. Volke explained.\nResearchers have already tried out a prototype on themselves and reported that the camera passed the test of staying in the esophagus for about 10 minutes, even if the patient is sitting upright.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Scientists at Aston University (Birmingham, England) have demonstrated what they are calling the longest-ever fiber laser, with a 75-km cavity length.1 This virtually lossless fiber span-with amplitude variations below the accuracy of their measurement technique-is the first implementation of a nonlinear system integrated in a fiber waveguide in which power losses as a function of distance are continuously compensated by propagating the signal inside an ultralong Raman fiber laser. Their demonstration is the realization of nearly lossless optical transmission-a decades-long dream for the telecommunications industry.\nIn the experimental setup, a length of single-mode silica-based optical fiber is pumped at both ends with lasers operating at 1360 nm (see figure). The laser cavity for the secondary pumping wave at 1455 nm is created by two Bragg-grating reflector elements with a central frequency in the vicinity of 1455 nm. When the power in the pump lasers is above the threshold at which stimulated Raman scattering overcomes the fiber attenuation at the central frequency of the gratings, the fiber span becomes an ultralong laser, generating a secondary pump due to amplified spontaneous emission (ASE). The forward and backward propagation of the secondary pump varies little along the fiber length, creating nearly constant Raman gain at the optimized signal frequency of 1550 nm, which is common for telecommunications applications.\nThe technique is applicable to a variety of fiber span lengths. For the 75‑km fiber span, low-signal-excursion transmission was achieved by pumping the cavity with 1322 mW from the primary pump lasers. The Bragg gratings had a reflectivity of 98% and a center wavelength of 1455 nm. Over the 75-km fiber span, a signal-power variation of 1.35 dB was observed. And experiments on a 20‑km-long fiber span pumped at 351 mW showed virtually lossless transmission of 0.001 dB (predicted variation according to the theoretical model should be lower than 0.005 dB). Using a tunable laser operating between 1520 and 1580 nm, power variation over a broad wavelength range for the 75-km span was observed to be less than 2.5 dB for any wavelength in that range.\nThe secret to the lossless transmission of the fiber span is a symmetric design of the cavity for the secondary pump and careful selection of the pump-laser wavelengths and power levels as they relate to the Bragg-grating center frequency and length of optical fiber. A series of mathematical calculations help derive the pump characteristics, including the threshold requirement on input pump power and the growth of radiation seeded at the secondary pump.\nPractical implementation of the lossless fiber link could be important for transmission with low signal powers (with ASE noise as the main limiting factor) and for systems where fiber nonlinearity plays some positive role, such as in devices using soliton techniques. “We believe that the amplification technique based on ultralong fiber lasers could be a new enabling technology in transmission with very long amplification spans,” notes scientist Sergei Turitsyn. “Even more exciting, the created lossless fiber medium can have interesting applications in all-optical nonlinear data processing, opening methods to the design of photonic devices based on a mathematical theory of integrable nonlinear systems, with functionalities that cannot be achieved in linear optical devices.”\n1. J. Diego Ania-Castañón et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 023902 (January 2006).", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Cameras 2019 - Normal Lense, Standard lenses | photography mad, A standard lens, also known as a \"normal lens\", is one which produces an image that roughly matches what the human eye sees, and which looks natural to the viewer. it sits between the telephoto lens and the wide angle lens, which produce unnaturally zoomed-in and zoomed-out images respectively.. Normal lenses from guide to camera lenses: choosing the, The first big set of lenses that we're gonna look at are normal lenses. and so when we talk about a normal lens we're talking about a normal angle of view. for fullframe that's a 50 millimeter lens. for a crop from around a 35, and for the micro four thirds it's gonna be around a 25 millimeter lens.. Normal lens rental | rent standard lenses | borrowlenses, Rent standard lenses at competitive rates with borrowlenses. we have a great selection of normal lenses available for pickup or delivery..\nNormal Lense - the normal lens - part 1\nthe lens is the clear part of the eye behind the iris that helps to focus light on the retina. the lens . in young people it is normally perfectly clear and quite elastic. the angry photographer: the real secret of fx & dx normal lenses. nikon lens secrets to save you $$\nTalk:normal lens - wikipedia, In the case of a normal lens, that's equivalent to \"normal viewing distance\" equal to print diagonal. so, yes, they're closely related concepts. dicklyon 01:44, 18 march 2009 (utc) digital photography section. definitely needs a split between tv lenses (were movie standards works) and digital still phototography.. What’s a “normal” lens? and why is my 18mm lens, By definition, the focal length equal to the diagonal of the imaging sensor is “normal.” examining the geometry, 35mm film is 24mm × 36mm and has a diagonal of 43.2mm. examining the geometry, 35mm film is 24mm × 36mm and has a diagonal of 43.2mm.. Wide angle lenses, normal lenses, & telephoto lenses, A \"telephoto\" lens is one that has a longer focal length than normal, which produces greater magnification of the object and creates a narrower field of view than the normal lens. the terms \"wide angle\" and telephoto\" are not exact in describing a lens..", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Watching television with the latest 3D technology is truly an awesome experience, tricking your brain into believing that the images you see are actually coming out of the TV and into the room.\n3D television is created by using images to mimic the way that our eyes work in normal life. As our eyes are about three inches apart, each eye takes in our surroundings from a slightly different perspective and the brain then merges the two images together, using the difference between them to gauge distance and depth. 3D technology works by recreating this process, displaying two slightly different images which the glasses then separate.\nDifferent manufacturers have developed their 3D imagery using varying techniques, which means different types of glasses need to be used. For example, Sony Active Shutter glasses are specially designed to work with Sony’s own BRAVIA 3D TV technology, so it is worth researching the benefits of each to decide which would be most suitable for you.\nActive Shutter technology is based on the high frame rate of the 3D TV, which sends different pictures consecutively to the left and right lens of the specially designed Active Shutter glasses. Each lens of these glasses is filled with liquid crystal, which closes for a fragment of a second so that the relevant pictures are only exposed to one eye at a time.\nCinema 3D technology is similar to that which has been used for a few years to screen 3D films in the cinemas. The Cinema 3D TVs use glasses containing polarising filters which separate the images by only allowing similarly polarised light through each lens, causing each eye to see a different image.\nNot sure which glasses you need? See our full range of 3D glasses", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "|Publication number||US6823601 B2|\n|Application number||US 10/454,665|\n|Publication date||Nov 30, 2004|\n|Filing date||Jun 5, 2003|\n|Priority date||Sep 17, 2002|\n|Also published as||US20040049930|\n|Publication number||10454665, 454665, US 6823601 B2, US 6823601B2, US-B2-6823601, US6823601 B2, US6823601B2|\n|Original Assignee||Snap-On Incorporated|\n|Export Citation||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|\n|Patent Citations (25), Referenced by (33), Classifications (18), Legal Events (4)|\n|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet|\nThe present subject matter relates to techniques and equipment to adjust the alignment of a vehicle mounted sensor, typically the leading vehicle sensor of an adaptive cruise control system, in part using an image processing type aligner, such as a 3D visual system otherwise used for alignment of the wheels of the host vehicle.\nAdaptive cruise control systems provide an adaptive vehicle speed control, based on sensing of another vehicle or target in front of the host vehicle within which the cruise control operates. Cruise control normally controls host vehicle speed to minimize a difference between actual vehicle speed and a driver-set speed. The adaptive speed control senses the presence of a vehicle or the like in front of the host vehicle and adjusts the cruise control algorithm to account for the target preceding the host vehicle, for example to reduce host vehicle speed and maintain a set distance between the vehicles. A number of different types of automobile manufacturers offer such adaptive cruise control as a comfort aid for driving.\nAdaptive cruise control (ACC) systems typically utilize a radar or laser sensor or the like to detect the presence of and distance to a target vehicle leading the host vehicle on which the sensor and the ACC system are mounted. Adaptive cruise control sensors are now commonly mounted on motor vehicles, such as cars, trucks, lorries, vans and the like. Such an adaptive cruise control sensor is located to the front of the host vehicle, generally in the front bumper, and directs a radar beam forwardly in the direction of forward motion of the motor vehicle. Based on the return signal, whenever the sensor detects another vehicle in front of and in the path of the host vehicle, which is moving at a speed slower than the speed of the host vehicle, the adaptive cruise control system determines the speed of the leading vehicle from the sensor signal. The control of the adaptive system sets the cruise speed of the host vehicle to the speed of the leading vehicle.\nIn order for such an adaptive cruise control system to operate properly, the sensor must be aligned with the vehicle thrust line, and implementation of such a system requires accurate alignment of the sensor with that thrust line. It is essential that the sensor axis, and thus the axis along which the sensor emits a radar or laser beam, extends parallel to the thrust line of the vehicle. In certain cases, the axis of the adaptive cruise control sensor may coincide with the thrust line, although in general, the axis of the adaptive cruise control sensor tends to be spaced apart from the thrust line, but must be parallel thereto.\nThe thrust line of a vehicle is determined by the toe of the rear wheels of the vehicle, and techniques for measurement thereof will be well known to those skilled in the art. It is a line that extends from the point of intersection of the rear transverse axis of the rear wheels and the longitudinal center line of the vehicle, and it extends forwardly of the vehicle at an angle to the center line of the vehicle. The angle that the thrust line makes with respect to the center line of the vehicle is determined by the toe of the rear wheels, and is relatively small.\nDevices for aligning the axis of an adaptive cruise control sensor are known. In general, such a device comprises a mirror and a laser beam. An arrangement is provided for mounting the mirror or the laser light beam source forwardly of the vehicle for cooperating, with the other of the source and the mirror, which is mounted on the adaptive cruise control sensor. Typically, the laser light beam source is mounted on the adaptive cruise control sensor, and the source is arranged with its axis, and in turn, the axis at which the light beam is projected, extending parallel to and relatively close to the axis of the adaptive cruise control sensor. In this arrangement, the mirror is mounted on a separate stand or the like in front of the vehicle.\nGerman published patent application DE 19857871 (C1) discloses a device for aligning the sensor of an adaptive cruise control system to the thrust line of the host vehicle. The disclosed device uses a laser source mounted on a frame positioned in front of the automobile, for directing a laser beam onto a mirror provided by the radar sensor perpendicular to the propagation direction of the radar beam. The rear wheels of the automobile have angle sources, which are used for alignment of the frame with the automobile longitudinal axis in conjunction with angle sources at the opposite sides of the frame, with correction of the radar sensor using evaluation of the reflected laser beam.\nWhere the mirror is the separately mounted element, it is essential that the mirror is aligned with the vehicle such that the mirror extends transversely across the vehicle thrust line, that is to say perpendicular to the thrust line. In general, it is difficult to locate the mirror so that it accurately extends perpendicular to the thrust line. In cases where the mirror is mounted on the adaptive cruise control sensor, the mirror is mounted transversely of the vehicle thrust line, and the laser light beam source is separately mounted. In this later case, the laser light beam source must be located with the axis of the light beam source extending parallel to the thrust line. It is often difficult to accurately align the laser light beam source on a mounting with the beam source axis extending parallel to the thrust line.\nIt is well known to align the front and rear wheels of a vehicle with alignment devices or systems. Modem wheel alignment systems, providing increased accuracy and ease of use, have relied on visible targets and computer processing of camera images of the wheel mounted visible targets. Such systems are often referred to as 3D image wheel aligner systems. Examples of methods and apparatus involving computerized image processing for alignment of motor vehicles are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,943,783 entitled “Method and apparatus for determining the alignment of motor vehicle wheels;” U.S. Pat. No. 5,809,658 entitled “Method and apparatus for calibrating cameras used in the alignment of motor vehicle wheels;” U.S. Pat. No. 5,724,743 entitled “Method and apparatus for determining the alignment of motor vehicle wheels;” and U.S. Pat. No. 5,535,522 entitled “Method and apparatus for determining the alignment of motor vehicle wheels.” A wheel alignment system of the type described in these references is sometimes called a “3D aligner” or “visual aligner.” An example of a commercial vehicle wheel aligner is the Visualiner 3D, commercially available from John Bean Company, Conway, Ark., a unit of Snap-on Tools Company.\nThe prior adaptive cruise control sensor alignment devices, including that disclosed in DE 19857871 (C1), have been designed for use with older alignment measurement heads. In view of the increased accuracy and ease of use, it would be advantageous if the 3D type visual aligner systems could be used to also perform alignment of an adaptive cruise control sensor. The prior adaptive cruise control sensor alignment devices, however, do not work with the more modern 3D type visual aligner systems, due to limiting parameters of the 3D visual aligner and/or the sensor itself.\nHence a need exists for an apparatus for use with a visual aligner system, such as used for wheel alignments, to allow the aligner to also perform an alignment of the sensor of the adaptive cruise control system on a host vehicle. There is an attendant need for a method that facilitates the alignment of an adaptive cruise control sensor of a vehicle using a 3D image wheel aligner.\nTechniques and equipment are contemplated for aligning an adaptive cruise control sensor or the like mounted on a host vehicle, using two optical adjustment elements and using an image processing type aligner to properly set-up at least one of those elements to perform the sensor alignment.\nA sensor alignment method, for example, involves mounting a first one of the optical adjustment elements in alignment with an axis of the adaptive cruise control sensor. As mounted, this element is movable together with the sensor during adjustment of the sensor. The other adjustment element is mounted on a stand. The method also entails mounting two optical targets of the image processing type aligner on the stand. As mounted, the targets are positioned at transversely spaced apart locations, relative to an axis of the adjustment element that is mounted on the stand. The method also involves positioning the stand, with the second adjustment element and the targets, between the front of the host vehicle and the image input device(s) of the image processing wheel aligner. The optical targets are located so as to allow imaging thereof by the aligner, to determine one or more alignment parameters. The aligner system obtains and processes one or more images of the optical targets, and the position of the stand is adjusted, until the axis of the second adjustment element is aligned relative to the thrust line of the host vehicle. Adjustment of the sensor then involves transmitting a beam of light between the two adjustment elements and adjusting the position of the sensor until the beam of light is positioned so as to indicate a desired alignment of the axis of the adaptive cruise control sensor relative to the thrust line of the host vehicle.\nIn a disclosed example, the alignment of the stand and adjustment element uses data already stored in the 3D image wheel aligner relating to the toe-in angles of the rear wheels of the vehicle and in turn the location of the thrust line. A front toe analysis may be used to determine when an axis of the targets is perpendicular to the thrust line, and thus when the element on the stand is aligned with the thrust line of the vehicle. In the examples, the adjustment elements consist of a laser beam source and a reflector, typically a flat mirror. In such examples, an adjustment method might entail directing light from the laser light beam source at the light reflector, and adjusting the orientation of the adaptive cruise control sensor until the reflector is coincident with the laser light beam from the laser beam light source, for in turn aligning the axis of the adaptive cruise control sensor with the thrust line of the vehicle.\nAn apparatus useful as the stand in such a process includes a primary support, for positioning between the image sensor(s) of the wheel aligner and the front of the host vehicle. A secondary support is located on the primary support, for carrying either the laser light beam source or the light reflector. In practice, the beam source or reflector on the secondary support co-operates with the other of those adjustment elements, which is associated with the adaptive cruise control sensor on the host vehicle, for aligning the adaptive cruise control sensor axis parallel to the thrust line of the host vehicle. The apparatus also includes a carrier located on the secondary support. The carrier provides mountings for the two optical targets of the image processing wheel aligner at transversely spaced apart locations relative to a longitudinal central axis of the vehicle. The mounting of the targets facilitates alignment of the laser light beam source or reflector mounted on the secondary support, with respect to the thrust line of the host vehicle.\nIn one example, the secondary support is adapted for mounting the light reflector. Ideally, the light reflector is aligned with the thrust line of the vehicle so that light incident on the light reflector from the laser light beam source is reflected back along its own path, when the laser light beam incident on the light reflector is parallel to the thrust line. In one such example, the light reflector comprises a flat mirror, and the mirror is located on the secondary support with its flat reflecting surface extending transversely of the thrust line of the vehicle. In an example, the secondary support is rotatable about a vertical axis relative to the primary support, for facilitating alignment of the light reflector with the thrust line of the vehicle.\nThe carrier may be adapted so that the respective targets are rotatable about a horizontal axis for facilitating alignment of the targets with the cameras of the image processing type aligner. In such an example, the carrier comprises an elongated carrier bar. The carrier bar may rotatable about the horizontal axis; or mountings at the end of the bar may allow rotation of the targets about the horizontal axis, to facilitate certain aligner measurements that may be useful in aligning the stand relative to the thrust line of the vehicle.\nIn the disclosed examples, the carrier locates the respective targets spaced apart by a distance approximately corresponding to the distance the respective targets would be spaced apart if they were located on respective opposite wheels of the vehicle.\nAlso, the secondary support may be height adjustable relative to the primary support. Furthermore, a mounting means may be provided on the secondary support for carrying the laser light beam source or the light reflector. This mounting means is pivotal about a vertical axis and facilitates pivotal movement of the adjustment element relative to the secondary support, for example, for aligning the element with the carrier (and thus with respect to the targets).\nA system for adjusting a sensor, such as an adaptive cruise control sensor on a vehicle, would include the adjustment elements, a stand like one of the examples disclosed in this case, and a visual aligner with its associated optical targets.\nThose skilled in the art will recognize that the techniques described herein may be adapted to other applications. For example, the stand and adjustment elements could be used in combination with a visual image processing type system to align other types of sensors, e.g. including other sensors that may now or in future appear at different locations on various types of vehicles.\nAdditional objects, advantages and novel features of the examples will be set forth in part in the description which follows, and in part will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon examination of the following and the accompanying drawings or may be learned by production or operation of the examples. The objects and advantages of the present subject matter may be realized and attained by means of the methodologies, instrumentalities and combinations particularly pointed out in the appended claims.\nThe drawing figures depict one or more implementations in accord with the present concepts, by way of example only, not by way of limitations. In the figures, like reference numerals refer to the same or similar elements.\nFIG. 1 is a perspective view of a stand and an adjustment element for facilitating adjustment of an adaptive cruise control sensor of the vehicle using an image processing type wheel aligner.\nFIG. 2 is a diagrammatic side elevational view of the wheel aligner, which shows the apparatus of FIG. 1 in use for facilitating alignment of the adaptive cruise control sensor of the vehicle.\nFIG. 3 is a diagrammatic plan view of the 3D image wheel aligner of FIG. 2 illustrating the apparatus of FIG. 1 in use.\nFIG. 4 is a diagrammatic plan view illustrating the relative position of the thrust line to the central axis of the vehicle.\nFIG. 5 is a perspective view of a vehicle and an aligner useful in explaining the coordinate system utilized in certain measurements.\nFIGS. 6 and 7 are diagrammatic plan views of the wheel aligner of FIG. 2 and the apparatus of FIG. 1 in use during calibration; and\nFIG. 8 is a perspective view of another apparatus according; to the present concepts for facilitating alignment of an adaptive cruise control sensor of a motor vehicle.\nA system for aligning a vehicle mounted sensor, such as an adaptive cruise control sensor mounted on the front of a host vehicle, utilizes an image processing aligner. The aligner includes one or more image sensors and a processor for processing image signals from the image sensors so as to compute alignment parameters, for example, parameters relating to wheel alignment of the vehicle. The aligner uses two or more optical targets. For a sensor-related application, the aligner also serves to align one or more optical adjustment elements used in the adjustment and alignment of the vehicle mounted sensor.\nA first one of the optical adjustment elements is mountable in alignment with an axis of the sensor and for movement with adjustment of the sensor on the vehicle. The sensor alignment system also includes a stand for location between the host vehicle and the image sensor(s) of the aligner. The stand supports the second optical adjustment elements. The stand also supports the optical targets, at transversely spaced apart locations relative to an axis of the host vehicle, to enable imaging of the targets on the stand to allow use of the aligner. Two examples of the stand structure will be discussed in detail, below, with respect to FIGS. 1 and 8. The aligner processes images of the targets on the stand to facilitate alignment of the second optical adjustment element relative to the axis determined from the host vehicle, for example, in relation to a thrust line of the vehicle.\nReferring to the drawings and initially to FIGS. 1 to 7, there is illustrated apparatus, indicated generally by the reference numeral 1, for use with a 3D image wheel aligner, indicated generally by the reference numeral 2, for facilitating alignment of an adaptive cruise control sensor 4 of a motor vehicle 5. The apparatus 1 includes one of the two sensor adjustment elements, e.g. a reflector or a light beam source, and a stand supporting the one adjustment element.\nBefore describing the apparatus 1 in detail, the 3D aligner 2 will first be described. Although other commercially available image processing type aligners may be used, in this example, the image processing aligner 2 is a wheel aligner sold by the John Bean Company under the Trademark VISUALINER 3-D wheel aligner. The system 2 for aligning the elements on the vehicle 5 comprises three major components shown generally in FIGS. 2 and 3. The first of these elements is an illumination and imaging system. This portion of the system comprises two imaging modules 10 mounted on a main elongated transversely extending housing or beam 8, which in turn is supported on a pair of pillars 9.\nEach of the imaging modules 10 includes a light emitter or illumination system (typically a strobe). Each of the imaging modules 10 also includes an image sensor, typically in the form of a digital camera. Essentially, each camera forms an image of objects within its filed of view, which in operation includes one or more targets 12; and in response to the image, each camera generates digital image data.\nIn an exemplary system 2, each light emitter takes the form of a strobe comprising an array of flashing red LEDs mounted around the aperture of one of the cameras. The system uses high-resolution digital cameras. The imaging modules 10 are mounted at opposite ends of the horizontal beam 8. The beam 8 provides desired separation between the modules, to allow the desired view of the vehicle wheels from opposite sides. The height of the beam 8, and thus the height of the cameras in the modules 10, may be fixed by the height of the pillars 9, or the height may be adjustable. Those skilled in the art will recognize that such visual wheel alignment systems may use a single imaging module or use more than the two modules 10 shown in the example.\nThe second major element of the visual aligner 3D system 2 is a set of four optical targets, in this case, in the form of four passive target heads 12. During a normal wheel alignment, the target heads 12 are attached to the vehicle wheels. As discussed more, later, for the adaptive cruise control sensor alignment, two of the target heads 12 are attached to the back wheels of the vehicle 5 in the normal manner, but two the target heads 12 are moved from the front wheels to the apparatus 1 for facilitating the alignment of the sensor adjustment elements (see FIG. 3).\nEach target head 12 includes a wheel-rim clamp and an attached optical target object. In the VISUALINER 3D example, each target object has a planar, light-reflective surface with a plurality of visually perceptible, geometrically configured, retro-reflective target elements, which appear as a pattern of reflective circles or dots of different sizes on the planar surface. Examples of target bodies and target elements acceptable for use in visual wheel alignment applications are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,724,743. Other target designs may be used for wheel alignment, for example with different visually perceptible target elements. An example of an attachment apparatus is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,024,001, entitled “Wheel Alignment Rim Clamp Claw” issued to Bomer et al. on Jun. 18, 1991. Of course other mounting arrangements may be used, e.g. in other visual aligner systems.\nThe beam 8 supporting the imaging modules 10 has a length sufficient to position the cameras of the modules 10 outboard of the sides of the vehicle 5, so as to allow imaging of the targets 12 by the visual aligner system 2. Also, the beam 8 and pillars 9 position the cameras in the modules 10 high enough above the shop floor to ensure that the targets on the left side of the vehicle are both within the field of view of the left side camera in the left module, and the two targets on the right side of the vehicle are both within the field of view of the camera in the right side module.\nThe other major element of the aligner system 2 is a programmed computer or other host processor, typically a personal computer or similar programmable data processing device, which may be housed within the cabinet 13. In a typical implementation, the computer includes a microprocessor, a keyboard, a mouse, a printer and a color display monitor. In the alignment applications, the computer is programmed to receive and process the image data from the imaging modules 10. The host computer processes the received data to calculate alignment parameters for a vehicle 5 and to provide a graphical three-dimensional representation of those parameters as a display to a mechanic. In general, the host processing system processes the image information to derive positional data regarding position of the visually perceptible target elements 12 from the camera images; and the host processing system processes the positional data to determine one or more wheel alignment parameters of the vehicle 5 under test. As discussed more below, the host processing system performs analogous processing of the image data to enable alignment of equipment used for the adjustment of the adaptive cruise control sensor 4. The computer may also offer a variety of other information useful in adjusting vehicle alignment, for example, relating to relevant manufacturer's data regarding different makes and models of motor vehicles. The computer also provides the user interface for operation of the system 2.\nIn a wheel alignment operation, the target heads 12 are attached to the wheel rims, and then, each target head is oriented so that the target elements on the target body face toward the camera in the respective imaging module 10. The vehicle type and model year can then be entered into the computer along with other identifying parameters, such as vehicle VIN number, license number, owner name, etc.\nTo take wheel alignment measurements, the mechanic begins by operating the system 2 to take a first set of images of the targets 12. The mechanic then roles the vehicle 5 back a slight distance, up to eight inches; and the system 2 takes another set of images of the targets 12. Finally, the mechanic rolls the vehicle 5 forward to its initial position, and the system 2 takes more images. For each of the images, the respective module 10 provides image data to the host computer in the cabinet 3, for processing. For example, from the position and orientation of the targets in the images taken at the various positions, the host computer calculates the actual position and orientation of each wheel axis, including certain alignment parameters such as toe, camber, thrust angle and setback.\nIn the exemplary system 2, one camera is referenced to the other, so that the host computer utilizes a single coordinate system for modeling the vehicle under test. It is not necessary that the supporting rack or floor be level or even that all wheels lie within the same plane. For each vehicle 5, the computer defines a reference plane that passes through the axles as determined from the two test images taken at different positions of the wheels. Since one of the axles may not lie in the plane defined by the other three wheels, some liberties must be taken. For example, for the purpose of aligning the front wheels, the computer defines a reference plane as that formed by the measured axle location of each of the two front wheels and a point midway between the measured axle locations of the rear wheels. Front wheel alignment calculations then are referenced to this individually measured plane. A similar technique may be used to reference measurements and adjustments with respect of the rear wheels.\nOnce all wheel alignment measurements are complete, the computer generates a visual output of the measured alignment parameters and/or provides data relating to adjustments needed to bring the alignment parameters back to original manufacturer's specifications. The computer stores manufacturer-specified values and tolerances for the alignment parameters of many vehicles, and retrieves the appropriate information based on the make and model information input by the mechanic. The mechanic may take corrective action, for example, by making adjustments and/or replacing worn parts, and then repeat the process to confirm that the corrective action resulted in appropriate alignment of the vehicle wheels. If necessary, the mechanic may repeat one or more steps of correcting alignment and re-testing, until all parameters are within acceptable tolerances. When complete, the system can provide visual displays and/or printouts, for purposes of billings, reports to the customer, etc.\nAs part of the vehicle measurement operations, the electronic circuitry in a cabinet 13 computes the toe angles of the respective wheels from images of the target heads 12 and determines the amount of correction (if any) required to the respective toe angles of the front and rear wheels.\nThe angle α of the thrust line 14 from the centerline 15 of the vehicle is also determined by the electronic circuitry. For example, the electronic circuitry of the 3D aligner 2 may compute the thrust line 14 of the vehicle 5, from the toe values (corrected if necessary) of the rear wheels of the vehicle. The thrust line data and possibly the toe angle data is stored for use in the subsequent sensor alignment operation. Knowing the angle α of the thrust line from the centerline 15 of the vehicle, the adaptive cruise control sensor 4 can thus be aligned so that the axis 16 of the adaptive cruise control sensor 4 extends parallel to the thrust line 14.\nTwo optical adjustment elements are used in the adjustment of an adaptive cruise control sensor mounted on the front of a host vehicle. One of these elements typically is a source of a visible light beam, such as a laser beam source 38. In such case, the other adjustment element is a reflector, typically in the form of a flat reflecting mirror. As discussed later, with regard to calibration procedures, the exemplary mirror 30 is a double-sided mirror 30. To facilitate alignment of the adaptive cruise control sensor 4, either the beam source or the mirror is supported along the sensor axis; and the other one of the beam source and the mirror is arranged across the axis at a distance from the sensor. Accurate alignment of the sensor 4 requires careful arrangement of the mirror and/or the beam source. The support apparatus 1 facilitates arrangement of the mirror or beam source relative to the sensor axis and the thrust line and detection of alignment thereof relative to the thrust by the visual aligner system 2.\nTurning now to the apparatus 1, the apparatus 1 includes a stand and one of the adjusting elements, in this case, the mirror 30. The stand comprises a primary support. In the example of FIG. 1, the primary support includes a ground-engaging framework 20, which may be supported on four castors 21. A central pedestal 22 extending upwardly from the ground engaging framework 20 carries a secondary support, in this example, a secondary framework 25.\nThe secondary framework 25 in turn supports a carrier, for example, an elongated carrier bar 27. During alignment of an adaptive cruise control sensor, the bar 27 carries two of the respective target heads 12, at respective opposite ends of the carrier bar 27. A pair of mounting members 28 are mounted at respective opposite ends of the carrier bar 27. The mounting members 28 enable independent rotation of each target about a horizontal axis. This allows pivoting of the target heads 12 about the horizontal axis, for aligning the target heads 12 with the field of view 29 of the cameras in the imaging modules 10 of the 3D aligner 2. Once aligned with the cameras in the imaging modules 10, the target heads may be rigidly clamped in position in relation to the bar 27.\nEach of the mounting members 28 may comprise a plate rigidly attached to the respective end of the bar 27 in combination with the same adjustable clamp used to mount the target head to the vehicle wheel rim, such as that described in the above-noted U.S. Pat. No. 5,024,001 to Bomer et al. Different mounting members 28 may be used for different types of clamp or support associated with the target heads 12. For example, if the clamps provide rigid support of the target heads, the mounting members 28 may be rotatable.\nIn this example, the carrier bar 27 is of sufficient length for locating the target plates 12 at the respective ends of the carrier bar 27 so that the target heads when mounted on the carrier bar 27 occupy respective positions that are spaced apart approximately the same distance (e.g. ±15%) as the target heads 12 would be spaced apart if mounted on the respective front or rear wheels of the vehicle 5.\nAlthough not readily visible in the drawings, the bar 27 may be attached to the secondary framework 25 via bearings or the like, in such a manner that the bar 27 (and any attached targets 12) may be rotated about the horizontal axis of the bar 27. Essentially, the bar 27 and attached targets rotate as one. Rotation of the bar and targets simulates wheel rotation as used in a toe-in measurement. The simultaneous rotation of the targets 12 minimizes errors due to run-out and eccentricity of the bar 27 and its mountings. Due to the nature of the aligner calculations, this will result in the two targets giving a reading for total toe (in relation to the apparatus 1) that is close to or equal to 0 degrees.\nAlternatively, the bar 27 can be mounted securely on the framework 25 and bearings provided at both ends for the target mounting members 28. This would allow separate rotation of the targets for toe calculation, a process also possible as part of the visual aligner system operation.\nThe secondary support framework 25 is also adapted for mounting either one of the two optical sensor adjustment elements. The secondary support framework 25 may support either the laser light beam source or the light reflector, for co-operating with the other of the two adjustment elements, which would be mounted on the adaptive cruise control sensor 4 for facilitating alignment of the adaptive cruise control sensor 4 with the thrust line 14. In this example, the secondary framework 25 is adapted for carrying a light reflector, namely, the flat mirror 30. The laser light beam source 38 is located on the adaptive cruise control sensor 4, and directs a laser light beam parallel to and close to the axis of the sensor 4.\nProper operation of a visual aligner system requires that the targets 12 are within the field of view of the cameras in the imaging modules 10. For example, the bar 27 should be of sufficient length to enable the two cameras to see the attached targets 12. In the exemplary VISUALINER 3D, the targets 12 normally must be at least 1.3 m away from the cameras so that the aligner's target acquisition algorithm can detect the targets. The centers of the turntables (not shown) on which the front wheels rest during alignment normally are 2.7 m away from the cameras. As another relevant parameter, for alignment of the cruise control sensor using the laser beam source 38 and the mirror 30, the mirror 30 and the laser 38 must have some minimum separation. For example, typically the element (mirror or laser) that is mounted in front of the vehicle must be 1.2−⅕ m away from the front of the vehicle. Typically, the front of the vehicle protrudes a distance forward from the axis of the front wheels (and thus forward from the centers of the turntables). As a result of this vehicle structure and the parameters of the aligner and the sensor adjustment equipment, the element on the stand may need to be offset from the bar 27 supporting the targets 12. In the example, the apparatus 1 is configured so that during sensor adjustment the mirror 30 is supported at an offset distance further away from the front of the vehicle than the bar 27, and thus from the axis of the targets.\nIn use, the stand 1 (FIG. 1) is oriented such that the carrier bar 27 faces the front of the host vehicle 5, and the mirror 30 (or the laser) is closest to the aligner. However, one reflective face of the mirror 30 faces toward the host vehicle 5. This arrangement offsets the mirror 30 away from the front of the vehicle 5 and also allows the targets 12 on the bar 27 to be within the acceptable range of distance from the camera modules of the aligner to allow target acquisition.\nIn this example, the mirror 30 is offset from the carrier bar 27 a distance, which may be approximately 800 cm. The offset accommodates the minimum distance at which the mirror 30 should be located from the laser light beam source 38 of the adaptive cruise control sensor 4, and the offset simultaneously accommodates the minimum distance at which the target plates 12 should be located relative to the cameras in the imaging modules 10 of the 3D aligner 2. The cameras in the 3D aligner 2 are such that the minimum distance between the cameras 10 and the target heads 12 should not be less than 1.3 meters. Additionally, the minimum distance between the mirror 30 and the laser light beam source 38 of the adaptive cruise control sensor 4 should be 1.2 meters to 1.5 meters, to ensure accurate alignment of the adaptive cruise control sensor 4 parallel to the thrust line 14. Since the front of the vehicle may overhang turntables supporting the front wheels of the vehicle by up to one meter, the offset of 800 cm is required to ensure that the target heads will be within the minimum distance of 1.3 meters from the cameras 10, and the mirror will be within the minimum distance of 1.2 meters to 1.5 meters from the adaptive cruise control sensor 4 which is normally mounted in the bumper of the vehicle 5. However, it will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art that other offsets between the mirror 30 and the carrier bar 27 may be used, depending on the particular model of aligner system 2 that is used. Indeed, in certain cases, it is envisaged that the mirror 30 may be mounted relative to the carrier bar 27 without any offset, if the adjustment elements 30, 38 and the aligner 2 will function properly with the resulting separations.\nIn this example, the mirror 30 is carried on a vertically extending mounting member 31, which is rotatably carried on the secondary framework 25 about a vertical axis 33 for facilitating alignment of the mirror 30 with the carrier bar 27 during calibration of the apparatus 1, so that the mirror 30 extends parallel to the carrier bar 27. In such an orientation, an axis of the targets 12 on the bar 27 is perpendicular to an axis of direct (perpendicular) reflection of the surface of the mirror 30. If the stand supported the laser beam source, the beam axis would be perpendicular to the axis through the targets on the bar 27. A screw adjusting mechanism 32 extends between the mirror 30 and the secondary framework 25 for facilitating adjustment of the mirror 30 (or laser beam source) about the vertical axis 33 relative to the carrier bar 27.\nThe central pedestal 22 comprises a pair of upstanding spaced apart support members 34 which extend upwardly from the ground engaging framework 20 which slidably carry a central pod 35 extending downwardly from the secondary framework 25. A clamping member 36 clamps the central pod 34 to the support members 34 for locating the secondary support framework 25 at a desired height above the ground engaging framework 20.\nThe secondary framework 25 is rotatably carried on the central pod 35, and is rotatable relative to the central pod 35 about a vertical axis 37. A clamping mechanism (not shown) is provided for clamping the secondary framework 25 relative to the central pod 35, when the secondary framework 25 is in a position with the carrier bar 27 extending perpendicularly to the thrust line 14 of the vehicle 5 as will be described below. Alternatively, a screw or other rotational adjustment and securing mechanism could be provided\nIn use it is assumed that the reflecting face of the mirror 30 is parallel to the axis of the bar 27. Procedures for calibrating the apparatus 1 for such alignment are discussed, later. During sensor adjustment, essentially, the wheel aligner 2 is used to align the bar, and thus the mirror face, perpendicular to the vehicle thrust line. The laser 38 is mounted on the sensor 4 in close alignment with the axis thereof. When the source 38 emits the laser light beam, the beam reflects back off the face of the mirror 30. The sensor 4 is then adjusted, and the technician observes the spot of the reflected laser beam as it impacts on the front of the vehicle 5, until the light beam essentially reflects directly back on itself (back to its point of origin). At this point, the laser beam and the sensor axis are perpendicular to the face of the mirror 30 and thus parallel to the vehicle thrust line. A more detailed description of several examples of the sensor alignment procedures follows.\nOne example involves performing a sensor adjustment at the end of a normal wheel alignment procedure. Specifically, with the vehicle 5 of which the adaptive cruise control sensor 4 is to be aligned is located relative to the 3D aligner 2 as illustrated in FIGS. 2 and 3. The front and rear wheels of the vehicle 5 are set at the correct toe angles, and in turn the angle α of the thrust line 14 relative to the central angle 15 (see FIG. 4) is computed by the computer of the aligner 2. After having carried out this normal wheel alignment using the 3D image aligner, the plane data of the rear wheel targets must be saved on the aligner's computer. By saving this data, we preserve the coordinate system for reference and also the value of the thrust angle measured during the wheel alignment. The thrust angle α is also stored.\nThe apparatus 1 is then wheeled into position between the front of the vehicle 5 and the cameras 10 of the 3D aligner 2, as shown for example in FIGS. 2 and 3.\nThe target heads 12 are transferred from the front wheels of the vehicle 5 to the respective ends of the carrier bar 27 and are rotated about a horizontal axis until it is aligned with the camera in the respective imaging module 10 of the 3D aligner 2. The secondary framework 25 is pivoted relative to the central pod 35, about the vertical axis 37, until the 3D aligner 2 determines from the position of the target plates 12 that the carrier bar 27 is extending exactly perpendicularly to the thrust line 14 of the vehicle.\nFor this purpose, the technician manipulates the targets 12 on the carrier bar 27 and performs a double or single wheel positioning operation with the aligner 2, to acquire the target toe vector orientations in space as if the apparatus 1 included the front wheels of a vehicle. The thus simulated vehicle includes the back wheels of the host vehicle 5 and front wheels simulated by the bar 27 and mounting members 28 of the apparatus 1. The choice between single or double wheel positioning depends on the type of apparatus used (e.g. FIG. 1 or FIG. 8). The technician then rotates the bar 27 with the targets 12 about the vertical axis, and repeats the simulated wheel positioning and toe vector measurement for the apparatus 1, until the individual front toe values have equal sign and magnitude. Once this condition has been met the device 1 is orientated so that the reflective surface of the mirror 30 is perpendicular to the thrust line.\nAt this stage the carrier bar 27 may be clamped in position by the clamping arrangement (not shown) which clamps the secondary framework 25 rigidly in place relative to the central pod 35. With the carrier bar 27 extending transversely and perpendicularly to the thrust line 14, the mirror 30 also extends perpendicularly to the thrust line 14. At this stage the apparatus 1 is located ready to adjust the alignment of the adaptive cruise control sensor 4 for the sensor alignment as per its own instructions.\nThe laser light beam source 38 on the adaptive cruise control sensor 4 is activated and the light beam is directed onto the mirror 30. The technician observes the reflected light beam from the mirror 30, and if the reflect beam does not coincide with the laser light beam originating from the source 38, the technician adjusts the orientation of the adaptive cruise control sensor 4 until the reflected beam from the mirror 30 coincides with the laser light beam from the source 38. At that stage the adaptive cruise control sensor 4 and its axis are accurately aligned and parallel with the thrust line 14.\nAn alternative methodology involves direct sensor alignment, without a preceding normal wheel alignment. In this exemplary technique, a technician performs complete roll-back procedure on the vehicle 5, using all four targets 12. The automobile is positioned and measured first followed by positioning of the alignment stand. The aligner may use a single or a double wheel positioning operation on the apparatus 1 depending on the type of stand used in the process (e.g. FIG. 1 or FIG. 8).\nIn this case, a complete coordinate system is established by the aligner, using both front and rear base planes. The stand is rotated until the individual toe values of the stand targets (front targets) are of equal sign and magnitude, as outlined in the discussion of the first methodology. The axis of the targets on the bar 27 and the parallel reflecting surface of the mirror 30 are perpendicular to the vehicle's thrust line at this orientation, and the sensor 4 can be aligned as per its own adjustment instructions. Typically, this entails adjusting the angular position of the sensor and thus of the associated laser 38, until the beam reflected by the mirror 30 coincides with the beam originating from the laser 38, in a manner similar to the sensor adjustment technique discussed above with regard to the first exemplary alignment method.\nAnother methodology uses setback measurements in the alignment of the apparatus 1 for sensor adjustment. This approach is similar to that of the first method, in that it follows a normal wheel alignment measurement, but this example uses a different technique to determine the angle for alignment of the carrier perpendicular to the vehicle's thrust line.\nThe vehicle co-ordinate system (Base plane co-ordinate system BPCS) is defined in FIG. 5. In that coordinate system, Y points out from the vehicle 5 towards the aligner 2. The orientation of the stand can be measured by making use of the set-back measurement already in use during a normal alignment.\nIn FIG. 4, the y-axis of the vehicle co-ordinate system is shown, which also corresponds to the geometric centerline of the vehicle. The thrust line is also shown relative to this axis. In order to align the stand with the arm and the mirror perpendicular to the thrust line, the angle α must be set equal to the value of the thrust line. The operation of aligning the apparatus 1 will then amount to determining the angle α and indicating to the user when the apparatus is in this position.\nWe can determine the angle α from the triangle shown in the diagram of FIG. 4. The aligner 2 is capable of measuring the distance between the two targets 12 and also the distance apart they are along the y-axis. The distance apart along the y-axis is equivalent to the setback measurement in the aligner software. Using this information we calculate the angle α as follows:\nWe can update the value of a from this computation, as the stand is being positioned, by updating the measured values of S and L and calculating α for each position. The changes in α may then be represented by a dial or indicator showing the user how close he is to positioning the stand at the correct orientation.\nWhen the aligner 2 indicates the correct orientation, the mirror face again is perpendicular to the thrust line; and the apparatus 1 can be used to adjust the angular orientation of the sensor 4. Again, the sensor adjustment entails adjusting the angular position of the sensor and thus of the associated laser 38, until the beam reflected by the mirror 30 coincides with the beam originating from the laser 38, in a manner similar to the adjustment technique discussed above with regard to the first exemplary method.\nTo support the sensor adjustment operations, it may periodically be necessary to adjust the parallel alignment of the mirror 30 with respect to the carrier bar 27, for example, in case the mirror 30 is bumped out of alignment with the carrier bar 27. The calibration may use a set-up of the apparatus 1 in relation to a vehicle, as already described. Alternatively, the calibration utilizes a calibration bar 5′ (such as an RCP check bar) as shown in FIGS. 6 and 7. For convenience, the rear targets are omitted from FIGS. 6 and 7.\nThe rear targets are mounted on the calibration bar 5′ towards the rear of the lift. The mirror 30 is a double-sided mirror, and the front targets 12 are mounted on the stand as discussed earlier. Initially, the apparatus 1 is placed in its normal position between the rack and the aligner 2, and the aligner is operated in a normal fashion to perform a positioning determination on all four targets. The stand and the targets 12 mounted thereon are manipulated and imaged as described above until the measured front toe values corresponding to the apparatus 1 become equal and of the same sign. The apparatus 1 is now aligned with the front mirror surface perpendicular to the virtual vehicle thrust line of the apparatus 1 and the bar 5′. The calibration then entails directing the laser light beam from the source 38 at the mirror 30 and adjusting the orientation of the laser 38 until the reflected light from the mirror coincides with the laser light beam.\nThe support framework 35 is then rotated about the central pod 35 about the vertical axis 37 through 180° as illustrated in FIG. 7. The mirror 30 is on the opposite side of the bar 27, and the back face of the double-sided mirror 30 is facing toward the laser 38. To insure that the stand position is accurate, the stand and the targets 12 mounted thereon are again manipulated and imaged as described above until the measured front toe values corresponding to the apparatus 1 become equal and of the same sign. However, to this point, the orientation of the laser 38 has not been further adjusted.\nThe laser light beam 38 is again directed towards the mirror 30, without further adjustment of the laser beam source 38. If the laser beam reflects back along its path to the source 38, the stand is calibrated, and the mirror 30 is aligned parallel to the target carrier bar 27.\nHowever, if the reflected beam does not coincide with the beam originating from the source 38, then the mirror is adjusted on the stand in relation to the bar 27, by approximately one-half the angular error. Then the process is repeated to determine again if the mirror 30 is parallel to the bar 27. The entire sequence may be repeated several times until the reflection of the beam in both front (FIG. 6) and back (FIG. 7) positions results in coincidence of the reflected beam with the beam from the source 38. When the beams coincide in both orientations of the apparatus 1, the positioning of the mirror 30 on the stand and thus in relation to the bar 27 confirms correct parallelism between the surface of the mirror 30 and the axis of the bar 27, and the apparatus 1 is properly calibrated.\nTurning now to FIG. 8, there is illustrated an arrangement according to the present teachings, for adapting the apparatus disclosed in German Patent Specification No. 19857871 of Beissbarth to operate in conjunction with the 3D image wheel aligner or the like. The device 50 is particularly suitable for adapting the apparatus 22 of FIG. 4 of the German Specification No. 19857871. The portion of the device used from the German Specification, to support the laser beam source, is indicated generally by the reference numeral 51 in FIG. 8 of this case.\nAs shown in FIG. 8 of this case, the stand for the targets and the laser (or mirror) comprises a carrier bar 52 similar to the carrier bar 27. The bar 50 enables mounting of the target heads 12 at respective opposite ends thereof, for alignment with the imaging modules and for rotation for toe measurements as described earlier. In this arrangement, the targets are independently rotatable, rather than rotatable with the bar 52, hence, the stand alignment requires double wheel positioning type manipulations for using the toe measurements.\nThe stand here includes a secondary support framework comprising a pair of longitudinal mounting bars 53 extending from the carrier bar 52 to a cross bar 54. The bar 52 secures the framework and thus the carrier bar 52 to the vertical element of the apparatus 51. The framework formed by the bars 52, 54 together with the vertical member of the device 51 form the secondary support for the laser beam source. The framework formed by the bars 52, 54 together with the carrier bar 52 form a rectangle. The vertical element of the apparatus 51 attaches to the bar 54, by welding of an appropriate clamp, near a mid-point of the back edge of the rectangle formed by the bars.\nSupport members 55 extend downwardly from the carrier bar 52 and terminate in ground engaging castors 56. The vertical support members 55, castors 56 and the base plate of the device 51 together form the primary support, in the system shown in FIG. 8. Otherwise, once the device 50 is mounted to the apparatus 51 of Beissbarth as illustrated in FIG. 8, the apparatus 51 of Beissbarth is operable in a fashion generally similar to the apparatus 1 described above. Of course, if the beam source is mounted on the stand, the mirror is associated with the sensor and adjusted until the beam and the reflection coincide.\nThose skilled in the art will recognize that the techniques described herein may be adapted to other applications. For example, the stand and adjustment elements could be used in combination with a visual image processing type system to align other types of sensors, e.g. including other sensors that may now or in future appear at different locations on various types of vehicles.\nWhile the foregoing has described what are considered to be the best mode and/or other examples, it is understood that various modifications may be made therein and that the subject matter disclosed herein may be implemented in various forms and examples, and that they may be applied in numerous applications, only some of which have been described herein. It is intended by the following claims to claim any and all modifications and variations that fall within the true scope of the present concepts.\n|Cited Patent||Filing date||Publication date||Applicant||Title|\n|US5274433 *||Jan 22, 1992||Dec 28, 1993||Miradco||Laser-based wheel alignment system|\n|US5421095 *||Dec 20, 1993||Jun 6, 1995||G.S. S.R.L.||Procedure for transmission of information in aligning equipment for motor vehicles, and aligning equipment for carrying out the procedure|\n|US5535522||Sep 3, 1993||Jul 16, 1996||Jackson; Bernie F.||Method and apparatus for determining the alignment of motor vehicle wheels|\n|US5592383 *||Sep 7, 1994||Jan 7, 1997||Fmc Corporation||Wheel aligner cordless communications unit|\n|US5724128 *||Dec 28, 1995||Mar 3, 1998||Hunter Engineering Company||Apparatus and method for determining vehicle wheel alignment measurements from three dimensional wheel positions and orientations|\n|US5724743||Oct 10, 1995||Mar 10, 1998||Snap-On Technologies, Inc.||Method and apparatus for determining the alignment of motor vehicle wheels|\n|US5809658||Sep 18, 1996||Sep 22, 1998||Snap-On Technologies, Inc.||Method and apparatus for calibrating cameras used in the alignment of motor vehicle wheels|\n|US5842281 *||Mar 21, 1997||Dec 1, 1998||Mieling; James A.||Wheelless alignment apparatus and method of using same|\n|US5909940 *||Jul 9, 1996||Jun 8, 1999||Baldock; James||Vehicle body alignment apparatus|\n|US5943783||Dec 2, 1997||Aug 31, 1999||Balco, Incorporated||Method and apparatus for determining the alignment of motor vehicle wheels|\n|US6040903 *||Jan 22, 1997||Mar 21, 2000||Pruftechnik Dieter Busch Ag||Electro-optical measuring device for determining the relative position of two bodies, or of two surface areas of bodies, in relation to each other|\n|US6087995||Feb 17, 1999||Jul 11, 2000||Anritsu Company||Universal autoradar antenna alignment system|\n|US6115927 *||Sep 15, 1997||Sep 12, 2000||Brewco, Inc.||Measuring device primarily for use with vehicles|\n|US6363619||Dec 3, 1997||Apr 2, 2002||Robert Bosch Gmbh||Method and device for adjusting a distance sensor|\n|US6480104 *||Apr 23, 2001||Nov 12, 2002||Darby S. Wall||Trailer alignment method and apparatus|\n|US6583868 *||Jan 18, 2001||Jun 24, 2003||Bayerische Motoren Werke Aktiengesellschaft||Method of aligning an ACC-sensor on a vehicle|\n|US20010008446||Jan 18, 2001||Jul 19, 2001||Bayerische Motoren Werke Aktiengesellschaft||Method of aligning an ACC-sensor on a vehicle|\n|US20010039912 *||May 8, 2001||Nov 15, 2001||Eugene Sutton||Device and method for aiding in vehicular parking|\n|US20020189115 *||Jun 14, 2002||Dec 19, 2002||Jackson David A.||Self-calibrating position determination system|\n|US20040049930 *||Jun 5, 2003||Mar 18, 2004||Snap-On Technologies, Inc.||Apparatus for use with a 3D image wheel aligner for facilitating adjustment of an adaptive cruise control sensor on a motor vehicle|\n|DE10114799A1||Mar 26, 2001||Oct 10, 2002||Beissbarth Gmbh||Chassis for light source in adjustment device for distance radar sensor has transverse rod, pillar on which transverse rod is mounted horizontally, light source mounted on vertical rod|\n|DE19642811A1||Oct 17, 1996||Apr 30, 1998||Bosch Gmbh Robert||Directional radar antenna adjustment method|\n|DE19857871C1||Dec 15, 1998||Oct 26, 2000||Beissbarth Gmbh||Automobile distance regulation radar sensor adjustment device uses angle sources for alignment of frame supporting laser source with automobile longitudinal axis and evaluation of reflected laser beam for sensor adjustment|\n|EP0984297B1||Jul 23, 1999||Mar 19, 2003||Robert Bosch Gmbh||Apparatus for adjustment of a distance sensor|\n|EP1260832A1||May 17, 2002||Nov 27, 2002||Renault s.a.s.||System for verifying the alignment of a vehicle radar system|\n|Citing Patent||Filing date||Publication date||Applicant||Title|\n|US7121011||May 7, 2004||Oct 17, 2006||Snap-On Incorporated||Camera technique for adaptive cruise control (ACC) sensor adjustment|\n|US7313870 *||Dec 8, 2005||Jan 1, 2008||Kia Motors Corporation||Headlamp aiming apparatus for vehicles|\n|US7346994 *||Mar 30, 2004||Mar 25, 2008||Spx Corporation||Adaptive cruise control sensor alignment tool and method|\n|US7382913||Aug 22, 2003||Jun 3, 2008||Hunter Engineering Company||Method and apparatus for guiding placement of vehicle service fixtures|\n|US7424387 *||Apr 18, 2007||Sep 9, 2008||Snap-On Incorporated||Method for use with an optical aligner system for positioning a fixture relative to a vehicle|\n|US7640673||Aug 1, 2007||Jan 5, 2010||Snap-On Incorporated||Calibration and operation of wheel alignment systems|\n|US7853374 *||Jun 21, 2007||Dec 14, 2010||Hyundai Motor Company||Apparatus for alignment adjusting of radar equipped in a vehicle|\n|US7870677||May 31, 2007||Jan 18, 2011||Snap-On Incorporated||Lightweight wheel clamp for vehicle wheel alignment system|\n|US7908760||Oct 9, 2009||Mar 22, 2011||Robert Bosch Gmbh||Vehicle drive axis alignment device|\n|US8020307||Jan 21, 2010||Sep 20, 2011||Robert Bosch Gmbh||Alignment system and method for vehicle-mounted devices|\n|US8104185||Sep 14, 2010||Jan 31, 2012||Snap-On Incorporated||Lightweight wheel clamp for vehicle wheel alignment system|\n|US8244024||Apr 7, 2008||Aug 14, 2012||Hunter Engineering Company||Method and apparatus for guiding placement of vehicle service fixtures|\n|US8756822 *||Apr 6, 2012||Jun 24, 2014||Robert A. Rabiner||Systems and methods for sailboat mast alignment|\n|US8830119||Jul 17, 2012||Sep 9, 2014||Robert Bosch Gmbh||Radar sensor alignment|\n|US9021708||May 7, 2014||May 5, 2015||Robert A. Rabiner||Systems and methods for sailboat mast alignment|\n|US9134120 *||Aug 26, 2009||Sep 15, 2015||Robert Bosch Gmbh||Method for adjusting or calibrating a vehicle surrounding sensor, and a vehicle surrounding sensor adjustment or calibration system|\n|US20050041847 *||Aug 22, 2003||Feb 24, 2005||Dorrance Daniel R.||Method and apparatus for guiding placement of vehicle service fixtures|\n|US20050060899 *||Sep 23, 2003||Mar 24, 2005||Snap-On Technologies, Inc.||Invisible target illuminators for 3D camera-based alignment systems|\n|US20050222746 *||Mar 30, 2004||Oct 6, 2005||Spx Corporation||Adaptive cruise control sensor alignment tool and method|\n|US20070089308 *||Dec 8, 2005||Apr 26, 2007||Seon-Gyu Jeon||Headlamp aiming apparatus for vehicles|\n|US20080147274 *||Jun 21, 2007||Jun 19, 2008||Bong-Chul Ko||Apparatus for alignment adjusting of radar equipped in a vehicle|\n|US20080186383 *||Apr 7, 2008||Aug 7, 2008||Hunter Engineering Company||Method and Apparatus For Guiding Placement of Vehicle Service Fixtures|\n|US20080296857 *||May 31, 2007||Dec 4, 2008||Gray Brian K||Lightweight wheel clamp for vehicle wheel alignment system|\n|US20090031782 *||Aug 1, 2007||Feb 5, 2009||Jackson David A||Calibration and operation of wheel alignment systems|\n|US20100088909 *||Oct 9, 2009||Apr 15, 2010||Robert Bosch Gmbh||Vehicle drive axis alignment device|\n|US20100186244 *||Jan 21, 2010||Jul 29, 2010||Robert Bosch Gmbh||Alignment system and method for vehicle-mounted devices|\n|US20100318307 *||Aug 29, 2009||Dec 16, 2010||Stefan Schommer||Method for adjusting or calibrating a vehicle surrounding sensor, and a vehicle surrounding sensor adjustment or calibration system|\n|US20110146089 *||Sep 14, 2010||Jun 23, 2011||Gray Brian K||Lightweight wheel clamp for vehicle wheel alignment system|\n|US20130263459 *||Apr 6, 2012||Oct 10, 2013||Robert A. Rabiner||Systems and Methods for Sailboat Mast Alignment|\n|US20160076916 *||Dec 14, 2014||Mar 17, 2016||Hyundai Motor Company||Automatic examination device of parts for vehicle and method|\n|EP2171397A1 *||Aug 1, 2008||Apr 7, 2010||Snap-on Incorporated||Calibration and operation of wheel alignment systems|\n|EP2171397A4 *||Aug 1, 2008||Jul 6, 2011||Snap On Tools Corp||Calibration and operation of wheel alignment systems|\n|WO2009018523A1||Aug 1, 2008||Feb 5, 2009||Snap-On Incorporated||Calibration and operation of wheel alignment systems|\n|U.S. Classification||33/288, 33/645, 33/600|\n|International Classification||G01S7/40, G01S7/497, G01B11/27|\n|Cooperative Classification||G01S2007/4086, G01B11/27, G01B2210/12, G01S7/4972, G01S7/4026, G01B2210/143, G01B2210/303, G01S13/931, G01S2013/9375|\n|European Classification||G01S7/40A4, G01B11/27, G01S7/497A|\n|Jun 5, 2003||AS||Assignment|\nOwner name: SNAP-ON TECHNOLOGIES, INC., ILLINOIS\nFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:MURRAY, PATRICK;REEL/FRAME:014150/0083\nEffective date: 20030603\n|May 30, 2008||FPAY||Fee payment|\nYear of fee payment: 4\n|May 30, 2012||FPAY||Fee payment|\nYear of fee payment: 8\n|May 31, 2016||FPAY||Fee payment|\nYear of fee payment: 12", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The SP Systems 4 Bulb Light Bank contains 4- 23 watt, 5200° Kelvin spiral fluorescent bulbs. This fixture provides a light level of 1500 LUX at a distance of 3.3 feet (1M). It includes a reflector, soft diffuser, and reflector supporting rod. Add your choice of light stand for support. Other accessories available are softboxes, and a light intensifier.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Innovative manufacturers are beginning to harness the potential of Artificial Intelligence (AI), particularly a machine learning niche termed deep learning, for machine vision endeavors.\nWhile machine vision systems, comprising both hardware and software, are not novel, their advantages are profoundly evident in sectors like automotive, pharmaceutical, electronic manufacturing, and food and beverage that demand heightened safety, speed, quality, and compliance.\nMachine vision tools play pivotal roles in quality control, part traceability, dimensional checks, presence detection, and various other inspections. Nonetheless, the challenges with older machine vision technology persist, such as hardware-software compatibility issues, financial burdens, long procurement and maintenance periods, interoperability concerns, and complexities in training and intricate use cases.\nFor manufacturers, especially in Germany, the difficulty in recruiting skilled personnel is mounting, making automation a crucial assistant to the existing labor force.\nMachine vision and deep learning in sync\nEstablishing and overseeing industrial automation can be cumbersome, primarily due to the use of various devices that have outdated interfaces and different software requirements.\nUnfortunately, this lack of uniformity makes the process expensive and challenging, contradicting the fundamental ideas of scalability and compatibility that should be universal, especially in mobility and automation domains.\nThe manufacturing sector has undergone significant changes. With rising production rates, increasing data volume, and new compliance measures, manufacturers are on the lookout for contemporary machine vision solutions to meet these needs.\nSurprisingly, many industry professionals are yet to grasp the benefits of deep learning-driven machine vision or understand its transformative potential for inspection processes.\nStatistics show that 81% of decision-makers in the automotive sector feel that a more tech-centric approach would propel their businesses forward. Meanwhile, 78% think that innovation is crucial for staying competitive. Conversely, a similar percentage feels overwhelmed by the rapid pace of tech advancements.\nBy automating visual inspections through machine vision, precision, speed, compliance, and safety can be significantly improved. This transition allows engineers to allocate their expertise to other essential tasks.\nPower, adaptability, and user-friendly nature\nDeep learning-fueled machine vision software excels in tasks like surface examination, raw material inspections, textile quality checks, classification, and anomaly detection. The harmonious blend of contemporary hardware and software magnifies the capabilities of machine vision applications, enabling them to tackle challenges that their predecessors couldn't.\nModern AI-infused machine vision tools are characterized by their intuitive interfaces, extensive tools, and straightforward solution-building methods. These tools are backed by seasoned machine vision experts who offer invaluable insights.\nAdditionally, these tools offer adaptive upgrade paths. For instance, traditional industrial scanners can be transitioned to machine vision cameras with an uncomplicated software license, fostering cost-efficiency and adaptability.\nIn collaborative spaces, engineers and data scientists can utilize vast libraries of pre-established filters and customized code-generation tools for crafting intricate vision applications.\nMachine vision solutions may need to implement Optical Character Recognition (OCR) for tasks like product traceability. Though OCR isn't new, its challenges, like extensive training requirements and sensitivity to environmental changes, are well-known.\nAdvanced OCR tools, however, leverage deep learning's neural network approach to provide unparalleled accuracy and versatility. They eliminate time-consuming training phases and provide unmatched stability even for novices. This cutting-edge OCR technology is adaptable and can be deployed across various platforms, ensuring a consistent experience for professionals in industrial imaging.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) are films of organic molecules, 100s of nanometer thick, that emit light in response to an electric current. Thanks to their mechanical flexibility, they are fast replacing the traditional rigid devices with flexible ones; they include flexible mobile displays, TV displays, and even flexible lighting panels. Despite commercial success, OLED is still an active area of research. In particular, many scientists are working to develop new materials that lower the cost of production and increase OLED efficiency.\nIn this work, we demonstrate two types of flexible OLEDs that aim to meet the increasing energy demands in two very different ways. First, we engineer a robust plastic material with long shelf-life to increase the luminous efficacy of white OLEDs. As lighting consumes roughly 20% of the total electricity in the United States, new lighting elements such as OLEDs are fast replacing the traditional ones by offering potentially cost effective and energy efficient alternatives. Second, we discuss plastics with high recyclability that can return to the environment without leaving solid waste. By designing chemical reactions and triggering said reactions with OLEDs, we demonstrate a proof-of-concept device that self-destructs. Such development may pave a way to developing more sustainable electronic components as most common plastics are extremely inefficient to recycle", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Megaorei 3 Night Vision Scope Hunting Scopes Sight Camera Video Photo Record with Infrared Laser IR Night Vision Riflescope\n1, The Megaorei 3 Night Vision Scope is compact and lightweight; It can be quickly and easily assembled on a riflescope with simple operation.\n2. It is a real digital 720P HD display, with video record and takes photo function, Add more fun to your hunting activities.\n3. With Laser IR, 200~300M view range in complete darkness.\n4. Shockproof design, more durable.\nDisplay: 1.29 inch HD\nCamera: 25MM Super Clear Lens\nFlashlight: 850nm Laser Infrared Flashlight\nMaximum Visible Distance In Darkness: 200-300m or more\nBattery: 1PC 18650\nWorking Time Of Battery:\n1500mAh 1.5 hours; if IR turn off, 5 hours\n2600mAh 2.5 hours; if IR turn off, 8 hours\nFunctions: HD720P/ Photo & Video Recording\nUnique Design: Super Anti-shock (Passed 1.5M Drop Test)\nLanguage: English, Spanish, French, Russian, Portuguese, German, Italian, Chinese\n(The Sight Telescope is not included)\nHOW TO CALIBRATE\n1. Fix the IR camera on the eye relief position of the rifle scope.\n2. Rotate the scope magnification adjustment wheel.\n3. Rotate the night vision device's internal sight to get a clear image.\n4. Long press the IR button to turn on the IR torch, night mode will be activated automatically.\n5. Adjust the direction of the IR torch to overlap the view of the scope.\n6. Push in the IR torch hood to get a low beam for short-distance aiming.\nPull out the IR torch hood to get a high beam for long-distance aiming.\n1. You should refer to the User Manual before use which is highly essential!\n2. This product needs to be adapted with a focusing function optical telescope, otherwise, it may not be available!\n3. This product's infrared light will focus on a lot of energy in the open state, do not aim at flammable objects at close range, otherwise, it may cause a fire. when not in use, please close the IR infrared light, or enter into sleep mode!\n(The Sight Riflescope is not included)\nShipping to Worldwide\nAvailable to ship to Brazil\nDeclare: Video Camera\nValue US$20 on Package\nNo problem to pass the custom\nPlease rest assured to buy!", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "It doesn’t matter if you’re hitting the trails, the slopes, the waves, or everything in between, Native Eyewear Eldo sunglasses have got you and your eyes covered. Native Eyewear’s innovated polarized polycarbonate lenses significantly reduce glare on and off the water.\nBold and made for action, Native Eldo sunglasses feature a flat brow and large, impact-resistant polarized lenses. The Rhyno-Tuff® Air Frame is lightweight, durable, and features a venting system for enhanced airflow and reduced fogging.\n- Polarized lenses deliver superior clarity and minimize eye fatigue\n- Lenses protect your eyes from 100% of harmful UV rays\n- Nonslip nose pads and temple grips for a secure and comfortable fit\n- Includes a soft microfiber bag\n- Free shipping\n#GoNativeSeeNative @ NativeSlope.com\nDelicious deals on the performance sunglasses you crave.\nAlways low prices. Always free shipping.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Laser-cut core: lasers and laser head is imported or domestic, import the IPG lasers usually use more domestic General ruko-heavy, and laser cut should also pay attention to other accessories, if the motors imported servo motor, Rails, bed, and so on, because they are to a certain extent affects the cutting precision of the machine. Of particular note that laser cutting machine cooling system--cooling cabinets, many companies use home air conditioners to cool, effect we know that very well, the best way is to use the air conditioner in the industrial, Jet-specific, in order to achieve the best results.\nPrevious: No Information\n- Laser Engraving Machine Considerations\n- Laser Engraving Machine Shoe Upper Processing\n- Laser Engraving Machine Settings\n- Laser Cutting Machining Processes\n- Principle Of Laser Cutting Machine\n- Measure Of Laser Cutting Machine\n- The Principle Of Laser Cutting Machine\n- Collapse Of Laser Cutting Machine Laser Cutting\n- The Competitive Advantage Of Laser Cutting Machine\n- General Techniques Of Laser Cutting Machine\n- AOL Work Summary Of 2015\n- 2016 hot sale wood MDF balsa laser cutting machine\n- How To Choose A Suitable Laser Cutting Machine\n- Cnc Automatic Gasket Cutting Machine With CE Ce...\n- Solution Of Water Chiller Problem In Laser Cutt...\n- The Principle Of Metal Laser Cutting Machine\n- Advantages Of Vibrating Knife CNC Cutting Machine\n- How To Install Laser Tube In A Laser Cutting Ma...\n- Advantages Of Laser Engraving Machine\n- What Are The Characteristics Of The Laser Machine?", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Rifle Scope Product Details\nVisionking Rifle Scope 2.5-35×56 Trajectory Lock Tactical with a Honeycomb Sunshade Killflash and mounting Rings\nThis visionking 2.5-35×56 rifle scope with revolutionary super 14 times ratio magnification.It is the ultimate Magnification Ratio in the world.It also features the most accurate range finder reticle in the world.and has high shock resistance ,and camera grade glass offer super good optical system that provide extreme good performance in all kinds of conditions. It is very perfect for military or tactical or hunting usage.\nObjective lens: 56mm\nCoating: FMC Green\nField of View:(ft@100yds) 38-2.8\nExit Pupil (mm): 22.4-3.5\nEye Relief (inch): 4.4-3.5\nOcular Lens: 37mm\nFinish: Matte black\nNitrogen: Full filled Nitrogen\nTube Diameter: 30MM\nClick Value: 0.125 MOA\nParallax: +0.22SD ~ -0.22SD\nReticle: Glass-etched Dual Illuminated Accurate Range Finder\nBattery: CR2032 3V(No include)\nShock Resistance: 1800g\nRifle Scope Product Features\nObjective lens: 56mm\nField of View:(ft@100yds) 38-2.8\nEye Relief (inch): 4.4-3.5\nThis rifle scope is also features the most accurate range finder reticle in the world.and has high shock resistance\nAbout the Visionking Company\nVisionking is a premium company for weapon scopes, optics, mounts, and other add-ons used for guns like rifles and long guns. They create and supply their mounts and related products by using elements which are resilient and long lasting. This includes the Visionking Rifle Scope 2.5-35×56 Trajectory Lock Tactical with a Honeycomb Sunshade Killflash and mounting Rings by Visionking. For additional shooting items, visit their site.\nRifle Glass Details\nRifle scopes permit you to exactly align a rifle at various targets by aligning your eye with the target over a range. They accomplish this through magnifying the target by employing a series of lenses inside the scope. The scope’s positioning can be adapted to account for various natural aspects like wind and elevation increases or decreases to account for bullet drop.\nThe scope’s purpose is to understand exactly where the bullet will hit based upon the sight picture you are viewing via the optic as you align the scope’s crosshair or reticle with the intended target. The majority of contemporary rifle optics have around eleven parts which are found within and externally on the scope. These parts consist of the rifle scope’s body, lenses, adjustment dials or turrets, objective focus rings, and other parts. Learn about the eleven parts of rifle scopes.\nRifle Scope Styles\nRifle scopes can be either “first focal plane” or “second focal plane” type of optics. Considering the best type of rifle scope is based on what type of shooting you plan to do.\nInfo on First Focal Plane Optics\nFocal plane scopes (FFP) include the reticle in front of the magnification lens. These styles of scopes are useful for:\n- Quick acquisition, long distance kinds of shooting\n- Shooting situations where calculations are small\n- Experienced shooters who understand their aim point “hold over” and also “lead” equations for their long gun\n- Shooters who do not mind the reticle is enlarged and takes up more visual sight room than a SFP reticle\nSecond Focal Plane Glass\nSecond focal plane glass (SFP) come with the reticle behind the zoom lens. This triggers the reticle to remain at the exact same size in relation to the quantity of magnification being used. The result is that the reticle measurements adjust based on the zoom used to shoot over lengthier ranges considering that the reticle measurements present distinct increments which differ with the zoom. In the FFP example with the SFP optic, the 5x “zoom” 100 yard tick reticle measurement would be 1/5th of the non “zoom” tick measurement. These particular sorts of scopes are convenient for:\n- Long distance styles of shooting where shooters have increased time to make ballistic estimations\n- Shooting where most of the shots take place within much shorter spaces and ranges\n- Shooters who select a clearer optic sight picture without room taken up by the larger sized FFP reticle\nAbout Rifle Glass Zoom\nThe extent of scope zoom you require depends on the style of shooting you choose to do. Pretty much every type of rifle scope provides some amount of magnification. The amount of magnification a scope offers is established by the dimension, thickness, and curves of the lenses inside of the rifle optic. The magnification level of the optic is the “power” of the opic. This suggests what the shooter is looking at through the scope is magnified times the power factor of what can generally be seen by human eyes.\nFixed Power Lens Rifle Scope Info\nA single power rifle scope will have a zoom number designator like 4×32. This suggests the magnification power of the scope is 4x power and the objective lens is 32mm. The magnification of this type of optic can not fluctuate because it is set from the factory.\nInfo on Variable Power Lens Scopes\nVariable power rifle scopes have adjustable power. These types of scopes will list the magnification amount in a format such as 2-10×32. These numbers suggest the zoom of the scope could be adjusted between 2x and 10x power. This always utilizes the powers in-between 2 and 10. The power modification is achieved using the power ring part of the scope near the back of the scope by the eye bell piece.\nScope Power and Ranges\nHere are some advised scope power settings and the distances where they can be efficiently used. Consider that high power glass will not be as efficient as lower magnification level scopes due to the fact that too much zoom can be a negative thing in certain situations. The same idea goes for longer distances where the shooter needs increased power to see exactly where to best aim the rifle.\nAbout Lens Coatings\nAll cutting-edge rifle optic lenses are coated. Lens finishing is a significant element of a rifle when buying high end rifle optics and scope systems.\nHD Versus ED Lens Coatings\nSome scope brands also use “HD” or high-definition lens finishes which use different procedures, chemicals, polarizations, and elements to draw out various colors and viewable quality through the lens. Some scope manufacturers use “HD” to refer to “ED” to signify the lens has extra-low dispersion glass.\nSingle Covering Versus Multi-Coating for Rifle Glass\nVarious optic lenses can likewise have various coverings used to them. All lenses typically have at least some type of treatment or covering applied to them before being used in a rifle scope or optic.\nThis lens treatment can protect the lens from scratches while lowering glare and other less helpful things experienced in the shooting environment while sighting in with the scope. The quality of a single covered lens depends on the scope manufacturer and how much you paid for it.\nSome scope producers likewise make it a point to define if their optic lenses are covered or “multi” covered. This indicates the lens has had numerous treatments applied to the surfaces. If a lens receives numerous treatments, it can show that a maker is taking multiple actions to fight various natural elements like an anti-glare coating, a scratch resistant anti-abrasion finishing, followed by a hydrophilic coating. This also doesn’t always suggest the multi-coated lens is better than a single covered lens. Being “much better” depends upon the producer’s lens treatment innovation and the quality of components used in constructing the rifle optic.\nAnti-water Lens Coatings\nWater on an optical lens does not help with maintaining a clear sight picture through a scope at all. Lots of top of the line and premium optic makers will coat their lenses with a hydrophilic or hydrophobic coating. The Steiner Optics Nano-Protection is a fine example of this kind of treatment. It provides protection for the exterior surfaces of the Steiner optic lens so the H2O particles can not bind to it or develop surface tension. The result is that the water beads roll off of the scope to preserve a clear, water free sight picture.\nAlternatives for Mounting Rifle Scopes on Firearms\nInstalling options for scopes can be found in a couple of options. There are the standard scope rings which are separately mounted to the optic and one-piece mounts which cradle the scope. These various types of mounts also typically are made in quick release variations which use toss levers which permit rifle shooters to rapidly install and remove the scopes.\nGlass Mounting Solutions with Hex Key Rings\nBasic, clamp-on type mounting scope rings use hex head screws to mount to the flattop design Picatinny scope mount rails on the tops of rifles. These forms of scope mounts use double individual rings to support the scope, and are normally constructed from 7075 T6 billet aluminum or similar materials which are made for far away precision shooting. This form of scope mount is effective for rifles which need to have a durable, hard use mount which will not change despite just how much the scope is moved about or abuse the rifle takes. These are the type of mounts you should have for a dedicated optics system on a far away hunting or competitors long gun which will rarely need to be changed or recalibrated. Blue 242 Loctite threadlocker can additionally be used on the screws to stop the hex screw threads from wiggling out after they are installed safely in position. An example of these rings are the 30mm type made by the Vortex Optics brand. The set typically costs around $200 USD\nRifle Scope Mounts with Quick-Release Cantilever Rings\nThese types of quick-release rifle scope mounts can be used to rapidly remove a scope and connect it to a different rifle. Several scopes can even be swapped out if they all use a compatible style mount. These types of mounts are handy for rifles which are carried a lot, to remove the optic from the rifle for protection, or for scopes which are used in between multiple rifles.\nSealing and Gas Purging for Optic Tubes\nMoisture inside your rifle scope can ruin a day on the range and your costly optic by causing fogging and making residue within the scope’s tube. Many scopes protect against wetness from entering the scope tube with a series of sealing O-rings which are waterproof. Typically, these water resistant scopes can be submerged under 20 or 30 feet of water before the water pressure can push moisture past the O-rings. This should be ample moisture content avoidance for common use rifles for hunting and sporting purposes, unless you plan on taking your rifle sailing and are concerned about the optic still working if it goes over the side and you can still retrieve the gun.\nGas Purged Glass Tubes\nAnother element of avoiding the accumulation of moisture inside of the rifle scope tube is filling the tube with a gas like nitrogen. Since this area is already occupied by the gas, the glass is less impacted by temperature shifts and pressure distinctions from the external environment which might possibly allow water vapor to permeate in around the seals to fill the void which would otherwise be there. These are good qualities of a decent rifle scope to look for.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "When it comes to optimizing your Glock pistol, upgrading the sights is one of the most crucial and effective enhancements you can make. The standard sights that come with most Glock models are functional but often leave room for improvement in terms of visibility, precision, and target acquisition. Thankfully, there is an array of aftermarket sight options available to enhance your shooting experience. Let’s explore some popular Glock sight upgrades that can take you’re shooting to the next level. As the name suggests, night sights are designed to improve visibility in low-light conditions. They feature self-illuminating tritium or fiber optic inserts that absorb ambient light during the day and emit a bright glow in darkness. This makes them invaluable for self-defense and tactical shooting situations when proper sight alignment becomes critical.\nFiber Optic Sights: If you prefer a more vibrant sight picture during daylight, fiber optic sights are an excellent choice in Glock Addons. These sights use a colored fiber rod to gather and transmit light to create a highly visible aiming point. They are ideal for competitions and range shooting, where speed and accuracy are paramount.\nRed Dot Sights: Red dot sights RDS have gained immense popularity among shooters of all skill levels. These non-magnifying electronic sights project a red dot onto a lens, allowing for quick and intuitive target acquisition. RDS upgrades often require a mounting plate to be installed on the slide, but the advantages of faster target transitions and increased accuracy make them well worth it.\nTritium or Fiber Optic Combo Sights: For those who want the best of both worlds, some sights combine tritium and fiber optic elements. These sights provide excellent visibility in various lighting conditions, making them versatile and reliable for everyday carry and general shooting applications.\nAdjustable Sights: If precision shooting is your priority, adjustable sights can be a game-changer. They allow you to fine-tune your point of impact by adjusting windage and elevation. These sights are commonly used in competition shooting, where consistent accuracy is essential.\nSuppressor-Height Sights: If you plan to equip your Glock with a suppressor, you will need taller sights to co-witness with the optic on the suppressor. These suppressor-height sights ensure that your sight picture remains clear even when the muzzle is equipped with a suppressor or compensator.\nBefore choosing an upgrade, consider your specific shooting needs and preferences. Some shooters prefer a simple and rugged design, while others prioritize ease of use and fast target acquisition. Additionally, budget and purpose should also influence your decision. High-quality sights can be an investment, but they are crucial for improving your shooting skills and overall performance. In conclusion, upgrading your Glock’s sights can significantly enhance your shooting experience. Whether you opt for night sights, fiber optics, red dots, or adjustable sights, choosing the right upgrade will help you shoot more accurately and confidently in various conditions. Always do your research, read reviews, and consult with experienced shooters to find the perfect sights for your Glock model.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Adaptive elastomer-liquid lens can find a variety of optical applications due to the tunable optical powers without additional lens replacement or displacement. Most current elastomer-liquid lenses use elastomer membrane with a constant thickness. This approach, however, suffers from substantial optical aberration due to the edge clamping effect. In this study, a varied thickness elastomer membrane with customized aspherical profile is designed and developed to encapsulate a plano-convex liquid lens. Such varied thickness membrane is fabricated by double-side replica molding against a deformed elastomer-liquid lens membrane with a constant thickness. Such configuration could alleviate the edge clamping effect. Simulation and experimental results both show that the lens with a varied thickness membrane exhibits improved optical resolutions at both the center and the peripheral regions at the back focal length of 10 mm comparing to the lens with a constant thickness membrane. This study provides an effective solution to suppress the optical aberrations without sacrifice of the optical aperture.\nThe stereoscopic image is often captured using dual cameras arranged side-by-side and optical path switching systems such as two separate solid lenses or biprism/mirrors. The miniaturization of the overall size of current stereoscopic devices down to several millimeters is at a sacrifice of further device size shrinkage. The limited light entry worsens the final image resolution and brightness. It is known that optofluidics offer good re-configurability for imaging systems. Leveraging this technique, we report a reconfigurable optofluidic system whose optical layout can be swapped between a singlet lens with 10 mm in diameter and a pair of binocular lenses with each lens of 3 mm in diameter for switchable two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) imaging. The singlet and the binoculars share the same optical path and the same imaging sensor. The singlet acquires a 3D image with better resolution and brightness, while the binoculars capture stereoscopic image pairs for 3D vision and depth perception. The focusing power tuning capability of the singlet and the binoculars enable image acquisition at varied object planes by adjusting the hydrostatic pressure across the lens membrane. The vari-focal singlet and binoculars thus work interchangeably and complementarily. The device is thus expected to have applications in robotic vision, stereoscopy, laparoendoscopy and miniaturized zoom lens system.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Dr. Prepare Monocular Telescope with smartphone holder adapter 16x50 High Power BAK-4 Prism FMC Waterproof with Tripod for Outdoor Camping Bird Watch\nFree Shipping Included! Dr. Prepare Monocular Telescope with smartphone holder adapter 16x50 High Power BAK-4 Prism FMC Waterproof with Tripod for Outdoor Camping Bird Watch by Dr. Prepare at 4 Your Links. MPN: DNVT-3P1MM-001. Hurry! Limited time offer. Offer valid only while supplies last. Dr. prepare offers premium-quality products and professional service to customers worldwide. This High Power Monocular Telescope with BAK-4 Prism\nDr. prepare offers premium-quality products and professional service to customers worldwide. This High Power Monocular Telescope with BAK-4 Prism and Smartphone holder is perfect for Camping, Hiking, Traveling and Outdoor.\n1.Monocular with 16X50 magnification.\n2.The higher magnification offers clearer images.\n3.The excellent material provides high quality images.\n4.Durable, high quality material is also suitable for harsh environments.\n5.Works well in low light and night\n6.FMC coat guarantees superior light transmission and brightness\n7.Single hand operation\n8.Powerful, ultra-compact and ultra-lightweight\n9.Tripod & Phone Clip: You can set the telescope with your phone anywhere you want to take interesting circular pictures.\nObjective: 1.97 in\nViewing range: 211 ft/1000 yds\nViewing angel: 5.8°\nPrism Glass: BAK-4\nFocus System: Manual focusing\nClose Focal: 157.4 in\nEye Distance: 0.57 in\nExit Pupil: 0.20 in\n·1 x Monocular\n·1 x Tripod\n·1 x Cell Phone Quick Photography Adapter Mount Connector\n·1 x Cleaning Cloth\n·1 x Hand Strap\n·1 x User Manual\nFeatures & Highlights\n- 【16x MAGNIFICATION】This compact telescope allows you to see your target 16 times closer. No need to worry about losing track of distant targets or missing any details.\n- 【OPTIMAL VISION】Equipped with FMC lens and BAK-4 prisms, this HD telescope provides clear and bright images with light transmittance up to 99.5%. Enjoy magnificent views with fine details and vivid colors.\n- 【MAXIMUM SAFETY】Anti-slip design and the included hand strap offers maximum safety, so you can be fully devoted to beauty of nature without worrying about dropping your compact monocular.\n- 【HANDY ESSENTIALS】This high-powered monocular telescope comes with a phone holder and tripod, providing stabilized images and more possibilities when observing wildlife. Compatible with iPhone, Samsung GALAXY, Edge, Note, Google Pixels, LG, HTC, Sony, and more smart phones.\n- 【WIDE APPLICATION】This portable monocular is perfect for outdoor hiking, camping, bird watching, hunting, safari, music festival, and travel.\n|Package Weight:||0.95 pounds|\n|Package Size:||3.66 x 2.8 x 2.8 inches|\nHave questions about this item, or would like to inquire about a custom or bulk order?\nIf you have any questions about this product by Dr. Prepare, contact us by completing and submitting the form below. If you are looking for a specif part number, please include it with your message.\nRelated Best Sellers\nmpn: SBMM150S, ean: 0638104013574,\nHydrofarm's MINI SUNBURST HPS WITH LAMP reflector comes with all that you need to get growing at a price that just can't be beat. You'll also enjoy the sheer speed of setting up the Sunburst—it's plug-and-play, giving you more time to tend to your ...\nmpn: MLA1640, ean: 0646437635479,\nThe OutNowTech TITAN Monocular is a high-powered optical instrument yet is compact and lightweight, designed to be easy to carry yet robust enough for the trail. Not intended as a toy, yet easy enough for a child to use, with its single easy-focus ey...\nFEIDEER 12x50 Monocular Telescope High-powered HD Night Vision Waterproof Shockproof Monoscope The core technology - 12X50 High Power Magnification, to see 12X closer with a clear and bright image with the generous, light-gathering 50mm objective wid...\nmpn: MSDADA- Master-Edus41, ean: 0670046028421,\nSpecs: Color: Black Magnification: 12x50 Field of View: 96M/ 1000M Prism system: BAK4 Eye Lens Diameter: 20mm Objective lens diameter: 50mm Monocular Size: 150 x 55mm Package: 1 x 12x50 Monocular 1 x Carrying Bag 1 x Tripod 1 x Mobile ...\nmpn: VTN-US-000u-LC, ean: 0711414327859,\nVEMTONA Monocular Telescope - Visual Feast for Nature LoversVEMTONA was created to provide today's Bird Watchers with the highest level of performance using specially designed birding monoculars. We blend quality, functionality, reliability and super...\nFeature: Full HD multi-coated optics lens with excellent light transmittance reach up to 99.5% and brightness.Environmental protection rubber body, durable as well as good-looking and comfortable hand feeling.The objective lens and eyepiece are equi...\nsku: LP51033, mpn: 51033, ean: 0030317510336,\nLEU51033 Features: -Super high standard ring. -Made in the USA. -Ring size: 1.18\". -Construction: Machined steel. Item: -Rings. Generic Dimensions: -Overall dimensions: 4\" H x 4\" W x 6\" D, 1 lb. Dimensions: Overall Product Weight: -1 Pounds.Standard ...\nProduct Description: Weak light level night vision, the binocular can see objects clearly in day and night, but cannot be used in complete darkness. Dustproof eyepieces cover and lens covers for the eye pieces, prevent the binocular lens from dirty. ...\nFeatures: large eyepiece: 22mm large eyepiece, more comfortable for waering sunglasses or eye glasses or not. Easy to Focus: FMC Multi-Layer Green Film optics lens, just need to adjust the focus wheel to catch the target easily. High power monocular:...\nBy Ade Advanced Optics\nmpn: FBA_SPT-PN-8F-843784, ean: 0704405061665,\nSUPERIOR HEAVY DUTY BLACK HARDCOAT ANODIZED FINISHED PRECISION MACHINED 6061 AIRCRAFT ALUMINUM COMPACT 1\" HIGH PROFILE : 7 SEPARATE SLOTS, APPROX. 3\" LONG , 1\" HEIGHT EASY INSTALLATION - NO GUNSMITHING REQUIRED - SECURE LOCKING PLATE WITH THUMBNUTS F...", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "$ 86.00 USD\nOur Xtrasun High Pressure Sodium (HPS) + Metal Halide (MH) Dual Arc lamps offer the benefits of HPS and MH technology simultaneously within one lamp. These Dual Arc lamps are engineered specifically for use with both magnetic and electronic ballasts. With their 2800 Kelvin color temperature, they consistently provide intense light in a combined spectral range perfect for both vegetative and flowering/fruiting growth. Xtrasun lamps offer exceptional performance and feature high-quality components.\n|Dimensions||16.5 × 3.1 × 3.1 in|\n|Expected Life Span|\n|Plant Growth Stage|\n|Rated Initial Lumens|", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Nordson to showcase market-leading test and inspection systems at NEPCON South China\nNordson DAGE and Nordson MATRIX, divisions of Nordson Corporation (NASDAQ: NDSN), will exhibit in Stand 1H20 at NEPCON South China, scheduled to take place Aug. 30-Sept. 1, 2016 at the Shenzhen Convention & Exhibition Centre. Nordson DAGE will showcase its new 4th generation, ultra-high resolution, off-line MXI X-ray system – the Quadra™ 7 and 4000Plus Bondtester. Nordson MATRIX will showcase its high-speed X3 Inline AXI system.\nNordson DAGE’s flagship system – the new Quadra™ 7 with 0.1μm sub-micron feature recognition – comes equipped with two 4K UHD displays and 8 million pixels to fully show the 50μm pixel pitch and 6.7MP image size of the Aspire FP™ detector.\nNordson DAGE will also highlight its award-winning 4000Plus Bondtester with Camera Assist Automation, ideally suited for pull-and-shear testing of wafer interconnections, lead frames, hybrid microcircuits or automotive electronic packages.\nThe Nordson MATRIX X3 is an automated inspection system designed for sophisticated high-speed inspection in SMT production. Transmission X-ray Technology with patented Slice-Filter-Technique™ (SFT), Off-Axis technology and 3D SART present a flexible solution package for the in-line inspection of single & double-sided PCB assemblies. The X3 movable detector axes allow high-speed off-axis image acquisition from different angles and directions with maximum image quality and resolution.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "PRP Optoelectronics, a specialist in the design and manufacture of high performance products based on light emitting diode (LED) technology, has announced the introduction of a bar graph instrumentation display that is particularly suited for critical process monitoring applications in industrial and utilities companies. The compact, high reliability LED module provides a 100-segment bar graph display and a 4-character numeric display, and has been designed as a drop-in replacement for a Penny and Giles type TSL striplite indicator.\n“The bar graph display features high precision and accuracy, along with low power consumption of typically 1W,” said Andy Walton, Engineering Manager at PRP Optoelectronics. “The brightness of the display can be adjusted to compensate for changes in ambient lighting or for degradation of the display itself, a feature that is also useful for matching the brightness to adjacent displays.”\nTypical applications for the module include instrumentation displays in demanding environments such as nuclear or conventional power stations, petrochemical works or sewage works.\nThe amber-coloured display incorporates an optical contrast enhancement filter, and the bar graph display is 45mm long by 2.5mm wide, with each segment occupying 6 LED pixels in width. The characters are formed within a 7 x 4 pixel cell, and are 3.3mm high by 1.8mm wide. Individual LED pixels are 0.3mm square. Accuracy and linearity are both specified as ± 1% full scale deflection (FSD).\nThe module employs a microcontroller-based design, featuring high integrity embedded firmware. Operating mode is user-selectable between current loop and voltage input. The module is designed to fit into standard 72 x 24mm or 72 x 72mm cases, with connectors provided for each alternative type of case. Power consumption is 1W typical, operating from a 18 to 60V DC supply, and operating temperature range is 0° to +40°C.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "This International Standard applies to displays of high-contrast text that are designed for general near vision assessment. It does not apply to measurement systems designed for specialized testing of near visual acuity, e.g., low vision or low contrast charts or those intended for transillumination, or electronically generated systems.\nТекущий статус : Under development\nВерсия : 1\nТехнический комитет:Ophthalmic optics and instruments", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "FAQ: What Is Fixed Tulip Lens Hood?\n- 1 What are tulip lens hoods for?\n- 2 What type of lens hood should I use?\n- 3 Do lens hoods make a difference?\n- 4 Should you use a lens hood at night?\n- 5 Should you use a lens hood indoors?\n- 6 Are rubber lens hoods any good?\n- 7 When would you use a lens hood?\n- 8 What lens hood fits Canon 18 55?\n- 9 Can I use lens hood and filter?\n- 10 Why are some lens hoods petal shaped?\n- 11 Do you need a lens hood with ND filter?\n- 12 Are lens hoods universal?\n- 13 Do you need a lens hood for 50mm?\n- 14 Should you leave lens on camera?\nWhat are tulip lens hoods for?\nPetal (or tulip ) lens hoods are uniquely designed to be shorter and have curved notches that strategically block out light while maximizing the frame size offered by wide angle lenses and full-frame camera sensors.\nWhat type of lens hood should I use?\nA Cylindrical Lens Hood will generally work well and get the job done. These are often used with a prime or telephoto lens and will completely block stray light. Even more popular are Petal Lens Hoods (sometimes called a Tulip Lens Hood ). These are shorter lens hoods that have curved notches.\nDo lens hoods make a difference?\nLens hoods don’t only help prevent large spots of lens flare and discoloration. They also improve the overall contrast and colors in a photo. Personally, this is why I almost always use lens hoods (more on the “almost” below). Used properly, they never hurt your image quality.\nShould you use a lens hood at night?\nThe fact is that a lens hood should live on your lens. The purpose of a lens hood is to create a shadow on the lens to prevent lens flare from stray light, mostly caused by the sun. However, the hood should also be used at night due to street lights or other point source lights.\nShould you use a lens hood indoors?\nA lens hood will stop stray light from entering the lense and washing out the picture. If you are indoors and don’t have strong light source shining stray light into the lens it won’t really make a differnce. However it will still protect the lens and shooting with the lens hood on all the time is a good habit to have.\nAre rubber lens hoods any good?\nThey can provide good shading protection to help combat flare. One advantage is that they “fold back” to give easier access to the lens threads to add a filter. Another is that it is quick and easy to fold them back so that they take up a bit less space in your equipment bag.\nWhen would you use a lens hood?\nThe primary use for a lens hood is to prevent light from hitting the front lens element from the sides – reducing contrast and creating flare. Pictures taken with a lens hood installed can have richer colors and deeper saturation. A secondary use for a lens hood is to protect the lens.\nWhat lens hood fits Canon 18 55?\nYou probably have the 18-55 IS II or 18-55 III, and the EW-60C is the correct lens hood for your lens.\nCan I use lens hood and filter?\nCan you use a lens hood and filter at the same time? Yes, you can. Some lens hoods clip to the outside of the lens and are usually fine. Some screw to the inside thread of the filter mount, you have to watch out with wide angle lenses that a filter and a lens hood don’t lead to vignetting.\nWhy are some lens hoods petal shaped?\nThe shape of a petal lens hood allows it to extend as far as possible beyond the lens without showing up in the frame. Lenses are circular, but the pictures we take are rectangular. If these petal lens hoods were perfectly round, the corners of the hood would be in the picture.\nDo you need a lens hood with ND filter?\nA lens hood will absorb about any impact other than a serious collision. You say you have an ND lens filter. They are very useful if you need to shoot wide open for shallow depth of field in a bright sunlight scene. Do not use it as lens protection.\nAre lens hoods universal?\nLens hood mountings are far from universal. There are different methods of attaching them to different lenses, so diameter is not the only factor. As to threaded ones, its kind of difficult to put a lens cap on a lens with a hood threaded on it.\nDo you need a lens hood for 50mm?\nIt’s best to just put it on and leave it on. And as others have pointed out, the hood may prevent very expensive damage to the lens, either at the front element, of to the focusing mechanism, by taking the brunt of an impact. I never shoot without a hood.\nShould you leave lens on camera?\nA lens attached to the body will keep your camera sensor and mirror (as well as the lens rear element) protected from dust, same thing a plastic cap would do. Every time you remove the lens you are potentially letting dust into the body, so all other things being equal it’s best to leave the lens on if you can.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The testo 882 ir camera is the most precise onehand thermal imaging camera with pistol grip design from testo. The testo 882 is a handy and robust thermal imager. Crisp, clear thermal images taken from a wideangle, and parallel digital real images of the same measuring object with manual or motordriven focusing, this. View and download testo 881 instruction manual online. Instruction manual testo 6061 pdf, 285 kb instruction manual testo 6062 pdf, 285 kb instruction manual testo 826t2t4 pdf, 950 kb instruction manual testo 435 pdf, 747 kb instruction manual testo 510 pdf, 282 kb product brochure new thermal imagers pdf, 2.\nThere is a correlation between infrared energy and temperature of an object. The builtin digital camera and voice recording via the headset make documentation and assignment of thermal and real images easier. About infrared it is invisible since its wavelength is longer than visible light. Gebaudeinspektion heizungs, luftungs, klimahandwerk. Ir resolution 320 x 240 pixels superresolution technology to 640 x 480 thermal sensitivty. Testo 882 digital thermal imagers visual and nondestructive. Thermal imager comparison testo 882, testo 885, testo 890, flir t420, fluke ti32, ipir9 the real proof is in the pudding, or the image as it happens to be. Here you can find the firmware executable file available for download. View and download testo 882 instruction manual online. Testo is a world leader in portable test and measurement instrumentation. Usb cable, irsoft software, power supply, battery, instruction manual. The testo product line includes a variety of temperature measuring instruments, air velocity meters, humidity and dewpoint meters, refrigeration service analyzers, stack gas analyzers and air emission monitors, water analyzers, sound, pressure and light meters, and thermal imagers. We have 3 testo 882 manuals available for free pdf download. Crisp, clear thermal images taken from a wide angle.\nThe following were all taken under the same conditions at exactly the same time on the same target to give a meaningful comparison of image performance. Testo 557 is a digital manifold for maintenance and service work on refrigeration systems and heat pumps. Sobha devi contents about infrared electromagnetic spectrum thermal imaging thermography infrared thermography applications advantages conclusion. Dec 17, 2012 watch product demo and applications of testo 882. Donna tartt dio di illusioni ita libro pdf download e31cf57bcd libro di testo in adozione. The testo 882 professional class infrared camera is the most precise onehand thermal imaging camera with pistol grip design from testo. Testo 8752i thermal imager lowest price guaranteed.\nTesto 882 infrared camera thermal imager lowest price. Rizzoli approfitta di questo volume sul tuo ebook e nel file che preferisci descrizione. Testo 882 manuals manuals and user guides for testo 882. Testo thermal imagers download instrument firmware for testo 882 v1. Thermal imaging camera, professional class, testo 882 testo nz. When used in conjunction with testo 882, testo 885 and. Testo 882 thermal imaging camera set includes case, pro software, sd card, usb. C645b1047 includes a scaleplate stop to meet american gas association aga requirements for gasfired boilers with inputs over 212 million btuh.\nEu declaration of conformity testo 882 pdf, 690 kb software testo thermal imagers download instrument firmware for testo 882 v1. Testo535 download about us prism automation pvt ltd. Ir resolution of 160 x 120 pixels, via integrated testo superresolution technology 320 x 240 pixels extensive accessories included. Testo 882 thermal camera sensitivity, resolution and performance large 3. C645ae honeywell pressure switches midsouth sales co. The following instructions must be observed to avoid such hazards. In fact, it gives you everything you need to take, document, and analyse the thermal images of the object you have measured. Special measuring modes including moisture image or high temperature option make it ideal for a wide variety of different applications. Here you find the most important instructionmanuals, brochures and software of testo. The simplest way for this is to use search option on testo website.\nTesto 8751 0560 8751 9 hz, 160 x 120, thermal imaging. If you are searching for other manuals, brochures, datasheets, application stories, software or firmware, please use the searchfield in the top. It is intended for use by qualified personnel only. Testo 882 thermal imager kit includes free products with. Testo 882 thermal imager provides precise infrared thermal images in building and industrial inspection applications. Building inspection heating, ventilation and air conditioning trade. For the firmware update you need to download an executable file which. Testo har produceret maleudstyr af hoj kvalitet siden 1957. View and download testo 882 brief instructions online. Popular downloads from testo here you find the most important instructionmanuals, brochures and software of testo ready for download. Stort udvalg og forsendelse samme dag ordren kommer. With the testo saveris 2 cloudbased wifi data logger system, continuous monitoring temperature and humidity during storage is now easier than ever.\nThe testo 882 infrared camera is the most precise onehand thermal imaging. View and download testo 875 instruction manual online. Purchase a testo 882 thermal imaging camera and receive free. Thermal imaging camera, professional class, testo 882. Testo 882 available to buy from bsria instrument solutions. Thermal imager comparison testo 882, testo 885, testo. Kgaa har hovedkontor i lenzkirch i schwarzwald i tyskland, og er til stede i alle dele af verden med 33 datterselskaber og mere end 80 partnere, og er verdens forende indenfor station. Included in the kit is an interchangeable telephoto lens, a lens protection glass, as well as an additional battery and quick charger, ensuring there is little downtime when using the thermal imager for extended periods of time. Please observe the instruction for the instruction firmware update. The testo 882 infrared camera is the most precise onehand thermal imaging camera with pistol grip design from testo. Technical data accessories sensor type testo 174t mini data logger, 1channel, incl.\nThe testo 875 is a handy and robust thermal imager. C645a,b models are for use on natural gas, lp gas, or air. Software for data loggers testo comsoft basic testo comsoft professional three software versions the right one for every application testo comsoft basic the free standard software testo comsoft professional the comprehensive software testo comsoft cfr 21 part 11 the software for pharmaceutical requirements convenient export functions e. The testo 882 thermal imaging camera gives you this and much, much more. The function of the testo 557 is designed to replace analog manifolds, thermometers and pressuretemperature charts. Testo 882 series thermal imagers sensitivity, resolution and performance large 3. It opens the door to contactless determination and illustration of the temperature distribution on surfaces for you. Complete specs and pricing data sheets for testo 875 models click here to download pdf complete specs and pricing data sheets for testo 882 models click here to download pdf testo 875i adjustable focus thermal imager 160 x 120 the testo 875i2 deluxe kit is a fully loaded thermal imager with telephoto lens.\nBuilding inspection heating, ventilation and air conditioning trade, company technicians, engineering offices, experts. Usb interface for programming and reading out the logger, wall bracket, battery 2 x cr 2032 lithium and calibration protocol general technical data accessories for measuring instrument g. In downloads section of the product page scroll down to software subsection. Also, applicable for testo 8751i, testo 8752i, testo 876, testo 881 and testo 882. Thermal imaging camera, testo 865 testo instruments nz. Testo ripubblicato nella rettifica gu l 191 del 28. With the testo 8752i thermal camera, you can do your industrial and building thermography work even more easily and quickly. Only use in accordance with the directions in the instruction manual. Firmware update testo thermal imagers firmware update instructions shown using the example of testo 875i also, applicable for testo 8751i, testo 8752i, testo 876, testo 881 and testo 882 system requirements for the firmware update.\nPressures and temperatures can be applied, adapted, tested and monitored. Testo 882 thermal camera esys the energy control company. Testo 8751 0560 8751 thermal imaging camera, 160 x 120 pixels, 19,200 measurement points 05608751 8751, testo on sale at test equipment depot. Thermal imaging camera, professional class, testo 882 testo. Testo 882 overview the testo 882 professional class infrared camera is the most precise onehand thermal imaging camera with pistol grip design from testo. Testo 875i adjustable focus thermal imager 160 x 120 the testo 875i2 deluxe kit is a fully loaded thermal imager with telephoto lens.1337 908 1529 1118 764 602 1102 1045 172 1118 25 870 418 943 293 292 586 951 1468 556 1383 435 229 788 985 1235 1101 169 1322 231 578 785 1063 1352 965 1231 1331 659 1090 205 21 331 89 288 95 1237 474 257 898 382", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Selected parameters MODULE TYPE LED Indicator HOUSING Ceiling-mount POWER SUPPLY none DISPLAY PROPERTIES N/A Others MODULE TYPE LED Indicator HOUSING M118x76 POWER SUPPLY None DISPLAY PROPERTIES Red/green LED Indicator to be used in conjunction with GP62402224724\nDupline Car Park System Type GP6289 000x Passive LED Indicator forSensor • Low current consumption • Passive indicator for sensor • No programming. Just hardware connected • GP6289 0001 is a passive red/green LED indicator • GP6289 0002 is a passive red/blue LED indicator (designed for handicap spaces) • GP6289 0003 is a passive red/amber LED indicator (designed for reserved spaces) • cULus approved Product Description Ordering key GP 6289 000x The passive LED indica- tor for sensoris part of the car park system which contains other variants of sensors, passive dis- plays and monitor modules. The GP6289 000x is a pas- sive LED indicatormade as indicatorforsensor GP6240 2224 724. The passive sensor isnor- mally mounted outside the parking bay so that a passing vehicle can easily identify the status of the parking bay. The GP6289 0002 LED indi- cator is particularly designed for handicap spaces, while GP62890003 is designed for reserved spaces. Type: Dupline® Housing Input type Channels Inputs Input/Output Specifications RJ12 connectorNot in use 2x3-pin connector Not in use 1x2-pin connector Connector must be con- nected correctly from dot to dot etc. If the wire connection is reversed the LED will show the oppocite. E.g. occupied bay will show green (blue) and free bay will show red. Se drawing “Example of connection”. Type Selection GP6289 0001 Passive red/green LED indicator GP6289 0002 Passive red/blue LED indicator GP6289 0003 Passive red/amber LED indicator Supply Specifications Power supply: Powered from sensor module GP6240 2224 724 Max. supply current5 mA Power consumption:< 0.7 Watt Environment • Protection: IP 34 • Operating temperature: -40°C to 70°C • Storage temperature: -40°C to 85°C • Pollution Degree: 3 (IEC 60664) • Dimensions: Ø118 x 76 mm • Material: The case is made of polypropylene. The sensor lid is made of clear Polycarbonate. General Specifications LED indication: Occupied: Red LED continuously lit Space available:GP6289 0001 Green LED continuously lit GP6289 0002 Blue LED continuously lit GP6289 0003 Amber LED continuously lit ApprovalcULus (UL60950) MTBF > 400,000 hours Specifications are subject to change without notice (06.06.2013) 1\nAll ratings we receive from the items we offer are real and verified. A small gesture, but a lot of value. That's why we thank you for that minute you invest in leaving us your opinion and qualification about the products, because it helps us to continue improving and to offer you a service of even higher quality.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Graphene sensor at Laser Munich to lower cost of SWIR imaging\nGraphene Flagship partner, Emberion, is launching a VIS-SWIR graphene photodetector at Laser World of Photonics, from 24 to 27 June in Munich, Germany. The technology has been shortlisted for an innovation award at the Munich trade fair.\nThe linear array covers a wide spectral range, detecting wavelengths from the visible at 400nm into the shortwave infrared up to 1,800nm. Traditionally, it would require both silicon and InGaAs sensors to image across this wavelength range.\nEmberion estimates that replacing a system using silicon and InGaAs sensors with its graphene photodetector would result in a 30 per cent cost reduction.\nEmberion receives funding from the EU research initiative, the Graphene Flagship programme. Its photodetectors combine graphene transistors with a light absorbing layer. Food inspection, plastic sorting in recycling, authentication of pharmaceutical products, agricultural field analysis, and non-invasive medical imaging are among the potential uses for this product.\nThe detector cannot compete with silicon CMOS for visible light detection, Dr Vuokko Lantz, product manager at Emberion, told Imaging and Machine Vision Europe in an article about hyperspectral imaging. But to extend into the shortwave infrared, the graphene photodetector becomes ‘a very interesting alternative’, Lantz said.\nLantz added: ‘Our detector can offer similar performance to InGaAs in the near and shortware infrared region, and we outperform InGaAs in the visible region.’\n‘Graphene’s unique properties and its compatibility to combine with other nanomaterials allowed us to create this cost-effective array for spectrometers,’ commented Tapani Ryhänen, CEO of Emberion. ‘Providing broad spectrum capabilities, without the expense of traditional InGaAs sensors, the VIS-SWIR graphene photodetector provides a digital output using Emberion’s in-house designed read out circuits – without the need to translate analogue data with additional components.’\nFounded in 2016 as a spin-off from Nokia Technologies, Emberion’s VIS-SWIR graphene photodetector launch at Laser World of Photonics precedes further announcements, which will be revealed at Graphene Week 2019 in Helsinki, Finland from 23 to 27 September.\nEmberion first showed a prototype VGA VIS-SWIR sensor at the 2018 SPIE Photonics West show in San Francisco, where Frank Koppens from the Institute of Photonic Sciences in Barcelona, Spain also presented several applications of graphene-CMOS integration.\nAnother company shortlisted alongside Emberion within the imaging and sensors category of Laser World of Photonics' innovation award is SWIR Vision Systems. Its quantum dot SWIR sensor also lowers the cost of SWIR imaging compared to InGaAs sensors.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Recessed 26W tiltable downlight, ideal for commercial applications\n26W, CoB LED, 700mA, 3400lm, CRI 80, 3000K/4000K, 40° beam angle, 50,000 hrs\n700mA non dimmable driver included with 2 pin flex and plug\nWhite with black baffle (custom colour available upon request)\nAluminium housing with clear glass lens\nHousing ordered seperatley, 20°/70° reflectors available.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "We present Monte Carlo numerical calculations for the near-field and scattered diffuse intensities of p-polarized light incident upon a random Gaussian correlated surface. We observe that the near field is dominated by two evanescent waves of momentum parallel to the surface Qs and ∼−Qs that in turn produce oscillations in the near field. This is in agreement with a theoretical diagrammatic expansion in the spatial disorder that included the so-called fan diagrams. Our calculations, within a resolution larger than 4° in the scatter angle, do not show a sharp peak or even an extra contribution in the backward diffuse scattered intensity predicted by that theoretical expansion, however. At present, we cannot make any firm conclusions about this because we have to increase resolution and decrease statistical error to elucidate this point.\n© 1985 Optical Society of America\nOriginal Manuscript: June 6, 1985\nManuscript Accepted: August 28, 1985\nPublished: December 1, 1985\nN. Garcia and E. Stoll, \"Near-field effects and scattered intensities of electromagnetic waves from random rough surfaces,\" J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 2, 2240-2243 (1985)", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "US 7266259 B1\nAn optical fiber coil of sub-micron diameter is shown to exhibit self-coupling between adjacent turns so as to form a three-dimensional optical resonator of relatively low loss and high Q. As long as the pitch of the coil and propagating wavelength remain on the same order (or less than) the fiber diameter, resonance may occur. Resonances can be induced by allowing adjacent turns of the coil to touch each other. Optical devices such as resonators and interferometers may then be formed from such “microcoils” that exhibit superior characteristics to conventional planar devices. A method of forming such a microfiber using indirect laser heating is also disclosed.\n1. An optical device comprising a three-dimensional optical fiber coil of at least a pair of turns, the fiber coil exhibiting a diameter no greater than the wavelength of the electromagnetic field propagating through the optical device, wherein the pitch of the coil is defined as the spacing between adjacent turns and is maintained to be on the order of the fiber diameter so as to provide self-coupling of a propagating optical signal between adjacent turns.\n2. An optical device as defined in\n3. An optical device as defined in\n4. An optical device as defined in\n5. An optical device as defined in\n6. An optical device as defined in\n7. An optical device as defined in\n8. An optical device as defined in\n9. An optical device as defined in\n10. An optical device as defined in\n11. An optical device as defined in\n12. An optical device as defined in\n13. A method of forming an optical fiber having a diameter no greater than the wavelength of the electromagnetic field propagating therethrough, the method comprising the steps of:\na) obtaining an optical fiber of conventional diameter;\nb) inserting the optical fiber through a capillary tube of dimensions sufficient to allow for the fiber to move freely within the tube;\nc) fixing at least one end of the fiber to an axial translation stage;\nd) applying heat to the capillary tube sufficient to initiate melting of the section of fiber within the tube; and\ne) applying a pulling force to the fixed end of the fiber to draw the melting fiber until the predetermined desired sub-micron diameter is obtained.\n14. The method as defined in\nf) monitoring the optical signal passing through the fiber during the drawing process of step e), and adjusting the pulling force and/or rate as a function of the optical signal.\n15. The method as defined in\n16. The method as defined in\n17. The method as defined in\n18. The method as defined in\n19. The method as defined in\n20. The method as defined in\n21. The method as defined in\n22. The method as defined in\n23. The method as defined in\n24. An optical device as defined in\nThis application claims the benefit of Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/555,994, filed Mar. 24, 2004.\nThe present invention is related to the formation of microfibers (i.e., fibers having a diameter on the order of one micron or less) and, more particularly, to the utilization of such fibers as three-dimensional, coiled optical devices such as resonators and interferometers (fiber microcoils).\nA substantial amount of research is currently on-going in the field of optical micro-cavity physics, particularly directed at the ability to develop a high-Q cavity resonator. In general, resonant cavities that can store and re-circulate electromagnetic energy at optical frequencies have many useful applications, including high-precision spectroscopy, signal processing, sensing and filtering. Many difficulties present themselves when conventional planar (two-dimensional) technology, such as etching, is used to fabricate such resonant devices. In particular, the surfaces of such devices need to exhibit deviations on the order of a few nanometers to reduce scattering losses and conventional etching processes cannot routinely form such smoothness. Optical three-dimensional (3D) microcavity resonators, on the other hand, can have quality factors that are several orders of magnitude greater than typical surface etched, 2D resonators, since the microcavity can be shaped by natural surface tension forces during a liquid state fabrication step. The result is a clean, atomically smooth silica surface with low optical loss and negligible scattering.\nOptical glass microcavity resonators have quality factors (Q) that are higher by several orders of magnitude than their electromagnetic counterparts. Measured Q's as large as 1010 have been reported for optical glass microcavities, whereas other types of optical resonators typically have Q's ranging from about 105 to about 107. The high-Q resonances encountered in these microcavities are due to optical whispering-gallery-modes (WGMs) that are supported within the microcavities. For these structures, the high-Q light confinement is caused by total internal reflection from the surface of the cavity. Typically, for asymmetric dielectric cavities of this type, both in 2D and 3D, the high-Q modes are confined near a closed geodesic at the surface of the cavity or near a stable closed optical ray. At times, however, these devices suffer from the problem of overpopulation of the resonant modes, limiting the usefulness of such devices. Moreover, and from a more practical view, the ability to couple light into and out of such WGM devices is extremely difficult to achieve and almost impossible to replicate for manufacturability purposes.\nThe present invention addresses issues remaining in the prior art and relates to the formation of an optical fiber having a diameter no greater than the wavelength of the associated electromagnetic field (i.e., for optical communication wavelengths on the order of 1.5 microns, these fibers comprise a diameter of one micron or less), and the utilization of such fibers as three-dimensional coiled optical devices such as resonators and interferometers (fiber microcoils).\nIn accordance with one aspect of the present invention, a microfiber (i.e., a fiber drawn to a diameter on the order of one micron or less) is fabricated by utilizing a microfurnace in combination with laser heating to draw a fiber with transmission characteristics far superior to those formed using lithographic techniques. The fiber is inserted through the microfurnace (capillary tube) such that the section of the fiber to be heated and drawn remains in the microfurnace. The indirect heating of the fiber allows the use of a laser for heating a section of the capillary tube up to the glass melting temperature. Using the inventive technique, fibers with a diameter of less than 100 nm may be drawn.\nA microfiber, formed using the inventive technique, may be wound into a coiled structure (“microcoil”) and used, in accordance with the present invention, as an optical resonator or interferometer. In association with the sub-micron diameter of the optical fiber and in contrast to the prior art, light confinement in the inventive coil resonator is achieved by self-coupling between turns, rather than by the presence of a “closed optical path”.\nIn accordance with the present invention, if the diameter of the microfiber is comparable to the radiation wavelength and the pitch of the coil, then coupling between adjacent turns will occur and give rise to high-Q resonances. Advantageously, the process of forming the microfiber allows for biconical input/output tapers to be easily formed on either side of the coil, providing a conventional method for coupling light into and out of the microcoil.\nVarious aspects of the present invention include the ability to control the Q of the resonant structure through various means, such as by controlling the number of turns in the coil, the pitch of the turns, temperature of the coil, etc. In one embodiment, oscillation can be induced by allowing adjacent turns of the microcoil to touch each other.\nIndeed, these and other aspects of the present invention will become apparent during the course of the following discussion and by reference to the accompanying drawings.\nReferring now to the drawings,\nThe present invention, as will be described in detail below, proposes the use of a coiled single mode optical microfiber (for the purposes of the present invention, the term “microfiber” is defined as a fiber with a diameter on the order of one micron, or less than (or on the order of) the wavelength of the electromagnetic field), as illustrated in\nSince a drawn optical fiber will inherently have similar loss characteristics as a whispering gallery mode device (i.e., atomically smooth sidewalls), the significantly larger Q factors can be expected for microfibers with small radius variations. The microcoil resonator of the present invention complements the well-known Fabry-Perot (standing wave) and ring (traveling wave) resonators. In the Fabry-Perot resonator, the resonance is formed by interference of light experiencing multiple reflections from the turning points. In the ring resonator, the resonance is formed by interference of light traveling along the closed path. In the coil resonator of the present invention, the turning points are absent and the light path is open. However, the wave traveling along the open path is circulated on resonant conditions. The resonance is formed by the interference of light going from one turn to another along the microcoil and returning back to the previous turn with the aid of weak coupling. Indeed, it can be shown that a two-turn microcoil formed in accordance with the present invention will exhibit the same free spectrum range as a ring resonator.\nIn particular, the utilization of sub-micron thickness fiber (microfiber) to form a coil (microcoil) requires that the weak coupling between adjacent turns of the coil to be taken into account. It is assumed that the coupling coefficient K(s) between adjacent turns is adiabatically slow as a function of distance s along the microfiber. This condition can be ensured if the variation of the distance between windings is slow enough. Then, the propagation along the fiber coil is non-reflective and the coil performs as an all-pass filter. In cases where a core is present (such as illustrated in\nSelf-coupling (i.e., coupling between adjacent turns) will occur in accordance with the present invention when the coil pitch p is comparable to the characteristic transversal dimension of the propagating mode. Usually, this means that the pitch p needs to be comparable to the fiber radius, r, and radiation wavelength, λ. First, consider an idealized coil 30 consisting of two turns, as shown in\nGenerally, the microcoil of the present invention may have multiple turns, as illustrated in\nThe interference phenomenon can be observed in a microcoil of the present invention when a coiled microfiber touches itself (“self-touching”) and causes oscillation of the propagating light.\nIt is well known that drawing of very thin microfibers using direct heating from a laser source is impossible. Indeed, the minimum diameter of a microfiber formed by directly heating the fiber with a laser source is known to be limited by the power of the beam. In particular, for a microfiber heated with a CO2 laser, the power acquired from the laser beam is proportional to the volume of the fiber (i.e., the acquired power drops as a function of the fiber radius squared). At the same time, the power dissipated by the fiber is proportional to the surface area of the fiber (i.e., the dissipated power drops linearly with fiber radius). Therefore, at a certain radius, the dissipated power will equal the acquired power and melting of the fiber is no longer possible; the fiber “freezes” for this radial value.\nAn inventive arrangement for drawing sub-micron thin optical fibers (microfibers) in accordance with the present invention overcomes this limitation of the prior art by using indirect heating of the optical fiber. That is, the section of the fiber to be drawn is placed within a capillary tube (referred to hereinafter as a “microfurnace”), and the tube itself is heated with the laser source. The radiated heat from the laser then functions to melt the fiber and allow sub-micron drawing to occur.\nAn exemplary arrangement 100 for fabricating sub-micron diameter optical fibers (“microfibers”) in accordance with the present invention that utilizes laser heating while overcoming this “freezing” problem is illustrated in\nIn the arrangement of\nIn accordance with the present invention, the mass of the portion of fiber 160 within microfurnace 120 (the “melting fiber”) is much less than the mass of the corresponding heated section of microfurnace 120. Therefore, the temperature inside the microfurnace is not affected by the variation in fiber radius as the fiber is being drawn, allowing for the drawing process to be continued until the desired sub-micron diameter is achieved. The use of microfurnace 120, therefore, decouples the affects associated with the fiber from the heat source itself.\nCoiled microfiber resonators of the present invention exhibit several advantages over the 2D rings and 3D WGMs of the prior art, with a primary advantage being the relatively simple ability to couple signals into and out of the microcoil by using a pair of adiabatic tapers, as illustrated in\nAdditionally, since the microfiber is fabricated by melting, a microcoil formed from such a fiber will exhibit atomically flat surfaces in the same manner as WGM devices. Being fabricated of a single mode fiber, the microcoil has a one-dimensional resonant structure and does not exhibit the problem of overloading of the resonant modes, as found in 3D WGM microcavities.\nWhile the present invention has been particularly described and shown with reference to particular embodiments and methods of fabrication, it should be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and detail may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention as defined by the claims appended hereto.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The PIAA RF LED Light Bars feature Reflector-facing LEDs that project off of an ingenious computer-designed multi-surface reflector offering more illumination than forward facing LED Lights. The RF18 kit includes one light, mounting brackets, and complete wiring harness and detailed installation instructions. The Bulb Type consist of 2-16 high-powered LED bulbs, with 6000K Color temperature for a pure White and 2500K for Yellow output. The low profile design is made up of a cast aluminum housing with high strength polycarbonate lens. The modular mounting design allows for all RF Series Lights to be connected together to achieve desired length for a wide range of applications.\nNote: Select With or Without Wiring Harness then the Beam style when ordering.\nReflective Facing Technology: PIAA designed these bars with rearward facing bulbs to give you improved lighting & beam control compared to regular LED lights with forward facing bulbs resulting in better visibility.\nStreet Legal: Feel free to use this light bar on the street. The SAE-F Compliant beam stops glare from oncoming traffic keeping you legal and safe from getting a ticket.\nFeatures: Choose from desired selection of beams that give you exceptional ground, wide, and driving coverage to enhance your specific lighting needs. 6000K white and 2500K for Yellow output from high power LEDs to give you daylight on those dark nights. Ultimate protection by way of a cast aluminum housing with polycarbonate lenses as well as having a 10G vibration rating & IP67 water tight. Comes with mounting hardware, wiring harness, relay & switch.\nFog Beam: The widespread fog beam pattern illuminates far beyond the side of trails and road shoulders, and fills in the dark areas left by your low beams.\nYellow Fog Beam: 2500k Yellow light that throws large amounts of light in poor weather with multiple high power LEDs.\nHybrid Beam: Focused Beam Pattern in fog or driving.\nDriving Beam: Long-Range Driving Beam was designed to give the user extreme distance while still providing decent side and shoulder illumination.\n- Single LED Bar\n- Wiring Harness (When Selected Above)\n- Size: 10 inch to 19 inch\n- Light Pattern: Fog or Driving or Driving, Fog\n- Features: Aluminum, LED Light Bar or LED Light Bar\n- Color: Black\nPIAA RF 18\" LED Light Bar Options\n|Part Number||Catalog #||With or Without Wiring Harness||Light Beam Option:||Price|\n|07218||97041.0112||With Wiring Harness||SAE Fog||$509.15|\n|07018||97041.0102||Without Wiring Harness||SAE Fog||$475.15|\n|07418||97041.0202||Without Wiring Harness||Driving||$475.15|\n|07618||97041.0212||With Wiring Harness||Driving||$509.15|\n|22-07218||97041.0217||With Wiring Harness||SAE Yellow Fog||$509.15|\n|12-07218||97041.0225||Without Wiring Harness||SAE Yellow Fog||$475.15|\n|26-07118||97041.0221||With Wiring Harness||SAE Hybrid||$509.15|\n|16-07118||97041.0226||Without Wiring Harness||SAE Hybrid||$475.15|", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Thermal Imaging Gun\nThe Thermal Imaging Gun displays hot and cold spots on the screen, allowing users to more effectively observe temperature changes.\n● High/Low-temperature alarm\n● Rechargeable Li-ion battery (via micro USB interface)\n● Auto power off\n•Standard package also includes an 8GB Micro SD card for image and temperature data storage.\n•UTi80’s image blending feature is able to combine infrared and normal camera images together, allowing in-depth display for areas of interest.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Fitek Photonics Corporation is making a new and active marketing support to FTTX broadband network which we provide the total solution of the optical fiber cabling products. As we face the infinite demand on bandwidth for Audio, Video and data transmission in our life day after day, Fitek provide many solutions for different applications like POF fiber for Audio and consumer products, Outdoor optical fiber cabling solution for community, factory broadband network and Indoor/Outdoor & Indoor optical fiber cabling solution for building broadband network.As we use the sources of earth everyday, Fitek would like to pay the effort to protect our environment and provide the “Green” products which comply with the RoHS criterion to our customers.\nThis product profile describes the features and characteristics of the zoom lens.\nThe Thermo Scientific™ ARL™ EQUINOX 3000 X-ray Diffractometer for research enables accurate measurements.\nKLA’s Filmetrics F40 allows you to transform your benchtop microscope into an instrument to measure thickness and refractive index.\nIn this interview, AZoOptics talks to Davis Bowling, who provides guidance into extended reality (XR) optical testing and demonstrates how to optimize the testing process.\nAZoOptics speaks to Jan Novotný, one of the founding members of Lightigo, about the significance of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) in the elemental analysis field. Discussing Lightigo's rapid technology, Novotný discusses the latest trends in LIBS technology and its many benefits in several applications.\nDr. Stefan Weber\nAZoOptics speaks to Phaseform, whose approach to adaptive optics is helping to refine optic technologies across applications like life sciences microscopy and optical inspection.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Can you put LED lights in older cars?\nCan You Put LED Lights in Older Cars? Yep, thanks to the aftermarket there are quite a few options for getting modern LED lighting into your classic car.\nAre LED headlights legal on classic cars?\nLED lights cannot be fitted anywhere else on your historic vehicle unless the bulbs meet ECE standard 128 and ECE standard 148.\nAre LED headlight bulbs legal?\nWhilst they are not road legal, the bulbs are designed with specialist technology that make them a lot safer to use and won’t dazzle other drivers. It’s worth noting that many LED headlight bulbs will require a CANbus control unit to help them work correctly.\nAre LED replacement headlights illegal?\nAftermarket LED replacement bulbs are illegal, but there’s little enforcement at the federal level. “There are currently no LED headlamp replaceable bulbs that meet federal safety standards.\nIs it legal to replace halogen headlight bulbs with LED?\nThe general rule is if you have a halogen bulb currently installed and you want to upgrade to LED, it won’t be road legal. It’s classed as a kind of headlight modification, as you’re switching halogen technology to LED technology.\nWhat are the best LED headlights?\nBest LED Headlights in 2019 1. Cougar Motor All-in-One LED Headlight Bulbs – Best Single Beam H8/H9/H11 LED Headlights 2. OPT7 FluxBeam H11 LED Headlight Kit 3. Alla Lighting LED Headlight Bulbs – Best 9005/9006/9007 White LED Headlight Replacement Kit\nWhat cars have LED headlights?\nThese high-tech headlights have become a signature look of aftermarket upgrades, and they distinguish the styling on many new vehicles, in particular cars with LED headlights, which can be grouped in signature looks. Many models from Audi, BMW, Cadillac, Lexus, Mercedes-Benz, and others are equipped with these stylish headlights.\nAre LED headlights better then halogens?\nLED headlights are generally more energy-efficient and longer-lasting than traditional halogen headlights. Though they are more expensive than halogen bulbs up front, in the long run, LED headlights will save you some money.\nAre LED headlights worth it for your car?\nNot only do LED headlights last longer than standard halogen headlights, but they also typically work better. The lights are brighter and more efficient, which protects you while you drive. This is great for your safety and saves you money since you won’t have to replace these headlamps anytime soon.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Immersive and Kinetic Installation\nSCR is a kinetic installation that puts light in motion.\nBy considering light as a material in itself, we designed an installation that reveals its weight and thickness. Sacré is a ceiling of moving and synchronized mirrors that modulate streaks of light through its interstices.\nThe structure is thus to be considered as a technical tool that enhances the light through a possibility of infinite light paintings.\nMars 2019, Sacré Club, Paris, France", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Light Emitting Diode, or simply LED, is a semiconductor light source, which effuses light when it is activated. Among the types of LED lights, the UV LED lamps have become quite popular recently not only because of their efficiency but also because of their cost-effectiveness. The output of a solitary UV LED light is generally calculated in mW or milliwatts at a minimal input of current and voltage. The normal wavelength of the UV LED lights stays between the X-ray light and visible light.\nThe market of the UV LED lamps has grown massively over the years as they are nowadays being used in numerous different fields. Another reason, which has increased their popularity, is their small size. Other than being small, they are also known to be quite durable, which makes them resistant to any kind of impact or vibration. The UV LED lamps are known to be much less toxic, as unlike the CCFL technology, they do not contain harmful mercury materials in them.\nMost of the key players of the market of UV LED lamps are considering it as an ever-growing market not only because they are being made with modern technologies but also because of their environment-friendliness. In numerous countries, the UV lights are being used as biomedicine to protect people from various infectious diseases. These lights are known to have the ability to purify water as well as air. Furthermore, the UV lights are also being used in several industrial places, such as manufacturing and printing, for hardening and curing.\nTop key Players\nGlobal UV LED Lamps Market Segmentation\nMarket Segmentation By Product Type\nMarket Segmentation By Application\n* UV Curing\n* Medical Phototherapy\nIn the USA, the UV lights Market are being continuously used in various places, such as the industry, customer products as well as the military. Thus, among the countries as well as the continents, the United States of America is presumed to have the highest UV LED lamps market share in the upcoming years. However, the UV market of the numerous Asian countries such as Japan, China, and India are also expected to grow by a large amount, as the demands of printers in these regions are ever-growing. The UV LED lamps market of some other regions such as South America, Europe, Africa, and Middle East Asia are also expected to grow.\nBrowse for Detailed research report @ https://www.wiseguyreports.com/reports/4088445-global-uv-led-lamps-market-report-2019-market-size-share-price-trend-and-forecast\nWise Guy Reports is part of the Wise Guy Consultants Pvt. Ltd. and offers premium progressive statistical surveying, market research reports, analysis & forecast data for industries and governments around the globe. Wise Guy Reports features an exhaustive list of market research reports from hundreds of publishers worldwide. We boast a database spanning virtually every market category and an even more comprehensive collection of market research reports under these categories and sub-categories.\nCompany Name: Wiseguyreports.com\nContact Person: Norah Trent\nEmail: Send Email\nPhone: +1 646 845 9349, +44 208 133 9349", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Among the best 35mm lenses in the world, (for over 6 decades!) now in its latest generation with improved design and mechanics. A trusted favourite of generations and a popular first Leica M lens to buy.\nPerfect performance – in silver and black\nThis outstanding new classic prime lens offers exceptional image performance and unique bokeh. Despite its high speed and impressive imaging quality, its dimensions are astoundingly compact. Together with this lens, every Leica M becomes an extremely compact and elegant photographic tool. The Summicron-M features a rectangular, full-metal lens hood with a screw mount. A screw-in protector ring is provided to protect the filter thread of the lens when the hood is not in use.\nThe eleven blades of the iris of the new Summicron-M 35 mm f/2 ASPH. create a circular aperture. This lends the out of focus areas of subjects a smooth and harmonious look. The newly designed and constructed lens delivers pin-sharp pictures with rich contrast and almost complete freedom from distortion – at all apertures and distances - and even when wide open.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Нашли опечатку? Выделите ее мышкой и нажмите Ctrl+Enter\nНазвание: Photonic Microsystems Micro and Nanotechnology Applied to Optical Devices and Systems\nАвтор: Solgaard O.\nPhotonic Microsystems: Micro and Nanotechnology Applied to Optical Devices and Systems, describes MEMS technology and demonstrates how MEMS allow miniaturization, parallel fabrication, and efficient packaging of optics, as well as integration of optics and electronics. It shows how the characteristics of MEMS enable practical implementations of a variety of applications, including projection displays, fiber switches, interferometers, spectrometers.\nThe book describes the phenomenon of Photonic crystals (nanophotonics) and demonstrates how Photonic crystals enable synthesis of materials with optimized optical characteristics and allow control over optical fields over sub-wavelength distances, leading to devices with improved scaling and functionality compared to traditional optics.\nIt concludes with a discussion of the need for the combination of MEMS and Photonic crystals by demonstrating that practical photonic-crystal devices leverage MEMS technology for integration and packaging.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "(Laser Engravings ◊ ED)\n: High Definition performance for digital device users.\n: Extra-large near vision area, fast transition from distance to near (limited intermediate).\n: Variable corridor to fit any frame (15-25mm fitting heights).\n: Position of wear compensation for more accurate powers.\n(Laser Engravings ◊ A15, A18, A21)\n: Wider distance area for enhanced sports, outdoor and driving vision.\n: Rx-optimized with position of wear compensation.\n: 15 to 33mm fitting height for all sports/sun frames.\n: Available for high-wrap frames.\n(Laser Engravings ◊ E32 to E156)\n: First office lens designed for best performance and easy ordering.\n: Five intermediate lengths (32, 40, 54, 80 and 156 inches) to match patient’s working style.\n: Automatically calculated for 1.00 to 3.50 adds – over 40 combinations.\n: Virtually eliminates ordering errors.\n: 16-35mm fitting heights, wide material availability.\n(Laser Engravings ◊ D5, D7)\n: Enhanced single vision lens for pre-presbyopic wearers.\n: Power boost area for digital device use (.50 or .75D).\n: Wide, clear distance – great for all-day wear.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Nikon Digital Camera Z 5 kit with NIKKOR Z 24-70mm f/4 S Lens\nWelcome to a new dimension of photographic performance with the NIKKOR Z 24-70mm f/4 S. With high resolution precision, see a new world of possibility open up before you. This cutting-edge design gives you access to the latest in optical technology, research and development. Crafted with Nikon’s optical heritage in mind, the NIKKOR Z 24-70mm f/4 S delivers sharper images with minimal aberrations.\nWhere to Buy\nExperience groundbreaking optical technology in every shot. A compact and lightweight lens, the NIKKOR Z 24-70mm f/4 S reproduces even the most minute details in stunning high resolution. Witness consistently high image quality with minimal lens aberrations and sufficient peripheral illumination. Slim, yet rugged, the NIKKOR Z 24-70mm f/4 S can endure harsh weather conditions with dust and moisture resistance – perfect for the great outdoors.\nSpecification: Nikon Digital Camera Z 5 kit with NIKKOR Z 24-70mm f/4 S Lens\nPrice History for Nikon Digital Camera Z 5 kit with NIKKOR Z 24-70mm f/4 S Lens\nLast price changes", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "LED panel is a cutting-edge, ultra-thin, light source, providing lighting solutions for a variety of applications including: architectural lighting, display lighting, retail lighting, interior lighting and lighting graphics. LED panels, is available directly applied to the opal diffuser connected to the high-impact or no ultra-thin light source with a simple graphical front panel graphics. Because LED film is so thin, you can cut into various shapes and sizes that it opens up a whole new world of new lighting opportunities.\nLED panel is an 8-mm thick plate of acrylic acid and high-brightness LED embedded into the edge of a channel band of light in the acrylic. To ensure the best distribution and light output, acrylic face is engraved with an LED light which reflects the outward appearance of fine lines series.\nEtched lines of these differences, significant differences between light one of two main panels. Striped LED panel have already graduated engraved on the surface parallel to the direction of a single line, while the matrix LED light panel to create a uniform vertical and horizontal grid, or matrix of a series of lines. Stripe pattern for different etching carved because the model is personal, and matrix-specific panel is reduced from the big board, which means that stripes LED matrix is used to specify the size of the more specific.\nThe other main difference is that the high brightness LED light bar LED panel is to provide higher light output. In order to optimize the light output of LED lights on the rear panel to ensure that all the available reflected light reflection in front of the white backing paper. In both cases, with the support of the tail, with lines etched reflector provides light from the LED board is the most intelligent and the most uniform light possible.\nLED panels also provide energy-efficient lighting equipment, high-brightness light-emitting diode is a low energy consumption by the 12-volt DC power supply, which is simple and smart power inverter and connectors. Light board is to maintain low cost, because they are durable and high quality components to ensure the longest life expectancy estimated at more than 70,000 hours may be made into.\nIn order to ensure that the LED's life is essential that they are thermal management. The heat generated by the light-emitting diode is a special heat sink is installed in the group, consumption of heat from the LED away from the rear. LED lights in a matrix of metal radiator panel angle bar is in one place, with the other components with a waterproof adhesive tape, sealing light panel. LED panel in the stripes on the heat sink is actually the back of a metal frame and channeling heat away from the LED panel and place also has a LED.\nLED in a matrix LED panels can supply all kinds of color temperature, RGB color change even with the light-emitting diodes. The RGB LED light wall color change can be provided with a DMX controller, the management of color change and sequenced. LED light panel also provides an adjustable light controller unit, allowing users the perfect environment for the comprehensive control of the brightness of the light.\nled lights,solar lights,led strip lights,Deck Lights,WIFI Deck Lights,WIFI LED Strip", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Led floodlights series Premium\nSeries led spotlights Premium has increased light output, uniform illumination with minimized blinding effect.\nSlim case allows you to mount led lamp in places with limited space, such as a different corner of the space, peaks of roofs, ceilings, etc.\nA high degree of protection prevents penetration of moisture and dust in the spotlight, which has a positive impact on quality performance and long service life.\nThe radiator is located at the rear of the searchlight ensures high-quality cooling.\nLed floodlights suitable for lighting of warehouse, light manufacturing, street lighting", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "L01 LED Projector 4W\nConcise design, soft lighting effect\nfacades, bridges, landscape, etc.\nModern and compact design, suitable for different kinds of outdoor applications\nHigh quality extruded aluminium housing\nPolyester powder coated finish to withstand arduous environments\nTop grade high power LED for 4W/6W versions\nPrecision optical lens, achieves even light distribution\nUnique heat sink design, dissipates heat effectively,\nensuring good performance and longer lifespan.\nBuilt-in constant current led driver\nTop grade high power LED; Precision optical lens, achieves even light distribution; Unique heat sink design\nWidely used in facades, bridges, landscape, etc.\nScan the QR code to read on your phone", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The Long and Lighted Road: Lighting and Driving\nThe Roadway as a System\nWhat will be the future of roadway lighting? Certainly, it's reasonable to suppose that we will have roadway lighting with us for as long as we will have roads. Roadway lighting consumes 14 billion kWh annually in the United States. Not only does street lighting provide for visibility by illuminating objects and potential hazards in and along the roadway, it can also serve as a tool in economic development. Many historic downtowns are using decorative street lighting with historic character, for example, as part of overall renovations designed to bring both drivers and pedestrians, and their wallets, into these areas to patronize shops, restaurants and theaters.\n|At low (mesopic and scotopic) light levels, peripheral vision is more sensitive to shorter-wavelength (\"bluer\") light.\nShown above are the photopic and scotopic luminous efficacy functions, and a mesopic function for one light level.\nBut visibility and safety are still among the primary reasons to have street and roadway lighting. Most roadway lighting in the United States uses high intensity discharge (HID) light sources: high pressure sodium (HPS) and metal halide (MH). HPS lamps are known for their high lumen ratings and their yellowish tint; MH lamps produce fewer lumens than HPS and have a whiter appearance. But lumen ratings don't tell the user everything about potential visibility. Recent research has shown that at low (called \"mesopic\") light levels, like those typically specified on roadways at night, the spectral (color) sensitivity of our peripheral vision shifts toward shorter wavelengths (\"bluer\" light) and because of this shift, response times to objects in the periphery can be shorter under MH lamps than under HPS lamps, despite the lower lumen rating of MH. For non-peripheral tasks, like reading roadway signs, this advantage is not present.\nIt is worth noting too that in the future, manufacturers might optimize the color of HID and other light sources, such as fluorescent lamps, to more efficiently match the spectral response of the peripheral visual system at low light levels.\nArmed with the results of this research, Mark Rea, who is the director of the Lighting Research Center and author of many of the aforementioned visibility studies, recently proposed a sketch for a new approach to roadway lighting at a conference of lighting engineers in York, England. The typical roadway lighting approach is to uniformly light the roadway surface, helping to make objects on it visible to drivers, as shown in the first rendering below. Rea suggests a systems approach, allowing vehicular headlighting to carry the burden of lighting objects on the road, and essentially turning roadway luminaires around so that they illuminate areas along the edge of the roadway, as shown in the second rendering below. In this way, objects and potential hazards not yet on the road stand a better chance of being detected, and roadway luminaires could use light sources designed to take better advantage of the spectral effects described above. Of course, before actually advocating such a systems approach to roadway lighting, Rea states, these principles would have to be validated in actual field installations.\n|Conventional roadway lighting illuminates the surface of the roadway.|\n|One proposal for roadway lighting involves acknowledging the work done by automotive headlamps in illuminating the surface of the roadway, allowing luminaires to illuminate potential hazards near the roadway.|\nAs roadway lighting becomes more sophisticated, so does our understanding of its impacts beyond simply providing visibility. Light pollution and light trespass are being recognized more and more as real effects of excessive or poorly designed exterior lighting. To combat light pollution and light trespass, the following measures have been advocated:\n- use of cutoff luminaires so that bare lamps are not visible in roadway lighting fixtures, except from directly beneath them\n- designing lighting installations that provide the minimum amount of light needed for safety\n- in certain cases, such as in the vicinity of astronomical observatories, use of narrow-spectrum lamps, like low pressure sodium, which can be easily filtered by astronomers\nWe will see a growing awareness and optimization of these issues as roadway and street lighting continues to evolve as a system. An increasing importance is being placed on roadways and highways as engines of economic growth, and the incorporation of lighting and visibility issues into such programs as intelligent transportation systems (ITS) will require understanding not only about lighting technologies but the transportation-related tasks and processes that lighting supports.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "How a crystal structure within the skin of the famous colour-changing lizard holds the key to wearable photonic devices, next generation screens and optical communications\nIn nature, chameleons can easily change colors by controlling the spacing between periodic nanocrystals on their skin.\nThis coloring based on surface structures is chemically stable and robust. Inspired by nature, we managed to make a laser able to change color using a similar mechanism to that seen in chameleon skin. Such mechanically tunable lasers could provide advances in responsive optical displays, wearable photonic devices, and ultra-sensitive strain sensors.\nResearchers have recently discovered that panther chameleons can change their color by active tuning of spacings in a lattice of guanine nanocrystals on their skin. The periodic lattices function as photonic crystals – dielectric nanostructures with ordered refractive index variation – to control the light flow. Certain wavelengths of light associated with the lattice spacings can be reflected from the nanocrystals, while others are forbidden, which determines the colors we perceive in the eyes.\nChameleons manifest skin color change from green to yellow or orange from the resting to the excited state. At the same time, distance among guanine crystals increases by around 40%, which causes shifting of selective reflectivity from short (blue, green) to long wavelengths (orange, red). Further straining the elastic skin could enable color changes over the entire visible range. This color change occurs within a couple of minutes and is fully reversible, and can inspire diverse applications in photonic displays, optical communications and on-chip circuits.\nCompared to tunable colors in chameleons, the laser emission is typically fixed at the time of fabrication, and the manipulation of output color requires complex optical device designs. Advances in nanofabrication have enabled unconventional material architectures at the nanoscale, and the engineering of nanostructures can introduce new physical properties unavailable in conventional devices.\nThis color change occurs within a couple of minutes and is fully reversible, and can inspire diverse applications in photonic displays, optical communications and on-chip circuits\nNature-inspired stretchable lasers Exploiting a similar mechanism, we achieved mechanical control of the lasing color by exploiting a lasing cavity based on periodic arrays of nanoparticles (cm2) in a stretchable, polymer (PDMS) matrix. Liquid dye molecules dissolved in organic solvents functioned as the gain media to ensure the dyes would surround the nanoparticles upon stretching of the substrate. In previous work, by switching the liquid dye solution, we had demonstrated the first real-time tunable nanolaser. Here, stretching the substrate provides an alternative way without micro-fluid channels.\nLarge metal nanoparticles (around 260 nm in diameter) arranged in a lattice (spacing 600 nm) produce high-quality cavity modes with extremely narrow resonance linewidth (< 5 nm). In cases of uneven sample surfaces and defects in the lattice – sharp and intense cavity resonance is still maintained. This new lasing mechanism enables stable high cavity mode quality upon stretching of the device, distinct from current laser designs. The cavity resonance originates from the diffractive coupling of metal nanoparticles; hence, the color of lasing is determined by the interparticle distances, and small changes in strain directly induce the emission peak shift.\nWhen pumped with an external ultrafast laser, the nanolaser emits at around 870 nm normal to the sample surface, with a narrow beam in the far field. The lasing wavelength shifts into the near-infrared side when the device is stretched, and exhibits excellent recovery after releasing of strain. Cyclic changes in strain allow real-time modulation of the lasing output. By stretching and releasing the elastomeric substrate, we could select the lasing emission color at will.\nSignificantly, stretchable nanolasing from metal nanoparticle arrays induces a wavelength shift of 31 nm for a 3% increase of interparticle spacing, demonstrating a sensitivity around ten times higher than those based on photonic crystals in similar geometries. This improvement is attributed to the tuning of lasing colors directly by small changes in lattice spacing, while the microscale photonic cavities are less sensitive to nanoscale structural changes.\nThe device also harnesses plasmons – collective oscillations of conduction electrons – on the surface of gold nanoparticles. Thanks to these plasmon resonances, light can be confined to tiny regions smaller than half its wavelength (the diffraction limit), which is typically a challenge for conventional photonic devices. The confined electromagnetic fields result in lasing action from sub-wavelength regions close to the metal nanoparticles. The generation of lasing at the nanoscale is beneficial for enhancing light-matter interactions such as fluorescence, photocatalysis and nonlinear optical processes.\nFlexible nanolasers for the future The stretchable nanolaser offers new prospects for future wearable and flexible optical displays in such as televisions and mobile phones that require coherent light sources. Current electronic screens can be easily broken, while the integration with an elastic substrate enables a flexible device robust to deformation. With side-by-side patterning of these nanoparticle lattices and integrating with different gain materials, we could mimic the multi-color change in chameleons by stretching and releasing the flexible device.\nAdditionally, our laser system can work as an efficient and highly directional light source and achieve emissions from the ultraviolet to near-infrared by incorporating various metals, gain materials, and nanoparticle spacings. Different from gold nanoparticles, silver and aluminum nanoparticles can support nanolasing at the visible and ultraviolet wavelengths. The broadband tuning capability offers possibilities in full-color photonic displays and multi-channel optical communications.\n[caption id=\"attachment_67579\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"200\"] Stretchable nanolasing based on metal nanoparticles integrated with liquid gain materials. Changing interparticle distances directly modulated the cavity resonance wavelength, and thus tunable lasing emission was achieved by stretching and releasing the substrate.[/caption]\n- A. Yang, T.B. Hoang, M. Dridi, C. Deeb, M.H. Mikkelsen, G.C. Schatz, and T.W. Odom, “Real-time tunable lasing from plasmonic nanocavity arrays,” Nature Communications 6, 6939 (2015)\n- D. Wang, M.R. Bourgeois, W. Lee, R. Li, D. Trivedi, M.P. Knudson, W. Wang, G.C. Schatz, T.W. Odom, “Stretchable Nanolasing from Hybrid Quadrupole Plasmons,” Nano Letters 18, 7, 4549–4555 (2018)\nDanqing Wang is a Ph.D. candidate in the applied physics program at Northwestern University co-advised by Professor Teri W. Odom and Professor George C. Schatz. Her research focuses on structural engineering of plasmonic nanocavities and their light−matter interactions with different gain media.\nTeri W. Odom is Charles E. and Emma H. Morrison Professor of Chemistry, Professor of Materials Science and Engineering, and Associate Director of the International Institute for Nanotechnology (IIN) at Northwestern University.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "SERENGETI, THE ULTIMATE GLASSES TECHNOLOGY\nSerengeti pays particular attention to the materials we use to protect your eyes and offer you the best visual acuity available on the market.\nFrom the finest and ultimate raw materials to the latest coatings, every step of the production and every component are meticulously checked to guarantee the best quality and protection.\nUltra-light mineral lenses:\nExperience the ultimate lens on the market.\nOur mineral lenses are made with borosilicate optical glass, from Corning.\nA full 20% thinner and lighter, our Borosilicate mineral glass lenses are finer than any other lens.\nThey provide the best visual acuity you could ever experience.\nEvery pair of Serengeti mineral lenses is unique:\neach Photochromic lens passes through a\nHydrogen-fueled Lehr furnace, which activates the Spectral Control technology – with varying temperatures that determine the proprietary lens hue.\nThey are also chemically tempered to ensure scratch and impact resistance.\nTo complete this unrivaled visual experience, an anti-reflective coating is added to the backside of the lens, canceling the scattering light that causes reflective glare.\nFRAME MATERIALS AND TECHNOLOGY METAL\nOffering the possibility of creating thin and lightweight frames, handcrafted for ultimate comfort and a wide fit range.\nMetal frames also have the great advantage of being strong and impact resistance as well as being highly aesthetic by proposing an infinite variety of colors and combinations with other materials.\nUsing only the highest-quality injected\nNylon TR90 for superior durability, these fashionable frames have the added benefit of being exceptionally light, strong, chemically resistant, and extremely flexible and comfortable.\nExpertly produced and cured from all-natural cotton, our Cellulose Propionate Acetate is not only handcrafted to be lightweight but can be made into beautiful patterns and brilliant hues. Pliable when heated, it is ideal for custom fitting.\nA UNIQUE 3-EN-1 LENS TECHNOLOGY\nSerengeti® is a pioneer in the development of photochromic technology. Darkening in bright sunlight and lightening in overcast conditions, Photochromic technology allows your eyes to adapt to any light, anywhere. The result is a view of the world so crystal clear, you’ll notice natural beauty you’ve never seen before. This technology is molecularly infused into every Serengeti lens.\nSerengeti’s Polarizing technology suppresses glare, allowing you to enjoy all the depth and beauty the world has to offer. When glare reflects off the road, water, snow or flat areas, parallel light rays can pass through unhindered, while distracting perpendicular light is reflected. This allows you to discover more clarity, while living free from glare and eye fatigue.\nSome of our products feature non-polarized lens options, ideal for pilots or professionals with digital instrument panels.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Stahl Compact Camera EC-710\nThe Stahl Compact Camera EC-710 is an explosion proof camera station, designed for use in harsh environment and where there is minimal space. The Stahl Compact Camera EC-710 has a compact design which allow it to be placed in almost any niche. The Stahl Compact Camera EC-710 has a sight glass mount to monitor any process and procedure.\nThe extremely small, lightweight, unobtrusive, robust and compact design allows it to be placed in the tightest corner.\n7 lenses and therefore 7 different viewing angles ensure a constant monitoring and overview of the plant.\nThe low power consumption allows autonomous operation in conjunction with solar power or battery power.\nQuick, easy and cost-saving mounting/installation.\nZone 1,2, 21, 22\nIP69K protection allows easy cleaning of extremely soiled cameras by using a high-pressure cleaner.\nThe temperature range of -40°C up to +75°C allows worldwide operation without additional enclosures.\nThe light-weight (0.44 kg/0.97 lbs without cable) and the diameter of only 55 mm allow easy mounting/installation.\nPlease contact us for more information.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "High-speed photoacoustic microscopy of mouse cortical microhemodynamics.\n- Additional Document Info\n- View All\nWe applied high-speed photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) for both cortical microenvironment studies and dynamic brain studies, with micrometer-level optical resolution and a millisecond-level cross-sectional imaging speed over a millimeter-level field of view. We monitored blood flow redistribution in mini-stroke mouse models and cerebral autoregulation induced by a vasoactive agent. Our results collectively suggest that high-speed PAM is a promising tool for understanding dynamic neurophysiological phenomena, complementing conventional imaging modalities.\nauthor list (cited authors)\nLin, L. i., Yao, J., Zhang, R., Chen, C., Huang, C., Li, Y., ... Wang, L. V.\ncomplete list of authors\nLin, Li||Yao, Junjie||Zhang, Ruiying||Chen, Chun-Cheng||Huang, Chih-Hsien||Li, Yang||Wang, Lidai||Chapman, William||Zou, Jun||Wang, Lihong V", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "There is no denying that the popularity of thermal imagers in airsoft applications is growing year by year. This phenomenon is favored by the increasing competition on the market and the falling prices of simpler devices following technological progress.\nNot everyone likes this state of affairs. Although thermal imaging devices are becoming more affordable, some airsofters do not plan to spend their money on such equipment, wanting to continue playing in the classic way, from a time when such technical innovations were almost unheard of. So the idea of \"unplugged\" type games developed in the gaming community, played both at day and night. The use of advanced optoelectronics is prohibited during such events. Different people take part in such games: those skeptical about thermal imaging, who have a neutral attitude towards it, as well as owners of such equipment who like to play in different ways and appreciate using only classical optics and white light sources.\nIn this part of our guide, we will focus on the practical use of thermal imaging during airsoft games that allow it. Everything you read is the result of the writer's own experience and will be expressed in an extremely subjective way.\nThere are pros and there are cons\nThe skeptical and sometimes even hostile approach of some players to the use of thermal imagers during airsoft games is due to the fear of gaining an excessive advantage by players that use them. Some are also not fully aware of how thermal imaging works. These devices are often perceived as flawless and that they provide an unfair advantage over participants without such equipment. And what is the reality?\nIn short, there's a lot of truth in these fears. At least when considering the use of thermal imaging during airsoft night combat encounters. Players forced to use white light sources have incomparably less chance against thermal imagers, especially if they are not aware of what the opponent is using. Nevertheless, a close-knit group of players who are aware of the advantages and disadvantages of using thermal imaging, who try to maintain the initiative in the field, can compete on an equal footing with the owners of advanced equipment, using only good quality sources white light\nThe advantage of thermal imagers is not so important during the day, especially when it comes to traditional models, without going into the subject of multispectral imaging. In daylight, the first and most important difference is good visibility of targets to the naked eye and the consequent awareness of one's surroundings. Usually, every player is able to pick up a moving target within sight without much difficulty, and if the camouflage of the sought object is not optimally matched, a stationary silhouette can also be quickly spotted. Thermovision, on the other hand, gives a big advantage in detecting well-camouflaged, stationary people. It can also work in other circumstances, for example when there are large differences in sunlight in the field, making it difficult to see the enemy; when it is partially hidden by a layer of vegetation or the transparency of the air is low.\n2023. Pulsar Multispectral Sights Thermion Duo DXP50 and DXP55 equipped with two sensors: CMOS 4K and thermal 640x480 @17 um.\nWhen two competing players, one with a thermal imager and the other with a classic scope, engage in an open firefight and both can see each other well, the type of optics used ceases to matter much. Nay! Traditional scopes gain an advantage in this situation, as they allow to observe the BB's flight path longer and more accurately and take any necessary corrections.\nIn thermal imaging, the visibility of fired BBs is often limited by device parameters and weather conditions. Too small differences in the detected radiation between the \"composite\" and the environment resemble observing dark BBs through classic optics: one can see the target, one can see the reticle, but one can't always see the BBs being shot. Effective use of the thermal imager requires a perfect alignment of the reticle, a good sense of distance, a replica that shoots repeatedly and accurately, and the BB's flight path as flat as possible. Otherwise, it may be necessary to shoot an excessive amount of BBs, and the effect will still not be guaranteed .\nIn connection with the scenario described above, in addition to factors somewhat dependent on the user, such as knowledge and preparation of one's own equipment, there are also those independent of the player, i.e. atmospheric conditions. If there is wind, then with increasing distance at which firing is conducted, the optimal trajectory of the BB's flight may be more and more deviated. It can be much harder for a thermal imaging user to notice this, and in unfavorable circumstances it will be even impossible.\n2022. Japa3d double-layer airsoft thermal imager lens cover. It is possible to fully expose the lens, protect it with a durable \"honeycomb\" or cover it completely.\nFor these reasons, I myself prefer to use thermal imaging on assault rifle and machine gun replicas, where it is possible to compensate for the effects of adverse factors by holding the trigger longer. In DMR or sniper rifle replicas, when firing is conducted at a distance of more than 70 meters, classic optics are my preferred choice.\nAdditional difficulties are also caused by thermal imaging users, protecting the lens from the effects of hits by BBs. There are opinions that it is more durable than the one used in classic optics. In many years of using thermal imaging equipment, we have seen with our own eyes both broken protectors made of germanium glass and an lens cracked by a BB that pierced a previously poor quality honeycomb protector. Replacing a damaged component was possible, but costly.\n2020. Using a germanium protector on a lens can protect your device from damage. Non the less it is also vulnerable to damage.\nHow to effectively protect the lens? Glass and polycarbonate covers do not transmit thermal radiation in the spectrum used by thermal imaging, so installing such a devices is completely out of the question. An additional germanium lens may have sensible transmission, but they are less readily available, expensive and also prone to damage. A cover in the form of a honeycomb works best, with a durable mesh inside. However, it should be remembered that the thicker the weave, covering a larger area, the more the actual image quality of the Imager will suffer. This is manifested by a decrease in clarity and much less detail of what is seen on the screen of the device (similar to insufficient thermal sensitivity or bad weather conditions). Therefore, the dimensions of the cover and weave should be properly selected to ensure the right balance between protection and imaging quality.\n2023. Effect on thermal imaging by obscuring the lens with a honeycomb cover. A similar difference can be seen between devices with higher and lower thermal sensitivity. The detail of the environment has less detail, while the warmest objects (the vehicle visible in the center of the image and the man in the upper left corner) are still visible.\nOn the Polish market there are contractors specializing in creating this type of covers for thermal imagers. In some cases, it is also possible to use special, three-stage designs that allow the lens to be fully covered, partially or completely exposed, depending on the situation in the field and the user's preferences.\nChoosing a comfortable thermal imager\nWhen considering the comfortable and effective use of thermal imaging during airsoft games, one needs to answer a few questions first. Is it to be used mainly for detecting threats or aiming and shooting? Can it perform both roles at the same time?\nFacing the choice of the first device, I myself usually recommend buying a thermal imager in the form of a sight. Although thermal imaging monoculars, especially those worn on the head, provide great convenience and the ability to continuously scan the terrain without engaging one's hands for this purpose, threat detection is only half the battle. The located target must also be eliminated, and for this purpose a device with a reticle that can be zeroed with an airsoft replica comes in handy.\nAs we mentioned in the previous part of the guide, in some cases it is possible to adapt a handheld thermal imaging monocular to the role of a makeshift sight, usually by means of custom mounts. Some of these devices offer software that can imitate a reticle or an aiming point (e.g. pixel correction function). Others may have static elements on the screen (e.g. a stadiametric rangefinder) that can be used as a reference point when aiming. In such cases, a mount with the possibility of adjustment it in two planes will be useful. Why is it even considered to mount a thermal imager on a replica that is not designed for it? Such constructions are usually cheaper than full-fledged sights with analogous parameters.\n2018. The simultaneous use of night vision systems (e.g. in the form of a monocular worn on the head - here q PVS-14) and thermovision (e.g. a sight, but not only).\nThe device mounted on the replica can also scan the area. This can be a bit more tedious, as it requires frequent aiming or moving around in a hi-ready position. Developing the right method and intervals for observing the terrain takes time and familiarity with the equipment, but it quickly becomes a natural reflex. This can be additionally helped by the appropriate selection of the base magnification and the field of view of the Imager.\nThe higher the magnification, the more comfortable it is to aim and shoot precisely, but due to the small field of view, scanning the surroundings takes longer and requires more looking around. Imagers with a matrix with a resolution of 384x288 pixels or more offer image detail that allows for relatively accurate shooting at airsoft distances, even with a small magnification. According to my subjective feelings, a reasonable value here is the base magnification between 1.5-2.0x. At the same time, sights with a matrix of 240x180 or 256x192 pixels may require a higher magnification to make up for the lack of sufficient resolution of the sensor when firing at objects of the size of a partial human figure (e.g. crouching or hidden behind a tree) or at a longer distance. In the case of such devices, even those that offer a basic optical magnification of 2.5-3.0x can work well. Due to the smaller field of view, their deficiencies will be shifted towards the convenience of scanning the environment.\nThe situation may change if a person interested in purchasing such a device has other equipment for night activities. Especially when it is a night vision device based on an efficient new generation transducer, well protected against the adverse effects of light, which works great in the passive mode. In addition to the devices mentioned in the previous paragraphs, the field of interest may also include the thermal clip-on attachment mounted on the head-worn NV system, which allows to extend all the advantages of night vision with the detection capabilities provided by thermal imagers. Despite the lack of a dedicated sight, firing can be facilitated in such a situation by the presence of an IR laser target indicator cooperating with the night vision device.\nWhen deciding to buy a budget thermal imaging device with poor image quality, it is worth knowing that in everyday use it may not give the expected benefits and advantages in relation to traditional sights. This situation applies in particular to stand-alone thermal imaging sights, the installation of which makes it difficult or impossible to use classic daytime optics mounted above the axis of the barrel of a replica.\nIf you want to use cheap thermal imaging during the day, I recommend making sure that it will be possible to use an alternative sight at the same time (e.g. a reflex sight mounted on a thermal imager). Alternatively, you can choose a device with an external screen and attach it to the side mounting rail to support your threat detection capability without sacrificing your main optics for daytime operations.\n2023. During SHOT Show 2023, Holosun presented their fusion sight prototype: combining traditional reflex sight with thermal imaging.\nIf you have a larger budget, sights adapted to multispectral imaging may come in handy. However, this is still a new solution and I do not have enough experience with it myself to give any advise in this matter.\nPlayer and team performance\nAn important issue is whether the player belongs to an airsoft group or not. A properly chosen thermal imager can provide a huge advantage for the whole team - especially when it is to be their first one.\nTeams that move at night without the support of advanced technology must rely heavily on their senses, be discreet, and use white light sources wisely. If they come across opponents using thermal vision (or in some cases also night vision), they are highly vulnerable to being ambushed. The rival can detect the presence of a given team long before it enters his range, and prepare accordingly.\nFor this reason, the first thermal imager that appears on any team member will make the biggest difference. This also applies to lower-class equipment, the prices of which are often close to the value of a single, brand name airsoft replica. The ability to detect a threat from a long distance significantly improves the comfort of moving at night. Detection of an enemy by a spearhead using thermal imaging during marches becomes much easier, thanks to which the rest of the group is able to quickly learn the approximate number and distance from an opponent. With better awareness of the situation, the commander's further decisions about engaging or breaking contact can completely change the course of the game.\n2020. ATN Mars 4 384 thermal imaging sight. Version with the smallest base magnification - 1.25x - enabling comfortable scanning of the terrain at close range, thanks to the large field of view.\nEven with good quality equipment, one should not forget about all the basic skills acquired during operations using only white light. During my own adventure with night airsoft games, I have found out many times that even the presence of many thermal imagers in the team does not provide full group security. Lack of proper discipline can create a false impression of safety, so it is necessary to maintain concentration at all times.\nCounteracting thermal vision\nWhat if someone is on the other side of the barrel and doesn't use advanced equipment themselves? How to counteract enemies equipped with thermal vision? This issue appeared as quickly as the first thermal imagers encountered in airsoft games. Is there any hope for such people?\nThere is. However, I'd be lying if I said it's easy. Counteracting thermal vision requires sensible tactical lighting, and in addition: skills, teamwork, courage and... luck.\nA tactical flashlight suitable for such an application must provide a beam of light that effectively illuminates the distance exceeding the maximum shooting range of airsoft replicas, i.e. at least around 100 meters. The value in the ANSI FL1 standard given in the parameters of the flashlight cannot be suggested here, because in far from ideal field conditions, it does not provide sufficient light intensity at the described distance.\nThe whole idea of countering thermal imaging with white light is based on simple assumptions: the owner of a thermal imager will still see the target before someone without such technology does. Without knowledge of the position and direction of the users' observation equipment, it is almost impossible to hide and avoid detection.\n2021. Delta Optical Neon S1 thermal sight. 17um sensor with a resolution of 384x288 pixels and a 2x base magnification. The photo shows the Olight Warrior X tactical flashlight and the Garmin Instinct Solar Tactical watch.\nUnder such conditions, the advantage of thermal imaging devices should be offset by ensuring the best possible awareness of the surroundings. This can be improved by definite and aggressive use of white light sources. With the right discipline and a bit of luck, there is a chance of spotting an enemy equipped with a thermal imager (by noticing a silhouette, or e.g. reflex from eye protection or optics) before you enter the firing range of his replica. If there is a situation in which both parties see each other, thermal imaging loses some of its advantages.\nOne could discuss the advantages and disadvantages of such a solution. In this way, the risk of revealing your position to other people operating only with flashlights and night vision goggles increases significantly. However, when participating in games that allow the use of advanced optoelectronics, it can be assumed that teams that are not equipped with thermal vision will be in the minority.\nI have a small budget, should I buy night vision or a thermal imager?\nIf you have a small amount of money and wonder what will bring you more benefits in airsoft - night vision or thermal vision - then there is only one answer.\nGo with a thermal imager. The cheapest night vision devices on the market require an additional IR illuminator to work properly, as the transducer installed in them is not efficient enough to effectively use the naturally available residual light. When using such night vision goggles in active mode, you run the risk of betraying your position. This is due not only to other night vision goggle owners. The red glow visible on the emitter of the IR illuminator will also be noticeable to those who do not have any equipment.\n2023. Refreshed version of the thermal clip-on overlay: Krypton 2 by Pulsar.\nMany enthusiasts of movies and computer games decide to buy a cheap night vision monocular with the intention of using it with a head mount. I myself am not against budget solutions. I believe that every thing, used in the right way and in favorable conditions, can work effectively. The problem is that these cheap night vision goggles are not suitable for wearing on the head. Apart from the illuminator mentioned above, they are usually heavy and offer a small viewing angle. They quickly become more of a nuisance than help.\nAt the same time, in the offer of various manufacturers, one can find the cheapest models of thermal imaging cameras at a similar price. Despite their parameters being very weak, at a short distance they have satisfactory detection capabilities, impossible to achieve even with slightly more expensive night vision equipment. In night conditions, the mere awareness of the enemy's presence is a huge advantage and gives the opportunity to effectively plan further actions: no matter if using the said thermal imager, white light or any other way.\nWe respect the decisions and opinions of others. Every airsoft player has the right to play the way they like, whether using thermal and night vision devices or using only white light sources at unplugged games.\nAt the same time, each person who took the time to familiarize themselves with the presented point of view is wellcommed to take part in any discussion and polemics. What do you agree with and with what you do not? Share your experiences so that people interested in the subject of the airsoft use of thermal imaging can learn as much as possible.\n2023. Pulsar Telos LRF XP50 - an innovative, modular thermal imaging monocular by Pulsar with a sensitivity of NETD <18 mK.\nThe same applies to the previous parts of this guide, in which we tried, among other things, to decide if popular theories about thermal imaging are true and describe as faithfully as possible how its use looks like in practice. If you came here via a direct link and feel that this topic interests you, please read the first article, which you can find here.\nIf you are convinced that you want to explore the world of thermal imaging on your own, we encourage you to read the second part of the guide. We have included tips and simplified descriptions of important technical parameters of thermal imaging devices, which may be useful in choosing the right thermal imager for yourself. Due to the length of the material, this part has been divided into two chapters: first and second.\nAll the opinions and conclusions presented in the whole series of articles are a subjective reflection of the knowledge gathered on the basis of my own experience. Thank you for your attention and time.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Over 24 million people choose contact lenses to correct vision. When used with care and proper supervision, contacts are a safe and effective alternative to eyeglasses. And with today’s new lens technology, many people who wear eyeglasses can also successfully wear contacts.\nDrs. Fagadau, Hawk & Swanson offers a full service, comprehensive contact lens department, recognized for finding solutions to the most difficult fits. Steve Fitzpatrick and Claire Shaw are outstanding specialists, with over 30 years of experience.\nAt Fagadau, Hawk & Swanson we provide all brands of contact lenses, along with the newest innovations in contact lens materials and designs. This allows for the best fit for every individual.\nImportant considerations for achieving the best fit are:\nThe different types of contact lenses are:\n- Soft Contacts\n- Disposable Contact Lenses\n- Rigid Gas Permeable Contacts\n- Specialty Lens Fittings\nMultifocal – Would you like the freedom and youthful appearance from not wearing glasses?\nMultifocal contact lenses are designed to provide good vision to people who have a condition called presbyopia. The key sign that you are developing presbyopia is that you need to hold reading material further from your eyes to see it clearly.\nThere are three different designs for bifocal lenses:\n- Simultaneous vision: The lens centers on the cornea with both the distance and near prescriptions within the pupil area. The eye receives both in-focus and out-of-focus images at the same time.\n- Concentric vision: The center portion of the lens has the distance power and the outside of periphery portion has the near power, or vice versa.\nMonovision Contact Lenses\nBifocal contact lenses may not be for everyone. If that is the case, monovision contact lens wear may be the answer. With monovision, you wear one contact lens to correct distance vision and the other contact lens to correct near vision.\nSoft contact lenses are manufactured in different materials with various water concentrations, oxygen permeabilities, designs and production techniques.\nSoft contacts do not correct regular or irregular astigmatism as well as, RGP lenses. Under these conditions\nRGP contact lenses give better vision. Soft contact lenses do not last as long as RGP lenses.\nDaily Disposable Contact Lenses – Would you like the convenience and safety of wearing a single use soft contact lens?\nDaily disposable lenses are single use, designed to be worn one day then thrown away. They are the best lenses for intermittent or periodic wear. They can be the most comfortable lenses for dry eye patients or people who suffer from allergies. Daily disposables require no cleaning or disinfection method there for are the most convenient.\nRigid Gas Permeable Contact Lenses – Do you want and require crisp, clear vision?\nRigid Gas Permeable (RGP) contact lenses, also known as oxygen permeable lenses, are today’s state-of the-art hard contact lenses. Most RGPs are made of different compositions of silicone with variations in wettability, oxygen permeability and flexibility.\nThere are some outstanding benefits offered by RGPs over soft lenses. For one, because a RGP is a stiff material, it retains its shape well when you blink, which tends to provide crisper vision than would a soft lens.\nRGPs are frequently the answer for people who do not obtain acceptable vision with soft lenses. This not only includes some people with astigmatism and presbyopia, but also people who have a condition called keratoconus.\nSpecial Lens Fittings\nFagadau & Hawk’s contact lens staff is experienced in even the hardest to fit contact lens patients.\n- Keratoconus Contact Lenses: A contact lens to correct irregular astigmatism caused by non-inflammatory thinning of the cornea.\n- Cosmetic Contact Lens: Special contact lens made to hide cosmetic defects in an eye.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Note: Your Quotation Request will be directed to\nThe Y-Fi HP from KMLabs is a Laser with Wavelength 1035 nm, Power 20 W, Output Power (Pulsed) 20 W, Pulse Energy 3 µJ, Operating Temperature 16 to 26 Degree C. More details for Y-Fi HP can be seen below.\nTunable Wavelength Femtosecond Laser System Based on OPCPA Technology\n1064 nm LADAR Laser for Geospatial Mapping\nDiode Laser Systems from 405 to 642 nm", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "An motion camera is a separate class of video cameras, which has rapidly gained its recognition. The thought Prime lens is 35mm, produce a very good and clear high quality, and it is the best for all type of pictures because it is close to human eyes. An example of this type of digital camera is the Canon PowerShot G10 three that retails for about $470-$500. This new age camera is GPS appropriate and also allows you to resize your photos to attach in your Emails. Cameras which take single exposures on sheet film and are functionally similar to plate cameras were used for static, excessive-image-high quality work; for much longer in 20th century, see Large-format camera , beneath. And no matter whether or not you’re a novice or an skilled photographer, you possibly can browse eBay to seek out one of the best camera for you, be it mirrorless or an SLR (single lens reflex).\nAt 6400 ISO and mix that with a quick glass you now can shoot at nighttime with the OMD-EM5 Mark II. A sport changer within the mirror-less camera market and this camera glad most shooters on the market. Olympus additionally release a 1.4X converter however right now it only works with the PRO f/2.8 lens from what I’ve learn to date. An event shooter can mount the flash, turn the pinnacle 90º to the fitting, and then simply elevate and lower it from portrait to landscape orientation to perfectly match the light angle to the camera. I knew with full confidence the camera will not fail me, I simply wanted the chance to current itself and I pounced on it. The brand new Olympus M.Zuiko ED 14-150mm f/four-5.6 II Lens gives you all of the range you want from large to tremendous telephoto. Compare Digital SLR Camera Critiques Photograph Retailers in Singapore, Inexpensive Camera Deal at a lowest value in Camera Deal In City, Camera Singapore!\nPersonally I am already very pleased with the JPEG’s that my Olympus produces and ninety eight% of them go straight out of the camera by way of Apple Foto’s into the cloud. This lens are available with a lens massive lens pouch and a brief but included lens hood. The APSC sensor with excessive mega pixel means that you can enlarge your photos and get the same final result as knowledgeable Canon camera.\nA blind inside the camera covers the movie previous to and after the publicity (however will not be designed to be able to give precisely controlled publicity instances) and a leaf shutter that is normally open is installed in the lens. Check out an expansive collection of cameras that includes camcorders , digital cameras and camera drones And you’ll find action cameras, safety cameras and even underwater cameras. The row of gap along the edge of film to permit the camera to move it. In 35mm film there’s a row on both edge.\nThe camera is outstanding, detracting from the required objectivity of the file, but Thompson walked away throughout the lengthy exposure and can’t be seen, thereby managing to suggest that the camera had taken it with out intervention (in another example of his mirror pictures from the identical yr he’s standing behind his gear).", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Views:0 Author:Site Editor Publish Time: 2021-09-03 Origin:Site\nDifferent numbers are related to different physical dimensions of the chip. The numbers 5050, 3528, 2835, etc. are related to the chip size in millimeters. Some LEDs are brighter than others, and some emit more light per watt.\nLED strip lighting can be manufactured with various LED chips. The numbers you see 3528 and 5050 refer to the size of the chip. The old-fashioned stripes that have been popular for a few years are the size seen above. At present, there are smaller and more efficient LED chips on the market, with sizes of 2835, 3014, 5630, and 3020, which are used properly and each has its own merits. No \"one\" chip can rule all of these. To\nSimply put, these LED chips are called SMD 5050 because the size of the chip is 5.0mm x 5.0mm. They have 3 LED diodes in one housing (sometimes called three-chip), and they are much brighter than a single 3528 LED chip.\nYou can use them when you need to provide slight lighting for the project area, especially RGB color changing lights. Theoretically speaking, comparing the same number of chips, the light output of the SMD 5050 LEDs can provide 3 times that of the 3528 strips. Therefore, the 5050 LEDs are very suitable for illuminating areas that may experience high levels of ambient light. However, due to their large size, the number you can mount on the PCB is limited. There are some brightness limitations when using 5050s in this way.\nAlthough their smaller chips generate more heat, they are still far below other lighting options. These types of LEDs require thicker PCBs to take heat away from the chip.\nThe difference between the 5050 and the 3528 LED is that the 5050 can combine three different chips into the housing to produce millions of color changes.\nAlthough 5050 chips can be used for monochrome applications, we found that 5050 LEDs are more suitable for RGB, and high-density 3528 SMD LEDs are more suitable for monochrome applications.\nThey are called SMD3528 because the size of the chip is 3.5mm * 2.8mm. These LED chips (one LED for each chip) are very bright, but not as bright as the side-by-side 5050. However, when used in large quantities, it will be brighter than comparable strips of 5050s.\nThese lights are very suitable for TV backlighting, colorful splash walls, crown molding and image accent lighting, tables and cabinets, bars, etc.\n3528 LEDs may be the most cost-effective, but alone will not be as bright compared to 5050 chips, but when there are 600 LEDs on a reel, they can be brighter than 5050 strips.\nBuying tips: When comparing LED strip lighting between companies, if two competing strips use the same chip, please check how many LEDs there are on the strip and check the lumen output to determine the brightness.\nTo Note how many LEDs per foot or meter. When looking for bright LED light bars, make sure to compare Apple to Apple, because not all LED light bars are made the same way.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "55129 Mainz, de\n+1 (520) 282-5984\nDILAS Introduces New High-Brightness, High Efficiency, Fiber-Coupled Modules Based on Tailored Mini-Bar Architecture\nThe tailored mini-bar architecture is an innovative breakthrough by DILAS and is specifically designed to realize high brightness output while maximizing fiber-coupling efficiency for an overall high efficiency product. The tailored mini-bar was developed so that the optical parameter of the emission fit into the 200-micron fiber with the most simple and inexpensive optics. This device is a monothical-multi single emitter source which takes advantage of handling multiple emitters during each individual manufacturing step to lower complexity and overall costs.\nWith scalable concepts further modules will soon be available, such as 976nm, 200W, 200µm and 976nm, 500W, 200µm.\nThese fiber-coupled, multi-bar modules are ideal for direct diode applications as well as for fiber and solid-state laser pumping.\nThe use of information published here for personal information and editorial processing is generally free of charge. Please clarify any copyright issues with the stated publisher before further use. In the event of publication, please send a specimen copy to email@example.com.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Typologization of models of rolling stock elements in the process of their identification\nPaper discussed the problem of rolling stock elements identification and recognition of loads. For evaluation of the object shape and position, in the tests are used laser sensors such as mid-range distance sensors, automation light grids and 2D laser measurement sensors. For the creation of digital models of the studied objects and their subsequent identification there was developed a computer application working in Matlab programming environment. Typologization of models of rolling stock elements accelerate calculations and increase the effectiveness of the conducted identification.\nMoczarski J., Identyfikacja taboru w zarządzaniu transportem kolejowym, „Autobusy” 2018, nr 6.\nMoczarski J., Identyfikacja elementów taboru kolejowego z wykorzystaniem sensorów laserowych, „TTS” 2017, nr 12.\nThis work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Wet Film Thickness Sensor/Device for Navy Platforms\nDepartment of Defense\nAgency Tracking Number:\nSolicitation Topic Code:\nSmall Business Information\nACREE TECHNOLOGIES, INC.\n308 Jackson St., Suite 2, Oakland, CA, 94607\nSocially and Economically Disadvantaged:\nAbstractThe purpose of this proposal is to demonstrate the feasibility of using an infrared radiation detection system to accurately measure the thickness of marine paint as it is being applied. The measurement will be used to control ship automated paint application systems. The proposed measurement technique is robust and will allow the system to be constructed from inexpensive, off-the-shelf fiber optic components.\n* information listed above is at the time of submission.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The idea of the use of “infrared heating” comes originally from “sauna infrared therapy” widely used in Japan, USA and some European countries (mostly North Europe and Germany) . An infrared sauna heats up the human body using infrared light (coming from infrared lamps or infrared heaters) that, in contrast with the traditional finish sauna, it doesn’t heat up the air surrounding the body, but it emits infrared light that is absorbed by the skin surface. The heat itself comes from the thermal radiation (electromagnetic radiation generated by the thermal motion of charged particles in the surface of the skin) without heating the room.\nGraphite is made of Carbon. After we break the Graphite and make it become very tiny particles, we discovered the Graphite particles not only keep its thermal function but also emit Far-infrared. Fibers of G+ fabric are infused countless Graphite particles, and enhance the “warming up” fabric to a brand new level.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "oVio Technologies, a biometric dimensional imagery technologies provider, has partnered with AVRA Medical Robotics, a provider of medical robotic solutions, to boost autonomous robotic development in the medical industry.\nUnder the new partnership, AVRA is set to use oVio’s imaging technology to assist the development of its unique Instrument Guidance System (AIGS).\nThe 360-degree dimensional imaging technology developed by oVio is claimed to offer precise navigation and accurate targeting to robotic medical and aesthetic procedures.\nAVRA would use the imaging technology to ‘robotize’ a broad range of medical procedures including biopsies, tissue targeting, neurological repair, and internal organ procedures, that are currently being performed by human hands.\noVio said that its innovative 2D and 3D imaging platform includes 360-degree, high-definition camera that work with machine learning algorithms and neural networks, to create comprehensive 3D models of human subjects.\nIn addition, the image files enhance the capabilities of image-centric computer vision, machine learning and AI technologies. oVio’s technology is also being used in identification management systems and entertainment media.\noVio Technologies CEO George Rebensdorf said: “The aging population is rapidly increasing, while the number of medical specialists is on a serious decline – making the necessity of finding solutions to this specialist shortage vital.\n“By partnering with AVRA, we aim to help its medical robotics team implement to create a fully autonomous surgical robot that can see and understand the nuances of the human body and help alleviate the need for many specialists.”\nRecently, oVio has partnered with OrangeTwist, a network of aesthetic treatment centres, to offer its 360-degree dimensional imaging technology for the OrangeTwist’s Newport Beach and South Bay locations.\nUnder the partnership, OrangeTwist is expected to leverage the imaging technology for all treatment consultations, to facilitate patients experience treatments in a new and realistic way.\noVio said that its patented dimensional imaging technology includes a high-resolution camera that rotates around the patient in 12 seconds and produces a 360-degree video of the patient in full dimension.\nIn addition, the technology is capable of producing accurate 3D files, for precise recording of client results. It displays the results side by side, enabling clients to clearly see the results of their procedures.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Fiber optic cables provide a reliable and fast method of data transfer. However, it’s simply impossible to make a single fiber long enough to match the length of cable necessary for most networks. This is where fiber fusion splicing comes into play, which is a technique of making fiber joints by fusing fiber ends together, forming a single long fiber. Fusion splicing is a permanent, low-loss, high-strength joint, Fusion splicing your fiber optic cables by using a fusion splicer will give you the length you need.\nThe principle of fusion splicing is that the two bare fiber ends (coatings removed with a Fujikura fiber cleaver) are fused together under the influence of heat. More precisely, the fiber ends are initially brought in close contact, with a small gap in between. After heating them for a short while such that the surfaces melt, they are pushed together, such that the ends fuse together.\nFusion splicer is needed during Fusion splicing. It is a high precision piece of optical equipment used to fuse, or melt, fiber optic strand ends together. Fiber Splices can be required at building entrances, wiring closets, couplers, and between a transmitter and receiver.\nThere are several types of fusion splicers available on the market, varying in features and capability, and of course cost. They are manufactured by companies such as Fujikura, Siecor, Sumitomo, Ericsson and Fitel.\nFull-Featured – Includes machines that are fully automatic, provide extremely low splice losses by aligning the cores of the fibers, and have plenty of special features to make splicing as easy as possible.\nMass – Includes machines that can splice ribbon fibers from 2-24 fibers. Also splice single fiber.\nArc fusion splicer can splice single fibers or 4, 8, 12 and 24 fiber count ribbon fibers at the same time. The small size of the fusion splice and the development of automated fusion splicer machines have made electric arc fusion one of the most popular splicing techniques in commercial applications. The fusion splicers offer sophisticated, computer controlled alignment of Fiber Optic cables to achieve loss as low as 0.02 dB.\nMicro – Includes machines that are very portable, yet still maintain many of the features of the full-featured machines. Still fully automatic. Micro splicers typically use Fixed V-groove technology for fiber alignment.\nManual – Includes machines that are not automatic. Require more user skill, but are the least expensive available.\nFujikura fusion splicers from FiberStore Technology are widely regarded as some of the best optical fiber splicers in the industry. They are well known for their extensive features, exceptional performance and dependable reliability. Optical network technicians know that they can depend on them to deliver flawless splices time after time. The Fujikura product line consists of an extensive variety of fiber splice kit that will enable you to capably handle all of the possible splicing scenarios you could encounter. It includes everything from single fiber fusion splicers to mass fusion splicers and ribbon splicers. In addition Fujikura offers a variety of portable fiber splicers for field work.\nTypical Fujikura fusion splicers are Fujikura FSM-60R Mass Fiber Fusion Splicer and Fujikura Single Fiber Arc FSM-60S Fusion Splicer. The FSM-60S splices a fiber in 9 seconds and heats a 60mm splice sleeve in 30 seconds, for a total cycle time of only 49 seconds. The FSM-60S Fusion Splicer offers construction able to resist shock, dust or moisture and it has a removable sheath clamp for FuseConnect or other fiber holders. The FSM-60S also has automatic arc calibration and fiber indentification, an automatic tube heater, can withstand a 30″ drop and keep on splicing plus the case showed below actually doubles as a workstation!", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Transient and stable color centers created by optical pumping at 308 nm have been studied in Ce3+:YLiF4. Since the color centers are absorptive at the cerium emission wavelengths, they degrade the Ce3+:YLiF4 laser performance. The color centers are produced following a multiphoton ionization of the Ce3+ ions. Rate equations that incorporate both creation and photobleaching processes are developed to model the observed kinetics and intensity dependence of the color-center density. Measurements of the single-pass gain at 325 nm as a function of the repetition rate of the pump laser are interpreted in terms of the relaxation time of the transient centers.\n© 1989 Optical Society of America\nOriginal Manuscript: November 3, 1988\nManuscript Accepted: March 1, 1989\nPublished: July 1, 1989\nKi-Soo Lim and D. S. Hamilton, \"Optical gain and loss studies in Ce3+:YLiF4,\" J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 6, 1401-1406 (1989)", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Washington, September 25 (ANI): By linking the twin, 10-meter telescopes in Hawaii, astronomers at the W. M. Keck Observatory discovered an extended, double-layered dust disk orbiting 51 Ophiuchi, a star that is 410 light-years from Earth.\nIt is the first time the Keck Interferometer Nuller instrument has identified such a compact cloud around a star so far away.\nThe new data suggest that 51 Ophiuchi is a protoplanetary system with a dust cloud that orbits extremely close to its parent star, according to University of Maryland astronomer Christopher Stark, who led the research team.\nKeck Observatory operates one of the largest optical interferometers in the United States.\nThe interferometer provides high precision resolution measurements equal to a telescope as large as the distance that separates the telescope's primary mirrors - 85 meters in the case of the Keck twins.\nIn April 2007, the team simultaneously pointed both Keck telescopes at the star 51 Ophiuchi, or 51 Oph, and used the Interferometer's Nuller, a technique to combine the incoming light in a particular way, to block the unwanted starlight of 51 Oph and measure faint adjacent signals from the dust cloud surrounding the star.\nAccording to the observations, excess material orbited 51 Oph.\nStark and his collaborators repeated the nulling measurements at several different wavelengths of light and combined this data with information from other telescopes to determine the shape and orientation of the material as well as the sizes of the dust grains.\nThe data suggest that two debris disks orbit 51 Oph.\nThe inner disk has larger grains, roughly 10 micrometers or larger in diameter, and extends out to four astronomical units, or AUs, beyond the star.\nThe second disk comprised of mainly 0.1 micrometer grains extends from roughly seven AU to 1200 AU.\n\"51 Oph's inner, compact dust disk is one of the most compact dust clouds ever detected, and the new Keck Interferometer Nuller observations demonstrate the instrument's ability to detect dust clouds a hundred times smaller than a conventional telescope can observe,\" Stark said.\nHis team's data also indicates that the cloud around 51 Oph is 100,000 times more dense than the dust cloud circling the Solar System. (ANI)", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "This promotion is for Rewards members only. To take advantage of exclusive offers like these, join Office Depot® OfficeMax® Rewards now!\nLorell® LED Magnifying Clamp Lamp, Black Item # 454404\nThank you, you will now be redirected to comparisons.\nJust a moment while we prepare the page\nCheck In-Store Availability\nMagnifying lamp features a 5-diopter, 4\" glass lens that magnifies items by 225 percent to give you an up-close look at your items. The long, adjustable arm provides a 30\" reach to easily observe large or small items. Nonreplaceable, 9.4-watt LED creates a bright light to ensure your items are brightly illuminated. Magnifying lamp with a metal clamp is designed to attach to surfaces up to 2-1/2\" in thickness.\n|material||Glass Lens; Metal Clamp|\n|Material (base)||metal alloy|\n|Maximum Bulb Wattage||9.4|", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "This class is not scheduled this semester.\n|Prerequisite:||ECE 581B4; PH 142; MATH 340 or MATH 345, may be taken concurrently|\n|Course Description:||Operating principles of optical biosensors based on changes in refractive index such as thin films, ring-resonators, Mach-Zehnder interferometers, and other evanescent wave sensors. Basic supporting optical concepts including thin-film interference, optical waveguides and evanescent waves. Credit not allowed for both ECE581B6 and BIOM581B6.|\nThis class does not have additional information available on the web.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Discovered by Nobel laureate C. V. Raman in 1928, Raman spectroscopy is an analytical technique based on the scattering of light, and has proven to be of great use to forensic investigations. The Raman spectrometer consists of a number of principal components: a light source to produce the incident light, a prism or mirror and focusing lenses to direct the beam towards the sample, and a spectrometer for the detection of scattered light.\nA beam of monochromatic light (light of a single colour) is introduced to the sample, typically using a laser as the source. When light impinges on a substance, the majority of it will be absorbed or pass through the sample. However a small fraction of this light is scattered, and it is the scattered light that is of interest in Raman spectroscopy. The light will be scattered in one of two ways; elastic scattering (also known as Rayleigh scattering) or inelastic scattering (known as Raman Scattering).\nWhen Rayleigh scattering occurs, a photon interacts with a molecule in such a way that it is raised to a virtual energy state. This state is very short-lived and the molecule soon returns to its ground state, releasing a photon of equal energy to the initial photon. In this instance the light does not lose or gain energy during the scattering process and thus the scattered light has the same wavelength as the excitation source.\nHowever Raman scattering, or inelastic scattering, involves some kind of change in energy and thus a change in wavelength. When light encounters molecules in the sample, they can interact in such a way that energy can be either lost of gained by the scattered photons. The shift in frequency corresponding to the energy difference between the incident photon and the scattered photon is the Raman shift. This can occur as either a Stokes shift (in which the emitted photon has lost energy) or an anti-Stokes shift (emitted photon has gained energy). These shifts are detected and transformed into a visual representation of the data gathered.\nThe result of this analysis is the production of a Raman spectrum, which plots the intensity of the shifted light versus the frequency (typically measured in a unit called the wavenumber). This spectrum provides an array of information relating to the molecular vibrations experienced by a sample, the correct interpretation of which can allow for sample identification, as different materials have different vibrational modes and thus characteristic spectra. Understandably the spectra produced can be complex, however spectral fingerprinting can be used to compare the overall pattern of spectra, including any similarities and differences in band intensities and band positions.\nAlthough analytical techniques such as chromatography and mass spectrometry are most typically used in forensic analysis, Raman spectroscopy has a distinct advantage in that it is a non-destructive technique. A light source is simply directed over the sample during analysis, after which the sample remains undamaged and can be used for alternative analyses. This is an obvious benefit to a forensic investigation in which only a limited amount of sample may be available for such work.\nFurthermore, this technique is significantly simpler in terms of sample preparation. Gas or liquid chromatography require a sample to be at the very least dissolved in some form of solvent, if not first taken through procedures of extraction or separation before being amenable to chromatographic analysis. However Raman spectroscopy requires little or no sample preparation, saving time whilst also reducing the number of opportunities for samples to become compromised in some way. In addition to this, the sample does not have to be analysed in a particular state, as solid, liquid or gaseous samples are amenable to Raman analysis, and samples can even be analysed through glass, plastic or quartz, eliminating the need to even remove a sample from its packaging.\nA problem faced by infrared spectroscopy, a technique somewhat similar to Raman spectroscopy, is the absorption effects caused by water. However because Raman spectroscopy is based on the scattering of light rather than absorption, it does not suffer from these effects and thus there is no need to dry samples prior to analysis. This is obviously a major benefit, both in terms of time spent preparing samples but also when conducting in situ field work.\nHowever Raman spectroscopy is not without its caveats. When incident light interacts with a sample, only a small amount of the light is scattered, and an even smaller proportion of that light experiences Raman scattering. As a result of this, signals pertaining to Raman scattering are comparatively weak, and thus can be easily masked by fluorescence and other interferences. Although this technique can be applied to a vast range of sample types in any state, it cannot be used for the analysis of metals or alloys.\nAdvances in Raman Spectroscopy\nPortable Raman Spectrometer\nRaman spectroscopy lends itself to the possibility of portable instrumentation. The invention of handheld Raman devices allows for in situ analysis of samples at incident scenes, enabling investigators to quickly determine the likely identity of a substance without being required to collect and send the sample to the lab first. Modern handheld spectrometers are even fitted with a simple “Match/No Match” feature (when configured with the appropriate libraries), making analysis by Raman spectroscopy simple and even suitable for unskilled operators. Furthermore, the ‘point-and’click’ nature of these handheld devices can be particularly beneficial when dealing with potentially dangerous samples, eliminating the need to hazardously handle and transport substances for analysis. Similarly, fiber-optic probes can even allow for analysis from a distance.\nSurface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS)\nIn order to remedy the problems of low sensitivity of Raman scattering, a technique known as Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy, or SERS, has been developed. This involves using a metal surface (often gold or silver) with a nanoscale roughness, typically produced by electrochemical roughening or metallic coating, onto which analyte molecules are absorbed. The extent to which Raman signals are enhanced can be so great that it allows for the detection of even a single molecule. Not only is SERS highly sensitive, it is also surface selective, meaning the surface of a material can be specifically analysed. This could not previously be achieved using Raman spectroscopy, as any Raman signals from surface analytes would most likely be overwhelmed by signals resulting from the bulk of the sample.\nThe potential applications of Raman spectroscopy to forensic analysis are plentiful, with the technique being increasingly used to ascertain details of a range of sample types.\nA particularly beneficial application of Raman spectroscopy in forensic science is in the analysis of ink samples on questioned documents (Braz et al, 2013). If the source or authenticity of a particular document is drawn into question, physical and chemical analysis of inks used can often be vital in establishing whether or not any additions or alterations have been made, whether two ink contributions are likely to be from the same source, and even the chronological sequence of ink contributions. Pen inks are complex liquids composed of multiple pigments, dyes, resins and solvents, resulting in a wide range of potential ink compositions. These compositions will undoubtedly vary between different pen manufacturers, allowing for the analysis of seemingly identical ink samples to prove whether or not they are actually likely to have originated from the same source.\nIn the study of questioned documents, it is often not ideal to destroy a writing sample in order to conduct analytical chemical testing, such as would be required when carrying out mass spectrometry. Raman spectroscopy allows for disputed writing samples to be chemically analysed without the need for sample preparation and without losing the document’s evidential value. This particular application of Raman spectroscopy is not limited to pen ink, but can also be utilised in the analysis of printer inks and paint samples.\nThe analysis of blood has interestingly been subjected to Raman analysis, investigating the possibility of using Raman techniques to identify whether a substance is blood and even attempt to age the blood sample (Boyd et al, 2011). The research concluded that Raman spectroscopy was able to identify the presence of blood, with peaks characteristic of blood components, particularly haemoglobin, being frequently detected. This was achieved even when blood samples were significantly diluted. Furthermore, the research has investigated the possibility of using Raman spectroscopy to determine the age of blood in a rudimentary fashion, based on differences in scattering peaks between fresh and dried blood samples. With the possibility of portable Raman technology, the ability to detect blood using this technique would allow for in situ analysis at crime scenes, enabling investigators to quickly ascertain whether a substance is actually blood.\nAlthough substances of abuse are most commonly analysed using chromatographic techniques coupled with mass spectrometry, Raman spectroscopy has been successfully utilised in the detection of illicit substances (Moreno et al, 2014). Provided the investigator has access to an appropriate library of reference spectra for comparison purposes, it may be possible to identify drugs of abuse and their metabolites based on the characteristic spectra produced. The benefits of the application of Raman spectroscopy in this case include the possibility of in situ analysis to quickly identify potential controlled substances and the ability to analyse samples without sample preparation or destruction.\nIn addition, Raman spectroscopy has been successfully applied to the analysis of gunshot and explosive residues, geological samples, fibres and various bodily fluids.\nBoyd, S. et al. Raman spectroscopy of blood samples for forensic applications. Forensic Sci Int, 208 (2011), pp. 124-128.\nBraz, A. et al. Raman spectroscopy for forensic analysis of inks in questioned documents. Forensic Sci Int, 232 (2013), pp. 206-212.\nIzake, E. L. Forensic and homeland security applications of modern portable Raman spectroscopy. Forensic Sci Int, 202 (2010), pp. 1-8.\nLepot, L. et al. Application of Raman spectroscopy to forensic fibre cases. Sci Justice, 48 (2008), pp. 109-117.\nMoreno, V. M. et al. Raman identification of drugs of abuse particles collected with colored and transparent tapes. Sci Justice, 54 (2014), pp. 164-169.\nUniversity of St Andrews. Raman Spectroscopy. [online] Available: https://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/seeinglife/science/research/Raman/Raman.html", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Pyroelectric Detectors in Gas Analysis\nA large number of gases absorb infrared radiation by intramolecular vibrations. For each specific material, the absorption intensity depends on the wavelength of the infrared radiation. This principle uses a non-dispersive infrared gas analyzer (NDIR gas analyzer) for gas analysis. The analyzer consists of an electronically or mechanically modulated infrared source, a sample cell through which the gas flows to be measured, and a pyroelectric detector.\nIn the detector cap, a narrow band pass filter (NBP Filter) is integrated, whose pass band corresponds to the absorption wavelength of the target gas. With the thermal detector, the transmission of the measured gas mixture is determined in a defined arrangement. If the gas being searched for is not present, most of the infrared radiation will reach the detector and the signal will be at its maximum. If the concentration of the gas increases, absorption will also increase according to Lambert-Beer's law, and the signal will reduce accordingly.\nThis concept finds itself again in standard InfraTec infrared filters with a center wavelength (CWL) of 4.27 µm and a half power bandwidth (HPBW) of 170 nm are suitable for the measurement of carbon dioxide (CO2), for example.\nNDIR gas analysis cannot resolve complex forms of absorption bandwidths. Instead it uses an averaged signal measurement within the filter pass band. With this, you now have a manageable, long-time stable and continuously operating measurement method for industrial gas analysis at your disposal. Gas identification and transverse sensitivity of gas mixtures often require spectral multi-channel evaluations.\nThe classic gas analysis setup with filter wheel and/or mechanical chopper requires relatively fast (> 200 Hz) pyroelectric detectors with strong output signals. For this purpose, we offer multiple types with integrated JFET or CMOS operational amplifiers and pyroelectric elements, which are wired up for current mode operation.\nPyroelectric Detectors for Gas Analysis\na measuring channel, high power, temperature compensation, reduced acceleration response, single or split power supply\na measurement and a reference channel, temperature compensation, single or split power supply\nCase Studies about Pyroelectric Detectors in Gas Analysis\nTechnical Article: Low Cost Optical Electronic Nose for Biomedical Applications\nArticle about the development of an optical-electronic nose with a non-dispersive infrared sensor (NDIR), which is to be aimed at healthcare applications.\nTechnical Article: Use of Multi Channel Detectors and Infrared Emitters in Gas Analysis\nThe detection and concentration measurement of gases is a standard procedure in the medical and industrial area worldwide. But what needs to be observed for the selection of components and what do multi channel detectors and infrared emitters have to do with this?\nInfraTec offers five different product groups including approximately 50 standard pyroelectric detectors. Choose your suitable infrared detectors with the help of our detailed detector search.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Everything you need to know about contact lenses\nWhy wear contact lenses?\nIn some circumstances, contact lenses are more practical and comfortable than glasses.\nFrom a technical point of view, they allow you to widen your field of vision. The correction is applied over the entire surface of the lens. And the latter is placed directly on the cornea so that the eye can enjoy improved vision from all angles.\nPractising physical activity, wearing a mask, or going out on a rainy day is not always pleasant when you wear glasses. Indeed, the condensation that forms on the glasses affects vision. Wearing contact lenses eliminates this problem.\nTechnology, comfort and lenses\nContact lenses at Optical Center are at the cutting edge of technology. Whatever your vision problem, contact lenses can correct it because they have evolved a lot in recent years. This type of optical equipment is an alternative whether you are presbyopic, shortsighted, myopic, or farsighted. And, even if you have several levels of correction on the same eye, it is possible to wear lenses. Some people are sometimes reluctant because of fear regarding the oxygenation of the ocular tissues. Be aware that the materials used allow the eyes to oxygenate adequately.\nContact lenses aren’t just for adults; kids can wear them too. Some prefer this type of optical material, which is more discreet and more suited to their very active lifestyle, and parents often support this choice! If the glasses are breakable, the lenses are not.\nDifferent types of lenses\nContact lenses are mainly worn for vision correction. However, in some cases, they are prescribed following an operation, an accident or a pathology and must be worn throughout the recovery. In addition, some people use them for aesthetic reasons, such as changing eye colour.\nOn the optical market, two types of corrective lenses are available, regardless of the reason for wearing the lens:\nRigid lens: it replaces the hard lens. Despite its rigidity, this lens does not prevent good oxygenation of the eyes. Therefore, it is more suitable for people whose ocular humidity is not optimal. Its lifespan is 1 to 2 years, which explains its higher price.\nSoft lens: This is the most common due to its ease of use. Several lenses are possible:\n– Daily lenses (single use);\n– Weekly lenses;\n– Monthly or bi-monthly lenses;\n– Yearly lenses.\nSome soft and hard lenses need to be removed and cleaned every night. Others can be worn day and night.\nHow to care for your eyes when wearing contact lenses\nProper maintenance of the lenses is essential, except for disposable lenses, whose lifespan is 24 hours. Depending on the lens, daily cleaning is often required. Ask the optician to choose the most suitable cleaning solution for the type of lenses you have chosen. Several formats are available. The case where you place the lenses is easy to carry with you everywhere.\nRegular and rigorous cleaning helps to avoid specific pathologies of the eye. Wearing contact lenses increases the risk of infection. To avoid these inconveniences:\nDo not exceed the expiry date of your lenses;\nWash your hands with soap and hot water well before and after handling your lenses;\nAvoid sleeping with your lenses;\nDo not use any case other than your own:\nFor disposable and daytime use lenses: do not forget to remove them;\nEvery evening, clean them with an appropriate product to disinfect them.\nIf you notice visual discomfort, put a few drops of artificial tears in your eyes to prevent dry eyes.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The first macroscopic configuration of reflection DHM®. It enables measurement of 3D topography with large field of view up to 32 x 32 mm. As with other DHM® products, the macro-sensor is a non-scanning instrument recording 3D topography at unrivaled acquisition speed.\nThis new patented technology opens new applications where a sub-nanometric vertical resolution is required within an extended field of view compared to a standard microscope configuration.\nThe macro-sensor has been developed for automated measurements, all the critical components are accessible outside of the sensor body:\nThe holographic macroscope has a fixed field of view and is available in single and dual wavelength configurations depending on the application.\nA standalone configuration equipped with a motorized stage is ideal for R&D and semi-automation with an optical head only configuration available for integration with larger equipment.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Is LED light directional?\nLEDs are “directional” light sources, which means they emit light in a specific direction, unlike incandescent and CFL, which emit light and heat in all directions. That means LEDs are able to use light and energy more efficiently in a multitude of applications. Learn more about CFLs.\nWhat are light fixture optics?\nMany think it is simply the plastic lens on the top of the bulb covering the diodes that disperses the light. This is where the lenses, reflectors, and so on come into play as they take all the light within a given bulb or fixture and magnify the intensity based on how the optics are designed.\nIs LED omnidirectional?\nIn general, most commercial LED bulbs are non-omnidirectional and have illumination angles of approximately 140° (Figure 2). In addition, less powerful bulbs with a lower luminous flux output claim to be able to replace 60-watt incandescent bulbs because they produce the same illuminance or lux on a workspace.\nWhat are the disadvantages of LED?\nWhat are the disadvantages of LEDs?\n- High up-front costs.\n- Transformer compatibility.\n- Potential color shift over lamp life.\n- Performance standardization has not yet been streamlined.\n- Overheating can cause reduced lamp life.\nCan you focus LED light?\nIn some cases, it’s possible to exchange optics for different beam angles. One approach is to shift a lens away from an LED to focus the beam (up to a certain point). However, rings and shadows typically appear in the spot and with increasing distance from the LED, a lot of light is lost.\nWhy ededmund optics illumination products?\nEdmund Optics offers a wide range of Illumination products suited for many lighting needs. In addition to the types of lighting available, many Illumination products are also available such as backlights, ring lights, spot lights, or line lights. These illuminators transmit light in specific ways that are ideal for a number of applications.\nWhat is the difference between led and fiber optic illumination?\nFluorescent Illumination offers excellent, price sensitive lighting options, while LED Illumination provides stable, uniform light ideal for many applications. Fiber Optic Illumination is directed through light guides. Edmund Optics offers a wide range of Illumination products suited for many lighting needs.\nDo led Tir optics really work with led domed tops?\nTIR optics really work well with LEDs as they take advantage of emitters characteristics. Other forms of light radiate heat outward, whereas LEDs send heat out their base which allows these TIR optics to fit snug and totally surround the domed top.\nWhat is the difference between led and led Tir?\nOther forms of light radiate heat outward, whereas LEDs send heat out their base which allows these TIR optics to fit snug and totally surround the domed top. This allows a lot more control as they are illuminating and controlling literally straight from the light source.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Lasertel’s line of direct diode sources pairs our industry leading high power laser diode arrays with advanced beam shaping optics and low divergence. As a vertically integrated manufacturer of chips, optics and packages, Lasertel offers highly customizable products that allow for limitless power options, beam size and beam shapes for a wide variety of applications.\nLasertel’s line of pointers and illuminators offers high power while providing superior beam conditioning and low divergence. As a vertically integrated manufacturer of chips, optics, and packages, Lasertel can offer a wide range of products that can be customized for the specific application.\nLasertel offers a line of illumination sources for camera systems and Advanced Driver Assist Systems (ADAS). Lasertel’s High Beam™ and Low Beam™ products offer integrated control electronics, laser diode source and beam shaping optics in a single module.\nStart here to build your custom product with Lasertel", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "－BMW G20 320i\n－BMW G20 330i\n－BMW G20 M340i\n－BMW F98 X4M Comp\n- －Toyota Supra A90\n－Toyota Supra A91\n- Model year of compatible cars: 2019+\ni. Forged carbon fiber – Standard\nii. Forged carbon fiber – Luminous Green\niii. Forged carbon fiber – Luminous Blue\n※Luminous edition contains luminous powders, a kind of light energy storage powder, which can glow in the dark after absorbing different visible light under 450 nm and can be reused. It is non-radioactive and non-toxic.\n※Please have paddle shifters absorb sunlight for 30 mins before installation.\n※The energy will emit over time, please keep re-storing energy (have sunlight get inside the vehicle or turn on the dome lights) if want them to glow again.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Since lasers are concentrated beams of light that generate heat, one would assume that they would be easy to weaponize. Until recently, however, progress has been more difficult than expected.\nLockheed Martin, the biggest U.S. defense contractor, announced this week that it was exploring ways to install a laser on the F-35 Joint Strike Fighter.\nAccording to The Week, the Navy already has a laser weapon on the USS Ponce. And the Army is currently trying to figure out how to use lasers to protect troops from artillery shells, drones, and missiles.\nRight now, engineers are just scratching the surface. Once they can figure out how to make these laser weapons smaller and more compact, they will be able to mount them on almost anything.\nThe damage that a laser inflicts is from the heat produced by focused light. The heat is powerful enough to burn a hole into an airplane or to set a pickup truck’s gas tank on fire. If a weaponized laser is pointed at an artillery shell in flight, it can heat up the explosives in the shell and detonate it.\nWhile engineers have known how lasers work for decades, they have been held back by various problems. The biggest issue is power generation and storage.\nLasers need a lot of instant energy to be used as a weapon, and engineers had trouble finding the right type of energy source until recently. Now that they have figured out how to weaponize lasers, they are working on making lasers more compact.\nOne of the reasons that the American military is so keen on lasers is because a laser moves at the speed of light and is very accurate. It also can’t be blown off course, which eliminates collateral damage.\nLaser weapons can’t be seen by the human eye, and are also silent, which makes them great for covert operations.\nThe biggest reason the military is interested in laser weapons has to be the fact that lasers are very cheap. For example, a Griffin short-range missile sells for a minimum of $115,000. A laser shot costs less than a dollar, which makes lasers more practical.\nLasers have the potential to be the next big thing in warfare, but they have a few drawbacks. Lasers generate a lot of heat and have to cool down before each use. Also, the farther the distance a laser travels through the air, the weaker it becomes.\nDespite the obstacles, the military feels the positives of having a laser weapon outweigh the negatives. This means that we will be seeing more laser weapons being used in the future.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Researchers Make Perovskite Optical Transmitter And Receiver\nBidirectional optical signal transmission between two identical devices using perovskite diodes\nResearchers at Linköping University, together with colleagues in China, have developed a perovskite diode that can be directed in two directions: it can receive optical signals and it can just as easily transmit them. The results have been published in Nature Electronics.\nIn 2018, Chunxiong Bao, a postdoc at Linköping, discovered the correct perovskite to build a photodetector showing higher performance and longer lifetime, and described this in an article in Advanced Materials. The development of LEDs from perovskites has also made rapid progress. Weidong Xu, postdoc at Linköping University, developed a perovskite LED with an efficiency of 21 percent last year, which is among the best in the world, and published the results in Nature Photonics.\n\"In order to demonstrate the potential of our diode with double function, we have built a monolithic sensor that detects heart beats in real time, and an optical, bidirectional communication system\", says Bao.\n\"We have managed to integrate optical signal transmission and reception into one circuit, something that makes it possible to transmit optical signals in both directions between two identical circuits. This is valuable in the field of miniaturised and integrated optoelectronics\", says Feng Gao, one of the collaborating scientists.\n'Bidirectional optical signal transmission between two identical devices using perovskite diodes' by Chunxiong Bao et al; Nature Electronics 2020", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Subscribe and receive the latest news from the industry.\nJoin 62,000+ members. Yes it's completely free.\n980nm pumps, based on patent-pending NECSEL (Novalux Extended Cavity Surface Emitting Laser) technology\nMarch 19, 2001\nANAHEIM, Calif. -- Novalux Inc., a fiber optics laser component company, today launched the first high-power surface-emitting lasers for long-haul optical networks. This is a significant breakthrough that marks a 100-fold increase in power over other surface-emitting lasers, making it the most powerful laser of its kind. With Novalux’s revolutionary, patent-pending NECSEL (Novalux Extended Cavity Surface Emitting Laser) technology, communications companies can now come closer to meeting the increasing demand for bandwidth using fewer, simpler components at lower cost.\nBeing introduced today are two 980nm pumps for pumping EDFAs (Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifiers) in optical networks. The first pump is a single-mode EDFA pump laser module, available in 200mw and 360mw powers; and the second is a multi-mode pump laser module in the 750mw power range for the emerging dual-clad fiber market. Novalux plans to ship samples of these products to select customers within the month.\n“Novalux’s pump lasers, based on the NECSEL technology, are truly unique in their power, simplicity and design,” said Stephen Montgomery of ElectroniCast. “The long-haul fiber optics components market, which is expected to hit $30 billion by 2005, is sure to benefit from this new source of supply.”\nYou May Also Like\nRethinking AIOPs — It's All About the DataMarch 12, 2024\nSCTE® LiveLearning for Professionals Webinar™ Series: Fiddling with Fixed WirelessMarch 21, 2024\nSCTE® LiveLearning for Professionals Webinar™ Series: Cable and 5G: The Odd Couple?April 18, 2024\nSCTE® LiveLearning for Professionals Webinar™ Series: Delivering the DAA DifferenceMay 16, 2024", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Projects per year\nForster/Fluorescence resonant energy transfer (FRET) has become an extremely important technique to explore biological interactions in cells and tissues. As the non-radiative transfer of energy from the donor to acceptor occurs typically only within 1-10nm, FRET measurement allows the user to detect localisation events between protein-conjugated fluorophores. Compared to other techniques, the use of time correlated single photon counting (TCSPC) to measure fluorescence lifetime (FLIM) has become the gold standard for measuring FRET interactions in cells. The technique is fundamentally superior to all existing techniques due to its near ideal counting efficiency, inherent low excitation light flux (reduced photobleaching and toxicity) and time resolution. Unfortunately due to its slow acquisition time when compared with other techniques, such as Frequency-domain lifetime determination or anisotropy, this makes it impractical for measuring dynamic protein interactions in cells. The relatively slow acquisition time of TCSPC FLIM-FRET is simply due to the system usually employing a single-beam scanning approach where each lifetime (and thus FRET interaction) is determined individually on a voxel by voxel basis. In this paper we will discuss the development a microscope system which will parallelize TCSPC for FLIM-FRET in a multi-beam multi-detector format. This will greatly improve the speed at which the system can operate, whilst maintaining both the high temporal resolution and the high signal-to-noise for which typical TCPSC systems are known for. We demonstrate this idea using spatial light modulator (SLM) generated beamlets and single photon avalanche detector (SPAD) array. The performance is evaluated on a plant specimen.\n|Title of host publication||Multiphoton Microscopy in the Biomedical Sciences XIII|\n|Subtitle of host publication||SPIE Photonics West|\n|Number of pages||8|\n|Publication status||Published - Feb 2013|\n|Event||Multiphoton Microscopy in the Biomedical Sciences XIII - San Francisco, United States|\nDuration: 22 Feb 2013 → …\n|Conference||Multiphoton Microscopy in the Biomedical Sciences XIII|\n|Period||22/02/13 → …|\n- Fluorescence lifetime imaging\n- Fluorescence resonance energy transfer\n- Imaging systems\n- Single photon\n- Spatial light modulators\n- Temporal resolution\n- Time correlated photon counting\nFingerprintDive into the research topics of 'Development of a fast TCSPC FLIM-FRET imaging system'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.\n- 1 Finished\nMM-FLIM: Multiplexed multiphoton fluorescence lifetime microscopy\nHenderson, R. & Ameer-Beg, S.\n1/10/11 → 30/09/14", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Akron #ELSS-XLAC 120V SceneStar 20,000 Lumen LED Light Head Only\nThe SceneStar is a brilliant combination of performance, durability, efficiency and style.\nThe SceneStar LED High Power Scene Light has been engineered to provide maximum visibility across your emergency scene with exceptional light output. The scene light features the latest in LED technology, vibrant white light, low operating temperatures, engineered optical control and the Akron Brass quality you have come to expect. Solid-state electronics ensure a lifetime of peak performance. The reflector was engineered for optimum light output and spot/flood pattern. The rugged design and tempered glass can withstand the harshest environMen's. Features high impact, UV resistant handles and heat sink cover, plus optimized thermal management with a protective cover. The dual ergonomic handles provide easy light head positioning and light transport. The SceneStar is a brilliant combination of performance, durability, efficiency and style.\n- 48 Ultra bright LEDs delivering a powerful 19,000 lumens\n- 220 Watts/10-32 VDC Voltage/18 amps (at 12 VDC), 9 amps (at 24 VAC)\n- Lighthead Dimensions: 14\" W x 4.25\" H x 5.6\" D (356 x 108 x 142 mm) / 10 lbs. (4.5 kg)\n- Streamlined aesthetics in a compact design\n- Optimized thermal management reduces LED temperatures for long life and reliability\n- Durable powder coated white finish (handles and heat sink always black)\n- Serviceable construction (Sustainable LED technology) with industry leading 6 year warranty\n- Instant-On at Full Intensity?no warm-up period required\n- Low ultraviolet light attracts less insects during nighttime operation\n- Long operating hours, LEDs rated at 50,000 hours\n- CE and UL ratings pending\nSceneStar lampheads are available with various mounting, pole and tri-pod options. If you want to customize a lamphead, please call 800-852-6088 x 1162 and a Fire Equipment Specialist will assist you with a custom lighting order. We are a full line dealer for Akron.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The Gigashot™ T laser system is a diode-pumped solid-state (DPSS) laser system that delivers 125 mJ per pulse at 527 nm at a repetition rate of 100 Hz with exceptionally low noise and superior pulse-to-pulse stability. The laser is a single oscillator design with a circular, uniform multimode output beam profile through the Rayleigh range (nearfield to farfield) – making it ideally suited for pumping ultrafast Ti:Sapphire amplifiers, particularly CEP-stabilzed systems.\nThis unique laser design, along with the incorporation of diode pumping delivers excellent pulse-to-pulse stability as well as long operational lifetime. It is rugged, reliable, economically priced, and easily integrated into original equipment. The laser is supplied with a 2 year/10,000 operating hour warranty.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Cepstrum based feature extraction method for fungus detection\nIn this paper, a method for detection of popcorn kernels infected by a fungus is developed using image processing. The method is based on two dimensional (2D) mel and Mellin-cepstrum computation from popcorn kernel images. Cepstral features that were extracted from popcorn images are classified using Support Vector Machines (SVM). Experimental results show that high recognition rates of up to 93.93% can be achieved for both damaged and healthy popcorn kernels using 2D mel-cepstrum. The success rate for healthy popcorn kernels was found to be 97.41% and the recognition rate for damaged kernels was found to be 89.43%. © 2011 Copyright Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE).", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Related Photo Galleries\nThe Mustang Project LED bulb is specifically designed for classic Ford dash illumination and is available in green, blue, red, white, and amber. While everyone has their theories on what color is easiest on the eyes at night, we kept with the green LEDs for a stock look. The kit shown here includes green illumination LEDs and white turn-signal/high-beam LEDs and it retails for $29.95. Currently, kits are available for '65-'68 Mustangs, but you can also buy the bulbs individually for any classic Ford application that uses 1895 dash bulbs.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "saxon 1026AZ3 SC Refractor Telescope with Steel Tripod\nor 4 fortnightly payments of $112.49 with More info\nDUE End July 2021\nThe saxon 1026AZ3 SC Refractor Telescope with Steel Tripod is the perfect choice of telescope for anyone who wants the ability to study both the night sky and the world around them.\nThis telescope’s aperture of 102mm and focal length of 660mm provides sharp, clear images without the need to constantly adjust your scope. When you’re not observing wildlife or landscape from afar, the inclusive accessories will pave the way for you to immerse yourself with views of the Moon and planets. Budding astrophotographers will appreciate the scope’s short focal length which aids in capturing images of deep sky objects.\nThe compact and portable saxon 1026AZ3 SC Refractor Telescope with Steel Tripod features the following:\n- 102mm aperture\n- 660mm focal length\n- 3 eyepieces, 26mm, 9mm and 6.3mm\n- Red-dot finderscope\n- 90 degree erecting prism\n- Alt-Azimuth AZ3 mount\n- Steel tripod with accessory tray\n- Photography is possible via an optional T-2 adapter ring.\nBinoCentral Special, a fantastic beginners telescope, this offer is available here in Perth and online.\nFor observations of both land and sky, you can count on the saxon 1026AZ3 SC Refractor Telescope with Steel Tripod to do the job.\nThis short-tube telescope comes with 102mm multi-coated achromatic objective lens and a focal length of 660mm. You’ll get a host of accessories to complement your viewing session – quality eyepieces, a red-dot finderscope and an erecting prism for terrestrial viewing. The scope also comes with a sturdy Alt-Azimuth mount with steel tripod which you can move up and down and left to right.\nNo heavy lifting required in transporting the saxon 1026AZ3 SC Refractor Telescope with Steel Tripod around – the full assembly weighs just over 5 kg!\n|Dimensions||102 × 41 × 27 cm|", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Well, if you’re keen on laser physics and laser energy conservation physics, then there’s a question right here for you. It can be by far the most critical question which you need to ask yourself. Truly, you have got to ask your self lots of inquiries so that you could identify the flaws inside your own understanding from the area. buying research paper Power conservation and laser physics are closely connected due to the fact laser physics offers with power conservation.\nWhenever you keep diminishing and increasing the energy of the laser apparatus, then you have to be aware that the Laws of Physics are breaking. Once the vitality has been turned off the laser device ceases displaying any lighting. What is currently taking place here is the laser apparatus is slowly decreasing its energy. We predict this method as Laser power Loss.\nThis approach is extremely a lot relevant to the query of how laser power conservation and uncomplicated harmonic motion physics are connected. Nowadays, http://as.cornell.edu/dance-minor we’re continually understanding new details from quite a few sources.\nThe laser light is absorbed by the substrate. Now, the energy is progressively decaying, however the laser device continues to be emitting light. This is a very complex course of action of energy conservation.\nAn energy conservation law for the laser device is given by Einstein’s renowned equation. If you have a laser device that is definitely producing a continuous laser beam at a low intensity, then there should be power loss resulting from absorption and reflection. If the device is at a higher intensity, then there should be no energy loss as a result of absorption and reflection. This really is the course of action of laser energy conservation and is what we get in touch with simple harmonic motion physics.\nThe laser devices utilised in measuring energy amounts in electrical power electronic equipment and energy sources are ingenious. The measurements are extremely precise and also the energy will be absorbed or reflected precisely.\nLaser energy conservation and laser energy loss can also be related buy reports to all the ideas of laser physics. The Laser pulse could be the most significant point of such approach. These pulses are expected to be made so as to bring about heat production. These heat production levels on the device are clearly governed by laser energy conservation laws.\nWe can not fully understand the course of action of basic harmonic motion physics as long as we’re currently employing lasers. But there continue to be strategies to improve our comprehension with the program.\nEasy harmonic motion physics can be understood easily, Knowing the essential principles of electricity conservation. You just need to know that you will find just two sources of vitality in the system – external and internal.\nExternal energy is just measured when it comes to energy, and internal energy is measured when it comes to mass. The internal energy in the method is normally far more crucial as far as laser physics is concerned, but this can be a quite common concept.\nIf you may have been a extended time seeker of power conservation and basic harmonic motion physics, then I’ve made a unique study report for you. You could find it on my website.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Infrared X-Ray IR Filter Camera Lens Kit IR680 IR720, IR760, IR850, IR950 Lens Kit Filter 58/62/67/72/77mm for Nikon Canon Sony\n1. There are 5 different X-Ray IR Filters : IR680 Infrared Filter, IR720 Infrared Filter , IR760 Infrared Filter, IR850 Infrared Filter , IR950 Infrared Filter,Please choose right IR Lens Filter\nthe IR Filter 40.5mm 49mm 52mm 55mm 58mm 62mm 67mm 72mm 77mm 82mm for Canon Nikon Sony Olympus DSLR Cameras\nPlease choose the right size that you need .\nPLEASE NOTE: Lens NOT Included!\n2. The IR filters are made of high quality optical glass and premium aluminum alloy. Double threaded frame to allow additional filters or hoods.\n3. Fit for any camera which lens thread is 49/52/55/58/62/67/72/77/82mm, such as for PENTAX (K-30 K-50 K-5 K-5 II) DSLR Cameras, 18-55mm F3.5-5.6 AL zoom Lens, and Canon EF 50mm f/1.8 II and for the EOS M Compact System Mirrorless Camera EF-M 18-55mm IS STM zoom lenses.\n4. Often used in crime detection, medical photography, detection of distribution of vegetation, etc.\n5. For photographer, these filter can be used with infrared film or digital photography to get interesting artistic and sometimes creative photos.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "To understand long sightedness, it first helps to understand how the eye works.\nLong sightedness is a refractive error caused by an imperfection in the eye. The imperfection changes the way your eye focuses the light rays that pass into it. This can happen when:\n- The eyeball is shorter than normal\n- The cornea is less curved than normal\n- The lens is thinner than normal\nWhen any of these imperfections occur, it changes the focusing point of the eye so that light rays focus behind your retina, instead of onto it. This makes close-up objects look blurry. Distance objects still appear clear, because they don’t need as much focusing power, so they focus on your retina properly.\nHyperopia is believed to be an inherited condition, which means you’re more likely to suffer long sightedness if one of your parents has it. Hyperopia can develop in childhood, although symptoms are most common among adults.\nPresbyopia is age-related long-sightedness.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Optical Power Meter\nRugged, hand-held fiber optic power meter ideally suited for field testing and cable installation and maintenance. Calibrated at four wavelengths (850, 1300, 1310 and 1550 nm), this meter will work with both singlemode and multimode applications. Internal data storage allowing saving, viewing and printing of up to 950 test results. 800 to 1625 nm wavelength range. 3 to -70 dBm Range within 0.2 dB. Resolution 0.1/0.01 dB selectable.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "5. Heinrich-Wiemeyer-Cup: Hertha BSC gewinnt im Neunmeterschießen\nMit einem Zuschauerrekord von ca. 700 Gästen an den beiden Turniertagen,\nNeedham Laser Marking Products\nWe have two important categories of laser marking systems. The first category includes laser marking systems-based on the form while the next classification incorporates machines predicated on their composition or create.\nWithin this category, there four classifications. These classifications contain desktop laser machines, handheld laser systems, and workstation and product line laser marking systems.\nCentered on Composition\nBelow, you can find three major classes. Below, the very first category is the fiber laser etching machines. These machines are for anyone looking for durability. Also, they're suitable for a wide range file formats producing them suited to virtually every user. Subsequently, we've the CO2 laser marking systems that are the lowest priced of most our laser marking systems. Lastly, we have the YAG laser marking systems. These systems are cheaper compared to our fiber laser etching machines. The main benefit of these machines could be the power to adapt to nearly every environment.\nBenefits of Your Laser Marking Systems\nShould you be an environmental- conscious individual or company, then our products can help you with this specific initiative. Your items are manufactured to do efficiently while using the minimal energy. Consequently, they also subscribe to saving energy costs.\nOur company is trustworthy for distributing products that extremely trusted whatever the industry they are utilized in. with your items, you enjoy large etching speeds and markings which can be very durable.\nEase of Use\nOur Laser Marking systems are very easy and speedy to both recognize and operate. I.e. http://laseretchingmachine.wix.com/laser.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "- Durable, Yet Compact\nThe compact and sleek Ce 9 is constructed of a precision cast aluminum base for durability.\n- Optimum Visibility\nThe Ce 9 allows viewing the geometry of all lenses on a precise, clear scale without looking through the power of the lens, eliminating distortion, parallax and vertical imbalance. Also, maintenance-free LED light provides light control for optimum visibility an improved cost efficiency.\n- Dimensions: 4.5” W x 6.3” D x 8.4” H\n- Weight: 3.7 lbs.\n- Power Supply: DC5V\n- Power Consumption: 2.5W\nEMS has partnered with GreatAmerica Financial Services to provide financing to our customers. Headquartered in Cedar Rapids, IA since 1992,\nGreatAmerica Financial Services is the largest private independent small ticket equipment finance company in the US. GreatAmerica works with our customers to make purchases as easy as possible with an industry leading customer service experience.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "what is a difference between safety type-2 and safety type-4 of safety light curtains\nThe type 2 safety light curtains test their internal circuits periodically (every 500 ms for XUSL2E). If a failure appears between the two test sequences, it will be detected only after the next test.\nThe design of these light curtains is suitable for applications where the analysis demonstrates a minor injury risk for operators.\nType 2 is Less expensive than Type 4\nType 2 is available only for hand and body detection\nType-4 safety light curtains The type 4 design is based on redundant automatic cross-checking architecture. This architecture enables immediate failure detection within the response time. The type 4 light curtains are suitable for applications where the analysis demonstrates a moderate or high injury risk for operators.\nType 4 is available for finger, hand, and body detection\nType 4 provides a shorter response time and narrower aperture angle (+- 2,5° for type 4 and +- 5° for type 2).", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Refractive Index Spectral Transfer in Inhomogeneous Turbulence in Atmospheric/Oceanic Surface Layer\nSukaran R. Patel, Univ. Federal da Paraíba, Campina Grande, Brazil\nVery recently the optical scintillation has been used to remotely sense many environmental parameters, such as wind components across the propagation path, rain rates and drop size distributions and the refractive index spectrum of turbulence. Using optical scintillation measurements of the inner scale and the refractive index turbulence structure, one may obtain complete micrometeorological characteristics of the surface layer (Hill 1992). Also, the refractive index spectrum in the dissipation range is important to atmospheric optical propagation studies of both weak and very strong scintillation (Gerald and Hill, 1985). The Monin-Obukhov similarity theory is one of the most powerful tools in describing the physical properties of the atmospheroc/oceanic boundary layer. Similarity relationship, apply not only to the mean profiles of the meteorological parmeters, but also to the statistical quantities and spectral behavior of turbulence. The Monin-Obukhov similarity empirical functions are now used routinely in many practical applications (Hill 1989). Recently, a number of applications of this theory for refractive index spectrum have been reported by Hill (1989), Andreas (1987, 1988, 1989, 1990) among others. Further, there are several studies of similarity principles for horizontal homogeneous boundary layers, but very few for horizontally inhomogeneous surfaces because of their obvious difficulties. To avoid these problems most field experments have been performed in carefully chosen homogeneous conditions. But in fact the atmosphere-land-sea interface occurs in inhomogeneous surfaces. These motivate the study of various aspects of the spectral transfer of refractivity in inhomogeneous turbulence in atmospheric/oceanic boundary layer, as this is one of the several processes occuring in turbulent motion. In this study, the two-point spectrum equation for refractivity is constructed, neglecting the pressure fluctuations and the second order terms. The terms associated with both turbulence self-interaction (Batchelor 1953) and the mean gradients (Deissler 1981) in the two-point spectral equation for homogeneous turbulence can be interpreted as transfer terms. However, a similar interpretation does not seem obvious for inhomogeneous turbulence, because the condition of homogeneity is generally used in making the interpretation (Deissler 1981). Very recently, Patel (2000) using the method of Deissler (1981), has shown that certain terms in the two-point spectral equation for velocity-humidity correlation can be interpreted as spectral transfer terms, even for general inhomogeneous turbulence. In this study the discussion has been extended for the case of spectral transfer equation for refractive index. It is hoped that this study will help better understanding the modeling of the turbulent fluxes in the atmospheric/oceanic surface layer.\nPoster Session 1, Environmental Applications\nMonday, 15 October 2001, 9:45 AM-11:15 AM\nPrevious paper Next paper\nBrowse or search entire meeting\nAMS Home Page", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Lenses for far-sighted eyes (+) are not available.\nType: Daily disposable\nPackaging: 30 lenses per box\nContent: Etafilcon A & 58% water\nSome prescriptions out of stock\nClick here for details\nEnjoy crystal clear vision with OptiOne daily contact lens. Made from biocompatible material.\nWith UV blocker, OptiOne helps protect against harmful radiation from the sun and the aspheric lens design consistently delivers sharp vision in low light conditions.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Our computer glasses feature our specialised BluLite lens which filters down and reduces the harmful high energy artificial blue light emitted by digital devices. By filtering down and reducing blue light across the entire blue spectrum our computer glasses alleviate digital eye strain. These glasses are designed for those that suffer with dry, sore, tired eyes, headaches and migraines and blurred vision from screen time. For lens reports on all our products please check the photos in your preferred product’s gallery. *All our glasses are unisex and come in Prescription, Non-Prescription, and Readers.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "A throwback to the days of roller rinks and disco, the Flare has a '70s spirit. These Smith sunglasses are one of those rare styles that flatters most face shapes. Despite the bold look, the bio-based frames are surprisingly lightweight. They come with your choice of standard Carbonic lenses or ChromaPop™ polarized lenses that reduce glare and enhance color.\n- ChromaPop™ polarized lenses cut glare and enhance color and contrast\n- Carbonic lenses offer impact-resistance and clear optics\nFit / Integration\n- Medium fit, large coverage\n- 4-base lens curvature is just right for everyday wear\n- Megol nose pads provide non-slip grip so glasses stay put\n- Evolve™ bio-based frame material is lightweight and durable", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Simply put, a white laser flashlight uses a blue laser to excite a yellow fluorescent material to form a broad spectrum of white light, which is much brighter than LEDs and the same as xenon lamps. White laser flashlight has high-intensity collimation characteristics, high light intensity, light gathering ability and long-range ability, which are many times stronger than traditional flashlights of the same volume. Because of its super light-gathering ability and almost no floodlight, the laser flashlight is essentially different from the traditional LED flashlight in design and use. When the white laser flashlight first came out, it was mainly used for tactical purposes, but now its application scenarios are more abundant, such as strong light suppression explosion, remote tracking, positioning, search, aiming and other precise tactical scenarios.\nFeatures of TANK007 PTL01 White Laser Flashlight:1. TANK007 PTL01 uses a white laser light source with a multi-coated lens. This white laser flashlight not only has a range of 1400 meters, but also has a brightness of 500 lumens and a broad-spectrum white light similar to the led spectrum, which not only retains the high collimation characteristics of laser, but also eliminates the harmfulness of monochromatic laser. PTL01 has a super focused beam, whether it is remote positioning, signal transmission, or precise target locking.\n2. The strong performance of PTL01 white laser flashlight can not be separated from the high-density battery to provide it with lasting power. PTL01 is equipped with a TANK007 21700 rechargeable lithium battery with Type-C charging port and 5000 mAh large-capacity battery, which is enough to ensure the endurance of PTL01. The PTL01stays on for 8 hours in 60 lumen low-light mode.\n3. PTL01 adopts the electronic key switch design of tactical tail key switch and neck side shift switch; Tactical rear key switch, one touch will light up, neck shift electronic key switch, single click highlight-medium-low light cycle shift, double click flash. The neck switch has the function of power indicator to remind the battery balance (the green light is 100% -75%, the green light is 75% -40%, the red light is 40% -10%, and the red light is less than 10%).\n4. The shell of PTL01 is made of A6061-T6 aluminum alloy, and the surface is anodized according to the high-specification anodizing process, so that the PTL01 is as firm as a rock after the drop test of six drop surfaces of 1.2 meters. IP68 dustproof and waterproof level can ensure that PTL01 can prevent sand and dust from entering and is not afraid of rainy days and Chaoshan environment.\n5, compatible with a variety of accessories, scene applications more possible. PTL01 white laser flashlight is equipped with a standard gun clip, which can be used in tactical scenarios. In addition, it can also be used with traffic sticks and simple flashlight clips to meet the needs of multi-scenario use.\nThe above is the white laser flashlight PTL01 released by TANK007. For more information, please click here: TANK007 PTL01.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Spectral Systems is the leader in precise infrared optical components, coatings, systems integration and services from original concept through final production. Founded over thirty years ago by Frank Wesley, the company got its start from making specialized optics for infrared applications. In its infancy, Spectral Systems focused primarily on providing optical polishing services to customers involved in infrared spectroscopy.\n|35 Corporate Park Drive|\n|Tel: 001 845 897 1529|", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Apr 2004Seegrid Corp.Request Info\nThe Theia integrated camera system produced by SeeGrid Corp. is a 1/2-in. full-frame CMOS imager that provides precisely synchronized stereo image capture. Available in black-and-white and color versions, it offers programmable shutter speeds from 1/18,000 to 3.65 s at rates from 0 to 30 fps. Signal-to-noise ratio is 45 dB, gain is from 0 to 25 dB, and power consumption is <2 W. The 640 × 480-pixel, progressive-scan system measures 116 × 8 × 3 cm and weighs 400 g. It has a 12-mm camera lens mount, multiple lens and image subsampling capability, variable focal length, independent gain control, onboard frame storage and a USB 2.0 interface. The camera is housed in aluminum and Lexan and comes with the company's vision software.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "In few words, hologram technology is an optical illusion. But going deeper, At the point when a laser shaft is separated to make a visualization, the light waves in the two pieces of the pillar are going in indistinguishable manners. In this way, as you move your head around, the holographic picture seems to change similarly as the picture of a genuine article changes. Also, that is the reason 3D images seem, by all accounts, to be three-dimensional.\nLeave A Comment", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Smith Virtue Goggle\nThe Virtue is designed specifically for women to have a great, smaller fit without sacrificing peripheral vision.\nThe Virtue is designed specifically for women to have a great, smaller fit without sacrificing peripheral vision. Outriggers articulate for superior helmet integration, while the spherical lens includes Porex™ filter, for preventing optical distortion during changes in elevation, and Fog-X anti-fog coating for fog-free vision. Fit and technology seamlessly combine so you can focus on the fun in front of you.\n- Spherical carbonic-x lens\n- Fog-X anti-fog inner lens\n- TLT lens technology for crystal clear vision\n- Women's small fit\n- QuickFit strap adjustment system with clip buckle\n- 3-layer DriWix face foam\n- Helmet compatible\n- Ultra-wide, silicone backed strap\n- Rotating outrigger positioning system\n- Includes microfiber goggle bag with replacement lens sleeve", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Industrial camera in the metal pieces of the application of the visual inspection system\nMachine vision system is mainly by industrial camera lens, visual light and image processing system, the current is applied to the more and more appearance test scenario, but also because of its stability, low cost, can be continuous 24 hours work etc, deeply welcome from all walks of life.\nIn the production of metal products, can appear the flaws such as scratches, visual inspection system using the industrial camera resolution 5 million and prime lens, cooperate avision line array of software defect detection function, need only a tool, simply adjust the parameters, and can quickly test results are given.\nAvision software due to its characteristics of modular, intelligent, even before have no contact with the personnel of image processing, and also can be used in accordance with the instructions to fit, validation, saving technical personnel's time cost, promote the project quickly.\nIf you currently have the relevant application requirements, contact us. We can offer you detection scheme.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The ApoTome Axioimager Z1 is a 3-D imaging system used for contrast enhancement in fluorescence microscopy based on innovative grid projection techniques using an HBO light source. This technique permits optical sections to be analysed quickly and with very good quality. It also improves clarity and performance. The ApoTome allows discriminated images of fluorescent specimens to be produced. When compared to conventional epiflourescence methods, these optical sections feature increased contrast and enhanced optical resolution in axial direction. Due to interfering fluorescent signals originating from planes above or below the actual focal plane, optical sections are prerequisite for three-dimensional reconstruction. The ApoTome system consists of a slider, which is inserted in the plane of the luminous-field diaphragm of the incident-light path of rays, and an accompanying control box. The ApoTome imaging system comprises the following components: The Axioimager Z1 microscope, Axiovision 4 module ApoTome, High resolution microscopy camera axiocam HRM REV.2 (ESI), PC XEON with at least 512 MB RAM acc. to Carl Zeiss specifications plus monitor, ApoTome slider with ApoTome control box and accompanying transmission grids, AxioVision 4.x control software.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Israel Railways will install an artificial intelligence (AI)-based safety warning system on passenger trains, the state-owned company said in a statement on Monday.\nThe electro-optic systems, developed by the Israeli technology company Rail Vision, can detect humans, vehicles, animals, and vegetation near and on the track, with an extended visual range of up to 2 km in most weather and light conditions, thus preventing collisions and reducing downtime.\nThe system combines sensitive imaging sensors with AI and deep learning technology to detect and classify obstacles, and then generates real-time visual and acoustic alerts for both the driver and the operator’s command-and-control center, according to the tech company.\nThe systems will be installed in the first phase on ten locomotives for continuing experiments, development, and improvement, the statement said. Xinhua", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Leica Disto D810 Touch Laser Distance Meter 650ft\nModel #799097 | SKU #508803\nThe Leica Disto D810 Touch is the first laser distance meter in the world with touchscreen capability for simpler navigation and access to functions. It has an integrated camera that enables construction professionals to measure and document measurements with photos. This handheld laser tool also features Bluetooth Smart for sending measuring data to your compatible Apple iOS, Android and Windows 8 devices.?", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "265 Oak St.\nPembroke, MA 02359\nPhone: +1 781-826-3195\nFax: +1 781-826-1195\nToll-free: +1 800-313-6246\nManufactures optical deposition systems with ion/plasma assist using e-beam, resistance, sputtering sources with planetary and flip fixturing in batch and in-line air-to-air configurations, with microprocessor, optical and multicrystal monitoring. Components include e-beam, fixturing, heating, plasma, ion beam, optical monitor and feedthroughs.\nOwnership type: Privately Owned\nIVI CORP. PRODUCT AND SERVICE CATEGORIES\nMS=Manufacture Stock | MC=Manufacture Custom | S=Supply/Distribute | D=Design", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Peteme Baby Monitor 1080P FHD Home WiFi Security Camera Sound/Motion Detection with Night Vision 2-Way Audio Cloud Service Available Monitor Baby/Elder/Pet Compatible with iOS/Android\n1080P FHD resolution, 6G lens, & 9 infrared LED lights, perfect images quality & night vision. Track movements in real time and send a alert message to your phone protect your home day and night. 355°pan/100°tilt/100°broad provide a complete 360° viewing angle. Remotely talk and listen to your family wherever you are, and enjoy those important moments.\nValued at $70\nDonated By NATCA Charitable Foundation", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "We demonstrate a purely dielectric resonant waveguide structure that enhances the efficiency of second-harmonic generation by a factor of at least 5500 compared to a flat reference surface in the same geometry. We also show that the structure emits second-harmonic radiation in four different directions when the sample is illuminated with fundamental radiation incident at the resonant angle of the sample.\n© 2010 OSA\nStructural details that are smaller than wavelength of light can give rise to strongly enhanced local electric fields and very sharp resonances. Resonant waveguide gratings (RWG) [1,2] constructed from all-dielectric, low-loss materials are one example of such sub-wavelength structures. A RWG consists of a surface waveguide, which is lossy due to a surface grating diffracting light both in and out of the waveguide mode. On resonance, the fields diffracted out of the waveguide mode interfere with the transmitted and reflected fields in such a way that it is theoretically possible to achieve 100% reflection . Simultaneously, the field strengths in the waveguide mode can be significantly enhanced. RWGs can thus provide efficient and convenient coupling of freely propagating laser beams to nanosized structures and waveguide modes while avoiding problems such as those arising from tight focusing.\nDue to their unique characteristics, RWGs are commonly used as narrow bandpass filters or selective mirrors [3–7]. In filter use, the strongest local fields are often inside the grating material and the enhanced field is not used directly. Instead, an effort to minimize the enhancement can be beneficial to, e.g., decrease the damage threshold . However, designing the RWG using, e.g., deep grooves so that the local field is both strong and accessible at the surface, can lead to applications such as improved fluorescence detection [9,10]. In particular, the high enhancement of the local fields at the surface of the RWG is interesting for nonlinear optical effects, which scale with a high field intensity, as can also occur in a total-internal-reflection geometry .\nIn this paper, we demonstrate over 5500-fold enhancement of second-harmonic generation (SHG) from an all-dielectric sub-wavelength RWG. The result is a significant improvement over the previous enhancement factor of 550 reported in Ref. 12. This is a direct consequence of careful sample fabrication and higher sample quality, which allows more efficient coupling into the structure and thereby leads to stronger local fields. The enhancement factor is evaluated using an air-SiO2 flat interface as a reference sample. We evaluate the enhancement for a similar experimental geometry for both samples and geometries optimized for each sample. Our experimental results are found to be in agreement with the simple estimate obtained from the local-field calculation in the structure. In addition, we report that second-harmonic (SH) beams of similar intensity can be detected in four different directions, which correspond to the allowed diffraction orders of the SH light.\nThe resonant structure is composed of a low index of refraction SiO2 grating coated with a layer of TiO2 as a high index of refraction material. The SiO2 grating was fabricated using electron-beam lithography and reactive ion etching. The basic structure is similar to that used in our previous experiments  but the quality of the present sample was significantly improved. Specifically, the electron-beam system (Vistec EBPG 5000 + ESHR) is improved, enhancing the patterning quality of the SiO2 grating and the evaporation process has been upgraded. Pure oxygen can now be pumped into the chamber during evaporation, allowing better control over the refractive index of the TiO2 deposited onto the sample. Minor changes were also made in the geometrical properties of the structure, mostly because the TiO2 coating thicknesses on the sidewalls and on the bottom of the grooves were slightly different with the new evaporator. Calculations show, however, that these changes had only a small effect in the energy densities of the local fields in the structure.\nThe present sample was designed for optimum coupling into the waveguide mode of p-polarized light at the fundamental wavelength of 1064 nm and for a resonance angle of incidence of about 21°. These parameters were chosen because the surface nonlinearity of the sample has a strong out-of-plane nature and the nonlinear response is therefore expected to be particularly enhanced for p-polarized fundamental radiation. The local field enhancement resulting from the grating resonance was thus optimized for this particular polarization on the basis of numerical calculations and rigorous diffraction theory. The theoretically calculated linear transmission as a function of the incident angle is shown in Fig. 1 .\nThe period of the grating is 580 nm and the depth of the grooves is 237 nm. The thickness of the TiO2 coating is 237 nm on top of the grooves and 60% and 30% of that on the bottom of the grooves and on the sidewalls, respectively. The calculation of the local field [see Fig. 1(b)] reveals that its energy density can be enhanced by a factor exceeding 200 in certain areas of the grating structure compared to the field in free space. Although the strongest field is located at the sharp grating corners, the actual structure exhibits rounded corners, which decrease the field strength at these locations. Beyond the corners, the strongest local fields appear in the TiO2 layer and at the air-TiO2 interface throughout the structure. While the TiO2 layer may give rise to quadrupolar bulk nonlinearities , the air-TiO2 interface is favorable for the coupling with the surface nonlinearity arising from the broken centrosymmetry of the interface. Although one cannot separate the bulk and surface contribution to the nonlinearity, we expect the bulk contribution to be significantly smaller than that of the interfaces. The enhancement factor of 200 means that the intensity of the SH signal generated from the grating could ideally be over four orders of magnitude larger than from a flat surface. This estimation is simply based on the local field enhancement. For a more detailed analysis, one should account for the coupling of the radiation fields (at the fundamental and harmonic frequency) to the local fields, the locally varying nonlinearity and the local nonlinear sources.\nOur structure has a sub-wavelength period for a fundamental wavelength of 1064 nm. Therefore, only zero diffraction orders in transmission and reflection can propagate in air, although the waveguide mode propagates within the structure. The period is, however, larger than the SH wavelength of 532 nm. As a consequence, SH light can be emitted also into non-zero diffraction orders. From momentum conservation along the surface and taking into account the additional momentum induced by the grating, we find that the possible magnitudes of the in-plane wave vectors of SH light are given byFig. 2(a) .\nA schematic of the experimental setup is shown in Fig. 2(b). The RWG was placed in a computer-controlled rotation mount which allows the SH signal to be measured as a function of the angle of incidence, thereby allowing the angle to be optimized for maximum SH radiation. The sample was illuminated with a pulsed Nd:YAG laser operating at 1064 nm and producing pulses of 70 ps duration. This fundamental beam was linearly polarized using a Glan-polarizer. Special care was taken in order to minimize the beam divergence which may decrease the coupling efficiency into the waveguide mode. The laser spot on the sample surface had a diameter of ~1 mm. The beam was subsequently filtered to remove all possible SH light that might be generated by the optics before the sample. In this way, the radiation incident onto the sample was purely at the fundamental wavelength and p-polarized. A photomultiplier tube for the detection of SH light was placed at the end of a computer-controlled rotating arm, thus making it possible to detect SH light over the whole 360° range. The fundamental wavelength was filtered out after the RWG and another Glan-polarizer was used to polarize the SH light along the p-direction before detection with a photomultiplier tube. The detector area was limited by a 200 µm wide slit, which is significantly narrower than the beam diameter at the detector allowing for better resolution of the SHG signals.\n3. Results and discussion\nWe first determined the resonance angle for maximum SH enhancement by detecting the transmitted 0 diffraction order while changing the angle of incidence. The resonance was found to occur at the 21.98° angle of incidence, close to the design target of 21°.\nIn order to estimate the enhancement factor in SHG induced by the RWG we used a planar SiO2 surface as a reference. This is different from the air-TiO2-SiO2 structure of the grating. However, we have verified experimentally that the nonlinear response from the air-SiO2 interface and the air-TiO2-SiO2 structure had a negligible difference, although both the air-TiO2 and TiO2-SiO2 interfaces can coherently contribute to the nonlinear response of the latter structure. For the experimental conditions described in the above section, the SHG signal produced by the planar SiO2 surface, however, was extremely small. We therefore had to focus the fundamental beam on the planar surface in order to reliably measure the SH signal. The beam was weakly focused with a 10 cm lens resulting in an effective 0.005 numerical aperture. The SH signal from the reference sample thus diverges weakly and was easily captured by the detector. On the other hand, for the case of the RWG, a focused beam reduces the coupling efficiency into the waveguide mode as the wide distribution of the wavevectors of the focused fundamental beam do not match the narrow resonance of the grating. In order to compare the results obtained using the collimated (RWG grating) and focused (SiO2 surface) setups, an intermediate sample was used as a reference. The intermediate sample was an organic thin film of nonlinear terthiophene-vinylbenzoate (TSe) molecules . The enhancement factor in SHG produced by the RWG compared to the flat surface was then performed in 3 steps. First, the SHG signal ratio produced by the flat SiO2 reference surface and the intermediate sample was measured in the focused configuration and was found to be in the range of 1:7.55-1:10.0, where the variation was related to the spatial inhomogeneity of the TSe sample. Note that due to the large SHG signal emitted by this intermediate sample in the focused configuration, a calibrated filter was inserted in the setup. The filter transmitted 8.3% of the fundamental beam, which corresponds to the ratio of 1:145 in the SHG signals with and without the filter. Finally, the collimated setup was used to measure the SHG signal ratio between the intermediate sample and the RWG in resonance and found to be 1:5.17. As a final result we can estimate the SHG intensity produced by the RWG in resonance to be larger than that produced by the planar TiO2 surface by a factor in the range of 5500-7500. This rather remarkable result exceeds by an order of magnitude the previous reported results  reflecting the substantially higher quality of the present sample.\nThe enhancement factor given above was estimated with respect to a planar SiO2 surface assuming an angle of incidence identical to that of the RWG resonance. Although this is a natural choice, the rather small angle of incidence of about 22° leads to a relatively weak SH response from the planar reference due to the strong out of plane character of the surface nonlinearity. One could therefore argue that the enhancement factor is overestimated. Note that in our previous results  this dependence was not accounted for in the estimation of the enhancement factor. Using the values of the SH tensor components of glass that can be found from literature , the maximum intensity of the SH signal emitted by the flat reference surface is estimated to occur at the incident angle of 68.5° with a ~6-fold intensity increase compared to the 22° angle. Consequently, even if we consider the optimized configuration for the planar reference the enhancement factor of the RWG for SHG is still close to 1000.\nWe subsequently investigated the directions in which SH light is emitted by the RWG sample and compared them with those predicted by diffraction theory. For this purpose, the detection arm was rotated over the whole 360° range in the plane of incidence while keeping the angle of incidence fixed at the 21.98° resonance. The detected SHG intensity as a function of the detection angle is shown in Fig. 3 where we clearly observe SH radiation in four different directions corresponding to detection angles of −147.42°, −33.28°, 21.98° and 157.98°, respectively. The zero angle corresponds to transmission direction through the RWG, normal to the sample surface (see Fig. 2). Positive and negative angles indicate clockwise and counterclockwise rotation with respect to the zero angle. The SH radiations detected at negative angles correspond to −1 diffraction order, while SH radiations detected at positive angles correspond to 0 diffraction order. Assuming a resonant incident angle of 21.98°, the directions of the detected SH radiation for reflected 0 order and reflected/transmitted −1 order agree very well with the values of −147.12°, −32.88°, and 158.02° estimated from Eq. (1). The small discrepancy can be attributed to the uncertainty of the grating period. When limiting the detector area by the 200 µm slit, all the SHG beams exhibited comparable angular widths of ~0.2° at a 0.5 m distance from the sample, showing evidence of strong directionality.\nWe further observed an azimuthal angular dependence in the SH intensity, i.e., dependence on the orientation of the sample about the surface normal, but this dependence was only observed for the SH signals detected at negative angles, i.e., for the −1 diffraction order, which makes it impossible to unambiguously determine the relative magnitudes of all the four SH beams. Indeed, when the azimuthal angle was optimized to maximize the SH intensity detected in the −1 diffraction order, the SH signal in those directions was significantly larger than that detected in the 0-order directions for which the tuning of the azimuthal angle had little effect. Furthermore, depending on the measurement geometry, some weak side-maxima (not shown here) were observed on either both transmitted or both reflected peaks. In this case the weak side-maxima are caused typically by the working field borders in the electron-beam writing that cause additional periodicity on the structure. We believe that the azimuthal dependence of the SH intensity may be caused by unaccounted interference and diffraction effects in the RWG sample. The fact that the SH intensity seemingly depends on the azimuthal angle of incidence may induce a further increase in the enhancement factor if the azimuthal angle is optimized for a particular diffraction order.\nWe have demonstrated a purely dielectric resonant waveguide structure that enhances the efficiency of second-harmonic generation by a factor of at least 5500 compared to a flat reference surface in the same geometry. Even when the difference in the optimal conditions for the grating and the reference are taken into account, the enhancement factor is about 1000. The enhancement is associated with strong local fields at the interfaces of the grating when the resonant waveguide mode is excited. This remarkable enhancement in second-harmonic generation is of interest for applications that uses the sensitivity of the structure such as molecular fluorescence enhancement and biomolecule detection [9,10,15]. We have further demonstrated that the present structure emits second-harmonic radiation in four different directions when the sample is illuminated with fundamental radiation incident at the resonant angle of the sample. The additional signals arise from the fact that the period of the structure is sub-wavelength only for the fundamental wavelength used, but not for the second-harmonic wavelength. The relative magnitudes of the four peaks were found to be very sensitive to minute variations in the measurement geometry and merit further investigations.\nWe emphasize that the present results were obtained using a structure that supports a waveguide resonance for the fundamental wavelength only. In the future, it will be interesting to design new types of structures that are simultaneously resonant for both the fundamental and second-harmonic wavelengths so as to obtain even higher enhancement factors. Finally, we point out that even higher enhancement may be expected for third-order processes, because of their higher-order dependence on the local field amplitude and because their origin is not constrained to the surface nonlinearity by symmetry.\nWe acknowledge the Academy of Finland (grant #107009) for financial support. The work of P. Karvinen was financed by the Graduate School of Modern Optics and Photonics. We also acknowledge “The Research and Development Project on Nanophotonics” funded by the Ministry of Education of Finland.\nReferences and links\n1. R. Magnusson and S. Wang, “New principle for optical filters,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 61(9), 1022–1024 (1992). [CrossRef]\n2. D. Rosenblatt, A. Sharon, and A. Friesem, “Resonant grating waveguide structures,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 33(11), 2038–2059 (1997). [CrossRef]\n3. P. Priambodo, T. Maldonado, and R. Magnusson, “Fabrication and characterization of high-quality waveguide-mode resonant optical filters,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 83(16), 3248–3250 (2003). [CrossRef]\n4. C. Kappel, A. Selle, M. A. Bader, and G. Marowsky, “Resonant double-grating waveguide structures as inverted Fabry-Perot interferometers,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 21(6), 1127–1136 (2004). [CrossRef]\n5. M. Bader, A. Selle, O. Stenzel, R. Delmdahl, G. Spiecker, and C. Fischer, “High spectral resolution analysis of tunable narrowband resonant grating waveguide structures,” Appl. Phys. B 89(2-3), 151–154 (2007). [CrossRef]\n6. F. Brückner, D. Friedrich, T. Clausnitzer, O. Burmeister, M. Britzger, E.-B. Kley, K. Danzmann, A. Tünnermann, and R. Schnabel, “Demonstration of a cavity coupler based on a resonant waveguide grating,” Opt. Express 17(1), 163–169 (2009), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-17-1-163. [CrossRef] [PubMed]\n7. S. Feng, X. Zhang, J. Song, H. Liu, and Y. Song, “Theoretical analysis on the tuning dynamics of the waveguide-grating structures,” Opt. Express 17(2), 426–436 (2009), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-17-2-426. [CrossRef] [PubMed]\n8. T. Sun, J. Ma, J. Wang, Y. Jin, H. He, J. Shao, and Z. Fan, “Electric field distribution in resonant reflection filters under normal incidence,” J. Opt. A, Pure Appl. Opt. 10(12), 125003 (2008). [CrossRef]\n9. P. C. Mathias, N. Ganesh, L. L. Chan, and B. T. Cunningham, “Combined enhanced fluorescence and label-free biomolecular detection with a photonic crystal surface,” Appl. Opt. 46(12), 2351–2360 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]\n10. P. Karvinen, T. Nuutinen, J. Rahomäki, O. Hyvärinen, and P. Vahimaa, “Strong fluorescence-signal gain with single-excitation-enhancing and emission-directing nanostructured diffraction grating,” Opt. Lett. 34(20), 3208–3210 (2009), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/ol/abstract.cfm?URI=ol-34-20-3208. [CrossRef] [PubMed]\n11. B. U. Felderhof, A. Bratz, G. Marowsky, O. Roders, and F. Sieverdes, “Optical second-harmonic generation from adsorbate layers in total-reflection geometry,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 10(10), 1824–1833 (1993). [CrossRef]\n12. M. Siltanen, S. Leivo, P. Voima, M. Kauranen, P. Karvinen, P. Vahimaa, and M. Kuittinen, “Strong enhancement of second-harmonic generation in all-dielectric resonant waveguide grating,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 91(11), 111109 (2007). [CrossRef]\n13. F. J. Rodríguez, F. X. Wang, B. K. Canfield, S. Cattaneo, and M. Kauranen, “Multipolar tensor analysis of second-order nonlinear optical response of surface and bulk of glass,” Opt. Express 15(14), 8695–8701 (2007), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-16-12-8704. [CrossRef] [PubMed]\n15. P. Karvinen, T. Nuutinen, O. Hyvärinen, and P. Vahimaa, “Enhancement of laser-induced fluorescence at 473 nm excitation with subwavelength resonant waveguide gratings,” Opt. Express 16(21), 16364–16370 (2008), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-16-21-16364. [CrossRef] [PubMed]", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "(i) It absorbs ultraviolet radiations from sun and prevents them from reaching on the earth’s surface causing damage to life.\nIdentification : ultraviolet radiations one correct application (= sanitization, forensics)\n(ii) Water molecules present in most materials readily absorbs infra red waves. Hence, their thermal motion increases. Therefore, they heat their surroundings.\nThey are produced by hot bodies and molecules. Incoming visible light is absorbed by earth’s surface and radiated as infrared radiations. These radiation are trapped by green house gases.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Tiny little shutters as small as the width of a human hair are a key component in the James Webb Space Telescope's ability to see huge distances in the cosmos, and they have now arrived at the European Space Agency. Those little \"shutters\" are actually called \"microshutters\" and they are tiny doorways that focus the attention of the infrared camera on specific targets to the exclusion of others. They will focus in on objects like very distant stars and galaxies.\nThe microshutters were recently shipped from NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Md. to the European Space Agency (ESA) for installation into the near-infrared spectrograph (NIRSpec) instrument. This is a big step, because the microshutters are components that will fly on the actual telescope.\nHarvey Moseley, a Senior Astrophysicist at NASA Goddard, who led the microshutter team, said \"This delivery is the culmination of nearly a decade of development, in which the device grew from an initial idea to a revolutionary system for vastly increasing the power of Webb telescope as it probes the distant universe. To have completed the development of this device in a space flight program speaks highly of the great team of engineers and technicians who brought this new technology to completion.\"\nThe microshutters are assembled as an \"array\" or collection. An array is a group of tiny microshutters that looks like a little square in a waffle-like grid. Each array or grid contains over 62,000 shutters. Individually, each microshutter measures 100 by 200 microns, or about the width of a human hair. The telescope will contain four of these waffle-looking grids all put together. They also have to work at the incredibly cold temperature of minus 388 degrees Fahrenheit (-233 degrees Celsius).\nThe microshutters will enable scientists to block unwanted light from objects closer to the camera in space, like light from stars in our Galaxy, letting the light from faraway objects shine through. To get an idea of how these tiny little \"hairlike\" shutters work, think about how a person raises their hand in front of their eyes to block the sunshine while trying to look at a traffic signal. Microshutters block excess light to see a dim object by blocking out brighter sources of light in the cosmos.\nThe microshutters were designed, built and tested at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Md. specifically for the James Webb Space Telescope. They are unique to the Webb telescope.\nThey will work with the Near Infrared Spectrograph or NIRSpec. That instrument will break up the light from the galaxies into a rainbow of different colors, allowing scientists to determine the kinds of stars and gasses that make up the galaxies and measure their distances and motions. The microshutters help the NIRSpec to separate the light while observing up to 100 objects at the same time, because the microshutter system controls how light enters the NIRSpec.\nEngineers at the European Space Agency at EADS/Astrium in Ottobrunn, Germany, a suburb of Munich will install the microshutters into the NIRSpec instrument. Once installed, ESA will conduct further testing on the entire instrument. Once those tests are complete and the NIRSpec is fully-functional and passes all tests, the NIRSpec will return to NASA Goddard to be placed on the main Webb telescope.\nThe telescope is a joint project of NASA, the European Space Agency and the Canadian Space Agency.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "a.The characteristics of a single illuminant of a conve […]\na.The characteristics of a single illuminant of a conventional light source are different, and the LED lamp used in the LED luminaire is composed of a plurality of illuminants and emits light.There is a color difference between the illuminants in the LED luminaire. It is necessary to evaluate the spatial distribution of the color of the LED luminaire by using the uniformity evaluation of the color space.\nb. Use life to evaluate the durability of LED luminaires.\nThe measurement and evaluation of the life performance of traditional light sources have been standardized and interchangeable, so the life of traditional light source lamps can be met by replacing the damaged light source and the control device of the lamp designed for 10 years of life, so it is generally not evaluated. The life of traditional light source lamps. The life of an LED luminaire is related to the life of the LED itself, the LED driver and the environment in which the luminaire is supplied to the LED, etc., and currently there are many forms of LED lamps. Except for LEDs with standard lamp heads, other LED lamps are not interchangeable, so The life of different LED luminaires can only be determined by the relevant life evaluation. When evaluating the life of an LED luminaire, it is necessary to claim not only the lumen maintenance life (LX) but also the failure rate (FX).\nc. The evaluation parameters of the luminous flux ratio that the luminaire can utilize are different from those of conventional luminaires. Traditional lighting fixtures are evaluated with luminaire efficiency, while LED luminaires are evaluated for efficacy.\nd. Unlike traditional illumination sources, the photometric test can be performed separately. The relative method can be used for photometric measurement. The LED light source is extremely sensitive to temperature. It is not suitable to separate the LED light source from the lamp and measure it separately. For the photometric measurement, the absolute method should be used for the lamp. The photometric test was performed as a whole.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Hyperspectral imaging can capture hundreds of images acquired for narrow and continuous spectral bands across the electromagnetic spectrum. Since the spectral profiles are specific for different materials, exploiting such high-dimensional data can help determine the characteristics of the objects of interest that may be not possible to spot by the naked eye. A hyperspectral image can be interpreted as a data cube which couples spatial and spectral information captured for every pixel in the scene. Practical applications of such imagery are very vast and spread across a variety of fields, including, among others, biology, medicine, forensics, precision agriculture, and remote sensing. High dimensionality and volume of hyperspectral data significantly affect the cost and time of transferring such images and make them challenging to analyze and interpret manually. Thus, there are a plethora of state-of-the-art approaches toward automating the hyperspectral data analysis process, and they benefit from a wide spectrum of machine learning, computer vision, and advanced data analysis techniques. However, the availability of manually-annotated hyperspectral datasets is still limited, and they are often small, not very representative, extremely imbalanced, and noisy, e.g., due to the noise that is intrinsic to the data acquisition itself, especially in the context of satellite imaging. These issues make the supervised machine learning-powered algorithms challenging to apply in emerging multi/hyperspectral image analysis scenarios.\nIn this talk, we will focus on estimating the soil moisture (in the context of the potato production) from hyperspectral data using both classical machine learning and deep learning techniques (the former require building feature extractors commonly followed by feature selection, whereas the latter utilize automated representation learning). Soil moisture is an important parameter, and its precise estimation can help us effectively control the amount of water in the field for a variety of precision farming applications, but its in-situ analysis is cumbersome and not scalable for large agricultural area. Therefore, exploiting the recent advances in the artificial intelligence area may significantly accelerate the process of estimating this soil parameter (and also other important parameters of soil) in a non-invasive and inherently scalable manner, e.g., if the hyperspectral data is acquired on-board an imaging satellite. We will discuss both classical machine learning and deep learning approaches toward elaborating this soil parameter, and present the experimental results obtained for the real-life hyperspectral image data that was coupled with the in-situ ground-truth information (acquired in Poland). It is worth noting that – in the case of hyperspectral imaging – high-dimensional image data is commonly captured for many bands acquired for different wavelengths. Therefore, transferring, storing, and analyzing such images is expensive due to their volume, especially if they are acquired on-board an imaging satellite. To this end, we will discuss our approaches for reducing the dimensionality of such data, also using deep learning algorithms equipped with the attention modules. Finally, we will discuss our thorough quantitative, qualitative, and statistical validation procedures, and show why the validation of the artificial intelligence-powered techniques is pivotal in practical Earth observation applications. The talk will be concluded with the review of the practical challenges that need to be faced while deploying machine learning (especially deep learning) algorithms on-board a satellite in a very resource-constrained and extreme execution environment – we will focus on our Intuition-1 satellite which is a 6U-class satellite with a data processing unit enabling on-board data processing acquired via a hyperspectral instrument currently being developed by KP Labs (will be launched in Q1 2023).", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "|Place of Origin:||China|\n|Model Number:||GY650LD LED Street Light|\n|Minimum Order Quantity:||Negotiated one|\n|Packaging Details:||Carton box|\n|Delivery Time:||5-7 dyas|\n|Payment Terms:||L/C, T/T,|\n|Supply Ability:||100000 units per months|\n|Name:||IP65 LED Street Lights||Input Voltage:||AC100 ～ 240V/ DC24V/DC12V|\n|Power:||55W 65W 80W 85W 90W 100W 110W120W||Lumen:||100lm/W|\nGY650LD COB 100lm/W LED Street Light for 55W 65W 80W 85W 90W 100W 110W120W\nLED Street Light Material\nHigh purity aluminum reflector, lamp housing and heat sink, high-strength tempered glass cover, high-power integrated package LED light source, high-efficiency constant current source.\nLED Street Light Applicable place\nGY500LD series of street lamps are suitable for urban roads, sidewalks, squares, schools, parks, courtyards, residential areas, factories and other places where outdoor road lighting is required.\nFeatures LED Street Light\nInput Voltage AC100 ～ 240V\nColor Rendering Index Ra70\nColor Temperature 3000/4000/5000/5700K\nIP Rating IP65\nElectric Safety Class CLASS I\nAmbient Temperature -40 ～ 50℃\nPole Connector Size φ60/φ50mm\nEstablished in 1988, Shanxi Guangyu LED Lighting Co. Ltd. located in Linfen City, Shanxi Province, which takes up around 300,000 square meters with more than 2000 employees and 5 million registered capital.\nGuangyu enters into powerful LED business much earlier than any other companies. After many years of research and exploration, Guangyu already becomes a famous high-technology corporation with R & D center, product design center, producing lines and marketing net. Guangyu is focusing on powerful LED light sources, LED commercial lightings, LED road lightings, LED outdoor lightings and LED tunnel lightings.\nGuangyu starts to develop the local market since 2009, and already set up a complete sales center system inside of China. Until now there are 7 sales centers all over the country. The Sales network already reaches all the First-tier cities.\nFor international market, Guangyu's product already reaches over 70 areas and countries. In 2010, The foreign currency earning of Guangyu is the number one of Shanxi high-tech products export enterprises. At the end of 2010, Guangyu is already under the project of semiconductor ligthing Demonstration project that arranged by Three ministries.\nIn January of 2011, Guangyu owns the title of the LED lighting application Top 100 enterprises 2010. In May of 2011, Guangyu becomes the second enterprise of LED road lighting. Guangyu is one of the best LED packaging enterprises of national semiconductor Industry Alliance.\nContact Person: Katy", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Parfocality means that when one objective lens is in focus, then the other objective lens will also be in focus. Pay attention to the diopter settings on each ocular. Plus, know your own prescription. In addition, if the diopters are not set properly, you could be “in focus”, but your assistant using the side observer and/or the monitor image will be out of focus.\nPersonal Parfocal adjustment:\nIt’s critical that you obtain your own personal parfocal settings. Here’s how:\nA. Position the microscope above a flat, stationary surface.\nB. Using a pen or pencil, makes a dot on a piece of white paper to serve as a focus target and place it within the illumination field of the microscope.\nC. Set both of the eyepiece diopter settings to “0”.\nD. Set the microscope on its highest magnification setting and focus until a sharp image is obtained. Adjust the inter-pupillary distance so that “one” image is viewed\nE. Being careful not to physically shift the microscope position, change the magnification setting to its lowest position. Then, focus left and right eyepieces, one at a time, by turning the diopter ring until the image is clear and sharp. Tighten the diopter lock button to lock in this position and record the settings for future use.\nF. Each operator will then have their particular settings which are to be dialed in whenever that particular operator uses the microscope.\nThis procedure does not have to be repeated by the same operator each time the microscope is used. However, due to changes in eye correction associated with time, it is recommended that this procedure be repeated by the operator once or twice per year.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "course: Ultrafast Laser Physics and Technology\n- teaching methods:\n- computer based presentation, black board and chalk\n- responsible person:\n- Prof. Dr. Clara J. Saraceno\n- Prof. Dr. Clara J. Saraceno (ETIT)\n- offered in:\nAll statements pertaining to examination modalities (for the summer/winter term of 2020) are given with reservations. Changes due to new requirements from the university will be announced as soon as possible.\nDate according to prior agreement with lecturer.\n|Form of exam:||oral|\n|Registration for exam:||FlexNow|\nThe students understand how to generate, manipulate and characterize ultrashort laser pulses, and they are familiar with most recent technological developments in ultrafast laser technology.\nThe course will cover the following topics:\n- Linear and nonlinear propagation of optical pulses\n- Dispersion compensation\n- Modelocking and amplification of ultrashort pulses\n- Ultrashort pulse measurement techniques\n- New trends in ultrafast lasers\n- Fundamental knowledge of electromagnetic waves, optics, Fourier analysis\n- Ideally the students have completed the Laser Technology and/or the Photonics mandatory courses.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Skip to Main Content\nIn this paper, a new algorithm for content-based image indexing and retrieval is presented. The proposed method is based on a combination of multiresolution analysis and color correlation histogram of the image. According to the new algorithm, wavelet coefficients of the image are computed first using Daubechies wavelets. A quantization step is then applied before computing horizontal and vertical color correlograms of the wavelet coefficients. Finally, index vectors are constructed using these wavelet correlograms. The retrieval results obtained by the new method on a 1000 image database demonstrated a significant improvement in effectiveness and efficiency compared to the indexing and retrieval methods based on image color correlogram or wavelet transform.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The macro does not really provide for hi magnification. You should make a hyper macro version, basically a microscope version. On a five mm Object should easily fill the field.\nGreat lens Perfect shipment, thanks !\nThe macro lens is cool. Some great shots as already! But , I ordered a tripod for the iPhone too but haven’t received it. Please refund my money asap….", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Grilamid TR90: Lightweight, highly flexible, tough, shatterproof\nPC Lens: Highly scratch and break resistant\n. Delivered with 3 pairs of lenses:\n. Protection Index 3: ZEISS green/blue multilayer mirror, flawless\nshade for watersports, 100 % UV protection, hydrophobic.\n. Protection Index 2: Multilayer red mirror, perfect shade for watersports\nand cloudy conditions or those out biking in sunny\nconditions, 100 % UV protection, hydrophobic.\n. Protection Index 1: Suited to grey days and bad weather, 100 %\nUV protection, hydrophobic.\n. ZEISS lens with INTER_POL function: For wind detection on the water’s\n. ZEISS high quality EVS shape: For wider peripheral vision, decentered\nlens eliminates distortion, low % of unwanted light invasion.\n. PC lens with ZEISS Ri-Pel water repellent on the front and back.\nHighly scratch and break resistant with a solid lens thickness\n(1.8 – 2.0 mm)\nThe ZEISS × ION collaboration has brought forth a new level of excellence in water sports vision. The result is an Inter_Pol lens for perfect wind detection developed by ZEISS. ZEISS lenses are made in Italy by the legendary experts at Carl Zeiss Vision Sunlens; the company that pioneered high-performance optics back in 1846. Every ZEISS lens is formed in an individual diamond-polished mold for flawless clarity and subjected to a rigorous 24-step procedure that ensures the highest performance and quality possible.\nThe RAY and HYPE models are equipped with an adjustable temple tip. Bend horizontally or vertically in order to achieve a perfect and individual fit to suit any shape of head.\nThe RAY and HYPE models are equipped with the new adjustable nose pads. Move them in any direction to ensure that your sunglasses sit safely on your nose.\nChoose the right lens for the right moment with the ION Quick change lense system.\nThe frame is build to be disassembled in separate parts, to change the lenses quickly.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The AT9027 by Atom Lighting is a high-output 9W LED downlight with a low profile body and flush lens. At just 27mm tall the AT9027 is suited for narrow ceiling spaces.\nThis AT9027/WH/CW features a white powder coated aluminium frame with a 4000K cool white LED light.\nThe AT9027 is the perfect energy efficient replacement upgrade for your energy hungry halogen downlights. The AT9027's 90 degree light beam angle combined with a powerful low glare LED light provides exceptional light output whilst consuming only 9W. The AT9027 offers the best in LED downlight quality utilising the latest in LED lighting technology for excellent light, long life and durability.\nThe Atom AT9027 comes complete with a dimmable LED driver and flex and plug for DIY installation - Provided there is an existing GPO available.\nThe AT9027 is dimmable with the Atom Specialised 200VA Trailing Edge Dimmer (Please see Accessories & Related Products).\n|Supplier||Atom Lighting||Input Voltage||240V|\n|Model Name||AT9027||Dimmable||Yes - With Atom's AT9300 Trailing Edge Dimmer|\n|Model Number||AT9027/WH/CW||Light Beam Angle||90°|\n|Primary Colour||White||CRI ≥||80+|\n|Light Colour Temperature||4000K - Cool White||IP Rating||IP20 - For Indoor Installation Only|\n|Adjustable / Gimble||No||LED Driver Included||Yes|\n|Lumen Output||700lm||Driver Type||Flex & Plug Included|\n|Face Size||Ø 110mm|\n|Cutout Size||Ø 90mm|\n|Flex & Plug Length||1000mm|\nThis product comes with a 3 Year Replacement Warranty*\n*Please click here to learn more about the Atom Lighting Warranty Terms and Conditions.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Hover to zoom\nPSFP-10GD-S2LC10 10 Gigabit SFP+ Optical Tranceiver. 10GBASE-LR 1310nm (LC) [10km / 6.2 miles with SMF] with DOM ( DMI ) - Digital Optical Monitoring.\nA fiber to Ethernet solution using interchangeable, compact media connectors that enable a single network device to connect to a wide variety of fiber and copper cable types and distances. For use with Perle 10GbE SFP Media Converters and third party equipment that supports MSA compliant SFP transceivers.\nFor complete product details and technical specifications, please visit our 10 Gigabit Optical Transceiver Product Page.\nQuestions? Contact Perle Now for help.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "04/22/2020 - 04/24/2020\n|Town / Country||Yokohama / Japan|\n|Business Area||Axetris, Micro-Optics and Services, Mass Flow Devices, Laser Gas Detection, Infrared Sources|\nOPIE'20 is the OPTICS & PHOTONICS International Exhibition in Japan, which is is one of the largest specialized for the photonics industrial sector.\nVisit Axetris for a broad range of micro-optics products – from refractive micro-optic lenses and lens arrays to diffractive optical elements in silicon and fused silica - covering the entire wavelength range from UV to mid IR. We are looking forward to meeting you.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "where expertise comes together\n- since 1996 -\n- since 1996 -\nFD800 Bench Top Flaw Detectors\nThe bench-top FD800 flaw detector range combines state-of-the-art flaw detection with advanced mater\nial thickness capabilities. Designed for use in the laboratory these gauges are the tool you need for all your flaw detecting needs.\nNDTkit RT, TESTIA's Digital Radiography software The NDTkit product line software for X-ray analysi\ns. NDTkit RT is a software benefiting from the Ultis kernel which is dedicated to radiographic image analysis. It offers a set of tools and filtering processes to assist RT operators in finding relevant flaws.\nHD-CR 35 NDT Computed Radiography System\nPortable high-resolution CR scanner for all radiography applications - weld testing, profile images\nand aerospace. No matter what type of radiographic testing you are performing, the unique TreFoc Technology of the HD-CR 35 NDT imaging plate scanner always guarantees the highest image quality.\nYXLON Cougar EVO\nScalable small footprint X-ray inspection systems for assembly and laboratory applications. The\nYXLON Cougar EVO series was designed to provide the \"best-in- class\" inspection solutions for SMT, semiconductor, and laboratory assembly applications, while maintaining a small system footprint for maximum convenience. With optimized software and hardware, these systems produce higher quality and more consistent results than other electronics inspection systems currently on the market.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "October 13, 2023\nMeasuring flow with twisted light- Exploring New Possibilities in Laser Measurement –\nNational Institute for Fusion Science, National Institutes of Natural Sciences (NIFS)\nSojo UniversityResearch Results (Press Release)\nMeasuring particle flow from plasma to matter is critical regarding plasma-matter interactions. With a conventional laser, only the velocity of particles along the direction in which the light travels can be measured. Therefore, measurements cannot be made for a particle flux, for example, heading toward the reactor wall of a fusion device, because the wall obstructs the light path. A research group including Hiroki Minagawa, a third-year doctoral student at Nihon University, Professor Mitsutoshi Aramaki of Nihon University, Associate Professor Shinji Yoshimura of the National Institute for Fusion Science, and Associate Professor Kenichiro Terasaka of Sojo University has overcome the restriction on the direction of measurable velocity by using a laser with a helically twisted wavefront*1 called an optical vortex*2. This measurement method is named optical vortex laser absorption spectroscopy (OVLAS), and using optical vortices makes it possible to measure particle flows perpendicular to the direction of light. This technique is expected to significantly contribute to elucidating phenomena at the boundary region between matter and plasma.\nA paper summarizing the results of this research was published in the online edition of Scientific Reports, the British scientific journal of Nature Publishing Group, on September 16, 2023.\nPlasma is a state in which atoms are ionized into ions and electrons and is used in many industries, including semiconductor manufacturing. Developing plasma fusion reactors as a next-generation energy source is also vigorously underway. In such advanced use of plasma, the energy of the active species produced by the plasma flowing into the substrate and the heat load on the reactor wall from the hot particles from the core plasma are crucial information. However, conventional laser beams can only measure the velocity of particles along the direction the light travels. Therefore, we have so far measured the perpendicular component to the substrate or reactor wall for particle fluxes incident on a substrate or reactor wall by injecting a light beam at an oblique angle. However, even with this method, there is a restriction on the optical path that can be secured, and there are cases where measurement is impossible. This situation has created a strong demand for expanding the degree of freedom of optical measurement in flow measurement.\nA research group including Hiroki Minagawa, a third-year doctoral student at Nihon University, Professor Mitsutoshi Aramaki of Nihon University, Associate Professor Shinji Yoshimura of the National Institute for Fusion Science, and Associate Professor Kenichiro Terasaka of Sojo University has successfully measured the plasma flow velocity by irradiating an optical vortex beam from a direction perpendicular to the plasma flowing inside a glass tube by using the Doppler effect*3 inhomogeneity that appears in the optical vortex absorption (Figure 1).\nThe relation between the wavefront of the light and the direction of motion of the atoms determines the Doppler effect in the interaction between light and atoms. In conventional plasma measurements, this Doppler effect is used to measure the velocity of atoms, but a light source using plane waves can only detect the velocity in the direction the light travels. This study addressed the issue by developing “optical vortex absorption spectroscopy,” which utilizes an optical vortex beam. Because the optical vortex has a helical equiphase surface, the relation between the uniform transversing plasma flow and the equiphase surface varies from place to place. Using this property, we have obtained the transverse flow velocity from the spatial variation of the Doppler effect in the interaction between the optical vortex and the atoms. This study demonstrates the capability of this technique to provide highly accurate measurements for gas velocities in the range of approximately 50 to 150 m/s.\nSignificance of Research Results and Future DevelopmentsIt has been generally accepted that only the velocity component of particles along the direction in which light travels can be measured, and it has been considered impossible to measure the velocity in the direction through which light cannot pass due to equipment limitations and other factors. This research demonstrates that transverse velocity can also be measured using optical vortices and opens up new measurement capabilities by taking advantage of the spatial structure of light. We plan to apply this technique to observing particle transport in the boundary region between plasma and matter.\nIn a wave that propagates while oscillating, a wavefront is a plane connecting places where the oscillation timing is the same.\n*2 optical vortex\nAn optical vortex is light with a helical wavefront and a phase singularity at the center of the beam. In addition to attracting attention as light with orbital angular momentum, various applications are under investigation, including super-resolution fluorescence microscopy by S. Hell, winner of the 2014 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, optical vortex tweezers, and optical vortex multiplexing communications.\n*3 Doppler effect\nA phenomenon in which the frequency of a wave is observed as a different value than it actually is when the source of the wave and the observer are in relative motion in the direction across the wavefront.\nTitle: “Enhancement of Doppler spectroscopy to transverse direction by using optical vortex”\nAuthors: Hiroki Minagawa1, Shinji Yoshimura2,3, Kenichiro Terasaka4, Mitsutoshi Aramaki1\n1 College of Industrial Technology, Nihon University\n2 National Institute for Fusion Science, National Institutes of Natural Sciences\n3 Center for Low-temperature Plasma Sciences, Nagoya University\n4 Faculty of Computer and Information Sciences, Sojo University\nJournal: Scientific Reports, vol. 13, 15400 (2023). (Published: September 16, 2023)\nAcknowledgments for Research Grants\nThis work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Numbers JP25287152, JP17H03000, JP18KK0079, JP21K03501, and JP21H01058 and supported in part by the NIFS Collaboration Research Program (NIFS13KOAP026).", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Many businesses are looking for ways that allow them to take more control over solar energy production. Industrial customers investing in solar energy are looking to keep their future energy bills under their own control, as well contributing to environmental protection. This has made solar energy popular around the world.\nSolar panels are widely used by different industries. While the benefits of solar are many, there have been issues of visual distress such as flash blindness and veiling. The risk of an ocular impact is a concern for locations such as airports, where pilots, tower personnel and even military personnel can be disturbed by a glint or glare from the solar arrays. This has started to become a barrier towards the efficient implementation of solar.\nThe way out this issue is technology-based – a layer of the anti-reflective (AR) film is coated on the glass of a PV solar panel which improves the panel’s transmittance by reducing the reflectance on the surface of the glass. However, the life of AR coating is limited because of natural corrosion and cleaning of panels.\nAnother efficient option to reduce reflection is by texturing the surface to make the glass anti-glare. The anti-glare glass roughness is higher than that of the normal glass. When the diffusion effect is increased, some of the reflective light can be transferred into transmitted light, which makes it efficient for power generation, even on cloudy days.\nAnti-glare solar panels can prevent light pollution across:\n- Military Areas\n- Low Rooftop/ground-mounted solar power plant adjacent to high-rises\nHow we are changing the scenario\nAll PV panels with Vikram Solar can be customized to the anti-glare version as it is the AR film that is the key here. Once the panel is coated, the anti-glare glass greatly decreases the light intensity, and there is no stimulation to the human eye, making it a smart option for projects near airports or similar locations with strict anti-glare requirements.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "top of page\nWorld Star Tech’s side illuminated fiber lasers enables unique lighting design applications with thin, flexible, uniform illuminated fibers.\nMade with high quality silica core with a diffusive cladding and transmittive coating, these fibers illuminate with uniform precision throughout the entire length of the fiber.\nThe fiber can be curved, wrapped around objects or embedded in tight spaces while maintaining its uniform light output.\nbottom of page", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The innovation behind a comfortably secure fit, Unobtainium™ is integrated into the classic styling of this OMatter™ frame inspired by Oakley™ Crosslink™, blending sculpture with versatility that keeps up with active lifestyles.\n• Three-Point Fit: Comfort and performance that holds lenses in precise optical alignment\n• Durability and all-day comfort of lightweight, stress-resistant O Matter™ frame material\n• Unobtainium® earsocks and nose bombs increase grip with perspiration for a no slip grip without compromising on style\n• Frame suitable for medium to large faces\nPRIZM™ LENSESPrizm™ is a revolution in lens optics built on decades of color science research. Prizm™ lenses provide unprecedented control of light transmission resulting in colors precisely tuned to maximize contrast and enhance visibility.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Perovskites are mainly known for what they bring to the field of solar cells. Researchers from IMO-IMOMEC, an associated laboratory of imec at the University of Hasselt, and colleagues from KU Leuven, UGent and UAntwerpen, are tuning perovskites also for other applications. It is the combination of good opto-electronic properties with low material and manufacturing costs that makes perovskites a promising material for any application in which light absorption, emission and detection is involved.\nTogether with several leading companies, the team will explore what perovskites can do for X-ray and lasers, as well as for solar cells. For X-ray detectors, the use of perovskites could lead to improved image quality, which can be translated into significantly lower exposure levels for medical or security screening of humans. For lasers, the new material development aims at increasing the material gain coefficient to 1000cm-1 or more, resulting in more cost-effective projectors with better resolution. For solar cells, perovskite materials with enhanced moisture and thermal stability will be developed.\nIMO-IMOMEC is an associated laboratory of imec at the University of Hasselt that specializes in material research. Along with Dirk Vanderzande from the University of Hasselt, we started our research on perovskite materials in October 2015. One year earlier, imec launched its perovskite solar cell research. Imec and IMO-IMOMEC work in a complementary way, with the same goal: where imec strives to make better perovskite solar cells by changing interfaces and architectures, our group contributes on the chemistry aspects of the materials. Bringing both tracks together (imec using our most promising novel materials with their new engineering tricks) is the key to success in perovskite solar cell development.\nLooking beyond solar cells\nWith the new SBO project PROCEED, funded by FWO, the IMO-IMOMEC research group wants to strengthen its perovskite research for solar cells and broaden the application field of the promising material toward other industries. If we could find new applications beside solar cells for the material, this could boost the interest of industry to commercialize and further mature the material. We believe that perovskites are very promising materials for many light-emission and light-detection applications. In the new project, we will use our expertise on perovskite for its use in conversion, emission and detection of light.\nThe holy grail of perovskites\nPerovskite is a family of materials that has been known for some time because of its intriguing physical properties. It has been studied e.g., as a piezoelectric material, as superconductor, or to catalyse chemical processes.\nA key characteristic of hybrid perovskites is its astonishing versatility, both in terms of composition, dimension and morphology. First of all, the composition of metal halide perovskites can vary: if you take the generic chemical formula ‘APbX3’, X can either be chlorine, bromine or iodine, whereas A stands for different possible cations such as methylammonium, formamidimium or cesium. Second, thanks to this compositional freedom, material scientists can create hybrid perovskites with different dimensionality, going from regular 3D materials to materials that have an intrinsic (quasi-)2D or even 0D structure. And thirdly, perovskites can be synthesized with many different morphologies, such as thin films, single crystals, microcrystals or nanocrystals.\nThe main challenge\nThe main challenge in hybrid perovskite research today is the lack of long-term stability.\nHybrid perovskites are a very versatile material that can be tuned for different applications. (Please note that the terms 3D and 2D here relate to the structural motifs and not to the actual dimensions of the materials.)\nPerovskites for Solar Cells: Toward 2D perovskites for more stability\nCrystalline silicon-based technologies are currently dominating the PV market. Typical commercial module efficiencies are about 17-18%, with a record commercial product efficiency of 22.8% and the theoretical limit being over 29%. One way to reach a higher conversion efficiency, is by stacking different semiconductor materials, each with their specific bandgap. Each layer is suited for a specific part of the light spectrum and in this way higher efficiencies can be reached.\nTandem solar cells combining silicon and perovskite solar cells could be the answer to solar cells exhibiting both high efficiency and low costs. The low cost of a perovskite-based solar cell comes from the fact that the material itself is not expensive, only thin films are used and the process technology via printing/coating is relatively simple and doesn’t require any expensive equipment.\nIdeal for BIPV\nMoreover, because of their semi-transparency, their light weight and the possibility to produce them on flexible substrates, they are ideal candidates for BIPV (building integrated photovoltaics). The ease of processing allows for customization in dimensions as well as in design (color, transparency), an important asset to convince architects of using more solar technology into their buildings. And, because the efficiency decreases less at higher temperatures (as compared to crystalline silicon solar cells) they could be integrated in insulating glazing. Next to that, perovskite solar cells could be integrated into roof, architectural glass, walls, tiles, facades and shingles. In these cases, the orientation of the solar cells is less of an issue because of the better response to diffuse light conditions than silicon solar cells.\nVision of perovskite-based solar cells being integrated in the windows of a building.\nIt’s the limited stability that holds back any practical implementation of the demonstrated high efficiency perovskite solar cells. The material scientists at IMO-IMOMEC are tackling this by trying to make more robust hybrid perovskites by tuning the composition to obtain an improved moisture-resistivity.\nPerovskites for X-ray: thick and large layers are key\nFor many years, the most common technology for X-ray imaging was based on photographic film. In the film-based detector X-rays were converted to light by intensifying screens and the light created a latent image on the film that became visible after development. Today, this process has been replaced by digital technology: the X-ray image is detected with a flat-panel detector. In indirect type digital radiography (DR) detectors, the X-ray photons are converted into light by a scintillator, just like in a film-based detector. This light is then converted into charges in a photodiode which are collected on pixel electrodes. Upon image read-out the charges are converted into electronic current via the TFT based detection system. The signal is turned into electronic data which in turn is transformed into a high-quality digital image. For direct type DR detectors, the X-ray quanta are directly converted into photo-charges which are in a similar way converted in to a high-quality digital image. The optical intermediate step in indirect type DR detectors causes some blurring because of light scattering and reflection in the scintillator layer and in the interfaces, leading to unsharpness in the images.\nAmorphous selenium (a-Se) is most often used as direct conversion material in digital radiography. For high energy photons, the attenuation in the a-Se layer is however very low, limiting the use of the a-Se detectors to mammography applications. In recent years, perovskite materials based on high Z elements have been tested for X-ray detection in order to make high image quality detectors for general radiography applications, allowing reduced radiation dosage for patients. As perovskite layers can be applied by low cost methods at low temperature even on flexible substrates, this new approach would make a low cost, low weight, robust, large format and potentially flexible X-ray detector feasible. This would enable the broader use of X-ray scanners for health applications (human and veterinary), for industrial use and for security. Industrial detectors can e.g. be used for non-destructive quality control in industrial branches such as automotive, aerospace, defense and power generation. Also, in security domains, X-ray is a growing market because of the globalized traffic and trade and the growing need to scan people and cargos at the border checkpoints.\nAs a starting point, perovskites for the commercial market were used. However, other characteristics are required: X-ray detectors on one hand need very thick layers and materials with a high atomic number. The latter to realize a high X-ray attenuation. As a consequence, a higher voltage across the layer is required to efficiently collect the generated photo-charges.\nWithin the project PROCEED, the partners are researching how to realize a thick layer of microcrystal perovskites on a large surface (43 cm x 43 cm), and this at an acceptable cost. This requires innovative processing approaches. And because we are working with thick layers of several hundreds of micrometers, we try to develop also alternative, Pb-free perovskites.\nPerovskites for light projectors: nanocrystals to ‘pump up’ the lasers\nLight sources for light projectors need to reproduce as many visible colors as possible, with high brightness and minimal power consumption. Lasers are ideal candidates for this and have a much better performance and lifetime as compared to the traditional high-pressure lamps (in the case of projectors).\nCurrent laser projection systems use a focused blue laser to pump a luminescent material such as YAG:Ce to generate the red, green and blue primary colors from a point source. This approach has a limited optical efficiency since the pumped spot acts as a non-directional Lambertian emitter and color filtering is needed to generate the red and green primary colors. Alternatively, laser projection systems rely on 3 different lasers to generate red, green and blue, a costly approach that offers limited options to eliminate intrinsic problems of laser projection, such as speckle.\nIt would be possible to combine a commercial blue laser – the most performing of the red/green/blue set – with low-cost, optically pumped red and green amplified spontaneous emission sources or lasers. Perovskite nanocrystals could be used as green or red gain material and this approach would reduce the complexity and cost (a large cost reduction of 30-40% for the projector light source is expected) of high-end laser projectors. The tunable bandgap and high optical gain of perovskites are important in this context.\nPerovskites promise lower cost, higher performance\nBecause perovskites are so versatile, they could be used for many applications. Until now, mainly solar cells were on the agenda of perovskite material developers and researchers. And although there are still some major issues with perovskite-based solar cells, it is worthwhile to explore and tune perovskite chemical structures also for other applications. IMO-IMOMEC, an associated laboratory of imec at UHasselt, is doing this. In Proceed, the consortium is developing novel 3D/2D perovskite structures to tackle the stability issue in solar cells but also focusing on fabricating thick perovskite films with large dimensions for X-ray applications, and perovskite nanocrystals as gain material for lasers for light projectors. In all these cases, the use of perovskites promises a lower cost and and better performance.\nPROCEED is an SBO project funded by FWO (S002019N) bringing together partners from 4 Flemish university’s and 1 research center.\nWritten by Laurence Lutsen, Strategic Research Manager and Project Manager at IMO-IMOMEC associated laboratory of imec in Hasselt, Belgium.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Opening hours 9am - 5:30pm BST\nPlease enter your email below to keep up-to date with our latest orders and promotions.\nThe 19mm f/2.8 DN Lens for Sony E-mount Cameras from Sigma is a wide-angle prime lens for Sony E-mount cameras.\nGet the chance to explore your creativity with the Sony E-Mount 16mm f/2.8 Wide-Angle Alpha E-Mount Lens - Silver.\nA simple, bright, and lightweight normal prime, the FE 50mm f/1.8 from Sony is a versatile normal-length prime lens designed for full-frame E-mount mirrorless cameras.\nThe black E 55-210mm f/4.5-6.3 OSS E-Mount Lens from Sony features extra-low dispersion glass, a broad zoom range and aluminum alloy construction.\nSemi-telephoto manual focus cine lens\nManual focus fish-eye cine lens\nA standard angle, manual focus cine lens for mirrorless cameras with APS-C or Micro 4/3 sensor size\nWide angle, manual focus cine lens\nThe SEL35F18 prime lens can handle anything from evening shots to beautifully defocused portraits", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The optical science and digital photo editing company DXO has unveiled a huge package of new modules for users of its software who want professional results.\nThe company’s DXO optical correction technology has now been updated with 1,693 new modules for Sony, Canon and Fujifilm cameras. These modules are now available in the company’s PureRAW, PhotoLab, FilmPack and ViewPoint software services.\nThe range of modules is suited for the following camera and lens combos and each of them is optimized for a very specific lens/camera combo:\n- Canon EOS R6 Mark II\n- Fujifilm X-T5\n- OM System OM-5\n- Sony a7R V\n- Sigma 18-50mm f/2.8 DC DN | C (L-mount)\n- Sigma 16-28mm f/2.8 DG DN | C (Sony FE)\n- Sigma 65mm f/2 DG DN | C(Sony FE)\n- Sigma 65mm f/2 DG DN | C (L-mount)\n- Sigma 150-600mm f/5-6.3 DG DN OS S (Sony FE)\n- Tokina ATX-M 11-18mm f/2.8 (Sony E)\nEvery one of the DXO Optics Modules has been created for a very particular camera and lens combo, meaning that minor sensor performance differences are measurable across all units of that sensor for a particular brand’s range of lens mounts.\nAn example of this would be the Optics Modules for Sigma 65mm f/2 DG DN lenses, which were not only measured not only with any individual full-frame Sony Alpha camera but also for nearly any Sony camera on sale today.\nDXO currently supports a whopping 80,000 lens and sensor combos with its technology and these include laboratory-grade corrections for both high-end lens/camera combos and cheaper models.\nCorrection software such as that produced by DXO delivers digital sharpening tools for fighting against lens softness. However, one major difference that DXO applies is to adjust for the variable sharpness across the whole field of view in a lens.\nIn other words, instead of just delivering general sharpening regardless of variable softness in a given lens, these Optics Modules contextually adjust for areas of extra or lower softness, such as the edges of a lens.\nAs DXO itself states, “Typically, photo editing software uses a generic profile to make a global correction across the entire image based on the sharpening required at the center,”\nDXO on the other hand claims that “Unlike Adobe Lightroom, DxO Optics Modules are able to progressively increase corrections away from the frame’s center, allowing for a sharper overall image.”\nThese new modules and others thus offer sharpening from edge to edge along with corrections for distortion, chromatic aberrations and vignette removal.\nOne of the company’s most popular software products is PureRAW, which many photographers use to process their RAW image files first before even starting to edit them with other kinds of editing software.\nDXO has a track record of noticeably improving image quality across a range of cameras and lenses. It has even been known to work with other types of cameras, such as those found in DJI drones, working with their own brand-specific lenses according to the site Fstoppers.\nThis company has released these new modules to keep up with the growing range of mirrorless cameras on the market from a wider range of brands than ever before. For photographers who like to upgrade their camera and lens hardware quickly, this is pretty useful.\nThe company’s new modules will be available as an automatic upgrade in the following days to existing users of DXO’s software. New users can obtain DXO’s software packages with these and other modules included in them on the company’s website.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "iPhone 8? True, from the news circulated, Apple preparing iPhone product 8 into the smartphone market. With the presence of the iPhone 7 yesterday, of course, Apple's smartphone future will be much more sophisticated. In fact, the latest news says that the iPhone 8 will have the features of a god!\nDo Shocked, iPhone 8 Will Have Dual Camera and Dual OIS!\nYes, god Jaka features mean the iPhone 8 will immerse features a dual camera with dual OIS. So when you want to take photographs or video, in addition to the effect of bokeh created, the results are guaranteed good (no shaking). This was revealed by an analysis of named Ming-Chi Kuo.\nIn addition, Apple also diekspektasikan will immerse telephoto lens to be used on both cameras in order to improve the ability of emulation optical zoom to get better.\nTo support the OIS telephoto lens in the iPhone 8, then Apple is certainly required to improve the image circle of the lens, which certainly will cause the time to calibrate and assembly process becomes longer and complex. If true Apple will embed features dual cameras, dual OIS telephoto lens with a second camera, if it will make you stunned?", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "EMF- GR-001 Lamp 3D\nMethod: Stereolithography printing\nPre-dating the Static B-Field Lamp, this prototyped lamp system designed around the premise of structures found in Electric B Fields. With a few simple self-imposed guidelines, many new forms can be experimented with and uniquely created.\nOne light generates its own field pattern.\nDifferent patterns of light will result in different spacial effects.\nMore than one light may result in volumetric interaction.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The Panasonic PT-RZ21K is a 3-chip DLP laser projector with an aspect ratio of 16:10 emitted from a laser diode light source. The PT-RZ21K has a resolution of 1920×1200, and a brightness of 21,000 lumens.\nFeaturing a 120Hz real motion sensor, motion blur is easily reduced. The 3-chip DLP SOLID SHINE laser produces a bright and vivid picture quality and exquisite colour reproduction. The PT-RZ21K also features a dynamic contrast function which offers a high contrast of 20,000:1.\nThese workhorse projectors are a industry leading solution for a wide range of events and projection scenarios. They are supplied in a full rental frame and Whitepd also hold a full range of 3-chip lens’ from Panasonic in our hire stock. For more information on Panasonic PT-RZ21K hire please contact email@example.com", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Photonic technologies require the development of efficient nonlinear integrated components for the generation and manipulation of light. Nonlinear phenomena are among those that can benefit the most from integration, for their efficiency can be boosted by the large field enhancement associated with spatial and temporal confinement of light at the micro scale. In our group we study the physics of classical and quantum nonlinear effects in resonant and non-resonant integrated structures. This activity is in collaboration with several experimental groups as well as companies operating in the field of optoelectronics and photon-based quantum technologies.\nThe successful candidate will work in our group at the Department of Physics of the University of Pavia, Italy. This research activity will be mainly in the field of nonlinear integrated photonics, with focus on the development of integrated devices for the enhancement and the control of nonlinear parametric interactions.\nCandidates should hold a Ph.D. in physics or engineering at the date of employment, May 1st, 2021, preferably with experience in analytical and/or numerical modelling of light propagation. Prior knowledge of nonlinear optics and quantum optics is welcome but not necessary.\nThe appointment is initially for one year with the possibility of renewal for one more year, provided a satisfactory performance review. Salary is competitive.\nApplication deadline: April 8th, 2021\nOpening PhD positions at the Department of Physics of the University of Pavia are usually announced early June.\nFor more information visit\nM.Sci thesis projects\nMaster thesis projects are available for students attending the Master in Science at the Department of Physics of the University of Pavia.\nFor more information about the possible projects, please contact (firstname.lastname@example.org)", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Plasma displays illuminate their pixels with the following three steps.\n1. An electric discharge is used to generate ultraviolet rays.\n2. The ultraviolet rays illuminate phosphors.\n3. The light from the phosphors is emitted from the panel.\nThe NeoPDP technology further improves the efficiency of all of these steps to achieve about four times*1 the luminous efficiency of our 2007 models. This results in better image quality and saves more power.\n*1: Comparing full-HD models in existing sizes with the same-size 2007 Panasonic models.\nTo take maximum advantage of the inherently superior black expression of self-illuminating plasma displays, the newly developed panel allows the PF20 Series to emit light without the use of a pre-discharge. Its high contrast teams up with deeper black reproduction — which forms the basis of image expression — to render rich textures in images with subtle shading and color differences.\n*1: The dark-room contrast ratio of the panel unit that can be displayed simultaneously on the same screen. Measured in \"Dynamic\" picture mode using a white signal in a 4% window.\nPanasonic plasma displays achieve rich shading with an incredibly accurate 6,144 equivalent steps of gradation in all scenes. These displays deliver richer gradation from brilliant whites to robust blacks, and faithfully reproduce the textural quality of the original video source.\nHigh-definition broadcasts are based on the HDTV standard, rather than the conventional NTSC/PAL standard. Panasonic plasma displays reproduce a wide color gamut exceeding the entire color range specified in the HDTV standard (ITU-R, BT.709). This results in a natural and faithful color reproduction on a large screen. Digital Color Reality technology also assures images with immaculate details.\n*1: Comparison based on color gamut\nThe superb moving picture resolution of the plasma display panel ensures that even fast-moving action is displayed clearly with full detail and with minimum afterimages. Panasonic Professional Plasma Displays deliver beautiful, high-resolution images from 1080p Full HD sources.\n*1 Moving picture resolution is a quantitative measurement of detail in displayed motion pictures discernible by the human eye. Using a measurement method developed and applied by the APDC (Advanced PDP Development Center Corporation).\nPanasonic plasma display panels use self-illuminating pixels to provide more vivid colour and sharper images that never appear faded, even when viewed at an angle. Panasonic plasma displays deliver high-resolution images without losing the quality of the original video source\nThe Panasonic plasma display panel offers a long life of approximately 100,000 hours*1, under normal operating conditions — providing gorgeous HD images for many years.\nPanasonic plasma displays can also be set up in a vertical format, allowing for more efficient use of limited space configurations. The long life of approximately 100,000 hours*1 and superb image quality are completely unaffected by vertical installation. When the portrait mode is selected in the initial display settings, the on-screen display rotates 90-degrees for easy reading. The cooling fan control also changes automatically for portrait mode.\n*1: Guideline operating hours before the panel brightness is reduced to half when the panel is used to display motion pictures in the Standard mode. Afterimages (burned-in images) and malfunctions are not taken into consideration.\nThe front of the plasma display is covered by a hard glass panel that provides strong resistance to impact and breakage, thereby providing extra assurance against damage when used in busy public spaces. It virtually eliminates any need for additional protective covering.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "A high accuracy wavelength encoding fiber optic sensor is shown to display surprisingly little sensitivity to temperature or optical source drift. Average measurement error of 0.1 % full scale has been demonstrated over a displacement range of 10 mm.\n© 1989 Optical Society of America\nOriginal Manuscript: June 20, 1989\nPublished: September 1, 1989\nW. B. Spillman, D. R. Patriquin, and D. H. Crowne, \"Fiber optic linear displacement sensor based on a variable period diffraction grating,\" Appl. Opt. 28, 3550-3553 (1989)", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Philips Solid-State Lighting Solutions (formerly Color Kinetics) can give a chameleon a run for its money. Operating as Philips Color Kinetics, the company makes digital lighting products for a variety of commercial and consumer applications. Its Chromacore products generate millions of colors and a variety of dynamic lighting effects using microprocessor-controlled light emitting diodes (LEDs). The company also makes power supplies and controllers used in conjunction with its lighting products. Customers come from the aerospace, architectural, entertainment, and vending and gaming industries. Philips Color Kinetics is part of Royal Philips Electronics .", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "In Singapore, high power laser pointers are controlled apparatus under the Radiation Protection Act 2007. It is an offence to import, export, possess, use, manufacture, sell, deal with or deal in high power laser pointers without a licence from the National Environment Agency (NEA). Any person who imports, exports, keeps, possesses, uses, manufactures, sells, deals with or deals in any high power laser without a licence can be charged in court and is liable on conviction to a fine up to $100,000 or to imprisonment for a term up to 5 years, or to both.\nLaser pointers are hand-held, pen-like and battery-powered devices that can project a laser beam. They are commonly used for the purpose of highlighting key locations at a distance or areas of interest on the screen during presentations.\nLaser pointers are especially dangerous to people when the bright beam is shone into their eyes as it could lead to disorientation and may potentially cause accidents. One such example is the threat that laser pointers pose to pilots during the crucial stages of take-off and landing.\nCommonly available laser pointers emit red-coloured light although there are laser pointers which emit green or blue light. Laser pointers with laser classes of 1, 2 or 3a, with beam power up to 5 milliwatts (mW) are within regulatory limit. Laser classes give users an indication of the degree of laser hazard. The higher the class, the more powerful the laser and the greater its potential to pose a hazard if used improperly.\nHigh Power Laser Pointers\nA high power laser pointer has laser emission that falls in the range of Class 3b and Class 4 lasers.\nClass 3b laser pointers have power output ranging from 5 mW to 500 mW. These laser pointers can cause permanent eye injury when the eye is exposed to the direct beam or specular reflection of the beam. The severity of the eye injury will be dependent on the power of the laser beam entering the eye and the duration of the exposure. Class 3b lasers with power output approaching the upper end of the range may also cause skin burns.\nClass 4 laser pointers have power output greater than 500 mW. These laser pointers can cause immediate and permanent eye injury when the eye is exposed to the direct beam or specular reflection of the beam. In addition, Class 4 laser pointers may cause skin burns and/or cut the flesh, and may also pose a fire hazard.\nHence, NEA generally would not approve any licence applications for high power laser pointers to members of the public.\nThere are cases where high power laser pointers were erroneously classified as Class 1, 2 or 3a lasers. The images below show some examples of high power laser pointers.\nThe following are some useful guidelines one should observe when operating a laser pointer:\nDo not operate a laser pointer if the warning label does not state the hazard class of the laser.\nDo not shine the laser beam on a reflective background.\nDo not shine a laser beam at yourself or anyone, or at an aircraft or a moving vehicle.\nDo not allow children to play with laser pointers.\nIn the event of an injury due to laser, please immediately consult an eye doctor. You should also notify NEA immediately. The contact person is Mr Ng Yi Ming (email@example.com).\nLaser Pointers Imported Through Postal Services\nIf you are importing a laser pointer through postal service, you will receive a letter informing you to provide your personal particulars and the supporting documents to show that the laser pointer to be imported does not exceed 5mW of power output. Importers who do not provide this information within 14 days from the date of the letter will have their laser pointers returned to the sender.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Apple has patented two novel ways of expanding the capabilities of the iPhone's camera.\nmobile photography technology, culture and communitywww.dpreview.com\n8 months ago\nNew case fits QX lens cameras on 6.4-inch Xperia Z Ultra.\n9 months ago\nThe PhoGo for iPhone combines a sturdy case, tripod mount and lens attachments.\n10 months ago\nThe iPro Lens System is now available for iPhone 5 with new lenses and case.\nJun 27, 2013", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Laser Welding Technology Affects Automobile Manufacturing\nIn the early 1980s, the automotive industry was one of the main drivers of the high-power laser industry.Compared with traditional manufacturing technology,laser technology is more flexible and easy to realize automation, which can meet the core requirements of the whole industry.In cutting, welding and marking, laser technology can bring greater benefits.\nInitially, laser technology was used only for simple cylindrical parts welding, such as automatic transmission components for vehicles.Now, laser technology has been widely used in the process of processing the whole vehicle structure.Roof welding, door welding, 3d cutting of hydraulic forming parts, dashboard welding and so on.\nWith the development of light vehicle, there are new materials, new structures and new technologies, which drive companys to updating the laser application technologies.\nThe advantages of welding with laser technology are high welding speed, stable welding quality, high welding precision, small thermal deformation of materials, and easy to integrate into automatic operating system.Laser welding has been widely used in automobile, such as automobile body welding, pipe welding, automobile battery welding and instrument panel plastic welding. It has unique advantages in terms of welding strength, welding precision and speed.\nPenta Laser welding Dept. was established in 2013, focusing R&D, manufacturing, laser welding technology and equipment, automation application and system integration in the field of laser welding, committed to providing customers with the best laser welding equipment and automation solutions.\nMay 2013:MX leather carving machine successfully developed\nDecember 2014: MJ6000 Qingdao sifang locomotive laser welding machine was delivered for use, China's first large-scale laser welding system applied in rail transit manufacturing.\nJanuary 2015: the high-plastic tube laser welding machine was delivered for use\nMay 2015:6KW laser welding machine is used for welding dual quality flywheel\nJune 2016: the ROB WELD robot welding system was delivered\nSeptember 2017: COMPACT CJ sanguang 4KW laser welding machine delivered for use\n2018: multiple custom projects are underway in an orderly manner, with the most recent one due to be delivered in January 19.\nContact Person: Mrs. Nicole", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "High-Efficiency Multijunction Devices\nMultijunction devices stack individual solar cells on top of each other to maximize the capture and conversion of solar energy. The top layer (or junction) captures the highest-energy light and passes the rest on to be absorbed by the lower layers. Much of the work in this area uses gallium arsenide and its alloys, as well as using amorphous silicon, copper indium diselenide, and gallium indium phosphide. Although two-junction cells have been built, most research is focusing on three-junction (thyristor) and four-junction devices, using materials such as germanium (Ge) to capture the lowest-energy light in the lowest layer.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "A sourcelist of companies offering 'high-firepower' capture solutions.\nAlthough digital SLRs are getting better every day, some photographers and shops still opt for a high-end digital camera back. Capable of producing extremely high-resolution photos and very large files, digital camera backs are attached to a medium- or large-format professional film camera. The backs allow the film camera to digitally capture the images, and then saves them onto a computer via a tethered cable or a portable memory card (or are connected wirelessly to the computer, depending on the back).\nSome other points to factor in when considering an investment in a digital back:\nThey\"?re not inexpensive, ranging from $15,000 to $30,000 on average (some shops are now choosing to rent or lease them versus buy);\nTypically, the backs allow photographers to use their existing professional cameras and lenses;\nBacks are particularly applicable to projects and applications demanding shot-to-shot consistency, such as catalog photography; and\nEvaluate just how much \"firepower\"? you need; several companies offer a few different series of backs intended for different uses. Also keep in mind that several digital SLRs now offer10 to17 Mpxl (as well as the added benefit of the 35mm format).\nGerman company Anagramm offers four scanback camera backs, all of which offer a trilinear array, a 72 x 88-mm scan area, and 1-pass scanning.\nThe picture gate 8000 daguerre features a 6000 x 7250-pxl maximum resolution, 48-bit color, and a 45-sec scan speed at maximum resolution. The picture gate 8000 production2 offers an 8000 x 9700-pxl resolution, 36-bit color, and a 35-sec scan speed for a full scan at maximum resolution. The picture gate 8000 salvadore is similar to the production2, but features 48-bit color and an 80-sec scan speed at maximum resolution. The picture gate 8000 david offers the highest resolution (14,400 x 17,400 pxl), 48-bit color, and a 4:20 min scan speed at maximum resolution.\nBetterLight scan backs are designed for 4x5 view cameras with an image capture area of 72 x 96 mm. Adapters are available for Mamiya B67, RZ67, and Fuji GX680.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The 2-6x28 is lightweight, compact and very versatile, a great balance between magnification and field of view. The field of view you get at the lowest power setting allows you to make an aim quickly on fast-moving targets.\nIts size and range of zoom makes it ideal for mounting on compact weapons.\nWater proof, Fog proof, Shock proof\nFully coated optics\nParallax-free at 100 yards\n1/4 MOA fingertip or coin windage and elevation adjustments\nMatt black coating\nScope caps included\nFor close-medium range shooting\nObjective dia. 28 mm\nExit pupil 4.67-14 mm\nLength 190 mm\nTube diameter 25.4 mm\nEye relief 60-80 mm\nField of view at 100yd 2.4°-7.2°", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Sony AF 50mm F2.8 Macro A-mount lens review by armirail\n|armirail#11313 date: Aug-19-2013|\nflare control: 5\n|ownership:||I own this lens|\n|compared to:||DT 16-80 ZA|\n24mm F2.0 ZA\n|positive:||- awesome sharpness starting wide open|\n- small lens\n- even though plastic, it feels solid\n- accurate manual focusing very easy\n|negative:||- extends when focusing (i guess thats normal for a macro lens)|\n|comment:||this lens is amazingly sharp. Compared it in my own tests to both the 16-80mm and 24-85mm @ 50mm, the macro lens beats them by far both wide open. At the f8 the 16-80mm is almost as good (center sharpness same) corners lack just a tiny little bit on the 16-80mm.|\nThe focusing ring on the macro lens allows for very accurate manual focusing, compared to the zoom lenses.\ngreat lens for the price!", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "2 Factors Individuals Do Certainly Not Understand Regarding LASIK Eye Medical SurgeryThe eye can be analyzed with relative ease as to both its function and its structure. A functional assessment consists of the capability to relocate the orbit and the response of the student to light and lodging.\nThe function of the eye might be checked in a number of ways. The client may be asked to determine illuminated letter or items of differing sizes on exactly what is understood as the Snellen chart.\nOn the other hand, the examination of the structural part of the eye may be made in several ways. Stress within the eyeball is determined by a \"tonometer.\" In certain diseases, specifically in glaucoma, the tension in the eyeball is increased markedly.\nNevertheless, it should be well kept in mind that a client with an eye issue might have other issues also. Frequently other physical conditions are primary and affect the eye as a effect. The look of the eye can notify the doctor and the patient to difficulties in some disturbances of other parts of the body even before other symptoms present themselves.\nOne's reliance on sight is highlighted when one faces a possible or temporary permanent loss of this essential sense. When corrective procedures are looked for, certain forms of vision correction such as contact lenses or eyeglasses are prescribed.\nOn the other hand, some people are bothered with that they have some framed lenses or contact lenses in front of their eyes.\nFor this factor, advanced surgeries were developed to encourage reduced utilization of contact lenses or glasses. Among which is the now popular LASIK eye surgery.\nEssentially, LASIK eye surgery is the short-term for \"Laser-Assisted In Situ Keratomileusis.\" Like its tangible counterpart, LASIK eye surgical treatment is another form of vision correction. The only go difference is that with this kind of surgical treatment, one's vision is remedied completely.\nWith LASIK eye surgical treatment, the refractive mistakes in the cornea are completely changed. This can be done utilizing an \"excimer laser.\"\nThe primary function of this surgical treatment is to create a threadlike, rounded \"flap\" in the cornea utilizing a blade understood as \"microkeratome.\" In a series of unfolding and laser processing, the cornea is lastly reformed, allowing much better the eye to direct more light into the retina.\nPopularity vs. Disadvantages\nIn the middle of the growing popularity of LASIK eye surgery, there are still disadvantages that people must understand. Probably, the primary reason why this kind of eye surgery has actually become well accepted is due to the fact that the majority of its cases had actually been successful.\nNevertheless, in spite of its success, there are still some downsides. Here is the list:\n1. It is an operation used to the most sensitive part of the eye\nSince LASIK eye surgery includes the operation of the retina, which is among the most sensitive parts of the eye, a lot of people say that the operation can be extremely dangerous.\nSimply puts, a easy mistake could nearly cause an individual's lifetime blindness. Thus, it is essential to consider lots of elements prior to deciding whether LASIK eye surgery is check this the best restorative procedure one has to undergo.\n2. It is not a ideal treatment\nLASIK eye surgical treatment might correct your vision however it does not always indicate that it can offer you a best vision. Even if statistical reports show that 70% of the patients might have 20/20 vision, this does not always indicate they have ideal vision.\nGiven all these things, it can be deduced that, in spite of the popularity of the operation, LASIK might not always be the ideal eye surgery the method click for source the majority of people see it\nOn the other hand, the evaluation of the structural part of the eye may be made in numerous methods. It ought to be well kept in mind that a patient with an eye problem might have other problems. Typically other physical conditions are primary and affect the eye as a consequence. The appearance of the eye can alert the doctor and the patient to problems in some disruptions of other parts of the body even prior to other symptoms provide themselves.\nLike its concrete counterpart, LASIK eye surgery is another kind of vision correction.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The of the universe. The HST has\nThe Hubble Space TelescopeThe Hubble Space Telescope is one of the worlds most powerful earth-orbiting reflecting telescopes. With its capability of producing images from any wavelength, the HST is the eyes of the universe for scientists on earth. The HST has a capability of operating at any wavelength from a near infrared level to a visible range to an ultraviolet level. Because of this capability, scientists can view toward the outmost reach of the universe. The HST has a 2.\n4 meter objective mirror and is able to observe different types of wavelengths. Once it locates an image from any wavelength, the HST records the images it receives and then sends the images back to earth by means of radio waves in digital form. The construction of the HST began in 1981 with the assembly of its’ precision ground mirror.\nBy the end of 1985, the entire spacecraft was complete with the scientific instruments, optical components, and remaining hardware intact and prepared for launch. Although scheduled for launch in 1986, the project was later postponed due to the space shuttle Challenger disaster. During this period, HST was subjected to intense tests and observation in order to prepare its duty in space. The HST was finally launched aboard the STS-31 mission of the space shuttle Discovery on April 24, 1990.Shortly after its launch in 1990, an error was found in the HST main mirror, which caused the telescope to operate improperly.\nThe main mirror was shaped too flat toward the edge of the lens itself. This caused the images to appear as a blur upon use of the telescope. The mirror could not be fixed.\nSo to correct the problem, scientists developed a corrective lens, similar to a contact lens, to compensate for the error. The lens was finally installed in 1993 and compensated exactly for the improper curvature in the primary mirror.In December 1999, another problem arose with the much needed replacement of gyroscopes and electronics to push the HST to its full capabilities. After its replacement, the HST was back producing stunning images of the universe.Since the HST launch in 1990, the telescope has been carefully maintained and has been expanding its potential by installations of a near infrared camera, imaging spectroscope, and an advanced camera which enhance the capability of the current objectives of the HST. From its beginning, the HST has produced vital information for not only scientists, but for others as well.\nIt has provided spectacular images of the universe as well as given people a better understanding of the universe. Recently, the HST has been studying NGC 2392, better known as the “Eskimo Nebula.” This nebula, which is 5000 light years away, is named because of how it depicts the image of a face in a furry parka as seen through ground-based telescopes.\nHowever, through the view of the HST, the furry image was discovered to be giant comets pointing away from the central star. Another prime example of the HST power is the study of the cluster of galaxies Abell 2218. Abell 2218 acts like a giant zoom lens in space. The gravitational field of the cluster of galaxies acts like a magnifying glass and provides scientists with a spectacular view of deep parts of the universe.\nWith the hubble space telescope in earths orbit, more discoveries are found every day. With its unsurpassed power and its capabilities the HST will continue to provide images and new understandings to what lies in the universe.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Defect investigation and temperature analysis of high-power AlGaInP laser diodes during catastrophic optical damage\n- 154 Downloads\nA variety of applications, such as photodynamic therapy, require efficient red-emitting semiconductor lasers with high output power and continuous wave life times >1,000 h. AlGaInP lasers have shown to be the best candidates in this spectral range. However, compared to infrared emitters, high-power performance is still limited by major degradation effects, especially by catastrophic optical damage (COD). COD in AlGaInP lasers has hardly been researched in the past. We employed an innovative combination of concepts, namely microphotoluminescence (μPL) mapping and focused ion beam (FIB) microscopy to investigate the COD induced defects in AlGaInP broad-area lasers. High resolution μPL demonstrated that those defects are composed of highly nonradiative complex dislocation networks, which start from the output facet and propagate in form of branches inside the cavity. Moreover, FIB analysis showed that those dark line defects are confined to the active region, containing the quantum wells and the waveguide. In addition, facet temperature changes during COD were analyzed by means of micro-Raman spectroscopy. Although no visible damage at the coated output facet could be observed, an extreme temperature increase in the immediate vicinity of the COD starting point at the laser output facet was detected. This was followed by a sudden temperature decrease afterward. After analyzing several lasers with emission wavelengths between 635 nm and 650 nm, we concluded that in AlGaInP lasers, absorption of stimulated photons at the laser facet is the major source of facet heating, and that a critical facet temperature must be reached in order for COD to occur. This understanding of nature and behavior of COD is a key element for further improvement in efficiency of high-power diode lasers.\nKeywordsQuantum Well Near Field Intensity Output Facet Optical Power Density Active Stripe\nThe authors would like to thank T. Grunske for expert technical support. This study was funded by the European Commission within the projects BRIGHT.EU and BRIGHTER.EU, Contract Nos. 511722, and 035266, respectively.\n- 2.G. Hatakoshi, M. Suzuki, N. Motegi, M. Ishikawa, Y. Uematsu, Trans Electron. 71, 315 (1988)Google Scholar", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "A beautiful example of outdoor lighting with a modern, minimalist style, the Halton outdoor light is solar-powered with an integrated motion sensor that gives a good quality of light when you need it most. Brushed stainless steel gives it a timeless elegance. A warm white light from an outdoor light that is IP44 rated for safe outdoor use\nComplete with integrated control gear\nK: 3000 Lm: 310 Lm/W: 53\nWeight: 0.9 Kg\nThis fitting requires 5.88W LED (SMD 3528) Warm White (Included).", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Data from Pharmawand - Curated by EPG Health - Date added 27 December 2019\nAugmedics, a pioneer in augmented reality surgical image guidance, has announced FDA 510(k) clearance and the U.S. launch of its groundbreaking Xvision Spine system (XVS), the first AR guidance system to be used in surgery.\nXvision Spine allows surgeons to visualize the 3D spinal anatomy of a patient during surgery as if they had “x-ray vision,” and to accurately navigate instruments and implants while looking directly at the patient, rather than a remote screen. The system uses a transparent near-eye-display headset and the components of a traditional navigation system, allowing the user to simultaneously see navigation data as well as the patient without turning to look at a monitor. The augmented reality device accurately tracks the position of surgical tools and overlays a virtual trajectory on the patient’s computed tomography.\nComment: According to Technavio, the global market size for surgical navigation systems is estimated to grow to $900 million by 2020, with compounded annual growth rate (CAGR) of seven percent. Augmedics intends to disrupt this sizeable market with its ViZOR System, an AR surgical visualization system designed to give surgeons “X-ray vision” during complex procedures.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "METHOD FOR COLOR LASER MARKING PROCESS OPTIMIZATION WITH THE USE OF GENETIC ALGORITHMS\nEnvironment. Technology. Resources. Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference\nOptimization of color laser marking process mostly depends on effective identification of optimal values of laser marking parameters. This is a difficult combinatorial optimization problem, which is still essential for companies that use laser marking systems. The study proposes a new approach to the process optimization through the use of genetic algorithms, carrying out preliminary experimental investigation, analyzing the laser marking results, and presenting possible improvements to the current implementation of genetic algorithms.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Tired of forcing everyone to scoot closer and closer together whenever you are videotaping? The VCL-SW04 0.45x wide angle lens helps your camcorder pull even the biggest groups into the shot.\n- 0.45X wide angle lens for incredible group shots\n- Designed for all 37mm diameter lens camcorders\n- The two included adaptor rings allow it to work with 25mm and 30mm lens camcorders", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Filters and Lens\nYou're probably familiar with polarizing sunglasses that reduce reflections and cut down glare.\nUnlike sunglasses, however, the effect of most professional polarizing filters can be continuously varied and, as a result, go much farther in their effect.\nPolarizing filters can:\nNote the difference in the two photos below.\nOnce you understand a polarizing filter's many applications, it can become one of your most valuable filters.\nAs noted, you can often adjust the degree of polarization. This is done by rotating the double glass elements in the filter.\nTo eliminate objectionable surface reflections when doing critical copy work, such as photographing paintings with a shiny surface, you can use large polarizing filters over the lights or the camera lens. This is one of the areas where post-filtration can't match the effect of optical filters.\nContrast Control Filters\nAlthough the best of the latest generation of professional video cameras are capable of capturing contrast or brightness ranges up to 700:1, most home television sets and viewing conditions limit that range to about 30:1.\nThis means the brightest element in a scene can't be more than 30 times brighter than the darkest element -- with any hope of seeing the detail in each. (Digital/HDTV receivers do considerably better, but until everyone has a digital set, we must play it safe.)\n\"Real world scenes\" often contain collections of elements that exceed the 30:1 brightness range.\nAlthough in the studio we might be able to control this with lighting, things become a bit more challenging outside.\nFor critical exterior scenes the videographer must often consider ways to reduce the brightness range. One way is with a contrast control filter.\nLook at the scene on the left below, taken in a setting with contrasty lighting. The use of a contrast control (or low contrast or contrast reduction) filter results in the image on the right.\nThere are three types of these filters: low contrast, soft contrast, and the Tiffen Ultra Contrast.\nFilters for \"The Film Look\"\nCompared to film, some people feel digital video can look a bit harsh, overly sharp, and even brassy.\nStudies have shown that audiences have gotten used to and seem to prefer the slightly softer and grainy effect of film -- leading some post-production houses to electronically add these things to video.\nSome directors of photography (DPs) people feel it's better to add these things as the video is shot. This link provides more information on achieving this \"film look\" with optical filters.\nA common visual effect, especially in the days of black-and-white film and television, was the night scene shot in broad daylight -- a so-called day-for-night. (In those days, film stocks and video cameras were not as sensitive to light as they are today and you couldn't readily shoot at night.)\nBut with black-and-white film or video you could place a deep red filter over the lens to turn blue skies very dark, even black. (A red filter subtracts blue.)\nThat, together with three or four f-stops of underexposure, completed the illusion.\nAlthough not quite as easy to pull off in color, you can simulate the effect by underexposing the camera by at least two f-stops and either using a blue filter or creating a bluish effect when you white balance your camera. (We cover this in a section called \"lying to your camera\" in Module 18.)\nA careful control of lighting and avoiding the sky in scenes adds to the effect.\nEmbellishments you can add during post-production make the night-time effect even more convincing.\nWith the sensitivity of professional cameras now down to one foot-candle (a few lux), \"night-for-night\" scenes are now possible.\nWhatever approach you use,\nyou need to check out the effect using a high quality color monitor\nas a reference.\nColor Conversion Filters\nColor conversion filters correct the sizable difference in color temperature between incandescent light and sunlight -- a shift of about 2,000K.\nAlthough the differences in color temperature among light sources will make more sense after we examine it in a later module, we need to at least mention it in this section on filters.\nEven though professional cameras can electronically take care of minor color correction, colored filters are best for major shifts, such as the difference between indoor and outdoor lighting.\nTwo series of filters have long been widely used in motion\npicture production: the Wratten #80 series, which are blue and convert incandescent light to\nthe color temperature of sunlight, and the Wratten #84 series, which\nare amber and convert daylight to the color temperature of tungsten\nSince video cameras are optimized for one color temperature, videographers will generally use these filters to make the necessary \"ballpark\" adjustment. The \"fine tuning\" is then done electronically.\nFilters For Fluorescent Light\nSome lighting sources are difficult to correct.\nA prime example and one that videographers frequently run into is fluorescent light. These lights are everywhere, of course, and they can be a problem.\nAlthough in recent years camera manufacturers have tried to compensate for the greenish cast that fluorescent lights can create, when it comes to such things as getting true-to-life skin tones (and assuming you can't turn off the lights and set up your own incandescent lights), you may need to experiment with a fluorescent light filter.\nWe say \"experiment\" because dozens of fluorescent tubes exist, each with different color characteristics.\nBut one characteristic all standard fluorescent lamps have is a \"broken spectrum\" or gaps in the range of colors they emit.\nThe eye can more or less \"smooth over\" these gaps when it views things firsthand, but film and video cameras have problems.\nSome other sources of light are even worse -- in particular the metal halide lights often used in gymnasiums and for street lighting. We discuss this in more detail in the lighting module on color temperature.\nAlthough the public may accept these lighting aberrations in news and documentary footage, it's a different story when it comes to most commercials and dramas.\nAs we will see, some color-balanced fluorescent lamps are not a problem, because manufacturers design them specifically for TV and film work. But don't expect to find them in schools, offices, or boardrooms.\nSpecial Effect Filters\nAlthough scores of special effect filters are available, we'll highlight four of the most popular: star filters, starburst filters, diffusion or soft focus filters, and fog filters.\nStar Filters - You've undoubtedly seen scenes in which \"fingers of light\" project out from the sides of shiny objects -- especially bright lights.(Note photo above.)\nThe camera operator creates this effect with a glass star filter that has a microscopic grid of crossing parallel lines cut into its surface.\nNotice in the picture above that the four-point star filter also softens and diffuses the image.\nStar filters can produce four-, five-, six-, or eight-point stars, depending on the lines engraved on the surface of the glass. The star effect varies with the f-stop used.\nA starburst filter (on the left, below) adds color to the diverging rays. Both star filters and starburst filters slightly reduce the sharpness of the image, which may or may not be desirable.\nSoft Focus and Diffusion Filters - To create a dreamy, soft focus effect, you can use a soft focus filter or a diffusion filter (on the right above).\nThese filters, which are available in various levels of intensity, were often used in early cinema to hide aging signs in actors. (Some stars even wrote this requirement into their contracts.)\nYou can achieve a similar effect by shooting through either a fine screen wire placed close to the lens or a single thickness of nylon stocking.\nThe f-stop you choose will greatly affect the level of diffusion. It's important to white balance your camera with these items in place.\nFog Filters - You can add a certain amount of \"atmosphere\" to dramatic locations by suggesting a foggy morning or evening.\nWithout relying on nature or artificial fog machines, fog filters can create somewhat the same effect. (Note the photo above.)\nIn Using Filters\nUsing a filter with a video camera raises the black level of the video slightly. Because this creates a slight graying effect, it's advisable to readjust camera setup or black level (either automatically or manually) whenever a filter is used.\nUnlike electronic visual effects that an editor creates during postproduction, the optical effects a videographer creates while recording a scene can't be undone.\nTo reduce the chance of unpleasant surprises, you need to carefully check the results with the help of a high quality color monitor as you shoot.\nCamera Filter Wheels\nAs we've noted, professional video cameras have filter wheels behind their lenses that can hold a number of filters. You can rotate individual filters on each wheel into the lens light path as needed.\nNote the two filter wheels in the photo on the right. One is labeled 1 through 4 and the other A through D. Two filters can be used at once. For example, 2-B would be a 1/4 ND (neutral density) filter, along with a 3,200K (standard incandescent light) color correction filter.\nFilter wheels might also contain the following:\nAlthough the filters shown are located behind the lens, to be most effective you must mount some filters, such as polarizing filters, in front of the lens.\nA matte box is a device mounted on the front of the camera that acts both as an adjustable lens hood and a way of holding square or rectangular gelatin filters. These are much cheaper than the round, glass filters.\nMatte boxes can also hold small cutout patterns or masks. For example, you could use a keyhole-shaped pattern cut from a piece of cardboard to give the illusion of shooting through a keyhole (although, unlike earlier days, we can see through very few keyholes today).\nMost of the effects that matte boxes formerly created can now be more easily and predictably achieved electronically with a visual effects generator.\nA \"bug's eye\" view of subject matter is possible with a periscope/probe system.\nThis low angle is useful when actors are electronically keyed into realistic or fantasy miniature models. We can enhance the effect with the wide-angle views of the four lenses that come with the system.\nIn the photo on the right, the camera operator uses a lens probe to film a miniature prehistoric setting that will later come to life in a full-scale effect.\nAlthough this is a film camera, it has a video viewfinder to provide immediate feedback on the image captured on film. (Note the video monitor.)\nIn the next section, we conclude the discussion of lenses and lens attachments.\nVideo Projects Revision Information\nIssues Forum Author's Blog/E-Mail Associated Readings Bibliography\nIndex for Modules To Home Page Tell a Friend Tests/Crosswords/Matching", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "So - you want a splendid holiday microscope? (II)\nAs we did already discuss the MBS-10 extensively elsewhere we will concentrate on the entry-level compound microscope sold under the name BTC BIM135T.\nThere was also a smaller sister model, priced for about 60 US $ less, called \"BTC BIM105T\". It has no condenser adjustment knob and more modest achromatic objectives (not semi-plan). Overall those prices might still look like a lot of money for most of our readers. But we shouldn't forget that this kind of microscope would have cost about 2,000 US $ in the 1970s.\nWe were curious whether the optics and mechanics might come\nclose to our older \"branded\" microsopes as there are many contradictory\nstatements about this topic all over the web, for example:\nSo what ???\nBasic use, focusing and light are fully functional and all movements are working (no disturbing backlash, no vibration tendency when focusing etc., no light flickering). The image is quite clear, the field of view not luxurious but appropriate and sufficiently flat. Obviously the design is oriented towards the beginner with no special refinements or complications. Just switch the light on, choose the appropriate objective needed, focus - that's it. The visual image impression is flawlessly, not worth further discussion with respect to practical use. The instrument can be used with almost no contraints for water droplet microscopy and even for use with modest incident light, as might become clear from the images below where the incident light is coming from aside:\nSome limitations became apparent when using the microscope for the study of the marine tardigrades. As already mentioned in our last issue the field of view shows an uneven brightness, therefore doesn't look as clean as with our classical microscopes. The so-called \"Köhler\" illumination as recommended by microscopy priests is not available. As a consequence some light energy is dissipated and the 20W source might appear a little bit too dark in extreme situations. Nevertheless the instrument is quite usable as a holiday microscope. The following photograph might serve as an example to make up your mind:\nSummary: this microscope is by no means a high-end scientific microscope but it is well suited for the beginner, also a more ambitious beginner with budget restraints. It can be used for photography as well but it is not as flexible and not as upgradable as the more expensive systems.\n© Text, images and video clips by\nMartin Mach (firstname.lastname@example.org).", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Thermal Fusion Night Vision Bincoulars with GPS, digital compass and marking\nChina TianYing TL300 thermal fusion night vision binoculars is enhanced dual channel binoculars, uses day and night type night vision technology fused with thermal imagery, thereby bridging the gap in performance and capability for both of these sensors, provides the operator with significantly improved targeting and identification in all conditions.\nIntegrated night vision allows to detect man out to 600m and recognize man out to 400m in 1/4 moon, integrated thermal imaging allows to recognize man-size targets in excess of 600m.\nThis gives the warfighter substantially increased situational awareness, because threats can be detected in virtually any environment. Bad guys that would normally be camofluaged in foliage, rock formations, etc can now be easily detected from a safe distance.\nBy prominent marking capability, operator can quickly find cloaked and camouflaged object in day and night, especially effective in urban operations. Option add digital compass and BDS or GPS function.\n1, Why many thermal fusion binoculars price is very cheap?\nBecause their binoculars is thermal fusion daytime visible light CCD camera, their CCD camera is only work on daytime, but they are only simple fusion, also their fusion effect is not good too.\n2, Why image fusion need environment mode?\nBecause image fusion environment mode will add fusion effect.\n3, Why image fusion need marking function?\nBecause marking function will sharpen and highlight fusion effect, also then good marking can quickly find cloaked and camouflaged target.\n4, Why this fusion binoculars price is higher than other company' fusion binoculars?\nBecause quality is different,if used for same standard, then our price is very cheap.\nYou need know that only good image quality military thermal binoculars price or only good image quality military day and night type white autogated night vision binoculars price is not cheap.\nTL300 Enhanced Thermal Imaging Binoculars Fusion Day and Night Vision Binoculars Specification:\n|Thermal imaging channel\n|Uncooled Vanadium Oxide\n|≤ 45mK 25ºC\n|Field of View,°,\n|16 x 12°\n|≥600m for human, ≥1500m for vehicle\n|≥400m for human, ≥800m for vehicle\n|Low light night vision channel\n|day and night type solid-state night vision\n|Field of View,°\n|16 x 12°\n|Detect range( day time)\n|≥800m for human, ≥1500m for vehicle\n|Recognize range (0.001lux night)\n|≥150m for human, ≥300m for vehicle\n|Digital Compass and BDS or GPS Function\n|BDS or GPS\n|0.39'' 1024 x 768 OLED\n|Diopter adjustment, diopter\n|-4 to +2 D\n|thermal imaging mode, low light mode, fusion color mode, fusion black and white mode\n|Image fusion environment mode\n|jungle mode, snow land mode, ocean mode, city mode, desert mode\n|Photo and video\n|BMP photo, AVI video, playback, delete, search.\n|Storage photo and video\n|TF card 32G\n|Q9 CCIR (PAL compatible)\n|USB and RS232\n|Power Supply, V\n|3 x 18650 type rechargeable lithium battery\n|Operating time, hour\n|≥ 5 hours with built-in 3 pcs 18650 batteries.\n|- 40 … +55\n|Storage temperature, °C\n|-50 ... +70\n|Level of Protection\n|Tripod mount, inch\n|205 x 160 x 70\n|Weight (with batteries), kg\n|*- Technical information is subject to change without notice.\n** - Depending on the region of sale.\nTL300 Fusion Thermal Imaging Night Vision Binoculars - desert mode\nthermal imaging working distance contrast night vision working distance, you can see their working distance is similar, but in 380m can recognize human.\nthermal imaging working distance contrast night vision working distance, 650m show human image size is very small and especially night vision.\nTL300 thermal binoculars recognize 900m vehicle\nTL300 night vision binoculars recognize 900m vehicle, by image can see Halo size, this is typical Gen 3 technology, day and night type night vision is white autogating technology.TL300 Fusion Thermal Imaging Night Vision Binoculars - jungle mode\nYou can quickly find weak infrared radiation target and the tree shade target by the video.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "We have launched our low light USB 3.0 camera board – See3CAM_CU30, based on the 1/3-inch AR0330, a 3.4 mega pixel image sensor from OnSemi™. This OEM camera can capture images at 0.1 Lux, ideal for low light surveillance applications. The See3CAM_CU30 streams video high definition(HD) video 720p@60fps and Full HD video, 1080p@60fps in both uncompressed (UYVY) and compressed (MJPEG) formats.\nWith the excellent image quality, the See3CAM_CU30 is an ideal camera for low-light applications such as home-surveillance, in-car security cameras, webcams, day-night cameras etc. The high-performance on-board ISP provides not just excellent image quality, but also allows customers to adjust all the camera parameters to meet their application requirements.\nCustomers interested in evaluating our ultra low light USB 3.0 camera can buy See3CAM_CU30 samples from e-con Systems™’ online webstore with option to buy with or without the lens. For more information, please visit 3.4MP Low light USB 3 Camera. Also watch demo video at https://www.youtube.com/v/bpaArU3NqAg", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Proceedings PaperThe Scatterometer For DIRBE\n|Format||Member Price||Non-Member Price|\nA technique for monitoring the degradation in performance of an infrared instrument caused by contamination of the primary mirror is needed. A scatterometer, measuring the light from an off-axis source transmitted through the instrument, is proposed. The design and analysis of this device is described.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The Oakley Radarlock Path is the ultimate sport performance product, this revolutionary eyewear lets athletes take full advantage of Oakley’s wide array of performance lenses, thanks to ingenious Switchlock™ Technology, making lens changing fast and hassle-free.\n• Fast, secure lens replacement with Switchlock™ interchangeable lens technology\n• Reduced distortion lenses via Oakley’s cushioned lens suspension system\n• Lightweight O Matter™ frame material with ellipse metal icon accents\n• Additional performance lens included in most configurations\n• Unobtainium® earsocks and nosepads for increased comfort and performance\n• Oakley performance shield lens technology with HDO®\n• Available with Prizm™ lenses to enhance color, contrast and detail for an optimized experience\nPrizm™ is a revolution in lens optics built on decades of color science research. Prizm™ lenses provide unprecedented control of light transmission resulting in colors precisely tuned to maximize contrast and enhance visibility.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "LASER - Pragnienie miłości /Czekoladka/ - teledysk do filmu Disco Polo - śpiewa Dawid Ogrodnik\nPowerful 4500mW Blue Laser Demonstration\nWatch the US Navy's laser weapon in action\nWorld's LONGEST Lightsaber\nMy Homebuilt 200W LASER BAZOOKA!!!!!\nA laser is a device that emits light through a process of optical amplification based on the stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation. The term \"laser\" originated as an acronym for \"light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation\". The first laser was built in 1960 by Theodore H. Maiman at Hughes Research Laboratories, based on theoretical work by Charles Hard Townes and Arthur Leonard Schawlow.\nExplore contextually related video stories in a new eye-catching way. Try Combster now!", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Biomedical optics is one of the fastest growing areas of research. The non-ionizing nature of light applied for investigation and detection of abnormalities in human tissues make this area very attractive for development of new diagnostic techniques and modalities (Wang, 2007). The optical spectra provide biochemical and morphological information about the tissue under investigation based on its absorption, reflectance, fluorescence and elastic scattering properties (Wang, 2007; Tuchin, 2002). Many techniques based on the recent progress in optics have been developed for biomedical applications. Fluorescence, absorption and diffuse scattering spectroscopy have been widely applied as probes acquiring information about physical, chemical, or physiological processes in the tissues. These methods have been proposed to be used by the medical community in view of extending the capabilities of the standard diagnostic modalities that have already been introduced in the clinical practice, as x-ray, magnetic resonance and ultrasound imaging.\nLaser-induced autofluorescence spectroscopy (LIAFS) could be utilized to quantify differences between normal and abnormal tissues\nLaser-induced autofluorescence spectroscopy is very promising from a technical point of view due to the easy coupling with optical fibres for delivering the excitation light to every part of the human body without significant losses of light power, as is the case of incoherent light sources, as well as because of the possibility to use information from naturally occurring endogenous fluorophores, without adding external fluorescent markers. LIAFS is also notable among the other non-invasive diagnostic techniques, as it offers real-time detection and differentiation of the lesion investigated with promising precision, selectivity and specificity (Bigio, 1997; Bachmann, 2006). The fluorescent technique is widely applied to cutaneous lesions’ investigations, including erythema (Sinichkin, 1998), psoriasis, vitiligo (Borisova, 2000), and skin cancer (Wang, 2006; Troyanova, 2006). This method yields information about the biochemical composition of the tissue under study.\nOn the other hand, diffuse reflectance spectroscopy is mainly providing morphological information concerning the tissues. The scattering intensity and spectral distribution of the signals detected could give information about the scatterers’ size and distribution (cells, nuclei, etc.). Most of the tissue pathologies, including tumours, exhibit significant architecture changes on a cellular and sub-cellular level. The elastic scattering of light penetrating into the tissues depends on this alteration in their architecture, so that the back-scattered signals detected could be used for determining pathological structural changes occurring in the organ under study (Morant, 2003). As the diffuse reflectance signal detected is a superposition of diffuse scattering and absorption from tissues pigments, the resultant spectrum on the tissue surface reveals also information about the main absorbers in the biological tissues, such as haemoglobin and melanin in the skin and its pathologies. To benefit fully from reflectance spectroscopy’s advantages, one needs to relate the spectral features with the morphology and biochemical composition of the tissue investigated. (Tuchin, 2002, Borisova, 2006).\nCombination of fluorescence and reflectance optical techniques could rapidly improve the sensitivity and specificity of cutaneous tumours’ diagnosis (Borisova, 2008). Using imaging analysis techniques in the processing of fluorescence and reflectance spectral data received from cutaneous pathologies could further improve the diagnostic accuracy (Borisova, 2008).\nOur work is a stage in the development of methods for skin cancer diagnostics on the basis of optical spectra. The preliminary analysis showed that the spectra of lesions differ from those obtained from normal tissue, with the differences observed depending on the type of pathology. A more “damaged” tissue changes the colouring more intensively. If a lesion’ area could be localised correctly, it would provide more precise information about this lesion’s structure. In addition, not only does the intensity value of the reflected/emitted light vary from patient to patient, but it also depends on the position of the tested area inside a given lesion. We proposed that the variations in the reflected/emitted value of the light could be caused by two possible reasons:\ndifferent degree of “damaging” – lesion stage of development, and\ndifferent thickness of the suspicious lesion area.\nThe specific features of the spectra are suitable for the development of a hybrid diagnostic algorithm (including both image and spectra) for detection and discrimination of different type of tissue damaging. We applied this approach to studying skin cancer in an attempt to separate the melanoma from benign and dysplastic melanin-pigmented lesions. The ultimate goal of the investigation is developing a reliable technique for predicting the type and level of skin damaging and the stage of its progress.\n2. Basic theory\n2.1. Image processing\nThe aim of image processing is obtaining an image with a value of the lightness of pixels, which depends on the saturation of the damaged tissue. CIE.Lab is a standard for estimating of colours using features of the illuminating light source.\nThe system presents the colours as relative lightness and chromaticity that consist of two components: a - a red- green axis, and b - a yellow-blue axis. The other parameter - chroma, is calculated as the distance of the particular chromaticity from the centre of the area (Fig. 1) and corresponds to the visible saturation of the colours.\nIf we use another coloured light to illuminate the object, all the visible colours would change. However, the calculated coordinates (eq. (1)) in the Lab chromaticity area will keep their position, since the colour of the source becomes achromatic.\nwhere for and otherwise.\nIf we use another colour as a “referent white”, all available colours’ coordinates would be changed, but the white point again will be at the centre of the chromaticity area with no saturation. Thus, if the healthy skin colour is used as a “referent white” point, all changes of the pigmentation could be described by chroma. Applying this to digital images, the colour of the tissues transforms to grey levels and the areas whose colour differs from the “healthy” one will occur with higher intensity. However, the images consist of pixels whose RGB signals measure relatively and reproduce the colorimetrical features of the objects. Concerning equations (1), a transformation from RGB to XYZ is needed to obtain the Lab parameters and chroma. The relation depends on the chosen area of Locus that needs to be converted and are established for several more frequently used spaces – sRGB, AdobeRGB, ProPhoto etc. given as values of the coefficients cij in equation (2).\nApplying these transformations to images of lesions we achieve a decrease in the saturation of the healthy skin surrounding the damaged one. The sequenced linear contrast stretching of the whole image improves the visibility of the tested area by highlighting the saturated pixels and allowing the lesion localization. The saturation could be imaged by transforming each pixel’s chromaticity to a grey level presenting their chroma.\n2.2. Spectra processing\nThe aim of the processing is to highlight the peculiarities of the distribution obtained from suspicious tissues. We used a simple technique developed for the reflected spectra also described in monograph about chromatic monitoring [ed Jones, 2008] that ensures a comparison between the healthy and the tested unhealthy tissues’ spectra. We calculated the ratio “healthy skin” to “tested skin” spectrum (Fig. 2)\nThe result is a new distribution, which is a straight line if the two spectra are proportional to each other, or otherwise may have any other shape. This gives rise to a possibility to overcome the ambiguities resulting from the different patients’ states and to extract only the peculiarities common for the disease.\n3. Experimental set up\nIn our investigation we used images and spectra of melanin-pigmented cutaneous benign lesions obtained from 30 patients, dysplastic nevi - obtained from 18 patients, and lesions of malignant melanoma obtained from 27 patients.\nThe images were obtained from simple photographs taken by a photo camera and processed by a specially prepared computer program that transforms the colour parameters by the sRGB standard. The fluorescent spectra were obtained using three different excitation sources with maxima of the emitted light at 365, 385, and 405 nm, respectively. The emitted fluorescence is registered by a fibre optic micro spectrometer (USB4000, “Ocean Optics,” Inc., Dunedin, USA). A high-sensitivity linear CCD detected the reflected light dispersed by a grating with 600 lines/mm, with the total spectral resolution of the micro spectrometer being approximately 2 nm. The same device was used for registering the reflectance spectra. All spectra were limited into the range of visible light between 420 and 780 nm. The intensity and shape of the curve of reflected/emitted spectra in different conditions could be estimated in the cases of different patients and different points of obtaining the spectra inside of the lesion.\nThe results were analysed based on two criteria:\nSignificant signal level dependence on the reflection and excitation light wavelength,\nCoincidence of the shape of the spectra ratios obtained from different patients and different points of registering depending on the diagnosis.\n4. Results and discussion\n4.1. Benign nevus\nFigure 3 shows the initial image of a benign nevus lesion, the image of healthy tissue used for obtaining the values of XnYnZn parameters, and the grey “chroma” image after processing. The damaged area is inhomogeneous. The pixels that pertain to it could be extracted by simply setting a threshold to the grayscale. One could expect that spectra registered from the central and the peripheral area of the spot should be similar in shape and level.\nFigure 4 shows the reflected and emitted spectra of the central area obtained from three different patients denoted by P1, P2 and P3. The intensity of the reflected light changes from patient to patient, but, as it is seen, the curves have similar shape. In what concerns the intensity of the emitted spectra, a higher level is present in the case of stimulation with the wavelength of 385 nm. Figure 5 shows the reflected and fluorescent spectra of the central and peripheral areas and the spectra of the healthy areas. The comparison of the shapes of these spectra allows us to suggest that only 385 nm is suitable for seeking similarity. Concerning the reflected spectra, the shape of the curves does not depend on the positions. This fact is confirmed by the spectra ratio given in figure 6.\nThe suggestion that the spectra do not depend on the position inside of the lesion is valid for the intensity in practically all cases of fluorescence; this holds true for the shapes only if stimulation is carried out at 385 nm. Similarity is present in the shapes of the reflected spectra only, but not in their intensity.\n4.2. Dysplastic nevus\nFigure 7 illustrates the results of applying the techniques discussed to the image of a dysplastic nevus. The damaged area has clear outlined borders and could be easily extracted again by setting a threshold to the greyscale. The internal structure shows a low-density area concentrated into the centre of the lesion, and higher density near the borders. It could be assumed that the spectra would have different shape and intensity in dependence on the position of registering.\nFigure 8 shows reflected and fluorescent spectra of the central area obtained from three patients denoted again by P1, P2 and P3. The intensity of the reflected light is almost similar for the different patients, but the shape of the curves is different. Concerning the emitted spectra intensity, a higher level is seen again in case of stimulation at 385 nm. The next figure 9 also shows the reflected and fluorescent spectra of the central and peripheral areas and the spectra of the healthy areas. It could be seen that the shape of the fluorescent spectra does not depend on the position in all wavelengths stimulations tested. However, only the stimulation with 385 nm gives simultaneously a similarity between the spectra ratios and sufficient differences from the other spectra ratio (figure 10) in the cases of stimulations at 365 and 405 nm.\n4.3. Malignant melanoma\nA malignant melanoma lesion is presented in fig. 11 by images resulting from two different processing: the one described above, the other using the program of MoleMax system. The latter uses ABCD criteria to set a diagnose by image analyses. The technique of greyscale „chroma“ image shows better visibility of the differences inside the lesions than the method used in the MoleMax program. The density spreading implies the absence of a relation between the position (centred or near borders) and the shape and intensity of the spectrum.\nFigure 12 shows reflected and fluorescent spectra of the central area obtained from three patients denoted by P1, P2 and P3. The intensity of the reflected spectra varies from patient to patient. The same is valid for emitted spectra independently of the stimulation wavelength. The shapes of the spectra obtained from different areas of one patient are similar, but those of the spectra from different patients are different (figure 13). The spectra ratio given in figure 14 show different intensity, but the shape obtained by stimulation at 365 and 385 nm of peripheral areas are similar. The same applies to the reflected light spectra for.\nMany technical advances and new optical methodologies for early detection of cancer have been recently developed, but there still exist considerable challenges concerning the precise diagnosis and differentiation of cutaneous malignant lesions. Most dermatologists still rely on their practical experience in visual evaluation of pigmented lesions. It is well known that the diagnostic accuracy depends on the clinical experience of the specialist (Morton and Mackie (1998)). In general practice, where such experience is low, diagnostic accuracy is quite bad (Bedlow 1995). In the early stages of the disease, the diagnosis is difficult even for experienced clinicians.\nWithin the wavelength range 400 – 800 nm, which we used in our observations, the stratum corneum, epidermis and dermis have relatively high scattering coefficients and lower absorption coefficients, particularly at longer wavelengths. Consequently, the spectrum of white light passing through such a tissue can be affected by the various components and thus become biased towards the longer wavelengths (Jones, 2000).\nTo benefit fully from optical spectroscopy’s advantages, one needs to relate the spectral features with the morphology and biochemical composition of the tissue investigated. Account needs to be taken of various other skin tissue characteristics, such as melanin content in the epidermal layer, haemoglobin derivatives in the dermis and their influence on the detected spectra, so adding to the complexity of the conditions to be monitored.\nChromatic techniques have the potential for providing a means for quantifying the tissue spectral characteristics selectively under such conditions and for producing an assistive automated diagnosis means. When a combination of fluorescence, reflectance and chromatic techniques for analysis is applied, the diagnostic accuracy for malignant melanoma detection reaches 90 % (Borisova, 2008). In the situation when only one of these analytic techniques is applied, the diagnostic accuracies achieved are very similar for all three methods – about 70%.\nSuch an increase in diagnostic accuracy (by 20 %) demonstrates that applying chromatic techniques for monitoring biological tissues via the fluorescence, reflectance, absorption and scattering of polychromatic light could be extremely useful in tumour detection and evaluation. Therefore, unification of spectral and chromatic techniques in a common diagnostic tool is a very promising future step in the development of medical diagnostic systems, as it leads to increasing the diagnostic accuracy (ed. Jones, 2008, Borisova 2008) and allows one to develop computerized automatic systems for diagnostics decisions when one investigates cutaneous pathologies.\nThere are two common problems that impede one in obtaining optimal results.\nFirst, the greyscale “chroma” image resulting from the image processing depends on the healthy area; thus, any sparkles are able to produce incorrect chroma spreading inside the lesion. The problem could be avoided by controlling the image registration.\nThe second problem is related to the wavelength interval of visibility of the stimulating laser pulse. In fact, the interval under 480 nm becomes useless.\nOvercoming these problems is a task of data registration and do not have relation to the processing mentioned above.\nFinal greyscale images yield enough information about the density spreading inside one lesion. It makes it possible to control precisely the position of obtaining the spectrum.\nCalculated spectra ratios emphasize the differences resulting from skin damages independently of the patients. A simple analysis shows that the data from emitted spectra after stimulation at 385 nm are suitable for setting a diagnose. For a benign nevus, the data could be extracted from the any part of the lesion; for the dysplastic nevus, from the centre of the area; and from the peripheral area for the malignant melanoma.\nThe spectra ratios from reflectance calculated for a benign nevus could be distinguished from the spectra ratios for a dysplastic nevus, while the same spectra ratios for malignant melanoma clearly differ from the others.\nSummarising the test results, we can conclude that the techniques described above form a good basis for the development a non-invasive method for estimating the type of skin damage.\nThis work was supported by the National Science Fund of Bulgarian Ministry of Education, Youth and Science under grant DO-02-112/2008 “National Centre of Biomedical Photonics”.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "We report the application of Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) to various types of human cases of otitis media (OM). Whereas conventional diagnostic modalities for OM, including standard and pneumatic otoscopy, are limited to visualizing the surface information of the tympanic membrane (TM), OCT is able to effectively reveal the depth-resolved microstructural below the TM with a very high spatial resolution. With the potential advantage of using OCT for diagnosing different types of OM, we examined in-vivo the use of 840 nm wavelength, and OCT spectral domain OCT (SDOCT) techniques, in several human cases including normal ears, and ears with adhesive and effusion types of OM. Peculiar positions were identified in two-dimensional OCT images of abnormal TMs compared to images of a normal TM. Analysis of A-scan (axial depth-scans) data from these positions could successfully identify unique patterns for different constituents within effusions. These OCT images may not only be used for constructing a database for the diagnosis and classification of OM, but they may also demonstrate the feasibility and advantages for upgrading the current otoscopy techniques.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Table of Contents\nBest Thermal Rifel Scope\nTechnology used to create thermal scopes used to be prohibitively expensive. Best Thermal Rifel Scope. This meant that they were available only to those with large pockets and large budgets, like the military and larger law enforcement agencies. With the rapid advancements of technology, price point on thermal scopes has dropped significantly, and they have become more accessible than ever before.\nThe increasing availability of thermal scopes has resulted in an increase in demand for hunter-based activities that are nocturnal, such as hog and coyote. This increasing demand from consumers has prompted many companies to get into the market and make thermal scopes available to a greater number of hunters and shooters than ever before. Whether you’re looking to get your first one or upgrade to a more sophisticated model, let us show you some options for the best thermal scopes so that you too can join in the action.\nThe Best Thermal Scopes For 2022\n- Best Value for Money: OPMOD Thor LT 3-6x\n- Best Over $5000: Trijicon IR Hunter MK3\n- Best Thermal Scope under $5000: AGM Secutor TS25-384\n- Best Thermal Scope Under $1000 ATN Thor HD 384 2-8x\n- The Best Value Thermal Scope: ATN Thor 4 384 1.25-5x\n- Ideal for hunting: ATN Thor LT 160 3-x\n- The Best Hog Hunting Thermal Scope: Sig Sauer Echo 3\n- Best Clip-On Thermal Scope Burris BTC 50\n- The best surveillance tool: Trijicon IR-Patrol IRMO 300 Rifle Kit\nThings to Consider Before Buying an IR Scope\nYou’ve probably figured out already that the best thermal scopes aren’t cheap. A majority of people don’t invest a sizable chunk of change on a thermal scope on a whim. There are some things that you should be thinking about before deciding what thermal scope is best for you. (Or, honestly whether you really require one or you could use the money elsewhere.)\nIf you search on the internet, you will find companies offering thermal scope rentals. This is a great way to try out various models and gain a sense of what you like best prior to making a purchase. Best Thermal Rifel Scope.\nObviously, the final decision is up to you however, if you do decide that your next major gun-related purchase will be an thermal scope Here are some of the things you should consider prior to parting with your hard-earned money:\nThere’s plenty of technology in the thermal scope, and it’s must have some type of battery that can power it. There aren’t all batteries equal, and so you want to be sure that your thermal scope will stay powered up for as long as you need it. That means you should think about how long you plan to be using the scope for in one time period. Also, how long does it take to chargeit, and what will extra batteries run.\nSome thermal scopes offer WiFi, GPS, Bluetooth, and more. These are all really cool options however you need to take a look at what you’ll be using the thermal scope for and whether or not those additional features are worth it or not. For example is it really necessary to be able to stream your scope image to a mobile device?\nPrice and Budget\nThe best thermals are going to exceed $5000. While these are often the best-of-the-best scopes you can buy, you’ll get practical usage from models in the $2000-$5000 price range. If you’re looking for a low-cost thermal scope under $1000, you’ll not find one. There are some thermal scopes under $2000, but they must be specific to the brand in order to get good warranty and money-back guarantee coverage as quality control issues must be expected in this price range.\nSize And Weight\nThermal imaging scopes are heavy and big. Average weight for a standard thermal rifle scope is about 2 pounds. Lightweight thermals weigh between 1-1.5 pounds, which is similar to standard morning rifle scopes. Although thermals could be about the same length of traditional rifle scopes, and even shorter, the internal components needed to offer thermal imaging makes them wider. Their overall weight and size can affect your shooting or tactical weapon and scope system.\nA lightweight and compact option is to look into a clip-on system. In addition to reducing the weight and size, but they’re designed to be used on top of your daytime scope and are easily removed and attached.\nThermals can give you over 1000+ yards of range of detection on targets, regardless of day and night conditions. However, the distance at which you can identify and recognize the target will be significantly shorter.\nThese ranges can differ among manufacturers models, models, and the quality. The thermal detector’s sensitivity is the most important factor you need to study. A higher magnification will help quickly recognize and identify distant targets, however it may also lead to poor pixelage resulting in a grainy picture. Display resolution will also determine what the image quality is. sight picture. Best Thermal Rifel Scope.\nWhich is Better Thermal Or Night Vision?\nInstead of looking at whether night vision scopes are better than thermal or vice versa, instead focus on whether night vision scope can be superior than thermal or vice versa, the primary question is:\nWhich one is the best to meet your needs and budget?\nWhen you’re done with this guide, you’ll know exactly the answer to that.\nLet’s get started!\nNight vision operates by using light or reflections of light and intensifying the light into a crystal clear image.\nTherefore, it needs some type of ambient light for it to work.\nIf you’re shooting at night, the moonlight and stars usually provide enough light. The latest models feature infrared illuminations that function as flashlights to illuminate the scope but aren’t visible to the naked eye.\nIf you’re looking through the market of night vision optics You’ll find different ratings for them — Gen Iand II, or III. In simple terms, the more the level of the generation, the higher the quality.\nAlso, you’ll see a more recent category of night vision scopes known as Digital Night Vision.\nThe normal night vision displays the traditional black and green while the updated digital night vision is usually presented in white and black on the LCD screen.\n- Night vision delivers a higher quality image.\n- It permits you to distinguish between finer details. Additionally, night vision scopes are cheaper and more small in size. It’s not affected by cold weather.\nNight vision technology has been in use a lot older in comparison to thermal optics. Night vision scopes can be found be mounted on rifles, and are more sturdy, durable, and absorbs recoil like a pro.\n- Its requirement for ambient light is what makes night vision limited.\nSo unless you have an infrared light source that isn’t in use, it’s useless in darkness. It’s not recommended to use it in sunlight as it could be permanently damaged if exposed to a bright light.\nThermal scopes detect heat or radiation given off from any living thing. Thermal imaging employs a specific type of lens that concentrates at infrared light and generates an image known as a thermogram. This thermogram then transforms into electrical impulses , which then form the image you see that appears on the screen. Best Thermal Rifel Scope.\n- The thermal vision is a little more flexible as it is able to be utilized in any light condition. In reality, one of the greatest benefits for thermal imaging scopes is that they work well in both daylight and night and don’t necessitate infrared light. On top of that they allow you to be able to see through smoke, dust and fog easily. This is the reason firefighters utilize thermal technology.\n- One of the main drawbacks for thermal imaging can be that it is quite heavy to transport. They are also expensive and you might have undergo training in order to interpret the images correctly. The battery life is often short, while the overall quality of an image can be adversely affected by colder temperatures.\nFrequently Asked Questions\nWhat is the length of time the Thermal Scope last?\nIn the an average thermal scopes run for about eight hours with a single charge. Various models will vary between 2 to 10 hours. Recently, ATN has managed to manufacture ultra-low consumption thermal scopes which provide more than 10 hours of continuous usage.\nWhy is it that Thermal Scopes are so expensive?\nIt is generally true that thermal scopes cost a lot because of the advanced technology components. There are also cost differences for various features, such as Bluetooth connectivity and palette mods or ballistic applications, and more. But, as it happens, thermals start at a reasonable price point of $1000.\nHow far can Thermal Rifle Scopes View?\nThe distance thermal rifle scopes can see will depend on the display resolution and magnification settings. Generally, even basic thermals are able to detect the heat signatures at 1,000or more yards. The most advanced thermals are able to detect heat signatures that extend beyond the 4,000-yard mark, but target identification is another matter.\nCan You Make Use of Thermal Scope in Daylight?\nContrary the night vision scopes unlike night vision scopes, you can use the thermal scope in the daytime without damaging components. Instead of increasing light, thermal scopes read heat signatures. Dual-use capabilities are one of the main benefits of choosing thermal instead of night vision and making the most of your purchase. Best Thermal Rifel Scope.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Lee Filter Roll 250 H. Wh. Diff.\n- Softens Light Output\n- 0.75-Stop Reduction\n- 60% Light Transmission for 6774K\n- Heat Resistant to 356°F\n- Polyester Construction\nThe 250 Half White Diffusion Filter from LEE Filters is designed to soften the output of a light fixture. This filter is constructed from polyester that is heat-resistant to 356°F.\nUnder 6774K Source C light, the 250 Half White Diffusion Filter provides a 0.75-stop value, transmitting light at 60%.\n- Size: 762 x 122 cm, normal\n- Lee colour number: 250\n- Colour: Half White Diffusion", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Join Date: Dec 2011\nLocation: Montreal, Canada\nMentioned: 0 Post(s)\nTagged: 0 Thread(s)\nQuoted: 0 Post(s)\nI had this kind of TV in my office for over a year now... 52 inch branded SuperD.\nIts pretty sweet but seriously lack in definition... I doubt this technology will be ready before 4K resolution TV (4x HD resolution). We're planning on using these as advertisement platform.\nIt use a thick Glass substract filled with million of prism that redirect light from different pixel to each eye.\nIt require to be sit in a sweet-spot (7 sweet-spot available in the TV I've witnessed, but you can nod your head and partially look behind object.\nA 1080p TV with that thick glass substract look like a 320l definition... but the 3D effect is stunning and pop way out the screen.\nHow was the resolution on that one? maybe it use a different technology then the one I saw.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Image Acquisition and Measurement Software\nSpecifically developed for microscopy applications, IC Measure is a powerful end user application for measurement and image acquisition using any video device, manufactured by The Imaging Source.\nIC Measure Features\nIC Measure provides multiple tools for manual measurement. Via the intuitive interface, lengths, angles, areas and perimeters can be directly measured in the live preview. The measured data can then be exported to any spreadsheet application via the CSV export function.\n- Mark and annotate image features with IC Measure's annotation tools. Annotations are fully customizable in font, size and color.\n- IC Measure features advanced image processing filters to correct for optical distortions (e.g. barrel and pincushion distortion) as well as image enhancement tools such as histogram equalization, sharpness, brightness and contrast.\n- IC Measure's on-screen calibration tools, allow for efficient software calibration using a stage micrometer, graph paper or virtually any object of known size and can be used for measuring tasks outside of microscopy applications as well.\n- All measured objects saved in IC Measure can be stored and used for future projects.\n- All camera properties, such as video formats, and exposure times can be applied and set for future sessions.\n- Single image frames can be captured from the live video stream and saved as a BMP, TIFF or JPEG file.\n- A number of frames can be acquired and saved to a sequence of image files. The number of image frames, which are saved can be limited by either a specific number of by a time limit.\n- On-screen measurement of lengths, angles, areas and perimeters.\n- Export measured data to any spreadsheet application.\n- Mark and annotate image features with annotation tools.\n- Easy software calibration.\n- IC Measure: Free software available for download.\nThe following file can be downloaded:\n- IC Measure - Manual On-Screen Image Measurement and Image Acquisition\n- IC Measure provides powerful tools for the manual measurement of circles, lines, polygons and angles. The convenient user interface enables the easy measurement of lengths, angles and surfaces directly from the image displayed on the monitor. Measurement data can be exported as CSV file.\nPlease contact support, if you need any assistance using the software.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "PC Plastic Horizontal Fiber Optic Splice Closure Patch Panel For Aerial Hanger\nSuitable for bunchy & ribbon fibers\nAerial, underground, wall-mounting, hand hole-mounting and duct-mounting\nIt’s especially applicable to FTTH optical fiber distribution\nFOC (04) series fiber optic in-line closure provide suitable for cable whose diameter is 10-23mm, they could be used in aerial, duct, and direct buried application. These products are made of the high quality material and with the mechanical sealing structure filled with the sealing material. The external components and fastening parts are made of stainless steel. They could be opened and reused without changing sealing material.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "DJI Zenmuse P1\nShop Zenmuse P1 Drone Cameras\nZenmuse P1 with low-noise high-sensitivity sensor\nThe Zenmuse P1 is a specialized aerial photography camera designed by DJI for professional and enterprise use. It features a low-noise, high-sensitivity sensor that captures ultra-clear images, making it particularly effective for precision mapping, surveying, and detailed inspection work. The P1's advanced capabilities ensure high-quality data collection for a variety of applications.\nKey features of Zenmuse P1\nThe Zenmuse P1 stands out with several advanced features that enhance its utility in aerial imaging:\n- Full-frame sensor: Delivers superior image quality, high resolution, and an extensive dynamic range.\n- Low-noise performance: Guarantees detailed images in low-light conditions, increasing the camera's adaptability to different environments.\n- Interchangeable lens compatibility: Allows for a wide range of photographic expressions and technical demands, offering users the flexibility to select the ideal lens for each project.\n- Smart Oblique Capture: Seamlessly works with DJI's flight planning software for efficient data capture, essential for 3D modeling and mapping.\n- High-precision mapping: Achieves accurate mapping results without the need for ground control points, streamlining surveying and mapping processes.\nApplications of Zenmuse P1\nThe Zenmuse P1's sophisticated imaging technology supports a broad spectrum of applications across several industries:\n- Precision surveying and mapping: Perfect for generating accurate 2D maps and 3D models in construction, urban planning, and land conservation.\n- Infrastructure inspection: Provides detailed imagery for inspecting bridges, buildings, and energy infrastructures, aiding in maintenance and safety evaluations.\n- Agricultural monitoring: Assists in precise crop health monitoring, contributing to improved agricultural management and practices.\n- Environmental research: Facilitates detailed environmental studies and conservation efforts with high-quality imaging of ecosystems and natural landscapes.\nExplore the capabilities of Zenmuse P1\nThe Zenmuse P1, with its low-noise, high-sensitivity sensor, offers unparalleled image clarity and precision for professional and enterprise aerial imaging needs. Whether your project involves mapping, inspection, or monitoring, the P1 is equipped to provide top-tier imagery and data.\nDiscover how the Zenmuse P1 can revolutionize your aerial imaging tasks. Contact us today for more information on this advanced imaging solution and how it can be integrated into your operations. Let the Zenmuse P1 elevate the quality and efficiency of your projects.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Based on laser rotary encoder technology and consisting of a specialized motor encoder and a controller, the KP1SM100 system is designed to precisely control laser beam scanning through high inertia mirrors. The new, ultra-compact encoder system is said to be particularly applicable for portable electronic devices and is expected to find wide use in various laser marking and processing applications, including high-density pc board manufacturing. It also has applications in laser trimmers, rapid prototyping equipment, and other high precision areas. The system features a high scanning angle (±10°) and rotor inertia (10.5 gcm-sq.) with a 30-mm diameter mirror, resulting in a positioning resolution of 0.02 arc-seconds or less. Torque constant is 0.10 Nm/A. The KP-1SM100 laser scanners achieve a positioning accuracy of 0.5 µrad or lower and accelerate to settling speeds of 0.7 ms/0.3° and settling range of ±215 µrad. For more information, contact Ron Travis at CANON U.S.A. INC., Semiconductor Division Encoder Products Group, Lake Success, NY. (516) 328-4611.\nCompany: CANON U.S.A. INC. - Semiconductor Division Encoder Products Group\nProduct URL: Click here for more information", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Nick, I also just received an Olympus SP. Gonna try shooting with it this weekend.\nI did try shooting the same scene with and without Skylight 1B with Elitechrome 100 film; a slide film. Guess what, since I didn't take note which shot was done with/without the filter, when I had the film developed about 2 weeks later, I couldn't tell the difference!\nIf you buy a good 1B or UV filter, you don't need to worry about ghost image when pointing the lens towards the sun or other bright light source. Here's a few of (aestheticaly bad) shots with Hoya HMC 1B attached. The second photo was shot without any lenshood at all.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Two developments in image sensor technology were announced this week which would fundamentally disrupt the photographic industry if they were to make it to commercial manufacture.\nSony, Canon and Nikon have been working on curved sensors for some time, but Microsoft Research has now developed a sensor with three times more curvature than previously achieved.\n‘When using curved sensors, it is possible to correct aberrations in a much more efficient way, making it easier to create very wide-angle lenses that produce sharp images across the entire field of view or to create fast lenses that produce better images in low light,’ said Neel Joshi, a member of the Microsoft Research team. ‘It is also more straightforward to make cameras that exhibit uniform illumination across the entire image.’\nMicrosoft Research has built a camera using the sensor which the researchers say produced higher resolution images across the entire field of view when compared to modern high-end DSLR cameras.\n‘We have created a prototype curved sensor camera with extraordinary performance. It surpasses, and in the case of illumination uniformity far exceeds, the performance of much larger professional camera systems like the Canon 1Ds DSLR equipped with a similarly fast f/1.2 50mm lens.’\nTests showed that curving the sensors did not change any of their electrical or imaging characteristics. When used in a prototype camera with a specially designed f/1.2 lens, the curved sensor had resolution more than double that of a high-end SLR camera with a similar lens. Toward the edges of the image, the curved sensor was about five times sharper than the SLR camera.\nMeanwhile, over at Caltech (California Institute of Technology), researchers have developed a sensor which doesn’t even need a lens to capture images.\n‘We’ve created a single thin layer of integrated silicon photonics that emulates the lens and sensor of a digital camera, reducing the thickness and cost of digital cameras,’ said Ali Hajimiri, the leader of the Caltech research team. ‘It can mimic a regular lens, but can switch from a fish-eye to a telephoto lens instantaneously—with just a simple adjustment in the way the array receives light.\n‘The ability to control all the optical properties of a camera electronically using a paper-thin layer of low-cost silicon photonics without any mechanical movement, lenses, or mirrors, opens a new world of imagers that could look like wallpaper, blinds, or even wearable fabric,’ he said.\nIt’s early days yet, with the camera only capable of very low resolution images, but future applications could range from super thin cameras and smartphones through to huge ‘telescopes’ capable of imaging the universe.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "With a host of brand new features designed to enhance every facet of the photographic process, from still images to video, the new EOS 7D represents a whole new class of camera.\nMade to be the tool of choice for serious photographers and semi-professionals, the EOS 7D features an all-new 18.0 Megapixel APS-C size CMOS sensor and Dual DIGIC 4 Image Processors, capturing tremendous images at up to ISO 12800 and speeds of up to 8 fps. The EOS 7D has a new all cross-type 19-point AF system with improved AI Servo II AF subject tracking and user-selectable AF area selection modes for sharp focus no matter the situation. The EOS 7D's Intelligent Viewfinder, an entirely newly-designed technology, provides approximately 100% coverage and displays user-selected AF modes as well as a spot metering circle and on demand grid lines. New iFCL Metering with 63-zone dual-layer metering system uses both focus and color information to provide accurate exposure even in difficult lighting. The EOS 7D also captures Full HD video at 30p (29.97 fps), 24p (23.976 fps) and 25p with an array of manual controls, including manual exposure during movie shooting and ISO speed selection. The EOS 7D features a magnesium alloy body that is dust- and weather-resistant and shutter durability of up to 150,000 cycles. Compatible with over 60 EF and EF-S lenses as well as with EOS System accessories, the creative opportunities - not just with stills but also with video - are beyond amazement.\nEF 28-135mm f/3.5-5.6 IS USM Lens\nThe Canon EF 28-135mm f/3.5-5.6 IS Lens is a compact and lightweight standard zoom lens that offers superior optical performance, plus a built-in Image Stabilizer. The IS system reduces the possibility of blurred photographs caused by camera shake, which allows for handheld photography in comparatively dim light without a flash or tripod. At the wideangle end of the zoom range, the equivalent shutter speed gain is approximately 1.5 stops while at the telephoto end, it is approximately 2 stops.\nIn addition, the lens has a USM drive mechanism for faster and quieter AF operation, and the pulse control diaphragm (EMD) ensures precise aperture control.\nThe IS system is composed of a pair of gyro sensors to detect vertical and horizontal motion and a microprocessor that compensates for it by shifting special lens elements in parallel with the perceived movement.\nThe internal focusing mechanism allows the front of the lens to remain stationary and to easily accommodate specialty filters, such as polarizing filters.\nMaximum resolution for any application.\nThe EOS 7D features a Canon-designed 18.0 Megapixel APS-C size CMOS sensor that captures such a high level of resolution it's easy to crop images for enlargement without concern of losing detail. A major factor in reducing noise, the CMOS sensor assures that images shot at highest sensitivity will be remarkably smooth. Dual DIGIC 4 Image Processors ensure that images are captured, processed and saved with remarkable speed. The EOS 7D's ability to capture and process data of images shot at 18.0 Megapixels at 8 fps, as well as Face Detection Live Mode, Full HD video recording, Auto Lighting Optimizer and Lens Peripheral optimization are all possible thanks to the Dual\nDIGIC 4 Image Processors.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "A pinhole camera, a variation of Camera obscura, is a simple camera without a lens and with a single small aperture, a pinhole – effectively a light-proof box with a small hole in one side. Light from a scene passes through this single point and projects an inverted image on the opposite side of the box. Exposures can typically range from five seconds up to as much as several hours. The effect was noted in the 5th century BC in China and has been refined over the centuries.\nA pinhole camera, also known as camera obscura, or \"dark chamber\", is a simple optical imaging device in the shape of a closed box or chamber. In one of its sides is a small hole which, via the rectilinear propagation of light, creates an image of the outside space on the opposite side of the box.\nA pinhole camera is completely dark on all the other sides of the box including the side where the point is created. This part is usually painted black, but black boxes are also used for this purpose. There is also a thin screen which looks like a projector sheet, and is put in between the dark side adjacent to the pinhole.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Application of Hyperspectral Technology in Agriculture and Biology Industry\nThe current consumer electronics is moving towards more precise, and the development of 5G and Internet of Things has given a market demand for mobile phone multi-functional integration. Users will not be satisfied for only communications and entertainment. To promote the convenience of end-user is one of the tasks of technology development. From the perspective of UAV product from the consumer field, its multivariate application scenarios have used a variety of sensing / detecting chip systems and lens modules. Infrared technologies innovation and integration is making drones in mapping or fire safety systems more precise and effective. Foreseeably, future consumer electronics need to add more technological innovation. At present, the infrared industry is focused on how to accelerate the infrared industry technology into more civil markets.\nHyperspectral remote sensing technology is an emerging technology developed in the early 1980s and has become one of the hottest frontier topics in the field of remote sensing science. With high spectral resolution, hyperspectral technology can simultaneously obtain geometric and spectral characteristics of features, and realize fine classification of features and identification of material components. It has broad application prospects in agriculture and biological industries such as fine classification of vegetation and productivity assessment of soil organic matter content and fertility, crop growth and yield prediction, agricultural pest monitoring, ecosystem diversity and species community research. It has become a frontier technology that countries are competing to develop.\nThe current situation and trend analysis of hyperspectral imaging development is that satellite-borne hyperspectral technology was dominated by foreign countries before 2000, mainly experimental and scientific satellites, with low amplitude - spatial resolution ratio, and some spectral coverage only to the near-infrared band. Hyperion of the United States is a typical representative of satellite-borne hyperspectral imager. The advancement of China's satellite-borne hyperspectral technology is mainly dominated by the institutes of the Academy of Sciences, which started 5 to 10 years later than foreign countries. At present, China's satellite-borne hyperspectral technology has come to the forefront in the world. Compared with Hyperion, GF-5/AHSI has 8 times higher amplitude, nearly 100 more spectral channels, and nearly 4 times higher signal-to-noise ratio. Compared with current international hyperspectral imagers, the number of spectral bands has increased by nearly a hundred, and the width-spatial resolution ratio has nearly been doubled. Shanghai Institute of Technology of Chinese Academy of Sciences has broken through the key technologies of broad spectrum, wide range, high detection sensitivity, and high accuracy, and developed the first wide range and broad-spectrum satellite-borne hyperspectral imaging payload, which fills the gap of infrared hyperspectral data acquisition.\nHigh-performance satellite-borne spectral cameras can play an important role in various industries, such as ecological environment, mineral resources, soil pollution, urban change, as well as monitoring fields like forestry, agriculture, and fishery.\nWater pollution applications: very high spectral resolution, can be very clear detection of water quality of the physical situation. These applications have also been a very good evaluation in our ecological and environmental protection, and has reached the highest level of modern high light remote sensing.\nMineral resources: underground minerals can penetrate the surface later to identify the surface material and analyze the process of the evolution of the underground composition structure performance, which can well detect the detection of compounds of the earth's underground organisms. The development of hyperspectral technology is tantamount to spanning the search for minerals from the core to the surface.\nEcological system: The classification rate of hyperspectral is very strong, and the accuracy of hyperspectral classification to more than ten categories is still relatively high, to achieve \"green mountains and water\" for effective detection of the ecological system, classification is very important.\nGas emission monitoring: the current methane emissions are detected clearly; it has been able to detect 35 points through the U.S. airborne hyperspectral for carbon emissions.\nRegarding the use of hyperspectral technology in agriculture, food security is the weight of the heavy, high spectroscopy can take responsibilities in the monitoring of crop species, auditations of agriculture, planting area monitoring, crops growing monitoring, pest control, soil fat monitoring, soil testing and so on. Fluorescence and crops are completely related to highly related similarities and have an important role in the early detection and prevention of land arid and crop pests and prevent significant losses. In addition, through the identification of the object type, the crop area is evaluated by the long-term detection or field sampling investigation units, and the rapid estimation of large-area crops can be achieved, and the agricultural activity management strategy can be arranged.\nLet's learn more about the application of hyperspectral technology in biomedical field.\n1. Diagnose the tissue disease state, at a specific wavelength, the chemical composition and physical characteristics of different pathological state tissues have different reflectance, absorbance and electromagnetic energy, which are manifested as differences in characteristic spectral peaks, through analyzing these spectral signals, qualitative or quantitative detection of tissue state information can be realized, and according to the spatial distribution information provided by hyperspectral images, visualization of different pathological states of tissues can be achieved. By analyzing these spectral signals, the qualitative or quantitative detection of tissue state information can be realized, and the visualization of different pathological states of tissues can be achieved based on the spatial distribution information provided by hyperspectral images, so as to achieve diagnostic results.\n2. By obtaining different dimensional data of biological tissues such as space, spectrum and radiation, hyperspectral technology is used to obtain the real dynamic and comprehensive information of the measured objects, and then real-time dynamic processing and analysis are performed with the support of new models and algorithms, which is useful for exploring genes, biomolecules and cells from the molecular level. This has an important role in promoting the exploration of the life activities of genes, biomolecules and cells and their relationship with the mechanism of disease development at the molecular level.\n3. Hyperspectral technology was used for the identification of lesion cells in acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and the recognition accuracy of lesion cells in acute lymphoblastic leukemia could reach more than 90%.\n4. Spectral imaging technology was used for the identification of unstained nerves, and the initial classification of sensory and motor nerves was achieved.\n5. In tumor detection, the imaging and identification speed of hyperspectral technology is much higher than that of conventional tumor medical imaging technology and is widely used.\nSummary: In the field of hyperspectral imaging technology, many new principles, new schemes and new technologies are being implemented and applied, and the integrated acquisition and processing capability of multiple information has been greatly enhanced, and hyperspectral imaging is gradually developing in the direction of large field of view, large relative aperture, high resolution and high quantification. Meanwhile, with the continuous development and maturity of hyperspectral imaging technology, its cost will be greatly reduced, and its commercial application will be an important direction for future development. In the future, it will play a greater role in agriculture, biomedical and fluorescence detection.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Collapsible measuring magnifier Horizon with the 4x magnification is designed to explore and measure dimensions of small objects, as well as for small fonts. Compact folding design, size when folded 45х15х57 mm, diopter setting in the range of ± 1.2 diopters, the measuring grid with a scale division of 2 mm, linear field of vision of the 32x32 mm, weight 0,039 kg of Russian production of JSC \"Krasnogorsk plant them. S. A. Zvereva\" (Zenit).\nMeasuring magnifier with 8-fold magnification is intended for examining fine details, objects that require high magnification. Diopter setting of ± 3,2 diopters, the minimum interval is 1 mm, the scale for measuring the reporting of details/objects, the dividing mesh to estimate the magnitude of the subject. Dimensions folded - 47х47х53 mm Weight 82 grams. Manufacturer JSC \"Krasnogorsky Zavod im. S. A. Zvereva\", Russia.\nMeasuring magnifier Horizon 10x optical tool for fine detail work. With optical magnifiers can also determine the size of objects. Pitch grid and scale for assessing the extent and measurement of details to consider. Diopter setting of ± 4,5 diopters, minimal graduation 0.1 mm, dimensions 49х44 mm, weight: 0,112 kg of Production of JSC \"Krasnogorsk plant them. S. A. Zvereva\" (Zenit), Russia.\nMagnifier measurement LI-2-8x designed to measure the linear dimensions of small objects, ranging from 0.1 to 10mm. Measurement accuracy down to 0.1 mm Diopter setting of ± 5 diopters, the price of division of the measuring scales: 0.1 mm on a light background with opaque strokes, 0.5 mm on a dark background with transparent strokes, focal length 31 mm. package dimensions - 36х36х55,5 mm. Weight 0,04 kg Robust metal housing. The optical loupe has passed the state acceptance tests. Loupe LI-2-8x comes with a state verification and included in the State register of measuring RF. Manufacturer - JSC \"BelOMO - Minsk mechanical plant named after S. I. Vavilov\".\nLoupe PL 2 is an optical magnifying instrument for examining small items, parts, tools, fonts, coins, study cards and so on. Optical zoom – 2 times. Focal length 205 mm, light lens diameter 56 mm lens Material – optical glass. The material of the rim and the handle - resin. Dimensions 176х67х10 mm Weight 0,06 kg.\nLoupe PL - 4 is used for examining small parts, studying maps, reading small fonts, and the like. The optical zoom is 4x. Focal length 102 mm luminous diameter of the lens 56 mm. Made in the frame with the handle of a polymeric material. Lens material – optical polymer, anti-static coating. Dimensions 177х67х19 mm. Weight kg 0,052", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "To achieve a CIE color coordinate target with LEDs requires mixing accurate light amounts from the LED sources and knowledge of the precise color that an LED will generate under the given excitation and ambient conditions.\nThe requirements for accurate color illumination with LEDs are derived from the sensitivity of human color vision. Human vision translates color by the ratio of red, green, and blue cone simulation. The red, green, and blue cones do not only respond to red, green, and blue light. There is continuous overlap in cone excitation. The red cone is excited at some level from deep red through blue, the green cone is stimulated by red-orange through blue-violet, and the blue cone is stimulated by yellow-green to deep violet. The total of all three cone stimulation amounts follows a smooth bell curve that peaks at green. The sensitivity of the eye to color differences depends on how much the cone stimulation ratio changes in that area of color. The eye is most sensitive around the area of warm whites and least sensitive in the saturated green area. A green mix that has a 5% error in the amount of light coming from the green source may not look off target but a warm white mix with that amount of error would be obviously off target.\nHuman brightness perception is also helpful to understand. Like many other senses brightness perception is not linear. For a perceived doubling of light intensity the number light light photons coming from the source must increase by much more than double. An easy approximation mathematically is the use the square so that a perceived doubling requires a four times increase in the source photon emission. If this is translated into dimming, achieving a perceived 10% dimming level from full brightness requires the source to emit 1% of the photons that it does at full intensity.\nTo design a precise color illumination system it is necessary to understand how an LED behaves. LEDs do not make light photons at any current level. There is a minimum current at which the LED will make photons and around this level the color of the light of the LED changes a lot making it difficult to compensate for. This level is typically below 1% of the maximum LED current. When operated above the minimum current level the LED’s color shifts with the current and operating temperature an amount that is dependent on the LED’s color. Some red LEDs change in intensity by a factor of two as the operating temperature changes from minimum to maximum. Some Green LEDs change in color several perceptible steps as the operating temperature changes. All LEDs decrease in efficiency as the current increases.\nTo generate an accurate color illuminant from LED sources an LED drive level is calculated based upon the LEDs’ intensity and color characteristics over the operating temperature and current levels. Some of these characteristics like color drift are consistent enough for a particular LED that the same data can be used for all fixtures if the color accuracy requirement isn’t too great. Other characteristics like LED intensity can change more between parts or lots of parts. This data would need to be collected for each fixture produced as a calibration step in the production process. If the color accuracy requirement is sufficiently loose calibration wouldn’t be necessary.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "… ”Most chosen fiber laser machine for schools and SMEs”….\nPowerful shop fiber laser\nWith a fiber laser size 130 x 90 cm. you can effortlessly cut through metals such as steel, stainless steel (inox), copper, titanium and aluminum with high speed and ultra precision. The fiber laser is extremely powerful and consumes very little power. These machines are available in different powers from 1.000 to 4.000 Watt and cut up to 20 mm. thick steel.\n… “powerful, easy and compact metal laser for every workshop” …\nintelligent PRE-Crash detection\nWhen cutting loose shapes, the object sometimes rises or tilts, which can cause a crash with the laser head. No problem for the automatic control. The Raytools cutting head with built-in intelligence sees a crash hazard well in advance and automatically stops before accidents happen. The laser head moves to a safe position, and the traffic light on the machine signals the machine operator to straighten or remove the tilted material.\nautomatic ventilation monitoring\nWhen cutting metals you sometimes use pure oxygen. Oxygen is a good oxidizer but can also be explosive under certain circumstances. Irritating fumes are also produced during the cutting process. This machine must therefore be equipped with: a ventilation monitoring system which automatically blocks the laser if no air extraction is measured in the machine. Our consultation service will help you with this.\n… ”Standard built-in support using artificial intelligence”…\ncomputer controlled cooling tower\nCooling is very important for your fiber laser, so a very high-quality fully automatic cooling machine with 2 separate cooling circuits is a must. This means that the laser source and the laser head with the lenses are kept separately and very precisely at their own temperature.\nThe cooling towers are fully pre-programmed and pre-installed and are operational within 10 minutes. Naturally, the cooling tower communicates directly with the laser machine. In the event of an alarm, the cooling machine will immediately switch off the laser source to prevent damage to the laser.\nremote control system\nThese fiber lasers come with radio remote control for quick and easy positioning in\nYou will soon notice that you can work much more efficiently and precisely with the remote control and you will never want to be without it again. The remote control is magnetic and can be placed anywhere on the machine.\n… “Very complete with all conceivable options included”…\nIntelligent laser head with “pre-sense” technology\nMaterial blocking the laser path? Cut pieces that flip up? Plates that are not flat? No problem at all with the standard built-in automatic Swiss Raytools cutting head which measures where it is in relation to the material thousands of times per second. If the material is warped or warped, the Raytools head effortlessly follows the material to an accuracy of 0,003 mm. With our consultation we direct you to the right products.\nautomatic plate-edge detection\nWith the built-in BCS100 system it is also possible to have the edges of the sheet material searched fully automatically and the software to automatically compensate for skewed plates. Never askew again cut objects or cut next to the plate.\nFinally, these systems are equipped with extensive self-monitoring and self-calibration, so that the system fully adjusts and adjusts itself automatically.\n… ”Robustly built for 24/7 production 365 days a year”…\nvery extensive software including training\nFiber lasers are often supplied as standard with the very powerful CYPCUT controller system for programming your cutting orders. Cypcut is intuitive enough to get started right away, but has many professional features that you would normally have to purchase separately, already built in as standard. So has cypcut automatic nesting functions to efficiently organize plates, extensive lead in / out options, micro joints, fly cutting , pierce functions and extensive cutting settings. Of course you can directly control almost all possibilities of the fiber laser from cypcut. For example, you can control the entire CNC system, regulate gas types and pressures, control the laser source remotely and possibly take over a BCS100 system.\nOur consultation service includes training!\ncomputer controlled solid state laser source\nNaturally, the laser source is the heart of the fiber laser machine and of course you only choose the best of the best. We recommend the Raycus fiber laser sources as standard. These systems are very stable and have a MTBF of up to 80.000 hours. Optionally, the machine can also be equipped with an IPG laser source for highly reflective materials. These brands are at the top of the fiber laser market.\nThe laser source itself is completely solid-state, so no moving parts and completely maintenance free. The powerful built-in computers fine-tune the pulse frequencies, pulse lengths and power curves.\nWireless control & integrated Hi-Res control panel\nThe operation of these machines is very simple and runs on built-in as standard windows OS operating system and the very powerful cypcut controller system. Everything can be set up and started clearly and intuitively via the wireless keyboard, mouse and handheld.\ncomplete installation and on-site training\nFiber lasers are extremely complex and must of course be precisely programmed and calibrated during installation. We can point you to the right technicians and rely on years of local expertise.\nWe provide training for this complex hardware in the language you prefer, in the language of your choice Dutch, English, German or French.\n… “The cheapest fiber lasers in Europe and yet with all options included”…\nFor this machine we strongly recommend using a HEPA filter installation that cleans and recirculates the air. Healthier working air, cheaper work and no environmental permit required (as may be the case with blowing outside)", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Introducing a truly amazing new compact HDV camcorder from Sony. The HVR-Z5U camcorder is designed to enhance creativity and deliver the highest standard of optical and audio quality. Sony's newly designed \"G Lens\" is incorporated into the camcorder, boasting excellent resolution, color, and contrast for breathtaking images that rival expensive interchangeable lenses. This new compact camcorder boasts Sony's 3 ClearVid CMOS Sensor system, utilizing the technology of Exmor, to provide excellent low-light sensitivity and making it ideal when high performance in limited light conditions is a requirement. The ergonomically designed body allows flexible shooting under any conditions, while maintaining Sony's worldwide reputation for quality and high performance. The standard features of the HVR-Z5U include 1080/24p/30p HDV native progressive recording modes. Sony's new cutting-edge hybrid recording system incorporates an optional HVR-DR60 or HVR-MRC1K Memory Recording Unit, which allows simultaneous recording on tape and non-tape media for improve NLE workflow efficiency. The hybrid recording system is also capable of simultaneous HD and SD recording. Sony is continuously developing and expanding its HDV lineup in response to professional user feedback.\n- Sony's Exclusive High-performance \"G Lens\"\n- Natural-touch Lens Operation\n- Ideal Handheld Camcorder Design\n- 1/3 inch-type 3 ClearVid CMOS Sensor System\n- Enchanced Functionality with Exmor Technology\n- Ready for HYBRID Solution with the optional HVR-MRC1K", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The Claypaky Stormy uses the latest LED technology, but retains all the charm of a classic strobe. The light source is a strip of powerful white LEDs, which perfectly emulates a bright Xenon linear lamp.\nThe flash effect is enhanced as the Stormy is equipped with a parabolic reflector, just like a classic strobe, and does not project the light directly forwards like other LED strobes do. The frequency, duration and intensity of the pulse are digitally controlled, and these parameters are independently adjustable.\nThanks to its highly sophisticated electronics, the light turns on and off instantly, creating the jerky movement illusion. The time the light is on (the pulse duration) may be extended as required. Thanks to it being an LED strobe, the light intensity remains absolutely constant without a flickering effect.\n- Perfect emulation of a bright Xenon strobe linear lamp\n- Beam opening control by optional barndoors\n- Total brightness: – 80,000 lm\n- DMX 512 control channels: 3\n- 0-100% adjustable dimmer\n- Strobe pulse duration\n- Strobe pulse rate\n- Bracket adjustable on 360°\n- Remote Device Management (RDM)", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Marine animals have several adaptations to their eyes, including different muscle arrangements, tissues of more similar density to the surrounding water and a more spherical lens than humans. The precise mechanism varies with species, however, with otters apparently relying more on muscles around the eye distorting the lens to focus, while whales have an eye so similar in density to seawater that very little focusing it necessary. Human eyes have evolved to bend light considerably to accommodate the much greater density of our eyes relative to the surrounding air – when underwater, this “over-bending” results in us being extremely long-sighted and everything looking blurred unless we add a layer of air in front of our eyes with the aid of goggles.\nHumans can see underwater, we just have difficulty focusing – hence objects appear blurred when viewed underwater without the aid of a scuba mask or goggles. Water is about 800 times denser than air and, as a result, light travels more slowly in it. Indeed, light travels almost 23% slower in water than it does in air, which represents a reduction in speed of approximately 66,000 kilometres per second (or about 41,000 miles per second).\nThe cornea of the human eye is also more dense than air and this causes light to be refracted (bent) as it passes through the pupil. This light is then ‘bent’ again by the lens to focus it onto the retina. Special ciliary muscles in the eye tighten and relax, distorting the shape of the lens to focus the image. When the light hits the rods and cones—special light-sensitive cells on the retina—they ‘fire’, sending messages to the brain via the optic nerve. Under ‘normal’ circumstances, light passes from a gas (air) into a liquid (the vitreous humour in the eyeball), but the situation is reversed underwater. The substantial difference in density between the water and the cornea causes the human eye to lose most of its refractive power; the lens is unable to compensate for this and the image appears out of focus.\nThe inability of our lens to accommodate this difference in refraction makes us acutely hyperopic, or long-sighted, underwater and objects appear blurred. Indeed, at distances more than five metres (about 16ft), humans are almost incapable of deciphering an object from the background underwater. Overcoming this problem requires a layer of air to be present in front of the eyeball (i.e. trapped by a scuba mask or goggles). This is not without its problems, though. If you imagine that our ray of light is happily travelling towards you at about 225,000 km per second (140,000 miles per second), suddenly it enters your scuba mask and accelerates to about 290,000 km per second (181,000 miles per second). This change of speed as the light passes from the water into the airspace of your mask causes its angle to shift slightly – this shift results in objects appearing about 25% bigger than they really are.\nFish obviously don't wear goggles, so how do they manage? Well, they have evolved to see things in the underwater world with the help of a larger, more spherical lens than land vertebrates. Additionally, there is very little difference in density between the fish cornea and that of the seawater, so there is very little refraction and focusing is left up to the lens. It is commonly considered that marine mammals can see equally well above and below the waterline. The mechanisms for this ‘dual-fluid’ vision are, however, largely speculative.\nA study by Ronald Schusterman and Barry Barrett in 1973 revealed some interesting insights into the visual system of the Asian short-clawed otter (Aonyx cinerea). Schusterman and Barrett designed a series of experiments to test the otters’ visual acuity (i.e. how well the otters could decipher fine detail) in air and underwater at different light levels. They found that the otters had almost equal visual acuity in water and air under conditions of bright light, but their underwater vision was poorer than their vision in air under conditions of dim light. Schusterman and Barrett considered that otters probably have a similar focusing mechanism to turtles, in that the front of the lens is squeezed by muscles around the iris. Hence, they suggest that poor underwater vision in the dark might be a result of pupil dilation leading to an insufficient squeezing of the lens. In terms of optical morphology, the otter uses a similar method of maintaining visual acuity as fish (i.e. the lens is more spherical so that it can compensate for the different refractive index of water).\nIn whales, the difference in refractive index between the cornea and seawater is slight, much less than it is in humans, so there is little focusing taking place at the water-cornea interface. Some evidence also indicates that many whales lack interocular (between eyes) muscles, suggesting that focusing is either less important or accomplished differently. Dolphins apparently have eyes more similar to fish than humans – the lens is greatly increased, almost spherical in shape and situated further forward in the eye. According to chairman of the Information Committee of the European Association for Aquatic Mammals, Jaap van der Toorn, the dolphin retina is “organized differently than most mammal eyes”, having two yellow spots. Yellow spots, also known as foveas, are areas of high sensitivity and the human eye only has one. van der Toorn suggests that one spot is probably associated with forward vision, the other with lateral vision.\nInterestingly, a similar structure was observed on the retina of the great white shark (Carcharodon carcharias) by Samuel Gruber and Joel Cohen in their 1985 paper; it's thought that it may increase the sharks’ visual acuity in poor light conditions, especially at dawn and dusk. van der Toorn also notes that the dolphin pupil has a covering that can slide over it in conditions of bright light, possibly giving the dolphin a greater depth-of-field above water.\nA paper to the journal Cetology during 1972 reported that dolphins are myopic, or short sighted, in air. In the paper, William Dawson and his colleagues suggest that the aerial acuity in bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) may be equal to their underwater acuity because they have a pupil that becomes tightly constricted in bright light (i.e. in air) compared to water. Several studies on dolphin vision have suggested that in water (and possibly air) dolphins were emmetropic (i.e. focused at infinity).\nIn an intriguing paper published in the journal Marine Mammal Science back in 2001, Thomas Cronin and Tricia Litwiler attempted to identify the mechanism by which dolphin eyes were able to adjust to focus on objects at various distances. Their measurements of the refractive state of the dolphin’s eyes in water revealed that two individuals were indeed emmertrophic, while a third was slightly myopic. Interestingly, Cronin and Litwiler found no evidence for accommodation in any of the subjects examined. The authors propose that underwater vision may be used merely to supplement echolocation and, as such, the ability to focus sharply may not be necessary.\nA study looking at pinnipeds (seals and sea lions) found a similar response to that described by Schusterman and Barrett in otters. In his 1970 paper to the journal Science, Ronald Schusterman found that, in the Californian sea lion (Zalophus californianus), only when luminance levels were reasonably high (in the range of 100 to 200 mL) were the sea lions able to resolve detail equally well in air and underwater.\nIn conclusion, it seems that there has been a degree of convergent evolution of the eye in marine species, leading to a scenario where the lens is larger and more spherical in shape to compensate for the loss of corneal focusing input. It is often difficult for us, a species for whom vision is such a crucial sense, to comprehend how animals could perform in a blurry world. When you watch aquatic predators hunting, however, it becomes apparent that the ability to focus a pin-sharp image is much less important to them than it is to us - otters feel for their prey, dolphins echolocate, whale sharks may ‘sniff out’ microscopic plankton, and so forth.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "List of products by brand Sticklers\nSticklers MCC-FK03 comprehensive fiber optic cleaning kit\n- 2 alcohol sprays MCC-POC03M\n- 2 boxes of 90 fiber optic wipes MCC-WFW\n- 1 pack of 25 wipes pre-soaked in isopropyl alcohol\n- 1 box containing 50 cleaning sticks for 2.5 mm and 1.25 mm connectors MCC-VS\n- 1 flexible and practical carry case\n- and as a gift: one Sticklers torch!\nA comprehensive fiber optic cable and connector cleaning kit containing the basic field requirements.\nSticklers MCC-POC03M cleaning fluid spray\n- contains 90 ml\n- Dual-use: alcohol dispenser for wipes or precision spray\n- Practical and clever with its precision rod\n- Approved for air transport\nThis cleaning fluid spray can be used in two different ways: as an alcohol dispenser with fibre optic wipes or for precision cleaning for hard to access areas with its plastic rod.\nSticklers MCC-WFW box of lint-free wipes for fibre optic connectors\n- Box of 90 wipes\n- Dispensing system\n- Compact and practical design for the field\nTransport your lint-free fiber optic cleaning wipes easily thanks to this practical case fitted with a dispenser.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "This set of Optical Communications Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on “Photonic Crystal Fibers & Attenuation”.\n1. Photonic crystal fibers also called as ___________\na) Conventional fibers\nb) Dotted fibers\nc) Stripped fibers\nd) Holey fibers\n2. Conventional optical fibers has more transmission losses than photonic crystal fibers.\n3. Losses in photonic crystal fibers are reduced to a level of ___________\n4. The high index contrast enables the PCF core to be reduced from around 8 μmin conventional fiber to ___________\na) Less than 1μm\nb) More than 5μm\nc) More than 3μm\nd) More than 2μm\n5. The periodic arrangement of cladding air holes in photonic band gap fibers provides for the formation of a photonic band gap in the ___________\na) H-plane of fiber\nb) E-plane of fiber\nc) E-H-plane of fiber\nd) Transverse plane of fiber\n6. In index-guided photonic crystal fiber structure, the dark areas are air holes. What does white areas suggests?\n7. Which is the unit of measurement of attenuation in optical fibers?\n8. The optical fiber incurs a loss in signal power as light travels down the fiber which is called as ___________\n9. If the input power 100μW is launched into 6 km of fiber, the mean optical power at the fiber output is 2μW. What is the overall signal attenuation through the fiber assuming there are no connectors or splices?\n10. A device that reduces the intensity of light in optical fiber communications is ___________\nb) Optical attenuator\n11. A decibel may be defined as the ratio of input and output optical power for a particular optical wavelength.\n12. When the input and output power in an optical fiber is 120μW & 3μW respectively and the length of the fiber is 8 km. What is the signal attenuation per km for the fiber?", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Energy spirals slowly around optical vortices, in orbits that get more circular closer to the singularity. Interferometers are threaded by vortices, whose number increases discontinuously by unity as the phase difference increases continuously by 2Pi.\n|Translated title of the contribution||Waves near zeros|\n|Title of host publication||Ninth Conference on Coherence and Quantum Optics (CQO9), University of Rochester, New York, USA, 10-13 June|\n|Publisher||Optical Society of America (OSA)|\n|Publication status||Published - 2007|\nBibliographical noteConference Proceedings/Title of Journal: The Optical Society of America", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The visibility of retinal microvasculature in optical coherence tomography angiography (OCT-A) images is negatively affected by the small dimension of the capillaries, pulsatile blood flow, and motion artifacts. Serial acquisition and time-averaging of multiple OCT-A images can enhance the definition of the capillaries and result in repeatable and consistent visualization. We demonstrate an automated method for registration and averaging of serially acquired OCT-A images. Ten OCT-A volumes from six normal control subjects were acquired using our prototype 1060-nm swept source OCT system. The volumes were divided into microsaccade-free en face angiogram strips, which were affine registered using scale-invariant feature transform keypoints, followed by nonrigid registration by pixel-wise local neighborhood matching. The resulting averaged images were presented of all the retinal layers combined, as well as in the superficial and deep plexus layers separately. The contrast-to-noise ratio and signal-to-noise ratio of the angiograms with all retinal layers (reported as average±standard deviation) increased from 0.52±0.22 and 19.58±4.04 dB for a single image to 0.77±0.25 and 25.05±4.73 dB, respectively, for the serially acquired images after registration and averaging. The improved visualization of the capillaries can enable robust quantification and study of minute changes in retinal microvasculature.\nAccurate segmentation of the retinal microvasculature is a critical step in the quantitative analysis of the retinal circulation, which can be an important marker in evaluating the severity of retinal diseases. As manual segmentation remains the gold standard for segmentation of optical coherence tomography angiography (OCT-A) images, we present a method for automating the segmentation of OCT-A images using deep neural networks (DNNs). Eighty OCT-A images of the foveal region in 12 eyes from 6 healthy volunteers were acquired using a prototype OCT-A system and subsequently manually segmented. The automated segmentation of the blood vessels in the OCT-A images was then performed by classifying each pixel into vessel or nonvessel class using deep convolutional neural networks. When the automated results were compared against the manual segmentation results, a maximum mean accuracy of 0.83 was obtained. When the automated results were compared with inter and intrarater accuracies, the automated results were shown to be comparable to the human raters suggesting that segmentation using DNNs is comparable to a second manual rater. As manually segmenting the retinal microvasculature is a tedious task, having a reliable automated output such as automated segmentation by DNNs, is an important step in creating an automated output.\nWe present a Graph Cut based image segmentation that was implemented on a Graphics Processing Unit for acceleration of processing retinal images acquired with OCT. We applied this work to generate a retinal thickness map, and for retinal layer segmentation to enhance the visualization of vasculature networks from distinct retinal capillary beds during acquisition using speckle variance OCT.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Skip to Main Content\nThis paper adopts a sampling perspective to surface light field modeling. This perspective eliminates the need of using the actual object surface in the surface light field definition. Instead, the surface ought to provide only a parameterization of the surface light field function that specifically reduces aliasing artifacts visible at rendering. To find that surface, we propose a new criterion that aims at optimizing the smoothness of the angular distribution of the light rays emanating from each point on the surface. The main advantage of this approach is to be independent of any specific reflectance model. The proposed criterion is compared to widely used criteria found in multi-view stereo and its effectiveness is validated for modeling the appearance of objects having various unknown reflectance properties using calibrated images alone.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Check F3 parameters – Port – Start Marking IO, see if it is low level, if it is, change it to high level.\n- The laser marking machine engraving is very slow?\n- What materials can be marked by fiber laser marking machine?\n- When I switch the software language, it displays garbled characters?\n- Ezcad marking order\n- How to achieve relief and deep engraving?\n- How to Troubleshoot the Weak and Unstable Laser of the Laser Marking Machine?\nYou May Like\nRelated Laser Markers\nFiber laser marking for photo on metal.Photo Laser Marking on Metal by Fiber Laser Marker\nLaser marking logo, numbers, qr code on stainless steel auto clutch.Laser Marking on Stainless Steel for Clutch\nLaser marking for scales, rotary laser engraving parts.Rotary Laser Marking Engraving for Scales on Parts\n- Application of Laser Engraving Machine for Work Badges\n- Application of Laser Engraving Machine for Wristwatch\n- Application of Laser Marking Machine for Household Electric Appliance\n- Application of Laser Marking Machine for Fingerprint Ring\n- Application of Laser Marker for Medical POCT Nucleic Acid Reagent Card\n- Application of Laser Marking Machine for Rice Cooker Stainless Steel Inner", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Valco Melton supports our partners in the envelope industry with our cutting-edge EnvelopePro system. EnvelopePro is a precision gum application and quality inspection system for side-seam gumming on envelope manufacturing machines. Our conversion kit offerings include an array of precision dispensing valves, proprietary pattern control systems, high-speed optical inspection sensors, and custom-fabricated bracket packages for easy installation on any machine.\nValco Melton envelope system components generally include the industry-standard model 524 gum valve, the high-speed fine gum line AS303E optical sensor, the OT-120 control system for gumming and inspection, and gum-optimized pumps such as the EPP-9 piston pump and the DD-1 diaphragm pump.\nFor more information on envelope solutions, click here", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Orion Field Flattener 3 inch for EON 115/130\nBoost the flat-field imaging performance of your EON refractor with this handy Field Flattener. Designed for use with Orion EON 115mm and EON 130mm ED Triplet (EDT) refractor telescopes, the Orion 3″ Field Flattener minimizes field curvature distortions that can otherwise elongate stars at the edge of the field-of-view. With the Field Flattener installed, every exposure will exhibit tack-sharp stars all the way to the edge of the imaging field. Fully multi-coated, two-element optics ensure maximum light transmission to preserve image brightness and clarity. Since the Orion Field Flattener for EON 115/130 EDT Refractors does not act as a reducer, it will not alter the focal length of the EON telescope it’s used with.\nOne side of the Orion 3″ Field Flattener for EON Refractors threads directly onto the 3″ focuser of the EON 115mm or EON 130mm telescope, while the other end features wide, M48 threads to reduce vignetting when used with DSLRs and other large-sensor cameras. This secure threaded connection ensures a rigid connection with zero flexure. The M48 threads are wider than standard M42 “T-threads” found on some other field flatteners to minimize vignetting and provide better illumination of full frame camera sensors. Requires a compatible wide T-ring for use with DSLRs (sold separately).\nThe 3″ Field Flattener has a backfocus, or flange focal distance, of 51.5mm, though it is known to be effective at up to 5mm on either side (46.5mm – 56.5mm). It adds 88.8mm of mechanical length to an imaging train.\nThe Orion 3″ Field Flattener for EON 115/130 EDT Refractors weighs 1 lb., 2oz. Dust caps included.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "TE's Coolbit active optics to drive 100G, 300G, 400G fiber connectivity\nTE unveils new active optics platform technology at OFC 2014.\nAfter two years of incubation and development, TE Connectivity (NYSE: TEL) has unveiled its Coolbit optical engines, the company's latest advancement in fiber optics. The Coolbit platform engine, which converts data from electrical signals to optical signals, will be the driving technology behind TE's soon-to-be-released 100G, 300G and 400G active optics.\n\"TE is a technology engineering company that operates with the agility of a start-up,\" comments Philip Gilchrist, chief technology officer and vice president of TE Data Communications. \"Creating 100G to 400G high-speed active optics will enable the industry to create breakthrough platforms and products.\"\nIn 2014, TE will bring to market four active optics products that include Coolbit optical engine platform, including: 100G QSFP28 active optical cables (AOCs); 100G QSFP28 transceivers; 300G mid-board optical modules; and 400G CDFP AOCs. The new platform engine will round out TE's fiber connectivity options for central office, data center, enterprise and undersea applications, allowing the company to offer stronger solutions for the core network.\nAccording to the company, as data center energy consumption concerns rise, along with the need for more data, cooling at the component level will continue to increase in importance. TE says its latest 25G active optics will help to achieve this. Boasting extremely low power consumption, with QSFP28 modules performing at less than 1.5 Watts per transceiver, this new line of 25G active optics is poised to help communication systems achieve up to 60 percent more power savings than existing solutions.\nRelated: CDFP MSA group forms to advance 400G cabling, modules\nAt the component level alone, this low power consumption can translate into significant system savings, notes the company. Additionally, for every watt of power saved at this level, equipment operators realize additional infrastructure opex savings. Preliminary TE tests reveal mid-board optics at 5 Watts per port and the CDFP active optical cable assembly (AOC) at 6 Watts per port. The CDFP AOC is part of the MSA that is currently underway. The MSA provisions 8 Watts per port; TE's CDFP AOC yields 25% power savings over this specification.\nThe new Coolbit optical engines from TE are the enablers of this performance, satisfying both high density and high bandwidth requirements. Each Coolbit optical engine, developed in the company's fabrication facility in Jarfalla, Sweden, uses 25G VCSEL and PIN devices, a TIA amplifier and a driver IC. From research to distribution, TE notes that it controls the entire manufacturing process of the Coolbit optical engines and active optic end products. This integrated approach allows TE to transfer cost savings to the customer, while helping to ensure the quality and reliability of its products.\n\"TE makes the hard stuff first,\" concludes TE's Gilchrist. \"Our long trusted legacy in connectivity, coupled with a dedication to developing the next impossible technology, we've driven active optics to new levels of performance in terms of higher speeds at incredibly lower power consumption. We can't wait to see what radical new products our partners will create with our Coolbit engine-based products.\"\nTE's 25G active optics featuring Coolbit optical engines will be featured in live demonstrations at OFC 2014, March 11-13, in booth #1521. For more information, visit http://www.te.com/coolbitgo.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "What is it about?\nOptical beam falling at the interface does not shift at all under normal incidence. Is it possible to achieve the anomalously large shift at 1 or even 0.1 degree of incidence? For the first time, we say \"yes\", develop the extended theory of optical beam shifts and exhibit novel and rich extraordinary physics.\nPhoto by Daniele Levis Pelusi on Unsplash\nWhy is it important?\nFor decades, hundreds of scientists published thousands of papers related to optical beam shifts. Nevertheless, we have revealed a new case not discussed before. In particular, we discover the anomalous spatial Goos-Hänchen shift under small incident angles, which is commonly known to exist under total internal reflection conditions (large incidence angles). Moreover, it becomes possible to achieve both longitudinal (Goos–Hänchen) and transverse (Imbert-Fedorov) shifts simultaneously, because their anomalous peak is directly connected to the geometric Berry phase singularity.\nRead the Original\nThis page is a summary of: On anomalous optical beam shifts at near-normal incidence, APL Photonics, October 2022, American Institute of Physics, DOI: 10.1063/5.0111203.\nYou can read the full text:\nThe following have contributed to this page", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Ti:sapphire lasers (also known as Ti:Al2O3 lasers, titanium-sapphire lasers, or Ti:sapphs) are tunable lasers which emit red and near-infrared light in the range from 650 to 1100 nanometers. These lasers are mainly used in scientific research because of their tunability and their ability to generate ultrashort pulses. Lasers based on Ti:sapphire were first constructed and invented in June 1982 by Peter Moulton at the MIT Lincoln Laboratory.\nTitanium-sapphire refers to the lasing medium, a crystal of sapphire (Al2O3) that is doped with Ti3+ ions. A Ti:sapphire laser is usually pumped with another laser with a wavelength of 514 to 532 nm, for which argon-ion lasers (514.5 nm) and frequency-doubled Nd:YAG, Nd:YLF, and Nd:YVO lasers (527-532 nm) are used. They are capable of laser operation from 670 nm to 1,100 nm wavelength. Ti:sapphire lasers operate most efficiently at wavelengths near 800 nm.\nTypes of Ti:sapphire lasers\nMode-locked oscillators generate ultrashort pulses with a typical duration between a few picoseconds and 10 femtoseconds, in special cases even around 5 femtoseconds. The pulse repetition frequency is in most cases around 70 to 90 MHz, as given by the oscillator's round-trip optical path, typically a few meters. Ti:sapphire oscillators are normally pumped with a continuous-wave laser beam from an argon or frequency-doubled Nd:YVO4 laser. Typically, such an oscillator has an average output power of 0.4 to 2.5 watts.\nThese devices generate ultrashort, ultra-high-intensity pulses with a duration of 20 to 100 femtoseconds. A typical one stage amplifier can produce pulses of up to 5 millijoules in energy at a repetition frequency of 1000 hertz, while a larger, multistage facility can produce pulses up to several joules, with a repetition rate of up to 10 Hz. Usually, amplifier crystals are pumped with a pulsed frequency-doubled Nd:YLF laser at 527 nm and operate at 800 nm. Two different designs exist for the amplifier: regenerative amplifier and multi-pass amplifier.\nRegenerative amplifiers operate by amplifying single pulses from an oscillator (see above). Instead of a normal cavity with a partially reflective mirror, they contain high-speed optical switches that insert a pulse into a cavity and take the pulse out of the cavity exactly at the right moment when it has been amplified to a high intensity.\nThe term 'chirped-pulse' refers to a special construction that is necessary to prevent the pulse from damaging the components in the laser. The pulse is stretched in time so that the energy is not all located at the same point in time and space. This prevents damage to the optics in the amplifier. Then the pulse is optically amplified and recompressed in time to form a short, localized pulse. All optics after this point should be chosen to take the high energy density into consideration.\nIn a multi-pass amplifier, there are no optical switches. Instead, mirrors guide the beam a fixed number of times (two or more) through the Ti:sapphire crystal with slightly different directions. A pulsed pump beam can also be multi-passed through the crystal, so that more and more passes pump the crystal. First the pump beam pumps a spot in the gain medium. Then the signal beam first passes through the center for maximal amplification, but in later passes the diameter is increased to stay below the damage-threshold, to avoid amplification the outer parts of the beam, thus increasing beam quality and cutting off some amplified spontaneous emission and to completely deplete the inversion in the gain medium.\nThe pulses from chirped-pulse amplifiers are often converted to other wavelengths by means of various nonlinear optical processes.\nAt 5 mJ in 100 femtoseconds, the peak power of such a laser is 50 gigawatts. When focused by a lens, these laser pulses will ionise any material placed in the focus, including air molecules, and lead to short filament propagation and strong nonlinear optics effects that generate a wide spectrum of wavelengths.\nTunable continuous wave lasers\nTitanium-sapphire is especially suitable for pulsed lasers since an ultrashort pulse inherently contains a wide spectrum of frequency components. This is due to the inverse relationship between the frequency bandwidth of a pulse and its time duration, due to their being conjugate variables. However, with an appropriate design, titanium-sapphire can also be used in continuous wave lasers with extremely narrow linewidths tunable over a wide range.\nHistory and applications\nThe Ti:sapphire laser was invented by Peter Moulton in June 1982 at MIT Lincoln Laboratory in its continuous wave version. Subsequently, these lasers were shown to generate ultrashort pulses through Kerr-lens modelocking. Strickland and Mourou, in addition to others, working at the University of Rochester, showed chirped pulse amplification of this laser within a few years, for which these two shared in the 2018 Nobel Prize in physics (along with Arthur Ashkin for optical tweezers). The cumulative product sales of the Ti:sapphire laser has amounted to more than $600 million, making it a big commercial success that has sustained the solid state laser industry for more than three decades.\nThe ultrashort pulses generated by Ti:sapphire lasers in the time domain corresponds to mode-locked optical frequency combs in the spectral domain. Both the temporal and spectral properties of these lasers make them highly desirable for frequency metrology, spectroscopy, or for pumping nonlinear optical processes. One half of the Nobel prize for physics in 2005 was awarded to the development of the optical frequency comb technique, which heavily relied on the Ti:sapphire laser and its self-modelocking properties. The continuous wave versions of these lasers can be designed to have nearly quantum limited performance, resulting in a low noise and a narrow linewidth, making them attractive for quantum optics experiments. The reduced amplified spontaneous emission noise in the radiation of Ti:sapphire lasers lends great strength in their application as optical lattices for the operation of state-of-the-art atomic clocks. Apart from fundamental science applications in the laboratory, this laser has found biological applications such as deep-tissue multiphoton imaging and industrial applications cold micromachining. When operated in the chirped pulse amplification mode, they can be used to generate extremely high peak powers in the terawatt range, which finds use in nuclear fusion research.\n- Moulton, P. F. (1986). \"Spectroscopic and laser characteristics of Ti:Al2O3\". Journal of the Optical Society of America B. 3 (1): 125–133. Bibcode:1986JOSAB...3..125M. doi:10.1364/JOSAB.3.000125.\n- Steele, T.R.; Gerstenberger, D. C.; Drobshoff, A.; Wallace, R. W. (15 March 1991). \"Broadly tunable high-power operation of an all-solid-state titanium-doped sapphire laser system\". Optics Letters. 16 (6): 399–401. Bibcode:1991OptL...16..399S. doi:10.1364/OL.16.000399. PMID 19773946.\n- Withnall, R. (2005-01-01). \"SPECTROSCOPY | Raman Spectroscopy\". In Guenther, Robert D. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Modern Optics. Oxford: Elsevier. pp. 119–134. doi:10.1016/b0-12-369395-0/00960-x. ISBN 978-0-12-369395-2. Retrieved 2021-10-02.\n- Erny, Christian; Hauri, Christoph P. (2013). \"Design of efficient single stage chirped pulse difference frequency generation at 7 μm driven by a dual wavelength Ti:sapphire laser\". Applied Physics B. 117 (1): 379–387. arXiv:1311.0610. Bibcode:2014ApPhB.117..379E. doi:10.1007/s00340-014-5846-6. S2CID 119237744.\n- Spence, D. E.; Kean, P. N.; Sibbett, W. (1991-01-01). \"60-fsec pulse generation from a self-mode-locked Ti:sapphire laser\". Optics Letters. 16 (1): 42–44. Bibcode:1991OptL...16...42S. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.463.8656. doi:10.1364/OL.16.000042. ISSN 1539-4794. PMID 19773831.\n- Strickland, Donna; Mourou, Gerard (1985-10-15). \"Compression of amplified chirped optical pulses\". Optics Communications. 55 (6): 447–449. Bibcode:1985OptCo..55..447S. doi:10.1016/0030-4018(85)90151-8.\n- \"The Nobel Prize in Physics 2018\". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2018-10-02.\n- \"Peter Moulton on the Ti:Sapphire laser. The Ti:sapphire laser has gained broad usage and new applications in biological research and other areas since its inception in 1982\". spie.org. Retrieved 2017-11-02.\n- \"Titanium–sapphire Lasers\".\n- Hänsch, Theodor W. (2006). \"Nobel Lecture: Passion for precision\". Reviews of Modern Physics. 78 (4): 1297–1309. Bibcode:2006RvMP...78.1297H. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.78.1297.\n- Hall, John L. (2006). \"Nobel Lecture: Defining and measuring optical frequencies\". Reviews of Modern Physics. 78 (4): 1279–1295. Bibcode:2006RvMP...78.1279H. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.78.1279.\n- \"The Nobel Prize in Physics 2005\". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2017-11-02.\n- Medeiros de Araújo, R. (2014). \"Full characterization of a highly multimode entangled state embedded in an optical frequency comb using pulse shaping\". Physical Review A. 89 (5): 053828. arXiv:1401.4867. Bibcode:2014PhRvA..89e3828M. doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.89.053828. S2CID 32829164.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "If you stick with that lens test it for focusing accuracy before photographing something important. Several years ago a friend had me photograph his visiting family with his camera and all the photographs were out of focus even though I carefully composed and focused each frame with the camera on a tripod. He happened to be an ophthalmologist and suggested that I make an appointment to have my eyes checked. They were fine and he happened to remember having dropped the lens but it showed no damage. He sent it back to Nikon and they found a lens element had shifted.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Fluorometric analysis Green IR Bandpass Filter IAD coating 0.3mm -\n8nm, 10nm, 20nm, 30nm, 40nm, 60nm\nTave>85% @ 940nm\ncustomized, from 2x2mm to Dia. 110mm, +/-0.1mm\n>90%, or full surface coatings\nB270, BK7, crystal, float or sodalime glass etc.\nNarrow Bandpass Filter transmit light only within a defined\nspectral band ranging from less than one to many nanometers wide.\nThey are used in a wide variety of applications where spectral\nisolation is required. Bandpass filters are preferable to\nmonochromators because of their higher transmission and better\nStandard or customized features with different functions for the\nMore about us:\nGiai photonics Co.,Ltd is a leading supplier of optics and\nprecision optical components ,specialized in a wide array of\noptical filters, multi-element lenses, lens coatings. We do this\nwith skilled technicians, expert engineers, and modern optical\nfabrication equipment, the latest metrology. Our objective is to\noffer the finest quality precision components, optics and systems\navailable to meet the service requirements and to exceed the\nexpectations of our customers.\nWhy choose us?\n1. We have rich production experience to manufacture color optical\n2. We have the competitive price and quick delivery.\n3. The stable quality and good reputation\n4. We have more than 100 kinds of optical glass. We can meet\ndifferent customer`s demand.\n5. Reply you within 24 working hours.\n6. Customized design is avaliable.\n7. OEM is welcome.\n8. Speed and precious delivery.\n9. Supply several pieces free samples, but buyers bear the delivery\nplease do not hesitate to contact me if you got any questions we\nwill reply you as soon as possible.\nWe are looking forward to establishing relationships with you.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The Template Method of Illumination Design\nResearch and development rept.\nDAVID W TAYLOR NAVAL SHIP RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER ANNAPOLIS MD\nPagination or Media Count:\nThis report describes a simple procedure for designing red lighting systems for use during night shipboard underway replenishment. Use of this method, which employs a federal stock lighting fixture, produces a lighting system layout plan that can be used to verify and check the adequacy of the lighting system. The method is sufficiently general that it can be utilized to design various lighting systems using other types of lighting fixtures.\n- Air Conditioning, Heating, Lighting and Ventilating\n- Machinery and Tools", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "As an avid outdoor enthusiast, I've always been fascinated by the world of thermal imaging. If you're like me and want to delve into this cutting-edge technology, you've come to the right place. In this article, we'll explore the world of purchasing thermal imaging optics from OpticsPlanet. From understanding the different types of devices to evaluating their features and setting a budget, we'll cover everything you need to know to make an informed decision. So, let's dive in and uncover the wonders of thermal imaging together.\n- There are different types of thermal imaging devices, including thermal monoculars, thermal scopes, and thermal cameras, each with their own advantages and limitations.\n- Before purchasing thermal imaging equipment, it is important to consider factors such as budget, desired features, user reviews, and the reputation of the brand.\n- High resolution is important in thermal imaging as it leads to more accurate and detailed images, allowing for better detection and identification of objects.\n- OpticsPlanet offers a range of thermal imaging products at different price points, making it easier to find a device that fits both your budget and desired features.\nTypes of Thermal Imaging Devices\nWhen purchasing thermal imaging optics from OpticsPlanet, it is important to understand the different types of thermal imaging devices available. Thermal imaging applications vary greatly, from military and law enforcement operations to industrial inspections and search and rescue missions. One type of thermal imaging device is the thermal monocular, which is compact and lightweight, making it ideal for on-the-go applications. Another type is the thermal scope, which can be mounted on firearms for enhanced accuracy in low-light conditions. Thermal cameras, on the other hand, are versatile and can be used for a wide range of applications. While thermal imaging devices offer many advantages, such as detecting heat signatures in complete darkness, they also have limitations, including limited range and the inability to see through certain materials. Understanding these different types and their advantages and limitations will help you make an informed decision when purchasing thermal imaging optics from OpticsPlanet. Now, let's discuss the factors to consider before buying.\nFactors to Consider Before Buying\nBefore purchasing a thermal imaging device, there are a few factors that I need to consider. First and foremost, my budget and the features I require will play a significant role in my decision-making process. Additionally, I need to take into account the reputation of the brand I am considering, as it can give me an idea of the quality and reliability of the device. By carefully considering these factors, I can ensure that I make an informed decision when purchasing my thermal imaging optics.\nBudget and Features\nConsidering the budget and desired features is crucial when purchasing thermal imaging equipment on OpticsPlanet. To make an informed decision, it's important to compare thermal imaging prices and the quality of different options. Here are three factors to consider before buying:\n- Budget: Determine how much you are willing to spend on thermal imaging equipment. OpticsPlanet offers a range of products at different price points, so it's essential to find one that suits your budget.\n- Features: Identify the specific features you need in a thermal imaging device. OpticsPlanet provides a variety of options with different capabilities, such as resolution, detection range, and image enhancement technologies. Consider your requirements and choose accordingly.\n- User Reviews: Read customer reviews on OpticsPlanet and other reliable sources to learn about the experiences of other users. This can give you valuable insights into the performance and reliability of different thermal imaging devices.\nConsidering these factors will help you make an informed decision based on your budget and desired features. Now, let's delve into the next important aspect of purchasing thermal imaging equipment: brand reputation.\nOne important factor to evaluate when purchasing thermal imaging equipment is the reputation of the brand. Brand reputation can give you an idea of the quality and reliability of the product you are considering. It is essential to do thorough research and read customer reviews to get an understanding of how satisfied previous customers have been with the brand and its products. Customer reviews can provide valuable insights into the performance, durability, and customer service of the brand. Look for brands that have consistently positive reviews and a strong reputation within the thermal imaging industry. A brand with a good reputation is more likely to provide you with a high-quality product that meets your needs and expectations.\nUnderstanding Thermal Resolution\nWhen it comes to thermal imaging, resolution plays a crucial role in determining the clarity of the images produced. The higher the resolution, the more detailed and accurate the thermal images will be. It is important to prioritize high resolution when purchasing thermal imaging optics to ensure that you can accurately detect and identify objects or individuals in various conditions and environments.\nResolution Determines Clarity\nTo truly understand thermal resolution, it is crucial for me as a buyer to assess the clarity it offers when purchasing thermal imaging from OpticsPlanet. The resolution of a thermal imaging device determines the level of detail and sharpness in the images it produces. Here are three key points to consider when evaluating the resolution:\n- Understanding image quality: A higher resolution means better image quality, allowing for clearer identification of objects and accurate interpretation of thermal patterns.\n- Thermal sensor technology: The type of sensor used in the device plays a significant role in determining its resolution. Advanced sensor technologies, such as microbolometers, offer higher resolutions and improved image quality.\n- Trade-offs: While higher resolution provides clearer images, it often comes with a higher price tag. Buyers should consider their specific needs and budget constraints when selecting a thermal imaging device with the right resolution.\nImportance of High Resolution\nEvaluating the resolution of thermal imaging optics is essential for understanding the importance of high resolution and its impact on thermal imaging quality. When it comes to thermal imaging, accuracy is crucial. The higher the resolution of the optics, the more accurate the image will be. High resolution allows for better detection and identification of objects, as it provides more detail and clarity. This is especially important in applications such as hunting, surveillance, and search and rescue operations, where accuracy is paramount. A higher resolution also means that smaller temperature differences can be detected, leading to more precise measurements. In addition, high resolution optics offer the benefit of improved image quality, reducing image noise and enhancing the overall viewing experience. Therefore, investing in high resolution thermal imaging optics is essential for achieving accurate and reliable results.\nChoosing the Right Optics and Lenses\nI prefer selecting the appropriate optics and lenses for thermal imaging. The lens selection is crucial for achieving optimal image quality and accuracy. Here are three important factors to consider when choosing the right optics and lenses:\n- Focal Length: The focal length determines the field of view and magnification level. A shorter focal length provides a wider field of view, while a longer focal length offers higher magnification for distant targets.\n- Aperture: The aperture size affects the amount of light that enters the lens. A larger aperture allows more light, resulting in better image quality and enhanced performance in low-light conditions.\n- Lens Coating: Optics performance can be significantly improved with lens coatings. Anti-reflective coatings reduce glare and improve light transmission, while protective coatings enhance durability and resistance to scratches.\nEvaluating the Device's Features\nWhen considering the purchase of thermal imaging optics from OpticsPlanet, it is important to assess the device's features in order to make an informed decision. Evaluating the performance of the device is crucial to ensure that it meets your specific needs. Look for features such as resolution, thermal sensitivity, and detection range. A higher resolution will provide clearer images, while a lower thermal sensitivity will result in a less accurate device. Additionally, consider the detection range, which determines how far the device can effectively detect heat signatures. It is also important to compare prices to ensure that you are getting the best value for your money. By evaluating these key features and comparing prices, you can make a well-informed decision when purchasing thermal imaging optics from OpticsPlanet.\nBudgeting for Your Thermal Imaging Purchase\nTo effectively budget for my thermal imaging purchase from OpticsPlanet, it is important to carefully consider the cost and prioritize the features that are most essential to my needs. Here is a buying guide with a cost analysis to help make the process easier:\n- Determine a budget: Set a realistic budget based on your financial situation and the value you place on the features you need.\n- Research prices: Compare prices of different thermal imaging devices to find the best deal. OpticsPlanet often offers competitive prices and discounts.\n- Consider additional costs: Factor in any additional costs such as batteries, accessories, or maintenance fees.\nFrequently Asked Questions\nCan Thermal Imaging Devices Be Used in All Types of Weather Conditions?\nYes, thermal imaging devices can be used in all types of weather conditions. They have certain limitations, but there are also numerous benefits to using them in different weather conditions.\nHow Do I Determine the Appropriate Range for the Thermal Imaging Device?\nWhen determining the appropriate range for a thermal imaging device, I consider factors such as the intended use, the distance at which I need to detect heat signatures, and the capabilities of the device itself.\nAre There Any Legal Restrictions or Regulations for Using Thermal Imaging Devices?\nLegal restrictions and regulations for using thermal imaging devices vary depending on the jurisdiction. It is important to research and understand these laws before purchasing a device. Compliance with certifications and standards is crucial for safe and responsible use.\nCan Thermal Imaging Devices Be Used for Detecting Electrical Faults?\nYes, thermal imaging devices can be used to detect electrical faults. They can also be used for detecting plumbing leaks and wildlife tracking. It is important to consider the specific features and capabilities of the device when purchasing.\nAre There Any Specific Certifications or Standards That I Should Look for When Purchasing a Thermal Imaging Device?\nWhen purchasing thermal imaging devices, it's important to look for specific certifications and standards. These ensure the device meets industry requirements and guarantees its reliability and accuracy.\nIn conclusion, purchasing thermal imaging optics from OpticsPlanet can be a game-changer for various applications. With a wide range of devices to choose from and factors to consider, it is crucial to understand thermal resolution and choose the right optics and lenses. By evaluating the device's features and budgeting appropriately, you can make an informed decision. So, get ready to unlock a world of unseen details and enhance your thermal imaging experience with OpticsPlanet.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The SLR Magic MFT-Mount CINE supports cine-style shooting on Micro Four Thirds system cameras. It weighs in at around a pound and covers Four Thirds sized sensors with a fast aperture for shallow depth of field. It features geared focus and aperture rings, and a clickless iris allows you to let the aperture pull smoothly.\nSLR Magic HyperPrime 10mm T2.1 CINE\nSLR Magic MFT CINE Lens\nDesigned specifically for use with MFT mount cameras with Four Thirds sized sensors the lens strikes a useful balance between size, form, and function. The 10mm lens features sharp images exhibiting little corner and edge distortion, even when the iris is at its maximum opening of T2.1.\nThe lens' Cine designation refers to the geared focus and iris rings, which feature 0.8 pitch teeth for compatibility with film style follow focus units.\nThe clickless iris ring allows you to adjust the aperture during the shot for smooth iris pulls. The front of the lens does not rotate as you change focus and is threaded to accept threaded 77mm filters or filter rings.\nSLR Magic MFT-Mount CINE\nSLR Magic 1,33x - 65 Adapter Specs\nSLR Magic HyperPrime 10mm T2.1\n11 Groups 13 Elements\nT2.1 - T16\nMini Focus Distance\nFrom : 7.9\" / 20 cm\n1.13 lb / 0.52 kg", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Why Do You Love Your Prescription Sports Sunglasses?\nDo you know the secret of boosting performance in your chosen sports? It might be a pair of Prescription Sports Sunglasses. Your regular prescription glasses may fall flat in protecting your eyes as lenses of everyday eyewear are made of glass, which can shatter very easily -so it shouldn’t be worn on field, course or trail.\nSo what to wear while playing sports? Prescription Sports Sunglasses, eyewear that gives you an edge to edge clarity, protects your eyes from harmful UV rays, can take the hardest blow without shattering a piece.\nAs per the American Academy of Ophthalmology every year, 30,000 sports-related injuries are recorded and treated in the USA, and most of them are serious eye injuries which could be prevented using protective eyewear.\nWearing the right Prescription sports goggles can give enough protection to your eyes from fast-moving objects, wind, debris dust, sand, harmful UV rays. Even if you wear contact lenses while indulging sports, you’re still risking your eyes. Because, if debris touches your worn contact lenses, it may then trigger a severe eye irritation and other problems. If you invest in correct Prescription sports glasses, you literally can get your eyes protected from flashes of snow or water. Otherwise, your eyes could become sunburned, a condition called photokeratitis. However, wearing RX sports glasses that are made up of polycarbonate lenses, which are heavy-duty can offer enough protection.\nWhat makes Prescription Sports Sunglasses Special?\nWhether you ride a bicycle, play hockey, run or drive- there are sunglasses for specific sports with a correct prescription for safety and accurate vision.\nPrescription sunglasses are very different from regular prescription glasses or sunglasses; they have unique features that make them not just comfortable, but convenient and safer from everyday eyewear.\nCheckout the unique features:\nFor all age-groups\nPrescription Sports glasses are not just limited for the use of grownups; they can be worn by children as well. Infact, the ratio of eye-related injuries in children during sport is more compared to adults. Almost 43% of sport-related eye injuries were in children younger than 15 years old. If your children wear prescription glasses, make sure you consult the ophthalmologist first to learn about the best protective sports eyewear option.\nInvesting in the right pair prescription sports sunglasses will help you in enhancing your performances, with correct visual acuity and comfort. Moreover, the overall experience of indulging in sports will be more enjoyable and stylish with trendy RX sports glasses.\nBrowse RxSafetyGlassesCanada to find out what’s in store for your priceless eyes.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Photonics and Laser Technology Program Information\nAssociate of Applied Science\nPhotonics technicians build, test, calibrate, and maintain laser and electro-optic devices and systems that generate, transmit, and manipulate light. The use of photonics and laser technology is growing, with new applications being developed every day — from using lasers in manufacturing and the medical field to nanotechnology and solar cells. Graduates of the program can continue their education with the Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering degree.\n|This program is offered on the following campus:", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "News & Views\nHamamatsu Photonics Announces New Joko Factory Building for Increased Image Measurement Device Production\nMay 23 2021\nHamamatsu Photonics will construct a new factory, Building No 5 at the Joko factory site to handle expanding sales of image measurement devices and equipment such as digital cameras for scientific measurement, digital pathology slide scanners, and semiconductor failure analysis systems. The ground breaking ceremony for the new factory building was held on 20 April 20 2021, and the new factory building will be completed in June 2022.\nHamamatsu Photonics develops, manufactures, and sells a broad spectrum of image measurement devices and equipment that have high speed, high sensitivity, and high resolution, making them ideal for a range of applications including medical, industrial and academic fields. Currently there is an increasingly large demand for digital cameras for scientific measurement, digital pathology slide scanners, and semiconductor failure analysis systems. Since growing sales of these devices are predicted from now on, the company intends to boost their production capacity of image measurement devices to 1.7 times the current level after constructing this new factory building.\nLab Asia 30.2 - April 2023\nIn This Edition Chromatography Articles - On-Column Sample Focussing: a Personal Perspective Mass Spectrometry & Spectroscopy Articles - Multi-scale, multi-modal and operando imaging wi...\nView all digital editions\nJun 14 2023 Bangkok, Thailand\nJun 18 2023 Dusseldorf, Germany\nJun 19 2023 Shanghai, China\nJul 04 2023 Bethesda, MA, USA\nJul 04 2023 Cardiff, UK", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Visual Intelligence ® is an industry-leading sensor technology and software company that delivers world-class geoimaging solutions for airborne, terrestrial and mobile applications. The company was started in 2003, and provides high-quality, flexible and affordable digital sensor systems for airborne photogrammetry applications, and image and data collection technologies for a variety of industries.\nVisual Intelligence is proud to be the overall Grand Award winner and the Technology Innovation winner in the MAPPS 2014 Geospatial Product and Services Excellence competition for our iOne ® SRK™ (Sensor Reconfiguration Kit) which gives aerial imaging companies a flexible and affordable platform for larger and faster data collection, automated processing workflows and highly-accurate 3-D visualization data.\nWith our iOne sensor solution, image providers can:\n· Reconfigure in the field for image sizes from 108-238 megapixels · Support multiple project types by changing the sensor solution to fit the mission · Reconfigure for oblique/3D views · Collect ortho, multispectral, stereo, oblique, and point cloud data in one pass · Co-mount different types of sensors\nOur high-end machine vision cameras provide 1 frame per second frame rate, and are field-proven with more than 3.1 million exposures and still going strong with no internal moving parts to break down. The reliability and flexibility of our iOne solution lets our customers grow their business and protect their investment by allowing for future expansion.\nOur sensor solutions and technologies are used on various aerial rotor-craft, fixed wing and UAV/UAS platforms. The technology behind iOne SRK also has numerous applications outside of the geospatial industry and can be used to enhance the functionality of miniaturized cameras used in smartphones, automobile design, security, public safety and more. Visit www.visualintelligenceinc.com for more information.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Nikon Coolpix has launched a new camera P1000 with outstanding features. It now comes with 16-megapixel camera and 125 times additional optical zoom lens. This has solved the problem of clicking high-quality images from a considerable distance. Alongside, the camera comes with HD 4K UHD/30p movies support.\nThe camera is user-friendly and can be operated by an unprofessional person as well. P1000 camera would have the world’s highest zoom ratio that comes in a range from 24mm to 3000mm equivalence. It’s far better than its predecessor P900 that have 83 times more zoom lens power. P900 comes at f/6.5 focal length while P1000 at f/8 focal length.\nBoth the cameras have lens with equal focal length and sensors. Camera lenses have f/2.8 focal length and 16MP 1/2.3-inch sensor to give in-depth zooming effect. The initial cost of Nikon Coolpix P1000 will be $1000 and will roll out in the United States market quite soon.\nCapturing owing pictures of birds, animals, celestial and the terrestrial bodies along with the surroundings from a far distance have become easier and interesting. Nikon adds a raw support with 100 to 6400 ISO range. Isn’t that sounding interesting? Seven continuous best shots can be captured in just seconds even if they cannot be clicked continuously without taking any break.\nNikon Coolpix P1000 is launched to give high-resolution quality and build high streamlined operability. It’s just to impress Nikon’s customers.\nAdditional features included in Nikon Coolpix P1000:\n- Advanced Speed image-processing engine\n- Dual detect Optical Virtual Reality in order to reduce vibration and increase shutter speed by 5.0/stops\n- 2.36M-dot OLED viewfinder for receiving shots into proper focus\n- 3.2-inch TFT LDC monitor\n- Shoots 4K video at 30 fps\n- The raw image capturing mode\n- Accessory terminal supported with different accessories such as Speed lights\n- SnapBridge Bluetooth image transfer system\n- The electronic device weighs 3.1 pounds which is actually heavier than any other DSLR it can be tucked around your neck\nOften, our hands start shaking and shivering while capturing images for long-range shots. Just to eradicate this issue, Nikon offers ML-L7 Bluetooth remote and MC-DC2 wired shutter. These assistances don’t come supplementary to the camera. Hence, users need to purchase it separately.\nNikon camera will be available in the United States market from this September, but if you are so impatient to drain out your pockets and to get it around your neck you can pre-order it today itself.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "We developed a dual-source cone-beam CT (CBCT) imaging system for potential applications in IGRT and interventional radiology. Phantoms were developed for system calibration and artifact correction. Novel grid system was developed to correct for scatter artifacts in CBCT. Novel reconstruction techniques, including total variation based iterative method and prior information based method, were developed to drastically improve the image quality using sparsely sampled projection data. Hardware acceleration of the reconstruction using OpenGL and CUDA was implemented. Various applications of the developed techniques for CBCT, digital tomosynthesis (DTS), and 4D-CBCT are under investigation.\n- Scatter correction for CBCT: Develop a synchronized moving grid (SMOG) system to remove scatter artifacts and enhance contrast-to-noise ratio for single or dual-source CBCT.\n- Dual detector CBCT system characterization and correction: use phantom to calibrate and correct for geometrical errors of the system to improve image resolution and reduce artifacts.\n- Dual energy imaging: Investigate the usage of dual energy imaging to improve the contrast and enhance visualization for different anatomical structures.\n- Dual source DTS: Develop dual-angle DTS imaging techniques to obtain patient volumetric information with better efficiency and lower imaging dose than CBCT.\n- Dual source 4D CBCT and 4D DTS: Develop 4D-CBCT and 4D-DTS using dual source system for localization of moving targets in IGRT.\n- Prior information based image reconstruction techniques: Develop novel image reconstruction methods using prior information and deformation models to improve the image quality for under sampled data such as 4D-CBCT and 4D-DTS.\n- Dual source phase-matched CBCT and DTS: develop phase-matching techniques to minimize the effects of organ motion on localization accuracy for dual source CBCT and DTS.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "WDM FWDM can be widely used in system monitoring, fiber optical amplifiers, WDM networks and fiber optics instrumentation. As a professional and reliable manufacturer of fiber optic passive components\nSingle Mode Multiplexer Window Coupler Loose Tube FiberWavelength Division (WDM) is a technology which multiplexes a number of optical carrier signals onto a single optical fiber by using different wavelengths (i.e., colors) of laser light. This technique enables bidirectional communications over one strand of fiber, as well as multiplication of capacity.\nThe term wavelength-division multiplexing is commonly applied to an optical carrier (which is typically described by its wavelength), whereas frequency-division multiplexing typically applies to a radio carrier (which is more often described by frequency). Since wavelength and frequency are tied together through a simple directly inverse relationship, in which the product of frequency and wavelength equals c (the propagation speed of light), the two terms actually describe the same concept.\nGood uniformity and low insertion loss\nLow Polarization Dependent Loss\nExcellent Environmental Stability\nStability Telecordia GR-1221 and GR-1209\nComponents through TLC-Certified, Conform to YD1117-2001\nFiber to the point (FTTX)\nFiber to the home (FTTH)\nPassive optical networks(PON)\nLocal area networks (LAN)\nCable television (CATV)\nPakaging and logistic:", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Near-to-eye Projection for smart glasses\nThe light behind your Augmented Reality experience\nAugmented Reality (AR) systems allow smart glasses to merge the virtual and physical world, and become the next consumer revolution. But projecting virtual information onto special eyeglasses, or directly onto the user’s retina, requires extraordinary technology. OSRAM Opto Semiconductors is perfectly placed to develop and deliver this technology. With its LED and laser portfolio for Near-to-eye Projection a small and consumer-friendly form factor of smart glasses is enabled, as well as a large field of view. This makes OSRAM Opto Semiconductors your partner of choice for the light source in Augmented Reality applications. Together we create the next consumer revolution and make smart glasses part of our everyday lives.\nTogether with partners like STMicroelectronics and Dispelix Oy, OSRAM Opto Semiconductors launched the LaSAR alliance, a real ecosystem to accelerate development of Augmented Reality Eyewear Applications. The Alliance is focused on meeting the technical challenges required for all-day wearable smart glasses. The eyewear will balance a small, light-weight form factor and extremely low-power operation with good FoV (Field-of-View) and a large eyebox. The founding members coalesced around the recognition that near-to-eye displays based on ST-developed Laser Beam Scanning (LBS) solutions have demonstrated the potential to meet all these requirements.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "|Publication number||US6608951 B1|\n|Application number||US 09/722,271|\n|Publication date||Aug 19, 2003|\n|Filing date||Nov 28, 2000|\n|Priority date||Nov 28, 2000|\n|Also published as||EP1213802A2, EP1213802A3, US6731837, US20020094159|\n|Publication number||09722271, 722271, US 6608951 B1, US 6608951B1, US-B1-6608951, US6608951 B1, US6608951B1|\n|Inventors||Lew Goldberg, Marc Le Flohic|\n|Original Assignee||Lew Goldberg, Marc Le Flohic|\n|Export Citation||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|\n|Patent Citations (8), Non-Patent Citations (14), Referenced by (28), Classifications (12), Legal Events (8)|\n|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet|\nThe present invention relates to the field of fiber amplifiers and lasers and to devices for optically pumping these in order to create a population inversion within an active medium of such amplifiers and/or lasers.\nDevices for optically pumping fiber amplifiers and lasers are currently being used in time division and wave length division multiplex fiber communication systems, free space communication systems, remote measurement and sensing, scientific and laboratory experimentation and other applications.\nOne problem in the design of fiber amplifiers and lasers is to administer pump light to the active medium of the fibers with a power intensity sufficient to produce a reasonable gain.\nTransversal pumping schemes popular with lasers in which the active medium has cross section dimensions of at least several millimeters are not straightforwardly applicable to fiber amplifiers and lasers. Due to the small cross section, overall absorption of transverse pumping light in the fiber is low, resulting in poor efficiency. On the other hand, absorption cannot be increased by increasing the concentration of the active species within the host material of the active medium since this may lead to thermal problems, to a narrowing of the gain vs. wavelength distribution and to other undesirable effects.\nAccordingly, setups for longitudinally pumping fiber amplifiers and lasers have been studied. For example, in L. Goldberg, I. P. Koplow, D. Kliner, “Highly efficient 4-W Yb-doped fiber amplifier pumped by a broad stripe laser diode”, Optics Letters, volume 24, pages 673 to 675, 1999, it has been shown that longitudinal pumping of a double cladding fiber structure is an effective approach for constructing high power fiber amplifiers and lasers. Similar pumping setups are known from U.S. Pat. No. 4,815,079, J. D. Minelli et al., “Efficient cladding pumping of an Er fibre”, paper Th.L. 1.2, Proceedings of 21st European Conference on Optical Communications, Brussels 1995, and P. Bousselet et al., 26 dBm output power from an engineered cladding-pumped Yb-free EDFA for L-band WDM applications”, paper WG5-1, Optical Fiber Conference San Francisco 2000.\nSince the typical dimension of the inner cladding of such a fiber is 100 to 150 μm, non-diffraction limited emission from high power broad area laser diode pumps can be efficiently coupled into such fibers. A 100 μm wide broad stripe laser diode can generate an output power of 2 to 4 W at 810, 915 or 980 nm with long operating life.\nThe pump absorption coefficient of a double cladding fiber is inversely proportional to the ratio between the inner cladding area and the core area, which is typically in the range of 200:1 to 500:1. Because of this large ratio it is necessary to use very high dopant densities in order to achieve an adequate pump absorption coefficient, which is required to construct a reasonably short amplifier. Excessively long fiber amplifiers are not desirable because of background propagation losses in the gain fiber, increased cost, and signal distortion and interaction caused by nonlinear effects in the fiber core.\nHigh doping densities, can be used with certain dopants, such as Yb, where a concentration of 104 to 2×104 ppm results in a typical cladding absorption coefficient of 1-3 dB/m at the peak Yb absorption wavelength of 975 nm. Erbium is more desirable as an active species for fiber amplifiers due to its usable gain band of 1530 to 1600 nm within the maximum transmission window of common fiber-glass compositions. However, it has been shown by P. Myslinski, D. Nguyen and J. Chrostowski, “Effects of Concentration on performance of Erbium-doped Fiber Amplifiers”, J. Lightwave Tech., v. 15, pp. 112-119 (1997) that in case of Er the concentrations must be kept at least ten times smaller (typically below 1000 ppm) than these values to avoid concentration quenching effects which significantly reduce amplifier quantum efficiency.\nA known technology for circumventing this deficiency is Er/Yb co-doping (cf. J. E. Townsend, W. L. Bames, K. P. Jedrzejewski, S. G. Grabb, “Yb-sensitized Er Doped Silica Optical Fiber with High Transfer Efficiency and Gain”, Electronics Lett. v. 27, pp. 1958-1959, (1991) where high Yb concentration (10-20 times that of Er) is used to achieve high pump absorption, and energy absorbed by Yb is efficiently transferred to Er ions. To achieve this efficient transfer, however, the core glass composition needs to have a large P2O5 content. Such gain fibers are difficult to fabricate with low background loss and high quantum efficiency. In addition the presence of P2O5 in the host glass causes substantial narrowing of the gain vs. wavelength distribution, and results in a small signal gain distribution that is much less uniform than that of amplifiers with Er-doped silica host glass cores. This gain non-uniformity makes the Er/Yb co-doped amplifiers unsuitable for WDM applications that require relatively flat gain distribution across a wide wavelength span.\nAn attractive method for constructing high power Er-doped amplifiers is to use double cladding structures having a small-inner-cladding. Such devices are described in J. D. Minelli, Z. J. Chen, R. L. Laming, J. D. Caplen, “Efficient cladding pumping of an Er fibre”, paper Th.L. 1.2, Proceedings of 21st European Conference on Optical Communications, Brussels 1995, and in P. Bousselet, M. Bettiati, L. Gasca, M. Goix, F. Boubal, C. Sinet, F. Leplingard, D, Bayart, “26 dBm output power from an engineered cladding-pumped Yb-freeEDFA for L-band WDM applications”, paper WG5-1, Optical Fiber Conference, San Francisco, 2000.\nA small cladding, and a correspondingly small cladding-to-core area ratio make it possible to achieve high pump absorption with reasonably low concentrations. A maximum Er concentration of approximately 1000 ppm, possible with a host glass with a large Al2O3 content, would result in a core absorption coefficient of approximately 20 dB/m. In a double cladding fiber with an area ratio of A(cladding):A(core)=25:1 to 100:1, this would result in a cladding absorption coefficient of 0.8-0.2 dB/m. Assuming 90% pump absorption, these absorption coefficients are sufficiently high to construct efficient amplifiers with a length of 12 to 60 m, comparable to that of conventional, core-pumped amplifiers. Assuming a typical core diameter of 5 μm these cladding-to-core area ratios require an inner cladding diameter of 25-50 μm. The upper limit of core diameter, as dictated by bend losses and mode mismatch losses when fusion splicing to conventional transmission fibers, is represented by a 0.1 NA core of 10 μm, corresponding to a cutoff wavelength of approximately 1.45 μm. Such a core size would allow larger cladding diameters and/or larger absorption coefficients.\nIn addition to achieving sufficiently high pump absorption in double cladding fibers, another issue that must be addressed is whether a sufficiently high pump intensity can be achieved to produce a population inversion level required for high gain across the entire usable gain band of the active species. For Er, the threshold pump intensity, required for a 50% population inversion (50% of the ion population is in the upper state 4I13/2) is given by Ith=hv/st=10 kW/cm2, where hv is the photon energy, s=2×10−21 cm2 @ 980 nm is the absorption cross-section and t˜10 ms is the upper state lifetime. To achieve high gain and low noise performance in the amplifier, a population inversion of >80% is desirable, requiring a pump intensity that is approximately 5 Ith, or 50 kW/cm2. For a cladding pumped fiber amplifier with a 50 μm cladding diameter, this requires a local pump power of 1 W. Since in an efficient amplifier the fiber needs to be sufficiently long to allow almost complete pump light absorption, the local pump intensity decreases exponentially as a function of position, causing a decrease in the local population inversion with distance from the front end of the amplifier. As a result, the pump power has to be larger by a factor of 2-3 than the value calculated above for the case of uniform pump intensity distribution. It is difficult to couple such power levels into an end surface of a double cladding amplifier fiber with little loss and with a focus tight enough to ensure that the pump power is essentially coupled into the inner cladding layer and at the same time to avoid damage to the end surface of the fiber due to excessive incident power.\nThe present invention is a method and apparatus that provides a double cladding fiber taper and an optical pumping device through which particularly high pump power densities can be coupled into a cladding layer of an optical fiber. Embodiments of the present invention maintain a high-level of packaging or coupling alignment tolerance so that they may be easily installed and used in an environmentally insensitive fiber amplifier.\nAn embodiment of the invention provides an optical pumping device by which pump light at particularly high power densities can be coupled into a cladding of an amplifying fiber, and light amplified by the fiber or to be amplified by the fiber can be coupled into and out of the fiber without a significant modification of the mode structure.\nAn embodiment of the invention provides an optical pumping device in which the light from a light source is gathered with high efficiency and is coupled into the amplifier fiber with low loss.\nAn embodiment of the invention provides an optical fiber amplifier and an optical fiber laser that achieve a high gain over a small length of fiber.\nAn embodiment of invention concerns an optical pumping device for pumping a fiber amplifier or laser, the device comprising a light source and a light guiding section, the light guiding section comprising a first cladding layer surrounding a fiber core. The first cladding layer has a wide diameter portion, a narrow diameter portion and a tapered portion connecting the wide and narrow diameter portions. The light source is arranged to couple light into the first cladding layer at the wide diameter portion. At this portion, a relatively large surface is available for coupling the pump light into the cladding layer at moderate power densities. By having this pump light propagate along the tapered portion towards the narrow diameter portion, the power density of the pump light may be increased to a level that will result in a high dopant population inversion.\nA typical diameter ratio of the wide diameter portion to the narrow diameter portion may be in a range of 2:1 to 6:1. Under proper conditions, such a taper concentrates the pump light injected into the wide end of the taper into the narrow end of the taper, thereby achieving an increase in the pump intensity equal to the square of the taper ratio, or a factor of 4 to 36.\nIn order to avoid any modification in the mode structure of light propagating in a core of the amplifying fiber, it is preferable that the diameter of the fiber core of the light guiding section of the optical pumping device is the same in the wide diameter, tapered and narrow diameter portions.\nThe ratio of diameters of the first cladding layer and the core in the narrow diameter portion is preferably in a range from 1.5:1 to 10:1, small ratios being preferred for shorter amplifiers. Other ratios, outside of this range may be used.\nAccording to a preferred embodiment, a lateral v-shaped groove is formed in the first cladding layer at the wide diameter portion, and the light source is arranged to irradiate the groove. In particular, pump light from the light source may be incident on a facet of the groove from a side of the wide diameter portion opposite that of the groove. In this way, light incident at a near normal angle with respect to an axis of the light guiding portion may be reflected towards the tapered portion along said axis or at small angles relative to the axis.\nIn order to avoid loss of pump light during its propagation through the tapered portion, at the pump light may be coupled into the wide diameter portion with a small numerical aperture of 0.05 to 0.2.\nFor this purpose, a first lens may be provided for gathering light from the light source with a large first numerical aperture in a first plane and focusing it onto the facet of the groove with a second numerical aperture smaller than the first one, preferably in the range of 0.05 to 0.2.\nAs a pump light source, a broad stripe laser diode may be used. In contrast to low power (100-200 mW) diffraction limited laser diodes having stripe widths of 2-5 micrometers, this type of high power laser diode, typically has a stripe width of 100-200 micrometers which allows it to generate 2-4 W of power.\nSince such a laser diode has different angular spreads of its output beam in its junction plane and in a plane perpendicular thereto, a second lens may be provided for gathering light from the light source with a third numerical aperture in a second plane and focusing it onto the facet of the groove with a fourth numerical aperture, the third numerical aperture being smaller than the first one and the second and fourth numerical apertures being approximately the same.\nIn an embodiment, the first and second lenses are crossed cylindrical lenses.\nAccording to an alternative embodiment, the light source is arranged to couple light into an end surface of the wide diameter portion of the light guiding section. For this purpose, a dichroic mirror may be provided having a reflectivity adapted to combine and/or separate pump light from the light source and a light at an active wavelength of the fiber amplifier or laser.\nAn optical fiber amplifier may be formed by connecting, preferably fusion splicing, a first end of a gain fiber comprising a first cladding layer and a doped core to the narrow diameter portion of the light guiding section of a pumping device as defined above, in order to propagate pump light from the pump light source through the first cladding layer of the light guiding section into the first cladding layer of the gain fiber.\nPreferably, in this optical fiber amplifier, the gain fiber has a second cladding layer surrounding the first cladding layer, the second cladding layer having a lower refractive index than the that of the first cladding layer. In this way pump light losses are avoided which would inevitably occur if the first cladding were directly surrounded by a fiber jacket that typically has a higher refractive index than the cladding. Of course, the number of cladding layers of the gain fiber is not limited to two.\nIn order to achieve a homogeneous pump power distribution over the length of the gain fiber, a second pumping device of the type defined above can be connected to a second end of the gain fiber, or further pumping devices may be inserted at intermediate locations of the gain fiber.\nA dopant of the doped core of the gain fiber is preferably selected from a group of rare earth ions such as Er, Yb, Er/Yb, Nd, and Tm. For amplifiers having a gain distribution in the 1.5 μm range, the doped core may be doped with Er only, so that the core glass may have a small component of P2O5.\nA fiber laser having features and advantages similar to those of the optical fiber amplifier explained above can be obtained if the optical gain fiber is equipped with reflectors at its ends.\nFurther features and, advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the subsequent description, by word and drawing, of preferred embodiments of the present invention.\nFIG. 1 is a longitudinal section (plane parallel to the fiber axis) of a fiber amplifier having an optical pumping device according to the present invention.\nFIG. 2 is a cross section of the optical fiber amplifier of FIG. 1 taken along the plane perpendicular to the fiber axis.\nFIG. 3 is a longitudinal cross section of a light guiding portion of an optical pumping device that illustrates the propagation of light in the tapered portion thereof.\nFIGS. 4a and 4 b each show an example of a fiber amplifier having more than one optical pumping device according to the present invention.\nFIG. 5 is a longitudinal section of a fiber amplifier comprising an optical pumping device according to a second embodiment of the present invention.\nFIGS. 6a and 6 b show examples of fiber lasers equipped with optical pumping devices according to the present invention.\nFIG. 7 represents a short fiber amplifier in which a large core double cladding fiber is coupled to an optical pumping device.\nFIG. 8 is a longitudinal section of a fiber amplifier having a diode bar as a pump light source.\nFIG. 1 shows a fiber amplifier comprising an optical pump device according to a first preferred embodiment of the present invention. It comprises a light guiding section 1 formed of a single mode fiber pigtail, a broad stripe pump laser diode 5 as a light source, and a double cladding gain fiber 6. The light guiding section 1 is made from a single mode fiber having a jacket 8, a cladding 9 inside the jacket and a single mode undoped core 10 at the center of the cladding. In a first portion of the light guiding section 1, at the left-hand side of FIG. 1, this fiber structure is left intact. In an adjacent wide diameter portion 2, the jacket 8 is removed, so as to expose the cladding 9, and a v-shaped groove 12 is formed at one side of the cladding 9.\nAdjacent to this wide diameter portion 2, there is a tapered portion 3 in which the outer diameter of the cladding 9 is gradually reduced so that the length of this tapered portion 3 is typically about 100× the diameter of the wide diameter portion 2 and the ratio of the diameter or the wide diameter portion 2 to the diameter of the narrow diameter portion is typically between 2:1 to 6:1 (the “taper reduction factor”).\nA narrow diameter portion 4 at the narrow end of tapered portion 3 is connected, for example by fusion splicing, to double cladding gain fiber 6. Alternatively, the light guiding section 1 and the gain fiber 6 may be constructed from one fiber. The diameter of the cores 10, 13 of the light guiding section 1 and the gain fiber 6 are identical, and so are the outer diameters of narrow portion 4 and of inner cladding 14 of the gain fiber 6.\nThe light guiding section 1 may be formed from a piece of optical fiber for example, by a chemical etching, laser ablation technique or other methods. In order to form the light guiding section by etching, an end portion of a piece of fiber having its jacket removed may be suspended in an etching solution, the solution initially covering what is to become the tapered and narrow diameter portions 3, 4 of light guiding section 1. The fiber is then gradually raised out of the etching solution, so that the total exposure time to the etching solution will increase as the end of the fiber is approached. By controlling the raising speed, the angle of taper may be defined. As an etching solution, solutions of hydrofluoric acid are applicable.\nIn FIG. 1, portions 2 and 4 are shown to have a finite length with a constant diameter. However, the length of these portions might be reduced to 0. The wide diameter portion 2 in which the v-shaped groove 12 is formed might be tapered just like tapered portion 3.\nPump light is generated by a broad area laser diode 5. Typically such diodes have an emission region of 1×100 μm, but diodes with an emitter width of up to 500 μm are available and can be used. In such a diode, the longer one of the two dimensions of the emission region is parallel to a plane of a diode junction, whereas the shorter one is in a plane perpendicular to the junction. In the plane perpendicular to the diode junction the emission, confined to approximately 1 μm at the diode facet, is diffraction limited and diverges with a large angle, equivalent to a first numerical aperture of typically 0.5. In the plane parallel to the diode junction the emission at the diode facet is 100 μm wide, is spatially incoherent, and diverges at a relatively small angle equivalent to a third numerical aperture of 0.1. As shown in FIG. 1, an optical system 17 is provided in order to efficiently collect the light from the laser diode 5, reduce its divergence angle and focus it onto a facet 18 of the v-shaped groove 12 with a second and fourth numerical apertures. These various numerical apertures are designated as NA1, NA2 in FIG. 1 and NA3, NA4 in FIG. 2.\nThe v-shaped groove 12 has an orientation perpendicular to the longitudinal access of the light guiding section, its facets are at right angles (90°) with respect to each other, and, in particular, its facet 18 has an angle of 45° with respect to the core, so that pump light incident from the laser diode 5 at a right angle with respect to the core will be reflected essentially parallel to the core towards tapered portion 3.\nReflection may be achieved by total internal reflection at the facet 18, or a reflective coating may be formed on facet 18.\nThe function of the tapered portion 3 is to reduce the diameter of cladding 9 by a fixed ratio, while preserving the brightness of the pump light in the tapered portion 3. As the light intensity increases as it propagates from the wide to the narrow diameter portion of light guiding section 1, its divergence angle or numerical aperture increases due to multiple reflections at the surface of cladding 9, as becomes apparent from FIG. 3. Since the numerical aperture of the double inner cladding 14 of cladding gain fiber 6 is typically limited to 0.4-0.6, to assure that light in the narrow end of the taper is within this range, the input beam has to have as small a numerical aperture as possible. To obtain such a pump beam, the optical system 17 of FIG. 1 contains two crossed cylindrical lenses; a high NA (>0.5) lens 20 which nearly completely captures diode 5 emission perpendicular to the junction having said first numerical aperture NA1, and focuses it on the facet 18 of the v-shaped groove 12 with a magnification factor of 5-10, resulting in a second numerical aperture NA2 of the incident beam NA=0.05-0.1, and a low NA lens 21 that is rotated by 90° relative to lens 20. In the view shown in FIG. 1, the cylindrical lens 21 is shown as a rectangle, since cylindrical lens 21 does not focus rays propagating in the plane shown in FIG. 1. Similarly, in the perpendicular view shown in FIG. 2, cylindrical lens 20 is shown as a rectangle, since cylindrical lens 20 does not focus rays propagating in that plane. The cylindrical lens 21 collects the light parallel to the junction having said third numerical aperture NA3 and images it on the v-shaped groove 12 with a magnification factor of approximately 1, resulting in a fourth numerical aperture NA4 of the incident beam NA=0.1. With this configuration, a pump beam with a numerical aperture of 0.1 or less is coupled into the wide diameter portion 2 of the light guiding section 1, allowing a taper reduction factor of between 2 to 6.\nUsing the above-described setup, a coupling efficiency of 90% of pump light from laser diode 5 to gain fiber 6 can be achieved.\nAnother advantage of the present invention is that it allows the pump coupling to be carried out in the wide diameter section 2 of the fiber instead of a small diameter fiber. The large fiber diameter of the wide diameter section 2 makes it possible to fabricate a v-groove with a large depth and width so that the spot of light formed by the focused laser diode 5 light is intercepted by a relatively large v-groove facet. This large facet area results in a diode-lens-v-groove alignment tolerance increase, approximately equal to the ratio of the wide diameter section 2 to the small diameter fiber diameter. Using an example of a small diameter fiber with a 50 micrometer inner cladding and an 8 micrometers core, and assuming a 5 micrometers distance between the v-groove apex and the fiber core, the maximum allowed v-groove depth is approximately 16 micrometers. Such a small v-groove depth would require a very tight alignment tolerance, only a factor of two better than that associated with single mode fiber pigtailing. On the other hand, a similar fiber with a 125 micrometers cladding in the wide diameter section 2 would allow a v-groove depth of 53 micrometers, a 3-fold improvement over the small diameter fiber case and an improvement of approximately 7-fold over single mode fiber pigtailing. This permits the construction of an environmentally insensitive fiber amplifier or laser.\nOther optical systems for achieving the collection and beam conditioning functions described can be used, such as combinations of spherical and cylindrical lenses, or a microlens in which the front and back surfaces constitute crossed cylindrical lenses.\nAfter coupling into the light guiding section 1 at the wide diameter portion 2, the pump light propagates into tapered portion 3 as shown in FIG. 3. In order to avoid power losses in the tapered portion 3 for light propagating in the cladding, the reduction of the cladding diameter has to take place slowly, typically over a distance of approximately 100 times the fiber diameter of wide portion 2. A shorter distance may be used for smaller taper reduction factors (e.g., 50 times the fiber diameter of the wide portion). For example, for a wide portion diameter of 125 micrometers, the taper section 3 length is approximately 100×125 micrometers=12.5 mm. Accordingly, the figures are not to scale, as the full length of the taper section 3 is not shown in the figures. Light propagating in the tapered portion 3 is concentrated into the narrow end while its divergence angle or numerical aperture increases. For meridional rays, the numerical aperture of the propagating light distribution increases by the ratio of the diameter of the wide end of tapered portion 3 to the diameter of the narrow end, while for skew rays the numerical aperture increases slightly more strongly. Since the diameter of core 10 and the refracted index distribution in tapered portion 3 do not vary in the direction of propagation of the light, signal light in the core can propagate unperturbed through the light guiding section 1.\nIn order for the cladding 9 in the tapered portion 3 to serve as a waveguide, a low refractive index material that may constitute an outer cladding of light guiding section I surrounds the tapered portion 3. Under these circumstances, the tapered portion functions as a double cladding fiber with the pump light confined in the inner cladding surrounding 9 the core. Typically, such a low refractive index outer cladding is a polymer, but air can also constitute such an outer cladding.\nThe narrow diameter portion 4 of light guiding section 1 may be coupled to the double cladding gain fiber 6 by a fusion splice 22. Ideally, to avoid signal loss at the splice 22, the mode field diameters of the doped core 13 of double cladding gain fiber 6 and the core 10 of light guiding section 1 should be equal, and so should the diameter of cladding 9 at the narrow diameter portion 4 and inner cladding of gain fiber 6.\nThe length of double cladding gain fiber 6 is chosen to optimize the amplifier efficiency, gain and noise characteristics based on available pump power from the laser diode 5, dopant concentration in gain fiber 6, ratio of diameters of core 13 and inner cladding 14, etc. For example, for a concentration of 1000 ppm and a core diameter of 8 μm and a cladding diameter of 40 micrometers the absorption coefficient is approximately 20 db/m/25=0.8 db/m. To achieve nearly complete pump absorption, a gain fiber 6 length of 10 to 20 m would be required.\nThe far end of double cladding gain fiber 6 can be fusion spliced to a second single mode fiber pigtail to remove the residual pump light in the cladding 14.\nAlternately, according to a second embodiment of the fiber amplifier shown in FIG. 4a, a second pumping device similar to that of FIG. 1 may be coupled to the far end of gain fiber 6 by a second fusion splice 22′. Such an arrangement results in doubling the amount of pump power that can be coupled into the gain fiber 6, making possible a significant increase in amplifier outlet power and population inversion.\nFurther scaling of the fiber amplifier can be achieved through the use of multiple pumping devices 25, 25′, 25″ located at terminal and intermediate positions of the fiber amplifier and connected in series, as shown in FIG. 4b. In this embodiment, the pumping devices 25, 25′, 25″ are separated by sufficient lengths of gain fiber 6 to absorb the pump light from one device before it can reach the v-groove 12 of the next device.\nIn the embodiment of FIG. 4b, all laser diodes are shown to illuminate the same facet (the right hand facet) of the respective light guiding portions 1, so that the pump light will always all be either co-propagating or counter-propagating with respect to light to be amplified in the fiber core. Of course, in pumping devices such as 25′ or 25″ that are located at an intermediate position between two lengths of gain fiber 6, the optical system 17 might be arranged so as to focus the light from the laser diode 5 onto the edge between the two facets of its respective groove, or a beam splitter might be provided for directing two beams on the two facets, in order to distribute the light from the laser diode 5 between the two neighboring lengths of gain fiber 6.\nAnother alternative amplifier configuration is shown in FIG. 5. Here, instead of using the v-groove side pumping arrangement of FIGS. 1 to 4 b, the pump light is coupled into an end surface 30 of the pigtail fiber 32, as shown. In this configuration, the pigtail fiber is also of a double cladding structure, to allow pump light which is coupled into the inner cladding 9 of the pigtail to propagate without significant attenuation to the tapered portion located in the same fiber.\nA dichroic beam splitter 31 is interposed between the pump diode 5 and its optical system 17 on the one hand and the end face 30, on the other. This beam splitter 31 is for coupling signal light to be amplified into or amplified light out of the core 10 of the fiber pigtail 32. The beam splitter 31 is highly reflective at the signal wavelength and highly transmissive at the pump wavelength. The end face 30 of fiber pigtail 32 can be antireflection coated at both wavelengths. In addition, in order to further reduce reflections of signal light in the core 10, the end face 30 can be fabricated at a small angle relative to the axis of the fiber pigtail 32.\nThe optical pumping device of the present invention can also be used to construct a fiber laser. An end pumped fiber laser comprising the end-pumping device of FIG. 5 is shown in FIG. 6a. Here, the end face 30 of fiber pigtail 32 is coated to have high reflectivity at the lasing wavelength of doped core 13 of the gain fiber 6 and high transmission at the pump wavelength. A reflector 33 at the far end of gain fiber 6 completes the fiber laser cavity. The reflector 33 can be highly reflective at the pump wavelength and partially reflective at the lasing wavelength.\nA fiber laser can also be made using a Bragg fiber grating in an arrangement shown in FIG. 6b. Here the end face 30 of the fiber pigtail 32 is antireflection coated at the pump wavelength, and the laser mirror is in the form of a fiber grating 35 written into the core 10 of the pigtail fiber.\nOf course, the v-groove pumping device of FIGS. 1 to 4 b may also be employed for pumping a fiber laser. In that case, a reflector at end face 30 of fiber pigtail 32 may be fully reflecting at the wavelength of the pump light, too.\nIn all of the amplifier and lasers described in this invention various core dopants can be used. As already described, Er is of primary interest because of wide use of 1.5 μm amplifiers in fiber communication systems. Fiber amplifiers based on other dopants can also benefit from the high pump powers and intensities made possible by this invention. With conventional double cladding fibers, the relatively low pump intensities make it difficult to obtain sufficiently high population inversion to obtain significant gain in a fiber gain medium that operates on a 3-level type transition. To achieve significant population inversion and gain in 3-level gain media, the pump intensity must be sufficiently high to achieve depletion of the ground state (terminal) atomic level. Er and Yb atomic transitions are of 3-level type at the short end of their gain spectra. The Er transition is almost entirely 3-level for wavelengths in the 1480-1530 nm range, which are of great interest for short band fiber communication systems. Similarly, the Yb transition is almost entirely 3-level for wavelength in the 975-1020 nm range, which are of great interest for pumping of fiber amplifiers and sensing applications. Using conventional double cladding fibers with Er/Yb co-doped cores, the shortest wavelength for getting significant gain is approximately 1530 nm, while the shortest wavelength for conventional Yb doped double cladding fibers is approximately 1020 nm. Using techniques described in this invention amplification in double cladding gain fibers at wavelengths substantially shorter than these values is possible. Other types of commonly used fiber amplifiers, which will also benefit from this invention, are based on Nd-doped silica and Tm-doped silica.\nAn advantage of this invention is that it allows very short amplifiers to be constructed using core dopants that can be used with high concentrations, such as Yb, Er/Yb, Nd, and Tm. With Yb for example, very high concentrations, corresponding in core absorption coefficients of 1000-2000 dB/m can be used. In a double cladding fiber with an area ratio of R=25, such as would be the case for a 10 μm core and 50 μm inner cladding, this translates into a cladding absorption of 40-80 dB/m, making it possible to build high efficiency fiber amplifiers and lasers as short as 12.5-25 cm (90% pump absorption). Such fiber lasers are required to achieve single mode longitudinal mode emission. Very short fiber amplifiers, because of reduction of nonlinear effects in the fiber core, can be used to generate very high peak power pulses.\nSince pumping devices according to the present invention make it possible to pump efficiently, gain fibers having much smaller area ratios than those mentioned above, e.g., with larger core diameters of the gain fiber, can be used so that even shorter amplifiers can be constructed. For a core diameter of 25 μm and a 50 μm diameter cladding the area ratio is R=4, resulting in a cladding absorption coefficient of 250-500 dB/m. Such fibers will allow construction of efficient amplifiers with a length of only 2-4 cm. Although normally such large cores can support many spatial modes, it has been shown by M. Fermann, “Single-mode excitation of multimode fibers with ultrashort pulses”, Optics Lett. Vol. 23, pp. 52-54, 1998 that a single mode seed can excite only the fundamental mode of a large core fiber. Particularly for the case of very short gain fiber length, the fundamental mode can propagate with no significant single mode-to-multimode conversion. In this invention, the single mode seed signal can be provided through the use of a pumping device with a single mode core 10, which is directly spliced to a multi-mode core 13′ of a double cladding gain fiber 6′ as shown in FIG. 7. To improve the small core to large core fundamental mode coupling the cores 10, 13′ can be tapered during the fusion splicing process. When single mode fiber amplifier/laser output is not required the core 10 in the pumping device can be the same size as the large multimode core 13′ in the double cladding gain fiber 6.\nAs an alternative to a broad stripe laser diode a fiber coupled laser diode bar might be used as a light source of a pumping device for pumping a double cladding gain fiber.\nCurrently, fiber coupled bars can deliver power of up to 40 W in a 200 μm diameter fiber with a NA of 0.22. As shown in FIG. 8, pump light from a fiber 37 coupled bar 36 can be injected into the inner core 10 of a pumping device using a v-groove 12, or by using an end coupling arrangement similar to that of FIG. 5.\nTo facilitate coupling of pump light from the pump fiber 37 into the double cladding gain fiber, various optical elements such as lenses can be interposed between the end of the pump fiber 37 and the wide diameter portion 2 with the v-groove 12.\nStarting with a 450 μm diameter fiber to fabricate the tapered portion, a taper reduction ratio of 2.5 would allow the power from pump fiber 37 to be efficiently coupled into a 180 μm diameter, 0.55 NA double cladding gain fiber 6, resulting in a pump intensity which is comparable to that achieved with a single 4 W broad stripe laser diode coupled into a double cladding gain fiber 6 with a diameter of 57 μm. The 450 μm diameter of the wide diameter portion 2 of the light guiding section 1 allows a v-groove depth and half-width of approximately 215 μm, which is sufficiently large to allow a small amount of diffractive spreading of the pump light as it travels from the end of the pump fiber 37 to the surface of v-groove 12, as shown in FIG. 8. Because of the relatively large 0.22 numerical aperture of the pump light incident on the v-groove facet surface, total internal reflection at the facet surface will not provide sufficiently large angular coverage, and a high reflectivity coating with a large angular acceptance range might be required to be deposited on the v-groove surface. One of the advantages of the fiber coupled source is that the available power is approximately 10 times greater than that from a single broad stripe laser diode, another is that the pump source is remotely located from the gain fiber 6.\nThe advantages of the invention include providing a means for achieving a high pump power density in double cladding gain fibers. Using the pumping device of the invention it is possible to construct high power amplifiers at 1.5 μm using Er doping rather than Er/Yb co-doping, allowing a flatter gain distribution required for WDM systems and other applications. The invention also makes it possible to construct such amplifiers using a v-groove side-pumping technique with a large misalignment tolerance, provides access to ends of the double cladding fiber so that conventional single mode fiber pigtails can be fusion spliced to the ends.\nAlternative pumping schemes can use bulk lenses to achieve pump beam reduction that is obtained through the use of the tapered fiber region described above. Coupling of the pump light can be achieved through the end of the double cladding fiber using dichroic beam-splitters to combine the pump light with the signal light.\nWhile the invention has been described with reference to the exemplary embodiments thereof, those skilled in the art will be able to make various modifications to the described embodiments of the invention without departing from the true spirit and scope of the invention. The terms and descriptions used herein are set forth by way of illustration only and are not meant as limitations. Those skilled in the art will recognize that these and other variations are possible within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined in the following claims and their equivalents.\n|Cited Patent||Filing date||Publication date||Applicant||Title|\n|US4737004 *||Oct 3, 1985||Apr 12, 1988||American Telephone And Telegraph Company, At&T Bell Laboratories||Expanded end optical fiber and associated coupling arrangements|\n|US4815079||Dec 17, 1987||Mar 21, 1989||Polaroid Corporation||Optical fiber lasers and amplifiers|\n|US5037172 *||Dec 11, 1990||Aug 6, 1991||Teledyne Industry, Inc.||Fiber optic device with a reflective notch coupler|\n|US5048026 *||May 4, 1988||Sep 10, 1991||The Board Of Trustees Of The Leland Stanford Junior University||Fiber optic amplifier|\n|US5432876 *||Oct 19, 1992||Jul 11, 1995||Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company||Illumination devices and optical fibres for use therein|\n|US5854865 *||Dec 7, 1995||Dec 29, 1998||The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy||Method and apparatus for side pumping an optical fiber|\n|US5864644||Jul 21, 1997||Jan 26, 1999||Lucent Technologies Inc.||Tapered fiber bundles for coupling light into and out of cladding-pumped fiber devices|\n|US6072811 *||Feb 11, 1998||Jun 6, 2000||Imra America||Integrated passively modelocked fiber lasers and method for constructing the same|\n|1||Bousselet, P.; Bettiati, M.; Gasca, L.; Goix, M.; Boubal, F., Sinset, C.; Leplingard, F.; and Bayart, D.; Title: +26 dBm output power from an engineered cladding-pumped Yb-free EDFA for L-band WDM applications; Alcatel Corporate Research Centre; pp. 114-116 France.|\n|2||Fermann, Martin; Title: Single-Mode Excitation of Multimode Fibers with Ultrashort Pulses; Optics Letter; vol. 23, No. 1; Jan. 1, 1998; pp. 52-54.|\n|3||J.D. Minelly, et al., \"Efficient Cladding Pumping of an Er3+ Fibre\", Proc. 21st Eur. Conf. on Opt. Comm, ECOC 1995, p.p. 917-920.|\n|4||J.E. Townsend, et al., \"yb3+ Sensitised Er3+ Doped Silica Optical Fibre with Ultrahigh Transfer Efficiency and Gain\", Electronics letters, Oct. 10, 1991, p.p. 1958-1959.|\n|5||*||Lens data for Laser Diode Collimating Lenses from http://www.nsgamerica.com, May 8, 2002.*|\n|6||*||Lens data for Selfoc Rod Lenses from http://www.nsgamerica.com, May 8, 2002.*|\n|7||Martin E. Fermann,et al., \"Single-Mode Excitation of Multimode Fibers with Ultrashort Pulses\", Optics Letters, vol. 23, No. 1, Jan. 1, 1998, p.p. 52-54.|\n|8||Minelly, J.D.; Chen, Z.J., Laming, R. I., and Caplen, J.E.; Title: Efficient Cladding Pumping of an Er3+ Fibre; Proc. 21st Eur. Conf. on Opt. Comm.; pp. 917-920;Brussels.|\n|9||Mononobe, Shuji and Ohtsu, Motoichi; Title: Fabrication of a Pencil-Shaped Fiber Probe for Near-Field Optics by Selective Chemical Etching; Journal of Lightwave Technology; vol. 14, No. 10 Oct. 1996; pp. 2331-2335.|\n|10||Myslinski, Piotr; Nguyen, Dung; Chrostowski,Jacek; Title: Effects of Concentration on the Performance of Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers; Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol. 15, No. 1 Jan. 1997; pp. 112-119.|\n|11||P. Bousselet, et al., \"+ 26 dBm Output Power From an Engineered Cladding-Pumped Yb-Free EDFA for L-Band WDM Applications\"; Alcatel Corporate Research Centre, OFC 2000, p.p. 114-116.|\n|12||Piotr Myslinski, et al., \"Effects of Concentration on the Performance of Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers\", Journal of lightwave technology, vol. 15, No. 1, Jan. 1997, p.p. 112-119.|\n|13||Shuji Mononobe, et al., \"Fabrication of a Pencil-Shaped Fiber Probe for Near-Field Optics by Selective Chemical Etching\", Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol. 14, No. 10, Oct. 1996, p.p. 2231-2235.|\n|14||Title: Yb3+ Sensitised Er3+ Doped Silica Optical Fibre with Ultrahigh Transfer Efficiency and Gain; Electronic Letters Oct. 10th, 1991 vol. 27 No. 21; pp. 1958 and 1959.|\n|Citing Patent||Filing date||Publication date||Applicant||Title|\n|US6801550 *||May 30, 2003||Oct 5, 2004||Bae Systems Information And Electronic Systems Integration Inc.||Multiple emitter side pumping method and apparatus for fiber lasers|\n|US6842570 *||Dec 11, 2002||Jan 11, 2005||Northrop Grumman Corporation||Method for coupling diode array light into an optical fiber|\n|US7206124 *||Mar 20, 2003||Apr 17, 2007||Luxpert Technologies Co., Ltd.||Gain-providing optical power equalizer|\n|US7477666 *||Mar 21, 2006||Jan 13, 2009||Polar Onyx, Inc.||All fiber based short pulse amplification at one micron|\n|US7526003 *||May 23, 2005||Apr 28, 2009||Polaronyx, Inc.||Nonlinear polarization pulse shaping mode locked fiber laser at one micron|\n|US7529278 *||Mar 31, 2007||May 5, 2009||Polaronyx, Inc.||Nonlinear polarization pulse shaping model locked fiber laser at one micron with photonic crystal (PC), photonic bandgap (PBG), or higher order mode (HOM) fiber|\n|US7532792||Mar 2, 2007||May 12, 2009||Crystal Fibre A/S||Optical coupler, a method of its fabrication and use|\n|US7748913 *||May 15, 2008||Jul 6, 2010||Fujikura Ltd.||Fusion splicing structure of optical fibers|\n|US7941019 *||May 27, 2006||May 10, 2011||Lockheed Martin Corporation||Monolithic pump block for optical amplifiers and associated method|\n|US8070341||Dec 18, 2008||Dec 6, 2011||Visteon Global Technologies, Inc.||Light pipe with uniformly lit appearance|\n|US8818151 *||Apr 15, 2010||Aug 26, 2014||United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Air Force||Fiber Pump Signal Combiner|\n|US8873134||Mar 12, 2012||Oct 28, 2014||Nlight Photonics Corporation||Hybrid laser amplifier system including active taper|\n|US9022037||Sep 12, 2005||May 5, 2015||Raydiance, Inc.||Laser ablation method and apparatus having a feedback loop and control unit|\n|US9063289||Jun 30, 2009||Jun 23, 2015||Nlight Photonics Corporation||Multimode fiber combiners|\n|US9130344||Jan 30, 2009||Sep 8, 2015||Raydiance, Inc.||Automated laser tuning|\n|US9147992 *||Nov 9, 2012||Sep 29, 2015||Coherent, Inc.||High efficiency amplification of pulsed laser output for high energy ultrafast laser systems|\n|US9158070||Dec 28, 2011||Oct 13, 2015||Nlight Photonics Corporation||Active tapers with reduced nonlinearity|\n|US20020168139 *||Mar 29, 2002||Nov 14, 2002||Clarkson William Andrew||Optical fiber terminations, optical couplers and optical coupling methods|\n|US20040114858 *||Dec 11, 2002||Jun 17, 2004||Hiroshi Komine||Method for coupling diode array light into an optical fiber|\n|US20050128569 *||Mar 20, 2003||Jun 16, 2005||Nam-Kyoo Park||Gain-providing optical power equalizer|\n|US20060120412 *||May 23, 2005||Jun 8, 2006||Jian Liu||Nonlinear polarization pulse shaping mode locked fiber laser at one micron|\n|US20060227816 *||Mar 21, 2006||Oct 12, 2006||Jian Liu||All fiber based short pulse amplification at one micron|\n|US20080050069 *||Mar 2, 2007||Feb 28, 2008||Crystal Fibre A/S||Optical coupler, a method of its fabrication and use|\n|US20090024191 *||Mar 3, 2006||Jan 22, 2009||University Of Washington||Multi-cladding optical fiber scanner|\n|US20090074362 *||May 15, 2008||Mar 19, 2009||Fujikura Ltd.||Fusion splicing structure of optical fibers|\n|US20140133503 *||Nov 9, 2012||May 15, 2014||Xiang Peng||High efficiency amplification of pulsed laser output for high energy ultrafast laser systems|\n|EP2149211A1 *||Apr 17, 2008||Feb 3, 2010||Gonthier, François||Optical fibre amplifier|\n|WO2005002005A2 *||May 27, 2004||Jan 6, 2005||Bae Systems Information||Multiple emitter side-pumping method and apparatus for fiber lasers|\n|U.S. Classification||385/43, 385/127, 372/6|\n|International Classification||H01S3/094, H01S3/067|\n|Cooperative Classification||H01S3/06754, H01S3/067, H01S3/094019, H01S3/06745, H01S3/094007, H01S3/094011|\n|Nov 28, 2000||AS||Assignment|\nOwner name: KEOPSYS, INC., VIRGINIA\nFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:GOLDBERG, LEW;LE FLOHIC, MARC;REEL/FRAME:011320/0760;SIGNING DATES FROM 20001127 TO 20001128\n|Mar 7, 2007||REMI||Maintenance fee reminder mailed|\n|Mar 9, 2007||FPAY||Fee payment|\nYear of fee payment: 4\n|Mar 9, 2007||SULP||Surcharge for late payment|\n|Jan 26, 2011||FPAY||Fee payment|\nYear of fee payment: 8\n|Mar 27, 2015||REMI||Maintenance fee reminder mailed|\n|Aug 19, 2015||LAPS||Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees|\n|Oct 6, 2015||FP||Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee|\nEffective date: 20150819", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "|FXLAB DEFRACTION FIREWORK LASER|\n• View Big Image •\nSpectacular display of sound animated or DMX activated interfering red and green lasers dots and lines with fireworks effect. The product features 50 mW @ 532 nm mW green laser and 100 mW @ 650 nm red laser, sound animation, DMX control.\n• Laser power: 100mw Red/50mw Green\n• Dimensions: 100x300x200mm\nFrom our display. In excellant order. Boxed with lead and instructions. Full 12 month warranty.\nAudiotec Stock Code - D173B\nSupplier Stock Code - G018EG\nRegular Price £175.00\nSpecial Web Price £119.00", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Medical Device Qualified Supplier Directory\nApplied Precision Inc. Company Profile\n3-208 Britannia Road, East, Mississauga, ON, L4Z 1S6, Canada\nQualifications: ISO 9001\nMarkets Supplied: North America\nApplied Precision Inc. has provided customers with 3D digitizing technology solutions for accelerating medical device development and improving quality for more than 10 years. All these technologies are portable and based on highly advanced optical 3D measurement technology. The company's highly skilled team of 3D measurement & CAD specialists have the knowledge and experience to help customers improve the quality of products and get to market faster.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Heine MINI 3000 FO otoscope D-001.70.110\nHeine Mini 3000 otoscope range selection guide\n|POSITA SKU||HEINE OTOSCOPE||HEINE CODE||LIGHT PATH||LIGHT SOURCE||MAGNIF.|\n|HE10-1-1||MINI 3000 DIRECT||D-001.70.210||Direct||XHL Xenon Halogen||3x|\n|HE10-1-2||MINI 3000 FO||D-001.70.110||Fibre Optic||XHL Xenon Halogen||3x|\n|HE10-1-3||MINI 3000 FO LED||D-008.70.110||Fibre Optic||LED||3x|\nLight path:A fibre optic light path provides a wider field of view compared with a direct light path. This is because, with a direct light path, the light source protudes into the otoscope field of view. Whereas, with fibre optic, the light source does not block the field of view and the optic fibre carries the light.\nLight source:The LED light source provides many advantages over the XHL xenon halogen light source. Compared to the XHL xenon halogen light source, the LED light source lasts longer with virtually unlimited working life up to 50,000 hours. The LED light source is twice as bright as xenon halogen instruments. Battery life with LED light source is longer compared with xenon halogen light source because LED requires less power.\nMini 3000 FO otoscope\nModern pocket otoscope in a unique, compact design. Can only be used with the mini 3000 handle system.\n- Xenon Halogen bulbs for bright illumination and accurate colour rendering.\n- 20,000 ON / OFF switch cycles guaranteed.\n- Distal fiber Optic (f.O.) Illumination: reflex-free illumination of tympanum and ear canal.\n- Viewing window with 3x magnification and optimized casing surface for razor-sharp images and minimal reflection. Swivelling viewing window built into instrument.\n- Pneumatic testing of the tympanum mobility by using the insufflation port and an optional connector.\n- Attachment clip with integrated on / off switch. Switches off automatically when returned to the pocket.\n- Replaceable batteries. size AA, or optional rechargeable battery with mini NT table charger.\n- 2-piece handle and head. Easy to maintain, flexible. Compatible with other handles.\n- Award-winning design. Maximum quality with minimum dimensions.\n- Fiber Optic (f.O.) illumination\n- Port for pneumatic testing", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Metal Plasmonic Nanostructures Functionalized by Atomic Layer Deposition of 2A Metal-Oxides for Robust High-Quantum-Efficiency Ultrafast Photocathodes\nSmall Business Information\nEuclid Techlabs, Llc\n5900 Harper Rd. #102, Solon, OH, 44139-1866\nAbstractHigh quantum efficiency (QE) photocathodes are central for efficient photoinjectors and ultra-fast electron microscopes. Current high QE photo cathode materials like GaAs, alkali-tellurides and alkali-antimonides require ultra-high vacuum and even then have a short life time. Moreover, most of these materials require an ultraviolet light source to operate. Photoemission using a light source in the visible can be accomplished with Cs:GaAs; however this cathode has a slow response time. We propose a principally new engineered photocathode which is robust, high QE efficient, operates in visible wavelengths, and has a & lt;100 fs response time. Such a cathode would preserve the current benefits of high QE photocathodes and address future challenges in the field of scientific accelerators as well as aiming at additional commercial applications such as ultrafast microscopy and detection systems. We propose to fabricate a plasmonic base substrate (Au or Ag nanoparticles or nanowires) functionalized by atomic layer deposition (ALD) of MgO and BaO (known as 2A metal oxides) of only few atomic monolayers to lower the work function. The work function is lowered to enable photoemission with visible photons. The plasmonic resonance of the noble metal nanoparticles can be tuned to provide efficient light absorption hence improving the quantum efficiency of the system. Finally, the cathode consists simply of noble metal nanoparticles under a robust oxide coating and is expected to have a long lifetime. In Phase I we will fabricate the proposed cathode in two steps: synthesis of a plasmonic base structure, followed by atomic layer deposition of the functional layer. The cathode then will be characterized by measuring its quantum efficiency, lifetime in terms of vacuum/atmospheric poisoning, and the thermal emittance will be estimated. Applications and benefits: Robust, high quantum efficiency, extended lifetime, ultrafast photocathodes operating at visible wavelengths will significantly improve the beam quality of the photoinjectors for current and future light sources. Besides applications in basic science, the long life of the cathode material and the ability to use a visible laser means that photoinjectors will find a variety of applications in electron microscopy and vacuum electronics. Medical therapy and diagnostic systems will be able to make use of the high quality electron beams generated in a high QE photo-injector without sacrificing the average current.\n* information listed above is at the time of submission.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "BD LSRII-1 UV Laser Operation\nNOTE: If the UV laser needs to be “on” for your experiment (Indo, Hoechst, AF350, CellTrace Calcein Blue AM, LIVE/DEAD Fixable Blue, etc.) please make sure to follow the steps explained below.\n- For the first time please make sure to be trained by the FCRC staff on this procedure. Training takes about 5 minutes and no advance scheduling is necessary (business days, 9 am – 5 pm).\n- For the following attempts please follow the written instructions below:\n- Check if UV laser is “on” or “off” by opening the BD LSRII-1 lid and placing the “gloved” hand into the UV laser path;\n- If the UV laser is “on” proceed on step 2d;\n- If the UV laser is “off”, you need to turn it “on”:\n- Double-click on the “BD Coherent Connection” icon on the desktop;\n- When the “BD Coherent Connection” interface fully opens, click the button “Laser ON” and wait a few seconds until the UV laser’s power meter shows 19-20 mW;\n- Minimize the “BD Coherent Connection” window (Do NOT close the program);\n- Wait 15 minutes for the data acquisition to make sure that the laser is completely warmed-up and stabilized;\n- Proceed on the item 5 from the “BD LSRII and BD LSR-Fortessa Maintenance Guidelines”.\n- After the data acquisition is finished make sure to switch off the UV laser by maximizing the Coherent icon and clicking “Laser OFF” button on its user interface.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Fraser Optics’ products, uniquely engineered with STEDI-EYE® Technology, give professionals and serious users a competitive edge by eliminating motion and enhancing clarity. Only Fraser Optics offers advanced gyro-stabilized products backed by proven performance in military and law enforcement mission critical operations. All Fraser Optics products have been tested under extreme conditions and are guaranteed to be reliable, precise, and unmatched in operational performance. Fraser Optics will offer premier optical solutions exceeding customer expectations providing the highest standards for quality and satisfaction. They continually learn from their customers in order to improve on future products and services.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Auerbach Das Zeisswerk und die Carl Zeiss-Stiftung in Jena (third edition Jena 1907)\nCalculation of glass properties - a significant contribution to the success of the companies Zeiss and Schott\nOptical Museum Jena. Life\nIn 1847 Carl Zeiss started making microscopes full-time. In 1861 he was awarded a gold medal at the Thuringian Industrial Exhibition for his designs.\nRaised in Weimar Germany he became a notable lens-maker in the 1840s when he created high-quality lenses that were \"wide open\" or in other words had a very large aperture range that allowed for very bright images. At first his lenses were only used in the production of microscopes but when cameras were invented his company began manufacturing high-quality lenses for cameras.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Holotomographic microscopy HT 2\nScanning Confocal Microscope A1R+\nAndor Neo 5.5 sCMOS Cameras\nAvaSpec-HS2048XL Fiber Optic Spectrometers\nHigh speed linear THz camera\nLaser-Driven Light Source EQ-400\nNanoscribe – 3D Laser Lithography System\nNikon has a diverse microscope camera and controller lineup, enabling researchers to configure a microscope imaging system that’s ideal for their specimens and applications.\nNew 16.25-megapixel, high-definition monochrome microscope camera equipped with Nikon FX-format CMOS sensor. Delivers high-sensitivity, low-noise images.\nNew 16.25-megapixel, high-definition color camera equipped with Nikon’s digital SLR camera FX-format CMOS sensor. Provides superior color reproduction and fast frame rates.\nColor camera head with increased frame rates, high resolution acquisition and extremely accurate color reproduction. A microscope camera offering fast, high resolution image capture, with unsurpassed color representation.\n5-megapixel cooled color digital microscope camera head ideal for acquiring detailed images under a variety of illumination techniques.\nHigh speed, high sensitivity, microscope camera featuring 2-megapixel color CCD with outstanding SXGA video display rates of up to 27 frames per second.\nVersatile and easy-to-use camera control unit provides effortless camera control and microscope operation via mouse or touch panel operation\ncopyright © 2019 All Rights Reserved By EINST Technology Pte Ltd.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "New parallel UV light source, 8.9-inch monochrome screen, high performance Z-axis, 8x anti-aliasing and other features ensures Foto 8.9 print 3d designs accurately and with delicate features, layer thickness at 0.025-0.2mm.\nNew Parallel Light Source | Higher Print Speeds\nPrinting 50% Faster\nPrints multiple objects at the same time with no time increase.The upgraded Monoscreen allows greater air permeability, which speeds up 3d printing.\nNew Parallel UV Light Source\nFoto 8.9 uses a 405nm-wavelength UV integrated light source. This new parallel UV light source ensures uniforms light distribution, reduces heat, with reliable high performance. Combined with 4K monoscreen, this light source helps ensure a higher printing success rate and finer details of printed 3d objects.\nEffective Heat Dissipation System\nDouble Linear Rails Z-axis System\nEquiped with double linear rails, wire rod motor and nuts, the Z-axis linear rails move steadily. This allows Foto 8.9 to eliminate layer lines and riffles on th final 3d prints, showing smooth surfaces and delicate texture.\nSupports Multiple Slicers\nFoto 8.9 works with CHITUBOX and Flashforge self-developed slicer FlashDLPrint. With its easy operation, 8x Anti-aliasing feature and many more practical functions, Foto 8.9 empowers everyone, even 3d print beginners, to print 3d models with smooth edges and elegant looks.\nLarger Build Volume\nMax build volume 192*120*200mm meets printing requirements of big and creative designs.\nExamples printed with Foto 8.9\"", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Devitrification Kinetics and Optical Stability of Optical Fibers at High Temperatures\nReliable sensing and monitoring systems based on optical fibers operating at high temperatures and in harsh environments are of high demand. One of the limitations of such systems is the devitrification of the fused silica based core and cladding glass at elevated temperatures. Crystallites can nucleate on the surface of the cladding and grow into the core. The formation of these crystalline flaws in the optical fiber causes stress concentration and extrinsic optical scattering and in addition leads to decreased mechanical properties and reduced optical stability. Commercial optical fibers of different compositions and core-cladding design were characterized in this study with respect to crystallization rate under various conditions. The optical stability was monitored with an optical spectrum analyzer. The crystallites were characterized with SEM and optical microscopy. The activation energies of crystallization for High OH and Low OH multimode fibers were estimated by measuring the crystal growth rate at different temperatures. The residual stress resulting from the formation of the crystals, which can lead to decreased mechanical performance of the fibers, was characterized with polarized light optical microscopy. The influence of water vapor in the atmosphere on the crystallization rate was determined. The features induced in the attenuation spectra were consistent with hydroxyl (OH) absorption peak. Spectral features such as thermal emission and hydroxyl absorption bands are discussed.\nThe results obtained in this study can be used for selecting optical fibers for high temperature applications.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "QPxTool allows scanning the quality of optical discs to predict failures, when used with supported optical dives.\nThis is a stub entry - I've not used this tool but it looks useful. Later authors should overwrite this text.\n User Experiences\n Development Activity\nAndy Jackson (100.0%)", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "SSG Precision Optronics proposes the development of a novel optical manufacturing process that will allow the production of state-of-the-art Silicon Carbide (SiC) optics. The work proposed combines three different manufacturing technologies, a slip cast SiC mirror forming process and low temperature CVD SiC coating process, which have been developed by SSG, and Computer Controlled Optical Surfacing technology (CCOS) which has been developed by Tinsley, a subsidiary of SSG. The combination of these technologies will provide SiC optics with state-of-the-art surface figures (low frequency and mid-frequency errors will both be addressed) and low-scatter surface finishes. SiC optics offer a number of critical advantages for space-based optical systems. The superior material properties of SiC provide a high degree of lightweighting (70% - 90% of beryllium) and a superior thermal stability (1.5x ? 2.5x better than ULE). The manufacturing process proposed will allow the technical advantages associated with SiC materials to be realized, providing the capability to produce imaging mirrors which are capable of providing excellent accuracies (<0.01 waves RMS), low micro-roughness (< 10 Angstroms RMS), and very low areal densities (~10 kg/m2 at an aperture of 1 meter) while maintaining the thermal stability required for space-based imaging applications. The quality and micro-roughness of these optics will be good enough to address the stressing needs associated with visible, UV and EUV wavebands. In our Phase I work the process development proposed will be verified by the production of a lightweighted SiC aspheric mirror to a set of stressing figure and finish requirements.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Spy Fizz sunglasses are beach and backyard BBQ ready, and we hope that you are too. The Grilamid® frame is lightweight and incredibly durable. The 4-base polycarbonate ARC® lenses for optimal coverage and clarity.\n- 100% UV protection significantly reduces eye-fatigue and sun damage\n- Innovative lenses enhance contrast and make colors pop\n- Free shipping\n- Includes a soft storage bag and Spy stickers. Score.\n#GoNativeSeeNative @ NativeSlope.com\nDelicious deals on the performance sunglasses you crave.\nAlways low prices. Always free shipping.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The TM-6740GE is a VGA format monochrome progressive scan CCD camera with Gigabit Ethernet output. The Kodak KAI-0340D imager resolution is 640 x 480 pixels at a frame rate of 200 fps in full frame mode, and significantly higher speeds in partial scan and binning modes.\nA user-friendly graphical user interface (GUI), provided as part of the camera’s extensive software development kit (SDK), allows users to control various camera functions.\nThe SDK also provides functions for controlling the grabbing of images, and configuring local I/Os, by means of an integrated API and a set of powerful C++ classes. Changes in the camera’s acquisition modes automatically update the API for easy image acquisition. CPU usage is only a few percent, thanks to the TCP/IP offload engine.\nDimensions (H x W x L): 51 x 51 x 85 mm\n640(H) x 480(V) @ 200 fps, 7.4 µm square pixels\nGigabit Ethernet output (8-bit/10-bit selectable)\nPartial scan & binning modes up to 3205 frames per second\nMaximum dynamic range control through built-in look-up table (8-bit only)\nAsynchronous reset, no-delay shutter, with full frame speeds to 1/64,000 sec.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Photographylife.com is reviewing Nikon’s first teleconverters for the Z mirrorless system: the Z TELECONVERTER TC-1.4x and Z TELECONVERTER TC-2.0x. These two teleconverters multiply your focal length by 1.4× and 2.0× respectively, with the usual loss of light. How do they hold up in practice?\nNikon Z TELECONVERTER TC-1.4x and Z TELECONVERTER TC-2.0x reduce the amount of light\nIf you’ve been around the block, I’m sure you’ve heard that teleconverters come with tradeoffs. The most obvious issue is that they reduce the amount of light a lens can gather. The Nikon Z 1.4x TC loses one stop of light (AKA cutting the amount of light in half), while the Nikon Z 2.0x TC loses two stops of light (cutting the light in fourth).\nFor obvious reasons, this is a problem in low-light conditions. For example, a popular wildlife photography lens like the Nikon Z 400mm f/4.5 VR S would turn into a 560mm f/6.3 with the 1.4x teleconverter – and into an 800mm f/9 with the 2x teleconverter.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The Vast Camera Glasses are a valuable part of Vast SID. They provide comfort and quality video feed which ensures even better results from the system.\nOur designer team has worked hard to bring a stylish and discreet vision of the glasses so they look no different than normal sunglasses yet they include technologies which provide an amazing user-experience. The glasses are light so it will not be a burden but a nice accessory to a person`s style. The camera is neatly built in the frames with only a tiny hole to the side of the glass.\nAlthough the Vast SID mobile app can work alone having the camera at eye-level is much more convenient for the user. People instinctively direct their heads toward what attracts their attention and through the camera glasses Vast will be recording exactly what interest the visually impaired person. Having the cameras on the glasses also means that the smartphone can be left in one`s pocket and have both their hands free. Utilizing the glasses the user can have the ultimate Vast experience and get the best assistance it can provide. Taking full advantage of the features the system has and enjoying life in a more open world.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Designed and open-sourced by vinnycordeiro and whoppingpochard jam the Rainbow Barf Logo LED for StealthBurner\nThe Rainbow Barf Logo LED is a small PCB, approximately the size of a typical single 5050 WS2812 “Neopixel” PCB, but holding eight miniature protocol-compatible LEDs positioned to match the logo cutout on the StealthBurner.\nThis gives you the possibility to programmatically address each part of the logo lighting independently! Imagine the possibilities!\nYou will need new carrier and led diffusers printed parts for this front LED.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "DetailsGlobal Vision® Eyewear's Triumphant ??? Frame Safety Glasses with clear lenses that meet ANSI Z87.12010 for Industrial use. Lenses are maximum UV protected, shatterproof polycarbonate, scratch resistant. Vented EVA Foam for Comfort.\n- Additional Information\nMFG Country Taiwan MFG Global Vision Color N/A Specs what color frames??", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Formovie Laser TV 4K Cinema\n- Regular price\n- Sale price\n- Regular price\n- Unit price\nTenga en cuenta que este producto utiliza un enchufe estándar de la UE. Se necesita un convertidor si lo usa en otras áreas.\n4K resolution UHD\nWith 4K UHD and bright 2100 ANSI lumens, you can still have a sharp picture with all details on a 100-inch giant screen. An upgrade of viewing experience, you can also enjoy the wonderful pictures indoor daytime.\nALPD® technology, DLP® display technology\nWith ALPD®(Advanced laser phosphor display technology) and TI DLP® technology, the picture is much clearer, the details are much more vivid and much closer to the real world.\nProtect your eyes\nThe laser source provides an image with greater precision and offers natural viewing while avoiding unwanted light scattering and protecting your eyes. Short throw projector reduces eyestrain by diffusing light without losing picture quality.\nMax 150-inch projection screen size\nYou can easily adjust the throw distance to produce an image of 80''-150''. Now you can watch films, enjoy concerts and play games, all on the same wall.\nDTS & DOLBY certified sound quality\nUsing Dolby Audio & DTS-HD, brings an all-new audio experience through much more natural and lifelike sound effects, creating an immersive acoustics experience.\nCertified Android TV 9.0\nOfficially authorized Android TV, with built-in Chromecast, can support wireless transmission. Simultaneously, the interface is simple and easy to use, and also supports voice assistants.\n456 × 308 × 91mm/18 × 12.1 × 3.6in\n7.5 kg/16.6 lb\nLaser whit ALPD® by Appotronics\n2100 ANSI lm\n0.23 : 1\nRecommended picture size\n60’’ to 120’’\n60 Hz(120 Hz in 3D)\n3,000 : 1\nDolby Audio, DTS-HD\nFull-range×2 + Tweeter×2 （30 W in total）\n*ALPD®, the laser fluorescent display technology, is based on the technical route of laser-stimulated fluorescence and hybrid multi-color laser for image display. ALPD® is a technology widely used in cinema laser viewing halls.\n*4K effect refers to the effect when playing 4K source.\n*The adjustable screen size is 40-200 inches, and the recommended screen size is 80-150 inches. The image quality will be lost as the projection area increases.\n*Support HDR10 decoding: means that the processor supports HDR10.\n*The Rec.709 color gamut format is an international standard for high-definition television (HDTV). All links of filming, production, and broadcasting of film and television dramas are produced based on the Rec.709 color gamut standard. Rec.709 certification.\n*Dolby virtual surround and vocal enhancement technology: DOLBY and DTS official technology certification has been obtained, DOLBY certification number: #600017, DTS certification number: C237603.\n*25,000 hours is the average service life of the light source, and it is estimated based on the average use of 4 hours per day in a normal environment.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "At the cutting edge of innovation, the new SCOTT Spur sunglasses represent a step further in performance eyewear. The innovative design, with its XL lens creating a perfect shield, has had a large focus on protection. The Spur offers maximum coverage in order to protect your eyes from wind and various flying debris from the ground. The low-profile branches are specifically designed to fit well with helmets that have added coverage over the temples for optimal comfort. Additionally, the SCOTT Spur comes with the ELC system which allows you to switch lenses quickly and easily. The Spur is delivered with a spare lens, an adjustable nose piece and a hard case with a micro fiber bag.\n|Fit||For medium to large faces|\n|Technologies||SCOTT Fusion Frame|\n|ELC lens change system|\n|No-slip soft nose pads|\n|No-slip and flexible temple ends|\n|Lens Technologies||SCOTT Precision Optics lens quality|\n|Maximal field of vision|\n|Extra large lens coverage|\n|ACS Air Control System|\n|100% UV Protection|\n|Extras||Spare clear lens included|\n|Hard case with microfiber bag|\nRegion Carrier Cost Squamish In-store Pickup $0.00 Within BC FedEx 2-Day $12.00 Canada-wide FedEx 2-Day $17.00 U.S. (Continental) FedEx Ground $22.00 International FedEx International Quote\nRates will automatically be applied at checkout.\nView detailed shipping information.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Did you know … SeeReal’s publication in Applied Optics was selected as a „Spotlight on Optics“ by OSA in May 2017\nSeeReal recently published an article in Applied Optics titled „Large real-time holographic 3D displays: enabling components and results“. This publication was now selected as a „Spotlight on Optics“ by the OSA in May 2017. The „Spotlight on Optics“ is a highlighted article that was nominated by editors from various OSA journals .\nThe article presents the progress of SeeReal’s solution to real-time holography. The concept and components of a real-time holographic 3D display with 14″ active area are described, e.g. laser sources, spatial light modulator and holographic optical elements for beam shaping. The requirements on these components are discussed. Finally, photographs of a holographically reconstructed 3D scene are shown.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "We have developed a unique numerical laser model by use of a commercial physical optics software package. The experimentally measured lasing threshold, slope efficiency, power output distribution, and phase front have been derived. This model is particularly powerful for monitoring the effects caused by thermal distortions encountered in power scaling lasers. Extrapolations have been made through parametric studies to predict changes required in the laser design that would optimize the performance of the laser.\n© 1998 Optical Society of America\n(140.0140) Lasers and laser optics : Lasers and laser optics\n(140.3480) Lasers and laser optics : Lasers, diode-pumped\n(140.3530) Lasers and laser optics : Lasers, neodymium\n(140.5560) Lasers and laser optics : Pumping\nJoseph L. Dallas and Robert S. Afzal, \"Modeling of a Diode-Side-Pumped Nd:YAG Laser,\" Appl. Opt. 37, 2365-2370 (1998)", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Optical CDMA, radio-over-fiber, optical packet switching, and visible light communications\nAssoc. Prof. Kai-Sheng Chen received his B.S. degree in Electrical Engineering from National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, in 2010. He obtained his M.S. and PhD degree from the Institute of Computer and Communication Engineering, National Chen Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, in 2012 and 2017, respectively. Since 2017, he has been with the Nanfang College of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China, where he is currently an Associate Professor of School of Electrical and Computer Engineering.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "|Publication number||US4343535 A|\n|Application number||US 06/103,683|\n|Publication date||Aug 10, 1982|\n|Filing date||Dec 14, 1979|\n|Priority date||Dec 14, 1979|\n|Publication number||06103683, 103683, US 4343535 A, US 4343535A, US-A-4343535, US4343535 A, US4343535A|\n|Inventors||William P. Bleha, Jr.|\n|Original Assignee||Hughes Aircraft Company|\n|Export Citation||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|\n|Patent Citations (4), Referenced by (94), Classifications (8), Legal Events (2)|\n|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet|\nThis invention relates generally to liquid crystal light valve image display systems, and in particular to such systems in which otherwise wasted light from a projection source, after being selectively modulated in intensity and spectrally filtered, is combined with an image display to enhance image quality.\nLiquid crystal image display systems have been increasingly used for display of graphic, symbolic, and TV pictorial images. Among the advantages of such display devices are high brightness, large scale display capabilities, compact size, and high resolution.\nAs is well known, the liquid crystal light valve is a thin film, multilayer structure comprising a liquid crystal layer, a dielectric mirror, a light blocking layer, and a photoresponsive layer sandwiched between two transparent electrodes. A polarized projection beam is directed through the liquid crystal layer and to the dielectric mirror. An input image of low intensity light, such as that generated by a cathode ray tube, is applied to the photoresponsive layer thereby switching the electric field across the electrodes from the photoresponsive layer onto the liquid crystal layer to activate the liquid crystal.\nLinearly polarized projection light passing through the liquid crystal layer and reflecting from the dielectric mirror is polarization-modulated in accordance with the information incident on the photoconductor. Upon exiting the light valve, the light is converted by means of a crossed polarizer to an intensity-modulated beam which is projected by a lens onto a screen. In practice, the polarizing and analyzing functions are accomplished by a single polarizing beamsplitter. The intensity of the projected image has a point-to-point correspondence to the intensity of the writing light input image. Therefore, if a complex distribution of light, for example, a high resolution input image, is focused onto the photoconductor surface, the device converts that image into a high brightness replica which can be projected with high magnification to produce a high brightness image on a viewing screen.\nThis operation is further described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,019,807 issued to D. Boswell et al on Apr. 26, 1977, and assigned to the assignee of the present invention.\nA graphics display projector using a liquid crystal light valve of the above type is described in an article entitled \"Application of the Liquid Crystal Light Valve to a Large Screen Graphics Display\", published in the 1979 Society for Information Display (SID), International Symposium, Digest of Technical Papers, May 1979, pp. 22-23. This display system, a type with which the present invention is particularly but not exclusively concerned, projects a large scale image having yellow-alpha numeric characters on a blue background. The colors are a result of the unavoidable fact that the liquid crystal material polarization modulates the white projection light incident upon it as a function of the wavelength of the light. Although providing an image of high brightness and high resolution, the system has several inherent drawbacks which it is the object of the present invention to minimize if not eliminate. One drawback stems from the fact that the light valve is a complicated, expensive device that includes numerous microscopically thin film layers deposited on super-flat substrates, each requiring a series of critical manufacturing steps. Among these steps, the two substrates which sandwich the few micrometerthick liquid crystal layer must be polished over their approximately five centimeter faces to an optical flatness of better than approximately one-quarter the wavelength of white light or 0.15 micrometers. Additionally, the device must be assembled so that these two optically flat substrates, to define the liquid crystal layer thickness, are separated by precisely several micrometers and uniform from point to point to within a fraction of a micrometer. As will be further described, the nematic (rod-like) liquid crystal molecules comprising this layer are arranged in chains which are precisely oriented in twist and tilt angles to the substrates.\nThe difficulty of producing such a complicated sutructure within the required tolerances results in a large percentage of defective liquid crystal valves, thus raising their effective unit cost. In effect, variations in the liquid crystal layer thickness, caused by both surface waviness and wedging of the substrate surfaces which contain the liquid crystal material, create poor uniformity of the image background color. Non-uniform twist and tilt of the liquid crystal molecules in their off-state also gives rise to color nonuniformities in the image background. An additional cause of such uneven color is residual birefringence within the polarizing beam splitter. This residual birefringence can occur from manufacturing imperfections as well as from nonuniform heating by the heat sources within the image projector package, such as electronics and the high intensity projection light source. In particular, as a consequence of the variations in liquid crystal tilt and twist variations in the liquid crystal layer thickness, the image background will appear not in the desired uniform shade of blue, but rather with spatial variations in brightness and in color. These color variations typically ranging from violet to magenta and green, create a very distracting visual effect, thereby interfering with effective communication.\nIn addition to the above described limitations caused by manufacturing tolerances, another limitation is the strong dependence of display background color on liquid crystal layer thickness. Thus, the desirable color contrast of yellow characters on a blue background is achieved only by using a relatively thick liquid crystal layer of from approximately six to eight micrometers. Because the time response of the liquid crystal layer varies as the square of its thickness, the blue color is achieved at the expense of unsmeared video rate images. Although video rate images can be produced with a thinner liquid crystal layer of from approximately three to four micrometers, the disadvantage is that the background color, being controlled by the thickness of the liquid crystal, appears black with yellow characters. This color combination not only gives a relatively low color contrast, but is visually unpleasing.\nA still further limitation is that even though a given device may have a uniform blue background, the blue can vary in shade from device to device.\nAccordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a means for improving the performance of image display arrangements using a reflective liquid crystal light valve operating in the polarization modulation mode.\nA further object of the present invention is to provide such a means to display an image having both a high color contrast and video repetition rate.\nA still further object of the invention is to provide a means to increase the manufacturing yield of liquid crystal light valves by inexpensively compensating for their manufacturing defects.\nYet another object of the invention is to provide a liquid crystal light valve graphics display having an image of increased brightness.\nIt is also an object of the invention to provide a means for correcting non-uniformities in background brightness in an image from such a liquid crystal light valve projector.\nThese and other objects and advantages are achieved in an improved image display system wherein a beam of unpolarized light is directed to a polarizing beamsplitter which separates it into two beams having mutually orthogonal polarization directions. The beamsplitter directs the first beam to the reflective surface of a liquid crystal light valve for polarization modulation with an input image and reflection back to the beamsplitter to thereby generate a polarization-analyzed output image having non-uniform background color and brightness caused by tolerance variations in the display system. The second beam is converted by a spectral filter into light of a color different from the projection beam, spatially varied in intensity by a spatially graded neutral density filter, altered in polarization direction by a phase retardation means and redirected to the beamsplitter so as to combine with the modulated projection beam to form a composite beam. The composite beam is projected by a lens onto a screen so as to superimpose the second beam onto the output image. The color of the second beam is selected so as to mask color variations and improve color contrast of the output image. The graded intensity filter is selected to compensate for background brightness variations of the output image.\nThese and other objects, features and advantages of the invention will be more fully apparent from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings wherein like reference characters refer to like parts throughout and in which:\nFIGS. 1a and 1b respectively illustrate the off-state and on-state operation of the conventional liquid crystal light valve used in the present invention; and\nFIG. 2 is an optical schematic of the present invention in plan view illustrating the pertinent optical paths and polarization orientations.\nThe above-referenced Boswell patent discusses in detail the construction, theory, and operation of the hybrid field-effect liquid crystal light valve used in the present invention. For purposes of completeness, the patent is incorporated by reference herein. Because this element is vital to an understanding of the present invention, a brief explanation of this light valve will now be presented.\nFIGS. 1a and 1b respectively illustrate the operation of the dark off-state and transmitting on-state of a conventional reflective type polarization light valve. Although the light rays are shown at angle to the normal to the light valve surface for the sake of clarity, in actual practice these rays are directed along the normal. In FIG. 1a, a polarizer 12 is placed between an illumination source 14 and the light valve 10 while a crossed analyzer 16 is placed in the path of the reflected beam. The liquid crystal light valve 10 is formed by confining a layer of liquid crystal material 18 between the transparent front plate 20 and dielectric mirror 22 located on backplate 24 here shown separate for clarity of illustration. A transparent electrode 26 is located on the inner surface of transparent front plate 20, and a similar transparent electrode 26a is on the inner surface of backplate 20. Transparent electrodes 26 and 26a are connected to an alternating voltage bias source 28. Located on the transparent electrode 26a on the surface opposite from backplate 24 is a layer 30 on photoresponsive material such as cadmium sulfide. Between the dielectric mirror 22 and photoresponsive layer 30 is placed a visible light blocking layer 31, typically cadmium telluride, to isolate the photoresponsive layer 30 from the projection light.\nIn the absence of imaging illumination, most of the voltage falls across the photoresponsive layer 30. In this condition, the liquid crystal is below its threshold for electro-optic activation. When imaging light in the spectral range from 520 to 550 nanometers illuminates the cadmium sulfide photoresponsive layer 30, the impedance of this layer drops and a voltage pattern corresponding to the image information is switched to the liquid crystal layer 18, thereby activating the liquid crystal.\nThe liquid crystal molecules of layer 18 are aligned in a twisted alignment configuration when the voltage across the liquid crystal is below its activation threshold. In this configuration, the long axes of the molecules adjacent to each electrode are oriented in a preferred direction which is fabricated into each electrode surface. The twisted (helical) alignment configuration is obtained by rotating the preferred direction on the two parallel opposed electrodes at a 45° angle so that the molecules in the bulk of the liquid crystal layer twist through the 45° angle to form a partial helix whose axis is perpendicular to the two electrodes.\nIn addition, the long axes of the molecules are tilted approximately 5° from the plane of the electrodes so that all molecules tilt in the same direction in the on-state.\nPrior art alignment techniques for orienting molecules in these preferred directions include preparation of the substrate surfaces in contact with the liquid crystal material by shallow angle ion beam etching, or grazing angle deposition of inert insulating material. In the preferred alignment technique, two layers of SiO2 are deposited at a grazing angle as is described by Meyerhofer in Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 29, No. 11, Dec. 1, 1976.\nA dark off-state occurs when the twisted liquid crystal structure rotates the polarization direction of the incident linearly polarized beam by 45° on a single passthrough. Upon reflection from the dielectric mirror 22, the light retraverses the liquid crystal and its direction of polarization is then rotated 45° in the opposite direction. Thus, the polarization direction of the reflected beam is rotated back to the polarization direction of the incident light. The analyzer 16, having its axis perpendicular to the polarizer axis, thereby blocks the linearly polarized beam to produce a dark off-state.\nReferring now to FIG. 1b, a voltage above a threshhold is applied to the liquid crystal 18 by applying light 32 from an input image to the photoresponsive layer 30. As the voltage is applied, the molecules begin to tilt toward the perpendicular to the electrode surfaces. As the molecules tilt, the helical structure begins to untwist.\nReorientation of the formally twisted molecules of the liquid crystal changes the birefringence of the liquid crystal. As a result, the light that emerges from the hybrid field-effect light valve is elliptically polarized and that portion which lies in the plane of the analyzer 16 will be transmitted. Because the polarization modulation of the light by the liquid crystal is sensitive to the wavelength of the light, the color of the transmitted light will vary with applied voltage. The transmitted colors also vary with thickness of the liquid crystal layer. The light intensity of the input image, bias voltage of voltage source 28, and liquid crystal layer thickness are selected to provide yellow characters on a blue background. Further details of the relationship of color transmission characteristics to the voltage across and the thickness of the liquid crystal layer are described in Bleha et al, Proceedings of the 1977 Society for Information Display, International Symposium, pg. 104.\nThe image projector system of the present invention is shown by way of an optical schematic in FIG. 2. As an introduction to the detailed description of the invention which follows, the image to be projected is first displayed on a relatively low intensity cathode ray tube (CRT) 34. This image is optically coupled by any of a number of standard means such as a fiber optic plate or a relay lens 35 to a reflective field effect light valve 10. As discussed earlier, the liquid crystal light valve acts as a light modulator in the sense that incident polarized light, when reflected from the surface of the light valve, will experience a spatially distributed change of polarization proportional to the phosphor emission intensity on the screen of the CRT 34 to which the light valve is coupled. A polarizing beamsplitter prism 44 serves to both polarize and to analyze the projection light from a high intensity source 36, suitably a xenon arc lamp, to separate the light into two beams and then to relay the two respective light beams to the light valve 10 and to an image enhancer 54. Prism 44 further serves to recombine these two beams into a single beam which is projected by means of a projection lens 50 onto a projection screen 52.\nThe xenon arc lamp light source 36 emits unpolarized light IO which is reflected from a collecting mirror 38 and formed into a parallel beam of white light by a collimating lens 40. This collimated beam of unpolarized white light IO travels along a first optical axis 42 into the polarizing beamsplitter prism 44 normal to its surface and, in a preferred embodiment, at approximately 45° to the polarizing beamsplitter layer 46.\nThe polarizing beamsplitter 44 is preferably a polarization selective and light dividing device having multilayer dielectric coatings of the type described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,403,731 issued to MacNeille. As disclosed in the MacNeille patent, a plurality of dielectric layers of appropriate index of refraction and thicknesses may be deposited at the interface between the two halves of the glass cube comprising prism 44 so that the layer 46 forms a 45° angle with the intercepting sides of a cube. In operation, the polarizing beamsplitter layer 46 transmits the component of light in the P polarization state (polarization vector in the plane of FIG. 2 and perpendicular to the direction of propagation) but reflects the light component in the S polarization state (polarization vector perpendicular to the plane of FIG. 2).\nAfter the light beam IO enters prism 44, the light intercepts the beamsplitter layer 46 at approximately 45°. The S polarization state component IS is reflected by beamsplitter layer 46 along a second optical axis 48 which orthogonally intercepts the first optical axis 42. The light is incident on the reflecting face of liquid crystal light valve 10. Where the screen of CRT 34 has no phosphor emission and is therefore dark, the corresponding area of the light valve 10 remains in its offstate and the light is reflected from the light valve 10 with its polarization unchanged back to the polarizing prism 44. Because polarization of the light is unchanged from its original S state, the light is again reflected from beamsplitter layer 46 and returns to the light source 36 with the result that the light valve area imaged by projection lens 50 on porjection screen 52 appears dark. However, if phosphor areas of the screen of CRT 34 are bright, some or all of the light reflected from the light valve 10 is rotated from the S to the P polarization state. This component BIp, proportional to the intensity of the CRT screen, will pass through the beamsplitter layer 46 to projection lens 50 to form a bright image on projection screen 52. The remaining component AIS is reflected from beamsplitter layer 46 and directed back towards source 36 and is lost.\nAs described thus far, the image projected on screen 52 has the brightness and color limitations described earlier. In accordance with the present invention, however, there is additionally provided in the projector system an optical image enhancer 54 comprising graded neutral density filter 56, spectral filter 58, a phase retardation means such as a retardation plate 60 and a mirror 62. As will become apparent, the image enhancer 54 minimizes, if not eliminates, these limitations.\nNow considering the operation of image enhancer 54, the P state component Ip of the unpolarized light beam IO passes through the beamsplitter layer 46 and is incident upon the graded neutral density filter 56 having a graded or spatially varying transmissivity selected so as to compensate for any brightness spatial variation otherwise present in the image projected on screen 52.\nGraded filter 56 is positioned an optical path distance from projection lens 50 such that it is imaged approximately on screen 52. Areas of minimum and maximum transmission are fabricated in filter 56 to respectively compensate the brightest and dimmest regions of the image display projected from light valve 10 onto screen 52. In this manner, an image display is produced on screen 52 having a uniformly bright background.\nIn actual practice, it is not necessary to place the image of graded filter 56 precisely at screen 52. Rather, it may be desirable to slightly defocus the filter image for the reason that if small blemishes and dust particles are present on filter 56, precise imaging would objectionably superimpose the defects in highly magnified size upon the image display. However, by slightly defocusing the filter image, such small defects can be rendered imperceptible, while at the same time creating a negligible change in the desired image of the transmission pattern of filter 56 projected on screen 52.\nSpatially graded filters are conventionally made by depositing a metallic coating on a glass substrate. They are available in virtually any specified spatial transmission pattern from a number of suppliers, including OCLI, Santa Rosa, Calif.\nThe spatially graded beam CIp is then transmitted through a blue (in a preferred embodiment) dichroic filter 58 to form blue beam DIp. Dichroic filter 58 is coated with a wavelength selective coating which transmits the blue component of the white incident projection light and rejects the other color components by reflecting them back towards the light source 36. Such a dichroic filter is a standard item produced by a number of vendors including OCLI, Santa Rosa, Calif.\nOne of the features of the present invention is the discovery that superimposing a beam of light having a spatially uniform, specific color onto the image produced by a liquid crystal display system having the earlier described tolerancing defects results in an enhancement of both the color uniformity and color contrast of the image. In particular, when the spectral filter 58 has a passband centered in the blue spectral region, the background color and color contrast is predominantly controlled by the filter. The resulting beneficial image color enhancement effects include:\n1. masking the spatial color variations otherwise present;\n2. increasing the reproducibility of image background color from system-to-system;\n3. increasing color contrast by causing the yellow characters to appear whiter, and the background to appear the shade of blue required for optimum contrast;\n4. allowing the substitution of the thin layer, hance fast response time, liquid crystal light valve for the thick layer, slow response light valve to thereby achieve the desired color contrast of yellow-white characters on a blue background while achieving video framing rates.\nSpectral filter 58 can be fabricated to have any one of an unlimited number of spectral transmission characteristics to not only eliminate various image color defects, but also to match color backgrounds among different light valves. Furthermore, once fabricated a given filter can be color-tuned to shorter wavelengths by tilting the filter. A further advantage of tilting the filter is to direct any unwanted reflections of residual S polarized light which is transmitted by beamsplitter layer 46 away from the projection screen 52.\nThe retardation plate 60 converts the incident beam DIp into circularly or elliptically polarized light, either left or right handed. A subsequent reflection of this beam from a conventional mirror 62 at approximately normal incidence reverses the direction of the circular or elliptical polarization, for example, from left to right handed polarization. After retraversing through the retardation plate 60, the polarization direction is now rotated so that at least some of the P state light is converted into an S state component EIs. The beam thus formed consists of the respective S and P components, EIs and FIp. This beam is further filtered by again passing through spectral filter 58 and graded filter 56 to thereby form beam GIs and HIp. As is apparent to one of ordinary skill in the technology, the double pass of the light through filters 56 and 58 must be taken into account when the filter characteristics are selected. The S-state beam component GIs is directed by mirror 62 so that it is reflected from beamsplitter layer 46 and projected by lens 50 to superimpose an intensity-graded, blue background on the image formed by light valve 10 on projection screen 52.\nRetardation plate 60 customarily made of mica or quartz, is available from a number of vendors, and in mica from Melles Griot as Catalog No. 02-WRM-005. In a preferred embodiment, the retardation plate has a thickness corresponding to a quarter-wave retardation for blue light.\nThe intensity of the blue light projected on porjection screen 52 is easily adjusted by rotation of the quarter-wave plate 60 in its own plane; that is, when the optic axis of the retardation plate is 45° to the incoming P polarization, the above described double pass through the plate 60 results in the incident P polarized light being rotated by 90° so that it is entirely in the S polarization state. This results in a maximum brightness projected to the screen. If on the other hand, the quarter-wave plate is rotated so that its optic axis is parallel to the incoming P polarized light, the light passes through the quarter-wave plate essentially unchanged and exits with the same polarization as it had upon entering the plate. In this situation, the light then passes through the beamsplitter layer 46 with the result that no blue light is projected onto the screen. Intermediate orientations of the quarter-wave plate produce intermediate intensities. As is thus apparent, rotating the quarter-wave plate 60 provides an easy and fast way of adjusting the intensity of the blue background light reaching projection screen 52. In this manner, light intensity is optimally adjusted so that the color nonuniformities otherwise present in the image from light valve 10 are masked and, in addition, the brightness of the image display increased.\nIn an operational embodiment of the projector system described above, a liquid crystal light valve having a 3.4 micrometer thick liquid crystal layer for TV repetition rate response times was used to produce an image having a black off state with yellow on state characters. This was done with the background light blocked. When unblocked, the additional blue light, produced with a spectral filter having a passband centered at a wavelength of approximately 450 nm, made the yellow characters whiter and masked color nonuniformities on the background. The display appeared significantly brighter, approximately 30, than without the additional blue light. Image contrast loss caused by superimposing the background light over the characters was barely perceptible. The quarter-wave plate was rotated to adjust the intensity of the blue background to obtain optimum color uniformity with a 30% increase in image brightness.\nAmong the advantages of the invention described above is that the unique and novel configuration of the quarter-wave plate, graded filter, and blue filter provides an effective method of increasing the manufacturing yield of expensive liquid crystal light valves by compensating simply and cheaply for variations in color and brightness. Furthermore, by retrieving projection light otherwise lost, the brightness of the display is considerably enhanced.\nAlthough the present invention has been shown and described with references to a particular embodiment, nevertheless, various changes and modifications which are obvious to a person skilled in the art to which the invention pertains are deemed to lie within the spirit and scope of the invention.\n|Cited Patent||Filing date||Publication date||Applicant||Title|\n|US4019807 *||Mar 8, 1976||Apr 26, 1977||Hughes Aircraft Company||Reflective liquid crystal light valve with hybrid field effect mode|\n|US4124278 *||Jun 22, 1977||Nov 7, 1978||Hughes Aircraft Company||Optical subtraction of images in real time|\n|US4127322 *||Dec 5, 1975||Nov 28, 1978||Hughes Aircraft Company||High brightness full color image light valve projection system|\n|US4191456 *||Mar 8, 1979||Mar 4, 1980||Hughes Aircraft Company||Optical block for high brightness full color video projection system|\n|Citing Patent||Filing date||Publication date||Applicant||Title|\n|US4464018 *||Dec 28, 1981||Aug 7, 1984||Hughes Aircraft Company||Liquid crystal light valve image projection system with color selective prepolarization and blue mirror|\n|US4650286 *||Oct 3, 1985||Mar 17, 1987||Hughes Aircraft Company||Liquid crystal light value color projector|\n|US4674841 *||Mar 8, 1985||Jun 23, 1987||Tektronix, Inc.||Color filter switchable among three state via a variable retarder|\n|US4692808 *||Sep 2, 1986||Sep 8, 1987||Ford Aerospace & Communications Corporation||Passively modulated push broom display|\n|US4852962 *||Aug 26, 1982||Aug 1, 1989||U.S. Philips Corporation||Optical fiber switch using nematic crystal to switch unpolarized optical signals|\n|US4943155 *||Oct 11, 1989||Jul 24, 1990||Hughes Aircraft Company||Color projection system with a color correction wedge|\n|US5144463 *||Dec 14, 1990||Sep 1, 1992||Pioneer Electronic Corporation||Liquid crystal light valve using non-monochromatic writing light|\n|US5153761 *||Nov 22, 1991||Oct 6, 1992||Everex Systems, Inc.||High performance light valve having double layer photoconductor|\n|US5157523 *||Mar 23, 1990||Oct 20, 1992||Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.||Projection type liquid crystal display unit including orthogonal phase plates|\n|US5210628 *||Oct 21, 1991||May 11, 1993||Hughes-Jvc Technology Corporation||Liquid crystal light valve with photosensitive layer having irregular diode pattern|\n|US5268775 *||Dec 22, 1992||Dec 7, 1993||Hughes-Jvc Technology Corporation||Contrast enhancement and ghost elimination, for reflective light valve system|\n|US5283676 *||May 10, 1993||Feb 1, 1994||Hughes-Jvc Technology Corporation||Liquid crystal light valve|\n|US5327270 *||Sep 24, 1993||Jul 5, 1994||Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.||Polarizing beam splitter apparatus and light valve image projection system|\n|US5384650 *||Apr 6, 1992||Jan 24, 1995||Hughes Aircraft Company||Light valve with twisted perpendicular liquid crystal with a negative dielectric anisotropy|\n|US5398082 *||May 20, 1993||Mar 14, 1995||Hughes-Jvc Technology Corporation||Scanned illumination for light valve video projectors|\n|US5517340 *||Jan 30, 1995||May 14, 1996||International Business Machines Corporation||High performance projection display with two light valves|\n|US5570213 *||May 10, 1994||Oct 29, 1996||Hughes-Jvc Technology Corporation||Liquid crystal light valve with minimized double reflection|\n|US5838397 *||Oct 12, 1995||Nov 17, 1998||Hughes-Jvc Technology Corporation||Optical fluid for projector prism|\n|US5982553 *||Mar 20, 1997||Nov 9, 1999||Silicon Light Machines||Display device incorporating one-dimensional grating light-valve array|\n|US6005692 *||May 29, 1998||Dec 21, 1999||Stahl; Thomas D.||Light-emitting diode constructions|\n|US6079833 *||Feb 17, 1999||Jun 27, 2000||Hughes-Jvc Technology Corporation||Laser imaging using a spatial light modulator|\n|US6101036 *||Jun 23, 1998||Aug 8, 2000||Silicon Light Machines||Embossed diffraction grating alone and in combination with changeable image display|\n|US6128055 *||Jan 19, 2000||Oct 3, 2000||Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.||Reflective display apparatus using compensator cell and ferroelectric liquid crystal at 90° to enhance contrast ratio|\n|US6130770 *||Jun 23, 1998||Oct 10, 2000||Silicon Light Machines||Electron gun activated grating light valve|\n|US6184944||Nov 13, 1998||Feb 6, 2001||Victor Company Of Japan, Limited||Optical fluid for projection prism|\n|US6288815||Mar 31, 1999||Sep 11, 2001||Philips Electronics North America Corporation||Light scanner with cylindrical lenses|\n|US6435682||May 11, 2000||Aug 20, 2002||Victor Company Of Japan, Limited||Laser imaging using a spatial light modulator|\n|US6707591||Aug 15, 2001||Mar 16, 2004||Silicon Light Machines||Angled illumination for a single order light modulator based projection system|\n|US6712480||Sep 27, 2002||Mar 30, 2004||Silicon Light Machines||Controlled curvature of stressed micro-structures|\n|US6714337||Jun 28, 2002||Mar 30, 2004||Silicon Light Machines||Method and device for modulating a light beam and having an improved gamma response|\n|US6728023||May 28, 2002||Apr 27, 2004||Silicon Light Machines||Optical device arrays with optimized image resolution|\n|US6747781||Jul 2, 2001||Jun 8, 2004||Silicon Light Machines, Inc.||Method, apparatus, and diffuser for reducing laser speckle|\n|US6764875||May 24, 2001||Jul 20, 2004||Silicon Light Machines||Method of and apparatus for sealing an hermetic lid to a semiconductor die|\n|US6767751||May 28, 2002||Jul 27, 2004||Silicon Light Machines, Inc.||Integrated driver process flow|\n|US6782205||Jan 15, 2002||Aug 24, 2004||Silicon Light Machines||Method and apparatus for dynamic equalization in wavelength division multiplexing|\n|US6800238||Jan 15, 2002||Oct 5, 2004||Silicon Light Machines, Inc.||Method for domain patterning in low coercive field ferroelectrics|\n|US6801354||Aug 20, 2002||Oct 5, 2004||Silicon Light Machines, Inc.||2-D diffraction grating for substantially eliminating polarization dependent losses|\n|US6806997||Feb 28, 2003||Oct 19, 2004||Silicon Light Machines, Inc.||Patterned diffractive light modulator ribbon for PDL reduction|\n|US6813059||Jun 28, 2002||Nov 2, 2004||Silicon Light Machines, Inc.||Reduced formation of asperities in contact micro-structures|\n|US6822797||May 31, 2002||Nov 23, 2004||Silicon Light Machines, Inc.||Light modulator structure for producing high-contrast operation using zero-order light|\n|US6829092||Aug 15, 2001||Dec 7, 2004||Silicon Light Machines, Inc.||Blazed grating light valve|\n|US6829258||Jun 26, 2002||Dec 7, 2004||Silicon Light Machines, Inc.||Rapidly tunable external cavity laser|\n|US6865346||Jun 5, 2001||Mar 8, 2005||Silicon Light Machines Corporation||Fiber optic transceiver|\n|US6872984||Jun 24, 2002||Mar 29, 2005||Silicon Light Machines Corporation||Method of sealing a hermetic lid to a semiconductor die at an angle|\n|US6908201||Jun 28, 2002||Jun 21, 2005||Silicon Light Machines Corporation||Micro-support structures|\n|US6922272||Feb 14, 2003||Jul 26, 2005||Silicon Light Machines Corporation||Method and apparatus for leveling thermal stress variations in multi-layer MEMS devices|\n|US6922273||Feb 28, 2003||Jul 26, 2005||Silicon Light Machines Corporation||PDL mitigation structure for diffractive MEMS and gratings|\n|US6927891||Dec 23, 2002||Aug 9, 2005||Silicon Light Machines Corporation||Tilt-able grating plane for improved crosstalk in 1ŚN blaze switches|\n|US6928207||Dec 12, 2002||Aug 9, 2005||Silicon Light Machines Corporation||Apparatus for selectively blocking WDM channels|\n|US6934070||Dec 18, 2002||Aug 23, 2005||Silicon Light Machines Corporation||Chirped optical MEM device|\n|US6947613||Feb 11, 2003||Sep 20, 2005||Silicon Light Machines Corporation||Wavelength selective switch and equalizer|\n|US6956878||Feb 7, 2000||Oct 18, 2005||Silicon Light Machines Corporation||Method and apparatus for reducing laser speckle using polarization averaging|\n|US6956995||Aug 28, 2002||Oct 18, 2005||Silicon Light Machines Corporation||Optical communication arrangement|\n|US6987600||Dec 17, 2002||Jan 17, 2006||Silicon Light Machines Corporation||Arbitrary phase profile for better equalization in dynamic gain equalizer|\n|US6991953||Mar 28, 2002||Jan 31, 2006||Silicon Light Machines Corporation||Microelectronic mechanical system and methods|\n|US7012748 *||Aug 2, 2002||Mar 14, 2006||Sharp Laboratories Of America, Inc.||Method for adjusting a wave plate for an imaging system|\n|US7027202||Feb 28, 2003||Apr 11, 2006||Silicon Light Machines Corp||Silicon substrate as a light modulator sacrificial layer|\n|US7042611||Mar 3, 2003||May 9, 2006||Silicon Light Machines Corporation||Pre-deflected bias ribbons|\n|US7049164||Oct 9, 2002||May 23, 2006||Silicon Light Machines Corporation||Microelectronic mechanical system and methods|\n|US7054515||May 30, 2002||May 30, 2006||Silicon Light Machines Corporation||Diffractive light modulator-based dynamic equalizer with integrated spectral monitor|\n|US7057795||Aug 20, 2002||Jun 6, 2006||Silicon Light Machines Corporation||Micro-structures with individually addressable ribbon pairs|\n|US7057819||Dec 17, 2002||Jun 6, 2006||Silicon Light Machines Corporation||High contrast tilting ribbon blazed grating|\n|US7068372||Jan 28, 2003||Jun 27, 2006||Silicon Light Machines Corporation||MEMS interferometer-based reconfigurable optical add-and-drop multiplexor|\n|US7177081||Mar 8, 2001||Feb 13, 2007||Silicon Light Machines Corporation||High contrast grating light valve type device|\n|US7286764||Feb 3, 2003||Oct 23, 2007||Silicon Light Machines Corporation||Reconfigurable modulator-based optical add-and-drop multiplexer|\n|US7391973||Feb 28, 2003||Jun 24, 2008||Silicon Light Machines Corporation||Two-stage gain equalizer|\n|US7559654||Jul 14, 2009||Eastman Kodak Company||High luminance display apparatus using LCD panel|\n|US7621641||Dec 1, 2005||Nov 24, 2009||Eastman Kodak Company||High luminance display apparatus using LCD panel|\n|US7728789 *||Apr 3, 2006||Jun 1, 2010||Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.||2D and 3D image display apparatus|\n|US7755720||May 2, 2006||Jul 13, 2010||Live Technologies, Ltd||Electro-optical filter|\n|US7852560||Dec 4, 2008||Dec 14, 2010||3M Innovative Properties Company||Display incorporating reflective polarizer|\n|US9081139 *||Sep 24, 2010||Jul 14, 2015||Sumitomo Osaka Cement Co., Ltd.||Optical waveguide device|\n|US20010022382 *||May 24, 2001||Sep 20, 2001||Shook James Gill||Method of and apparatus for sealing an hermetic lid to a semiconductor die|\n|US20020098610 *||Mar 14, 2002||Jul 25, 2002||Alexander Payne||Reduced surface charging in silicon-based devices|\n|US20020186448 *||Aug 15, 2001||Dec 12, 2002||Silicon Light Machines||Angled illumination for a single order GLV based projection system|\n|US20020196492 *||Jan 15, 2002||Dec 26, 2002||Silicon Light Machines||Method and apparatus for dynamic equalization in wavelength division multiplexing|\n|US20030025984 *||Aug 1, 2001||Feb 6, 2003||Chris Gudeman||Optical mem device with encapsulated dampening gas|\n|US20030035189 *||Aug 15, 2001||Feb 20, 2003||Amm David T.||Stress tuned blazed grating light valve|\n|US20030103194 *||Sep 5, 2002||Jun 5, 2003||Gross Kenneth P.||Display apparatus including RGB color combiner and 1D light valve relay including schlieren filter|\n|US20030208753 *||Apr 10, 2001||Nov 6, 2003||Silicon Light Machines||Method, system, and display apparatus for encrypted cinema|\n|US20040001257 *||Mar 8, 2001||Jan 1, 2004||Akira Tomita||High contrast grating light valve|\n|US20040001264 *||Jun 28, 2002||Jan 1, 2004||Christopher Gudeman||Micro-support structures|\n|US20040008399 *||Jul 2, 2001||Jan 15, 2004||Trisnadi Jahja I.||Method, apparatus, and diffuser for reducing laser speckle|\n|US20040057101 *||Jun 28, 2002||Mar 25, 2004||James Hunter||Reduced formation of asperities in contact micro-structures|\n|US20050122587 *||Dec 15, 2004||Jun 9, 2005||3M Innovative Properties Company||Optical polarizer|\n|US20060290888 *||Apr 3, 2006||Dec 28, 2006||Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.||2D and 3D image display apparatus|\n|US20080198279 *||May 2, 2006||Aug 21, 2008||Live Technologies Ltd.||Electro-Optical Filter|\n|US20120183252 *||Sep 24, 2010||Jul 19, 2012||Sumitomo Osaka Cement Co., Ltd.||Optical waveguide device|\n|CN100419493C||Jan 19, 2005||Sep 17, 2008||鸿富锦精密工业（深圳）有限公司;鸿海精密工业股份有限公司||Optical switch and making method thereof|\n|EP0220429A1 *||Sep 1, 1986||May 6, 1987||Siemens Aktiengesellschaft||Device for inserting sealing strips|\n|EP0346455A1 *||Dec 20, 1988||Dec 20, 1989||Hughes Aircraft Co||Color corrector for embedded prisms and a color projection system comprising such a color corrected prism.|\n|EP1662311A1 *||Jul 22, 2004||May 31, 2006||Seiko Epson Corporation||Projector|\n|WO1999023520A1 *||Oct 22, 1998||May 14, 1999||Silicon Light Machines, Inc.||Display apparatus including grating light-valve array and interferometric optical system|\n|WO2006119541A1 *||May 2, 2006||Nov 16, 2006||Live Technologies Limited||An electro-optical filter|\n|U.S. Classification||349/9, 359/900, 348/E09.027|\n|Cooperative Classification||H04N9/3167, Y10S359/90|\n|European Classification||H04N9/31R5P, H04N9/31V|\n|Jan 14, 1993||AS||Assignment|\nOwner name: LIGHT VALVE PRODUCTS, INC., CALIFORNIA\nFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:HUGHES AIRCRAFT COMPANY;REEL/FRAME:006384/0985\nEffective date: 19920831\n|Jan 28, 1993||AS||Assignment|\nOwner name: HUGHES-JVC TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION, CALIFORNIA\nFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:LIGHT VALVE PRODUCTS, INC.;REEL/FRAME:006426/0659\nEffective date: 19920901", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Perturbation analysis of Gaussian-beam-mode scattering at off-axis ellipsoidal mirrors\nMurphy, Dr. Anthony J. and Withington, Dr. Stafford (1996) Perturbation analysis of Gaussian-beam-mode scattering at off-axis ellipsoidal mirrors. Infrared physics and technology, 37 . pp. 205-219.\nWe present an approximate technique, based on the principles of multimode Gaussian optics and perturbation theory, for calculating the distortions that occur when an off-axis ellipsoidal mirror is placed in the path of a weakly diffracting beam. More specifically, we calculate the Gaussian-beam-mode scattering matrices of off-axis ellipsoidal mirrors. The technique can be applied when the phase errors across the surface of the mirror are small. In this case, power is only scattered into a few neighbouring modes, and simple closed-form expressions can be derived for the elements of the scattering matrix.\nRepository Staff Only: item control page", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Quality control is a critical aspect of manufacturing, affecting product performance, safety, and customer satisfaction. In today's fast-paced and highly competitive industries, achieving and maintaining high levels of quality is non-negotiable. This is where laser vision systems come into play, offering precision, automation, and a heightened level of scrutiny in quality control processes. In this blog, we'll explore the essential role that laser vision systems play in ensuring impeccable quality in manufacturing.\nUnderstanding Laser Vision Systems\nBefore we delve into their role in quality control, let's gain a better understanding of what laser vision systems are:\nLaser vision systems are sophisticated technologies that combine lasers with high-resolution cameras and intelligent software. These systems capture detailed images and data, analyze them in real-time, and provide valuable insights into various aspects of a product or process.\nQuality Control Precision\nDetecting Microscopic Defects\nLaser vision systems excel at detecting even the tiniest defects or irregularities in products. Whether it's a minuscule surface blemish or a microscopic variation in size, these systems don't miss a thing.\nEnsuring Dimensional Accuracy\nManufacturing components with precise dimensions is crucial for product functionality. Laser vision systems can accurately measure dimensions, ensuring that every product meets the required specifications.\nAutomation and Efficiency\nStreamlining Inspection Processes\nLaser vision systems automate the inspection process, significantly reducing the need for manual inspections. This leads to faster production cycles and cost savings.\nConsistency and Reliability\nAutomated inspections eliminate the human factor, resulting in consistent and reliable quality control. Laser vision systems maintain the same level of scrutiny for every product, 24/7.\nApplications Across Industries\nIn the automotive industry, where safety and precision are paramount, laser vision systems inspect critical components like engines, transmissions, and chassis for defects and dimensional accuracy.\nIn electronics manufacturing, laser vision systems ensure that printed circuit boards (PCBs) are free of defects, guaranteeing the reliability of electronic devices.\nPharmaceuticals and Medical Devices\nLaser vision systems play a crucial role in inspecting pharmaceutical products and medical devices for contaminants, ensuring that they meet strict quality and safety standards.\nLaser vision systems are the unsung heroes of modern manufacturing, ensuring that products meet the highest quality standards. Their precision, automation, and efficiency streamline quality control processes, reducing the risk of defects and enhancing overall product quality. In industries where safety, reliability, and precision are paramount, laser vision systems are indispensable tools that contribute to the success and reputation of manufacturers. As technology continues to advance, these systems will continue to play a pivotal role in maintaining a sharp focus on quality control in manufacturing.\n- Butt Blank Seam Tracking Sensor\n- Sheet Metal Seam Tracking & Seam Finding Sensor\n- Medium and Heavy Plate Seam Tracking & Seam Finding Sensor\n- Wide Field of View Seam Tracking Sensor\n- General Seam Tracking & Seam Finding Sensor\n- Laser Vision Welding Seam Tracking Sensor for Special Welding Machine", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Mg-doped p-GaN epitaxial layers prepared at different temperatures were prepared and characterized. It was found that we could achieve a higher hole concentration and a rough surface by reducing the growth temperature down to 800 °C. In0.23Ga0.77N/GaN multiquantum well (MQW) light emitting diodes (LEDs) with such a low 800 °C-grown p-GaN cap layer were also fabricated. It was found that we could enhance the LED output intensity by more than 90% with the low 800 °C-grown p-GaN cap layer, as compared to the conventional high 1000 °C-grown p-GaN cap layer.\nAll Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "90mm f/2.8 DG DN Contemporary I Series Lens: Sony FE\nMid Telephoto Prime for Sony E-mount\nThe Sigma 24mm f/2 DG DN Contemporary I Series lens is a portrait-length prime lens designed for the Sony E-mount full frame mirrorless cameras. As part of the Contemporary line, this lens is designed with convenience and performance in mind while you are shooting portraiture and selective everyday shooting. Its fast f/2.8 aperture helps to control depth of field and working in dimmer conditions. Optically, an aspherical element and five Special Low Dispersion (SLD) elements are employed to correct axial chromatic aberration so that the imagery is sharp and more accurately rendered. Additionally, application of a Super Multi-Layer Coating helps to minimise ghosting and flare to improve colour fidelity and contrast.\nThe lens features a stepping motor to deliver fast and quiet autofocus performance that benefits both stills and video applications while an inner focus system increases stability, As an I Series lens, it is characterised by a sleek and stylish physical design, and features a newly designed arc-type auto/manual focus switch, a mechanical aperture ring and an all-metal barrel construction for enhanced tactility. Rubber sealing at the lens mount protects the mount from dust and water droplets. A nine-blade diaphragm provides for a pleasing bokeh.\nThis lens comes supplied with a lens cap, a rear cap, a magnetic metal lens cap and a petal lens hood.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Elmano Dias May 25, 2019 5Not bad Fiber Cleaver Fujikura and at a good price! Perfectly!\nOsei Derrick Wilberforce May 15, 2019 5What a great product!I would definitely recommend Sijee Optical Communication Technology Co.,Ltd .\nRichard Lambden May 11, 2019 5High quality and fast delivery. Great manufacturer.\nKim Perkins May 09, 2019 5batter than i bought at another supplier last time.So glad to meet Sijee Optical Communication Technology Co.,Ltd company.\nMalik Iftikhar Apr 27, 2019 5Timely delivery, strict implementation of the contract provisions of the goods, encountered special circumstances, but also actively cooperate, a trustworthy company!By the way, the Fiber Cleaver Fujikura is really in high quality!\nVina Apr 21, 2019 5Sijee Optical Communication Technology Co.,Ltd company can keep improving and perfecting products and service, it is in line with the rules of market competition, a competitive company.\nJörg Dittrich Apr 13, 2019 5In our cooperated wholesalers, Sijee Optical Communication Technology Co.,Ltd company has the best quality and reasonable price, they are our first choice.\nMr.don Buckalew Apr 12, 2019 4We feel easy to cooperate with Sijee Optical Communication Technology Co.,Ltd company, the supplier is very responsible, thanks.There will be more in-depth cooperation.\nAli Mar 15, 2019 4We ordered this Fiber Cleaver Fujikura from Sijee Optical Communication Technology Co.,Ltd . The seller provided me with tracking info for the shipment when requested. I received the product two days early, very Impressed with the quality. I can't beat the price. Reliable seller. No worries here!\nNajmuddhin Ali Mar 09, 2019 4I had some issues with the product and I emailed Sijee Optical Communication Technology Co.,Ltd . Not only did he repond to me that day, he actually took time out of his day on a Saturday to talk me through it over the phone. I greatly appreciate it . I'm very pleased I bought this Fiber Cleaver Fujikura .\nPeng Yangliu Mar 09, 2019 4Very fast delivery from manufacturer. Powerful. I didn't expect that the Fiber Cleaver Fujikura would be so good. The Customer service answer questions and help online. Recommend.\nZ B-Z Mar 09, 2019 4This is my first Fiber Cleaver Fujikura so I can't really do any meaningful comparison. What I can say is that it exceeded my expectations. The profuct seems very nice.\nYOU MAY LIKE\nHigh Precision FC-6S fiber Cutter Sumitomo Optical Fiber Cleaver + Storage box fiber optic FC-6S cleaver Used in FTTX FTTH\nHigh precision cleaver Fujikura CT-30 fiber optic cleaver fiber optic cutting tool\nFujikura CT-06 Optical Fiber Cleaver,ct-06 fiber cleaver, Fiber optical cutting tool\nFiber cleaver blade Fujikura CT30,Fiber Cleaver Blade disc blade\nFCST Fiber Optical Cleaver Blade,Fiber Cleaver Blade disc blade,cutting wheel,Optical Fiber Cutter\nOptical Fiber Cleaver With Scrap Catcher, High Precison, Fujikura CT-05 Fiber Optic Cleaver\nOriginal INNO B-77 Cleaver Blade for VF-15H and VF-78 fiber Cleaver,Fiber Cleaver Blade disc blade\nHigh precision Fujikura cleaver , fiber optic cutter tools , CT-30/HS-30 optical fiber cleaver\nHigh Precision FC-6S fiber Cutter Sumitomo Optical Fiber Cleaver Storage box fiber optic FC-6S cleaver with collector\nHigh Precision FC 6S fiber Cutter Sumitomo Optical Fiber Cleaver Storage box fiber optic FC 6S cleaver with collector Product Description Description Economical Optical Fiber Cleaver FC 6S The FC 6S cleaver is designed for field use alongside the splicing units By using a rotating blade for...\nFactory price original fujikura ct-30 Fiber Cleaver,CT-30 48000 cleavers Fujikura Optical Fiber Cleaver with collector\nFURUKAWA Fitel S326 Optical Fiber Cleaver With Blade, Fitel Optical Cutter Fiber Cleaver, High Precision Optical cleaver\nHigh Precision VF-15H fusion splicer cleaver,fiber optic cleaver / cutter,inno vf-15 optical fiber cleaver\nHigh Precision VF-78 fusion splicer cleaver,fiber optic cleaver / cutter,inno vf-78 optical fiber cleaver\nHot selling HS-30 fiber cleaver Fujikura optical fiber cleaver with high quality made in China\nHigh Precision optical Fiber Cleaver HS-30,Fujikura CT-30 Fiber optic Cleaver\nBest quality Optical Fiber Cleaver HS-30,Fujikura CT-30 Fiber optic Cleaver Cutter\nFujikura CT-30 High Precision Fiber Cleaver with 48,000 fibers blade life fiber scrap collection\nchina supplier fujikura ct-30 fiber cleaver, optical fiber cleaver fujikura ct-30, fujikura ct 30 fiber cleaver low price\nchina supplier fujikura ct 30 fiber cleaver optical fiber cleaver fujikura ct 30 fujikura ct 30 fiber cleaver low price Description The Fujikura CT 30 Cleaver sets the standard for portable reliable and ease of use Available for either single fiber or ribbon splicing up to 12 fiber ribbons...\nnew 2016 fujikura ct-06 fiber cleaver, optical fiber cleaver fujikura ct 06, fujikura ct 06 price good\nnew 2016 fujikura ct 06 fiber cleaver optical fiber cleaver fujikura ct 06 fujikura ct 06 price good Features Dimensions W x D x H 69mm x 82mm x 41mm 2 7 x 3 2 x 1 6 Weight 180g 0 4 lbs Blade lifetime 48 000 fiber cleaves 4000 12 fiber cleaves Cleave angle capability typically 0 5 Ordering...\nCheap price FC-6S original Sumitomo optical fiber cleaver\nCheap price FC 6S original Sumitomo optical fiber cleaver Product Description FC 6S fiber optic cleaver Used for Single Fiber Cleaving Utilizes an Automatic Anvil Drop for Fewer Required Steps and Better Cleave Consistency Prevents Double Scoring of the Fibers Has Superior Blade Height and...\nSEND US A MESSAGE\nWe didn't put all products on website. If you can't find the product you're looking for, please contact us for more information.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Visionix MW 50D Digital Slit Lamp\nNew MAGWIDE Slit Lamp: A revolution in\nsuper-wide magnification fine optics\nAvailable in clinical and digital versions.\nUltra-Wide Magnification Range\nA newly-developed microscope with drum-type 5-step zoom and fine optics.\nA new optical system enables bright imaging even at 50x magnification.\nDrum-type zooming makes it easier to adjust the magnification within the wider range of 5x to 50x.\nAll optics for observation are multi-coated to enable clear and high-resolution images, resulting in extremely\nhigh quality optics.\nHigh Field of View Eyepiece\nWide field of view observation is possible even when wearing eyeglasses. Eyepieces can be fixed to the microscope tube to reduce gaps.\nTilting Tube (Option)\n15° tilting angle allows observation at a natural posture for taller users. It is also possible to reduce the angle for shorter users.\nConvergence Type Eyepiece Tube\nThe eyepiece tube converges at 8° from parallel optics for easy fusion, making more efficient and natural observation possible.\nA new plate is employed for stress-free smooth focus adjustment.\nAn LED light source, whose wavelength is much closer to a halogen lamp, has been employed to give the slit lamp a bright, natural color. This eliminates the need for a filter to remove the common “bluish LED light” problem.\n5M pixel wide dynamic range CMOS camera that reproduces natural color\nCaptures images at a high frame rate of 30 fps for smooth movies\nImages MW Files\nUser-friendly, easy-to-view layout to suit wide monitors\nHigh-resolution live view and movie capturing at1296 x 9 72 pixels", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Limited Edition Leica 35mm Summicron ASPH Leica Screw Mount LTM L39 M39 Chrome Lens\nI'm offering for sale a like new in box Leica 35mm Summicron ASPH in Leica screw mount. The lens is crafted in solid brass in beautiful chrome finishing. It's a limited edition marketed in Japan.\nThe sale also include a Leica vented hood (12504) which retails for $300.\nPayment method: EMT, Paypal, Wire Transfer\nItem condition: 10 Preowned equipment, but appears as new\nShipping instructions: Canada Post, USPS, FedEX\nMore images of the lens can be found here:\nTags for this Thread", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Silicon photovoltaic devices do not effectively absorb infrared light. Recent research suggests that photon up-converting (UC) materials, which transform infrared light into visible light, can be used to boost photovoltaic efficiency up to 8%. Additionally, plasmonic metal nanoparticles can be used to boost the quantum yield of UC processes by 450X; plasmons in doped semiconductor nanocrystals promise even greater enhancements at lower cost. However, to design the next generation of high-efficiency UC solar cells, theoretical models of plasmons in doped semiconductor nanocrystals are needed. I propose to develop a first-principles model of carrier-doped semiconductor plasmons using a lightweight Hamiltonian construction capable of describing nanocrystal coupling to dielectric and nonlinear materials. I will combine analytical models with fast, flexible simulations to predict the enhancement of cutting-edge nanoparticle-UC photovoltaics. I will collaborate with the Gamelin group to compare my predictions with experiments on photodoped ZnO nanocrystals and test solar cell designs.\nAdvisor: David Masiello – Chemistry", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "ABOUT SRS MICROSYSTEMS\nAddress: 90-92 The Parade, High Street, Watford, WD17 1AW\nOpen: Monday to Saturday 9.00am-5.30pm\nLate Night Thursday till 6.30pm\nProduct Code: JAA825DA\nReserve and collect in store\nSelect Collect in store at the checkout then pop into our Watford shop\nPrice match promise\nSeen it cheaper elsewhere? We'll match prices and offers. Terms Apply\nStill not sure?\nSpeak to one of our experts and find a solution that's right for you. 01923226602\nThe Nikon AF-S DX 16-80mm F2.8-4E ED VR Nikkor Lens is a high-performance DX zoom lens with 16–80mm focal length range and bright f/2.8–4 aperture. With the latest technology and compact build, this is the ultimate walkabout lens for discerning photographers.\nNikon’s impressive Vibration Reduction keeps images sharp. An electromagnetic diaphragm ensures precise exposures at high frame rates. With a lightweight body that balances well on the camera and a protective fluorine coating, this lens is made for photographers with high expectations of their gear.\n|Lens Mount||Nikon F|\n|Lens Type||Standard Zoom|\n|Warranty Period||1 Year|\nWhen buying this bundle", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "nLight of the US has announced the acquisition of Liekki, the Finnish fiber manufacturer. The acquisition, which will be completed by the end of the month, will enable nLight to expand its product portfolio to supply a complete chain from semiconductor lasers and fibers to optical modules.\nAlma Lasers Ltd., a global leader in the development and commercialization of innovative aesthetic laser, light-based, and radiofrequency systems, filed a response last week denying all Lumenis' patent infringement claims. Alma Lasers will vigorously defend its position.\nTomophase Corporation announced today that it will display the first cross-sectional images of excised human bronchial tissue using their patented optical coherence tomography (\"OCT\") system at the CHEST meeting in Chicago, October 22nd through October 24th.\nPhilips Solid-State Lighting Solutions, the entity formed by Philips' recent acquisition of Boston's Color Kinetics Inc., has been awarded a $250,000 contract by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST).\nA new partnership with Duke Energy has Cree hoping to spread the word about its light-emitting diode technology.\nIt appears that video games are not the only hot item in the cosmos. In its first month of operation, the Seeing in the Dark Internet Telescope (SIDIT) has shot images of distant galaxies and nebulae in response to requests from more than 1,000 students around the world.\nModulight, Inc., a manufacturer of high- performance optical semiconductor components, today announced the arrival of its laser family's newest member: the high-power, single-emitter 1550 nm laser chip housed in a 9-mm TO-can. The product code is ML1470.\nJDSU today announced it has formed a strategic partnership with Mintera, a high bit-rate optical transport systems solutions leader, to provide a complete 40 gigabits per second (40G) solution set to the telecom industry.\nAscent Solar Technologies, Inc., a developer of state-of-the-art, thin-film photovoltaic materials, announced today that the US Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) has contracted to increase funding of Ascent Solar's development of high-performance thin-film tandem photovoltaics (PV) based on their flexible monolithically integrated CIGS technology.\nResidents of the 1,416-unit Eastchester Heights apartment complex in the Eastchester section of the Bronx now have Verizon's FiOS Internet service at their fingertips, delivered on the nation's most advanced digital all-fiber-optic network right into their homes. With FiOS Internet, they get download speeds of up to 50 Mbps.\nThe summer months can wreak havoc on our skin, but help is on the way thanks to new laser technology now available at a laser center and plastic surgery practice in St. Louis. Genesis Cosmetic Surgery Center & Laser Center recently upgraded its facility to offer five new laser devices that treat a variety of skin conditions and can be used for such procedures as laser hair removal, acne treatment, and spider vein removal.\nQPC Lasers, Inc. a world leader in the development and commercialization of high-brightness, high-power semiconductor lasers for the industrial, defense, and medical markets, today announced that it has shipped its first 100-watt Generation III semiconductor laser to a medical customer in the U.S. for a surgical application.\nDow Corning Corp. today introduced three new two-part high refractive index (HRI) silicone encapsulants to serve the fast-growing light-emitting diode (LED) market.\nOrganic light emitting diode (OLED) specialist Novaled AG (Dresden, Germany) has teamed with ArcelorMittal, the world's largest steel maker, on a project to develop top-emitting OLEDs on flexible substrates for signage and lighting at the steel group's research centre in Liege, Belgium.\nLaser Energetics, Inc. (Pink Sheets: LNGT.PK) is pleased to announce the Company's new, all solid- state Alexandrite laser technology, \"BrightStar,(TM)\" has been selected by the US Army as the technology of choice for a near term \"remote sensing \"application in detecting chemical warfare agents.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Sony DT 18-135mm f/3.5-5.6 SAM Lens\nSony’s new DT 18-135mm f/3.5-5.6 SAM lens has been developed to cover the focal lengths that are most frequently used by everyday photographers. This lens is designed for cameras with APS-C sized sensors and provides field-of-view coverage equivalent to 27-202.5mm in 35mm format. A good choice for photographers who want a single lens to go with their camera body, it produces sharp images with low levels of common aberrations.\nThe DT 18-135mm f/3.5-5.6 SAM lens, pictured without caps and supplied lens hood. (Source: Sony.)\nIts optical design consists of 14 elements in 11 groups and includes a single ED (Extra-low Dispersion) glass lens element as well as a pair of aspherical lens elements to minimise common aberrations and subdue flare. The AF motor is Sony’s proprietary Smooth Autofocus Motor (SAM), an internal motor that doesn’t rely on the old screw-driven AF system operated by the camera.\nSAM motors provide reasonably fast autofocusing, combined with a fairly low noise level, making the SAL-18135 quieter than other entry-level model lenses in Sony’s line-up. This lens supports Direct Manual Focus (DMF), which allows users to switch between AF and MF without removing their eyes from the viewfinder.\nThe lens is supplied with front and end caps plus a deep, petal-shaped lens hood with a bayonet attachment that reverses onto the lens for storage. Multi-lingual instructions sheets are also provided, although they’re not particularly informative.\nBuild and Ergonomics\nBuild quality is a cut above Sony’s normal kit lenses, thanks to a metal mounting plate and higher quality fit and finish. Although the lens barrel is largely made from polycarbonate plastic it is solid and has a ‘quality’ feel. Weighing only 398 grams and just 73 mm long, it is compact enough to be an excellent ‘travelling’ lens when partnered with one of Sony’s lighter SLT-A series cameras.\nThe zoom ring is 33 mm wide and starts about 10 mm back from the front of the lens. It feels quite tight but moves smoothly and positively as you span the focal length range. It takes roughly a quarter of a turn to zoom from 18mm to 135mm, which extends the inner barrel by approximately 58 mm. The inner barrel consists of two pieces, which are closely integrated but move different distances.\nThe zoom ring carries a 25 mm wide rubber grip band with narrow parallel ridges. Focal length distanced for 18mm, 24mm, 35mm, 50mm, 70mm, 100mm and 135mm are stamped around the trailing edge of this ring for lining up against a white line on the fixed section of the outer lens barrel just behind the ring.\nA zoom lock is provided to the right of the 18mm position to prevent the lens from extending when you don’t want it to. (We never needed to use it.)\nThe focusing ring is a little slacker and it’s located roughly seven millimetres behind the zoom ring. Approximately 12 mm wide, it is covered with a ridged, rubber grip.\nThis ring can be rotated through 360 degrees in both AF and MF modes. There’s a slight resistance at one point but without a distance scale, we wouldn’t determine precisely where.\nA slider for switching between AF and MF is located on the left hand side of the lens barrel behind the focusing ring. The front element does not rotate during focusing or zooming, allowing use of angle-critical attachments like polarisers.\nOur shooting tests were carried out with the Sony SLT-A57 camera, which is reviewed separately. The review lens was a comfortable fit on this camera body and its relatively small size created a good balance for shooting both stills and movies.\nIn our Imatest tests, JPEG files taken with the lens on the A57 body came close to meeting expectations for the sensor resolution and edge and corner softening were relatively low across the focal length and aperture ranges supported. The graph below shows the results of our tests.\nThe highest resolution figures were recorded between one and three f-stops down from maximum aperture. Diffraction began to affect resolution from about f/8, with a steady decline down to f/22.\nLateral chromatic aberration was mostly negligible, wandering into the ‘low’ band at aperture settings of f/5.6 and smaller for the 100mm and 135mm focal lengths. In the graph of our Imatest tests below, the red line marks the border between ‘negligible’ and ‘low’ CA, while the green line marks the beginning of the ‘moderate’ CA band.\nYou can set the A57 to correct this aberration so it’s largely irrelevant for owners of the new camera. We found no significant signs of coloured fringing in test shots when correction was switched off.\nCorrection of rectilinear distortions is also available in-camera. With this correction switched off, the lens shows noticeable barrel distortion between 18mm and 35mm. Thereafter, the field of view appeared to be relatively flat.\nVignetting was slight enough to be negligible at f/3.5 with the 18mm focal length and reduced as focal length was increased. It was not evident at the longest focal lengths, even with wide aperture settings.\nBacklighting was handled extremely well and it was difficult to force the lens to flare when the lens hood was in place. Close-ups were also quite successful when the 135mm focal length was used at the close-focusing limit of 45 cm. Bokeh was smooth and attractive.\nBuy this lens if:\n– You want a compact and lightweight general-purpose zoom lens for everyday and travel photography and shooting movies with a Sony DSLR.\n– You require superior performance and good flatness of field.\n– You’d like a lens that requires no readjustment when you fit polarisers and graduated filters.\nDon’t buy this lens if:\n– You need true macro capabilities.\n– You don’t use a Sony SLT-A series camera.\nPicture angle: 76 to 12 degrees\nMinimum aperture: f/22\nLens construction: 14 elements in 11 groups, including 2 aspheric and 1 ED glass elements\nLens mount: Sony A-Mount (Minolta AF)\nDiaphragm Blades: 7 (circular aperture)\nFocus drive: Internal focusing via Smooth Autofocus Motor (SAM) with Direct Manual Focus (DMF)\nStabilisation: No (sensor-shift in camera body)\nMinimum focus: 45 cm\nMaximum magnification: 0.25x\nFilter size: 62 mm\nDimensions (Diameter x L): 85.5 x 73 mm\nWeight: 398 grams\n(based on JPEG files from the Sony SLT-A57)\nVignetting at 18mm, f/3.5.\nVignetting at 135mm, f/5.6.\nDistortion at 18mm.\nDistortion at 135mm.\n18mm focal length, 1/80 second at f/10, ISO 100.\n135mm focal length, 1/15 second at f/8, ISO 100.\nControlled flare; 30mm focal length, 1/640 second at f/13, ISO 100.\nStrong backlighting; 35mm focal length, 1/2000 second at f/11, ISO 200.\nClose-up in Macro mode; 135mm focal length, 1/320 second at f/6.3, ISO 100.\n135mm focal length, 1/250 second at f/11, ISO 250.\nAF Tracking with continuous shooting – beginning of burst; 90mm focal length, 1/1000 second at f/5.6, ISO 250.\nAF Tracking with continuous shooting – end of 20-shot burst; 90mm focal length, 1/1000 second at f/5.6, ISO 320.\nIn-camera chromatic aberration switched off; 18mm focal length, 1/125 second at f/5.6, ISO 100.\nCrop from the above image, enlarged to 100% to show little evidence of coloured fringing.\nAdditional image samples can be found with the review of the Sony SLT-A57 camera.\nRRP: AUD $649; US$500\n- Build: 8.5\n- Handling: 8.5\n- Image quality: 8.5\n- Versatility: 9.0", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "While LED lights have longer lives, generate less heat and use less power than incandescent bulbs, their practical applications are still limited (chances are, you don't know anybody with an LED-lit house). That's because they're expensive, with lots of tiny bulbs racking up large price tags. Furthermore, their sterile white light can make a home feel like a DMV office.\nBut for flashlights–particularly the tiny drawer-size variety–LEDs are perfect–bright, long-lasting and more durable than shatter-prone incandescent bulbs.\nTake the LED Energizer Hard Case Tactical 2AA Second Generation Handheld Light ($125.00). This military-grade light is tough as nails–it can survive 15-foot drops and immersion in water. Its 70-lumen white bulb augmented by separate blue, red and green LED lights (useful for applications such as map-reading when you don't want a bright light to give away your location). But the best feature? If you're short a battery, it can still produce a (dimmer) beam with a single AA.\nMore From Popular Mechanics\nOne more example of good design: The base of the light is flat enough for that it can stand up straight, with the head swiveling almost 180 degrees. It's a particularly useful feature when you don't have a spare hand to hold up a light. Though it appears bulky, it's one of the more versatile lights we've seen in a while. –Seth Porges", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "3-Pack Blue Light Blocking Glasses for Women/Men Blue Light Glasses for Teens, Square Computer Glasses Anti Eye Strain/UV/Glare, Gaming Glasses Reading Glasses Non-Prescription\n$16.99 - $12.93\n(as of Sep 25,2022 08:36:57 UTC – Details)\nOusudela devotes in accessories for years and obsesses by everlasting concepts, exquisite skills and cost-effective materials.\nWe offer well designed products:\n1. Stylists joined designing\n2. Classic timeless round frame\n3. Subtle butterfly design to make the glass unique and delicacy\n4. Special keyhole bridge design, stylish, stable and comfortable\n5. Fine metal is inserted in hinges to improve senses of high quality\n6. Exclusive amber leopard print color\nOusudela aims to create Blue Light Blocking Glasses with both high technology and sense of beauty.\nWe offer high technology glasses:\n1. Blocking 100% harmful blue light (50% of all blue light)\n2. Upgraded PC material frame\n3. Ergonomic Design\n4. UV400 protection\n5. HD Lens\n6. Reappear real colors\nAnti eye strain\nExposing to blue light generated by PC, smartphones for long time may cause eye strain and blurred vision which can seriously affect your work and study efficiency.\nWearing ousudela blue light blocking glasses can prevent the damages bring by blue light.\nPerfect for office workers and people always face the smart screen.\nFeeling headache for long-time computer using?\nOusudela blue light blocking glasses can effectively block harmful blue light and solve the headache problem starting from eye strain.\nThis is a non-prescription glasses and please let ousudela responsible for your health.\nMany factors affect our sleep quality including long-time use of cellphone, iPad, PC and etc.\nThese smart screens generate blue light to influence our health which may lead to eye strain, dry eyes, headache and finally affect your sleep quality.\nReducing harm by blue light by wearing ousudela blue light blocking eyes to bring you better sleep.\nA pair of ousudela Blue Light Glasses will protect you from annoying blue light\n【Blue Light Hurts】blue light hurts because of 1: all visible blue light can directly reach retina and damage light-sensitive cells there. 2: as unfocused visual “noise”, blue light reduces contrast and contributes to digital eye strain. 3. blue light suppressed melatonin which badly affects sleep quality.\n【Filter Blue Light】ousudela Blue Light Glasses help to filter 100% harmful blue light (50% all blue light) and help to alleviates visual fatigue, eliminates eye strain that causes headaches and blurred vision. Help stably generating of melatonin guarantees sleep quality.\n【Upgraded Material】frame of ousudela Blue Light Glasses is made by PC material. Only half weight of regular glasses, and two times durable. Technically upgraded lens guarantee original and clear sight while filter out 100% harmful blue light. Also, UV400 function for more safety driving.\n【Elaborately Design】ousudela helps your eyes recover from screen time and bring a chic look to your everyday ensembles. Ergonomic design offers more stable and comfortable wearing. Timeless round frames with a subtle butterfly design looks good on EVERYONE. Three different colors fulfill different occasions needs and can also be shared with loved ones.\n【Serious After-Service】ensures all our customers with 100% Money Back Guarantee and Lifetime Breakage Warranty for our product. In case of any issues, please contact us without hesitation. Ousudela will try our best to gain your satisfaction. Risk nothing to try!", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Rigid Industries Dually Series Spot LED Light - Set of Two LED -Amber Color\nA 4 LED light in a compact 2x2 package that can be used for anything from a reverse light on a truck, a handlebar light on a Motorcycle, to a flood light on a trailer. With 1000 lumens of light, this small light has the same light output as a 50W MR16. At a small 3\"X 3\" this light can fit anywhere. Pulling only 10W you won't find a more efficient, compact light source in HID or halogen. This light pulls half of what your stock turn signals use.\nThis product hasn't received any reviews yet. Be the first to review this product!\nAll prices are in USD.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Fluorescence microscopy is indispensable in nanoscience and biological sciences. The versatility of labeling target structures with fluorescent dyes permits to visualize structure and function at a subcellular resolution with a wide field of view. Due to the diffraction limit, conventional optical microscopes are limited to resolving structures larger than 200 nm. The resolution can be enhanced by near-field and far-field super-resolution microscopy methods. Near-field methods typically have a limited field of view and far-field methods are limited by the involved conventional optics. Here, we introduce a combined high-resolution and wide-field fluorescence microscopy method that improves the resolution of a conventional optical microscope by exploiting correlations in speckle illumination through a randomly scattering high-index medium: Speckle correlation resolution enhancement (SCORE). As a test, we collect two-dimensional fluorescence images of 100-nm diameter dye-doped nanospheres. We demonstrate a deconvolved resolution of 130 nm with a field of view of 10 x 10 \\mu m 2 .\n|Publication status||Published - 2014|", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "waterproof ip65 rgb changable lighting strips dmx512 led linear light\nRGB dmx led linear light\nDMX512 Control / SPI control / Normally on\nLength and power is available\nLED Light Source:\n1000000 Piece/Pieces per Month RGB linear light\nPackaging & Delivery\ncarton box/wooden case to pack\nShipped in 7-25 days after payment\nRelated products, click to know more!\nCustomized waterproof ip65 rgb changeable lighting strips dmx512 led linear light\nModel No: ECO-BFL26-02A dmx linear light\nLuminous Angle: 110°\nElectrical Safety Class:3 Class\nProduction Technology:Waterproof Structure\nControl Method:DMX512 control/SPI/Normally On\nLuminous Size: L1000*W26*H37.2mm\nLed color:R/G/B/RGB/RGBW/W and more\nOutdoor Weather Resistant:5/Years\nMounting: Nonadjustable brackets\nSize and Installation\nEcobene specializes in the design, manufacture and supply of lighting fittings and accessories for exterior lighting applications. It has more than 7 years of experience providing certified, energy efficient lighting solutions and fittings to the decorative or architectural applications. Ecobene works closely with its core customers, typically professional lighting specifiers which includes lighting project company, lighting designers, lighting distributor but also many other types and categories of clients cross Amercia, Europe, Southeast Asia and the Middle East. Product Design: We design, develop and provide fittings that use the latest lighting technologies as they evolve to meet the technical requirements, energy efficiencies and the environmental and aesthetic demands of our customers. Manufacture: We manufacture our fittings in a specialist works in Shenzhen using a dedicated and highly skilled assembly team and import advanced technical materials from CREE, Mean Well and Phillips such as chips and drivers. Supply: In addition to our own ranges of fittings, like LED wall washer, LED linear light, LED direct view alumium bar, exterior led spot light, we also manufacture LED strip light, LED tube etc.\nQ: Are you the factory or trading company?\nA: We are the factory direct sale, provide factory price and good after sale service.\nQ: Can you design led lights on clients' request?\nA: It is ok for us to design the lights on clients requet. Because we have our own enginners.\nQ: What is the other products?\nA: LED flood light, LED contour light, LED pixel light, LED strip light, DMX control systems and so on.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "REVIEW: Nikon AF-S 105mm f/2.8G ED IF VR Micro Lens\n1 March 2011\nExcerpt: This Micro lens from Nikon, was the first of it's kind to include vibration reduction when it was introduced. It sports a fast f/2.8 maximum aperture, a silent wave focusing motor, which allows full time manual focus override and Nikon's Nano Crystal anti-reflective lens coatings.\nConclusion: There is not a lot I can criticise about this lens considering the optical performance along side the build quality and features. I think it will find a lot of friends amongst both professionals and keen amateurs alike.\nPros: The only true macro with stabilisation. And it works, Truly superb optical quality, Rapid and silent autofocus\nCons: The price, Drop-off in resolution at the edges when wide open. (Minor)\nExcerpt: Not only is it a large optic, it works out at 120g heavier than Canon's 100mm macro, weighing in at a mighty 720g. It's unique in that it's the only lens to incorporate optical image stabilisation with Nikon's Vibration Reduction (VR II) function offering the equivalent stability of a shutter speed...\nConclusion: What can be written in the summary? Nikkor 2.8/105 VR is undoubtedly a very fine instrument, which will enable us taking very sharp photos. The problem (problem for Nikon, not to its customers) is that there is a great competition in the class of macro lenses of focal length 100 mm.\nCons: some problems at work against bright light, prohibitive price", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "₹898.00 - ₹699.00\n(as of May 22,2022 15:00:16 UTC – Details)\n★[ Features ] : – Color : Black – Magnification : 12X – Field of view : 246m – Exit pupil : dia 3.3mm – Lens magnification : 12X – Eye relief : 8.0 to 13mm – Angle of view : 9 degree – Objective lens : dia 18mm – Minimum focus distance : 3m – Full set : telescope lens + lens splint. Compatible With :- Samsung Galaxy M20 M30 S9 Plus A8 Plus A6+ Note 8 S8 C7 Pro A9 M10 J8 J7 J7 Pro S7 Edge , Vivo V15 Pro V12 Pro V15 Y93 , Xiaomi Redmi Note 7 Pro Mi A2 Note 7 Note 3 Note 4 Note 5 Pro Note 6 Pro , Motorola Moto G5 Plus Moto G4 Plus HTC Desire 728G Lenovo K8 Note OnePlus 7 OnePlus 6T Honor 7A Honor 10 Lite Honor Play 7 Honor 9i Realme 2, 3 Pro Realme C1 iPhone 6 Plus 6s iPhone SE iPhone 7 Plus iPhone 8 Plus iPhone X iPhone XR iPhone XS Max iPhone 7Plus iPhone 8Plus iPhone XSMax Sony Xperia\n12X TELEPHOTO LENS: Cell phone telephoto lens with high quality & multi-layer coating glass to get a clear photo for a far distance object. Non-slip rubber focus wheel makes you easy to focus.\nCLIP ON & TIGHTEN SCREW: Phone lens kit with old version clip may slip due to the weakness. However, Strong clip with extra tighten mechanism can avoid slipping. tight & precise connection make it more stable to take photos. High magnification – the best choice for taking pictures. 4K HD, clear and bright image.\nPortable and Durable: High quality plastic material increases the durability. Unique camera lens appearance makes it stylish and sleek. Portable design also allows you to put it into your pocket and take amazing pictures everywhere Mobile phone’s quality of imaging can be improved evidently. Applicable to watch the game, concerts, tourism, observe animal lovers, news reporter long-distance shooting etc\nPRACTICALITY:- The cell phone zoom lens allows you capture the scenery far away clearly and provide you a high-resolution close-up picture, If you get a un-clear picture when using this telescope, please adjust the focus slowly until you get a clear picture. It helps to get high-resolution close-ups or telescope quality pics without you having to carry around a real telescope.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "In order to ensure that an astronomical mount remains precisely aligned with a selected object, the tracking must be controlled. This control can be carried out using a small telescope mounted parallel to the main telescope. This telescope is called a guidescope.\nIn contrast to a normal finderscope, guidescopes allow the connection of a camera to enable the auto-guiding method of tracking control. Guidescopes can also be used as finderscopes, however, the eyepiece required for this is not usually included in the scope of delivery.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "There are a few key things to look for when picking the right pair of sunglasses. “When buying sunglasses,” says Dr. Cohen, “make sure they carry a consumer-protection label stating they’re 99-100% UV-absorbent, or provide UV absorption up to 400 nanometers (nm).\n“Once you’ve eliminated the threat from UV light, you can focus on other issues, such as reducing glare and choosing a tint that will allow you to control the degree of brightness reaching your eyes.”\nHere’s a rundown of other things to consider when picking the perfect pair of sunglasses:\n- Go big or wrap it: Bigger frames and lenses, and also wrap-around styles, give you more UV protection because they block peripheral rays.\n- Pick polar: Polarized lenses block out sunlight glare bouncing off windshields, pavement, and other smooth surfaces.\n- Consider color: Gray lenses are best. Why? They don’t change colors. Green and brown lenses are good too.\n- Purchase prescription shades: If you wear prescription glasses, why not add prescription sunglasses to your eyewear wardrobe?\n- Shade your specs: You can make your regular glasses into sunglasses. Look for clip-on or magnetic tinted lenses that can attach to your specs.\n- Automate: Ask your eye doctor about photochromic lenses. They automatically get darker outside, then return to normal inside.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "High intensity LED strobe light. Utilizing 18 LEDs to create a 360 degree pattern. Shatterproof polycarbonate construction.\nHot led lens 360 degree Directory: Recommended led lens 360 degree\nDo you want to show led lens 360 de... or other products of your own company? Display your Products FREE now!", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Superwave Laser Cleaner - Oil Removal\nUsing laser to remove oil stains, it can be seen under the 200 times color microscope that before the laser cleaning, the surface is covered with oil spots of different sizes, which completely overshadow the quality of the steel. After cleaning, the oil spot on the surface is completely removed, showing a bright white base color.\nAnd compared with traditional cleaning methods, laser cleaning has a significant advantage in removing oil pollution:\n1. Oil cover surface -- moderate pollution;\n2. Mechanical grinding surface -- severe damage roughening;\n3. Surface of chemical cleaning - moderate damage roughing;\n4. Surface of laser cleaning - no damage.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "A group of small factories in Tokyo has succeeded in taking remote video of the deep seabed off Japan’s northeastern coast in a project aimed at showcasing the companies’ technological capabilities.\nThe group has said its deep-sea research device, nicknamed the Edokko 1, captured 3-D images of shrimp and fish in the Japan Trench at a depth of some 8,000 meters.\nThe group’s research ship returned to port Sunday in Yokosuka, Kanagawa Prefecture.\nThe group said video images had never before been captured at such depth. The project “has proven the technology developed by small factories has world-level competitiveness,” said group leader Yukio Sugino, 64, who runs a rubber product factory in Katsushika Ward, Tokyo.\nThe group started the project in May 2009 and received support from Shibaura Institute of Technology and Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "This premium Toslink Digital Optical Cable from Tripp Lite provides the ultimate in pure, digital audio quality. Using superior grade optical fiber, and precision polished optical connectors, this Toslink cable offers a clean signal at even the most extreme volumes to give you a detailed, rich sound.\n|Brand Name||Tripp Lite|\n|Frequency Band||Digital Optical Fiber offers the best in Audio clarityPrecision polished optical termination minimizes loss for better high frequencies, and a more realistic stereo imageImmune to all Electromagnetic and Radio-Frequency interferenceEliminates distortion caused by inductance, capacitance, and resistance found in copper cables|\n|Cable Connectors||1 x Toslink Male|1 x Toslink Male|\n|Cable Length||3.28 ft|\nRelated Cables & Adapters\nManufacturer Part Number: ESATA-SATA-3BUUse this eSATA cable to attach a...\niMicro ST-VGA/M6 SVGA Male/Male 6ft Cable\nThe Micro Connectors Flat Cat6 UTP Cable is perfect for connecting your PC...\nCAT-5E cables are primarily used for networking; data transfer; and phone...\nUse Tripp Lite's P007-006 in server applications that require a higher...", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Shortly after startup lens maker Noktor went out of business, a company called SLR Magic decided to acquire the brand and continue the Noktor project. Now, the company is planning on launching a 50mm f/0.95 “HyperPrime” lens for the Leica M mount. It’ll be a 6-bit coded lens that’s significantly cheaper than the Noctilux lenses offered by Leica.\n(via Steve Huff Photos)\nA little over a year ago, US-based startup company Noktor announced a manual focus HyperPrime 50mm f/0.95 lens for Micro Four Thirds cameras that generated some buzz, and there was even murmurings of the lens being released for Canon and Nikon DSLRs. The company never really took advantage of the excitement they caused and not much was heard about the project since then. At the end of last week, the company took down the Noktor website and announced that the effort had come to an end.\nSome years ago Canon offered a f/1.0 version of its 50mm L lens. They’ve since stopped manufacturing lenses faster than f/1.2, and US-based company Noktor thinks there’s an opportunity for relatively affordable “hyperprime” lenses.\nToday, it announced the Noktor HyperPrime 50mm f/0.95, a manual focus lens designed for Micro Four Thirds cameras. The $750 lens will begin shipping on April 15th, but the company is accepting preorders on their website. In addition to Micro Four Thirds, the company has a poll asking which mount it should design lenses for next.\nHere’s a photograph shot with the lens showing its low light performance:\nOne of the problems with having such a large aperture is that the resulting depth-of-field is so shallow. The lens, being more than a stop faster than an f/1.4 lens, could be very difficult to focus correctly for shots were precision is needed. It was one of the complaints people had against the Canon 50mm f/1.0, though that lens was autofocus.\nIt’s interesting to see another lens company pop up for a specific type of lens, just like Lensbaby and its creative focus lenses.\nP.S.: Various sources are saying the lens is almost identical to the Senko 50mm f/0.95 C-mount CCTV lens.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Ball Aerospace & Technologies Corp., the aerospace arm of Westminster-based metal-packaging manufacturer Ball Corp. (NYSE: BLL), has completed design review on the Wide Field Instrument, which the company is developing in collaboration with NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center.\nThe Wide Field Instrument will be the primary science instrument on the Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope, formerly known as the Wide Field Infrared Survey Telescope.\nIn a statement, Mackenzie Lystrup, vice president and general manager for civil space for Ball Aerospace, said, “Now that we have passed this critical milestone, we will continue to work hand-in-hand with NASA as we move from the design phase and into building and integrating the instrument. It’s always exciting to get to the hardware build, and particularly in this case as WFI is the central science instrument on Roman.”\nBall’s primary responsibility is the opto-mechanical assembly, which includes the optical bench, thermal control system, precision mechanisms, optics, electronics, and the relative calibration system that provide the stable structural and thermal environment necessary for wide-field, high-quality, infrared observations. Ball will integrate the Goddard-provided 302-megapixel focal plane subsystem into the instrument and host instrument level verification and environmental testing.\nThe Roman Space Telescope is designed to unravel the secrets of dark energy, search for and image exoplanets, and explore many topics in infrared astrophysics. While its 2.4 meter telescope is the same size as Hubble’s, the WFI enables a field of view 100 times greater than Hubble’s at the same resolution.\nBall’s work with NASA on the Roman Space Telescope continues a relationship that spans almost 60 years. Ball built seven science instruments for the Hubble Space Telescope, as well as the advanced optical technology and lightweight mirror system for the James Webb Space Telescope.\nOverall, Ball has played a role in all of NASA’s Great Observatories — Compton Gamma Ray, Hubble Space Telescope, Chandra X-Ray Observatory, Spitzer Space Telescope and James Webb Space Telescope. Roman Space Telescope continues that tradition.\n© 2021 BizWest Media LLC", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "DJ-8 5×58 / 7,5×58\nFrom 3.490,00 €\nincl. VAT plus shipping and handling\n- Stepless focus adjustment\n- Ergonomic operability\nDon’t allow yourself any weaknesses. As the world’s only manufacturer of night vision technology, we rely on the consistent use of magnesium. And use only high-quality image intensifier tubes that have been tuned for hunting use in collaboration with our cooperation partner Photonis.\nThe sorting indicates whether and how many inclusions are present in the image tube at maximum.\nFirst grade = picture tube without or only with very light inclusions.\nSecond grade = picture tube with medium to heavy inclusions.\nPlease note: A higher power category is more crucial for an optimal picture than a better grade.\nThe power categories describe the performance of the image intensifier tubes. Power Category I has the lowest light gain – Power Category III has the best and the more optimal signal-to-noise ratio for a crisp image.\nAuto-Gating was developed to maintain the performance of image intensifier tubes, even under difficult lighting conditions at night, and to extend their service life.\nFEEL FREE TO CONTACT US\nTel: +49 30 3149270", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Spectro-UV's X-Series lamps are ideally suited for applications where high-intensity, wide-area UV coverage is required. Constructed of rugged metal with sturdy mounting brackets, these units are available in various combinations of long, medium and/or short wave UV. The complete line also offers lamps in a wide choice of various intensities, sizes and-wattage, including single or double UV tubes. A corrosion-resistant aluminum reflector optimizes UV irradiance, while all short and medium wave models feature our unique LONGLIFE™ filter glass, to ensure high initial UV intensity. These versatile lamps are also a key component of our CL-150 UV photo documentation system. They offer easy wavelength interchangeability making this system ideal for numerous applications requiring a darkened environment.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "|Ring of Fire|\nSaco has provided Clear Channel Entertainment, a leading producer and marketer of live entertainment events, with Saco’s newly designed high-brightness RGB lighting products, which are marketed through its Illumivision subsidiary.\nCustom spotlights, designed in a unique and special shape and containing thousands of high-brightness multi-colored LEDs, are used throughout the concert venue to cast beams of light down onto the stage.\nThe entire border of the stage is embedded with 3,500 high-brightness RGB pixels and has over 300 lumens of light output per unit for a total of over 1 million lumens. The border runs around the whole circumference of the stage illuminating its entirety; as well as providing lighting effects, the technology can be addressed with a high-speed real-time video signal.\n|Red LEDs for U2|\n\"It has been a pleasure to work with the creative team behind the U2 tour,\" said Fred Jalbout, president of Saco Technologies Inc. \"Once again, we have brought their imagination to life by creating ground breaking custom designed products that represent their innovative vision.\"\nBased in Montreal, Quebec, Saco Technologies Inc. is a pioneer in the design and manufacture of large-format LED video display systems, and now has a thriving lighting division, Illumivision.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Sensors for Remote Kill Assessment for Hit-to-Kill Threat Engagements\nAgency / Branch:\nDOD / MDA\nBodkin Design and Engineering proposes the development of a dual-band stand-off detector with both infrared imaging and hyper-spectral capabilities. The Dual-Band system will be modified to provide MWIR imaging for total integrated energy at high spatial resolution while a proprietary Hyperpixel Array will provide detailed data on the chemical make-up of debris at high spectral resolution in the VNIR, and low to moderate spatial resolution. The hyperspectral system will be able to track up to 100 independent debris elements in the field, producing high sensitivity spectra on each.\nSmall Business Information at Submission:\nBODKIN DESIGN & ENGINEERING, LLC\nP.O. Box 81386 Wellesley, MA 02481\nNumber of Employees:", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Kaunas University team develops cheaper “hole-transporter” for 17% PV process efficiency.\nResearch project at Loughborough, UK, uses LIBS to identify heritage materials.\nUniversity of Southampton engineers test fly and safely land “SULSA” – a laser-printed unmanned aircraft.\nNon-invasive device could end daily discomfort for people with diabetes; Leeds, UK, group aiming for market in 2-3 years.\nResults presented at US industry forum; Imec also describes 35% potential of hybrid with silicon.\nOptical technique appears able to distinguish between different tumor shapes in University of Twente study.\nQ-Eye from UK’s Warwick University is sensitive to single photons; new spin-off targets applications in security.\nFrequency comb ensures crosstalk between multiple comms channels within the same fiber is reversible.\nThree-year ESSenTIAL program has taken technology to industry, developed new products, and trained hundreds in Si-Photonics techniques.\nScientists at Zepler Institute say method will enable \"previously impossible\" fiber structures and applications.\n'Virtual lab' to specialize in development of ultra-high-efficiency photovoltaic devices for both CPV and consumer use.\nNew Barcelona Institute of Science & Technology to pursue joint projects in photonics, nano, high-energy physics and biochemistry.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "DEVELOPMENT AND TEST OF BLIMP-BASED COMPACT LIDAR POWEWR-LINE INSPECTION SYSTEM\nKeywords: Compact LIDAR, Unmanned blimps, Transmission line inspection, Flight along power-line, Safety hazards analysis\nAbstract. This paper introduces a compact LIDAR system designed to inspect overhead transmission line for maintenance purposes. This LIDAR system is carried by a small unmanned helium airship, which is guided by GPS and laser ranging to fly automatically along the power-line over a limited distance. The 3D coordinates of the power line, power tower and power line channel features are gathered by LIDAR. Test have been accomplished using this blimp-based compact LIDAR power-line inspection system. Its inspections of a 500kV power lines also shows the high efficient inspection, less risk to personnel and more inspections per day compared with manual inspection.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Nokia, Etisalat complete successful single-carrier terabit-per-second field trial\nNokia, in partnership with UAE provider Etisalat, has successfully completed a field trial of single-carrier terabit-per-second data transmission on a deployed fibre network.\nThe trial transmitted a record 50.8Tb/s using multiple wavelengths, each with a net information rate of 1.3Tb/s over a 93km fibre route. This comes as Etisalat invests in its core network infrastructure in the UAE region, in anticipation of the increase in traffic from high bandwidth services.\nThe field trial demonstrates that the existing network can support the higher optical wavelength bit rates that will be required to support high-bandwidth services such as 5G extreme mobile broadband, fibre-to-the-home (FTTH) and data centre interconnect (DCI) cloud services. Higher bit-rates-per-wavelength are designed to provide power and space savings, as well as improved network simplicity, increased spectral efficiency and capacity, and reduced cost-per-bit.\nLeveraging a single optical carrier operating at 100GBd, the terabit wavelengths employed Nokia Bell Labs probabilistic constellation shaping (PCS) to intelligently shape the signal to achieve maximum capacity for the specific fibre route. Nokia’s Photonic Service Engine 3, a coherent digital signal processor which uses PCS, is now shipping to customers as part of the company’s 1830 portfolio.\nEsmaeel Alhammadi, senior vice president, network development at Etisalat, commented: ‘We are pleased to have partnered with Nokia Bell Labs to demonstrate that our optical network is capable of transporting a terabit-per-second over a single wavelength, and a total per-fibre capacity of over 50Tb/s. Increasing network capacity helps us to provide bandwidth-hungry services such as 5G extreme mobile broadband, fibre-to-the-home and DCI for enterprises.’\nSam Bucci, head of optical networking at Nokia, added: ‘The introduction of 5G will require a network that can support dramatic increases in bandwidth in a dynamic fashion. This trial with Etisalat is testimony to Nokia’s commitment to continue to invest in coherent and optical component technologies required to meet the 5G networking challenge at the lowest total cost of ownership for our customers.’", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Glare & UV Protection Window Film\nHow does UV Window Film work?\nThe concept is simple. We are all familiar with the tinted windows that you see in sports cars and limousines. That tint film is blocking visible light, sometimes to the point of making it impossible to see inside of the car. UV protection film does the same thing, except that it blocks UV (ultraviolet) light waves. UV waves are above the visible light spectrum, so you can’t see them. They are the same waves that cause your skin to tan.\nA protective film is made from plastics, specific chemicals, and sometimes ceramics that keep UV light from coming in through the window. The film is applied to the glass with a thin layer of adhesive. When done by a professional, the film is nearly invisible, usually only showing a small amount of shading. The room is also usually noticeably cooler as soon as the film is applied.\nUV Fading Protection\nUnfiltered sunlight streaming in through a window can fade nearly everything in your home, from fabric to wood to paint. The technical term for UV fading is photodegradation. What’s happening is that the UV waves from the sun are breaking down the chemicals that create color in your furniture, paint, carpet, and nearly everything else.\nThe protective coating is designed to either reflect or absorb the UV rays. This keeps over 99% of the UV rays off your possessions.\nWhen you find yourself squinting in bright light, it’s because the light is unfiltered. Most UV protection films also reduce glare by cutting down the amount of visible light without darkening the room.\nMany people think of those ultra-dark car windows when they consider putting window film on the windows of their home. In truth, home windows with protective film are more like the windows on a skyscraper or office building. You can see through them and lots of light is allowed in, but there is less glare, making it easier to live in the home.\nGetting UV protection film applied to the windows of your home is an excellent investment. It can make your home more comfortable and protect everything you own from fading and damage. It might even save your eyes a bit.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "RIGO801 Near-field Optics - Light Ray Chromatic Luminance Distribution RAY FILE Measurement System\n- Goniophotometer for measuring Ray Data of LEDs and other small light sources.\nThis compact goniophotometer has been specially designed for the precise measurement of Ray Data from small light sources such as LEDs, OLEDs and modules. The positional accuracy of the rays is 0.01 mm, so that even very small LEDs can be measured with high quality.\nAs with all RiGO801 goniophotometers, the luminous intensity distribution, Ray File, and the luminous flux are also measured here. Spectral multi-channel measurements are supported with the filter wheel version (option) of our measuring cameras. Goniospectrometric measurements are carried out with a spectroradiometer (option).\nThe ray data are stored in the TechnoTeam file format TTR. For the conversion into all common ray data file formats we provide the free software Converter801.\n|Basic technical data|\n|Size of the device under test||≤ 200 mm (diameter)|\n|Space requirements||LxWxH = approx. 700 x 700 x 1000 mm³|\n|Movement||The sensors are moved on a circular path around the measuring object (horizontal axis, theta). The DUT is rotated in an upright position on a vertical rotation axis (phi)|\n|Measuring position||Upright and vertically rotating|\n|Measuring camera||LMK 6-5 / LMK 6-5 color|\n|Position accuracy of the ray data||< 0.01 mm|\nLuminous intensity distribution\nHigh angular resolution, fast measurement\nRay file measurement\nHigh precision and angular resolution, fast\nSpectral data, color coordinates, CRI, IES TM30-15\nCoordinate system of the measured ray file\nUniversal, easy mountable, exchangeable\nCompact tabletop device", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Complete software solution for machine vision inspection and advanced photometric analysis of backlit icons, text, and shapes\nEvaluating backlit components-such as illuminated controls, instrument panels, and LED light strips-requires a unique measurement approach. The quality of an illuminated component is determined as much by its photometric qualities (brightness, color) as it is by the overall integrity of its illuminated regions (correct shape, free from defects). Accurate measurement requires precise registration of icons and shapes, ensuring that only the illuminated region is used to quantify photometric values and that defects can be detected. While photometric measurement systems excel at light and color analysis, they have traditionally lacked machine vision functionality that enables consistent registration of unique shapes, as well as overall inspection of shape or text quality.\nA comprehensive backlit component inspection solution from Radiant combines TrueTest Software with the additional VIP license and a ProMetric® Imaging Colorimeter or Photometer to perform rapid, automated registration and measurement of backlit icons, text, and shapes. VIP registers illuminated regions in images captured by a ProMetric imager to measure multiple regions simultaneously, capturing and processing data much faster and more accurately than a human inspector or a spot measurement device. VIP also provides quantifiable photometric data correlated to human visual perception that is not measured by traditional machine vision systems.\nMIL-DTL-7788 (formerly SAE AS7788) - \"Panels, Information, Integrally Illuminated\" standard for backlit instrument panels (such as flight deck controls in an aircraft)\nFMVSS 111 - \"Rear Visibility\" standard, as it pertains to indicators in vehicle rearview mirrors (such as blind zone indicators in sideview mirrors)\nBacklit Component Inspection\nVIP adds advanced registration and defect detection functionality to TrueTest Software to combine the benefits of photometric and machine vision systems, offering efficiency over solutions that employ multiple technologies. With VIP, a Radiant TrueTest solution is able to address the complete set of visual quality requirements necessary for backlit component inspection.\nPhotometric data reported and evaluated using VIP in TrueTest Software includes:\nLuminance (Lv, cd/m2)\nCIE Chromaticity Coordinates (xy, u'v')\nL*a*b* Color Scale\nCorrelated Color Temperature (CCT)\nDominant Wavelength (nm)\nVIP automatically locates and registers icons or shapes in new orientations (as components move or shift) while maintaining the same relative POI placement within each registration region.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Laser Components has introduced a range of filters for flow cytometry, available in standard sizes. The filters were developed for research and used in clinical instruments from such manufacturers as Beckman Coulter, Becton Dickinson, DAKO, and Partec, to name a few. Collaborating with partners at an American university, these filters are continually being optimised.\nIn addition to filter sets for CFP/YFP/GFP/EGFP/DsRed/Cy fluorescences, single emission filters and dichroic filters are also available.\nEmission filters are available in standard sizes: 12.5mm, 15mm, and 25mm. Dichroic filters are available for an angle of incidence of 45° or 11.25°.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Dental Intraoral Camera HD C-U2\nHigh definition details and innovative design for maximum comfort\nThe portable, simple and fast C-U2 Intraoral Camera HD encompasses all technological reliability and is intuitive to use within any practice. It also simultaneously shows patients precise, sharp, clear images and footage of all aspects of a smile or a single tooth with maximum high resolution.\nNo manual adjustments are necessary for the C-U2 intraoral camera as images are always in focus due to the wide 5 to 70 mm depth of field. A multifunction button allows for maximum comfort enabling superior intraoral imaging.\nThe camera also provides a 9.5 mm thick ergonomic tip, retroflex optics 8 mm away from the tip and a 90° field of view. The diffuse 360° back-lighting visualises the state of the handpiece under any condition of use proving to be unmatchable flexibility at any moment.\nThe maximised field of view, 7 high purity glass lenses and diffused illumination with 8 LED’s contribute to the C-U2’s capability of producing exceptional high-quality intraoral images. Besides that, a high definition 16.9 sensor and precision optical system are combined to allow for new and increasingly efficient communications.\nDental Intraoral Camera HD C-U2 Product Details\n|Focal depth||5 – 70 mm (for structures up to 60 µm)|\n|Visual angle||90° (diagonal)|\n|Optical system||7 High purity glass lenses, F/8|\n|Illumination||8 LEDs with adjustable intensity|\n|Frame rate||30 frame/sec.|\n|Digital sensor||HD CMOS, Progressive Scan|\n|Resolution||1280 x 720|\n|Image format||Video - 16:9|\n- HD sensor (16:9)\n- 50x enlargement\n- Focus-free and user friendly\n- Multifunction button\n- Ergonomic tip with a 90° field of view\n- Native USB connection\nOur customers are as diverse as their geographies. From government to private practice. From the Australian Outback to Antarctica. It doesn’t get much more remote than that!", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The 288FO (24X12) Air Blown Microduct Loose tube Fiber Optic Cable OS2 G.652.D HDPE Black (Part number: ) from CABLEDOC with 288FO. Air blown microduct fiber cable is optimised for injection into microducts and is used in optical networks, more specifically for use in Fiber-to-the-home (FTTH) and Fiber-to-the-Desk (FTTD) networks. This technique that is lower at cost, quicker and more environmentally friendly than traditional deployment, allowing a simpler instalation with less resources.\n• HDPE sheath, for outdoor use • Excellent blowing performance • G.652.D fibers with 245μm coating\nThe fiber optic minicables from CABLEDOC are suitable for outdoor installation in micro ducts. The cables are characterized by a thin cable structure and cost-effective solution.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Australians get to enjoy some of the world’s most beautiful surroundings and plenty of sunlight to match. But to see all of this in its glory, the glass bordering your space needs to deliver excellent transparency and clarity.\nYou might think that all glass is essentially see-through, but there’s all kinds of issues with ordinary glass that can taint the way you enjoy the views and natural light in your space.\nHow can glass impact my view?\nSometimes it’s hard to see what’s right in front of you. But when we’re talking about glass, that may be exactly what you want.\nDue to the materials that go into it at manufacture, ordinary glass has a slight green tint, particularly noticeable where you get to see the edge of the glass. This normally doesn’t matter so much in conventional windows, as it is scarcely noticeable.\nBut when we’re talking heavyweight glass like showerscreens and balustrades, or where the glass sits over a colour or image – as with a light-coloured splashback or glass-covered artwork - many people prefer a clearer, more colour-true outcome. Products like VFloat SuperClear™ may be the solution you need.\nVFloat SuperClear™ is manufactured to a different recipe to conventional float glass – a low-iron formulation that results in far less of the green pigmentation observed in ordinary clear glass. This provides a glass with bright clarity, dazzling edge effect, and faithful transmission of backing colour.\nHave you ever walked past your window at night hoping to take in the stars, and instead only caught your own reflection?\nThe surface of all conventional glass is naturally reflective, but that reflection is mostly only noticeable when there’s not much light coming through the glass. Whenever you have more light on one side of the glass than the other you’ll get a noticeable reflection if you’re on from the high light side, and far less noticeable on the low-light side. Unfortunately, it happens this way regardless of the view out your window. Well, for most glass, that is; not so much with our Clear Vision glass.\nOptiView™reduces glass reflection to less than 2% from the standard 7%, thanks to its transparent yet durable anti-reflective coating. So you see less reflection, and more of the world.\nCleaning your windows for a crisp view isn’t always as simple as breaking out the spray cleaner and a soft cloth. For many buildings, particularly multi-storey residential and commercial buildings, professional cleaning is required. But that’s expensive, difficult to organise, and can come with associated accident risks.\nRenew™ is our self-cleaning glass with a specially developed, transparent exterior coating. Applied to the clear glass during manufacture, this is an active coating which uses a combination of the energy from the sun and a water attractive surface effect to deliver an innovative dual cleaning action.\nOnce exposed to daylight it reacts with the UV rays from the sun to break down and disintegrate organic dirt deposits such as bird droppings and tree sap. The second property of the coating then causes rain or wash water to sheet over the glass surface more uniformly to carry the loosened dirt and contaminants away.\nThough no glass can ever claim to clean itself to pristine condition at all times under all conditions, Renew reduces the visual impact of dirt on the glass throughout its life and can reduce the frequency of manual cleaning required.\nI want the clearest views, so what do I do now?\nIf you’re beginning to see that our Clear Vision glass might be what you need to enjoy your views to their full potential – we’ve got just the thing! Try using our Product Finder tool to see what’s possible.Or if that doesn’t work out, check out our Glass by Application page.\nClear Vision Glass\nSee the world in crystal clear and experience all that natural light has to offerFind", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "SIOS Meβtechnik GmbH developed a universal interferometrical profilometer for 3D measurements of freeform optics topography. Due to the measurement principle using a scanning differential interferometer, no expensive and individually shaped reference optics are required. All optic shapes such as plane-,spherical-, and freeform-optics with local slopes up to 7 mrad and sizes up to 100 × 100 mm2 can be measured with sub-nanometer resolution. The capability of the setup has been proven by measurements of highly precise machined silicon mirrors (plane and spherical). A maximum of ± 3 nm peak-valley deviation between two subsequent measurements of a 30 mm × 100 mm plane mirror topography has been achieved, which proves a very good repeatability. Furthermore, measurement results show very good accordance with those from Fizeau interferometer measurements of this precision plane mirror. The maximum deviation was ± 10 nm, which is a hint to a very good accuracy of our measurements. Furthermore, form parameters such as the radii of spherical mirrors can be determined precisely due to the interferometer-based synchronous measurements of the x- and y- positions of the z- topography. A reproducibility of 1.4 × 10-4 of the radius measurements of a 29 m radius mirror was achieved, whereat the mirror was measured on different supports and in different orientations.\nIn 2019, the Institut für angewandte Photonik (IAP) e. V. in cooperation with Nano Optics Berlin (NOB) GmbH and SIOS Meßtechnik GmbH has made an important progress in the technology for precision soft X-ray optics – the development of three-dimensional (3-D) reflection zone plates (RZPs) with diffractive compensation of slope errors. 2-D mapping of spherical and toroidal grating substrates was used for the metrology of their individual profile. Based on these data, the inscribed grating structure, which corrects the slope error distribution, was computed. The correction algorithm has been implemented as a Python script, and first pilot samples of slope error compensated RZPs are in fabrication process. The 3-D device can replace two or three components in an optical scheme and, therefore, reduce absorption losses by several orders of magnitude. Beyond, the fabrication of customized 3-D Fresnel structures on curved substrates promises considerable improvements for efficiency, resolution and energy range in wavelength dispersive applications. As an example, we present simulations for a compact instrument within (150 – 250) eV. Further development of this approach toward commercial availability will enable the design and construction of compact soft Xray monochromators and spectrometers with unique parameters.\nThe sensitivity of soft X-ray instrumentation for use in spectroscopy and monochromatization in the Hettrick-Underwood (HU) configuration can be significantly enhanced by replacing the common one-dimensional (1-D) variable line space grating by a two-dimensional (2-D), point-focusing reflection zone plate (RZP). To demonstrate the gain in the performance, we present examples of a flat-field spectrometer for the TiO2 fluorescence between about 390 eV and 530 eV and a femtosecond (fs) monochromator for an energy as low as 38.5 eV. In this context, the application to laser-based high harmonic generation (HHG) sources is discussed.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The Compact Twinspot (CTL) range of luminaires have been specifically designed to provide emergency lighting in high bay industrial areas, factories or large warehouses where there is a requirement to project high intensity beams between the racks and equipment to illuminate walkways and assist safe evacuation in case of emergency. Designed to be mounted at high levels, the CTL luminaires incorporate swivel and tilt projectors which can be independently adjusted to highlight any particular area. Unlike some other twin projector luminaires, the CTL range luminaires include aesthetically pleasing compact enclosures.\n- Compact, aesthetically pleasing twin projector luminaire.\n- Purpose designed for installations in high bay industrial areas, factories and large warehouses.\n- Designed to provide emergency lighting to walkways between plant and equipment racking.\n- Suitable for high level installation.\n- Supplied with LED projector lamp.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Webcam features and performance can vary by program, computer operating system, and also by the computer's processor capabilities.\nVideo calling support has also been added to several popular instant messaging programs. Software is available to allow PC-connected cameras to watch for movement and sound, a computer e-mailed images of the burglar during the theft of the computer, enabling the owner to give police a clear picture of the burglar's face even after the computer had been stolen.\nThe Eye Toy for the Play Station 2, Play Station Eye for the Play Station 3, and the Xbox Live Vision camera and Kinect motion sensor for the Xbox 360 and are color digital cameras that have been used as control input devices by some games.\nSmall webcam-based PC games are available as either standalone executables or inside web browser windows using Adobe Flash.\nVideo features, including faces, shapes, models and colors can be observed and tracked to produce a corresponding form of control.\nFor example, the position of a single light source can be tracked and used to emulate a mouse pointer, a head-mounted light would enable hands-free computing and would greatly improve computer accessibility.\nA webcam is a video camera that feeds or streams its image in real time to or through a computer to a computer network.\nWhen \"captured\" by the computer, the video stream may be saved, viewed or sent on to other networks via systems such as the internet, and emailed as an attachment.\nBy removing the IR filter of the webcam, IR LEDs can be used, which has the advantage of being invisible to the naked eye, removing a distraction from the user.\nTrack IR is a commercial version of this technology.\nFor a more complete list see Comparison of webcam software.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "It's Fast, Easy, and Affordable\nFirst, you pick your lenses. Then you send us your frames.\nWe will make your lenses to your exact prescription and install them in your frames for a precise fit. And lastly, we ship your glasses with fresh new Rx lenses right back to your doorstep.\nShop Prescription Lenses\n- Free Shipping on Orders $50+\n- Fast Delivery & Service\n- Guaranteed Fit & Accuracy\nThere are two types of prescriptions – Single Vision and Multi-focal\nA single-vision prescription corrects for one field of vision. The entire lens will be tuned precisely to that one focal length: distance, intermediate, or reading.\nProgressive Multifocal Vision\nIf your prescription contains an ADD power element, you may be best suited for a Progressive multi-focal lens. Progressive lenses are a multi-focals with three viewing zones and no visible lines between each area. This type of lens will seamlessly correct for distance, intermediate, and near focus all in one!\nStandard vs. Premium Lenses\nDigitally surfaced lenses are the gold standard for optical precision. Here at Revant, you have not one, but two great options as the foundation of your lenses.\nLens material plays a huge role in your visual clarity and eye protection. From activewear to your office pair, we have lens materials that suit a variety of needs. All of our materials come fully UV protected against harmful UV rays and are designed to stand the test of time.\nLight Adaptive Lenses\nWe are proud to offer Transitions®️ Light Adaptive lenses. These lenses darken when exposed to UV rays then fade back to clear when indoors, eliminating the need to carry around both vision correcting glasses and sunglasses.\nProtective and customizable coating additions can elevate your eyewear's durability, scratch resistance, and long-term visual clarity - ensuring your glasses remain in prime condition for every activity.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "1: 3D effect graphic and animation\n2: Professinal factory\n3: Friendly software\n4: Two years warranty\n5: LED cross signContinue Reading →\n1. Adopted SMD LED as the light source, indoor led flexible curtain display, high brightness.\n2. Curtain design, hight transparency, flexible combination and installation, any design available.\n3. East and fast installation, hanging option availabe.\n4 .Indoor structure design, high resolution in a near viewing distance.\nContinue Reading →", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Edge-based high accuracy OCR products utilising the latest embedded processors.\nThe highly advanced Vaxtor ALPR engine originally developed for PC platforms is now available embedded in both Axis and Mobotix cameras providing real-time recognition of license plates, ADR (dangerous goods), ISO Container codes, UIC Rail Code, US Dot, MMC (Make, Model & Colour) and essential meta-data.\nAdvanced edge software and reliable leading hardware ensure world leading solutions decreasing network bandwidth and hardware costs while increasing reliability and resilience.\nBecome a Vaxtor Technology Partner\nVaxtor has a proven track record of providing high performance OCR and LPR technology on any platform – from Intel to embedded cameras to Android – utilising our core C++ OCR library. Why not let Vaxtor bring new markets to your devices?\nIf you are interested in a potential technology partnership, let’s explore the possibilities together.\nPlease contact us at firstname.lastname@example.org", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "As advanced semiconductor technologies continue to shrink, there is a continued need for interconnect performance and variability to keep pace. Traditional area scaling alone cannot control the increased process variation at advanced nodes. We examine the impact that patterning scheme has on the final interconnect resistance, capacitance and RC variability at sub-36nm pitches. Industry standard patterning schemes are evaluated using the Monte Carlo method. Single exposure (direct print), litho-etch-litho-etch, self-aligned double patterning and self-aligned quadruple patterning (SAQP) are considered. In the context of these patterning schemes, lithographic variation and spacer thickness uniformity (where applicable) are evaluated.\nPending the availability of actinic inspection tools, optical inspection tools with 193 nm DUV\nillumination wavelength are currently used to inspect EUV masks and EUVL-exposed wafers.\nDue to strong optical absorption, DUV photons can penetrate only a few surface layers of EUV\nmasks, making them sub-optimal for detecting hidden defects embedded within the sub-layers of\nthe mask, the so-called phase defects. Although these phase defects may not be detected by\noptical inspection tools, they may print on the wafer. Conversely, false and nuisance defects\nwhich may not print on the wafer may be detected by optical inspection tools, and by so doing,\ndegrade the inspection sensitivity of the tool to real and critical defects. This paper discusses\napproaches to optimizing the optical inspection sensitivity of EUV masks, with a view to\novercoming some of the absorption limitations of the inspection wavelength and also with a view\nto enhancing the imaging contrast of the reflected light between the low reflective absorber/antireflection\ncoating stack and the moderately reflective mirror surface of Mo/Si bilayers, capped\nwith a thin Ru layer, and which serves to protect the mirror surface from damage and\ncontamination during mask fabrication and wafer printing processes. The effects of mask\nabsorber/ARC stack thickness on optical inspection contrast are simulated using rigorous\ncoupled wave analysis (RCWA), and compared to experimental results. EUV masks with thin\nabsorber/ARC stacks are observed to have higher inspection contrast, up to 15 % higher than\ntheir thicker counterparts, especially as the feature pitch gets smaller. Blank defect inspection\nperformance of tools such as the Siemens DFX40 tool and KLA 617 Teron tool equipped with\nPhasur module are compared, and correlated with patterned mask inspection data generated from\nKLA 617 Teron tool. Patterned mask defect sensitivities to the tune of 40 nm and 90 nm were\nobtained on thin and thick absorber/ARC stacks, respectively. The defect location accuracy of\nthe Teron 617 tool is better than 250 nm (3σ), while the alignment repeatability of the Teron 617\non the fiducials is better than 60 nm (3σ). Printability of mask blank and patterned mask defects\non exposed wafers in terms of what and where the defects print, are also presented. Four masks\nwith different absorber and antireflection coating thicknesses, some with substrate and absorber programmed defects of different types and sizes, were fabricated and used to expose resistcoated\nSiN substrate wafers on full field ASML EUV scanners.\nDetection of nuclear materials is critical in preventing traffic of illicit nuclear materials. Several methods that are based on detection of spontaneous or induced emission of fission neutron are considered. Efficient fast and thermal neutron detectors are generally required. For some applications these detectors must have fast response and should be deployed with large or small detection area.\nThis work expands upon the basic concept of coating a p-n junction solar cell with a neutron detection layer that typically employs either 6Li or 10B. 10B has a larger absorption cross section and results in higher detection efficiency. When an incident neutron interacts with 10B, it releases an α-particle and a 7Li ion; this α-particle excites electron-hole-pairs in the silicon p-n junction. This work investigated a variety of different silicon trench/pillar/hole geometries in combination with the 10B filling or coating; thermal neutron detection efficiencies as high as 30% are projected. It utilizes trenches spaced as closely as 2 μm and 50 μm deep. Simulations predict that when these single layer detectors are bonded in a multiple layer configuration, efficiencies in the range of 90% could be achieved.\nAlong with nuclear and electrical simulations, a highly controllable deep-reactive-ion-etching (DRIE) recipe is developed for trench/pillar/hole etching. The ability to create p-n junctions along those trenches is presented. Trenches and pillars as small as 2 μm by 2 μm are fabricated and p-n junctions are created along their surface. Smooth, uniform trenches are ready for trench refilling procedures.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "S is a monochromatic source of light. It is placed on the focal plane of a converging lens so that a plane wavefront is incident on a narrow slit. Another converging lens focuses light from different portions of the slit on the observation screen.\nThe salient features of the actual diffraction pattern produced by a single vertical slit from a point source are:\nAccording to Huygens’ wave theory, plane wavefronts are incident on the barrier containing the slit. As these wavefronts fall on the barrier, only that part of the wavefront passes through the slit which is incident on it. This part of the wavefront continues to propagate to the right of the barrier. However, the shape of the wavefront does not remain plane beyond the slit.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item:\n|標題:||Fabrication of nc-Si/c-Si solar cells using hot-wire chemical vapor deposition and laser annealing||作者:||Wu, B.R.\n|關鍵字:||Silicon heterojunction solar cells;Hot-wire chemical vapor deposition;Laser annealing;Conversion efficiency;silicon;cvd||Project:||Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells||期刊/報告no：:||Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, Volume 93, Issue 6-7, Page(s) 993-995.||摘要:||\nIn this paper, we present the performance of Si heterojunction solar cells prepared by hot-wire chemical vapor deposition and laser annealing. Under high hydrogen-dilution-ratio conditions, the crystallinity of the phosphorous-doped emitter layers was greatly improved due to hydrogen-induced crystallization. The grain boundary defects of the nano-crystalline emitter layer were further promoted using a laser (355 nm) crystallization technique. It was found that both the short-circuit current density and fill factor of the Si heterojunction solar cells were mainly dependent on the energy density of the laser beam. An efficiency of 14.2% is achieved for the n-nc-Si/p-c-Si heterojunction solar cell under a laser irradiation density of 382 mW/cm(2). (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.\n|Appears in Collections:||材料科學與工程學系|\nShow full item record\nTAIR Related Article\nItems in DSpace are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved, unless otherwise indicated.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "BUSCH Microsystems Consult GmbHGerman companies\n|Short Business Description|\nBUSCH incorporates moret han 20 years´experience in design and manufacturing of precision motion control to provide turn-key system solution\nBUSCH incorporates moret han 20 years´experience in design and manufacturing of precision motion control to provide turn-key system solutions in the semiconductor, 3 D printing, and laser micromachining industries.We offer a number of standardized positioning systems, for example of granite or CFC hybrid systems, that feature maximum system and repetition accuracy. From a mere granite installation up to a highly precise axis system – a holistic approach is the focus of all solutions.\n|Products & Services|\nOur engineers and technicians develop motion control systems, ready for installation and connection, that convince through compact design, optimum precision and fast positioning. Thanks to their high rigidity and low inertia, our systems reach high accelerations with very small yaw, pitch and roll errors.\nOur basis for your application!\nThe variety of tasks to be met by our customers call for individual solutions. Our basic systems are designed in such a way that they can be adjusted specifically to your requirements.\nWe offer the following options, for example:\n– Scalable strokes\n|References and export activities|\nWell-known customers from a variety of industries (including laser processing, electronics production, semiconducter industry, display and photovoltaic\n– Optical industry\n– Customized motion stages // positioning systems, which are characterized by the highest system and repeatability accuracy (micro and precision machining)\n|Ideal Business Partners|\n– Manufacturers in the field of medical technology (e.g. of stents)\nBUSCH Microsystems Consult GmbH\n|Internet / Website|\nGAB Israel 2023 Photonik, GAB Kanada 2023 Elektronik und Photonik\nGAB Israel Photonik 2023 (company profile PDF)", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "- What color is the human eye least sensitive to?\n- What is the softest color on the eyes?\n- Which led color is best for eyes?\n- What is the most relaxing color?\n- Are LED lights bad for your eyes?\n- What color is hardest on the eyes?\n- Which LED light is best for eyes?\n- What can the human eye not see?\n- Is white text on black better for eyes?\n- Is low brightness better for your eyes?\n- Which Colour is not harmful for eyes?\n- Which part of the eye is most sensitive?\n- What is the easiest color for the eyes to look at?\n- Which Colour is comfortable for eyes?\n- What colors attract customers to buy?\n- Is Dark mode better for eyes?\n- Is Dark mode harmful for eyes?\n- How can you naturally change the color of your eyes?\nWhat color is the human eye least sensitive to?\nDifferent wavelengths of light excite different combinations of cones to varying levels, which generates our perception of color.\nYou can see that the red cones are most sensitive to light, and the blue cones are least sensitive.\nThe sensitivity of green and red cones overlaps for most of the visible spectrum..\nWhat is the softest color on the eyes?\nLike a lot of peeps are saying in here, stay away from the shorter wavelength colors (blue, indigo, violet). That being said, yellow and green, which are at the top of the visible spectrum bell curve, are easiest for our eyes to see and process.\nWhich led color is best for eyes?\nYellow light, has been proven effective in protecting the retinas of patients exposed to excessive blue light, since it offers the best contrast. Sunglasses with yellow lenses can be very effective in filtering out not only UV but blue light too.\nWhat is the most relaxing color?\nWith that in mind, we have compiled a list of the most relaxing colors you should choose for a stress-free life.1) BLUE. This color stands true to its appearance. … 2) GREEN. Green is a restful and quiet color. … 3) PINK. Pink is another color that promotes tranquility and peace. … 4) WHITE. … 5) VIOLET. … 6) GREY. … 7) YELLOW.Jul 6, 2017\nAre LED lights bad for your eyes?\nThe “blue light” in LED lighting can cause damage to the eye’s retina and also disturb natural sleep rhythms, according to a new report. … “Exposure to an intense and powerful (LED) light is ‘photo-toxic’ and can lead to irreversible loss of retinal cells and diminished sharpness of vision,” it said.\nWhat color is hardest on the eyes?\nblue lightWhy is blue light the hardest colour of light to focus our eyes on? : askscience.\nWhich LED light is best for eyes?\nThe natural light of 4,900 to 6,500 K is the best solution for eyes that allows comfortable work. The cold light of 6,500 K offers an excellent level of brightness and improves overall attention.\nWhat can the human eye not see?\nThe human eye can only see visible light, but light comes in many other “colors”—radio, infrared, ultraviolet, X-ray, and gamma-ray—that are invisible to the naked eye. On one end of the spectrum there is infrared light, which, while too red for humans to see, is all around us and even emitted from our bodies.\nIs white text on black better for eyes?\nBlack text on a white background is best, since the color properties and light are best suited for the human eye. That’s because white reflects every wavelength in the color spectrum. … White text on a black background, or “dark mode,” makes the eye work harder and open wider, since it needs to absorb more light.\nIs low brightness better for your eyes?\nWatching Television in the Dark Eye Smart notes that playing video games or viewing TV in low light is unlikely to cause any actual damage to your eyes, but the high contrast between a bright screen and dark surroundings may cause eyestrain or fatigue that could lead to a headache.\nWhich Colour is not harmful for eyes?\nNow the third and the best way to protect your eyes especially at the night time is to use blue light filters. Blue light filters are no less than a blessing for someone whose nature of work demands the excessive use of the screen.\nWhich part of the eye is most sensitive?\nCornea: the transparent circular part of the front of the eyeball. It refracts the light entering the eye onto the lens, which then focuses it onto the retina. The cornea contains no blood vessels and is extremely sensitive to pain.\nWhat is the easiest color for the eyes to look at?\ngreenThe green color was created by analyzing the way the rods and cones in our eyes are stimulated by different wavelengths of light. The company found that the human eye is most sensitive to light at a wavelength of 555 nanometers—a bright green.\nWhich Colour is comfortable for eyes?\nWe see green with ease because of how light reaches our eyes; the human eye translates waves of light into color. When we see these colors, the cones in our eyes are able to process the wavelengths and tell the brain what color is being observed.\nWhat colors attract customers to buy?\nRed is more effective for impulse purchases, so it’s a common buy button choice on ecommerce websites. But it’s more effective for B2B software vendors too. When HubSpot A/B tested CTA button color for Performable, red out-converted green by 21%. Red seems to perform best across the board.\nIs Dark mode better for eyes?\nOn the other hand, when we use dark mode less light enters our eyes, which results in the pupils being dilated. This leads to the formation of a blurring image and strain while reading. … Android Authority quoting a research by Harvard says that exposure to Blue light during the day can uplift the mood.\nIs Dark mode harmful for eyes?\nPlus, there is no scientific evidence that has proven dark mode can help reduce eye strain. Serious eye damage or complications are not really a risk with device usage.\nHow can you naturally change the color of your eyes?\nBright Side put together some interesting facts about how and why a person can change the color of their eyes.How mood can affect eye color. … Melanin and age. … Raw food diet and detoxing. … Make-up and clothes can change your eye color. … Sunlight and place of residence. … Laser lightening of eye color.More items…", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Luminescent spectral rulers for non-invasive strain measurement through tissue\nDynamic compression plates and orthopedic screws maintain proper bone alignment and share load with bone as a fracture heals. We are developing luminescent spectral rulers to evaluate strain on the surface of these devices to mechanically monitor fracture healing and aid in detection of hardware fatigue (e.g. load sharing, implant loosening, and non-union). The strain sensors contain two patterned surfaces: (1) an “encoder†patterned with alternating luminescent lines, and (2) a transparent “analyzer mask†patterned with opaque lines that overlay and mask a portion of the encoder below. Moving the encoder with respect to the analyzer generates a color change that is detected by spectrometer and analyzed in MATLAB. We have fabricated a bromocresol purple patterned encoder that overlays an X-ray scintillator film (Gd2O2S:Eu). The dye absorbs a portion of the Gd2O2S:Eu luminescence spectrum in a position-dependent manner. With our x-ray scintillator sensors reproducible small displacements (~13 microns) through 6 mm thick chicken breast tissue have been detected. Additionally, we have fabricated sensors that do not require ionizing radiation; a 633 nm laser is used for excitation. The sensors contain an encoder patterned with alternating spectrally distinct fluorescent materials. Both sensors provide a non-invasive method for strain analysis through tissue.\nRogalski, Melissa M.; Ravikumar, Nakul; Pelham, Hunter; Lake, Joshua; DesJardins, John D.; and Anker, Jeffrey, \"Luminescent spectral rulers for non-invasive strain measurement through tissue\" (2015). Graduate Research and Discovery Symposium (GRADS). 157.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "In 2010, domestic listed companies have announced investment in LED industry, 300 billion yuan of capital, more investment in non-listed companies were not disclosed. And there are still many enterprises to enter the LED industry, BDO Runda recently announced that it would raise 3.5 billion layout LED industry chain. Guangzhou Iron and Steel shares had just wide backdoor Japanese group said, is investing in new industries LED.\nIn Guangdong Province, LED is listed as one of its three new strategic industries, by 2012, LED industry will reach 120 billion yuan. During the second five-continent, will promote the use of 3 million outdoor LED lighting, 30 million indoor LED lighting, saving 20% of urban lighting to achieve the goal.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Main advantages of halogen bulb against incandescent bulb are higher light output (to 25lm/W), longer lifespan (4000-6000h), optimal light control, small size, more constant light flux during the lifespan, higher colour temperature – bright white light of 3000K. There are editions with higher colour temperature (4000-6000K) for special purposes.\nNew technologies anable aditional increasing of light flux. Application of special infra red coating (IRC) makes possible returning of part of IR emition back to the filament. It is then used for heating the filament and thus decreases the need for electricity. This way the light flux is increased for 30%.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "I / O MAG ™ XL is an evolution of I / O MAG ™ as much as possible.\nWith this size increase, all the functions and systems of I / O MAG ™ are realized in a small model. The lens lock has a wider field of view from top, bottom, left, and right, and uses a frame system that is compatible with eyeglasses, which has been highly requested. The extra large spherical lens that covers the large frame uses the world's best chroma pop lens and 5X ™ anti-fog technology. Even at this size, the integration with the helmet is exquisite and SMITH's unique Air Evac ™ function enables fog-free vision. A unique magnet system and lens security system are used for the lens lock. Two chroma pop lenses are standard equipment (excluding dimming models).\n- Two chroma pop lenses, one for fine weather and one for cloudy weather, are standard equipment (the dimming model comes with two chroma pop dimming and clear lenses)\n- Uses a thermal fodge gasket\n- Endura lock glue for the outer and inner lenses Crimping\n- TLT lens technology (clear view without distortion)\n- Carbonic X lens adopted from mold-molded polycarbonate material\n- 5X anti-fog inner lens (water vapor is trapped inside the inner lens to suppress the cause of fogging. (5 times more anti-fog function than regular SMITH fog X / inner lens)\n- MAG ™ lens change system (CHANGE IS EASY)\n- 3 layer DriWix face foam\n- Best integration with helmet\nSIZEFit: Asian Fit\nFrame: Large Fit", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "This work aims to improve the understanding of optical pulse propagation in semiconductor lasers through advanced numerical simulation. A new technique is developed for simulating the injection of short-duration optical pulses into semiconductor lasers. The model incorporates an accurate complex susceptibility, material and gain dispersion and full phase information, and may be integrated on a desktop computer to simulate time evolution over a period of nanoseconds in a matter of hours. The model is applied to the experimentally observed phenomena of dark pulse formation following the injection of optical pulses into semiconductor lasers and furnishes an explanation for their formation, subsequent evolution and stability. These investigations led to a hypothesis, and subsequent demonstration by numerical simulation, for generating stable streams of customisable pulse trains by coherent control of the phase of the injected pulse.\n\"Sinopsis\" puede pertenecer a otra edición de este libro.\nDescripción lulu.com, 2009. Paperback. Estado de conservación: New. book. Nº de ref. de la librería M1409263932\nDescripción lulu.com, 2009. Paperback. Estado de conservación: Brand New. 140 pages. 8.26x5.83x0.34 inches. This item is printed on demand. Nº de ref. de la librería zk1409263932", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Laser Safety DVD\n- Send to friend\nLasers have become an integral part of society. Due to their ability to carry large amounts of data with little or no signal degradation over long distances, they are commonly used in fiber optic communication systems. Use this course to learn safe work practices around Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation (LASERs). This course covers the theory of laser light, how lasers work, types of lasers, laser classifications, laser hazards, low-power laser hazards, and laser pointer safety guidelines.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Objectives: The analysis of the optic disk morphology with the means of the scanning laser tomography is an important step for glaucoma diagnosis. A method we developed for optic disk segmentation in images of the scanning laser tomograph is limited by noise, non-uniform illumination and presence of blood vessels. Inspired by recent medical research, we wanted to develop a tool for improving optic disk segmentation by registration of images of the scanning laser tomograph and color fundus photographs and by applying a method we developed for optic disk segmentation in color fundus photographs.\nMethods: The segmentation of the optic disk for glaucoma diagnosis in images of the scanning laser tomograph is based on morphological operations, detection of anatomical structures and active contours and has been described in a previous paper. The segmentation of the optic disk in the fundus photographs is based on nonlinear filtering, Canny edge detector and a modified Hough transform. The registration is based on mutual information using simulated annealing for finding maxima.\nResults: The registration was successful 86.8% of the time when tested on 174 images. Results of the registration have shown a very low displacement error of a maximum of about 5 pixels. The correctness of the registration was manually evaluated by measuring distances between the real vessel borders and those from the registered image.\nConclusions: We have developed a method for the registration of images of the scanning laser tomograph and fundus photographs. Our first experiments showed that the optic disk segmentation could be improved by fused information from both image modalities.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Woburn, MA (PRWEB) February 10, 2011\nEnergetiq Technology, Inc., a developer and manufacturer of ultrahigh-brightness light sources for advanced technology applications, has appointed Optoprim as a distributor in Europe, and DMS Technologies and InstrumentsNE as representatives in the U.S. for Energetiq’s Laser-Driven Light Source (LDLS™) products. Optoprim has offices in France and Italy, as well as an office in Germany that services customers throughout Germany, Austria, and Switzerland. DMS Technologies is located in Mission Viejo, California and serves customers in Southern California, Arizona, and Nevada. InstrumentsNE, located in West Hartland, Connecticut, serves customers in New England.\n\"We're excited to be able to expand the reach of our Laser-Driven Light Source product offering to scientists across the globe,” said Paul Blackborow, CEO of Energetiq. “These new partners have excellent reputations serving the needs of their spectroscopy and advanced imaging customers. With the addition of the LDLS products to their portfolio, more of their customers can benefit from instrument performance levels an order of magnitude better than they’ve achieved before.”\nElectrodeless in operation, Energetiq’s patented laser-driven technology in the LDLS products is ideal for analytical applications requiring ultra-long lamp life. With the LDLS technology, researchers and engineers who need highly reliable, high brightness UV light can use a single broadband (UV-Vis-NIR) source, giving them a cost-effective alternative to purchasing and operating multiple lamps or lasers.\nFor more information on Energetiq’s Laser-Driven Light Sources, visit http://www.energetiq.com/html/ldls.html. For information on Optoprim, DMS Technologies, and InstrumentsNE, visit their respective websites: http://www.optoprim.com, http://www.dmstech.us and http://www.instrumentsne.com.\nAbout Energetiq Technology, Inc.\nEnergetiq Technology, Inc. is a developer and manufacturer of ultrahigh-brightness light sources for use in analytical instrumentation. Energetiq's unique Laser-Driven Light Source (LDLS™) technology features broadband output from 170nm in the deep UV, through visible and into the infrared. The LDLS products offer higher reliability, more than 10X brightness, and better than10X lifetime of conventional Xenon arc and Deuterium lamps. For more information, visit http://www.energetiq.com.\nAs a European distributor network, Optoprim has been serving the research and industrial photonics markets since 1994. We offer a broad range of solutions from the source to end control and data acquisition. Optoprim develops long-term relationships with customers by providing standard or customized equipment solutions that include installation, service, and technical support.\nAbout DMS Technologies\nWith more than 30 years experience in the laser, optics and photonics industries, DMS Technologies provides its customers with the highest quality products and customer service.\nInstrumentsNE has been providing client services in the analytical instrument field for over 15 years. We provide technical review and discussion of your application, product demonstrations on site or at the manufacturer’s lab, and provide instrument delivery, installation, training, and support.\n# # #", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "06 Mar Matrix launches Matrix All Color Camera\nMatrix recently introduced the Matrix All Color Cameras, a camera that provides vivid coloured images in low-light conditions.\nThe launch of the Matrix All Color Series IP Cameras in Turret Enclosures reflects a strategic move by Matrix to broaden its product portfolio while upholding the brand’s commitment to durability and performance.\nThese cameras perform in a spectrum of surveillance applications, including corporate offices, hospitals, hotels, and residential areas.\nThe incorporation of SONY STARVIS SERIES sensors and advanced lenses equips these cameras to deliver outstanding low-light performance, capturing colour images even in low-light/ no-light environments.\nThis capability not only enhances identification but also reduces false alarms, offering valuable forensic evidence. The cameras serve as visible deterrents, contributing significantly to heightened security measures. From retail and healthcare to education and critical infrastructure, the All Color Series exhibits versatility.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z\nThat portion of optical attenuation in optical fiber resulting from the conversion of optical power to heat.Caused by impurities in the fiber such as hydroxyl ions.\nAbbreviation for alternating current.An electric current that reverses its direction at regularly recurring intervals.\nThe half-angle of the cone within which incident light is totally internally reflected by the fiber core. It is equal to sin-1 (NA).\nA device that requires a source of energy for its operation and has an output that is a function of present and past input signals.Examples include controlled power supplies, transistors, LEDs, amplifiers and transmitters.\nA/D or ADC\nAbbreviation for analog-to-digital converter.A device used to convert analog signals to digital signals.\nAbbreviation for add-drop multiplexer.A device which adds or drops signals from a communications network.\nAbbreviation for asynchronous digital subscriber line.See DSL.\nCable that is suspended in the air on telephone or electric utility poles.\nAbbreviation for automatic gain control.A process or means by which gain is automatically adjusted in a specified manner as a function of input level or another specified parameter.\nAbbreviation for amplitude modulation.A transmission technique in which the amplitude of the carrier is varied in accordance with the signal.\nAmplitude Spontaneous Emission (ASE)\nA background noise mechanism common to all types of erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFA's). It contributes to the noise figure of the EDFA which causes loss of signal-to-noise-ratio.\nA device that boosts the strength of an electronic signal.In a cable system, amplifiers are spaced at regular intervals throughout the system to maintain signal fidelity.\nA continuously variable signal. A mercury thermometer, which gives a variable range of temperature readings, is an example of an analog instrument.Opposite of digital.\nA unit of length in optical measurements where\n1Å = 10-10 meters, or 10-4 micrometers, or = 10-1 nanometers.\nThe angstrom has been used historically in the field of optics, but it is not as SI (Système Internationale or International System) unit. Rarely used in fiber optics; nanometers is preferred.\nLoss at a connector due to fiber end face angles being misaligned.\nAbbreviation for American National Standards Institute.\nAbbreviation for angle polished connector.An 5° - 15° angle on the connector tip for the minimum possible backreflection.\nSee avalanche photodiode.\nAbbreviation for average picture level.A video quality parameter.\nAntireflection coating. A thin, dielectric or metallic film applied to an optical surface to reduce its reflection and thereby increase its transmittance.\nA protective layer, usually metal, wrapped around a cable.\nAbbreviation for American standard code for information interchange. An encoding scheme used to interface between data processing systems, data communication systems, and associated equipment.\nAbbreviation for application-specific integrated circuit. A custom-designed integrated circuit.\nAbbreviation for American Society for Testing and Materials.\nData that is transmitted without an associated clock signal.\nAsynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)\nA transmission standard widely used by the telecom industry. A digital transmission switching format with cells containing 5 bytes of header information followed by 48 bytes. Part of the B-ISDN standard.\nAbbreviation for automatic test equipment.Test equipment computer programmed to perform a number of test measurements on a device without the need for changing the test setup.\nThe decrease in signal strength along a fiber optic waveguide caused by absorption and scattering. Attenuation is usually expressed in dB/km.\nFor a particular propagation mode in an optical fiber, the real part of the axial propagation constant.\nThe condition in a fiber optic link when operation is limited by the power of the received signal (rather than by bandwidth or distortion).\n1) In electrical systems, a usually passive network for reducing the amplitude of a signal without appreciably distorting the waveform.\n2) In optical systems, a passive device for reducing the amplitude of a signal without appreciably distorting the waveform.\nAvalanche Photodiode (APD)\nA photodiode that exhibits internal amplification of photocurrent through avalanche multiplication of carriers in the junction region.\nThe average level of power in a signal that varies with time.\nAWG (Arrayed Waveguide Grating)\nA device, built with silicon planar lightwave circuits (PLC), that allows multiple wavelengths to be combined and separated in a dense wavelength-division multiplexing (DWDM) system.\nAxial Propagation Constant\nFor an optical fiber, the propagation constant evaluated along the axis of a fiber in the direction of transmission.\nThe center of an optical fiber.\nReturn to top\nAbbreviation for broadband interactive services.The delivery of all types of interactive video, data and voice services over a broadband communications network.\nIn cases where light is launched into an optical fiber, backreflection refers to the light that is returned to the launch point.\nThe return of a portion of scattered light to the input end of a fiber; the scattering of light in the direction opposite to its original propagation.\nThe range of frequencies within which a fiber optic waveguide or terminal device can transmit data or information.\nThe condition in a fiber optic link when bandwidth, rather than received optical power, limits performance. This condition is reached when the signal becomes distorted, principally by dispersion, beyond specified limits.\nA method of communication in which a signal is transmitted at its original frequency without being impressed on a carrier.\nA unit of signaling speed equal to the number of signal symbols per second, which may or may not be equal to the data rate in bits per second.\nAn optical device, such as a partially reflecting mirror, that splits a beam of light into two or more beams. Used in fiber optics for directional couplers.\nThe logarithm to the base 10 of a power ratio, expressed as B = log10(P1/P2), where P1 and P2 are distinct powers.The decibel, equal to one-tenth bel, is a more commonly used unit.\nAttenuation caused by high-order modes radiating from the outside of a fiber optic waveguide which occur when the fiber is bent around a small radius. See also macrobending, microbending.\nThe smallest radius an optical fiber or fiber cable can bend before increased attenuation or breakage occurs.\nBER (Bit Error Rate)\nThe fraction of bits transmitted that are received incorrectly.\nAbbreviation for bidirectional transceiver, a device that sends information in one direction and receives information from the opposite direction.\nOperating in both directions. Bidirectional couplers operate the same way regardless of the direction light passes through them. Bidirectional transmission sends signals in both directions, sometimes through the same fiber.\nBase two numbers with only two possible values 0, or 1.Primarily used by communication and computer systems.\nHaving a refractive index that differs for light of different polarizations.\nThe smallest unit of information upon which digital communications are based; also an electrical or optical pulse that carries information.\nAbbreviation for built-in test equipment.Features designed into a piece of equipment that allow on-line diagnosis of failures and operating status.\nPopular coax bayonet style connector, often used for baseband video.\nA technique for building optical filtering functions directly into a piece of optical fiber based on interferometric technicques.Usually this is accomplished by making the fiber photosensitive and exposing the fiber to deep UV light though a grating. This forms regions of higher and lower refractive indices in the fiber core.\nA method of communication where the signal is transmitted by being impressed on a high-frequency carrier.\n1) In optical fiber, a protective coating applied directly to the fiber.\n2) A routine or storage used to compensate for a difference in rate of flow of data, or time of occurrence of events, when transferring data from one device to another.\nA network topology in which all terminals are attached to a transmission medium serving as a bus.\nA joining of two fibers without optical connectors arranged end-to-end by means of a coupling. Fusion splicing is an example.\nThe ability of a saturation to isolate itself optically from a network while maintaining the continuity of the cable plant.\nA unit of eight bits.\nReturn to top\nAbbreviation for Celsius. Measure of temperature where pure water freezes at 0° and boils at 100°.\nOne or more optical fibers enclosed, with strength members, in a protective covering.\nA cable that is connector terminated and ready for installation.\nThe cable plant consists of all the optical elements including fiber connectors, splices, etc., between a transmitter and a receiver.\nCommunications system that distributes broadcast and non-broadcast signals as well as a multiplicity of satellite signals, original programming and other signals by means of a coaxial cable and/or optical fiber.\nCarrier-to-Noise Ratio (CNR)\nThe ratio, in decibels, of the level of the carrier to that of the noise in a receiver's IF bandwidth before any nonlinear process such as amplitude limiting and detection takes places.\nOriginally an abbreviation for community antenna television; the term now typically refers to cable television.\nThe wavelength range between 1530 nm and 1562 nm used in some CWDM and DWDM applications.\nAbbreviation for Consultative Committee on Radio.\nAbbreviation for Consultative Committee on Telephony and Telegraphy.\nAbbreviation for closed-circuit television.An arrangement in which programs are directly transmitted to specific users and not broadcast to the public.\nAbbreviation for compact disk. Often used to describe high-quality audio, CD-quality audio, or short-wavelength lasers; CD laser.\nAbbreviation for code-division multiple access.A coding scheme in which multiple channels are independently coded for transmission over a single wideband channel using an individual modulation scheme for each channel.\nIn a laser, the nominal value center operating wavelength.It is the wavelength defined by a peak mode measurement where the effective optical power resides.In an LED, the average of the two wavelengths measure at the half amplitude points of the power spectrum.\nCentral Office (CO)\nA common carrier switching office in which users' lines terminate. The nerve center of a communications system.\nAbbreviation for color graphics adapter. A low-resolution color standard for computer monitors.\nA communications path or the signal sent over that path. Through multiplexing several channels, voice channels can be transmitted over an optical channel.\nMaximum number of channels that a cable system can carry simultaneously.\nIn laser diodes, the shift of the laser's center wavelength during single pulse durations due to laser instability.\nReduced optical signal strength caused by different wavelengths of light traveling at different speeds down the optical fiber.Chromatic dispersion occurs because the speed at which an optical pulse travels depends on its wavelength, a property inherent to all optical fiber. May be caused by material dispersion, waveguide dispersion, and profile dispersion.\nPassive three-port devices that couple light from Port 1 to 2 and Port 2 to 3 and have high isolation in other directions.\nMaterial that surrounds the core of an optical fiber.Its lower index of refraction, compared to that of the core, causes the transmitted light to travel down the core.\nA mode confirmed to the cladding; a light ray that propagates in the cladding.\nThe process of separating an optical fiber by a controlled fracture of the glass, for the purpose of obtaining a fiber end, which is flat, smooth, and perpendicular to the fiber axis.\nAbbreviation for centimeter. Approximately 0.4 inches.\nAbbreviation for complementary metal oxide semiconductor. A family of IC's.Particularly useful for low-speed or low-power applications.\nAbbreviation for cable modem termination system.\nCoarse Wavelength-division Multiplexing (CWDM)\nCWDM allows eight or fewer channels to be stacked in the 1550 nm region of optical fiber, the C-Band.\nThe material surrounding the cladding of a fiber.Generally a soft plastic material that protects the fiber from damage.\nIn fiber optics, a communication system where the output of a local laser oscillator is mixed optically with a received signal, and the difference frequency is detected and amplified.\nThe 3.58 MHz signal which carriers color information in a TV signal.\nComposite Second Order (CSO)\nAn important distortion measure of analog CATV systems.It is mainly caused by second order distortion in the transmission system.\nA signal consisting of horizontal sync pulses, vertical sync pulses, and equalizing pulses only, with a no-signal reference level.\nComposite Triple Beat (CTB)\nAn important distortion measure of analog CATV systems.It is mainly caused by second order distortion in the transmission system.\nA signal which consists of the luminance (black and white), chrominance (color), blanking pulses, sync pulses, and color burst.\nA process in which the dynamic range or data rate of a signal is reduced by controlling it as a function of the inverse relationship of its instantaneous value relative to a specified reference level.Compression is usually accomplished by separate devices called compressors and is used for many purposes such as: improving signal-to-noise ratios, preventing overload of succeeding elements of a system, or matching the dynamic ranges of two devices.Compression can introduce distortion, but it is usually not objectionable.\nThe process of connecting pieces of fiber together.\nA multiport repeater.\nThe measurement of how well-centered the core is within the cladding.\nA mechanical or optical device that provides a demountable connection between two fibers or a fiber and a source or detector.\nA device used to terminate an optical conductor cable.\nThe fixed or stationary half of a connection that is mounted on a panel/bulkhead. Receptacles mate with plugs.\nThe maximum value in dB of the difference in insertion loss between mating optical connectors (e.g., with remating, temperature cycling, etc.). Also called optical connector variation.\nDevice that is attached between the television set and the cable system that can increase the number of channels available on the TV set, enabling it to accommodate the multiplicity of channels offered by cable TV.\nThe light-conducting central portion of an optical fiber, composed of material with a higher index of refraction than the cladding.The portion of the fiber that transmits light.\nAn arrangement whereby two signal paths, one in each direction, exist in a ring topology.\nAn optical device that combines or splits power from optical fibers.\nCoupling Ratio/Loss (CR,CL)\nThe ratio/loss of optical power from one output port to the total output power, expressed as a percent. For a 1 x 2 WDM or coupler with output powers 01 and 02, and 0i representing both output powers.\nIn geometric optics, at a refractive boundary, the smallest angle of incidence at which total internal refraction occurs.\nConnections between terminal blocks on the two sides of a distribution frame or between terminals on a terminal block (also called straps). Also called cross-connection or jumper.\nCross-gain Modulation (XGM)\nA technique used in a wavelength converters where gain saturation effects in an active optical device, such as a semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA), allow the conversion of the optical wavelength. Better at shorter wavelengths (e.g., 780 nm or 850 nm).\nCross-phase Modulation (XPM)\nA fiber nonlinearity caused by the nonlinear index of refraction of glass. The index of refraction varies with optical power level which causes different optical signals to interact.\nUndesired coupling from one circuit, part of a circuit, or channel to another.\nAny phenomenon by which a signal transmitted on one circuit or channel of a transmission system creates an undesired effect in another circuit or channel.\nAbbreviation for cathode ray tube.\nAbbreviation for carrier sense multiple access with collision detection. A network control protocol in which (a) a carrier sensing is used and (b) while a transmitting data station that detects another signal while transmitting a frame, stops transmitting that frame, waits for a jam signal, and then waits for a radom time interval before trying to send that frame again.\nAbbreviation for clear to send. In a communications network, a signal from a remote receiver to a transmitter that is ready to receive a transmission.\nCustomer Premises Equipment (CPE)\nTerminal, associated equipment, and inside wiring located at a subscriber's premises and connected with a carrier's communication channel(s) at the demarcation point (demarc), a point established in a building or complex to separate customer equipment from telephone company equipment.CPE does not include over-voltage protection equipment and pay telephones.\nA technique of measuring optical fiber attenuation by measuring the optical power at two points at different distances from the test source.\nIn single-mode fiber, the wavelength below which the fiber ceases to be single-mode.\nAbbreviation for continuous wave. Usually refers to the constant optical output from an optical source when it is biased (i.e., turned on) but not modulated with a signal.\nReturn to top\nAbbreviation for digital-to-analog converter. A device used to convert digital signals to analog signals.\nThe induced current that exists in a reversed biased photodiode in the absence of incident optical power. It is better understood to be caused by the shunt resistance of the photodiode.A bias voltage across the diode (and the shunt resistance) causes current to flow in the absence of light.\nThe number of bits of information in a transmission system, expressed in bits per second (b/s or bps), and which may or may not be equal to the signal or baud rate.\nAbbreviation for decibel relative to a carrier level.\nAbbreviation for decibels relative to microwat.\nAbbreviation for decibels relative to milliwat.\nAbbreviation for direct current. An electric current flowing in one direction only and substantially constant in value.\nAbbreviation for data circuit-terminating equipment\n1) In a data station, the equipment that\na) performs functions such as signal conversion and coding, at the network end of the line between the data terminal equipment (DTE) and the line, and\nb) may be a separate or an integral part of the DTE or of intermediate equipment.\n2) The interfacing equipment that may be required to couple the data terminal equipment (DTE) into a transmission circuit or channel and from a transmission circuit of a channel into the DTE.\nA unit of measurement indicating relative optic power on a logarithmic scale. Often expressed in reference to a fixed value, such as dBm (1 milliwatt) or dBµ (1 microwatt).\ndB = 10·log10 (P1/P2)\nA module that separates two or more signals previously combined by compatible multiplexing equipment.\nDense Wavelength-Division Multiplexing (DWDM)\nThis refers to the transmission of a multiplicity of closely spaced wavelengths in the 1550 nm region. Wavelength spacings are usually 100 GHz or 200 GHz which corresponds to 0.8 nm or 1.6 mm.DWDM bands include the C-Band, the S-Band, and the L-Band.\nAn opto-electric transducer used in fiber optics to convert optical power to electrical current. Usually referred to as a photodiode.\nSee distributed feedback laser.\nThe loss of power at a joint that occurs when the transmitting fiber has a diameter greater than the diameter of the receiving fiber.The loss occurs when coupling light from a source to fiber, from fiber to fiber, or from fiber to detector.\nAn optical filter that transmits light according to wavelength.Dichroic filters reflect light that they do not transmit.\nAny substance in which an electric field may be maintained with zero or near-zero power dissipation. This term usually refers to non-metallic materials.\nDifferential Gain (DG)\nA type of distortion in a video signal that causes the brightness information to be distorted.\nDifferential Phase (DP)\nA type of distortion in a video signal that causes the color information t be distorted.\nAn array of fine, parallel, equally spaced reflecting or transmitting lines that mutually enhances the effects of diffraction to concentrate the diffracted light in a few directions determined by the spacing of the lines and by the wavelength of the light.\nA signal that consists of discrete states. A binary signal has only two states, 0 and 1.\nAn engineering technique for converting a cable television signal into a digital format (in which it can easily be stored and manipulated) which may then be processed so as to require a smaller portion of spectrum for its transmission. It could allow many channels to be carried in the capacity currently needed for one signal.\nAn electronic device that lets current flow in only one direction.Semiconductor diodes used in fiber optics contain a junction between regions of different doping.They include light emitters (LEDs and laser diodes) and detectors (photodiodes).\nSynonymous with injection laser diode.\nAbbreviation for dual in-line package. An electronic package with a rectangular housing and a row of pins along each of two opposite sides.\nA device that combines two or more types of signals into a single output.\nA coupling device for separately sampling (through a known coupling loss) either the forward (incident) or the backward (reflected) wave in a transmission line.\nSee near-end crosstalk.\nThe temporal spreading of a light signal in an optical waveguide caused by light signals traveling at different speeds through a fiber either due to modal or chromatic effects.\nDispersion-Compensating Fiber (DCF)\nA fiber that has the opposite dispersion of the fiber being used in a transmission system. It is used to nullify the dispersion caused by that fiber.\nDispersion-Compensating Module (DCM)\nThis module has the opposite dispersion of the fiber being used in a transmission system. It is used to nullify the dispersion caused by that fiber. It can be either a spool of a special fiber or a grating based module.\nDispersion-Shifted Fiber (DSF)\nA type of single-mode fiber designed to have zero dispersion near 1550 nm. This fiber type works very poorly for DWDM applications because of high fiber non-linearity at the zero dispersion point.\nA technique used in the system design of a fiber optic transmission to be able to cope with the dispersion introduced by the optical fiber.\nDispersion in an optical fiber causes pulses and edges to be smeared. As the edges smear, the receiver has more difficulty discriminating between ones and zeros. This results in a loss of sensitivity compared to a short fiber and referred to as the dispersion penalty in DB.\nNonlinearities in a unit that cause harmonics and beat products to be generated.\nGenerally synonymous with bandwidth-limited operation.\nDistributed Feedback Laser (DFB)\nAn injection laser diode which has a Bragg reflection grating in the active region in order to suppress multiple longitudinal modes and enhance a single longitudinal mode.\nPart of a cable system consisting of trunk and feeder cables used to carry signals from headend to customer terminals.\nThe mode in an optical device spectrum with the most power.\nThick liquid or paste used to prepare a surface or a varnish-like substance used for waterproofing or strengthening a material.\nThis term is used two ways. For multimode fibers, the term means that the fiber is optimized for 850 nm and 1310 nm operation. For single-mode fibers, the term means that the fiber is optimized for 1310 nm and 1550 nm operation.\nAbbreviation for digital subscriber line. In an integrated systems digital network (ISDN), equipment that provides full-duplex service on a single twisted metallic pair at a rate sufficient to support ISDN basic access and additional framing, timing recovery, and operational functions.See also ISDN.\nAbbreviation for data signaling rate. The aggregate rate at which data pass a point in the transmission path of a data transmission system expressed in bits per second (bps or b/s).\nAbbreviation for dispersion supported transmission.In electrical TDM systems, a transmission system that would allow data rates at 40 Gb/s by incorporating devices such as SOA's.\nA transmission rate in the North American digital telephone hierarchy. Also called T-carrier.\nAbbreviation for data terminal equipment.\n1) And end instrument that converts user information into signals for transmission or reconverts the received signals into user information.\n2) The functional unit of a data station that serves as a data source or a data sink and provides for the data communication control function to be performed in accordance with link protocol.\nAbbreviation for data terminal ready.In a communications network, a signal from a remote transmitter that is clear to receive data.\nDual Attachment Concentrator\nA concentrator that offers two attachments to the FDDI network which are capable of accommodating a dual (counter-rotating) ring.\nDual Attachment Station\nA station that offers two attachments to the FDDI network which are capable of accommodating a dual (counter-rotating ring).\nDual Ring (FDDI Dual Ring)\nA pair of counter-rotating logical rings.\nA two-fiber cable suitable for duplex transmission.\nTransmission in both dirctions, either one direction at a time (half-duplex) or both directions simultaneously (full duplex).\nIn a digital transmission, the fraction of time a signal is at the high level.\nSee Dense Wavelength<-Division Multiplexing.\nReturn to top\nAbbreviation for emitter<-coupled logic. A high-speed logic family capable of GHz rates.\nSee Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier.\nAn LED that emits light from its edge, producing more directional output than surface-emitting LED's that emit from their top surface.\nThe area of a single-mode fiber that carriers the light.\nAbbreviation for enhanced graphics adapter. A medium-resolution color standard for computer monitors.\nAbbreviation for Electronic Industries Association.An organization that sets video and audio standards.\nA signal modulation scheme in which eight bits are encoded in a 10-bit word to ensure that too many consecutive zeroes doe not occur; used in ESCON and fibre channel.\nA 10 Mb/s CSMA/CD bus-based network; commonly called Ethernet.\nA token-passing ring network operating at 4 Mb/s or 16 Mb/s.\nEMI (Electromagnetic Interference)\nAny electrical or electromagnetic interference that causes undesirable response, degradation, or failure in electronic equipment. Optical fibers neither emit nor receive EMI.\nEMP (Electromagnetic Pulse)\nA burst of electromagnetic radiation that creates electric and magnetic fields that may couple with electrical/electronic systems to produce damaging current and voltage surges.\nEMR (Electromagnetic Radiation)\nRadiation made up of oscillating electric and magnetic fields and propagated with the speed of light. Includes gamma radiation, X-rays, ultraviolet, visible and infrared radiation, and radar and radio waves.\nThe range of frequencies of electromagnetic radiation from zero to infinity.\nSee Edge-Emitting Diode.\nDescribes the fact that the core or cladding may be elliptical rather than circular.\nAbbreviation for electromagnetic.\nA fiber optic bundle used for imaging and viewing inside the human body.\nAbbreviation for Electronic News gathering.\nAbbreviation for electrical-to-optical converter.\nEquilibrium Mode Distribution (EMD)\nThe steady modal state of a multimode fiber in which the relative power distribution among modes is independent of fiber length.\nErbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA)\nOptical fibers doped with the rare earth element, erbium, which can amplify light in the 1550 nm region when pumped by an external light source.\nAbbreviation for enterprise systems connection.A duplex optical connector used for computer-to-computer data exchange.\nA baseband local area network marketed by Xerox and developed jointly by Xerox, Digital Equipment Corporation, and Intel.\nLight guided in the inner part of an optical fiber's cladding rather than in the core.\nIn a fiber optic coupler, the optical loss from the portion of light that does not emerge from the nominal operation ports of the device.\nModulation of a light source by an external device that acts like an electronic shutter.\nThe ratio of the low, or OFF optical power level (PL) to the high, or ON optical power level (PH)\nExtinction Ration (%) = (PL/PH) x 100\nIn a fiber interconnection, that portion of loss not intrinsic to the fiber but related to imperfect joining of connector or splice.\nAlso called eye diagram. The proper function of a digital system can be quantitatively described but its BER, or qualitatively by its eye patter. The \"openness\" of the eye relates to the BER that can be achieved.\nReturn to top\nAbbreviation for Fahrenheit. Measure of temperature where pure water freezes at 32° and boils at 212°.\nThe number of failures of a device per unit of time.\nAlso called turn-off time. The time required for the trailing edge of a pulse to fall from 90% to 10% of its amplitude; the time required for a component to produce such a result.Typically measured between the 80% and 20% points or alternately the 90% and 10% points.\nAbbreviation for federal acquisition regulation.The guidelines by which the US government purchases goods and services. Also the criteria must be met by the vendor in order to be considered as a source for goods and services purchased by the US government.\nA phenomenon that causes some materials to rotate the polarization of light in the presence of a magnetic field parallel to the direction of propagation. Also called magneto-opto effect.\nSee wavelength isolation.\nAbbreviation for fiber Bragg gratings. See Bragg grating.\nA threaded optical connector that originated in Japan.Good for single-mode or multimode fiber and applications requiring low backreflection.\nAbbreviation for Federal Communications Commission.\nSee FC. A special curved polish on the connector for very low backreflection.\nAbbreviation for frame check sequence. An error-detection scheme that\na) uses parity bits generated by polynomial encoding of digital signals,\nb) appends those parity bits to a digitial signal, and\nc) uses decoding alogrithms that detect errors in the received digital signal.\nAbbreviation for Food and Drug Administration.Organization responsible for, among other things, laser safety.\nAbbreviation for fiber distributed data interface.\n1) A dual counter-rotating ring local area network.\n2) A connector used in a dual counter-rotating ring local area network.\nSee Frequency-Division Multiplexing.\nSee Forward Error Correcting.\nA rigid tube that confines or holds a fiber as part of a connector assembly.\nAbbreviation for Field-Effect Transistor. A semiconductor so named because a weak electrical signal coming in through one electrode creates an electrical field through the rest of the transistor. This field flips from positive to negative when the incoming signal does, and controls a second current traveling through the rest of the transistor. The field modulates the second current to mimic the first one, but it can be substantially larger.\nAn optical fiber in which the refractive index of the core varies periodically along its length, scattering light in a way similar to a diffraction grating, and transmitting or reflecting certain wavelengths selectively.\nFiber Optic Attenuator\nA component installed in a fiber optic transmission system that reduces the power in the optical signal. It is often used to limit the optical power received by the photodetector to within the limits of the optical receiver.\nFiber Optic Cable\nA cable containing one or more optical fibers.\nFiber Optic Communication Systems\nThe transfer of modulated or unmodulated optical energy through optical fiber media which terminates in the same or different media.\nFiber Optic Gyroscope\nA coil of optical fiber that can detect rotation about its axis.\nFiber Optic Link\nA transmitter, receiver and cable assembly that can transmit information between two points.\nFiber Optic Span\nAn optical fiber/cable terminated at both ends which may include devices that add, subtract, or attenuate optical signals.\nFiber Optic Subsystem\nA functional entity with defined bounds and interfaces which is part of a system. It contains solid state and/or other components and is specified as a subsystem for the purpose of trade and commerce.\nFiber optic service node connected by wires to several nearby homes, typically on a block.\nFiber optic service to a node located inside an individual home.\nFiber optic service to a node that is located in a neighborhood.\nAn industry-standard specification that originated in Great Britain which details computer channel communications over fiber optics at transmission speeds from 132 Mb/s to 1062.5 Mb/s at distances of up to 10 kilometers.\nA device which transmits only part of the incident energy and may thereby change the spectral distribution of energy.\nNumber of device failures in one billion device hours.\nMaterials that have the amorphous structure of glass but are made of fluoride compounds (e.g., zirconium fluoride) rather than oxide compounds (e.g., silica). Suitable for very long wavelength transmission.\nFM (Frequency Modulation)\nA method of transmission in which the carrier frequency varies in accordance with the signal.\nAbbreviation for Fiber Optic Guided Missile.\nForward Error Correcting (FEC)\nA communication technique used to compensate for a noisy transmission channel. Extra information is sent along with the primary data payload to correct for errors that occur in transmission.\nFOTP (Fiber Optic Test Procedure)\nStandards developed and published by the Electronic Industries Association.\nFiber Optic Transmission System.\nThe number of pulses or cycles per second; measured in units of Hertz (Hz) where 1 hertz equals 1 pulse/cycle per second.\nFrequency Modulation (FM)\nTransmission scheme whereby information is sent by varying the frequency of an optical carrier. A method of transmission in which the carrier frequency varies in accordance with the signal.\nThe reflection of a portion of the light incident on a planar surface between two homogeneous media having different refractive indices. Fresnel reflection occurs at the air/glass interfaces at entrance and exit ends of an optical fiber.\nThe lowest order mode of a waveguide.\nA permanent joint accomplished by the application of localized heat sufficient to fuse or melt the ends of the optical fiber, forming a continuous single fiber.\nReturn to top\nLoss resulting from the end separation of two axially aligned fibers.\nFiber design in which the refractive index of the core is lower toward the outside of the fiber core and increases toward the center of the core; thus it bends the rays inward and allows them to travel faster in the lower index of refraction region. This type of fiber provides high bandwidth capabilities.\nNoise that results when equipment is grounded at ground points having different potentials and thereby created an unintended current path. The dielectric of optical fibers provide electrical isolation that eliminates ground loops.\nReturn to top\nHard Clad Silica\nA fiber with a hard plastic cladding surrounding a silica glass core.\nA fiber optic cable containing two or more different types of fiber, such as 62.5 µm multimode and single-mode.\nReturn to top\nInstitute of Electrical and Electronics Engineering.\nIndex Matching Material\nA material, often a liquid or cement whose refractive index is nearly equal to the core index, used to reduce Fresnel reflections from a fiber end face.\nIndex of Refraction\nThe ratio of light velocity in a vacuum to its velocity in a given transmitting medium.\nCurve of the refractive index over the cross section of an optical waveguide.\nIndex Of Refraction\nAn optical characteristic (n) of a material, referencing the speed of light in that material to a vacuum.\nThe attenuation caused by the insertion of an optical component; in other words, a connector or coupler in an optical transmission system.\nAlso referred to as far-end cross-talk or far-end isolation. Predominantly used in reference to WDM products, it is a measure of light at an undesired wavelength at any given port.\nReturn to top\nFiber optic cable that has connectors installed on both ends. See also cable assembly.\nSee Aramid Yarn\nOne thousand meters or 3,281 feet. The kilometer is a unit of measurement for fiber optics.\nA unit of tensile strength expressed in thousands of pounds per square inch.\nReturn to top\nAmplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. A device which produces coherent light with a narrow range of wavelengths.\nLateral Displacement Loss\nThe loss of power that results from lateral displacement from optimum alignment between two fibers or between a fiber and an active device.\nAngle between the propagation direction of the incident light and the optical axis of an opticat waveguide.\nA fiber used in conjunction with a source to excite the modes of another fiber in a particular way. Launching fibers are most often used in test systems to improve the precision of measurements.\nIn the laser and optical communication fields, the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that can be handled by the basic optical techniques used for the visible spectrum extending from the near ultraviolet region of approximately 0.3 micron, through the visible region and into the mid-infrared region of about 30 microns.\nLED (Light Emitting Diode)\nA semiconductor diode which emits light when forward biased to an optical signal. A device used in a transmitter to convert information from electric to optical form. It typically has a large spectral width.\nAn optical fiber, multiple fiber, or fiber bundle which includes a cable jacket and strength.\nElectromagnetic waves in the region of optical frequencies. The term \"light\" was originally restricted to radiation visible to the human eye, with wavelengths between 400 and 700 nanometers (nm). However, it has become customary to refer to radiation in the spectral regions adjacent to visible light (in the near infrared from 700 to about 2000 nm) as \"light\" to emphasize the physical and technical characteristics they have in common with visible light.\nA fiber optic cable with connectors attached to a transmitter (source) and receiver (detector).\nLinear Low Density Polyethylene jacketing.\nLocal Area Network (LAN)\nA geographically limited communications network intended for the local transport of data, video and voice.\nA protective tube loosely surrounding a cabled fiber, often filled with a water blocking gel. Type of cable design, primarily for outdoor use, where one or more fibers are enclosed in hard plastic tubes. Fibers are usually buffered to 250 microns.\nAttenuation of optical signal, normally measured in decibels.\nReturn to top\nMacroscopic axial deviations of a fiber from a straight line, in contrast to microbending.\nThe dispersion associated with a non-monochromatic light source due to the wavelength dependence of the refractive index of a material or of the light velocity in this material.\nMedium Density Polyetheylene jacketing.\nJoining two fibers together by mechanical means to enable a continuous signal. Elastomeric splicing is one example of mechanical splicing.\nA unit of frequency that is equal to one million hertz.\nCurvatures of the fiber which involve axial displacements of a few micrometers and spatial wavelengths of a few millimeters.Microbends cause loss of light and consequently increase the attenuation of the fiber.\nAnother term for micrometer. One millionth of a meter. 10exp-6 meter.\nThe loss of power resulting from angular misalignment, lateral displacement, and end separation.\nPulse spreading due to multiple light rays traveling different distances and speeds through an optical fiber.\nMode Field Diameter (MFD)\nThe diameter of optical energy in a singlemode fiber.Because the MFD is greater than the core diameter, MFD replaces core diameter as a practical parameter.\nA device used to remove high-order modes from a fiber and thereby simulate EMD.\nA device composed of one or more optical fibers in which strong mode coupling occurs. Frequently used to provide a mode distribution that is independent of source characteristics.\nA term used to describe a light path through a fiber, as in multimode or single-mode.\nThe numerous modes of a multi-mode fiber differ in their propagation velocities. As long as they propagate independently of each other, the fiber bandwidth varies inversely with the fiber length due to multi-mode distortion. As a result of inhomogenejties of the fjber geometry and of the index profile, a gradual energy exchange occurs between modes with differing velocities. Due to this mode mixing, the bandwidth of long multimode fibers is greater than the value obtained by linear extrapolation from measurements on shod fibers.\nCoding of information onto the carrier frequency.This includes amplitude, frequency, or phase modulation techniques.\nConsisting of a single wavelength. In practice, radiation is never perfectly monochromatic but, at best, displays a narrow band of wavelengths.\nMeasurement Quality Jumper. A high quality reference cable designed to provide accurate and consistent test results. Note: The U.S. Navy requires that MQJ’s are used to test all Navy shipboard fiber installations.\nAn optical waveguide in which light travels in multiple modes. Typical core/cladding sizes (measured in microns) are 50/125, 62.5/125, and 100/140.\nA fiber type which supports multiple light paths through its core.\nThe combination of several signals onto a single communications channel.\nThe process by which two or more signals are transmitted over a single communications channel. Examples include time-division multiplexing and wavelength-division multiplexing.\nReturn to top\nThe loss of power at a joint that occurs when the transmitting half has an NA greater than the NA of the receiving half.The loss occurs when coupling light from a source to fiber, from fiber to fiber, or from fiber to detector.\nA unit of measurement equal to one billionth of a meter. 10exp-9 meter.Common unit of measure for wavelength One billionth of a meter.\nNational Electrical Code. Defines building flammatory requirements for indoor cables.\nNumerical Aperture (NA)\nA numerical value that expresses the light gathering ability of a fiber. The imaginary cone which defines the acceptance area for the fiber core to accept rays of light.\nReturn to top\nOptical Fiber Conductive\nOptical Fiber Conductive Plenum\nOptical Fiber Conductive Riser\nOptical Fiber Non-conductive\nOptical Fiber Non-conductive Plenum\nOptical Fiber Non-conductive Riser\nOptical Time Domain Reflectometer (OTDR)\nA method for characterizing a fiber wherein an optical pulse is transmitted through the fiber and the resulting backscatter and reflections to the input are measured as a function of time. Useful in estimating attenuation coefficient as a function of distance and identifying defects and other localized losses.\nDielectric waveguide with a core consisting of optically transparent material of low attenuation (usually silica glass) and with cladding consisting of optically transparent material of lower refractive index than that of the core. It is used for the transmission of signals with lightwaves and is frequently referred to as fiber. In addition, there are planar dielectric waveguide structures in some optical components, such as laser diodes, which are also referred to as optical waveguides.\nPertaining to a device that responds to optical power, emits or modifies optical radiation, or utilizes optical radiation for its internal operation. Any device that functions as an electrical-to-optical or optical-to-electrical transducer.\nOptical Time Domain Reflectometer. A test instrument, working on the principal of continuous energy backscatter, which provides a complete characterization of fiber loss along its length.\nReturn to top\nA centralized location for cross-connecting, monitoring and testing telecommunications cabling.\nAbbreviation used to denote polyethylene.A type of plastic material used to make cable jacketing.\nThe wavelength at which the optical power of a source is at a maximum.\nThe current that flows through a photosensitive device, such as a photodiode, as the result of exposure to radiant power.\nAn optoelectronic transducer, such as a pin photodiode or avalanche photodiode.\nA diode designed to produce photocurrent by absorbing light. Photodiodes are used for the detection of optical power and for the conversion of optical power into electrical power.\nA quantum of electromagnetic energy.\nPhysical Contact (PC)\nConnectors aligned and mated so that no air gaps exist between them. Positive contact between fibers exist. Also see Connector Back Reflection.\nFiber optic cable that has connectors installed on one end. See also Cable Assembly.\nA diode with a large intrinsic region sandwiched between p-doped and n-doped semiconducting regions. Photons in this region create electron hole pairs that are separated by an electric field thus generating an electric current in the load circuit.\nAn optical fiber having a plastic core and plastic cladding.\nPlastic-Clad Silica Fiber\nAn optical fiber having a glass core and plastic cladding.\nAn air-handling space such as that found above drop-ceiling tiles or in raised floors. Also, a fire-code rating for indoor cable. Air duct inside buildings through which cable can be pulled or housed.\nA cable whose flammability and smoke characteristics allow it to be routed in a plenum area without being enclosed in a conduit.\nA connection established between two specific locations, as between two buildings.\nThe variation in insertion loss as the polarization state of the input light is varied.\nA glass structure from which an optical fiber waveguide may be drawn.\nFusing with a low current to clean the fiber end.Precedes fusion splicing.\nThe plastic coating applied directly to the cladding surface of the fiber during manufacture to preserve the integrity of the surface.\nThe dispersion of an optical signal with time as it propagates through an optical fiber.\nPolyurethane. Material used in manufacture of a type of jacketing material.\nPolyvinyl Chloride. Material used in manufacture of a type of jacketing material.\nReturn to top\nAn electronic package which converts optical signals to electrical signals.\nThe optical power required by a receiver for low error signal transmission. In the case of digital signal transmission, the mean optical power is usually quoted in Watts or dbm (decibels referred to 1 milliwatt).\nLight that is reflected back along the path of transmission, from either the coupling region, the connector or a tertninated fiber.\nThe abrupt change in direction of a light beam at an interface between two dissimilar media so that the light beam returns into the media from which it originated.\nThe bending of a beam of light at an interface between two dissimilar media or a medium whose refractive index is a continuous function of position (graded index medium).\nSee Index of Refraction.\nA repeater designed for digital transmission that both amplifies and reshapes the signal.\nA device which consists of a transmitter and a receiver or transceiver, used to regenerate a signal to increase the system length.\nA network topology in which terminals are connected in a point-to-point serial fashion in an unbroken circular configuration.\nThe time it takes the signal output to rise from low levels to peak value. Usually measured from 10% to 90% of max. output.\nPathways for indoor cables that pass between floors.It is normally a vertical shaft or space. Also, a fire-code rating for indoor cable.\nReturn to top\nA property of glass which causes light to deflect from the fiber and contributes to losses.\nFor a fiber-optic receiver, the minimum optical power required to achieve a specified level of performance, such as a BER.\nSignal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR)\nThe ratio of signal power to noise power.Measured in dB.\nA term sometimes used for a single-fiber cable.\nTransmission in one direction only.\nAn optical waveguide (or fiber) in which the signal travels through its core. The fiber has a smaller core diameter.\nA connector type with screw threads.\nThe means used to convert an electrical information carrying signal to a corresponding optical signal for transmission by fiber.The source is usually a Light Emitting Diode (LED) or Laser.\nA measure of the extent of a spectrum.For a source, the width of wavelengths contained in the output at one half of the wavelength of peak power.Typical spectral widths are 20 to 60 nm for an LED and 2 to 5 nm for a laser diode. The width of wavelengths in a light pulse, based on 50% intensity.\nA container used to organize and protect splice trays.\nA container used to organize and protect spliced fibers.\n1) A permanent joint between two optical waveguides.\n2) Means for joining two fiber ends.\nThe permanent joining of fiber ends to identical or similar fibers, without the use of a connector. See also Fusion Splicing and Mechanical Splicing.\nSee coupling ratio.\nA connector type with a bayonet housing which is spring loaded \"ST\" stands for \"straight tip\".\nAn active or passive device where energy presented at an input port is distributed through several output ports.\nA network in which all terminals are connected through a single point, such as a star coupler.\nFiber Optical fiber which has an abrupt (\"step\") change in its refractive index, due to a core and cladding that have different indices or refraction. Typically used for single mode.\nThat part of a fiber optic cable composed of Kevlar aramid yarn, steel strands, or fiberglass filaments that increase the tensile strength of the cable.\nReturn to top\nIn a fiber optic coupler, the ratio of power at the tap port to the power at the input port.\nIn a coupler in which the splitting ratio between output pods is not equal, the output port containing the lesser power.\nA Three-Pod Optical Coupler.\nA measure of insertion loss variation as the device undergoes various environmental changes.\nType of cable construction whereby each glass fiber is tightly buffered by a protective thermoplastic coating to a diameter of 900 microns. High tensile strength rating achieved, providing durability, ease of handling and ease of connectorization.\nTime-Division Multiplexing (TDM)\nA transmission technique whereby several low-speed channels are multiplexed into a high-speed channel for transmission.\nThe physical layout of a network.\nTotal Internal Reflection\nTotal reflection of light back into a material when it strikes the interface of a material having a lower index at an angle below the critical angle.\nAn electronic device which has both transmit and receive capabilities.\nA device for converting energy from one form to another, such as optical energy to electrical energy.\nTotal loss encountered in transmission through a system.\nAn electronic package which converts an electrical signal to an optical signal.\nA passive fiber optical component in which power from one input is distributed to more than two output fibers.\nReturn to top\nUnderwriters Laboratories, Inc.\nThe maximum insertion loss difference between ports of a coupler.\nStructure that guides electromagnetic waves along its length. An optical fiber is an optical waveguide.\nWavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM)\nSimultaneous transmission of several signals in an optical waveguide at differing wavelengths. The process of using multiple wavelengths to carry multiple signals on a single fiber.\nThe distance between two crests of an electromagnetic waveform.\nThe variation in an optical parameter caused by a change in the operating wavelength.\nWavelength Division Multiplexer - a passive fiber optical device used to separate signals of different wavelengths carried on one fiber.\nWavelength Independent Coupler.\nReturn to top", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "30. July 2019 ▪ Renewal of the Meyer Optik Görlitz portfolio on schedule\nMeyer Optik is pushing the revision and optimization of its existing portfolio and has already completed its first projects. The developments are thus on schedule and the first Meyer Optik lenses developed and produced by OPC will be available in late summer 2019.\n04. June 2019 ▪ OPC Optics now distributor for RICOM products in Europe\nOPC Optics is now the exclusive distributor for RICOM products in Europe. With this partnership, OPC Optics expands its current portfolio, consisting of the production of optical components and the Meyer Optik photo lenses (successfully acquired at the end of 2018) by a wide range of optics in the B2B area.\n27. February 2019 ▪ Successful start to the year for Meyer Optik Görlitz\nSince the press release on the brand takeover in mid-December 2018, some time has already been taken into the country, but since then the time has been used intensively to analyse the existing situation, work out optimisations and carefully plan and implement the next steps.\n12. December 2018 ▪ Meyer Optik Görlitz revived after insolvency by OPC Optics\nOPC Optical Precision Components Europe GmbH based in Bad Kreuznach acquires the trademark rights to Meyer Optik Görlitz from the insolvent net SE and SEMI Verwaltung GmbH respectively. With the takeover of Meyer Optik Görlitz, the specialist for aspherical and spherical glass lenses now also opens up the consumer market for itself.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "An optical signal acquisition method called optical coherence tomography (OCT) is now employed in clinical diagnostics to assess organs. OCT can produce three-dimensional images with a resolution of a few micrometers inside biological tissues. In fact, OCT has emerged as a crucial imaging tool for identifying and monitoring macular diseases.\nIt has frequently been used in conjunction with fluorescein angiography, particularly for the diagnosis and treatment of a variety of retinal illnesses, such as macular edema and age-related macular degeneration.\nAdditionally, advancements made it possible to use optical coherence tomography to assess the corneal topography, anterior chamber angle, optic nerve cupping, and nerve fiber layer integrity.\nWhen optical coherence tomography was initially introduced in 1991, it built on earlier research on ocular interferometry, which effectively demonstrated that imaging the eye could be done by measuring reflected light. Imaging of the retina through to the choroid is possible by using laser light in the infrared band.\nWhat is feasible has been increased thanks to faster ways of scanning from the time domain to the Fourier domain, swept-source OCT, enhanced depth imaging OCT, and OCT angiography, among other innovations.\nThe development of treatments that call for meticulous evaluation of ocular structures—in particular, evaluation of macular fluid on OCT—has increased demand. This evaluation informs the use of anti-VEGF injections and treatment regimens.\nTo commemorate the discovery of OCT 25 years ago, this study will offer a succinct history of the technology while also offering an update on current OCT capabilities and how they might support clinical practice.\nSimilar to how ultrasound imaging works, optical coherence tomography detects images by employing an interferometer since light waves travel at too high a speed to be recorded directly.\nThe interferometer for time-domain OCT (TD-OCT) has a reference arm with a mirror and a sample arm that detects the reflected light from the retina. A mirror on the reference arm can be mechanically adjusted to change the time delay and measure interference.\nBecause the light from both arms has traveled a similar distance, when backscattered light from the sample arm and reference light from the reference arm are measured together, an interference pattern is produced. As a result, a reflectivity profile, or A-scan, is produced. A reviewable B-scan is then produced by combining numerous A-scan photos.\nAlthough this imaging modality had limitations in terms of picture resolution and acquisition speed, it marked a significant advancement in ophthalmological imaging at the time it was established.\nOver a decade after the invention of OCT, Fourier domain OCT (FD-OCT) with a subset known as spectral-domain OCT represented a significant technological advance (SD-OCT). An interferometer and a stationary reference arm use Fourier transformation to detect light echo interference patterns, which is how SD-OCT operates.\nA broadband source is used, and a spectrometer disperses the spectral interference pattern while simultaneously collecting it on an array detector. Compared to TD-OCT, this technology has enabled imaging that is more faster and has higher resolution.\nOCT was initially developed and commercialized by Zeiss in 1997 with the OCT1. With the introduction of the Stratus (OCT3) in 2002 and the Zeiss Visante in 2006, imaging of the anterior segment became widely used and simple to use.\nZeiss's newest imaging technologies include the Cirrus 5000 OCTA (OCT angiography). By monitoring blood flow and extracting that information to display a picture of the retinal circulation, this technique uses OCT to image the retinal circulation. This makes it possible to see the choroidal neovascularization and some choroid features as well as the superficial and deep capillary plexae.\nThe most recent Zeiss IOL master 700 biometry system uses swept-source OCT to photograph the entire eye, increasing measurement accuracy because it can assess fixation, find anomalies in lens position, and penetrate a wider range of cataract.\nThe OCT system may also have additional imaging and functional testing modalities such as color or multi-color imaging, autofluorescence, fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA), indocyanine green (ICG), and microperimetry. Many companies are currently involved, including Topcon, Heidelberg, Nidek, Optovue, Canon, and Optos. Some have eye-tracking, which improves repeatability and resolution, while others employ focusing, which makes acquisition easier.\nSince the Stratus OCT was introduced, it has been widely utilized for macular assessments in clinics, screenings, and \"virtual clinics\" because it is more reliable than clinical biomicroscopy at detecting retinal and subretinal fluid. The retinal architecture might be resolved down to around 10 microns using the Stratus (a TD-OCT).\nFiner detail of the retinal architecture as well as the posterior vitreous and choroid may now be seen thanks to the development of SD-OCT devices like the Spectralis (Heidelberg) or Cirrus (Zeiss) OCT and, more recently, swept-source technology, which is found in the Topcon Atlantis.\nWith the numerical assessment of the central foveal subfield, the four inner and outer subfields, as well as the macular volume, these devices have made it possible to quantify macular edema. For many retinal disorders that result in macular edema or retinal thickness, this has emerged as the gold standard of measurement.\nThe algorithmic measurement of the central macular thickness varies between the stratus (TD-OCT) and SD-OCTs as well as between various SD-OCTs. Therefore, depending on the machine used, various numerical figures are obtained.\nOCT only reveals the lesion's shape, not its activity, but frequently these two concepts are the same. OCT is the cornerstone for assessing the effectiveness of treatment because the majority of current retinal therapies aim to reduce edema. FFA will demonstrate the presence of a leak, complementing OCT results.\nWhen there is no leak on FFA but \"fluid\" is seen on OCT, as is the situation with central serous retinopathy (CSR), there may be a delay between the leak ceasing and the subretinal fluid clearing up. Current recommendations for macular degeneration include starting FFA before starting anti-VEGF therapy.\nHowever, a choroidal neovascular membrane can often be observed on an OCT, therefore less and less FFAs are performed, especially if this might cause a delay in treatment.\nAs choroid imaging becomes more reliable, it can be used to diagnose CSR, which is marked by a thicker choroid, and to track the effectiveness of treatment in some inflammatory disorders.\nThis is now achievable because to the technology known as enhanced depth imaging OCT (EDI-OCT), which was initially introduced in 2008 by Spaide et al. This was accomplished by moving the OCT device closer to the subject's eye, which produced an inverted image that was then reoriented using the appropriate software.\nAs opposed to traditional OCT, this caused the peak sensitivity to shift from the posterior vitreous to the inner sclera. For EDI-OCT, this can now be done automatically thanks to software correction. The use of swept-source OCT and longer wavelengths, among other advancements, can offer a greater depth of resolution from the posterior vitreous to the choroid.\nIt has been demonstrated that choroidal neovascular lesions can be found using the commercially available OCT angiography (OCTA), particularly if type 2 lesions are present in front of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). It creates a map of blood flow by comparing the backscatter or echo of light waves from successive B-scans taken in the same location.\nThere are three typical ways to perform OCTA using swept-source OCT or SD-OCT. They entail measuring the OCT signal's amplitude/intensity, phase, or complex properties (involving both phase and amplitude).\nSpeckle variance, intensity-based optical microangiography (OMAG), intensity-based doppler variance, cross-correlation mapping, and split-spectrum amplitude-decorrelation angiography are a few amplitude/intensity OCTA technique examples (SSADA).\nIn order to build a map of blood flow, these algorithms measure variance, decorrelation, cross-correlation, or absolute differences of OCT signal amplitude/intensity from sequential B-scans. Motion artifact is a less significant issue with these techniques.\nThrough software correction, motion artifacts in comparative phase and complex based OCTAs like phase variance, doppler variance, or OMAG must be removed. Although OCTA doesn't reveal leak, it might offer sufficient information in a non-invasive manner to reduce the need for FFA and ICG, which could quicken the treatment process.\nWith the development of medications that more successfully diminish the extent of neovascularization, such as those shown with anti-PDGF therapies that are currently in phase 3 trials, the measurement of the size of the neovascular network may become increasingly significant.\nIn addition to clearly aiding in the detection of medical retinal disorders like age-related macular degeneration (AMD), OCT imaging has also made it possible to diagnose a number of vitreoretinal conditions such macular holes and epiretinal membranes.\nBy imaging the vitreomacular interface, OCT imaging can supplement vitreoretinal surgery and may be more and more helpful in clinical settings. For instance, Steel D et al. found that OCT data taken during therapy can be used to predict the likelihood of macular hole closure using ocriplasmin.\nThe Topcon sweeping source systems and Heidelberg systems enable higher-resolution wide-field OCT imaging, allowing for the visualization of the posterior vitreous, macular, and optic disc details in a single image. Intraoperative OCT, such as that provided by Zeiss and Optovue systems, may further assist vitreoretinal surgery.\nOCT is increasingly employed in the diagnosis and monitoring of glaucoma because it may be used to evaluate the thickness of the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) both at the optic disc and at the macular. This is getting better as a result of stronger normative databases and higher resolution technologies working together. Ganglion cell loss coincides with RNFL thinning at the discs, which suggests glaucomatous alterations to the optic disc.\nSince different OCT devices, such the Cirrus and Spectralis OCT, employ various RNFL algorithms, it is not possible to compare the results of their measurements. More precise measurements of the RNFL are now possible thanks to the advent of Fourier domain OCTs. There are still some issues in determining the disc edge to assess the degree of cupping and where to measure the nerve fiber layer.\nWith the advancement of computational measures of the RNFL, this has been partially rectified. In certain methods, two rings around the disc are measured to increase the precision of calculating the thickness of the nerve fiber layer. Glaucoma can also be identified and monitored using macular RNFL measures above and below the fovea.\nIn neuro-ophthalmology, SD-OCT is helpful for evaluating lesions in the optic nerve and visual pathway. Through measurements of the RNFL, SD-OCT can assess the optic nerve head for optic disc edema, disc asymmetry, and optic nerve head drusen.\nSwept-source imaging may be more effective for locating optic disc drusen because of its capacity for deeper penetration. OCT can be used to accurately assess the degree of optic nerve edema and, in some situations, to differentiate between papilloedema and an optical disc that is \"packed.\"\nDue to its repeatability, it can be used to track the enlargement of the optic disc in cases of benign intracranial hypertension. Macular issues have been found to be related to several optic nerve diseases, either in the form of true macular edema or a cystic appearance of the macula brought on by retrograde nerve fiber degeneration, which can be validated by OCT.\nThe anterior region and cornea could be examined using OCT for the first time, as demonstrated by Izatt et al. There are several systems available, with some dedicated systems (1310nm, for example, Zeiss Visante, Heidelberg SL-OCT) supplying longer wavelength light sources and retinal scanner conversions giving lower wavelength light sources (830nm e.g. Zeiss Cirrus, Heidelberg Spectralis).\nDeeper penetration made possible by longer wavelength imaging allows for a clearer view of deeper structures, such as the scleral spur at the iridocorneal angle. A better axial resolution is possible with shorter wavelength imaging.\nPrior section OCT can offer a precise evaluation of the tear film. Measurements of conjunctival lesions like pingueculas and pterygiums may be useful for tracking post-operative changes. The anterior chamber angle can be evaluated using measurements of the angle, iris, and anterior chamber.\nIn order to diagnose illnesses such an iris cyst or melanoma that may be the cause of an anterior displacement of the iris, an anterior segment ultrasound may still be required to view behind a pigmented iris. OCT has demonstrated some useful applications in assessing the success of filtration blebs created during trabeculectomy surgery.\nOCT has been looked into as a helpful tool for detecting corneal pathology and performing corneal refractive surgery. It enables the accurate measurement of corneal pathology together with associated measurements of corneal thickness.\nPlanning operations beforehand and analyzing outcomes afterward may be made simpler. OCT has been demonstrated to be helpful in monitoring the maintenance of certain diseases, including as keratoconus and corneal ectasias, with collagen cross-linking when used in conjunction with confocal microscopy. OCT can be used to measure and grade post-LASIK ectasias in refractive surgery. Intraoperative OCT may improve the evaluation of the location of different keratoplasty surgeries.\nFuture of OCT\nSoftware updates that improve the 3D representation of vascular networks and ocular structures using various laser wavelengths and polarized light are currently being developed.\nAs part of a current effort, Google is examining a database of one million OCTs to develop automation for understanding OCT results and predicting patient outcomes.\nWith prototypes being created, newer laser technologies are projected to enable considerably smaller adaptive systems. Binocular OCT, for instance, is being developed and will be able to measure visual acuity, pupil reflexes, and eye movement in addition to imaging the ocular structures.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "This strander is designed for the stranding of fiber optic ribbons with precise tension control. Line component parameters are set and controlled from main operator HMI touch screen. The path of the material is precisely guided. Each position is equipped with an extremely low friction, pneumatic pre-loaded dancer arm that maintains the preset tension during the process. Speed reference to individual spindle drives ensure the preset tension is maintained throughout the run. This design is available to accommodate a wide range of reels to suit fiber length required.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "KARIYA (Japan) ― DENSO Corporation designs and develops the technology helping drivers safely navigate the roads. The company announced two new products to be incorporated in the new 2018 Lexus LS, which will be released in Japan and U.S. after this fall. A new stereo vision sensor and millimeter-wave radar sensor will help improve safety performance of vehicles by more precisely detecting obstacles and lane lines on roads.\nThe stereo vision sensor uses 3D image processing techniques called “dense stereo matching” to detect obstacles of different shapes, including pedestrians, vehicles, and guardrails, as well as empty road spaces marked by lane lines. This enables autonomous emergency braking and automatic steering control to avoid obstacles. The product’s highly sophisticated cameras can also better detect pedestrians at night.\nThe new millimeter-wave radar sensor provides higher pedestrian detection performance in a more compact module. More frequent radio waves emission also detects obstacles with higher sensitivity, particularly pedestrians approaching from the sides. Furthermore, the product’s radar beam can be emitted over a wider angular range, without requiring a mechanism to adjust the angle, as with previous versions. This reduces its size by 60 percent compared to conventional radar sensors, thereby allowing for easier installation.\nDENSO develops technologies and products that are core to helping create a society free from traffic accidents. Products like these will help deliver a safe and secure automotive society for all people around the world.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The Latest Intel Processors Lead the Charge to Enhanced Industrial Automation\nJuly 25, 2023\nMachine vision has revolutionized industrial automation by facilitating crucial tasks like pick-and-place machine positioning, object sorting, and product defect detection.\nWith the advent of Alder Lake-S processors, the landscape of industrial automation and machine vision is being redefined. These processors feature a hybrid design, improved graphics, support for DDR5, and AI acceleration, ushering in a new era of possibilities. Moreover, embedded variants of the Alder Lake-S processors are now available, offering a comprehensive suite of features specifically tailored for machine vision system consolidation.\nThe robust feature set of the 12th generation Intel Core processors presents an extraordinary opportunity for the field of machine vision. With the advanced capabilities and performance offered by these processors, machine vision technology can undergo a paradigm shift, enabling system designers to completely rethink their architectures. This, in turn, leads to a wide range of advantages, including cost reduction, decreased energy consumption, a smaller physical footprint, and ultimately delivering enhanced value to customers.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "(a) To construct a ray diagram we use two rays which are so chosen that it is easy to know their directions after reflection from the mirror. List two such rays and state the path of these rays after reflection in case of concave mirrors. Use these two rays and draw ray diagram to locate the image of an object placed between pole and focus of a concave mirror.\n(b) A concave mirror produces three times magnified image on a screen. If the object is placed 20 cm in front of the mirror, how far is the screen from the object?", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Kessil, a company that focuses primarily on LED lighting in the horticulture industry, just joined the LED aquarium lighting side with their Kessil A150w fixture. The new LED fixture of Kessil, unlike the name suggests, only uses 36 watts and utilizes a single 30W, Kessil brand LED (DEX 2100). Since the fixture uses their own branded LED we are not sure about lumen or PAR output (we suspect equivalent to a 150w metal halide), but we will try report more on that later. The new Kessil LED fixture appears to be very compact at only 4.49 in. x 2.48 in., and relies on\npassive active cooling with an internal heat sink and fan. The fixture comes in 10,000K, 15,000K, and 20,000K and should retail around $260. Keep reading for the full press release along with some pictures and a video.\nKessil Lighting Debuts A150W LED Aquarium Light in Three Spectrums\nRichmond, CA—Continually finding new ways to apply Dense Matrix LED™ technology, Kessil is proud to present the new A150W LED aquarium light. With its innovative designand high quality, radiant light, it uses an advanced LED platform to offer light for aquariums,expanding Kessil’s market reach to beyond the horticulture industry.\nUsing the same reliable, high power core technology of other Kessil products, A150W emulatesa point source that is intensely bright and able to reach to the bottom of the tank. It also providesthe highly sought after shimmer effects of a metal halide without the excess power consumptionand heat.\nThe three specially created spectrums of A150W bring out the beauty of blue water and vividcolors of coral. The SKY BLUE model spectrum emits light similar to a 10000 K light, allowingwater to sparkle while providing coral with optimized wavelengths. The OCEAN BLUE model’sunique mix of wavelengths closely resembles a 15000 K light, producing a natural looking lightfor a brighter tank. Finally, the DEEP OCEAN BLUE model’s special blend of wavelengthssimulates a 20000 K light for a deep blue color.\nThe OCEAN BLUE is available now in online and retail stores. The SKY BLUE and DEEPOCEAN BLUE models will be available in May. For more information on A150W, please visit: http://www.kessil.com/products/a150_led_aquarium_light.php.\n[youtube width=”640″ height=”390″]http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-unYD7SaDvg&feature=player_embedded[/youtube]", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Surefire Tactician 6V\nThis groundbreaking light is designed for maximum versatility, serving as both an everyday carry light and an improvised weapon light. The Tactician's dual-output LED is paired with a proprietary reflector to create our MaxVision(TM) Beam, a useful wall of light that fills in the space around you. Hand-tighten its front bezel to set the light to deliver all 800 lumens for longer-range or tactical tasks; rotate counterclockwise a quarter-turn for 5 lumens of light for those tasks requiring less light and more runtime. Either setting is activated in momentary-on mode with a press of the tail cap; twist for constant-on mode. A lightweight but durable aerospace-aluminum body is knurled for a secure grip, and a Mil-Spec hard anodized finish protects against abrasion and corrosion. Because you're going to want to take this portable powerhouse with you just about everywhere you go, it features a robust pocket clip for secure bezel-up carry in a pocket, pack, or purse.\n- Highly versatile light\n- Dual-output LED\n- Either setting is activated in momentary-on mode with a press of the tail cap\n- twist for constant-on mode", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Photonics Online just published the fourth in a series of educational articles from Jimani, Laser Marking 401: Pricing a Fiber Laser Marking System!\nIn this article we tackle the question, “How much does a fiber laser marker cost?” One of our most frequently asked questions, the answer depends on the application and configuration of the system. Determining the cost and configuration requires you to know a number of important pieces of information like the material you intend to mark, marking area, and other questions about the specific application and configuration requirements.\nYou can read the full article here. Learn more about the entire series below.\nLaser Marking 301: Marking Techniques discusses the three main types of marking techniques (ablation, engraving, and staining) in detail including common applications and advantages of each style.\nLaser Marking 201: Laser Marking Various Types of Products is a continuation of the first article we published a few months ago. The piece covers fiber laser marking basics of marking marks on various types of surfaces including flat, large flat surfaces round, and stepped parts.\nClick here to read Laser Marking 101: The Basics of Steered Beam Laser Marking Systems. The piece covers a wide range of fiber laser marking basics. From a basic overview of how fiber laser marking works to a video demonstration of laser marking in action, this piece is a great starting place for anyone interested in learning more about fiber laser marking.\nContact us for all of your laser marking system and job shop needs.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Ⅰ. What matters should be paid attention to in advertising ultra-thin light boxes?When making a light box or pasting words, it is necessary to distinguish which side is against the wall, and the lowe...Read More >\nⅠ. What are the precautions in the installation process of advertising led ultra-thin light box?Before installing the ultra-thin light box, we must pay attention to it, that is, to determine its inst...Read More >\nⅠ. The advantages of LED fabric light boxThe biggest feature of the LED fabric light box is that it is very fashionable, and the function of planning is also very vivid. The vivid experience makes my...Read More >\nThe lighting effect of the flashing and staying of the LED light box effectively improves people's visual impact, improves the utilization rate of advertising unit area, and the advertising effect is very significant.\nBecause the LED poster light box is fashionable and beautiful, and the advertising effect is strong, it is favored by the majority of businesses. However, the maintenance of LED light boxes has become a big problem, and many merchants do not know how to maintain and maintain light boxes. The light box has not been maintained for a long time, and its service life has been drastically reduced. Here, Shanghai JinYu New Materials Co., Ltd. will explain the maintenance and maintenance of LED light boxes to extend the service life of the light boxes.\n1. Storage. The LED should be stored in a dry and ventilated environment, the storage temperature is -40℃ to 100℃, and the relative humidity is below 85%. This places higher requirements on the outer packaging of the LED light box, and this factor must be considered if the light box is placed in a colder environment. In addition, pay attention to the waterproof performance of the light box, and take measures to prevent waterlogging in order to extend the service life of the LED light box.\n2. Clean. When cleaning the LED light box, you must be very careful. If some LED light boxes are not waterproof, they are prone to water seepage. And LED lamps cannot be cleaned with unknown chemical liquids, because that may damage the surface and even cause colloidal cracking.\nIn fact, the service life of the LED light box itself is very long. As long as it is properly installed and daily cleaning and maintenance are done, the LED light box can be used for a long time.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "SHOT 2017: The B Series of Optics From U.S. Optics\nRob Reed 02.01.17\nU.S. Optics is known for their high quality rifle scopes. At the 2017 SHOT Show the company introduced their new B series of optics made up of the B10, the B17, and the B25 scopes.\nThe B10 is a 1.8 – 10x magnification scope:\nThe B17 is a 3.2 – 17x magnification scope:\nThe B25 is a 5 – 25x magnification scope:\nIn the video a U.S. Optics rep goes over the features of the U.S. Optics B series scopes.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The measurement of rough surface topography using coherence scanning interferometry\nreportposted on 04.10.2013, 13:16 authored by Jon PetzingJon Petzing, Jeremy CouplandJeremy Coupland, Richard K. Leach\nThis guide describes good practice for the measurement and characterisation of rough surface topography using coherence scanning interferometry (commonly referred to as vertical scanning white light interferometry). It is aimed at users of coherence scanning interferometry for the optical measurement of surface texture within production and research environments. The general guidelines described herein can be applied to the measurement of rough surfaces exhibiting different types of surface topography. For the purpose of this guide, the definition of a rough surface is one that has features with heights ranging from approximately 10 nm to less than 100 µm\nThis Measurement Good Practice Guide has been produced and funded as part of the Engineering & Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) Grand Challenge “Project 3D-Mintegration”.\n- Mechanical, Electrical and Manufacturing Engineering", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Theory and simulation, multiple scattering methods for photons, phonons, electrons\nLayer multiple scattering method\nMultiple scattering is an old method to solve wave propagation. The concept is very efficient for arrays of scatterers and the basic theory can be adapted to solve electron, photon or phonon propagation in complex media. We are developing multiple scattering methods in collaboration with colleagues from the University of Athens http://scholar.uoa.gr/nstefan/home to study light, sound, and electron propagation in complex periodic structures.\nFor photons and phonons a layer multiple scattering method is used so that the structure is divided in periodic layers and the scattering properties within each layer is described through the corresponding scattering matrix. The layers consist of arrays of individual scatterers and spherical expansions are used to describe the scattering in each layer. For a short description of the method look at, the a recent publication and references therein.\nPanagiotidis E, Almpanis E, Stefanou N, Papanikolaou N. Multipolar interactions in Si sphere metagratings. Journal of Applied Physics. 2020;128(9):093103\nThe same method can be used for electrons. https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0953-8984/14/11/304", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Huntington Beach, CA, August 01, 2014 --(PR.com\n)-- The new Krystal 950 clip-on brings superior low-light performance to daytime riflescopes with no loss of zero.\nThe sleek new housing design provides improved light transference to the image intensifier tube, while new multi-coated HD optics boost contrast and clarity by more than 25% over the original D-930 clip-on sight.\nAvailable with two rear aperture options (standard – 24mm and large – 34mm), users can expect magnification capability as high as 25x when paired with high quality day optics. A built-in manual gain control allows for on-the-fly image brightness adjustments. The Krystal 950 can be mounted directly to the front objective of the daytime riflescope with a custom Night Optics throw-lever adapter or to the picatinny rail with the included rail mount adapter.\nThe Krystal 950 is available with large or standard rear aperture sizes, generation 2+ Black and White and Generation 3 Gated with manual gain. Package contents include: Krystal 950 Clip-on sight, picatinny rail mount or optional throw-lever adapter, padded soft pouch or optional hard case, lens cover, lens cloth and operator manual. Suggested retail pricing starts at just $4449.99.\nTo learn more about this product as well as other great Night Optics products visit the company website: nightoptics.com or call (714) 899-4475.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "A novel method for surface plasmon resonance (SPR) enhanced circular dichroism (CD), circular birefringence (CB), and degree of polarization (Dep) detection is proposed using Stokes-Mueller matrix polarimetry technique. The validity of the analytical model is confirmed by means of numerical simulations, and the simulation results show that the proposed detection method for CB and CD has a sensitivity of 10-5 RIU and 10-4 RIU (refractive index unit) for refractive indices in the range of 1.3~1.4, respectively. The practical feasibility of the proposed method is demonstrated by the experimental results for detecting the CB/CD/Dep with the glucose-chlorophyllin compound samples contained polystyrene microsphere particles. It is shown that the extracted CB value decreases linearly with glucose concentration over the considered range while the extracted CD value increases linearly with the chlorophyll concentration over the considered range. In general, the results obtained in this study show that the measured CB and CD response is highly sensitive to the polarization scanning angle. Consequently, the potential of Stokes-Mueller matrix polarimetry for highresolution in CB/CD/Dep detection is confirmed.\nConference Presentations are recordings of oral presentations given at SPIE conferences and published as part of the conference proceedings. They include the speaker's narration along with a video recording of the presentation slides and animations. Many conference presentations also include full-text papers. Search and browse our growing collection of more than 14,000 conference presentations, including many plenary and keynote presentations.\nStudy of self-shadowing effect as a simple means to realize nanostructured thin films and layers with special attentions to birefringent obliquely deposited thin films and photo-luminescent porous silicon", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Grow Light, Medical Disposable Protective Clothing, Disposable Gloves manufacturer / supplier in China, offering Remoted LED Grow Light Tubes Full Spectrum Grow Lamp for Hydroponic Indoor Plants Home Veg and Flower, Commercial Horticulture Fluence Full Spectrum LED Grow Light for Medical Plants Herbs, LED Grow Light 680W/880W/960W Full Spectrum Lights for Greenhouse Indoor Plants and so on.\n|Main Products:||Grow Light , Medical Disposable Protective Clothing , Disposable Gloves , LED Flood Light , ...|\n|Registered Capital:||50000000 RMB|\n|Plant Area:||>2000 square meters|\n|Management System Certification:||ISO 9001, ISO 9000, BSCI|\n|Average Lead Time:||\nPeak season lead time: 1-3 months\nOff season lead time: 1-3 months\nHESUNY (Shenzhen HSY LED Co., Ltd) was founded in 2003. It had more than 12 years′ experience in LED lighting sales, development, production for worldwide market. With a staff of 1000 people at our facility, the production, warehouse and office areas cover over 333, 35 square meters. There are 120 engineers in HESUNY, and it had got 200 lighting patents.\nHESUNY both specialized in indoor lighting and outdoor lighting. We are starting at the panel lighting and down lighting, with developing of the ...", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The black 14.2-megapixel Sony Alpha DSLR-A550 digital SLR camera takes crystal clear images, especially in low-light conditions. The A550 has a sensor-processor combination that enables it to capture seven frames per second, which lets you take clear pictures of fast-moving objects. You can immediately see the images you capture on the camera's 921,000-pixel Xtra Fine LCD display. Transferring the pictures you take to your computer is simple, too. By attaching the USB cord to your camera and computer, you can transfer up to 1,500 14-megapixel images in just 26 minutes. The Sony Alpha DSLR-A550 features a rechargeable lithium-ion battery, so you do not have to keep buying new batteries.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Fiber optic lighting usually lasts longer than incandescent lighting. This is because fiber optic lighting systems often use LED bulbs, which have lifespans of around 50,000 hours, as opposed to incandescent bulbs, which have lifespans of 750 to 1,000 hours.\nFiber optic lighting systems use optical fibers to transmit light from a light source to an illumination point. Optical fibers are mainly composed of a core, which transmits the light, and optical cladding, which keeps the light contained within the fiber. The light can shine from the end of the fiber like a spotlight or shine from the outside of the fiber along its length to mimic the look of neon lighting. Fiber optic lighting systems are ideal for display lighting because they produce very little heat, which can damage precious objects.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Steiner 25x80 Observer Binoculars\nAugust 01, 2005\nThe 25x80 Observer binoculars feature 25-power magnification and 80mm objective lenses to take in a maximum amount of light for clear images. The binoculars come with a tripod mount, lens caps for the objective lenses, a dust/rain cover for the eyepiece, and a neck strap for convenience.\nFor more information, click here\nRequest information about this product\nOther Recent Products\nNever Blend In. G-Shock turns things up a notch with an all-over coating of camouflage on...\nFirst Tactical builds gloves according to your bone structure and body height, with...\nThe XCAT Narcotics, GSR, and Explosives detection system detects trace and visible...", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "View your world in Full HD: You can get 1080p/960H smooth HD video with 1/2.9” SONY 2.4 MP CMOS Sensor.\nFull compatible: With CVBS/TVI/AHD/CVI video output, this camera will definitely compatible with your current security system.\nA larger viewing area: 2.8 -12mm Vari-focal lens with wide view angle. You won’t miss any details.\nGreat night vision: Night vision range up to 130ft (40m) in ambient lighting & 100ft (30m) in total darkness.\nOutdoor monitoring: Weatherproof for outdoor & indoor installation (IP66 Rated) Low Profile Metal Design: Residential and business friendly compact design.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Through-Focus Scanning Optical Microscopy (TSOM) is an imaging method that produces nanometer-scale three-dimensional measurement sensitivity using a conventional bright-field optical microscope. TSOM has been introduced and maintained by Ravikiran Attota at NIST. It was given an R&D 100 Award in 2010. In the TSOM method a target is scanned through the focus of an optical microscope, acquiring conventional optical images at different focal positions. The TSOM images are constructed using the through-focus optical images. A TSOM image is unique under given experimental conditions and is sensitive to changes in the dimensions of a target in a distinct way, which is very well applicable in nanoscale dimensional metrology. The TSOM method is alleged to have several nanometrology applications ranging form nanoparticles to through-silicon-vias (TSV).\nThe National Institute of Standards and Technology, USA, produced a short on the TSOM method.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The varmint rifle night scope is a piece of gear that any hunter or outdoor enthusiast should consider adding to their gear. It is a piece that can make your hunt more efficient, make you more accurate, and help you to kill more games.\nFor anyone who does not know how to use a varmint rifle night scope, this article is for you.\nBy providing you with a few helpful tips, you should be able to get started on using your varmint rifle night scope in no time. Read on!\nWhat is a Varmint Rifle Night Scope?\nA varmint rifle night scope is also referred to as a varmint scope, a night vision scope, or a sniper scope. It is a type of spotting scope that is designed for shooting varmints such as tree rats and coyotes. With a higher quality scope, it has been designed to shoot these small targets at long range.\nThese night vision scopes are usually found on the rifles of varmint hunters and are designed to allow them to see the target in low-light conditions, while still having the benefit of the rifle’s scope. It uses a prism that allows the hunter to have a clear image.\nSometimes, the scope is mounted to the air gun like nightforce shv, atn x, and sightmark wraith hd and can be used to fire the rifle without having to remove it from the rifle. Also, the scope is often mounted to a 12x lens, but can be mounted to a 16x, 20x, and even 42x lens.\nMoreover, a varmint rifle night scope is a lot like a rifle scope, but it’s used for shooting small animals like rabbits and deer, and not for hunting large animals. They often come in a variety of sizes and prices, so you are sure to be able to find one that suits your needs.\nFeatures of an Ideal Varmint Rifle Night Scope\nThe varmint rifle night scope is a fantastic tool that is designed for hunters to offer a better view of their target. However, before learning how to go varmint hunting, you must ensure your best night vision scopes have all the following features.\n- A Good Night Scope\nOne of the most important features of a varmint rifle is a good night scope. If you’re going to take your varmint rifle to the field, you’ll need a good night scope. Good night vision scopes will help you see things at night beyond the range of your eyes. You’ll be able to spot varmints, games, and predators at a distance, and this will help you conserve your ammunition.\nIn addition, a good varmint rifle night scope should also be able to make out shapes, colors, and movement. With a good night vision weapon sight, you’ll be able to see things in the distance and distinguish between a deer and a man. You’ll also be able to make out tree branches, rocks, and other objects.\n- Infrared Light\nA varmint rifle night scope is designed to use infrared light for light transmission that allows you to see clearly in the dark. The thermal scope has a built-in laser that helps the hunter identify the target.\n- Large Objective Lens\nThe large objective lens of this riflescope can produce a wider field of view which makes it great for hog hunting, deer hunting, and even coyote hunting\nThe rifle scopes also have a built-in ballistic calculator that makes it easier to determine the distance to a target. The rifle scopes are a great option because they are affordable, durable, and multi-coated. It is a great choice for a varmint hunter.\n- Rubberized Coating\nThe riflescope is designed with a rubberized coating to help reduce the vibration and increase your accuracy.\nHow to Use Varmint Rifle Night Scope\nTo use a varmint rifle night scope, you first need to know how to use it.\n- Mount the Night Scope On Your Rifle\nFirst, you will need to find a spot on your rifle where you can mount the night scope\nYou should find a good spot on your rifle where you want the scope mount to be, such as on the front of the barrel. You should then make sure that the scope is level by adjusting the mounts on the scope. Finally, you should make sure that the scope is not going to interfere with your rifle sights.\n- Zero Your Scope\nThe first step is to zero your scope. This is done by holding your weapon up to the sky and aligning a red dot on the target. You want to make sure that the rifle action is clear and will not be blocked by the scope.\n- Make Zooming Adjustments\nThe second step is to adjust your magnification settings. According to AccurateoOrdnance, for distance 300 yards you should choose a magnification power 4-12x for varmint hunting. To do this, you need to look through the scope and adjust the elevation and windage settings until the target is in focus. In other words, zoom in on the target and make any necessary external correction.\n- Zero In To Your Target\nThen, make sure your reticle is level, your crosshairs are centered on the target, and that your target is actually in the center of the crosshair ii. Next, turn on their night scope and use the illuminated reticle to spot the target.\n5. Balance Your Stance\nNext, you need to understand how to shoot with a varmint rifle. To shoot, you need to hold the rifle steady. This means you need to keep it down and away from your face. It is also important to make sure that your rifle is not pointing towards your head.\n6. Prepare To Shoot\nFinally, you need to understand how to hold your rifle. You need to hold your rifle properly with both hands. You need to have your thumbs on the pistol grip and your fingers around the trigger. With the rifle’s recoil-absorbing stock, gently squeeze the trigger, and fire a single shot\nThings to Consider Before Buying a Varmint rifle Night Scope\nIf you’re considering buying a varmint rifle night scope, there are pros and cons you need to weigh before making your decision. Here are a few of them:\n- Target Acquisition\nThe varmint rifle night scope is a compact rangefinder that is designed to give you a good view of the target you are aiming for. With this rifle, you can see a person up to a mile away.\nThe scope is small, lightweight, and stable to use; making it the best scope for a hunter.\nA varmint rifle night scope is a rifle scope that is designed to be extremely durable, and long-lasting. While a regular scope will break or suffer from damage if not used properly, a varmint rifle night scope is built to withstand whatever is thrown at it.\n- Perfect For Low-light Shooting\nThey also offer a wide field of view for quick and accurate shooting in low light conditions.\nThe scope is easy to use and the magnification size is perfect for the hunter alongside the Night Vision which provides a clear view of the target.\n- Ideal For Training\nA varmint night scope is the best way to train yourself and others on rifle shooting. It is not just another firearm accessory, it is a training tool that can help you improve your skills and teach you the basics since it is a tube-style muzzleloader that offers a great way to practice your skills as a hunter.\nThe goal of training with a night scope is to be able to see targets in the dark, something that can be difficult when you are wearing night vision goggles. A night scope also has a few other advantages.\nAlso, not only does it let you see how your air rifle will react to different shooting positions but also lets you see how your rifle performs in terms of accuracy.\n- A varmint rifle night scope allows you to target a varmint at night, but it has some cons.\n- The biggest con of using a varmint rifle night vision scope is that it is not as good as a traditional riflescope.\n- One disadvantage that may be of concern to some shooters is that the scope makes a lot of noise\n- It is not a safe rifle to use for hunting if you have no experience with it. So an expert should put you through it before you start using it.\n- Another disadvantage is that it is pricey and may not be affordable by all.\nThere is not much to say about this rifle, but it is a great tool for any hunter. Remember,\nA varmint rifle night scope is designed to have a long eye relief. This means that you’ll be able to see your target without having to get too close. It is important to keep your rifle at a distance, but it is also important to be able to see what you’re shooting at.\nHowever, if you are looking for a scope that is easy to use and provides a great view of the target, you should consider using varmint night vision scopes.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Thermal imaging cameras can visualize and pinpoint gas leaks without the need to shut down the operation. With an optical gas imaging camera it is easy to continuously scan installations that are in remote areas or in zones that are difficult to access. Continuous monitoring means that you will immediately be informed when a dangerous or costly gas leak appears so that immediate action can be taken.\nGain a greater understanding of optical gas imaging (OGI) technology and how it can help you find and repair gas leaks quickly, saving time, money, and the environment. This new iBook offers:", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Laser Blasts Viruses In Blood\nA new use for lasers has been discovered— zapping viruses out of blood. The technique, which holds promise for disinfecting blood for transfusions, uses a low-power laser beam with a pulse lasting just fractions of a second.\nResearchers are using lasers to zap viruses out of the blood. (Credit: Image courtesy of Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions)\nJohns Hopkins University student Shaw-Wei David Tsen says it was during a stroll in the park with his father that the idea was born. Tsen, an immunology researcher in the laboratory of T.C. Wu at Hopkins’ Kimmel Cancer Center, sought a new method to rid isolated blood of dangerous pathogens, including the viruses HIV and hepatitis C. He says current techniques using UV irradiation and radioisotopes can leave a trail of mutated or damaged blood components.\nUsing ultrasonic vibrations to destroy viruses was one possibility, but his father, Kong-Thon Tsen, a laser expert at Arizona State University, had a better idea: Lasers, unlike ultrasound, can penetrate energy-absorbing water surrounding the viruses and directly vibrate the pathogen itself.\nThe researchers aimed a low-power laser with a pulse lasting 100 femtoseconds (10-13 second) into glass tubes containing saline-diluted viruses that infect bacteria, also known as bacteriophages. The amount of infectious virus within each cube plummeted 100- to 1000-fold after the laser treatment. “I had to repeat the experiment several times to convince myself that the laser worked this well,” says the younger Tsen.\nHis laser is different from those emitting a continuous beam of visible light. “Our laser repeatedly sends a rapid pulse of light and then relaxes, allowing the solution surrounding the virus to cool off,” Tsen says. “This significantly reduces heat damage to normal blood components.”\nBuilding on the idea that vibration wrecks a virus’ outer shell, the scientists found that their low-power laser selectively destroys viruses and spares normal human cells around them, while stronger beams kill almost everything.\nFather and son speculate that laser vibrations could destroy drug-resistant and -sensitive viruses alike.\nWu says that the technique his student developed “could potentially be used to control communicable diseases by giving infusions of laser-treated blood products.”\nThe scientists published their results in the July 13 issue of the Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter. They will continue their studies using different viruses.\nSays Wu, “We believe this work on bacterial viruses is promising, but the real test will be with more serious pathogens like HIV and hepatitis.”\nThe National Science Foundation funded the research.\nAdditional collaborators include Chih-Long Chang and Chien-Fu Hung from Johns Hopkins and Juliann G. Kiang from the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences.\nVirol J. 2007 Jun 5;4:50.\nInactivation of viruses by coherent excitations with a low power visible femtosecond laser.\nTsen KT, Tsen SW, Chang CL, Hung CF, Wu TC, Kiang JG.\nDepartment of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA. firstname.lastname@example.org\nBACKGROUND: Resonant microwave absorption has been proposed in the literature to excite the vibrational states of microorganisms in an attempt to destroy them. But it is extremely difficult to transfer microwave excitation energy to the vibrational energy of microorganisms due to severe absorption of water in this spectral range. We demonstrate for the first time that, by using a visible femtosecond laser, it is effective to inactivate viruses such as bacteriophage M13 through impulsive stimulated Raman scattering. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: By using a very low power (as low as 0.5 nj/pulse) visible femtosecond laser having a wavelength of 425 nm and a pulse width of 100 fs, we show that M13 phages were inactivated when the laser power density was greater than or equal to 50 MW/cm2. The inactivation of M13 phages was determined by plaque counts and had been found to depend on the pulse width as well as power density of the excitation laser. CONCLUSION: Our experimental findings lay down the foundation for an innovative new strategy of using a very low power visible femtosecond laser to selectively inactivate viruses and other microorganisms while leaving sensitive materials unharmed by manipulating and controlling with the femtosecond laser system.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Electro-Matic Visual offers a line of Industrial LCD Displays for the harshest environments. The Factory Vision LCD has an integrated thermal management system allowing for an operating temperature range of -24°F to 124°F. The rugged construction materials provide the ultimate defense against weather, discoloration and impact. With a fully-sealed design, this helps prevent water, dust or insects from entering the display. An ambient light sensor automatically adjusts brightness to best match the lighting conditions, and an anti-reflective, impact-resistant safety glass protects the screen against damage.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Researchers in Finland and the US have developed and tested a prototype contact lens that could provide the wearer with a real time hands-free display.\nThe researchers from the University of Washington and Aalto University, Finland, have constructed a computerised contact lens and demonstrated its safety by testing it on live eyes. At the moment, the contact lens device contains only a single pixel but the researchers see this as a \"proof-of-concept\" for producing lenses with multiple pixels which, in their hundreds, could be used to display short emails and text messages right into the eye.\nThe contact lens consists of an antenna to harvest power sent out by an external source, as well as an integrated circuit to store the energy and transfer it to a transparent sapphire chip containing a single blue LED.\nThe device could overlay computer-generated visual information on to the real world and be of use in gaming devices and navigation systems. It could also be linked to biosensors in the user's body to provide up-to-date information on glucose or lactate levels.\nOne major problem the researchers had to overcome was the fact that the human eye, with its minimum focal distance of several centimetres, cannot resolve objects on a contact lens. Any information projected on to the lens would probably appear blurry. To combat this, the researchers incorporated a set of Fresnel lenses into the device; these are much thinner and flatter than conventional bulky lenses, and were used here to focus the projected image on to the retina.\nAfter testing the contact lens in free space, it was fitted to the eye of a rabbit, under the strict guidelines for animal use in the laboratory, to evaluate the effect of wearing the contact lens on the cornea and the body in general. In addition to visualising techniques, a fluorescent dye was added to the eye of the rabbit to test for any abrasion or thermal burning.\n\"We need to improve the antenna design and the associated matching network and optimize the transmission frequency to achieve an overall improvement in the range of wireless power transmission,” said Professor Babak Praviz of the Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Washington in Seattle.\"Our next goal, however, is to incorporate some predetermined text in the contact lens.\"\nThis article was first published in our sister publication EE Times Europe.\nRelated links and articles:\nElectronic contact lens debuts\nST makes contact lens MEMS to help with glaucoma", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "100 percent free visibility.\nThe functional uvex sportstyle 103 sports eyewear with its two pairs of replacement lenses is your ideal companion in all weather conditions. The decentered lens technology guarantees 100 percent distortion free visibility. With its soft earpiece ends and nose pads, uvex sportstyle 103 offers a comfy non-slip fit, pressure-free hold and, most importantly, perfect fit.\n- 100% UVA, UVB,\n- Interchangeable lens construction\n- Adjustable, cold formable earpieces\n- Soft nose pads\n100% UV Protection\nUV-absorbing filters built directly into the raw material protect the retina 100 % from damaging UV rays up to 400 nm. All lenses give 100 % UVA, UVB and UVC protection. It is also the basis of our company name. uv-ex = ultraviolet excluded.\nMirrored lenses look trendy – while working hard. They offer extra protection from infrared rays. Reflecting them and keeping them away from the eyes.\nInterchangeable lens construction - Eyewear for all occasions\nPerfect eyewear with the perfect lens, always. uvex interchangeable lens technology guarantees ease of use and optimal vision in every weather.\nSoft Nose Pads and Soft Earpieces\nEyewear fits perfectly when you can’t feel you’re wearing it. Soft nose pads and soft ear pieces ensure pressure-free comfort. Many models feature cold-formable soft-finish legs – easy to ensure the perfect fit.\nuvex eyewear undergoes special tests in their uvex testing center. They can fully guarantee quality-tested safety and function. Testing generates new insights and data which help them develop the next generation of innovative technologies.\nBreak Resistant - Impact 162 km/h\nuvex eyewear is tested in accordance with standard EN ISO 12312-1:2013. This includes a demanding impact test: a 6 mm steel ball, weighing 0.86 g is fired at the lens at a speed of 45 m/s (162 km/h). Mechanical strength is assured – and your eyes are safe.\nRobust and scratch-proof\nLenses are made from durable polycarbonate, which maintains its mechanical strength down to temperatures as low as minus 40 °C. Special coating protects the lenses from damage – scratch resistant, without impairing optical clarity – in accordance with standard EN ISO 12312-1. Outer lens resists scratches and marks (excludes mirror lenses).\nThe detail views show the features using a different model\nwith the same attributes. The equipment shown is not part of delivery.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "10 first search results for \"Closest Sonic\", from $19.99 to $879.00\n- Any Hair, Anywhere!\n- Includes 5 attachments!\n- All-in-One Precision Grooming\n- Precision Shaver\n- 3 Grooming Guides\n- Quickly open the pores at 38°-42° to help deep cleanse the skin and promote circulation to accelerate metabolism.\n- Use negative ion introduction and ultrasonic vibration to introduce nutrients into the skin and enhance skin vitality.\n- 6°-10° ice, relieves firmness, locks in nutrients and moisture, and prevents fine dirt from entering the pores.\n- Intelligent 5 minute timing, each mode 5 minutes operation end \"drop\" will automatically shut down.\n- Our products are taken in kind, the color is professionally proofread, and the closest to the physical tile map, because the color contrast and color temperature of the computer monitor will be slightly different.\n- 70-200mm telephoto zoom lens with f/4 maximum aperture for Canon digital SLR cameras\n- Fluorite UD lens elements produce excellent optical performance in resolution and contrast, Closest focusing distance : 3.94 feet, Focal length: 70-200mm\n- Ring-type ultra-sonic monitor (USM) for quick and quiet autofocusing; lightweight construction\n- Image Stabilizer provides up to 4 stops of shake correction; water- and dust-proof construction\n- Measures 3 inches in diameter and 6.8 inches long; Weight : 1.675 pounds (lens only) ; 1-year warranty\n- Focal length and maximum aperture: 75-300mm 1:4-5.6\n- Lens construction: 13 elements in 9 groups\n- Diagonal angle of view: 32 Degree 11 ft. - 8 Degree 15 ft.\n- Front group rotating extension system with USM focus adjustment\n- Closest focusing distance: 1.5m/4.9 ft.\n- 75-300mm telephoto zoom lens with f/4.5-5.6 maximum aperture for Canon SLR cameras\n- Micro ultra-sonic monitor (USM) makes autofocusing quicker and quieter than before\n- Improved zoom mechanism with silver on the front; 4.9-foot close focus distance\n- Ideal for shooting sports, portraits, and wildlife; lightweight frame weighs 16.8 ounces\n- Measures 2.8 inches in diameter and 4.8 inches long; 1-year warranty\n- This kit includes: Braun Series 7 Cordless Electric Foil Shaver, Clean & Charge Station, 3 Clean & Renew Cartridges, Travel pouch, Cleaning brush, Double Ended Shaver Brush, HeroFiber® Ultra Gentle Cleaning Cloth, SmartPlug & Instructions Manual\n- Intelligent Sonic Technology with 10,000 micro-vibrations per minute. Captures more hairs with every stroke. ActiveLife captures flat-lying hair in problem areas for a smooth and precise shave\n- 3 personalization modes for a more individual shave: Extra Sensitive, Normal, and Intensive. OptiFoil - for the closest shave ever\n- Advanced display for battery status & hygiene, Corded/Cordless shaving, Fully Flexible Shaving System for maximum facial adaptability\n- Clean&Charge Station: hygienically cleans, charges, lubricates and selects cleaning program at the touch of a button. Fully charged in 1 hour. Shaves for 50 minutes. Automatic voltage adaptation\n- 85mm standard lens with f/1.8 maximum aperture for Canon SLR cameras,Lens Type:Telephoto Zoom Lens\n- Ring-type ultra-sonic monitor (USM) brings subject quickly into focus, Focal length: 85mm, Closest focusing distance: 2.8 feet\n- Natural angle of view and perspective is ideal for portraits and natural images\n- Designed to produce beautiful background blur; weighs 15 ounces\n- Measures 3 inches in diameter and 2.8 inches long; 1-year warranty. Refer User manual for troubleshooting steps.\n- Lens not zoomable\n- 60mm macro lens with f/2.8 maximum aperture for EOS digital SLR cameras\n- 25-degree angle of view is equivalent to 96mm lens on 35mm camera\n- Focal length : 60mm, Closest focusing distance : 0.65 feet\n- Floating optical system can focus down to life-size 1:1 magnification\n- Silent and powerful ring-type ultra-sonic monitor (USM) for autofocusing\n- Measures 2.9 inches in diameter and 2.8 inches long; 1-year warranty, Lens not Zoomable\n- 100mm macro USM lens with f/2.8 maximum aperture for Canon SLR cameras\n- Focal length: 100mm, Closest focusing distance : 1 foot (film plane to subject)\n- Secondary diaphragm blocks stray light at f/2.8 for increased contrast, Ultra-sonic monitor provides outstanding autofocusing speed at all distances\n- 3-group floating system for exceptional close-up performance; full-time manual focus\n- Measures 3.1 inches in diameter and 4.7 inches long; weighs 21.1 ounces; 1-year warranty\n- Lens not zoomable\n- 17-40mm ultra-wide-angle zoom lens with f/4 maximum aperture for Canon SLR cameras.Diagonal angle of view 104° - 57° 30'\n- 3 aspherical lens elements and super UD glass element create superior optics in all conditions, Closest focusing distance : 0.9 feet\n- Powerful ring-type ultra-sonic monitor (USM) produces fast and silent autofocusing, Focuses as close as 11 inches; supports screw-in 77mm filters or up to 3 gel filters\n- Suitable for Wedding/Nature Photography, Weather-resistant construction; measures 3.3 inches in diameter; 1-year warranty\n- Purchase this product between May 1, 2016 and July 30, 2016 and get 13 months of free damage protection from Canon. The product must be registered within 30 days of the purchase date to be eligible.\n- 17-55mm wide-angle zoom lens with f/2.8 maximum aperture for Canon DSLR cameras\n- AD and aspherical elements deliver impressive image quality through entire zoom range, Closest focusing distance : 1.15 feet\n- Image Stabilizer lens groups shift to compensate for image shake even in dim lighting\n- Large circular aperture produces shallow depth of field; ring-type ultra-sonic monitor (USM)\n- Measures 3.3 inches in diameter and 4.4 inches long; weighs 22.8 ounces; 1-year warranty", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Light-emitting diode (LED) light bulbs have emerged as a breakthrough invention in lighting technology, transforming the way we illuminate our environment. LED light bulbs have quickly acquired popularity due to their remarkable efficiency, durability, and adaptability in a variety of applications spanning from household to industrial settings. This comprehensive guide examines the qualities and applications of LED light bulbs, stressing their advantages and shedding light on the myriad ways they are altering the world of lighting.\nThe Science Behind LED Light Bulbs\nTo understand the significance of LED light bulbs, it’s essential to grasp the science that underpins their functionality. The semiconductor technology used in LEDs causes them to generate light when an electric current flows through them. LEDs create light using electroluminescence, a process in which electrons recombine with electron holes to release energy in the form of photons, as opposed to conventional incandescent bulbs, which rely on heating a filament to do so.\nFeatures That Set LED Light Bulbs Apart\n- Energy Efficiency: The astounding energy efficiency of LED light bulbs is one of its distinguishing qualities. LEDs have a better conversion rate of electrical energy into visible light, which reduces heat loss. This efficiency translates to lower energy consumption and reduced electricity bills, making them an environmentally friendly and cost-effective lighting solution.\n- Longevity: LED light bulbs are renowned for their longevity, often outlasting traditional incandescent and fluorescent bulbs by a significant margin. This extended lifespan is attributed to the absence of fragile filaments and the minimal heat generation, both of which contribute to reduced wear and tear over time.\n- Instant Lighting: Unlike some energy-saving bulbs that take time to reach full brightness, LED light bulbs provide instant illumination upon being switched on. Applications requiring quick lighting, such as security lighting or motion-activated lights, can benefit greatly from this capability.\n- Durability: LED light bulbs are rugged and resilient, capable of withstanding vibrations, shocks, and extreme temperatures. This durability makes them suitable for a wide range of environments, from outdoor landscapes to industrial facilities.\n- Color Range And Dimming: LED technology allows for precise control over color temperature and intensity. This capability enables users to select the desired ambiance for their spaces, from warm, cozy lighting to cool, clinical illumination. Moreover, many LED bulbs are compatible with dimmer switches, offering flexible control over light levels.\n- Mercury-Free: Unlike fluorescent bulbs, which contain a small amount of mercury, LED light bulbs are mercury-free. This eliminates concerns about hazardous materials and makes LED bulbs safer to handle, dispose of, and recycle.\nApplications Of LED Light Bulbs\n- Residential Lighting: LED light bulbs have rapidly become the go-to choice for residential lighting due to their energy efficiency and longevity. They are available in a variety of shapes and color temperatures, making them suitable for general lighting, task lighting, and accent lighting in living rooms, bedrooms, kitchens, and bathrooms.\n- Commercial Spaces: A lot of business venues, including offices, shops, and restaurants, employ LED lighting. The ability to create different atmospheres through adjustable color temperatures and dimming features allows businesses to cater to specific branding and customer preferences.\n- Outdoor Lighting: Due to their endurance and resilience to external variables, LED light bulbs are perfect for outdoor lighting applications. From streetlights to garden lighting and architectural illumination, LEDs offer efficient and long-lasting solutions for enhancing outdoor spaces.\n- Industrial And Warehouse Lighting: The robust nature of LED light bulbs makes them a perfect fit for industrial settings and warehouses. Their ability to provide bright and consistent illumination, even in large spaces, improves visibility and safety for workers.\n- Automotive Lighting: LEDs have found their way into automotive lighting systems, from headlights and brake lights to interior and dashboard lighting. Their rapid response time and energy efficiency contribute to improved road safety and fuel efficiency.\n- Entertainment And Decorative Lighting: In entertainment venues, such as theaters and concert halls, as well as for decorative purposes in events and celebrations, LED light bulbs offer dynamic lighting effects, color changes, and synchronized patterns, creating captivating visual experiences.\n- Medical And Healthcare Facilities: LED lighting is also making strides in healthcare settings, where precise lighting is essential for surgeries, examinations, and diagnostics. LEDs can mimic natural light, aiding in accurate color rendering and reducing eye strain for medical professionals.\n- Smart Lighting: With the rise of smart home technology, LED light bulbs have integrated seamlessly into the concept of smart lighting. Users can control brightness and color and even schedule lighting changes using their smartphones or voice-activated assistants.\nLED light bulbs contribute significantly to environmental conservation. Their energy efficiency reduces greenhouse gas emissions, helping combat climate change, compared to incandescent bulbs, LEDs use up to 80% less energy, which translates to a substantial decrease in carbon dioxide emissions. Moreover, their longevity means fewer bulbs are disposed of, reducing electronic waste. This reduces the total ecological impact of lighting while supporting the worldwide movement for sustainable practices.\nAlthough LED light bulbs sometimes cost more upfront than conventional bulbs, they end up saving you more money in the long run. LED bulbs can eventually result in significant reductions in power bills and maintenance expenses due to their energy efficiency and long lifespan. This financial benefit is especially evident in large commercial or industrial settings where numerous bulbs are used.\nFocused And Directional Lighting\nLED technology allows for directional lighting, meaning light is emitted in specific directions without the need for external reflectors or diffusers. When focused illumination is needed, such as in track lighting, spotlights, and recessed lighting applications, this capability is especially helpful. It minimizes light wastage and enhances lighting precision in various settings.\nCompatibility With Solar Power\nThe efficiency and low power requirements of LED light bulbs make them highly compatible with solar power systems. They can operate efficiently on low-voltage electrical systems, making them a valuable component of off-grid and renewable energy setups. This compatibility extends their applications to remote areas and regions with unreliable power infrastructure.\nReduced Light Pollution\nLED light bulbs can be designed to emit light in specific wavelengths, reducing light pollution. This is crucial for preserving the natural night sky and the well-being of nocturnal wildlife. As cities and communities strive to reduce light pollution, LEDs offer a promising solution by enabling precise control over the direction and color of light.\nInnovative Design Possibilities\nThe compact size and flexibility of LEDs open up innovative design possibilities. Designers can integrate LEDs into various surfaces, creating artistic lighting installations, illuminated furniture, and even interactive light displays. This creative use of LEDs transforms lighting from a functional necessity into an aesthetic and interactive element of interior and exterior design.\nHealth And Well-Being\nLED light bulbs can be tuned to specific color temperatures that mimic natural daylight. This may improve circadian rhythms and human health, affecting sleep patterns and general well-being. Some LED systems can dynamically adjust their color temperature throughout the day, promoting alertness during the daytime and aiding relaxation in the evening.\nLED light bulbs have undoubtedly transformed the world of lighting with their exceptional features and versatile applications. From energy efficiency and long lifespan to diverse lighting possibilities and reduced environmental impact, LED technology continues to shape how we illuminate our world. As research and innovation in this field continue, we can expect even more refined LED solutions that address current challenges and open up new frontiers in lighting technology. In the journey towards sustainability and efficiency, LED light bulbs stand as a beacon of progress, illuminating the way to a brighter, more eco-friendly future.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The SCV-2082R is a discreet general purpose analog vandal-resistant dome camera suitable for a wide range of applications. It incorporates the 6th generation Winner engine from Samsung Techwin that features premium level resolution at 700TV lines in sharp mode and other core functionalities such as SSNRIII, day & night(ICR), and defog. It can capture images within 20 meters in extremely low or no lighting using its built-in IR LED lamps, the SCV-2082R would be a perfect solution for who is looking for a cost effective high quality video surveillance camera.\n• High resolution of 700TV lines\n• Min. Illumination 0Lux (IR LED on), IR distance 20m\n• 3.6x varifocal lens (2.8 ~ 10mm)\n• Day & Night (ICR), SSNRIII, Defog\n• Coax : Pelco-C (Coaxitron), Dual power", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Developed by a team of researchers, energy-momentum spectroscopy allows scientists to better understand how light is emitted from layered nanomaterials and other thin films, possibly leading to better LEDs and solar cells.\nA multi-university research team has used a new spectroscopic method to gain a key insight into how light is emitted from layered nanomaterials and other thin films.\nThe technique, called energy-momentum spectroscopy, enables researchers to look at the light emerging from a thin film and determine whether it is coming from emitters oriented along the plane of the film or from emitters oriented perpendicular to the film. Knowing the orientations of emitters could help engineers make better use of thin-film materials in optical devices like LEDs or solar cells.\nThe research, published online on March 3 in Nature Nanotechnology, was a collaborative effort of Brown University, Case Western Reserve University, Columbia University, and the University of California–Santa Barbara.\nThe new technique takes advantage of a fundamental property of thin films: interference. Interference effects can be seen in the rainbow colors visible on the surface of soap bubbles or oil slicks. Scientists can analyze how light constructively and destructively interferes at different angles to draw conclusions about the film itself — how thick it is, for example. This new technique takes that kind of analysis one step further for light-emitting thin films.\n“The key difference in our technique is we’re looking at the energy as well as the angle and polarization at which light is emitted,” said Rashid Zia, assistant professor of engineering at Brown University and one of the study’s lead authors. “We can relate these different angles to distinct orientations of emitters in the film. At some angles and polarizations, we see only the light emission from in-plane emitters, while at other angles and polarizations we see only light originating from out-of-plane emitters.”\nThe researchers demonstrated their technique on two important thin-film materials, molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) and PTCDA. Each represents a class of materials that shows promise for optical applications. MoS2 is a two-dimensional material similar to graphene, and PTCDA is an organic semiconductor. The research showed that light emission from MoS2 occurs only from in-plane emitters. In PTCDA, light comes from two distinct species of emitters, one in-plane and one out-of-plane.\nOnce the orientation of the emitters is known, Zia says, it may be possible to design structured devices that maximize those directional properties. In most applications, thin-film materials are layered on top of each other. The orientations of emitters in each layer indicate whether electronic excitations are happening within each layer or across layers, and that has implications for how such a device should be configured.\n“If you were making an LED using these layered materials and you knew that the electronic excitations were happening across an interface,” Zia said, “then there’s a specific way you want to design the structure to get all of that light out and increase its overall efficiency.”\nThe same concept could apply to light-absorbing devices like solar cells. By understanding how the electronic excitations happen in the material, it could be possible to structure it in a way that coverts more incoming light to electricity.\n“One of the exciting things about this research is how it brought together people with different expertise,” Zia said. “Our group’s expertise at Brown is in developing new forms of spectroscopy and studying the electronic origin of light emission. The Kymissis group at Columbia has a great deal of expertise in organic semiconductors, and the Shan group at Case Western has a great deal of expertise in layered nanomaterials. Jon Schuller, the study’s first author, did a great job in bringing all this expertise together. Jon was a visiting scientist here at Brown, a postdoctoral fellow in the Energy Frontier Research Center at Columbia, and is now a professor at UCSB.”\nReference: “Orientation of luminescent excitons in layered nanomaterials” by Jon A. Schuller, Sinan Karaveli, Theanne Schiros, Keliang He, Shyuan Yang, Ioannis Kymissis, Jie Shan and Rashid Zia, 3 March 2013, Nature Nanotechnology.\nOther authors on the paper were Sinan Karaveli (Brown), Theanne Schiros (Columbia), Keliang He (Case Western), Shyuan Yang (Columbia), Ioannis Kymissis (Columbia) and Jie Shan (Case Western). Funding for the work was provided by the Air Force Office of Scientific Research, the Department of Energy, the National Science Foundation, and the Nanoelectronic Research Initiative of the Semiconductor Research Corporation.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Dailies Colors 30 Pack\nGet the vision care you need while expressing your unique sense of style with Alcon Dailies Colors 30 pack contact lenses. Available in four colors, including blue, hazel, grey, and green, they’ll enhance your eyes to make them appear bigger and brighter while ensuring natural-looking finish. Featuring Alcon’s signature 3-in1 Color Technology, the Dailies Colors contact lenses focus on bringing depth and definition to the eye’s inner ring, primary colour, and outer ring. Designed in partnership with celebrity makeup artist Patrick Ta, they allow you to have fun and experiment with your look while benefitting from a comfortable, everyday vision solution.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Posted on December 1, 2008 - ( views)\nThe main improvement in the new 90°housing version of the pilot is a remarkable reduction in the camera depth. The total depth of the camera body, including the lens mount, is less than 42 millimeters. The pilot 90°has its connectors at the bottom of the camera. Many other small footprint cameras have their connectors at the rear of the camera, which expands their total depth by 20 to 30 millimeters. Taking all of this into account, the pilot fits better in many applications. The cameras with the new housing have the same features as the standard housing pilot cameras. The uncompromisingly high pilot image quality and speed, compared to other small housing cameras in the market, were also transferred to the 90deg models.\nAn der Strusbek 60-62\nWith 10 and 14 MP\nWith 28 frames per second\nwith 2 and 4 megapixel resolution CMOS sensors\nwith Power over Ethernet\nwith CCD sensors\nfor space-critical applications\nwith C-Mount option\nwith the resolutions of 2k, 4k and 8k\n17 frames per second\nIEN: Within Test & Measurement, thermal imaging cameras have a fairly broad application range: From public security and...\nFlir Systems Belgium", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Display media technologies have evolved tremendously over the past decades, offering an ever-expanding range of options to enhance visual experiences. From traditional displays like CRT monitors to cutting-edge solutions like holography, each technology offers unique advantages and applications. In this comprehensive guide, we’ll explore the diverse landscape of display media technologies, shedding light on their functionalities, strengths, and limitations.\nCathode Ray Tube (CRT)\nCathode Ray Tube (CRT) monitors were once the standard for display technology, dominating the market for several decades. These monitors work by using electron beams to excite phosphors on a glass screen, creating an image. Though bulky and less energy-efficient than modern displays, CRT monitors are still appreciated for their accurate color reproduction, fast refresh rates, and relatively low input lag.\nLiquid Crystal Display (LCD)\nLCD displays have largely replaced CRT monitors, thanks to their compact design, energy efficiency, and lower production costs. LCD technology utilizes liquid crystals sandwiched between two layers of glass, with a backlight providing illumination. Images are formed by manipulating the liquid crystals to allow or block light. Although the color accuracy and refresh rates may not be as high as CRT monitors, LCD displays offer high-resolution images with a thinner, lighter form factor.\nOrganic Light Emitting Diode (OLED)\nOLED displays represent a significant step forward in display media technologies, offering improved color accuracy, contrast, and energy efficiency compared to LCDs. Instead of using a backlight, OLED displays rely on organic compounds that emit light when an electric current is applied. This allows for individual pixels to be turned on or off, resulting in deep blacks and a near-infinite contrast ratio. OLED displays are ideal for high-end TVs, smartphones, and other devices where superior image quality is a priority.\nQuantum Dot Display\nQuantum Dot displays are an emerging technology that utilizes tiny, light-emitting particles called quantum dots. These dots, when excited by a light source, emit specific wavelengths of light, enabling precise color control and high color accuracy. Quantum Dot displays offer improved brightness, color gamut, and energy efficiency compared to traditional LCDs, making them an attractive option for premium TVs and monitors.\nMicroLED is a promising display technology that combines some of the best features of OLED and Quantum Dot displays. Like OLED, MicroLED displays consist of self-emissive pixels, eliminating the need for a backlight and providing excellent contrast ratios. However, MicroLEDs use inorganic materials, making them more resistant to burn-in and providing longer lifespans. The technology is still in the early stages of development, but it holds great potential for a variety of applications, including smartphones, TVs, and even large-scale video walls.\nHolography is a futuristic display technology that creates three-dimensional images by recording and reconstructing light waves. This technology has the potential to revolutionize various industries, including entertainment, medical imaging, and augmented reality. Though holographic displays are not yet widely available, ongoing research and development hold the promise of a truly immersive visual experience in the future.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Not all “aviators” are the same! Sunglasses – no matter the name – are important for pilots as they protect their most important sensory asset: their sight. According to the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), “a quality pair of sunglasses is essential in the cockpit environment”. The right pair of sunglasses helps reduce eye fatigue, decreases the effects of harsh sunlight and protects your eyes from solar radiation.\nSo what makes a quality pair of sunglasses for a pilot? Pilots DO have different needs for their sunglasses. Did you know that exposure to UV radiation increases by about 5% for every 1,000 feet of altitude? Or that polarized lenses (found on many “aviators” today) are not recommended by the FAA because they can reduce or eliminate the visibility of instruments that incorporate anti-glare filters?\nWe’ve compiled a list of sunglasses we think are best suited for a pilot’s needs:\n1. Randolph Aviator Sunglasses. We’re starting this list strong because Randolph Engineering has made a concerted effort to cater specifically to pilots with these sunglasses. Available in several metal frame and lens colors, these sunglasses both retain the classic aviator shape while also providing a glass, non-polarized lens with 98-100% UV protection coating. Many eyewear manufacturers only make one size, but these Randolph Aviator Sunglasses come with a lens width of 52mm, 55mm, or 58mm, so make sure you select the right one for you.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "We fabricated a highly water-repellent quartz nanopillar (NP) structure to investigate the effect of varying the contact angle (CA) by using 10-nm-order gaps and 10-nm-diameter NPs. Gaps from 15 to 30 nm led to CAs of more than 100°, showing hydrophobicity, to a maximum of 105°. The mechanism of repelling water on quartz could be explained by the Cassie-Baxter model with a filling factor. A gap of more than 30 nm fills with water due to capillarity, but a gap of less than 30 nm causes water to be repelled by air. We were able to repeatedly fabricate a quartz NP structure with a controllable gap by using a combination of a bio-template and neutral-beam etching and found this structure to be highly water-repellent. The structure has high durability and optical transparency. As a result, we conclude that it can be used in sensors and lenses on various devices such as cameras and radars.\n- Neutral beam etching\n- Quartz nanopillar\n- Water-repellent nanostructure", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The Swarovski STS 25-50x65 HD Straight Spotting Scope Kits combine their STS 65 spotting scope body with Arca Swiss foot and a wide angle 25-50xWW eyepiece into a convenient bundle.\nThe Swarovski STS-65 HD Spotting Scope (Arca Swiss Foot) is made with premium fluoride HD lenses that virtually eliminate chromatic aberration. The lenses also feature Swarovski's SWAROTOP ultra anti-reflective coating, resulting in nearly complete light transmission. This scope is also resistant to dust and oil deposits thanks to the SWAROCLEAN coating for reducing surface tension, making the optic much easier to clean; less cleaning means a longer lasting scope! Aside from the lens coatings, all glass surfaces of the prisms and lenses are treated with the SWARODUR coating that reduces reflection to a minuscule 0.2% for the highest contrast throughout the visible light spectrum. This model is compatible with any tripod head containing an Arca Swiss mount socket, eliminating the need for a plate. The helical focusing knob is more ergonomic than traditional, smaller focus wheels. The sleek green armor covering the glass eliminates the need for a case.\nThe Swarovski 25-50xW Eyepiece displays a much wider angle at 25x than the 20-60xS eyepiece does at 20x, giving a field of view ranging from 126 feet (25x) to 81 feet (50x) at 1000 yards. It also has a larger image circle. All of this means that it will reduce the likelihood of vignetting while digiscoping. Eye relief is a generous 17mm.\nIncluded In The Box\nObjective Lens Cover\nBayonet Mount Cover\nSwarovski guarantees for the entire range of branded products purchased from authorized Swarovski retailers, a global and full life-time warranty\ncovering manufacturing and material defects under normal use beginning with the date of purchase.\nThe warranty does not cover damage caused by accident or maltreatment. All warranted defects will either be repaired pending feasibility and availability of replacement parts or replaced with either the same product or with a piece of equal value as determined by Swarovski. Swarovski however is lenient with these services.\nCall 1-888-207-9873 for more info on obtaining a Service Order #.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Payment & Shipping Terms:\n|CNC Or Not:||YES||Cooling Mode:||Air Cooling|\n|Laser Wavelength:||355nm||Max.Marking Speed:||7000mm/S|\n|Warranty:||24 Months||Laser Beam:||M2:1.5|\nuv laser engraving machine,\nuv laser marking systems\n3 Watts 355nm UV Laser Marking Machine For Glass , PCB Keyboard , Diamond Engraving\nUV/ultraviolet laser marking machine adopts 355nm UV laser source, and frequency-triped intracavity technique. Comparing to infrared laser, 355 UV laser focusing spot is extremely small, which can significantly reduce the mechanical deformation of the material with little heat affected while processing. This UV laser marking machine is mainly used for ultra-precision marking, engraving, and particularly suitable for food, medicine packaging material marking, drilling microhole, high-speed partition in glass material and cutting complex graphics on silicon wafer, etc.\n1. Electronic components, battery chargers, electric wire, computer accessories, mobile phone accessories (mobile phone screen, LCD screen) and communication products.\n2. Automobile and motorcycle spare parts, auto glass, instrument appliance, optical device, aerospace, military industry products, hardware machinery, tools, measuring tools, cutting tools, sanitary ware.\n3. Pharmaceutical, food, beverage and cosmetics industry.\n4. Glass, crystal products, arts and crafts of surface and internal thin film etching, ceramic cutting or engraving, clocks and watches and glasses.\n5. Polymer material, majority of the metal and non-metallic materials for surface processing and coating film processing, pervious to light polymer materials, plastic, fire prevention materials etc.\n1. Precise marking line, high marking speed, high stability, and working efficiency,\n2. With very small focus light spot, makes marking more exquisite than the common fiber laser marking machine.\n3. Small thermal influence area, will never burn the marking material.\n4. Suitable for all metal material and most other material, with widely application field.\n|Product Name||UV laser marking machine|\n|Repeat ability precision||±0.01mm|\n|Cooling Style||air cooling / water cooling|\nContact Person: huahai", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "GMAX0505, designed with the world’s smallest 2.5μm charge domain global shutter pixel, offers the highest resolution of 25 Megapixels within 1.1\" optical format.\nDespite its small pixel pitch, GMAX0505 achieves more than 65% peak QE and excellent angular response thanks to the latest light pipe technology. In addition, with optimized tungsten shielding structure on top of the pixel’s memory node, the sensor’s shutter efficiency is more than 80dB.\nGMAX0505 supports 10bit and 12bit output, and the frame rate is up to 150fps. The sensor is assembled in a ceramic Land Grid Array (LGA) package, allowing easy integration and mass production. The superior performance and the cost-effective packaging of GMAX0505 offer camera manufactures great advantage over various applications, including machine vision, high resolution industrial inspection, ITS and surveillance.\nGMAX0505RF is processed with Red Fox Technology for NIR sensitivity enhancement.\nGMAX0505 is pin-compatible with GMAX2505, GMAX2509 and GMAX2518, where GMAX2505 is a 5MP (2600×2160) 1/2\" sensor, GMAX2509 is a 9MP (4200×2160) 2/3\" sensor, and GMAX2518 is a 18MP (4508×4096) 1\" sensor. All four sensors are designed with the same 2.5μm global shutter pixel architecture and same sequencer operation, allowing reduced system costs and R&D cost for customers.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "RunCam recently released an improved version of the most popular FPV camera (Sony 600TVL PZ0420 Camera), the Runcam PZ0420M.\nGet your Runcam PZ0420M camera from Runcam.com!\nTo summarize, this camera has been optimized in:\n- Wider voltage input (supports 2S to 4S Lipo battery)\n- No more fragile resonator hanging around (used to cause lots of problems, easy to snap in crashes)\n- Smaller form factor, size reduced down to 28mm x 28mm (in fact I don’t know if this is a good thing, lots of frames are designed for the original dimension: 38mm x 38mm and breakable to 32mm x 32mm)\n- 3 grams lighter, weights at 11.8g.\nI got to say, this camera is Superb, probably one of the best FPV camera I have used to date! Image quality is just great for FPV. I flew directly into the sun, and everything else is still visible. Flew into the forrest, and wide range dynamics works well, and lighting adjustment kicked in very quickly. Here is some footage of this camera.\nWith some little changes in setting below, it performs even better for me:\n- Factory Reset\n- DWDR on, level to 63.\n- Select LCD display\n- Gamma 0.55\n- Added brightness +5\n- Sharpness maximum\nWith the smaller size, I think it could make a good camera for 180 mini quad. I used this camera on my Demon Ghost 220 mini quad, the camera mount was designed for ordinary size board camera (34mm), but i still managed to mount it on with cable ties (not easy though :) )\nAlso note that the camera lens is about 2-3mm longer than the older version, despite the smaller size, so mind the lens sticking out of the frame when you are mounting it. Here is the manual that comes with the camera.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "MOBILE: +86-139 2539 5351 E-MAIL : email@example.com\nALLTOP power supply high-quality solar energy products at competitive prices and good service. We are a leading manufacturer of solar power utilization and lighting systems\n2835 LED 120PCS\n2835 LED 240PCS\n2835 LED 360PCS\n1.The chip integrates light source, high brightness, strong color rendering and longer life.The lampshade is made of PC material with high light transmittance and stretched to maximize the retention of luminous flux. The lamp body adopts imported LED chip, which can quickly dissipate heat, reduce light decay and extend lamp life.\nLED lamps are moisture-proof, dust-proof, double-insulated, and have a high IP65 waterproof rating. The tri-proof lamp is a heavy-duty, ultra-bright alternative to traditional lamps.\nIt can be widely used in rooms, warehouses, offices, garages, basements and other places, and can also be used for undercabinet lighting and closet lights.\nHello, please leave your name and email here before chat online so that we won't miss your message and contact you smoothly.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Maui Jim Women's Polarized Punch Bowl H219-12 Brown Rectangle Sunglasses\nOften imitated but never matched, these Maui Jim sunglasses emit an unrivaled sense of style with ease. Featuring a sleek brown frames and brown arms, as well as 54 mm brown polarized lenses, these celebrated glasses offer premier UV protection as well as serve as a valued accessory option. These sunglasses utilize precision hinges and quality hardware to produce the best possible eyewear, which represents what Maui Jim is all about.\nMaui Jim Stillwater Brun HCL Bronze H706 16C 52-20 Medium Polarisés\nMaui Jim Sunglasses feature PolarizedPlus 2 technology, which wipes out glare and stokes the color with a patented multi-layer design. The lenses feature three rare earth elements, which maximize the transmission of the colors your eyes see naturally. The result is visual acuity, contrast, and color that is unrivaled.\nMaui Jim Unisex Peahi\néUniquely modern and highly functional these supreme sunglasses by Maui Jim take performance eyewear to a whole new level Sporting contemporary 65 mm grey polarized lenses and a durable plastic frame these glasses are suitable for a multitude of scenarios Ensuring premier optics and a crisp clear view the technology in these glasses pushes the limit in eyewear performance so you can push it everywhere elseé", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "An optically pumped vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) that emits in the mid-IR at above room temperature in pulsed mode could have far-reaching implications for chemical analysis and atmospheric pollution monitoring.Nearly all gas molecules, including a number of important pollutants, have their strongest absorption in the mid-infrared portion of the spectrum. Therefore, the sensitivity of gas detection using mid-IR radiation is several magnitudes higher than it is using near-IR. No semiconductor laser emitting in the mid-IR, however, comes close to the performance or the stability of its near-IR counterparts.Researchers have demonstrated an optically pumped vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser that operates in the mid-IR at room temperature. The laser source may find application in the sensing of atmospheric pollutants. Courtesy of Frank Zhao, University of Oklahoma.Now a team at the University of Oklahoma in Norman is bridging the gap. Zhisheng Shi and his colleagues have demonstrated an optically pumped multiple-quantum-well VCSEL emitting at 4.12 µm with a room-temperature gain peak. By applying the vertical-cavity structure to lead-salt materials, they reduced the laser threshold, improved the heat dissipation and overcame problems such as mode-hopping and multimode operation. And, compared with previous efforts, the gain peak and the cavity mode of the VCSEL are closely matched at 300 K.This is important because the thickness of the active semiconductor materials determines the possible wavelengths of the laser emission. When the thickness is right, Shi explained, only one cavity mode is allowed, resulting in the emission of a single wavelength. At the same time, a semiconductor material that favors emission at a specific wavelength is said to have a \"gain peak\" at a specific temperature.The researchers carefully controlled the thickness of the active semiconductor material in the stack, which they grew by molecular beam epitaxy, so that the VCSEL operated at peak power at room temperature. To enable the pump radiation to reach the active region between the two mirrors, they engineered the lead-salt materials to be transparent to 1-µm radiation from the pump source. In the experiments, an Nd:YAG pumped the VCSEL, but because high-power semiconductor lasers emitting at that wavelength are commercially available, the work promises a compact diode-pumped mid-IR laser system in the not-too-distant future.Such a system still is most likely two to three years away, but Shi said that the work could usher in a number of improvements for mid-IR lasers, such as continuous-wave operation, spectral purity and superior beam quality. In the meantime, the team will refine the VCSEL structure to reduce threshold and to eliminate transverse modes.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Liftmaster CPS-U Commercial Photo Eye provide primary monitored entrapment protection for LiftMaster's Commercial Door Operators.\n- NEMA 1 enclosure protects against direct water-spray and corrosion.\n- Dual-sided infrared sensors.\n- Maximum range of 30 feet.\n- Solid sensor lights indicate correct sensor alignment.\n- Yellow safety housing provides visibility for industrial environments.\n- Meets UL 325 safety standards.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Professor Hiroshi Amano was the third keynote speaker at DisplayWeek and he discussed Nanorod LEDs in the display field. However, he started by pointing out the contribution of LEDs in reducing power use in applications such as lighting. Low power lighting can make a dramatic impact on development in many areas of the world where mains power is not available. There are many applications for LED and he showed a roadmap for the development of devices and applications.\nAmano is working in a development lab in Japan that has many facilities ‘under one roof’ for the development of LEDs. The group has collaboration with researchers in Korea as well.\nThere is a problem with LEDs when they get below 10µm per side as then the external quantum efficiency drops because of surface recombination at the side wall. That means that a new approach is needed and he favours Gallium Nitride (GaN) nanorods. Higher efficiency is needed for 8K displays because of the low efficiency of current LCDs.\nHe believes that this technology is likely to become an option for display use in the future. This is especially when the display resolution of future consumer electronics products is required to increase to 8K. The chip dimension of MicroLEDs should be smaller than 1?m so as to match with the display of a cellphone with extremely high resolution. Whether quantum dots or phosphor is used to convert from blue LED light, either will face a big technical obstacle to achieving a coating that will achieve color conversion on such a tiny chip. (We have already reported that particles of traditional phosphor are already too big for really small microLEDs)\nCertainly, such technology will not be appropriate for the existing LED production process, so the equipment that grows the epitaxial wafer is required to be modified. However, as for the mode of growing an appropriate epi wafer structure, a structure with dissimilar materials should be slowly grown through what he called “the interlace mode between injection and interruption”. The intention of the process is to achieve RGB full-color light from one wafer. Then, when can the production of this highly advanced technology come true? Let’s hope to see it during our lifetime, Amano said.\nTo make something like the Cledis concept for wearable display applications, the LED should be less than 1 micron on each side. Sony’s Cledis is great, Amano said, but it’s just too big for many applications. The power efficiency, considering the high quality is good, however.\nNanorod LEDs can be made much smaller than traditional LEDs and can be made using MOVPE, although carbon can get in which causes a problem. Because of this, it’s best to use a pulse mode, Amano said. He then went through some of the manufacturing processes.\nPhosphor particles are bigger than the rods – but with QD phosphor it will be very hard to get a good black, Amano said (presumably because of the problem of photon-driven emission).\nYou can control the wavelength of the light from quantum rods with the height of the rod and with indium incorporation. So you can make RGB using the same substrate and process. The shape of the rod can be controlled to allow the emission of four different wavelengths of light. The balance between the colours is controlled by the current applied.\nAt the moment, the green being produced is a blueish colour and the red is really orange, so more development is needed.\nThe key point is that you may be able to make all colours with a single architecture, he concluded.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "DID YOU KNOW? DTIC has over 3.5 million final reports on DoD funded research, development, test, and evaluation activities available to our registered users. Click HERE\nto register or log in.\nDiode Laser-Based Detection of Combustor Instabilities with Application to a Scramjet Engine\nJournal article (postprint)\nAIR FORCE RESEARCH LAB WRIGHT-PATTERSON AFB OH PROPULSION DIRECTORATE\nPagination or Media Count:\nFluctuations in temperature non-uniformity along the line-of-sight of a diode laser absorption sensor in a model scramjet are found to precede backpressure-induced unstart expulsion of the isolator shock train. A novel detection strategy combining Fourier analysis of temperature time series to determine low-frequency heat release fluctuations with simultaneous measurements of multiple absorption features of H2O to identify temperature non-uniformities was applied to the scramjet combustor. Time-resolved absorption is measured using wavelength modulation spectroscopy for three transitions chosen with different temperature-dependent absorption characteristics. The line-of-sight LOS-averaged temperature inferred from the ratio of absorption from one pair of transitions is highly sensitive to low-temperature nonuniformities along the absorption path while the other ratio is less sensitive. The fraction of fluctuations in the range 1 f 50 Hz is determined from short-time Fourier transforms STFTs of the measured temperatures from both transition pairs.\nAPPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "(Ronkonkoma, NY – January 18, 2017) Photonics Industries, the pioneer of intracavity solid-state harmonic lasers, RGH Series new patented pulse picker technology was nominated as a 2017 Prism Awards Finalist, an award to recognize those companies that are developing innovations that are driving the technologies of our future.\nPhotonics Industries has invented a new patented pulse picker technology that provides for a unique proprietary control system for its RGH Series of ps lasers that enables:\n- the highest pulse energy (up to 700μJ @ 100kHz)\n- the smallest footprint, most compact, lightest weight industrial ps lasers commercially available.\n- a simpler, smarter design which is much easier to use and more reliable than the technology that conventional ps lasers are based upon.\n- with Total Pulse Control (e.g., individually triggered pulses on demand)\n- flexible burst mode operation (up to 10MHz) at high output powers.\n- adjustable repetition rate from single shot to 10MHz\n- Additionally, the user can change the operating PRF and also change the operating power or pulse energy through PEC (Power or Pulse Energy Control) function on the fly to maximize process flexibility.\n- The RGH Series are the only industrial picosecond lasers with these maximal flexibilities on the market to give customer more flexibility for more applications.\nPhotonics Industries offers a wide range of laser products for a myriad of different industrial and scientific applications.\nFor more information on the RGH Series laser please contact:\nDr. Joyce Kilmer", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Date of Award\nElectrical and Computer Engineering\nNayfeh, Taysir H.\nWireless communication systems, Laser communication systems, Laser beams, High intensity laser power beaming, Wireless power transmission\nThis paper describes work supporting the development of a high intensity laser power beaming (HILPB) system for the purpose of wireless power transmission. The main contribution of this research is utilizing high intensity lasers to illuminate vertical multi-junction (VMJ) solar cells developed by NASA-GRC. Several HILPB receivers are designed, constructed and evaluated with various lasers to assess the performance of the VMJ cells and the receiver under a variety of conditions. Several matters such as parallel cell back-feeding, optimal receiver geometry, laser wavelength, non-uniform illumination and thermal effects at high intensities are investigated. Substantial power densities are achieved, and suggestions are made to improve the performance of the system in future iterations. Thus far, the highest amount of energy obtained from a receiver during these tests was 23.7778 watts. In addition, one VMJ cell was able to achieve a power density of 13.6 watts per cm2, at a conversion efficiency of 24 . These experiments confirm that the VMJ technology can withstand and utilize the high intensity laser energy without damage and/or significant reduction in the conversion efficiency\nRaible, Daniel Edward, \"High Intensity Laser Power Beaming for Wireless Power Transmission\" (2008). ETD Archive. 576.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "SFP Series forty-sixth Week News Abstract 1\nWeek News Abstract For SFP Series in 10GTEK\nThe abstract is mainly about the optical communication related products,including: FTTH,GPON,EPON,SFPPLC,PTN,ODN,Optical module,Optical devices,optical communications,Optical transceiver module,Etc.\nOptical equipment terminology\nIDF: Intermediate Distribution Frame, sub-patch panel MDF: Main Distribution Frame, the main distribution frame.OC: (Optical Carrier, optical carrier) is defined in the SONET specification transfer speed. OC defines transmission speed of optical devices, STS defines the transmission speed of electrical equipment.SC: Subscriber Connector (Optical Fiber Connector) User connector (fiber connector).ONENT: SONET (Synchronous Optical NETwork, synchronous optical network) is a high-speed data communication optical fiber transmission system. SONET communications by telephone companies and utility companies to deploy, its speed from 51Mb / s up to several gigabytes per second. SONET is a way to provide advanced network management and optical interface standards for smart system, which uses self-healing ring structure, if one line fails, it can be diverted transmission. SONET lines are widely used in low-speed T1 and T3 lines together. SONET broadband ISDN (B -ISDN) standard for the European standard is SDH.SONET corresponding time-division multiplexing (TDM) technology simultaneously transmit multiple data streams.ST: Straight Tip, straight-through fiber-optic connectors. TP: Tunst Pair, twisted pair.Cable Terminal Box: Cable terminal is mainly used for fixed, cable and over fiber pigtail of welding and resettlement and protection.Fiber boxes: the use of optical technology used to transmit digital and similar voice, video and data signals. Fiber Box can be mounted directly or table, especially suitable for high-speed optical fiber transmission.Fiber panel: optical fiber panel has a light transmission efficiency, inter-stage coupling loss, pass as clear and true, that has zero thickness in the optical characteristics of most typical application is the low light level image intensifier as the optical input and output window , to improve the quality of imaging devices play an important role in widely used in a variety of cathode ray tubes, camera tubes, CCD coupling need to send images and other instruments and devices.Optical fiber coupler: (Coupler) also known as splitter (Splitter), is the light signal from a carve up of fiber optical components, optical passive components are areas in telecommunications networks, cable networks, user-loop system regional network will be applied to, and breakdown of passive fiber optic connector components used in the largest item of fiber couplers can be divided into standard coupler (double branch, unit 1 × 2, which will power the light signal into two), star / tree coupler, and wavelength division multiplexer (WDM, if the wavelength is a high-density separation, that is, a narrow wavelength spacing is part of DWDM), production methods, there are sintered (Fuse), micro-optical (Micro Optics) , optical waveguide type (Wave Guide) three, and sintering method produced the majority (about 90%).Fiber distribution frame (cabinet): has the following features: a fixed cable, protection and grounding; fiber core and pigtail splicing; optical path of the deployment and to provide measurement port; redundant fiber and pigtail of storage management.Optical Fiber Distribution Box: particularly suitable for optical fiber access network termination point, a fiber optic cable wiring and welding capabilities, flexible core cable can transfer lines and storage.Jumper: that without a cable connector or cable to the unit, used in the patch panel on the transfer of various linkThread box: mainly used in aerial cable, buried cab\nHistory of optical fiber\nPoint to point fiber optic transmission system is connected via fiber optic cable. May include a fiber optic cable (sometimes called single fiber) or 2 fiber (sometimes called dual-fiber), or even more (48-fiber, fiber 1000)Humanity has never given up on finding the ideal optical transmission medium, and make unremitting efforts, it was discovered that a highly transparent quartz glass can pass light. This is called the optical glass fiber, referred to as \"fiber.\" People use it to create a medical on the use of the endoscope, for example made of endoscopy, can be observed in about one meter away from the situation in vivo, but it's a great loss attenuation, can only send a short distance is the degree of light loss per kilometer of measured in decibels, until the 1960s, the best glass fiber attenuation loss per kilometer 1000 db is still more than 1000 db of loss per kilometer What does the concept of loss of 10 db per kilometer is the input signal transmission 1 km after only one-tenth, 20 db, says only one per cent, 30 db is the only one-thousandth of ... ... 1000 dB, meaning that only one per cent billion, is whether how communication can not be used, so there were many scientists and inventors that little hope of glass fiber communication, loss of confidence, to give up the study of optical fiber communications.The invention of lasers and fiber, so that people see the dawn of optical communications. In order to achieve optical fiber communication, but also the performance in laser and optical fiber on a major breakthrough, but a breakthrough in these areas encountered many difficulties, especially in fiber-optic loss of communication can be used to achieve the requirements of loss per kilometer from 1000 db to 20 db reduction seems unlikely that many scientists have lost the realization of optical fiber communication confidence in this case, was born in Shanghai by the British Chinese Kao (KCKao), Ph.D., through the British Standard Telecommunications Laboratories in numerous studies made on the basis of Lightwave made a bold idea, he believes that since the power can be transmitted along a metal wire, the light should be able to along the optical glass fiber transmission .1966 July, Kao's outlook on the optical transmission of great historical significance of the papers, the paper analyzes the main reason for the glass fiber loss of large, boldly predicted that, as long as to lower the glass fiber impurities, it is possible to make fiber loss per kilometer from 1000 db to reduce to 20 dB / km, making it possible for communication. this paper, scientists in many countries are encouraged to strengthen the efforts to achieve low-loss optical fiber of confidence.The world's first a low-loss silica fiber - 1970, Corning Glass Company's three U.S. researchers Marui Er, Caplong, Keck successfully made the transmission loss is only 20 dB per kilometer fiber. What is the concept of it and use it to compare the degree of transparency of glass, optical power loss through the glass half (equivalent to 3 dB) in length are: ordinary glass of a few centimeters, the most advanced optical glass, only a few meters per thousand through m loss of 20 dB up to 150 m length of fiber, which means that the degree of transparency is already higher than fiber glass than a few hundred times! at the time, made such a low loss optical fiber can be said to amazing move, which marks the optical fiber for communications with the realistic possibility.\nGigOptix TFPS Mach-Zehnder modulators earn Telcordia qualification\nGigOptix, Inc. (OTCQB:GGOX) says its line of Mach-Zehnder modulators (MZM) that use its proprietary Thin Film Polymer on Silicon (TFPS) technology have successfully completed Telcordia GR-468 reliability qualifications. The company asserts that the TFPS modulators offer significant advantages over those based on the more common crystalline semiconductor technology. In particular, the TFPS technology enables lower drive voltage by 20% and extremely small footprint. The modulators also benefit from a simpler manufacturing processes and offer larger bandwidth than convention alternatives.The TFPS technology also enables integration of the modulator, laser, and driver in a small footprint module, GigOptix asserts.GigOptix offers several MZMs using the TFPS technology. These include the LX8401 (40G DPSK) MZM, which is available in production quantities. The LX8220 (40G DQPSK), LX8900 (100G Dual Drive NRZ), and LX8901 (100G DPSK) MZMs are available for sampling.\nThe above information is edited by 10GTEK.\n10GTEK is a professional manufacturer engaged in the R&D,manufacturing and marketing of Fiber Optic Transceivers and High Performance Cables Assemblies.\n10GTEK provides customers with top quality and cost effective products. The prompt response and excellent customer support contribute to clients' full satisfaction.\n10GTEK passed quality inspection,ISO9001:2008,and our products passed by CE?FCC and RoHS certificates\n10GTEK now has developed a full series of optical transceivers including:SFP+,XFP,X2,XENPAK,GBIC,SFP,COPPER SFP,BiDi SFP,CWDM SFP,DWDM SFP etc,from 125Mbps low rate module to 10Gbps full line products.\n10GTEK now has developed a full series HPC cable assemblies including SFP/SFP+ Cable,XFP Cable,QSFP Cable,MiniSAS Cables,ect.\n10GTEK with the ability of R&D,can customize the products to fully meet customers' satisfaction.\nThis article reader also like: SFP series forty-fifth Week News Abstract 14", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Analytical modeling of micromachined mechanical resonator sensor selfexcited by cw laser irradiation is presented. The optical feedback through the photothermal effect in the interference fringe generates the selfexcited vibration of the micromachined beams. The optical interference, thermal diffusion in the resonator and mechanical dynamics of the resonator are combined to maintain the oscillation. From the analysis, the following phenomena of the selfexcited vibration have been explained: (1) Threshold in light intensity to generate the vibration, (2) Saturation of the vibration amplitude, (3) Periodicity of the vibration excitation as a function of the displacement of the feedback mirror, (4) Bistability of the vibration center, (5) Frequency shift of the vibration.\n|Number of pages||4|\n|Publication status||Published - 1997|\n|Event||Proceedings of the 1997 International Conference on Solid-State Sensors and Actuators. Part 1 (of 2) - Chicago, IL, USA|\nDuration: 1997 Jun 16 → 1997 Jun 19\n|Conference||Proceedings of the 1997 International Conference on Solid-State Sensors and Actuators. Part 1 (of 2)|\n|City||Chicago, IL, USA|\n|Period||97/6/16 → 97/6/19|", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Hikmicro Raptor RQ50L Thermal Binocular\nHikmicro Raptor RQ50L\nThe RQ50L is a premium model in the Raptor series from Hikmicro, this model is equipped with a high-quality thermal sensor with 640x512 pixels. The Raptor RQ models offer perfect visibility under any circumstance and offer unprecedented observation possibilities during the day, night and difficult weather conditions.\nEach Raptor is equipped with a thermal camera, digital day and night vision with infrared lamp and a laser rangefinder. The RQ50L is equipped with an 850nm infrared lamp, the RQ50LN with a 940nm infrared lamp.\nUltimate night vision combination\nWith this thermal binocular it is no longer necessary to take your standard binoculars, laser rangefinder and night vision handheld into the field. Whether it's day or night or the weather conditions are poor, the Raptor always offers an opportunity for good visibility.\nWith the special image fusion technology it is possible to combine the thermal lens and optical lens in the Raptor, creating an ideal combination of image with temperature differences and clear details.\nEach Raptor is equipped with a thermal sensor with 640x512 pixels as usual in high-quality thermal cameras. Both the RH50 models and the RQ50 models of the Raptor feature a 50mm lens. The detection range reaches up to 2600 meters, the optical zoom is 5.7x and the digital zoom 16x. In total, the maximum zoom range is 91x.\nDigital Day and Night vision camera\nThe digital camera has a resolution of 2560x1440 which provides a very clear image during daylight. In addition, the camera offers support for low light conditions up to 0.001Lux, in combination with the built-in 850nm or 940nm IR lamp, there is even a clear image in complete darkness. The defog mode provides a clear image in foggy conditions.\nThe Raptor is standard equipped with a laser rangefinder with a range of 1000 meters and a maximum deviation of +- 1 meter at this distance. To prevent light leakage from the screen, the light from the screen is automatically turned off when the Raptor is removed from the eyes.\nFurthermore, a GPS and Digital magnetic compass are built in to determine the exact location of objects.\nPhoto, video and sound recordings can be made with the Raptor, with 64 GB internal memory there is always space for more recordings. These recordings can also be viewed in the Raptor itself.\nThe Raptor comes in a solid case that also fits the charger for the batteries.\nThere are no reviews written yet about this product..", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Nowadays ultrafast fiber laser systems have reached a new level in modern technologies. And recently a German company announced that they have developed a new fiber laser that had a perfect laser beam quality, high process technology and could be bought with average powers of more than 100 W from stock.\nAt the end of the 2018th, a team of researchers has demonstrated their latest record that was a fiber laser system with 3.5 kW average power and a pulse duration of 430 fs after amplification. Moreover, the laser system has an automated spatial and temporal alignment of the interferometric amplification channels.\nIt should be noted that the novel fiber laser technology is based on an all-fiber amplifier that employs a coherent combination of four separately amplified laser beams. Herewith, this fiber laser creates pulses of 1047 nm wavelengths and a repetition rate of 80 MHz. Then these pulses are divided into 4 separate laser beams and go into the amplifier.\nThe point lies in the process of amplification after which the fiber laser beam looks really nice. Nevertheless, the researchers are planning to increase the system up to 10 kW later this year. At the same time, the laser systems have numerous advantages such as:\n- Efficient heat dissipation;\n- Excellent output laser beam quality;\n- Compactness and ruggedness;\n- Reduced mode distortion;\n- Reliable and low-cost technology;\n- Fiber lasers ensure accurate cutting and a quite high edge quality;\n- Laser modules can cut complex shapes in a short time;\n- Laser systems meet all the manufacturing requirements.\nAll the mentioned benefits make fiber lasers an ideal solution for a lot of application fields, for example, precision engineering, including fiber laser micromachining, high precision sheet metal profiling, cutting transparent materials, marking components for traceability, gas and wind detection, oil and gas exploitation, pipeline integrity monitoring, perimeter security, and medicine, etc.\nOptromix Inc., headquartered in Cambridge, MA, USA, is a manufacturer of laser technologies, optical fiber sensors, and optical monitoring systems. We manufacture lasers using our own technologies based on the advanced research work and patents of the international R&D team. Laser processes are of high quality, high precision, easily-automated manufacturing solutions that provide repeatability and flexibility. If you have any questions about fiber laser systems please contact us at email@example.com", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "100% brand new and high quality\n2 in 1 wide-angle rearview mirror offers a wider field of vision for reducing blind spots.\nIt improves driving safety and confidence, reduces neck complaints from not having to twist your neck to check those blind spots.\nSimple and easy to install, this is essential for cars.\nA rotatable small mirror provides the maximum field of view for visibility increased for your safety and baby's monitoring.\nAdvanced mirror surface treatment eliminates the double image.\nName: Car rearview mirror\nMaterial: ABS and glass.\nLarge mirror: 300x70mm, small mirror: 100x40mm\nSuitable for: Universal fit.\n1 * rearview mirror", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "单目标跟踪是计算机视觉领域中的研究热点. 传统算法如相关滤波的跟踪速度较快, 但由于提取到的颜色、灰度等手工特征较为粗糙, 跟踪精度往往不高. 近年来随着深度学习理论的发展, 使用深度特征的跟踪方法能够在跟踪的精度和速度方面达到很好的平衡. 本文首先介绍单目标跟踪的相关背景, 接着从相关滤波单目标跟踪、深度学习单目标跟踪两个阶段对单目标跟踪领域发展过程中涌现出的多个算法进行梳理, 并详细介绍目前主流的孪生网络算法. 最后通过大型数据集对近年来优秀算法进行对比分析, 针对其缺点与不足, 对该领域未来的发展前景做出展望.\nSingle object tracking is a research focus in the field of computer vision. Traditional algorithms including correlation filtering have fast tracking speed but generally low tracking accuracy due to the roughness of extracted manual features such as color and gray levels. With the development of deep learning theory in recent years, tracking methods using deep features can achieve a good balance between tracking accuracy and speed. This study first introduces the relevant background of single object tracking and then sorts out multiple algorithms that have emerged in the development of single object tracking from the two stages of single object tracking based on correlation filters and deep learning. The current mainstream Siamese network algorithms are also introduced in detail. Finally, a large data set is used to compare and analyze the excellent algorithms that have emerged in recent years. In view of the shortcomings and deficiencies of these algorithms, the development prospects of this field are provided in this study.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Lithium Niobate Q-SwitchesThe G&H electro-optic Q-switch employs the highest optical quality lithium niobate available. The electro-optic effect of lithium niobate makes it extremely useful for Pockels cell Q-switching of several laser types including Nd:YAG, Nd:YALO, Nd:YLF and Er:YLF. Lithium niobate Q-switches are used in both military and commercial applications, including target designating, range finding, and ophthalmic surgery. Our crystals offer low loss, high contrast ratio, and low wavefront distortion, and are qualified for use at 300 MW/cm2. The temperature-stable (TS and XTS) versions of our electro-optic LN Q-switches allow operation over a wide range of temperatures while maintaining excellent contrast ratio.\nAn electro-optic Q-switch can be used to modulate the loss in a laser cavity to generate high intensity, pulsed laser light. When an electromagnetic field is applied to an electro-optically active crystal such as lithium niobate (LN), a change in refractive index proportional to the electric field known as the Pockels effect is induced. Light passing through the active crystal experiences a phase change proportional to the interaction length, altering its polarization. By placing the crystal between a pair of cross-polarizers, light can be passed or blocked at very fast switching speeds. This allows a G&H lithium niobate crystal to be used to create a Pockels cell for modulating light intensity within a laser cavity, to achieve Q-switching and generate very short, intense laser pulses. A high quality EO Q-switch has several important characteristics:\n- Very low loss in the “off” state to maximize output intensity\n- High contrast ratio between “on” and “off” states\n- Ability to withstand very high peak laser power\nEnsuring Temperature stabilityTemperature stability is of primary importance in selecting an EO Q-switch, leading to the introduction of our TS and XTS temperature stable product series. A typical lithium niobate Q-switch suffers from pyro-electric charge buildup when operated in the cool environments often seen in aerospace, leading to premature lasing. While radioactive americium can be used to ionize the air around the crystal and bleed off the charge, handling and disposal of these materials are problematic. We use a proprietary thermo-chemical reduction technique to increase conductivity of our LN crystal faces, thus dissipating charge and eliminating the premature lasing effect. While this process increases insertion loss slightly, it allows our temperature-stable TS and XTS Q-switches to be used as they are over a wide range of operating temperatures while maintaining excellent contrast ratio.\nEO vs AO Q-switchingQ-switching can also be achieved via the acousto-optic effect. An AO Q-switch operates at MHz switching speeds, while an EO Q-switch allows GHz switching. Depending on the size of the crystal face and interaction length, an EO Q-switch may require higher power than an AO Q-switch. A larger beam size requires that higher power be applied to the EO crystal, but this can be mitigated by using a longer interaction length. Support from G&H engineers ensures each customer receives the best fit to the application, from rugged range-finders to sophisticated ophthalmic surgery systems.\nApplications of Lithium Niobate Q-SwitchesRange-finders, target designators.\n|Product||Wavelength||Damage Threshold||Size||Extinction Ratio||Wavefront Distortion|", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "- Research grade Fluorescence Systems for a wide range of applications requiring the highest sensitivity\n- Spectrofluorimeter Systems include a high performance spectrometer such as the SILVER-Nova, excitation source, and cuvette holder or probe\n- Higher Signal to Noise is achieved by using a spectrometer with an integrated Thermo Electric Cooler (TEC) maintained at –15 °C from ambient\n- High Power UV & VIS LEDs for excitation at a variety of wavelengths\n- SILVER-Nova-TEC-X2 2-stage eXtreme TEC for -30 deg cooling & 80% noise reduction\n- SpectroFluorometer Systems Overview\n- Excitation Sources\n- Fluorescence Accessories\n- Set-up Diagrams\n- Application Videos\nStellarNet’s line of research grade fluorescence systems are designed for a wide range of applications requiring eXtreme sensitivity. Choose from our research grade BLACK-Comet with concave grating optics or our high performance SILVER-Nova with Thermo Electric Cooling (TEC). Sample types include powders, liquids, films and surfaces and there are options for cuvette, probe, and/or flow cell accessories. As always, StellarNet instrumentation is built modularized, compact, and rugged for field, process, or lab environments.\nThe compact spectrometer is the main component of the system and is preconfigured with high throughput optics and a larger entrance slit, low noise circuit design, and an ultra-sensitive detector array for extreme low-light level detection from 200-1100nm.\nBLACK-Comet concave grating spectrometers have ultra low stray light and enhanced sensitivity due to their superior grating technology. As opposed to the industry standard Czerny Turner optical design used in most miniature spectrometers, which employ mirrors and a plane grating, the BLACK-Comet’s concave grating is the sole element in the optical grating design, thus reducing the amount of surfaces in the light path. Scattered light is thus drastically reduced to 0.02% at 435 nm and 0.2% at 200 nm. The BLACK-Comet grating has an f-number of f/2 which provides nearly 4-5 times the system light collecting ability compared to competing models with f-numbers of f/4 and f/5. Additionally, the aberration corrected grating provides broadband uniform resolution and excellent spectral shapes. BLACK-Comet TEC models with advanced cooling options will be available in 2016!\nStellarNet’s SILVER-Nova wide range spectrometer includes an integrated thermo electric cooler (TEC) added to the detector array to maintain -15 °C from ambient and achieve a +/-0.1 °C temperature stabilization increasing the S/N ratio by 60% at long exposure times, thus dramatically enhancing the instruments dynamic range. Also, the SILVER-Nova contains a large detector lens assembly increasing photon collection ability by 3-4x with 600 and 1000 micron diameter input fibers. These design optimizations make the SILVER-Nova TEC spectrometer one of the premier miniature spectrometers for low light detection.\nStellarNet fluorescence systems are rugged and shock-proof with no moving parts and are suitable for field applications, factory and industrial conditions; even perfect for a standard laboratory benchtop!\nFluorescence Excitation Sources\nThe SL1-LED fluorescence excitation source includes a nose cone assembly with an LED kit consisting of 6 LEDs plus a White LED. LEDs can be easily exchanged without any wiring changes, just pull one out and push the next one in. Each LED can be used to induce fluorescence in many experiments. 470nm LED works best for Riboflavin (vitamin D). Other wavelengths can be found more optimal for use with different species chemistry.\nThe SL3 Deuterium Light Source – emits a deep UV spectral output over the 190- 450nm range and higher. Add a DCX Lens Option to increase the deuterium lamp intensity x7 times!\nFluorescence Accessories StellarNet Systems also include high efficiency fluorescence accessories for a variety of samples including solids, liquids, powders, films and surfaces.\nR600-8-UVVIS-SR is a Fluorescence Probe for UV and visible wavelengths with 7 optical fibers bundled around 1 600μm collection fiber. For fluorescence measurements the 7 exterior fibers are illuminated by a high output power light source (SL1-LED, SL3, or other) and the interior fiber is the read fiber that collects the low light emission and returns the signal to the spectrometer\nThe CUV-F is a fiber optic cuvette holder for SL1-LED excitation with 2 collimating lens for measuring fluorescence. F600Y fiber included for dual pickup. Note: SL1-LED light source and spectrometer are also pictured\nThe MFFC is a mini fluorescence flow cell that has a fiber optic cable input to send excitation energy through a fused silica window into a 2-mm inner-diameter sample compartment. Emitted energy is collected by a second fiber, oriented at 90°, that connects to a spectrometer configured for fluorescence.\nThe StellarSCOPE™ Fluorescence Microscopy Accessory comes equipped with an Olympus research microscope with 4, 10, & 40x objectives, CMOS 1.3 Mpixel Camera, optical switch, and required SMA couplers & attachments to couple with a standard StellarNet Fluorometer System\nThe CUV-TEMP is a temperature controlled cuvette holder for fluorescence & absorbance measurements from -30 °C to +105 °C. Price includes qpod sample compartment, two imaging lenses, two collimating lenses, two mirror plugs, submersible pump, cover with access cap, tubing, cables and a stir bar\nThe QCV-5F is a package of 5 Quartz fluorescence cuvettes with 1cm path length\nSpectroFluorometer Sample Spectra\nPowder Lanthanide complex luminescence using BLACK-Comet spectrometer and R600-8-UVVIS-SR fluorescence probe with 7 optical fibers bundled around 1 600μm fiber. For fluorescence measurements the 7 exterior fibers are illuminated by a high output excitation source such as our SL1-LED and the interior fiber collects light emission and returns the signal to the spectrometer. Inline filters can be added to the system to remove excitation frequency artifacts.\nFluorescence of an RMB – StellarSCOPE System configured for fluorescence microscopy. View micron spot size of fluorescence with SL1-LED and SILVER-Nova\nFluorescence of riboflavin in energy drinks\nStellarNet offers complete lab experiments for teachers & lab managers. Feel free to use our templates and add your own experimental twist!\n|Preconfigured Fluorescence Measurement System|\n|Fluor-System||Preconfigured Fluorescence system for steady state analysis of liquid samples. System consists of SILVER-Nova spectrometer with 200um slit installed, SL1-LED, CUV-F fluorescence cuvette holder that includes a F600-Y-VISNIR fiber optic cable, and SpectraWiz Spectroscopy Software.||$5,955|\n|Spectrometers for Fluorescence Applications|\n|BLACK-Comet||Research Concave Grating spectrometer for UV-VIS. C (190-850nm) or CXR (280-900nm). For Fluorescence applications typically a 100 or 200um slit is selected.||$2,950|\n|BLACK-Comet-SR||Super Range Concave Grating spectrometer for UV-VIS-NIR. C-SR (200-1080nm) or CXR-SR (220-1100nm). For Fluorescence applications typically a 100 or 200um slit is selected.||$3,495|\n|BLACK-Comet TEC Upgrade||Thermo Electric Cooler (TEC) upgrade for low light LED testing to improve measurement sensitivity and detection capability. TEC reducing noise effects over %50 at long exposures and includes a sealed and isolated detector enclosure with specialized heat sink and air flow design for added stability and cool operation.||$1,650|\n|SILVER-Nova||High Sensitivity “Super Range” spectrometer for 190-1110nm. Price includes slit, UV detector upgrade, detector lens assembly, integrated order sorting filters, composite grating mounted in large optical bench for wide range, included TE cooled detector, and USB-2 interface cable. Standard TE cooler maintains 15 degrees below ambient with 50% noise reduction. Interchangeable Slit upgrade – Now available!||$4,495|\n|Silver-Nova-TEC-X2||High Sensitivity “Super Range” spectrometer with eXtreme 2-stage TEC upgrade for 190-1110nm. The 2-Stage thermoelectric detector cooler maintains a constant -30 degrees below ambient and reduces noise effects by over %80 at long exposures (<3000ms). TEC includes a sealed and isolated detector enclosure with specialized heat sink and air flow design for added stability and cool operation. Interchangeable Slit upgrade – Now available!||$7,445|\n|Excitation Sources and Fiber optic accessories|\n|SL1-LED||Miniature fiber optic light source with replaceable LED’s. Includes LED-Kit with set of 6 LEDs for390nm, 470nm, 502nm, 590nm, 660nm, and white (UV LED options available for excitation at 295, 345, and 365nm- check for availability)||$695|\n|SL3||4,000 hour 15-watt UV Deuterium light source Hamamatsu L2D2 (190-450nm), small 3 x4 x7 inch enclosure, ultra stable for spectroscopy||$1,745|\n|CUV-F||Cuvette holder for SL1-LED, includes F600 Y-fiber||$765|\n|R600-8-UVVIS-SR||Fluorescence/Reflectance probe for UV and Visible; 7 around 1 with 600um fibers.||$595|\n|F600-VISNIR||Armored 2 meter fiber optic cable attaches Receptor to SpectroRadiometer||$160|\n|F600-UVVIS-SR||Armored Solarization Resistant 600um fiber optic cable – 2 meters||$190|\n|F1000-UVVis-SR-1||Armored Solarization Resistant 1000um fiber optic cable – 1 meters||$210|\n|Lens-QCol||Collimating lens, UV/Vis||$145|\nFree SpectraWiz Software The powerful SpectraWiz® spectrometer software is provided free of charge with every spectrometer instrument. This includes drivers and customizable software for Windows. The SpectraWiz software is considered the “Swiss Army Knife of Spectroscopy” and may be used to accurately measure wavelength emissions, reflectance, transmission, absorption, concentrations, and absolute intensities. In addition to real-time spectroscopy, SpectraWiz® has built-in applications for SpectroRadiometry, SpectroColorimetry, ChemWiz chemistry lab concentration analyzer, and UV level monitors. Download SpectraWiz Software FREE\nChemWiz App & ChemWiz Application Development Kit (ADK)\n- Application panel works with live spectra to allow concentration calibration using single wavelength PLS\n- Load previously developed PLS chemical calibrations for concentration display of unknown samples\n- Episodic capture for kinetics and time series analysis\n- Performs single wavelength linear PLS calibrations\n- Ideal for in-line batch and on-line process monitoring\nFor more information about the FREE SpectraWiz Software Suite and all our other customizable full source codes and programs click on the picture links below!\nzAP2 Wifi Interface Upgrade\nzAutomation Processor 2 (zAP2) electronics upgrade provides integrated wireless cpu with Wifi access to spectrometer. Programmable memory allows customization using popular python language. zAP2 comes pre-programmed with the latest Spectroscopy Mobile App software and StellarNet Linux Driver set.\nSMART-Control Interface Upgrade\nThe SMART-Control device offers communication flexibility and application specific customization for any StellarNet spectrometer. This add-on interface includes an integrated CPU with 1GB RAM and many communication protocols such as RS232, SPI, 4-20mA Analog for PLCs, Digital I/O, Ethernet, Wifi and many other options. The SMART-Control allows customers to move their spectrometers into process or OEM environments and stream their selected real world data. $1500\nAdditional NIR spectrometers can be coupled to the system for extended range and detection into the near-infrared\nTechnical Information Request\nEarlier this month, StellarNet, Inc. revealed a variety of awesome new spectrometer products and features at the Photonics West conference in San Francisco Feb 2-7. Get your popcorn ready and watch some of our exciting updates which include SpectraWiz...read more", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Glass waveguides are fabricated using laser processing techniques that have low optical loss with >90% optical throughput. Advanced light pipes are demonstrated, including angled facets for turning mirrors used for lens-to-light pipe coupling, tapers that increase the concentration, and couplers for combining the outputs from multiple lens array elements. Because they are fabricated from glass, these light pipes can support large optical concentrations and propagate broadband solar over long distances with minimal loss and degradation compared to polymer waveguides. Applications include waveguiding solar concentrators using multi-junction PV cells, solar thermal applications and remoting solar energy, such as for daylighting. Ray trace simulations are used to estimate the surface smoothness required to achieve low loss. Optical measurements for fabricated light pipes are reported for use in waveguiding solar concentrator architectures.\nNew applications for light pipes include waveguiding solar concentrators. For practical applications, achieving high optical transmission is critical so low-absorption glass is preferred over other materials, and the fabrication approach must show promise for scalability and low manufacturing costs. We present results for fabricated fused silica light pipes using femtosecond laser irradiation followed by chemical etching. After compensating for Fresnel losses and averaging over incident angles (in air) from 0° to 25°, transmission efficiencies of 96% and higher were measured for light pipes up to 20mm in length and 1mm2 cross-sectional area. The feasibility of creating glass light pipes with advanced geometries such as angled facets, tapering of the cross-section along the length, and combiners with micron-scale precision is also demonstrated. Tapered light pipes with concentrating factors up to 7x were fabricated, as well as cascaded structures with 45°-angled facets to couple light from multiple lens array elements into a common light pipe.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The D7100 is a high performance, compact DSLR camera with high resolution photo and Full HD video capability. The 24.1MP DX-format CMOS sensor provides superior images with accurate colors and, designed without an optical low-pass filter, it maximizes its resolution for exceptionally sharp details. The EXPEED 3 image processor brings with it stable, high-speed response, including a continuous shooting speed of up to 6 frames per second. With an ISO sensitivity range that expands to a 25600 ISO equivalent, low-light photography is sharp and detailed with less noise and fast-moving subjects are captured with more accuracy and less blur.\nAutofocus performance on the D7100 is on par with professional-level DSLRs and Full HD 1080p video is supported with professional-level control including continuous autofocus, manual exposure control, a built-in stereo microphone and an external microphone and headphone jack. A 3.2\" 1229k-dot TFT-color LCD provides 100% coverage for accurate playback and live view composition and the pentaprism optical viewfinder features an OLED display element for clear reading of the camera's settings without removing your eye from the finder.\nThe 18-105mm f/3.5-5.6G ED VR DX lens covers a broad range of shooting situations with its 35mm equivalent focal range of 27-157.5mm. From wide-angle to telephoto and with a minimum focus distance of 1.48', this lens is an ideal choice for versatile shooting and Vibration Reduction image stabilization minimizes the blur caused by camera movement providing sharp images in low light and at long focal lengths. Equipped with Nikon's Silent Wave Motor (SWM), its autofocus is smooth and silent and its ED and aspherical elements minimize aberrations for overall high quality optical performance.\nIncluded with this kit are a 16GB SDHC memory card for image storage and transfer and an extra EN-EL15 Li-ion battery for extended shooting time. Also, a wireless remote shutter release allows you to fire the camera from a distance so as not to interfere with your subject or cause image blur. A camera backpack protects your camera while also holding several lenses and accessory items and a glass LCD protector, lens cleaning fluid and an 18% gray cloth will allow you to maintain your camera in top shape for years to come. A polarizing filter enables contrast control and a UV protection filter reduces the affect of UV light on your images and protects your lens from damage.\nThis Kit Includes:\n- Nikon D7100 DSLR Camera with 18-105mm f/3.5-5.6G ED VR DX Lens\n- SanDisk 16GB Extreme UHS-I U3 SDHC Memory Card (Class 10)\n- Ruggard Commando 36 DSLR Shoulder Bag\n- Watson EN-EL15 Lithium-Ion Battery Pack (7.0V, 1800mAh)\n- Vello Glass LCD Screen Protector for Nikon Df, D7100, D4, D600, D610, D800 & D810\n- Vello FreeWave Plus Wireless Remote Shutter Release - 2.4GHz (for Nikon)\n- Field Optics Research Solution Spray Bottle (2 oz)\n- Pearstone Microfiber Cleaning Cloth, 18% Gray (7 x 7.9\")\n- Luminesque 67mm UV and Circular Polarizer Multi Coated Pro Filter Kit", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "CAT™ Color Adjusted Transmission – amplifies contrast in the peak human vision sensitivity range, to spot game in any environment.\nAlways Focused – lets you focus each eyepiece to your vision once, then keeps images razor-sharp from 20 yards to infinity – no more chasing focus on moving objects.\nOpen-Bridge Design – makes this binocular lighter and easier to grip. It’s also more comfortable to hold when scouting for game.\nObjective Lens Diameter: 30 mm\nDimension (HxWxL): 4.7 x 6.5 x 2.1 in\nExit Pupil: 15 mm\nField of View: 302 ft\nFocusing System: Auto-Focus\nClose Focus: 10 ft.\nTwilight Factor: 15.49\nHigh-Performance-Optics: High Contrast CAT™\nSpecial Feature: CAT™ Colour Adjusted Transmission Coatings\nWaterproof: Rainproof IPX4\nRubber Armouring: NBR-Longlife\nCarrying Strap: Comfort Plus\nStrap Attachment: Fixed\nRain Protection Cap/Carry Case/Objective Cover: Yes\nWarranty: Heritage Warranty", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Calibrated and affordable colorimeter performs better than a spectroradiometer for gamma correction. Computer-controlled, bus powered USB colorimeter with an easy to use cross-platform software interface, designed for characterising and calibrating your CRT or LCD monitor.\nDisplay linearization can be a time consuming, manual procedure, but ColorCAL helps to make it automated and fast. This compact USB colorimeter measures CIE chromaticity coordinates and photopic luminance. The data is returned via a virtual serial port interface which is straightforward to control and incorporate with a wide variety of software. Each unit is carefully calibrated using a spectroradiometric device and appropriate light sources; the units contain multiple calibration matrices for use with CRT and LCD monitors. This approach provides the best possible accuracy at a very affordable price. A TTL compatible, photodiode style output provides an elegant way to generate screen based triggers. This feature can aid in characterising signal processing delays (input lag) in LCD monitors, projectors and other digital display technologies, which if undetected might introduce a confound in experimental results.\nDesigned for characterising and calibrating your CRT or LCD monitor:\nComputer-controlled, bus powered USB colorimeter with an easy to use cross-platform software interface.\nMeasures CIE chromaticity coordinates and luminance.\nAdditional SMB TTL-compatible output provides an elegant way to generate screen-based triggers.\nIntegral fixed field-of-view lens allows the device to operate near or far from the display.\nCompact tripod included to mount and position the sensor.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "German lense specialist Zeiss today introduced the Milvus family of high-resolution SLR camera lenses.\nThe six-piece set will initially consist of various manual focal lengths: 21mm f/2.8, 35mm f/2, 50mm f/1.4, 85mm f/1.4, 100mm f/2 Macro, and 50mm f/2 Macro.\nAdditional lengths will be added to the Milvus family over the coming years.\n\"We want to provide users with the freedom to use the focus position as an artistic tool because it is one of the most important creative possibilities available to photographers,\" Christophe Casenave, product manager for Zeiss Camera Lenses, said in a statement.\nBuilt specifically for Canon or Nikon DSLR camera bodies with ZE or ZF.2 mounts, the lenses are also compatible via an adapter with mirrorless system cameras, like the Sony α7 series.\nWith six options, Zeiss's Milvus lenses cover just about any photographer's needs, from portraits and landscapes to architecture and street imagery. With full focus control and a cutting-edge design, the new devices promise \"unique results every time,\" Zeiss said.\n\"With this diversity of extremely high-quality SLR lenses, we are underscoring that, with our Milvus lenses, we can supply the right focal length for almost any application or personal preference,\" Casenave added.\nAn all-metal barrel guarantees protection against dust and water spray, though you probably shouldn't use them to capture a deep-sea-diving adventure. Each lens, however, does support all DSLR operating modes—aperture priority, shutter priority, program modes, manual time, exposure settings.\nThey also enable high-quality film recording in up to 6K, and the \"de-click\" function in the ZF.2 mount lenses allows filmmakers to freely adjust the aperture as conditions change.\nPre-orders are now open for the Zeiss Milvus lenses, ranging from US$1,177 to US$1,843. Global delivery will begin in October.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Mobius Photonics Laser Source Used in Super-Resolution Microscopy Experiments at Max Planck Institute\nMOUNTAIN VIEW, Calif., Oct. 27, 2011 – Mobius Photonics, an innovative producer of short pulsed fiber laser sources (IR, green, and UV laser), announces that its “G1R2” laser source has been used in super-resolution microscopy experiments at the Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry (Göttingen, Germany). The experiments demonstrated that a laser-based fluorescence microscopy technique called stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy could be used to image intact, living, multicellular organisms.\nOver the past few years, much research has focused on developing STED set-ups based on novel laser sources that could enhance the technique’s capabilities-particularly the ability to generate ultra-high-resolution images of biological samples quickly and to use fluorescent protein variants of choice. The recent experiments at the Max Planck Institute successfully demonstrated multiple laser sources for imaging multicellular, living samples expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP).\nThe Mobius source was a customized G1R2 laser that was used to produce a comb spectrum of user-selectable visible wavelengths with approximately one nanosecond pulse duration and a 20 MHz repetition rate. The wavelength selectivity allowed researchers to tailor the output for GFP, but could also accommodate markers requiring other wavelengths.\n“We’re excited that our G1-series laser has once again been used to help advance super-resolution microscopy,” said Mobius Vice President of Technology Manuel Leonardo. “Our G1R2 laser allowed researchers to test and select optimum wavelengths for imaging samples expressing GFP. It also allowed quick image acquisition and produced the smallest pixel size of the lasers tested.”\nAdded Leonardo, “Building on our experience in super-resolution microscopy, Mobius has recently developed a new prototype laser that offers similar capabilities to our G1R2, but from an easier-to-use, longer life system. Called ‘Rainbow,’ the current prototype generates five discrete wavelengths. Our aim is that future Rainbow systems could produce up to seven wavelengths between 557 and 651 nm.”\nMobius’ Rainbow prototype produces output at 557 nm, 571 nm, 585 nm, 600 nm and 616 nm. The output is switchable between the individual wavelengths, so can be tailored for particular fluorescent markers. Rainbow features approximately 1-ns pulses at repetition rates of up to 20 MHz and pulse energies ranging from 25 to over 50 nJ per pulse, depending on the wavelength. The result is a laser system designed to allow high-resolution image generation with fast acquisition times.\nMax Planck Institute researchers conducted the STED experiments with collaboration from colleagues at the Georg-August-Universität Göttingen (Göttingen, Germany) and the Yale University School of Medicine (New Haven, Connecticut). More details on the experiments can be found in the following article and its supporting materials. “Nanoscopy in a Living Multicellular Organism Expressing GFP” by Brian R. Rankin, Gael Moneron, Christian A. Wurm, Jessica C. Nelson, Arne Walter, Dirk Schwarzer, Jörg Schroeder, Daniel A. Colón-Ramos, Stefan W. Hell, Biophysical Journal, 22 June 2011 (Vol. 100, Issue 12, pp. L63-L65)\nAbout Mobius Photonics\nFounded in 2005, Mobius Photonics, Inc. produces fiber-based laser sources for applications ranging from material processing for solar cell manufacturing, semiconductor fabrication and assembly, and flat panel display manufacturing, to scientific uses such as super-resolution microscopy. The Mobius Photonics team combines in-depth understanding of customer needs with manufacturing experience, and pushes the state-of-the-art by working in close collaboration with suppliers and customers around the world.\nhttps://microscopy-news.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/516b76019f18322d8d3a9ddc96987741.jpg300350Ottermediahttps://microscopy-news.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Microscopy-news_logo_microscope_news.pngOttermedia2017-01-17 10:44:242017-01-17 10:44:24Andor launches KOMET 7 – The most advanced and powerful software solution for analysis, data management and presentation of comet assay samples\nhttps://microscopy-news.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/543ba9c56fe57e856dc7f252e2ebd3ba.jpg466350Ottermediahttps://microscopy-news.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Microscopy-news_logo_microscope_news.pngOttermedia2017-01-17 10:43:462017-01-17 10:43:46Advanced Thin Films Enters Medical Laser Optics Market\nhttps://microscopy-news.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/7423894303b540804bd4b9ded95ac7a1.jpg228350otmarohttps://microscopy-news.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Microscopy-news_logo_microscope_news.pngotmaro2017-01-17 10:43:332017-01-17 10:43:33Module transforms Raman microscopes into high throughput chemical analyzers\nhttps://microscopy-news.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/ca9ed333736eb38ce4abbffcee37be60.jpg260350otmarohttps://microscopy-news.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Microscopy-news_logo_microscope_news.pngotmaro2017-01-17 10:42:462017-01-17 10:42:46Motic Microscopes launches the new BA410E for biomedical applications\nhttps://microscopy-news.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/2ed54dfbb5613dc8894327c8185309c1.jpg175350Ottermediahttps://microscopy-news.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Microscopy-news_logo_microscope_news.pngOttermedia2017-01-17 10:42:442017-01-17 10:42:44R&D 100 Award 2014 for ZEISS ELYRA P.1 with 3D-PALM\nhttps://microscopy-news.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/944a198042025732e6e8fb5a715d48c5.jpg243350otmarohttps://microscopy-news.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Microscopy-news_logo_microscope_news.pngotmaro2017-01-17 10:41:572017-01-17 10:41:57Motic Microscopes presents the new AE31E for microbiology\nhttps://microscopy-news.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/3725b94ba62d8e2205f5f20b3cdee1ee.jpg463350Ottermediahttps://microscopy-news.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Microscopy-news_logo_microscope_news.pngOttermedia2017-01-17 10:41:372017-01-17 10:41:37CRAIC Technologies Website: A Resource for UV-Visible-NIR and Raman Microspectroscopy\nhttps://microscopy-news.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/1affabb625a5c37519bafa89fedc162e.jpg86350otmarohttps://microscopy-news.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Microscopy-news_logo_microscope_news.pngotmaro2017-01-17 10:41:102017-01-17 10:41:10Imaging companies in Europe shoulder-to-shoulder with life scientists\nhttps://microscopy-news.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/341633931c01418c4fa8e0a90a8236d4.jpg139350otmarohttps://microscopy-news.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Microscopy-news_logo_microscope_news.pngotmaro2017-01-17 10:39:052017-01-17 10:39:05XIMEA unveils Thunderbolt™ 2 high speed cameras with IMX174 and CMV20000\nhttps://microscopy-news.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/22b06d4094468fc910406cd44d96ec1f.jpg181350Ottermediahttps://microscopy-news.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Microscopy-news_logo_microscope_news.pngOttermedia2017-01-17 10:37:192017-01-17 10:37:19Dolomite´s new microfluidic system showcases droplet merging at nanoliter sample scale\nhttps://microscopy-news.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/a5d0c77f7619812a129b2a4e6a9cb90b.jpg234350otmarohttps://microscopy-news.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Microscopy-news_logo_microscope_news.pngotmaro2017-01-17 10:36:522017-01-17 10:36:52Point Grey´s Latest Blackfly® GigE PoE Camera Features Popular High Sensitivity VGA CCD\nhttps://microscopy-news.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/a77db128b10a613c26b9e4dbea5dae02.jpg220350Ottermediahttps://microscopy-news.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Microscopy-news_logo_microscope_news.pngOttermedia2017-01-17 10:36:392017-01-17 10:36:39Point Grey Launches New Grasshopper®3 Family of High Resolution GigE Vision™ PoE Cameras", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Channels: Cornea | Posted 6/14/2018\nMajid Moshirfar, MD, et al., present a case of Raindrop® corneal inlay (ReVision Optics) explantation in a female patient who was 1-year postoperative with 20/100 uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA) and J3 uncorrected near visual acuity (UNVA). The patient was unsatisfied with her vision and elected removal of the inlay. While lifting the flap, the inlay adhered to the Seibel IntraLase Flap Lifter (Rhein Medical). Removal of the inlay in its entirety was achieved.\nCorneal Inlay • Raindrop Near Vision Inlay • ReVision Optics • Rhein Medical • Seibel IntraLase Flap Lifter", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Introducing our cutting-edge Universal Zoom Lens, the perfect companion for your smartphone photography adventures. With its enhanced zooming capability, this lens opens up a world of possibilities, allowing you to capture distant views with astonishing clarity and detail, all at an impressive 8x magnification\nThe heart of this lens lies in its innovative optics design, featuring a novel optical path that sets it apart from the rest. Experience wider angles, improved light transmission, higher resolution, and more accurate colors, elevating your phone's imaging quality to a professional level\nNot just a powerhouse in functionality, our lens also boasts a stylish and protective housing. The sleek black casing not only adds a touch of sophistication to your phone but also serves as a robust shield, guarding your device against scratches, dust, and minor impacts\nWe understand the value of practicality and affordability, which is why our Universal Zoom Lens is designed to be a cost-effective alternative to traditional cameras. While it may not match the performance of high-end dedicated cameras, it offers a portable and affordable solution for casual photography and videography without compromising on impressive results.\nExperience the next level of smartphone photography with our Universal Zoom Lens. It's time to transcend the ordinary and elevate your visuals to extraordinary heights. Unleash your creativity, capture moments with unmatched clarity, and relish in the joy of seeing the world through a lens that redefines what's possible", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "HEINE Direct ophthalmoscope BETA 200s——Aspheric optical system\n1. The aspherical optical illumination technology is used to optimize the Gullstrand principle to achieve good illumination (separation of illumination and observation). Greatly reduces the reflection of the cornea and red magic. That is, a clear fundus image can be observed under the small pupil.\n2. XHL Xenon halogen lighting technology. High brightness, white light.\n3. Concave, multi-layer film observation window. Effectively avoid light reflections.\n4. Dustproof housing. Easy to save and maintenance free.\n5. The optical system is located above the metal base. High precision and durability.\n6. Ergonomic design. Perfect for the examiner's eyelids, the soft eyelid protector guarantees comfort.\n7. 7 spot + separate red-free filters for pupils of different sizes.\n8. Integrated fissure spot, fixation star, cobalt blue filter and no red filter to improve the contrast of observation.\n9. Diopter range: -36D ~ +38D, a total of 74D\nGaush Medical Wechat Public Account", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "41 AED tax incl.\nJJC LH-63 Lens Hood for Canon EF-S 55-250mm f4-5.6 IS STM\nReplaces canon ET-63 Hood\nWarning: Last items in stock!\nLens hoods are primarily designed to avoid unwanted stray light from entering the lens by extending and shading the end of the lens. In addition, since the end of the lens is extended, you also get the added benefit of some extra protection from accidental impact.\nIN STOCK , SHIP THE SAME DAY", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Now showing items 1-2 of 2\nPIN versus Avalanche photodiode gain optimization in zero cross correlation optical code division multiple access system\n(Elsevier GmbH, 2013-02)\nIn this paper, we show details of zero cross correlation (ZCC) code development and investigate performance by measuring bit-error-rates compared to other optical code division multiple access (OCDMA) codes using Avalanche ...\nPerformance evaluation of Fi-Wi network based on SCM-optical code division multiple access architecture\n(Elsevier GmbH, 2013-10)\nThis paper investigates the performance of a spectral amplitude coding (SAC)-OCDMA system design utilizing subcarrier multiplexing techniques for use in the popular fiber-wireless (Fi-Wi) technology. Zero cross correlation ...", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Roadrunner: Scanning the Road Ahead\nRoadrunner by Corephotonics is a next-generation sensing solution that combines a stationary wide FoV camera with a narrow FoV scanning camera to deliver both wide FoV and long detection range of up to 300 meters. Roadrunner’s innovation significantly extends the detection and classification distance of visual data, offers highest angular resolution at a wider FoV, lowers cost, features a small physical footprint, and importantly, provides a passenger sense of safety.\nBuilt on Corephotonics’ extensive experience with multi-aperture camera systems and complementary algorithms, Roadrunner’s dual camera capabilities effectively utilize deep learning algorithms to determine the ROI of the scanning camera at any given moment. These advances address a common pain-point in the industry; with Roadrunner, autonomous vehicles can classify pedestrians, vehicles, traffic lights and signs – even on a curvy road – and better detect small debris as far as 200m away.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "How To Use Binoculars With Glasses? [Explained]\nIt’s hard to find binoculars that work well with glasses, but they’re essential for outdoor enthusiasts, bird watchers, hunters, and sports fans. For those who wear glasses, it’s hard to use binoculars. It’s important to find binoculars that work well with glasses if you want to have a clear and comfortable view. We’ll give you tips on how to pick the right binoculars for glasses wearers and how to use them effectively in this guide.\nWe’ll start by explaining why glasses wearers need to pick binoculars carefully. We’ll go over different types of binoculars and what to look for when choosing one. In addition, the guide will tell you how to adjust the diopter and eyecups on binoculars with glasses. Finally, the article will provide some troubleshooting advice for common issues that glasses wearers may encounter when using binoculars. This way, glasses wearers can choose and use binoculars that are comfortable and clear.\nUsing Binoculars with Glasses: Best Practices\nIt takes some practice and patience to use binoculars with glasses, but with the right techniques and best practices, glasses-wearers can enjoy a comfortable and clear viewing experience.\nTo avoid strain and discomfort while birdwatching with binoculars and glasses, keep your posture straight and your eyes aligned. Use both hands to hold the binoculars steady and keep your elbows close to your body. Look through your binoculars with both eyes open, using your peripheral vision to track birds as they fly. Align your eyes with the eyepieces, so that the center of the view is aligned with your pupils. If you’re tracking a fast-moving bird, keep your head steady while moving the binoculars to follow its path.\nUsing binoculars with glasses for stargazing can be rewarding, but it takes a dark sky and a steady hand. Choose a clear night with minimal light pollution and find a comfortable position to lie down or sit. Hold the binoculars steady with both hands and align your eyes with the eyepieces. Take breaks every few minutes and let your eyes adjust to the darkness so you don’t get tired. Watch for bright stars, star clusters, and nebulae, and focus on their details.\nYou need to keep your eyes aligned and focused when you’re hunting with binoculars with glasses. Keep your elbows close to your body and hold your binoculars steady. Look for motion and scan the area carefully, focusing on areas that interest you. Align your eyes with the eyepieces, so that the center of the view is aligned with your pupils. Take breaks every few minutes and rest your eyes to prevent eye strain.\nMaintaining proper posture and eye alignment\nThe right posture and eye alignment are crucial when using binoculars with glasses to avoid strain and discomfort. Keep your back straight and your shoulders relaxed while using binoculars. Align your eyes with the eyepieces, so that the center of the view is in line with your pupils. Hold the binoculars steady with both hands and keep your elbows close to your body. Adjust the focus knob and diopter until both eyepieces focus. Take a break if you’re experiencing discomfort or eye strain.\nFocusing and tracking moving objects\nIn order to focus on and track moving objects with binoculars with glasses, you need to keep your head and eyes steady. When tracking a fast-moving object, keep your head steady while moving the binoculars to keep up with it. Track the object with your peripheral vision and adjust the focus knob and diopter as needed.\nIn conclusion, using binoculars with glasses requires proper technique, best practices, and patience. You can make your viewing experience comfortable and clear by maintaining proper posture and eye alignment, focusing and tracking moving objects, and taking breaks to rest your eyes. Binoculars can be used by glasses wearers with the right technique and practice.\nAdjusting Binoculars for Glasses Wearers\nHere’s a step-by-step guide to adjusting binoculars for glasses wearers so you can enjoy a comfortable and clear viewing experience.\nAdjust the eyecups: It’s important to adjust the eyecups so that they sit snugly against the glasses. Make sure the eyecups aren’t too high or too low and that they fit comfortably.\nAdjust the focus knob: To avoid double vision, adjust the focus knob while looking through both eyepieces.\nAdjust the diopter: The diopter is a small knob usually located on the right eyepiece that lets you fine-tune the focus for each eye separately. Close your right eye and use the focus knob to adjust the left eyepiece until the image is sharp. Then close your left eye and adjust the diopter to focus on the right eyepiece. Open both eyes and adjust the focus knob if you need to.\nHere are some tips to help you find the right balance between binoculars and glasses:\n- Minimize the gap between the glasses and the eyepieces to get a better field of view and better image quality.\n- Adjust your glasses so you’re looking through the correct part of the lens if you wear bifocals or progressive lenses. It’ll help reduce distortion.\n- Find the most comfortable and effective eyecup position for your glasses by experimenting.\n- Consider using a binocular tripod mount if you still can’t get the right balance. It’ll stabilize the binoculars and reduce shaking, making it easier to see clearly.\nBlurry or double vision are common problems glasses wearers encounter when using binoculars. Here’s how to fix them:\n- Make sure both eyepieces are in focus by adjusting the focus knob and diopter.\n- Ensure you don’t have any smudges or scratches on your glasses.\n- Make sure the eyecups are set to the right distance for eye relief.\n- Reduce shaking by holding the binoculars steady or using a tripod.\nWith these tips and troubleshooting, glasses wearers can enjoy a comfortable and clear viewing experience with their binoculars.\nUnderstanding Binoculars and Glasses\nIt’s important to understand how binoculars work and how glasses affect their use before diving into tips for using them with glasses.\nThe most important parts of a binocular are the lenses, prisms, focus knob, eyepiece, and diopter adjustment. Binoculars are composed of two identical telescopes mounted side by side to magnify distant objects.\nYou can use binoculars in several ways with glasses. The biggest impact is on the distance between your eyes and the eyepiece. Seeing through glasses reduces the field of view and the depth of field of the eye. Also, the shape of the glasses frames can affect the angle of your view.\nChoosing binoculars for glasses wearers depends on a lot of things. The first thing to consider is the eye relief, which is how far apart the eyepiece is from your eye. In order to avoid a reduced field of view and poor quality, glasses wearers should look for binoculars that have long eye relief, usually between 14mm and 20mm. Also, glasses wearers should look for binoculars with adjustable eyecups, so they can get the right eye relief distance by twisting them up and down.\nIt’s also important to consider magnification power and objective lens size. If you wear glasses, a lower magnification power and a larger objective lens size can give you a better field of view. 8x or 10x magnification and 42mm or bigger objective lenses are usually good.\nWhen it comes to choosing binoculars for glasses wearers, it’s crucial to understand how they work and how glasses affect them. Glasses wearers can choose binoculars that provide a clear and comfortable viewing experience based on factors like eye relief, adjustable eyecups, magnification power, and objective lens size.\nCan I use any type of binoculars with glasses?\nYou need binoculars with long eye relief, which is the distance between the eyepiece and your eye when you’re seeing the whole field of view. Not all binoculars work with glasses. It’s usually best for glasses wearers to get binoculars with an eye relief of 15mm or more.\nHow do I know if my binoculars are compatible with my glasses?\nMake sure your binoculars have an eye relief of 15mm or more so that you can see the whole field of view without taking your glasses off.\nWhat should I do if I experience double vision when using binoculars with glasses?\nYou may need to adjust the eye relief or try a different pair of binoculars if you experience double vision while using binoculars with glasses.\nCan I wear contact lenses instead of glasses when using binoculars?\nYou can wear contact lenses instead of glasses with binoculars. Contact lenses eliminate the need for eye relief and allow you to see everything clearly.\nIs it necessary to use binoculars specifically designed for glasses wearers?\nIt’s not necessary to use binoculars specifically designed for glasses wearers, but it’s recommended. Binoculars with long eye relief are more comfortable for glasses wearers and provide a wider field of view. Besides eliminating eye strain and discomfort, they also don’t need to adjust the focus knob and diopter too often.\nIn summary, using binoculars with glasses can be a challenging task, but you can make it fun and rewarding with the right tips and techniques. When you’re using binoculars with glasses, it’s important to keep your posture and eyes aligned properly so that you’re comfortable and effective.\nWhen using binoculars with glasses, birdwatchers, stargazers, and hunters have to use different techniques to focus and track moving objects. Additionally, wearing contact lenses can eliminate the need for eye relief.\nFor glasses wearers using binoculars, we recommend practicing and experimenting with different techniques until you find the right one. You can help other glasses wearers enhance their binocular experience by sharing this article with them.\nAlso, check- What Does 30×60 Binoculars mean?\nCan You Bring Binoculars To A Concert?\nCan You Bring Binoculars On A Plane?", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "We examine the three-dimensional intensity distribution of vector Bessel–Gauss beams with general polarization near the focus of a nonaperturing thin lens. Recently reported linearly and azimuthally polarized Bessel–Gauss beams are members of this family. We define the width and focal plane of such a vector beam using an encircled-energy criterion and calculate numerically that, as for scalar beams, the true focus occurs not at the geometric focus of the lens but rather somewhat closer to the lens. This focal shift depends on the mode number and system parameters and is largest for a narrow beam, long lens focal length, and large wavelength.\n© 1999 Optical Society of AmericaFull Article | PDF Article\nOSA Recommended Articles\nRaul I. Hernandez-Aranda and Julio C. Gutiérrez-Vega\nOpt. Express 16(8) 5838-5848 (2008)\nPamela L. Greene and Dennis G. Hall\nJ. Opt. Soc. Am. A 15(12) 3020-3027 (1998)\nJ. Opt. Soc. Am. A 25(10) 2594-2599 (2008)", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "We demonstrate off-axis spectral beam combining applied to a 980 nm high power broad area diode laser bar. The experiments yielded 9 W of optical power at 30 A of operating current and the measured M 2 values of the combined beam from 12 emitters were 1.9 and 6.4 for the fast and the slow axis, respectively. The slow axis beam quality was 5-6 times better than the value obtained from a single emitter in free running mode. A high brightness of 79 MW/cm2-str was achieved using this configuration. To our knowledge, this is the highest brightness level ever achieved from a broad area diode laser bar.\n©2009 Optical Society of America\nHigh power broad area diode laser bars are interesting devices for a range of specific industrial applications such as, e.g., cutting/marking of certain artificial materials  or cladding pumping of fibre amplifiers . The main advantages of these devices are that they are compact with sizes of the order of a few cubic millimetres; they can deliver relatively high output power levels above 100 W, and they have long life times up to 10,000s of hours. Furthermore, they have high wall-plug efficiencies up to 75% . Hence they are promising candidates for applications that require a compact laser system that can deliver high output power levels. However, the main draw backs of these devices include poor beam quality and low spatial brightness that is a result of the high divergence along the slow axis caused by the broad emitter area.\nSeveral research groups have used different approaches for improving the beam quality and spatial brightness of high power diode laser bar systems. One such approach applied on a broad area laser array is using an external cavity providing off-axis feedback to all the emitters in the array . Another external coupling technique applied on a laser array is utilizing the Talbot cavity . Spectral beam combining is another well-known technique which is used for improving the spatial brightness and beam quality of broad area diode laser bars and arrays . Slab Coupled Optical Waveguide Lasers (SCOWL) provides very high output power levels with excellent beam quality . Spectral beam combining of a SCOWL array  can provide high output power in a near diffraction limited beam. Recently, Gopinath et al.,  combined a 25-element broad area diode laser bar using spectral beam combining. In general, the beam quality and brightness that can be achieved in the combined output from an array using this technique is limited by the spatial beam quality of the single emitters in the device. This particularly becomes an issue when using broad area laser bars, where the single emitter beam quality is far from diffraction limited.\nOff-axis spectral beam combining is a recently developed technique, which has been used to improve the beam quality and spatial brightness of a segmented broad area laser diode. In 2006, Jensen et al.,  applied off-axis spectral beam combining to a segmented broad area laser diode and achieved a beam quality improvement of a factor of 3.4 compared to a single free running segment. In 2006, Jechow et al.,  used an external cavity in an off-axis arrangement for spectral beam combining of a broad area laser bar and achieved a beam with M 2 slow < 14 and M 2 fast < 3 at an optical power in excess of 10 W.\nIn this paper, we report on off-axis spectral beam combining applied to a 980 nm high power diode laser bar. We applied off-axis feedback to 12 broad area emitters, which resulted in a 5-6 fold improvement in the beam quality along the slow axis of the output beam compared to a free running single emitter on the same laser bar. The spatial brightness of the output beam was compared with that of a free running standard laser bar. A 34 fold improvement was observed resulting in a brightness of 79 MW/cm2-str which to our knowledge is the highest obtained brightness for a broad area diode laser bar.\n2. Off-axis spectral beam combining experimental setup\nThe 980 nm broad area laser bar used in the experiment consisted of 19 emitters, each 150 μm wide and with a pitch spacing of 500 μm. The epitaxial layers were grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). The active region consists of a single InGaAs-quantum well embedded in a 1.06 μm thick AlGaAs core region with 20% Aluminum content. The optical waveguide was formed by 1 μm thick AlGaAs claddings with 40% Aluminium. After processing, the wafers were thinned and chipped into laser bars with a pitch of 500 μm. The laser was coated with two pairs of a high-reflection Si/SiO2 coating on the back facet with a reflectivity > 97% and a single layer anti-reflection (AR) SiN coating on the front facet with a residual reflectivity < 0.01%.\nThe M2 values of the individual emitters were measured to be approximately 30 - 35 along the slow axis and the beam along the fast axis was found to be nearly diffraction limited. The output light has been collimated along the fast axis by directly fixing a 910 μm focal length LIMO cylindrical micro lens to the laser heat sink. After fixing the micro lens only 12 of the 19 emitters were fully functional and, therefore, the subsequently reported results deal only with these emitters. In the absence of an external cavity, the laser produced 3 W of cw power at 30 A. Such a low output power is due to the efficient front facet antireflection coating. A similar laser bar with a standard anti-reflection coating, which has a residual reflectivity of approximately 5%, was used for comparison and it gave an optical output power of 22 W at 30 A of operating current.\nFigure 1 shows a schematic of the experimental setup for off-axis spectral beam combining of the laser bar. The components in the external cavity setup were; the AR-coated laser bar, the fast axis collimation lens, the slow axis collimation lens with a focal length of 100 mm, a reflection grating with 1200 lines/mm with a first order diffraction efficiency measured to be around 95% at 980 nm, a D shaped sharp edged highly reflective mirror, a spatial filter, and a 10% reflective plane output coupler. The output beam from the external cavity was split into two using a plane glass plate (10% reflectivity) as a beam splitter. The low power part of the beam was focused on to a beam analyzer, using a 100 mm focal length achromatic lens, for measuring the beam quality. The high power part of the beam was focused on to a power meter, using a 100 mm biconvex lens. All lenses were antireflection coated.\nThe slow axis collimator (SAC), the grating and the output coupler were placed in a configuration similar to the standard spectral beam combining technique. The diffraction grating was placed in the slow axis Fourier plane formed by the 100 mm focal length cylindrical lens. The angle of incidence of the beam onto the grating was approximately 52 degrees. The first order diffracted beam was made to travel back in parallel into the emitters using a plane output coupler of 10% reflectivity placed 135 mm away from the grating. As the light from each emitter was incident on the grating at a different angle, each emitter was forced by the external cavity to operate at a particular wavelength.\nIn addition to spectral beam combing, we applied off-axis feedback in our experiment using a similar method as described in ref. 10. Each broad area emitter exhibits the typical bilobed far field profile. By using a D shaped sharp edged highly reflective off-axis mirror in the first order diffracted beam, a few spatial modes in one of the two far field lobes were fed back to the emitters. In this way we were able to selectively amplify higher order spatial modes and suppress lower order spatial modes [12, 13]. This yielded a narrow output beam with improved beam quality.\nIn principle, using standard spectral beam combining, the beam quality of the combined output of a laser bar can at most be as good as that of a single emitter. By using off-axis spectral beam combining, the beam quality of the combined beam can be improved even further, i.e., to a quality exceeding the beam quality of a single emitter.\n3. Off- axis spectral beam combining results and discussion\nThe output from the external cavity laser was analyzed regarding power characteristics, spectral behaviour and beam quality. Figure 2 shows the light-current characteristics of the laser bar with off axis spectral beam combining and in free running mode. With off- axis spectral beam combining, the output power was measured to be 9 W at 30 A of input current. The laser threshold was measured to 6 A, and the characteristics show a slope efficiency of 0.38 W/A.\nFigure 3 shows the optical spectrum of the output beam recorded at an operating current of 30 A with off axis spectral beam combining. 12 equally spaced main peaks over a spectral range of 30 nm are observed in the spectrum corresponding to that of 12 emitters combined. A few additional peaks were observed in the spectrum which may be due to a slight imperfection in the superimposition of the beams on the grating. A wavelength spacing of approximately 2.67 nm is observed between the main peaks. The wavelength spread ∆λ, is related to the focal length, f, of the transform lens, the spatial extend, d, of the laser, and the grating dispersion, dα/dλ by\nwhere the grating dispersion is given by\nHere, α is the grating period and α 0 is the angle of incidence relative to the grating normal for the centre emitter on the bar. The calculated wavelength separation for our experimental configuration was 2.56 nm, which is in good agreement with the experimentally obtained value of 2.67 nm. The output wavelengths were found to be in the range from 950 nm to 980 nm with a centre wavelength of approximately 965 nm.\nThe output beam was focused using an achromatic lens of 100 mm focal length and beam profiles along the beam caustic was recorded using a Nanoscan beam profiler (Photon Inc.). The 1/e2 values of the beam width were measured throughout the experiment. Figures 4(a) and 4(b) shows the caustic of the output beam along the fast and the slow axis respectively. A slight astigmatism is present in the laser output as noted from Fig. 4.\nThe M2 values of the output beam at 30 A of operating current were found to be 1.9 and 6.4 along the fast and slow axis, respectively. The M2 curve fitting shown in the figures is based on the well known formula for the propagation of a Gaussian beam,\nwhere W(z) is the spot size at a distance z from the beam waist, W 0 is the spot size at the beam waist and λ is the wavelength.\nThe slow axis M2 value of 6.4 obtained from the off-axis spectrally beam combined laser is to be compared with the slow axis M2 value of approximately 30-35 which is measured for a single emitter on the free running laser bar. An improvement of a factor of 5-6 in the slow axis beam quality of the combined beam is achieved with off-axis spectral beam combining when compared with the single emitter free running laser beam. The slow axis M2 value of the whole bar in free running mode was found to be approximately 1580.\nThe beam profile along the fast and the slow axis at the beam waist are shown in Figs. 5(a) and 5(b), respectively. The beam could be focused to a spot of 60 μm by 69 μm diameter along the fast and the slow axis, respectively, by simple focusing of the beam with the f = 100 mm achromatic lens.\nWe calculated the brightness of the output beam. The brightness, B is defined as ,\nwhere Pav is the average power, M2x is the beam quality parameter along the slow axis and M2y is the beam quality parameter along the fast axis. The calculated brightness was 79 MW/cm2-str. To our knowledge, this is the highest brightness ever achieved from a broad area diode laser bar. We have measured the output power and the beam divergence of a standard anti-reflection coated laser bar with 19 emitters, same emitter width and same pitch spacing for comparison. In free running mode, the output power was 22 W and the beam divergence of the laser bar was approximately 7 degrees giving a calculated brightness of around 2.3 MW/cm2-str.\nWe have demonstrated a 980 nm external cavity broad area diode laser bar system based on off-axis spectral beam combining. An output optical power of 9 W was achieved at an operating current of 30 A with an M2 value of 1.9 and 6.4 along the fast and the slow axis, respectively. We have obtained a high brightness of 79 MW/cm2-str from the broad area laser bar system.\nThe authors wish to acknowledge financial support from the Proof of Concept Fund under the Danish Agency for Science, Technology and Innovation, BIOP graduate school (grant no. 646-05-0064/20245) and from the European Community through the project WWW.BRIGHTER.EU (contract IST-2005-035266). Furthermore, the authors wish to acknowledge Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Solid State Physics, Germany for supplying the laser and Thomas Westphalen, Fraunhofer Institute for Laser Technology, Germany for mounting the FAC lens.\nReferences and Links\n1. L. Li, “The advances and characteristics of high-power diode laser materials processing,” Opt. Laser. Eng. 34, 231–253 (2000). [CrossRef]\n2. H. Po, J. D. Cao, B. M. Laliberte, R. A. Minns, R. F. Robinson, B. H. Rockney, R. R. Tricca, and Y. H. Zhang, “High power neodymium-doped single transverse mode fibre laser,” Electron. Lett. 29, 1500–1501 (1993). [CrossRef]\n3. M. Kanskar, T. Earles, T. J. Goodnough, E. Stiers, D. Botez, and L. J. Mawst, “73% CW power conversion efficiency at 50W from 970nm diode laser bars,” Electron. Lett. 41, 245–247 (2005). [CrossRef]\n4. Y. Zheng, X. Gao, H. Miyajima, and H. Kan, “Divergence-narrowed external-cavity broad-area laser-diode array,” J. Appl. Phys. 95, 6489–6491 (2004). [CrossRef]\n5. R. Waarts, D. Mehuys, D. Nam, D. Welch, W. Streifer, and D. Scifres, “High-power, cw, diffraction-limited, GaAlAs laser diode array in an external Talbot cavity,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 58, 2586–2588 (1991). [CrossRef]\n6. V. Daneu, A. Sanchez, T. Y. Fan, H. K. Choi, G. W. Turner, and C. C. Cook, “Spectral beam combining of a broad-stripe diode laser array in an external cavity,” Opt. Lett. 25, 405–407 (2000). [CrossRef]\n7. J. N. Walpole, J. P. Donnelly, P. J. Taylor, L. J. Missaggia, C. T. Harris, R. J. Bailey, A. Napoleone, S. H. Groves, S. R. Chinn, R. Huang, and J. Plant, “Slab- coupled 1.3-μm semiconductor laser with single-spatial large-diameter mode,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 14, 756–758 (2002). [CrossRef]\n8. R. K. Huang, B. Chann, L. J. Missaggia, J. P. Donnelly, C. T. Harris, G. W. Turner, A. K. Goyal, T. Y. Fan, and A. Sanchez, “High-Brightness Wavelength Beam Combined Semiconductor Laser Diode Arrays,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 19, 209–211 (2007). [CrossRef]\n10. O. B. Jensen, B. Thestrup, P. E. Andersen, and P. M. Petersen, “Near-diffraction-limited segmented broad area diode laser based on off-axis spectral beam combining,” Appl. Phys. B 83, 225–228 (2006). [CrossRef]\n12. S. Wolff, A. Rodionov, V. E. Sherstobitov, and H. Fouckhardt, “Fourier-Optical Transverse Mode Selection in External-Cavity Broad-Area Lasers: Experimental and Numerical Results,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 39, 448–458 (2003). [CrossRef]\n13. B. Thestrup, M. Chi, and P. M. Petersen, “ Lateral mode selection in a broad-area laser diode by self-injection locking with a mirror stripe,” Proc. SPIE 5336, 38 (2004). [CrossRef]\n14. R. Diehl (Ed.), High-Power Diode Lasers: Fundamentals, Technology, Applications (Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg, 2000). [CrossRef]", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "PHAROS Femtosecond Laser: 15 Years of Precision\nLight Conversion first delivered PHAROS in 2006 — a compact, customizable diode-pumped solid-state (DPSS) femtosecond laser. Fifteen years later, Light Conversion can now take a moment to remember and celebrate the origin and evolution of PHAROS.\nPHAROS laser evolved from Twinkle sub-picosecond laser manufactured by Light Conversion between 1993 and 2000. Only 10 Twinkle lasers were produced. The year 2000 saw the birth of a project for a Yb-based DPSS femtosecond laser, and the first generation of PHAROS laser was launched at Laser World of Photonics 2005 and Photonics West 2006.\nThe first PHAROS units were delivered for scientific endeavors, but shortly thereafter PHAROS lasers were tested in industrial environments. In 2008, PHAROS laser attracted particular interest in Japan and revealed its potential in an industrial application by proving reliable for 24/7/365 operation. Other scientific and industrial applications soon followed.\nAs markets emerged with corresponding customer demands, production and engineering has been ramped up to meet these demands from 2006 to the present. Along the way, there were numerous goals to accomplish. Achieving a repetition rate of 1000 kHz, supplying PHAROS lasers to leading industrial machinery manufacturers, synchronizing the laser with synchrotrons, optimizing Carrier Envelope Phase (CEP) stabilization, and implementing BiBurst MHz/GHz functionality were among the top highlights.\nPHAROS Continues to Evolve\nThe last 15 years have seen significant advances: the first PHAROS delivered 100 kHz pulse repetition rate, 4 W of output power, and up to 0.2 mJ pulse energy. Notably, the current output parameters have increased substantially to 1000 kHz, 20 W, and 2 mJ with additional improvements coming soon in new releases.\nPHAROS lasers are currently used for drilling and cutting various metals, ceramics, sapphire, glass, and material ablation; for mass spectrometry; and with a variety of other applications. All these applications enable cutting-edge products and research. With major industrial customers operating in the display, automotive, LED, medical device manufacturing, and other industries, the reliability of PHAROS has been proven by hundreds of systems in 24/7 production environments.\nLight Conversion customers are exploring new ways for PHAROS to make existing manufacturing processes more efficient, to push the limits of precision manufacturing, and to expand human knowledge through groundbreaking scientific discoveries.\nTo request more information or a quotation for Light Conversion products, contact IL Photonics.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Light is ubiquitous in daily life, from the performance of color temperature, the energy emitted, the illuminance generated, the color rendering, the luminous efficiency and intensity, the brightness reflected into the eyes, the glare phenomenon to the light distribution curve, beam angle and shading related to lamps and lanterns. Angle, master these basic principles, you will have a deeper understanding of light sources.\n1. Color temperature\nColor temperature refers to the color changes that the human eye perceives when light waves are in different energies.\nIn the calculation of color temperature, Kelvin is used as the unit, and 0° Kelvin = -273 °C of the black body radiation is the starting point of the calculation.\nThe black body is heated, and as the energy increases, it will enter the realm of visible light, for example, at 2800 ° K, it emits the same color light as the light bulb, and we say that the color temperature of the light bulb is 2800 ° K.\nThe color temperature change in the visible light field, from low color temperature to high color temperature is orange-red –> white –> blue.\nColor temperature is a numerical value that measures and identifies wavelengths. Different wavelengths of light show different colors of light, so the color temperature of the light source has a great influence on color photography, especially natural light, whose color temperature will change with time, season, and geographical location. When it is necessary to correctly restore the color of the subject, such as retaking photos or painting and calligraphy works, taking ID photos, etc. When shooting, you must pay attention to ensure that the color temperature of the light is consistent with the color temperature required by the color film.\nColor temperature does not refer to the degree of hot or cold light. The application of color temperature in photography is to measure the color components contained in the light. The classic definition of color temperature refers to: when the color of the light emitted by the light source is the same as that of the black body (refers to the object that neither reflects nor transmits under the action of radiation, but absorbs all the radiation falling on it. When the black body continues to be heated, the temperature When it continues to rise, the light emitted has a certain color, and its change order is red-yellow-white-blue) When the color of the radiated light is the same at a certain temperature, the temperature of the black body is called the color temperature of the light source, referred to as color temperature.\nWhen sunlight is irradiated at 40° above the horizon in a cloudless atmosphere, the color temperature is 5500K. In 1983, the World Organization announced this as the standard sunlight to measure the color reproducibility of camera lenses.\nFor a traditional film camera, in order to accurately reproduce the color of the object, the first choice is to choose a film type with the same color temperature as the light source. Color film can be divided into daylight film and light film according to color temperature. Daylight color film is suitable for shooting in sunlight with a color temperature of about 5500K, and light color film is suitable for use in light with a color temperature of 3200-3400K. In addition, the color temperature can also be adjusted through a color temperature filter or post-production.\n2. Luminous flux\nThe luminous flux is simply the energy of visible light, which refers to the sum of all radiant energy emitted by a light source and perceived by the human eye per unit of time. It is equal to the product of the relative visibility rate of the radiant energy of a certain band per unit time.\nSince the relative visibility of the human eye to different wavelengths of light is different, when the radiant power of different wavelengths of light is equal, the luminous flux is not equal.\nIlluminance is the abbreviation of light intensity, which refers to the number of lumens of luminous flux per unit area of the illuminated surface, in lux (Lux or LX), 1Lux=1 lumen/square meter, which is used to indicate the intensity of light and the degree to which the physical surface area is illuminated , We often say that the desktop for reading is not bright enough, that is, the illumination is not enough.\nIn the case of the same area, the higher the luminous flux of the light source, the higher the lumen value, and the higher the illuminance. Generally speaking, if the working environment is required to be bright and clear, the illuminance requirements will also be high. For example, the general lighting brightness of the overall space of the study is 100 lux, but the local accent lighting during reading requires at least 600 lux, so a desk lamp can be used as a local lighting fixture.\n4. Color rendering index\nDue to the different types of light sources, the actual color of the object seen will also be different. The so-called color rendering refers to the authenticity of the perception of the object under the light source and the perception of sunlight. The color rendering index indicating the degree of color rendering of the light source is called the average color rendering index. The lowest is 0 and the highest is 100. We can often see the color rendering value on the outer packaging of the light bulb. Generally, the average color rendering index is above Ra80, which is basically a color rendering. Sexual light source.\n5. Luminous efficiency\nLuminous efficiency refers to the luminous flux output by a light source that consumes 1 watt of electricity, expressed as the ratio of luminous flux to power consumption, and its unit is lm/W. The higher the luminous efficiency, the higher the efficiency of converting electric energy into light, that is, the less electric energy is consumed to emit the same luminous flux. Therefore, when choosing a truly energy-saving light bulb, the luminous efficiency value should be used as the final judgment standard.\n6. Luminous intensity\nLuminous intensity represents the physical quantity of the human eye perception strength emitted by the light source in a certain direction and range, and refers to the luminous flux emitted by the light source to a certain solid angle within a unit solid angle, referred to as luminosity, in candlelight.\nLuminance refers to the luminous flux emitted by the self-luminous surface in a certain direction per unit area and per unit solid angle, that is, the bright intensity of the light reflected by the light source or object seen by the eye from a certain direction. Its unit is candela per square meter (cd/m2).\nGlare is uncomfortable lighting that can cause interference, discomfort, or impaired vision because the brightness in the field of view is significantly greater than the eye can accommodate, or the light source contrast is too large. There are three types of glare:\n1. Direct glare: It is generated by the eyes looking directly at the light source (lighting lamps), and the brightness of the light source is too large to cause dazzling and uncomfortable.\n2. Reflected glare: Reflected glare is a common reflection, which will blur the image, easily cause eye fatigue, difficult reading, and even further cause sore eyes and headaches.\n3. Background glare: glare not caused by direct light or reflected light, generally because the light source from the background environment enters the eyes too much, which affects the normal vision ability.\nIf you want to improve the glare in the environment, you can start from the following aspects:\n1. Pay attention to the installation position of the design lamps, hide the excessively concentrated light source, and then use the reflection of the lamps to export the light source. Yilin Lighting ilin has always advocated the lighting design method of seeing the light but not the light, so that you can see the lighting but feel the lighting.\n2. Use the semi-transparent lampshade material to weaken and disperse the excessively concentrated light source.\n3. Use grid-type lighting fixtures to avoid looking directly at the light source.\n4. The direction of light projection should be as perpendicular to the general horizontal direction of the human eye as possible.\n5. For the desktop and book paper used for reading, avoid using materials that are easy to reflect light to reduce reflective glare.\n9. Light distribution curve, camdlepower distribution curves\nThe light distribution curve refers to the light distribution state of the luminaire, which means that after the luminous body is coated with other media, the original luminous angle is changed by penetration or refraction, and the light drawn at 360° vertical, horizontal or oblique angles. Angle and intensity, but the common light distribution curve mostly refers to the vertical light distribution curve. From the light distribution diagram of the light distribution curve, it can be known that the light properties of the light-emitting lamps are direct, indirect or other light distribution ratios, which is helpful for professional lighting designers to calculate the illuminance and light source distribution.\n10. Beam angle\nGenerally, the light source directly below the light source is the brightest, corresponding to the main axis of the light beam with the strongest luminous intensity. The angle formed by 50% of the luminous intensity on both sides of the main axis of the beam is called the beam angle, and the angle formed by the darker periphery is called the light distribution angle. Generally speaking, the light source of the projection light is concentrated, the beam angle is about 30°, and the ceiling light can reach about 140°. The size of the beam angle is affected by the relative position of the bulb and the lampshade.\n11. Shading angle\nThe shading angle of a lamp refers to the angle formed by the tangent of the edge of the light outlet of the lamp and the level passing through the center of the light source. Under normal horizontal line of sight, in order to prevent direct glare caused by high brightness, the shading angle is generally greater than 30°, and 45° is considered to be the most comfortable angle.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "There’s a new camera available for use at Studio 300! The Canon Vixia HF G20 is a versatile, lightweight camcorder that rivals the performance of more expensive camcorders without sacrificing pro-level features that appeal to true video enthusiasts and advanced amateurs.\n- Dual SD Card Slot\n- 32 GB of Internal Memory\n- External Microphone Input\n- 3.5-Inch Touch Pannel LCD Viewing Screen\n- Dynamic SuperRange Optical Image Stabilization\nCheck out the video below for a better idea of the G20’s quality and versatility.\nWe’ve recently added Nikon gear to join our large inventory of Canon photography equipment. This includes a Nikon 5300 DSLR and several extra lenses that match our Canon inventory. Stop in to Studio 300 to see what’s available for use in the lab and for 3-day checkout.\nWhen taking a picture, you often need to zoom in on distant subjects. A telephoto lens is the solution. Most DSLR cameras come with a stock lens of 18-55mm. While this lens is great for wide angle shots, it falls far short as a telephoto lens.\nStudio 300 now has a Canon 55-250mm Telephoto Lens for our Canon T4i (and other) DSLR cameras. This item can be checked out for 3-days.\nPicking up where the stock lens ends, this telephoto lens has a range of 55mm to 250mm. At 250mm, distant subjects can be easily pulled in and captured. The lens has both Auto Focus and Image Stabilization like the stock lens, and it’s easy to capture sharply focused shots without a tripod. If you’re curious what a telephoto lens can do for you, stop by Studio300 and we’ll show you how easy it is to use. Meanwhile, check out the two shots below.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Uwe Gruenefeld, Tim Claudius Stratmann, Wilko Heuten, Susanne Boll\nProceedings of the 19th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services\nNowadays, Mixed and Virtual Reality devices suffer froma field of view that is too small compared to human visual perception. Although a larger field of view is useful (e.g., conveying peripheral information or improving situation awareness), technical limitations prevent the extension of the field-of-view. A way to overcome these limitations is to extend the field-of-view with peripheral light displays. How- ever, there are no tools to support the design of peripheral light displays for Mixed or Virtual Reality devices. There- fore, we present our prototyping tool PeriMR that allows researchers to develop new peripheral head-mounted light displays for Mixed and Virtual Reality.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "UV rays or Blue light? The material selected for a lens is fundamental, as it determines both comfort and clarity of vision. How to choose the right lens? UV rays or Blue light? How to choose the right lens? Vision needs change over time. T Let's take a look. Sunlight is made up of radiation at different frequencies, which includes: ultraviolet (UV) radiation, infrared (IR) radiation, and the visible spectrum (wavelengths from 390 to 760 nm), only a minimal portion of which is visible to the human eye. As we can see in this image, ultraviolet (UV) light has wavelengths of less than 390 nanometers. This light is filtered and doesn’t reach the retina, but it can be absorbed by the cornea, the conjunctiva, and the crystalline lens and has the potential to cause permanent damage. Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is in the invisible portion of the electromagnetic spectrum, from 100 to 400 nm, and can be divided into three ranges (i.e. UVA, UVB and UVC) based on their biologicaleffects. UV-C rays are 100% absorbed by Earth’s electromagnetic field. UV-B rays are 95% absorbed by Earth’s electromagnetic field and ozone layer. All of the UV-A radiation reaches the eye. The damage caused by UV-A radiation is cumulative and permanent and can affect the cornea, the crystalline lens, the iris, the retina, and relatedconjunctival and epithelial tissue: Dry eye and oxidative reactions of the conjunctiva Yellowing and loss of transparency of the crystalline lens Damage to the cornea This is why, just as we should protect our skin with sunscreen even on a cloudy day, it’s a good idea to use lens filters that protect our eyes from 100% of the potentially harmful UV rays, such as our NoUV 400 lenses. Divel Italia NoUV 400 lenses are the right choice for anyone who: • Spends a lot of time outdoors • Needs strong corrective lenses (NoUV is available in all indexes, from 1.50 to 1.74) • Want colored lenses for their prescription eyewear (our 1.50 index lenses are ideal for tinting) UV protection can be added to lenses by way of various coatings (such as our Performance NoUV). The difference lies in the fact that a NoUV lens is made with a material that absorbs UV radiation on its own. Filter coatings are applied to the outside of a lens, so care needs to be taken in order to keep the filter in good condition. Now let’s talk about blue light. When do you need lenses that block blue light? Visible blue light falls in the 400 to 500 nm range of the visible spectrum. The “low” end of the visible spectrum, particularly blue light in the 400-450 nm range, is known as high-energy visible (HEV) light and can be as harmful to our eyes as UV rays. Because it possesses a greater quantity of energy than light at other wavelengths, HEV light can damage the structure of the eye when it hits the retina. Our Blue Natural lenses block all light up to 420 nm, i.e. both UV radiation and high-energy blue light, while letting through the blue light we need to see colors normally. As you will probably be aware, electronic devices such as computers, phones and tablets are sources of blue light. Using eyewear that blocks blue light, like Divel Italia’s Blue Natural, is indispensable for anyone who: Spends a lot of time looking at screens (of computers, tablets, phones, TVs, etc.) Spends a lot of time outdoors Doesn’t have a particular need for corrective lenses but wants protection when using a computer (Blue Natural is also available as a neutral filter) So how do you pick between a NoUV or Blue Natural lens? It’s easy. Blue Natural protects against both UV rays and blue light, whereas NoUV alone is not enough if you spend a lot of time at a computer. Blue Natural is right for: People who work in an office or in front of screens, such as engineers, bank workers, doctors, graphic designers, photographers, lawyers, social media influencers, and anyone who spends a lot of time using a computer or playing video games. NoUV is right for: People who work outdoors or in open spaces, such as restaurant staff, construction workers, landscapers, architects, drivers, fuel-service workers, waste-management workers, postal workers, and anyone who loves outdoor activities like running, cycling, or hiking.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Metal halide is a type of light bulb that relies on the heating of a mixture of gases to provide light. Due to its high intensity discharge, the resulting light is incredibly bright, comparable to actual daylight.\nShowing 10 of 11\nDepending on their lighting needs, customers often turn to metal halide light bulbs for their advantages over halogen bulbs and other lighting sources. These advantages include:", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "An on-chip system is presented with integrated architectures for digital microfluidic actuation and sensing. Localized actuation is brought about by a digital microfluidic multiplexer layout that overcomes the challenges of multi-microdrop interference, and complete two-dimensional motion is shown for microdrops on a grid with minimized complexity by way of inputs. At the same time, microdrop sensing is demonstrated in a folded-cavity design for enhanced optical intensity probing of internal fluid refractive indices. The heightened intensities from this on-chip refractometer are shown to have a linear response to the underlying fluid refractive index. An electro-dispensing technique is used to fabricate the folded-cavity optical architecture in a format that is tuned for the desired refractive index range and sensitivity. The overall lab-on-a-chip system is successful in integrating localized microdrop actuation and sensing.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Lens 2″ x 4 1/4″ – #9 Glass Replacement Welding Helmet Lens – 1 PK\nLens 2″ x 4 1/4″ – #9 Glass\nProvides maximum protection from ultraviolet and infrared radiation. Darker lenses are used for higher amperage work.\nWARNING: This product can expose you to Lead, which is known to the State of California to cause cancer and reproductive harm.\nFor more information, go to P65warnings.CA.gov", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Boston keratoprosthesis (KPro) type I is a technique to treat patients with corneal diseases that are not amenable to conventional keratoplasty. Correct assembly and central implantation of the prosthesis are crucial for postoperative visual recovery. This study investigates the potential benefit of intraoperative optical coherence tomography (OCT) to monitor KPro surgery. Retrospective case series are presented for two patients who underwent Boston KPro type I implantation. The surgery in both patients was monitored intraoperatively using a commercially available intraoperative OCT (iOCT) device mounted on a surgical microscope. Microscope-integrated intraoperative OCT was able to evaluate the correct assembly and implantation of the KPro. All parts of the prosthesis were visible, and interfaces between the corneal graft and titanium backplate or anterior optics were clearly depictable. Moreover, iOCT visualized a gap between the backplate and graft in one case, and in the other case, a gap between the anterior optic and graft. Neither gap was visible with a conventional surgical microscope. The gap between the anterior optic and the graft could easily be corrected. Microscope-integrated iOCT delivers enhanced information, adding to the normal surgical microscope view during KPro surgery. Correct assembly can be controlled as well as the correct placement of the Boston KPro into the anterior chamber.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Laser Vison Correction\nYou want to see the world each morning when you wake up.\nYou wonder what it would be like to open your eyes in the swimming pool and see clearly.\nYou imagine what it would be like to jog in the rain, or play with your children without worrying about your contacts or glasses even something as simple as seeing the alarm clock when getting up in the morning.\nLaser vision correction can truly change your life, it is an alternative to eyeglasses and contact lenses that can help you see more, naturally. The concept behind laser vision correction is simple - reshaping the front of the eye to change its focusing power. These elegant procedures are safe and effective with the right patient. They are anything but trivial though, and require a great deal of careful consideration and personalization.\nThe goal of laser vision surgery is to reduce or eliminate the dependence on glasses and contact lenses by improving uncorrected visual acuity. LASIK can allow patients to achieve their normal daily activities without having to use either glasses or contact lenses.\nAlso known as refractive surgery, laser vision correction refers to elective eye operations that use a laser to reshape the cornea, and change the way light is focused or \"refracted\" by the eye. If you are nearsighted, far-sighted or have astigmatism and feel that glasses or contact lenses limit your activities, laser vision correction may be the right choice for you.\nLASIK has treated nearsightedness (myopia), farsightedness (hyperopia) and astigmatism in patients all over the world.\nSpecific Advantages of LASIK\n- Effective for correcting a wide range of focusing problems\n- Fast visual recovery\n- Minimal temporary side effects\n- Permanent tissue modification for lasting correction.\nThe Center Vision Recovery uses the Teneo Technolas 317 Excimer laser and the Victus Technolas Femto laser. Both of these devices are considered state-of-the-art. The combination of both of these devices guarantees predictable and reliable results and extreme precision using a quick, painless and safe technique.\nCenter was founded in 1997 on the base of the biggest in Russia State Research Institute of Eye Diseases\nMost of them are the most difficult, until recently, not performed anywhere.\nYears of experience, latest equipment and modern technology features of our clinic.\nYour application is accepted!", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "STEMMER IMAGING is a leading international machine vision technology provider. With staff located across Europe and Latin America, we provide state-of-the-art machine vision solutions, extensive knowledge and outstanding customer service.\nVISION.RIGHT.NOW. symbolises our mission to make machine vision easy and accessible, empowering customers to deliver world-class solutions.\n15/03/2023 | Reading time: 3 min\nWhy are vision systems so interesting for sports applications?\n02/02/2023 | Reading time: 4 min\nEmbedded vision systems are on the rise\n24/11/2022 | Reading time: 2 min\nSTEMMER IMAGING Modular Embedded: More speed thanks to TCP offload\n05/10/2022 | Reading time: 3 min\nA new (Embedded) Vision: STEMMER IMAGING introduces Modular Embedded Ecosystem\n23/09/2022 | Reading time: 1 min\nOur vision expert Mark Williamson engages in VDMA panel discussion about smart 2d/3d sensors\n21/09/2022 | Reading time: 3 min", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "SPADs II: Arrays\nVisit My Account to manage your email alerts.\nSuperconducting nanowire single-photon detectors integrated with waveguide circuits for quantum information science\nGigahertz-gated InGaAs SPAD system with avalanche charge sensitivity approaching the fundamental limit\nMiSPIA: microelectronic single-photon 3D imaging arrays for low-light high-speed safety and security applications\nSingle nanocrystal spectroscopy approaches for investigation of emission efficiency and recombination dynamics of multi-excitons\nPerformance of a compact position-sensitive photon counting detector with image charge coupling to an air-side anode\nHigh speed multichannel time-correlated single photon counting electronics based on SiGe integrated time-to-digital converters", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "|Place of Origin:||China|\n|Brand Name:||OEM or OMC|\n|Certification:||ROHS and ISO|\n|Model Number:||FC APC - FC APC SM SX 2.0mm LSZH|\n|Minimum Order Quantity:||5pcs|\n|Packaging Details:||One piece in a plastic bag, several pieces in the carton of 54*39*35cm carton|\n|Payment Terms:||Western Union, T/T, Paypal|\n|Supply Ability:||1000000pcs per month|\n|Products:||FC APC - FC APC SM SX 2.0mm LSZH Patch Cord||Insertion Loss:||≤0.3dB(IEC Grade C)|\n|Return Loss:||≥60dB(min)||Cable OD:||2.0mm Simplex|\n|Cable Type:||Simplex||Material:||PVC/LSZH Jacket|\n|Certification:||ISO9001, RoSH||Operating Temperature:||-40~+75Degree|\nfiber optic patch cord,\nfibre optic patch leads\nFC APC - FC APC SM Simplex 2.0mm Fiber Optic Patch Cables Single Mode 9 / 125 LSZH Jumper\nPatch Cords are used to provide optical connection for fiber optic electronics. The use of the patch cord provides a quick and easy method for routing fiber patches in data centers, head-ends, cellular hubs and central offices. The patch cord can be used in interconnect or cross-connect path connecting the incoming fibers to the electronic equipment and providing patching within the fiber paths. Patch Cords include simplex, duplex and Multi-fibers assemblies.\nThe 9/125μm OS2 single mode bend insensitive fiber optic cable is less attenuation when bent or twisted compared with traditional optical fiber cables and this will make the installation and maintenance of the fiber optic cables more efficient. It can also save more space for your high density cabling in data centers, enterprise networks, telecom room, server farms, cloud storage networks, and any places fiber patch cables are needed.\nThis 9/125 OS2 single mode fiber optic cable is ideal for connecting 1G/10G/40G/100G/400G Ethernet connections. It can transport data for up to 10km at 1310nm, or up to 40km at 1550nm.\nFC: EIA /TIA-604-04, FOCIS4, NTT-FC, GR-326. IEC61754-13 and JIS C5973\nFC APC - FC APC Single Mode Simplex Fibre Optic Patch Cables SM SX Patch Cord/Jumper\n|Connectors||FC/APC to FC/APC||Jacket OD(mm)||2.0|\n|Fiber Mode||9/125μm||Jacket Color||\n|Cable Type||Simplex||Jacket Material||LSZH/PVC/OFNR/OFNP|\n|Return loss||SM APC ≥ 60dB(min)||Insertion loss||≤0.3dB(IEC Grade C)|\n|Operating temperature||-40~75°C||Storage temperature||-45~85°C|\nGeometric Specification (only for 3D interferometer tested)\n|Items||Connector||PC End-face||APC End-face|\n|Radius of Curvature||SC/FC/ST||10~25 mm||5~12 mm|\n|LC/MU||7~25 mm||5~15 mm|\n|Apex Offset||≤50 um|\n|Fiber Spherical Height||+/- 100 nm|\nEnd-face Quality (SM)\n|A: Core||0 to 25||None||None||IEC 61300-3-35:2015|\n|B: Cladding||25 to 115||None||None|\n|C: Adhesive||115 to 135||None||None|\n|D: Contact||135 to 250||None||None|\n|E: Rest of ferrule||None||None|\nSingle Mode 9/125 Duplex FC/APC- FC/APC Optical Fiber Patch Cord/ Jumper\nE2000-E2000 Single Mode Duplex Optical Fiber Patch Cord/Jumper\nSC-SC Duplex Drop Cable Patch Cord Patch Cable\nYOFC G.657.A1 bend insensitive fiber\n10.0mm minimum bend radius\nInsertion loss and return loss testing\n3D interferometer test\n2. Active dvice termination\n3. Telecommunication networks\n5. Local Area Networks(LANs)\n6. Data Processing networks\n7. Test Equipment\nThis easily taken and well-protected fiber patch cable package has been labelled and marked by OMC as default\n.Standard carton size : 34*22*15 cm; 44*34*24 cm ; 54*39*34 cm . Which carton to be used depends on goods\nQty . Packing can be customized.\nOMC industry co., limited, which was founded by an expert team, has been exporting FTTX passive products since 2007. We focus on providing innovative and integrated FTTX solutions for a variety of applications/Networks. Our capabilities include product/solution design, development, enhancement and integration. Our products are among the highest performing in the industry and truly represent the best values in the industry. We also offer training, pre and post-sales support. We help you select the right products for your Optical network's needs.\n1. Are you the real factory?\nYes,we are the real factory more than 10 years\n2. What is your main products?\nOutdoor fiber optic cables; indoor fiber optic cables;FTTH Drop cables;\nIndoor armored patch cords fiber cable; Optical patch cords SC/LC/FC/ST; MTP/MPO optical patch cord.\n3. Do you have certificate for raw material?\nWe build long-term relationship cooperation with qualified ISO9001, ROHS raw material suppliers.\n4. What is your delivery time?\nWithin 24 hours for normal kinds of fiber optic cable;\n3~5 days for fiber optic patch cords with 10000 connectors.\n5. MOQ: what is your minimum quantity?\nMOQ for fiber optic cables: 1KM\nThere is no MOQ required for fiber optic patch cords,as there’s stock for normal kinds.\n6. Do you have distributor in other country or domestic?\nUntil now, we sell our products to customers directly. And factory price could be offered.\nFor large orders: T/T, L/C\nFor small orders: T/T,Western Union and Paypal are acceptable", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Photometric Testing Solutions\nCustomized solutions for add-ons and accessories.\nYou can read about our experience in the research and product development of light measurement equipment. Unless you do not find a solution to your measurement needs, please send a message and we can plan together.\nSpectrum and lumious flux measurements of LED modules and user-friendly measurement software\nFL-1 Testing system\nTurn-key measurement system for testing the light quality of the flashlight according to ANSI / NEMA FL 1-2009 standards\nThe product line tester for reliable color and light output checks of the luminaires in their production lines\nSSL Resource Oy provides research and product development for light measurement equipment. We have been involved in a number of testing equipment development projects, such as the development of completely new automated hardware or the repair and improvement of old hardware. Our photometric measuring equipment ranges from laboratory-level measuring devices to automated product testing systems. Contact us, and we will find best solutions for your needs!", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Agilent 81633B Optical Power Sensor\nThe Agilent 81633B is a single input optical sensor plug-in module that fits the 8163, 8164 and 8166 multichannel mainframe series. The Agilent HP 81633B InGaAs sensor element covers a wavelength range of 800 to 1700 nm and offers a dynamic range of +10 to -90 dBm. Many different connectors are available for the 81633B power meter interface.\nClick the PDF Specification for further information.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "It's the camera manufacturer that documented the moon landing. Its build quality and design are one thing, but the images it takes with its Sony sensor and lenses are truly one of a kind. In this video, Business Insider breaks down why it's so expensive, and gives a rough estimate of how many they sell each year.\nThe assembly and testing are all done by hand. That's not common in the world of camera production. Each part of the camera is put in place by a specialist. The sound, friction, and feeling of pressing the shutter button are all tested to give the photographer that feeling which they believe is worth the money.\nIt's not a camera I can afford, and I don't believe I'll ever buy one, but I do understand the value of quality in the images it produces, not only in the medium format size of the sensor, but also in the color science and attention to detail with regards to matching reality.\nThe cameras are used in fashion and the documentation of art catalogs. Color is crucial here, and according to the video, there's no other camera like it. This was always up to the film producers back when film was the only option, but now with sensors in the camera, it's companies like Hasselblad that see the value in their products, and then the thousands who buy the cameras and lenses every year.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "This collection is emptyView all products\nWhen distance or lighting conditions no longer enable you to see your laser beam, laser detectors offer the solution for any general construction and outdoor applications. With Seco laser receivers, you can use your laser levels in the field, even in broad daylight because these devices are designed to easily pick up the laser that is being generated by your laser level. They are built construction-tough, designed to work in harsh environments, and provide precise accuracy.\nTypes of Laser Detectors\nMatched to work with red, green or infrared laser beams, laser receivers are available for both line lasers and rotary lasers, allowing you to work at the lasers maximum range within any visibility limitations. Laser detectors have various accuracy settings to accommodate your different job site needs. These include different numbers of display channels and bandwidth, multiple sizes of single or dual LED and LCD displays for visual reading of level and grade position, audio and memory function so you can easily locate the last signal recorded, and even options to block out other laser or strobe interferences. All laser detectors we offer are water and dust resistant and have long battery lives.\nRemote Control Capability\nDesigned for double duty, some laser receivers feature a built-in remote control to further increase productivity. This allows you to control the grade, scanning and rotation speeds from a remote location, avoiding tiring trips to your rotary laser.\nFor accurate and stable measurements, laser receivers also include different types of mounting systems. Built-in magnets securely attach the laser detector to metal surfaces for use at greater distances and ceiling applications, while many come with a heavy-duty bracket, ideal for mounting on grade, leveling and surveying rods.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Rokinon has announced a new line of cinema lenses aiming at higher-end cinema applications while maintaining the aggressive pricing strategy that marked the company’s earlier line of cinema lenses.\nThe new Xeen lenses will share the same optical formula and groupings as the existing Cine DS line (which stays in the market as well). But there will be several critical differences distinguishing the Xeen products from the Cine DS lineup. Among them:\n* new and improved optical coatings\n* longer, 200-degree focus throw\n* tighter color testing\n* revamped construction and housing for greater stability and durability\n* a 3 year warranty (vs. 1 year for DS lenses)\n* PL mount option\n* the ability to shim the lens mount (an option that Rokinon advises is better left to rental houses than end users)\n* 114mm diameter filter threads for mounting matte boxes\n* 11 aperture blades for a more rounded bokeh (vs. between 6-9 blades for Cine DS models)\nLike the Cine DS line, the Xeen lenses will have uniform focus and aperture dials, focal markings on either side of the lens and apertures calibrated in T-stops.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Optical-Electrical-Optical (OEO) wavelength translation (WT) based on small-form-factor pluggable (SFP) transceivers is meeting with increased interest in metro optical-network applications. It provides a flexible and low-cost solution when it interfaces with legacy optical equipment that does not support International Telecommunications Union (ITU) wavelengths. WT improves the performance of optical systems by changing the operating wavelength of the incoming optical signal to a wavelength that enables longer reach through lower attenuation or lower dispersion penalty.\nBesides being protocol independent, WT presents an opportunity to deploy an optical source with a narrower linewidth, extending the optical link through better dispersion management. This is especially useful for higher-speed systems, such as OC-48 running on 1300- nm systems, requiring link extension. Data-com signals at 850 nm running on multimode fiber can profit also from WT that allows the system to run on single- mode fiber at 1550 nm, eliminating multimode dispersion.\nThe primary component that has made WT possible is the SFP transceiver consisting of a transmitter, receiver, and microcontroller. The transmitter module consists of a laser and laser-drive circuitry that may include a thermoelectric cooler (TEC). The laser could be: an uncooled, single-mode, distributed-feedback (DFB) laser with its center wavelength anywhere in the range of 1480 nm to 1580 nm (typically at 1550 nm); a coarse wavelength division multiplexing (CWDM), ITUgrid wavelength, cooled DFB laser at a wavelength whose peak is centered at 100-GHz spacing on the ITU-grid; a 1310-nm multimode Fabry-Perot (FP) laser; or a multimode 850-nm vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL).\nThe receiver is a PIN- or APD-based module, depending on the link budget, with a trans-impedance amplifier (TIA) and limiting post amplifier. The attainable link reach after WT is a function of both transmitter and receiver and could be short (up to 10 km), intermediate (up to 60 km), long (up to 100 km), or extended-reach (up to 160 km).\nToday, most SFP transceivers comply with a multi-source agreement (MSA) signed by many vendors to guarantee compliance and interchangeability of modules. These transceivers offer hot-swappable modules that utilize single 3.3-V power sources to minimize power consumption.\nThe SFP transceiver receives a non-return- to-zero (NRZ)-encoded optical signal and converts it into a low-noise CML (current mode logic) or LVPECL (low-voltage positive referenced emitter-coupled logic) compatible electrical signal. The transmitter is compatible with both CML or LVPECL input data levels. SFP transceivers are incorporated with a digital diagnostic feature to report transmitter and receiver status. They can be used for data rates from 50 MHz to 2.7 GHz and support SONET, Gigabit Ethernet, and Fiber Channel in addition to datacom products. A datacom SFP transceiver has to satisfy IEEE standard (Gigabit Ethernet 802.3) or American National Standards Institute’s (ANSI) Fiber Channel, FC-PI specifications. SONET protocol SFP transceivers must satisfy Telcordia qualification requirements.\nFigure 1 shows a WT block diagram used to convert an 850-nm TDM signal to a 1550-nm signal for transmission to a remote site. The 850-nm signal could be a 1 Gb/s data signal on 200 MHz-km, multimode fiber that needs to be sent to another network site kilometers away. The conversion to 850 nm can be to a TDM signal at 1550 nm, a CWDM wavelength or a DWDM (dense wavelength-division multiplexing) wavelength on the ITUgrid. The choice of system is a matter of distance between sites, bit rate, and budgetary consideration.\nWavelength translation and regeneration find applications in link extensions to overcome loss and dispersion limitations in network upgrades. For example, a 1310-nm legacy network can be converted to a DWDM network that would improve link capacity and network management without resorting to the expense of electrical multiplexing and the transmission of higher bit-rate signals. Link capacity is increased by converting many 1310-nm signals in different fibers to a corresponding number of 1550-nm DWDM channels, each operating at the original signal bitrate, that could be multiplexed optically into a single fiber and managed using current technologies such as reconfigurable add/drop multiplexers (ROADM).\nAn example of the type of practical problems that can be addressed with wavelength translation is shown in Figure 2. In this case, the number of bits transmitted between the networks is the same. The lower bit-rate signals are multiplexed optically and then transmitted using optoelectronics designed to handle the original bitrates. Alternatively, these lower-bit-rate signals can be multiplexed electrically to a higher rate so that higher bit-rate optoelectronics must be used. With the signals translated to 1550 nm using a proper optical source (e.g., a narrow-linewidth laser), the stage is set for the use of optical amplification, dispersion compensation, and other signal-massaging techniques required to transmit over longer distances.\nThis article was written by Ahmad K. Atieh, Ph.D., senior optical engineer, and Paul Vella, Ph.D., vice president of optical engineering, for BTI Photonic Systems. For more information on wavelength translation using SFP transceivers, contact the authors at", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Vyacheslav A. Trofimov; Vladislav V. Trofimov\nAs it is well-known, the passive THz camera allows seeing concealed object without contact with a person and this camera is non-dangerous for a person. Obviously, efficiency of using the passive THz camera depends on its temperature resolution. This characteristic specifies possibilities of the detection for concealed object: minimal size of the object; maximal distance of the detection; image quality. Computer processing of the THz image may lead to many times improving of the image quality without any additional engineering efforts. Therefore, developing of modern novel computer code for its application to THz images is urgent problem. Using appropriate new methods one may expect such temperature resolution which will allow to see banknote in pocket of a person without any real contact. Modern algorithms for computer processing of THz images allow also to see object inside the human body using a temperature trace on the human skin. This circumstance enhances essentially opportunity of passive THz camera applications for counterterrorism problems.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "P1.9 Ultra HD Full Color High Refresh Big LED Screen Wall Indoor\nAdvertising LED Display\nThe P1.923 full color indoor advertising led display is super\nhigh-resolution, which is one of the most apparent features for the\nnew generation of small pixel pitch LED display, which can offer\nour viewers more excellent display effect. High refresh rate,\nexcellent image quality, extremely viewing distance are the major\nattentions to our customers. The size of the display can be\ncustomized and details can be based on customers' request.\nConvenient assembling and disassembling can save customer's time\nand labor cost.\nThe range of application such as hotel advertising, stage renting,\ntelevision, shopping malls, big markets, outdoor stadiums,\nconcerts, fairground, sightseeing districts, indoor advertising\nmedia, enterprise engineering, cultural tourism, image promotion,\ncommercial real estate, etc...\nThe total amount of heat reduced\nUsing energy-saving (low constant current from the control point),\nhigh efficiency constant current chip;\nUsing high brightness and high efficiency of LED lamps.\nThe automated process\nAll using SMD process, fully automated machine operation, reducing\nhuman error and damage and improves reliability.\nLow failure rate\nUsing sophisticated type of material, in terms of testing:\ninstrument light intensity distribution, it is a direct measurement\nof the LED lamp light intensity, viewing angle, wavelength, and\nother optical properties; aging test LED lamps attenuation; an IC\ntesting stand, strict control the quality of the IC.\nHigh-temperature aging at the end of the production process and\ncabinet vibration test, good control of Weld and other issues.\nFast locks and assembling pins, flatness and seamless are greatly\nincreased, less than 0.01mm , easy to install and dismantle\nSeamless connection, less than 0.1mm between 2 cabinet.\n|NO.||Product name||P1.923 indoor led display|\n|1||Pixel Pitch(mm)||1.923 mm|\n|2||Pixel configuration||1R1G1B/SMD 1010|\n|3||Pixel density||270400 dots/m2|\n|6||Cabinet Resolution (W*H)||210dots x 157dots|\n|8||Cabinet size (W*H)||400mm×300mm|\n|9||Drive IC||MBI 5153|\n|10||Drive mode||1/26 scan|\n|11||Viewing Angle(V/H)||140 ºC|\n|12||Grey Scale||65536 degree|\n|13||Life time||>70,000 Hours (50%)|\n|17||Screen Power Consumption||Max: 580w/m2; Average:185w/m2|\n|18||Input Power Frequency||50/60Hz|\n|22||Control Method||Synchronized with computer monitor|\n|24||LED control system||LINSN,Nova-star,Colorlight is selectable|\n|25||Control Distance||100 m (no repeating); Optical fiber transmission: 500m- 15km|\n|26||Accepting signal with video processor||PAL/NTSC/SECAM,S-Video;VGA;RGB;Composite Video;SDI|\n|27||Systems Operating Platform||Windows Xp / Windows 7 / windows 8 /8.1 / windows 10|", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "A patented system which enables the use of moving light sources within footage captured at any speed, including the frozen world of high speed imaging.\nWhen using a high speed cinema camera and light sources moving at over 10,000 feet per second, this technology creates the ability to move light sources within images frozen in time.\n-Software controls the movement of light sources and the movement of the scene as independent variables.\n-Control the speed of the light relative to the action (acceleration, deceleration - time ramping to / from real time and time-lapse).\n-Light sources can be moved on any path (straight line, curve, and / or multiple paths)\n-Light sources can illuminate in any pattern (randomly, in sequence, in a prescribed formation\nPredominantly used with high speed cameras such as the Vision Research Phantom, but can also be used with industry standard cameras such as the Arri Alexa and Red Weapon, or even a DSLR, to provide dynamic moving light at various frame rates.\nPATH OF LIGHT\nLight sources can be moved on any path (straight line, curve, and / or multiple paths)\nRaw test footage of moving light in a straight line through a space -- parallel and perpendicular to the film plane.\nSPEED OF LIGHT\nOur software controls the speed / acceleration / deceleration of the light. Moving light can be synchronized with slow motion, real time or time lapse footage, or even shift between varying frame rates with in-camera time ramping.\nMoving light slows down from thousands of feet per second to tens of feet per second, then accelerates again. The resulting footage speeds up and slows down, while light sources move at the same pace throughout.\nAn example of the fastest movement of light (relative to the movement in the scene) that we've shot. The action is almost completely frozen as light moves around in a full loop.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Sony announced that it has its own Google Glass competitor in the works called SmartEyeglass. A software development kit for the gadget is already available to interested developers.\nSony SmartEyeglass packs a number of sensors that include CMOS image solution, accelerometer, gyroscope, compass, microphone, and brightness sensor. Coupled with GPS location from a connected smartphone, the range of sensors help the device deliver relevant information to the user through unique hologram optics.\nThe product’s lens has 85% transparency and is just 3mm thick. It doesn’t require vision-obscuring half mirrors to work. The monochrome display on the other hand, couples high readability with low energy consumption.\nThe device works with smartphones running Android 4.1 and up. The CMOS camera requires Android 4.3 and up.\nThe product you see in the image above is a rather ungainly looking development prototype with external battery. I truly hope that by the time it reaches regular users, Sony SmartEyeglass will look considerably better.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "|Publication number||US7438452 B2|\n|Application number||US 11/359,777|\n|Publication date||Oct 21, 2008|\n|Filing date||Feb 23, 2006|\n|Priority date||Feb 24, 2005|\n|Also published as||US20060187659|\n|Publication number||11359777, 359777, US 7438452 B2, US 7438452B2, US-B2-7438452, US7438452 B2, US7438452B2|\n|Original Assignee||Toyoda Gosei Co., Ltd.|\n|Export Citation||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|\n|Patent Citations (6), Referenced by (6), Classifications (11), Legal Events (2)|\n|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet|\nThis application is based on and incorporates by reference Japanese Patent Application No. 2005-49517, which was filed on Feb. 24, 2005.\nThe present invention relates generally to an interior illumination device and specifically to an interior illumination device that is fixed on a vehicle ceiling.\nA map lamp is used for viewing a map in a dark interior compartment. The map lamp illuminates an area around a passenger.\nSince a map lamp is used when it is dark, it is difficult to recognize where the map lamp is. Even though some light come into the interior compartment from outside, the light does not reach the map lamp easily because the map lamp is located on the vehicle ceiling. Thus, it is difficult to find the position of the map lamp. Therefore, a prior art map lamp includes a switch that includes a light source. The switch is indicated by the light source in the dark compartment. However, it is difficult to place a light source specialized for indicating a switch in the limited space. If the map lamp and the light source are housed in the limited space, installation is complex and relatively expensive.\nAn object of the invention is to overcome the above-mentioned limitations. An illumination device according to the present invention indicates the location of a switch for a map lamp in the dark of an interior compartment of a vehicle in a visually pleasing manner. The illumination device also has a simple structure, and installation is relatively simple.\nBasically, the invention is an illumination device for an interior compartment of a vehicle. The illumination device includes a first light source. The first light source is fixed on an interior ceiling located between a driver seat and a passenger seat in a vehicle. Light from the first light source illuminates an interior compartment of the vehicle. The illumination device also includes a second light source that illuminates around the driver seat or the passenger seat. The illumination device further includes a switch that electrically controls the second light source. The switch includes an emitting part that is located adjacent to the first light source, and the emitting part emits light from the first light source.\nThe accompanying figures, in which like reference numerals refer to identical or functionally similar elements throughout the separate views and which, together with the detailed description below, are incorporated in and form part of the specification, serve to further illustrate various embodiments and to explain various principles and advantages all in accordance with the present invention.\nThe first light source 6 includes a light emitting diode (LED), which is a lamp type LED and emits white light, and a substrate 61, which supports the LED. Because the LED is a very small light source, the LED can be placed in a small space. Also, the LED needs little electricity to work, so electric power consumption is low. Other types of LEDs can be used, such as a surface mounted diode type LED or a chip on board type LED. A plurality of LEDs can be used as either of the first light source 6 and the second light source 5. The color of the LED is not limited to white. Any color of LED can be used for either of the light sources. Further, the first light source 6 is not limited an LED. Any type of bulb can be used.\nA cover 42, which defines the light aperture 4 and controls light from the first light source 6, is fixed on the casing 2. The light aperture 4 extends along a light axis 62 of the first light source 6. A colored filter 41 is fixed to the cover 42 in the light aperture 4. The colored filter 41 is made from a transparent plastic, which is colored in amber and which changes white light from the LED to amber light. The white light can also be changed to an arbitrary color by a color layer, such as a transparent ink, a transparent colored tape, or a transparent colored film located on the colored filter 41. When the color layer includes inorganic phosphor, such as YAG:Ce, or organic phosphor, the color layer can be used to a blue LED as the first light source 6. When the color layer is located on the light axis 62 of a blue LED, only illumination that is emitted in the direction of the light axis 62 is changed to a predetermined color.\nEach of the map lamps 5 emits light from the second light source 5 around one passenger (including the driver) in the vehicle. Each map lamp 5 works as a spot light and helps the passenger to read in the dark, for example.\nThe switches 3 are located at both sides of the first light source 6. Each of the switches 3 corresponds to one of the driver seat and the passenger seat. Since the switches are identical, only one will be described. A side of the switch 3 adjacent to the first light source 6 is formed by a light guide 7, which is made from colorless acrylic resin material. The light guide 7 can also be made from other synthetic resin, such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polycarbonate resin, silicon resin and epoxy resin, or other inorganic material, such as glass. As shown in\nA light receiving face 71 of the light guide 7 receives some light from the first light source 6. The light receiving face 71 is located at an inner end of the light guide 7, which is adjacent to the first light source 6. The light receiving face 71 is preferably located to face a side of the first light source 6. Thus, the light receiving face 71 efficiently receives a laterally directed part of the light from the first light source 6. The laterally directed light is emitted in a direction that is perpendicular to the light axis 62 of the LED.\nA light emitting face 72 is formed at an outer end of the light guide 7. The light emitting face 72 emits the light that is received at the light receiving face 71 from the first light source 6. The light emitting face 72 of the light guide 7 faces the passenger. The light emitting face 72 is coplanar or coextensive with an outer surface of the switch 3 as shown in\nBecause the light emitting face 72 is preferably formed along one peripheral edge of the switch 3 that is adjacent to the first light source 6, the visibility of the switch 3 in the dark is improved.\nA surface of the light emitting face 72 is finished with a light diffusing treatment. The light diffusing treatment may be a blast finishing, matt painting or another well known finishing process. The light diffusing treatment diffuses the light emitted at the light emitting face 72. Thus, the light from the light emitting face 72 is uniform and the light emitting face 72 has matt luminescence that provides a luxurious appearance. When the diffusing treatment is not performed on the light emitting face 72, the light emitting face 72 looks clear.\nThe light guide 7 can include a light diffusing agent therein. The light diffusing agent diffuses the light from the LED in the light guide 7. As a result, uniform light is emitted at the light emitting face 72. The light diffusing agent may include small particles, such as glass, metal, or resin that have a different reflection index from the light guide 7, or silica.\nThe light guide 7 can be made from colored transparent material that includes a color agent. Also, if a color layer is used, the color layer can be formed at the light receiving face 71 or the light emitting face 72 of the light guide 7. Then, colored light, which is different in color from the white light of the first light source 6, is emitted from the light emitting face 72.\nThe light guide 7 can includes a phosphor. Any kind of phosphors can be used if the phosphor generates a predetermined color luminescence when the phosphor receives light from a light source. If the light guide 7 includes YAG:Ce phosphors therein and the first light source 6 is a blue LED, a part of the light from the blue LED is changed to a yellow color by the YAG:Ce phosphors, and blue light and yellow light are mixed to generate white light. Then the illumination around the center console will be blue, and the indication color of the light emitting face 72 will be white.\nA side face 74, which is adjacent to the light emitting face 72, is masked by an opaque resin to avoid leakage of light from the side of the light guide 7. When light from the first light source 6 proceeds inside the walls of the light guide 7 at a predetermined angle, the light is repeatedly reflected at the inside walls, because the refractive index of the light guide 7 is higher than that of air. The inside walls of the light guide 7, except for the light receiving face 71 and the light emitting face 72, are reflecting faces 73. Thus, the reflecting faces 73 reflect light in the light guide 7. Therefore, the light guide 7 transmits light from the light receiving face 71 to the light emitting face 72 via reflecting faces 73.\nThe switch 3, except for the light guide 7, is made from an opaque resin material. The switch 3 includes a switch mechanism 32 at backside thereof. The switch mechanism 32 is a push button mechanism that is electrically connected with the associated map lamp 5. Thus, the switch 3 turns on the associated map lamp 5. On the other hand, the first light source 6 is turned on according to the state of a remote switch (not shown). The remote switch may serve other purposes such as controlling exterior lights, for example. In\nThe illuminating operation of the illumination device 1 will be explained. The first light source 6 is turned on corresponding to the remote switch. An axial part of the light from the first light source 6, which is emitted in the direction of the axis 62, is changed to an amber color by the colored filter 41. The cover 42 limits the illumination area of the axial part of the light from the first light source 6 for illuminating around a shift lever.\nLaterally directed light from the first light source 6, which is emitted in a substantially lateral direction with the light axis 62, is emitted into the light receiving face 71. The light received at the light receiving face 71 is introduced into the light guide 7. The received light is repeatedly reflected in the light guide 7 by the reflecting faces 73, and proceeds to the light emitting face 72. Then, the light is emitted from the light emitting face 72. Because the light emitting face 72 is finished with a diffusing treatment, the emitted light is well diffused at the light emitting face 72. Thus, an outer part (the light emitting face 72) of the switch 3, which is adjacent to the first light source 6, has in a well-equalized white illumination.\nAs mentioned above, when the exterior marker light is turned on by the remote switch in the dark, the illumination device 1 illuminates around the shift lever and simultaneously emits white light at the light emitting face 72. Thus, the visibility of the switch 3 is improved in the dark. Because the switch 3 includes the light emitting face 72, the light emitting face 72 moves in accordance with the motion of the switch 3. Because the light emitting face 72 is located near the first light source 6, the light path from the light receiving face 71 to the light emitting face 72 is short in the light guide 7. Thus, loss of the light in the light guide 7 is reduced. Because only the light emitting face 72 of the switch 3 emits light for indicating the location of the map lamp, the light emitting face 72 does not conflict with other illuminations. Therefore, the illumination is well balanced, and the light emitting face 72 can indicate the location of the switch 3 while providing a luxurious appearance.\nThe switch 3 is indicated by light from the first light source 6. Thus, an additional light source is not needed to indicate the switch 6, and additional space for such an additional light source is not needed. Therefore, the illumination device 1 is compact. The first light source 6 is used for illuminating around the shift lever and for indicating the location of the map lamp. Thus, the number of parts for the illumination device 1 is reduced, and the structure is simple. Therefore, the cost of manufacturing the illumination device 1 is relatively low.\nIn the illustrated embodiment, a side face 74 of the light guide 7 is exposed and therefore must be masked to prevent light from escaping. However, the light emitting face 72 can be located entirely within the opaque material 31 of the switch 3. In this case, the side face 74 is not exposed and would not require masking.\nThis disclosure is intended to explain how to fashion and use various embodiments in accordance with the invention rather than to limit the true, intended, and fair scope and spirit thereof. The foregoing description is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed. Modifications or variations are possible in light of the above teachings. The embodiments were chosen and described to provide the best illustration of the principles of the invention and its practical application, and to enable one of ordinary skill in the art to utilize the invention in various embodiments and with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated. All such modifications and variations are within the scope of the invention as determined by the appended claims, as may be amended during the pendency of this application for patent, and all equivalents thereof, when interpreted in accordance with the breadth to which they are fairly, legally, and equitably entitled.\n|Cited Patent||Filing date||Publication date||Applicant||Title|\n|US4937408 *||May 24, 1989||Jun 26, 1990||Mitsubishi Denki Kabushiki Kaisha||Self-illuminating panel switch|\n|US6013956 *||Feb 23, 1998||Jan 11, 2000||Cooper Automotive Products, Inc.||Touch control switches for vehicles|\n|US6024463 *||Nov 7, 1997||Feb 15, 2000||Enplas Corporation||Surface light source device of side light type with belt-like diffusible area|\n|US7021810 *||Jul 22, 2003||Apr 4, 2006||Lawrence Andrew Hoffman||Illuminated remote control device|\n|US20060021861 *||Jul 28, 2004||Feb 2, 2006||Schmidt Robert M||Elastomeric vehicle control switch|\n|JP2002127821A||Title not available|\n|Citing Patent||Filing date||Publication date||Applicant||Title|\n|US7717598 *||Nov 9, 2007||May 18, 2010||Sony Corporation||Light guide, light source apparatus, and electronic apparatus|\n|US8147104 *||Jan 7, 2010||Apr 3, 2012||Toyoda Gosei Co., Ltd.||Vehicle room light apparatus|\n|US8876330 *||Mar 6, 2013||Nov 4, 2014||Illinois Tool Works Inc.||Illumination device|\n|US20100188866 *||Jan 7, 2010||Jul 29, 2010||Toyoda Gosei Co., Ltd||Vehicle room light apparatus|\n|US20120014124 *||Jan 19, 2012||Anderson James B||Reduced profile lamp having enhanced illumination and method of construction thereof|\n|US20140133141 *||Mar 6, 2013||May 15, 2014||Illinois Tool Works Inc.||Illumination device|\n|Cooperative Classification||B60Q3/005, H01H9/181, B60Q3/0296, B60Q3/0286, H01H13/023|\n|European Classification||B60Q3/02S, B60Q3/02P, B60Q3/00L2, H01H9/18B|\n|Apr 4, 2006||AS||Assignment|\nOwner name: TOYODA GOSEI CO., LTD., JAPAN\nFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:NAWASHIRO, MITSUHIRO;REEL/FRAME:017754/0750\nEffective date: 20060223\n|Apr 4, 2012||FPAY||Fee payment|\nYear of fee payment: 4", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Our team is developing a SPO2 measurement instruments by ADPD144. However, several problems were found.\nThe first one, the optical sensor VREF voltage ac coupling measurement was a sawtooth wave;\nthe second, through the FIFO continuous read the IR and RED 500 sampling data is change each channel;\nThird, cover the sensor with your finger, the data is unchanged;\nthe fourth one, can you help provide demo code?", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Alcon Freshlook® Colorblends Brilliant Blue contact lenses gives you a stunning pop of bright blue color. These are the most vibrant blue in the Colorblends line so if you want to make an impact, this is the color for you!\nAlcon Freshlook® Colorblends contact lenses have a unique 3-in-1 color technology blends with the eye color to provide a beautiful, natural appearance.\nSlight Limbal Ring\nExpress shipping (2-5 business days) is available worldwide to all countries including USA, Canada, UK, Europe, UAE and Australia.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Trotec TP7 Infrared Laser Pyrometer\nThe Trotec TP7 is an infrared laser temperature gun with a measuring range of -50deg C to +1000 deg C and a high optical resolution of 30:1.\nOne of our most popular infrared thermometers, the TP7 has a smaller spot measuring size and a higher measuring temperature of up to 1000° C.\nThe higher optical resolution specification for the TP7 is 30:1. This means at 30 meters distance from the target, the spot measurement size is approx. 1 meter in diameter. It also measures temperatures as high as 1000 deg C.\nThis makes the TP7 more suitable for measuring targets that are small to medium in size. Because the spot measuring size is smaller than many models, the measurement results achieved are usually more consistent.\nAnother time-saving function of the TP7 is the alarm-related colour change of the display illumination.\nYou can enter user-defined alarm thresholds for measured minimum and maximum values in the TP7. Falling below the set limit value, the display will flash blue, exceeding it, will flash red. In both cases an acoustic alarm signal will be emitted.\nThe TP7 also features adjustable emissivity correction and a dual laser pointer, which identifies the approx. spot measuring size.\nIdeal for the measurement of food, electrical and industrial temps, preventative and predictive maintenance, general engineering, hvac, heat loss assessments etc.\n- Temperature Measurement Range: -50 ° C to + 1000 ° C\n- Optical Resolution: 30:1\n- Spot Measuring Size: Small. Smallest spot measuring size 25.4mm @ 0.762 meters\n- Temperature Accuracy: +/-1% (21 ° C to 300 ° C) otherwise +/- 1.5 to +/- 2.5%\n- Adjustable Emissivity: Yes, 0.10 to 1.0\n- Data Logging: No\n- Type K Connection: No\n- Weight: 180 grams\n- Dimensions: 152mm x 120mm x 48mm\n- Battery Type: 1x 9V\n- Warranty: 1 Year\n|Trotec TP7 Infrared Laser Pyrometer||\nTP7, 1x 9V battery, operating manual (download), soft case.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "This book is an introduction to optics and optical fabrication that provides technicians with simple explanations supported by illustrations and diagrams. Detailed examples and calculations are also included. The behavior and performance of optical elements as individual components and as members of complete systems are discussed and evaluated. Further topics include the manufacturing, testing, and mounting of optical elements; two-element systems; optical coatings; and aberrations.\nDie Inhaltsangabe kann sich auf eine andere Ausgabe dieses Titels beziehen.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Latest Cleave Stories\nThe application of Fiber Optics Tools is increasing by the day.\nAdvanced recoating solutions for end users in fiber manufacturing, fiber sensor manufacturing, university and R&D divisions, submarine cabling, optical components and medical applications\nCleavers designed for specialty markets including oil and gas, research and development and medical Spartanburg, SC (PRWEB) December 10, 2014\nNew technology allows technicians to quickly and efficiently strip, clean and cleave fibers in as little as 18 to 21 seconds. Spartanburg, SC (PRWEB) September\nBROUSSARD, La., May 29, 2014 /PRNewswire/ -- Optogain USA Inc., (OPTOGAIN) a leader in the optical communications business,\nINNO IFS-10 Fiber Master Singlemode Multimode Fiber Core Alignment (New DACAS - Digital Analysis Core Alignment System) Fusion Splicer Kit (PRWEB) March 21,\nINNO IFS-10 Fiber Master Singlemode Multimode Fiber Core Alignment (New DACAS - Digital Analysis Core Alignment System) Fusion Splicer Kit (PRWEB) March 12,\nefibertools.com now sells Expo optical test equipment including OTDRs, optical light sources and meters and much more. Phoenix, AZ (PRWEB) January 05, 2012\nInno partners with efiberTools.com for distribution, sales and service for its fiber optic splicing products in USA. Phoenix, AZ (PRWEB) December 21, 2011\n- Stoppage; cessation (of labor).\n- A standing still or idling (of mills, factories, etc.).", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "All-optical tunable filters are basic elements for various micro-optical circuits. Obtaining all-optical tunability remains a challenge for micro-optical circuits. Optical forces with significant effects in nanophotonic systems provide new ways for wavelength tuning. In this Letter, the optomechanical effects in two-dimensional photonic crystal cavities are investigated. Simulations based on the finite element method demonstrate that forces arise in single and coupled cavities with movable rods inside. The optical force controls the positions of the movable rods and, thus, the resonance wavelength of the cavity, based on which tunable filter is designed. The operating wavelength of the cavity or the filter for the signal can be tuned by a control light with a different frequency. The results have potential applications for various integrated circuits.\n© 2013 Optical Society of America\nOriginal Manuscript: August 2, 2013\nRevised Manuscript: September 19, 2013\nManuscript Accepted: September 19, 2013\nPublished: October 23, 2013\nYaoxian Zheng, Quanqiang Yu, Keyu Tao, and Zhengbiao Ouyang, \"All-optical tunable filters based on optomechanical effects in two-dimensional photonic crystal cavities,\" Opt. Lett. 38, 4362-4365 (2013)", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "What lens aberrations do you know? What are they caused by?\nOctober 29, 2020 | Education|\nChromatic aberration is caused by the dependence of the refractive index of the lens on the wave frequency, i.e. dispersion, spherical aberration is caused by the fact that the thickness of the lens in different areas is different.\nRemember: The process of learning a person lasts a lifetime. The value of the same knowledge for different people may be different, it is determined by their individual characteristics and needs. Therefore, knowledge is always needed at any age and position.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Electroluminescence of thin-film CdTe solar cells and modules\nThin-film photovoltaics has the potential to be a major source of world electricity. Mitigation of non-uniformities in thin-film solar cells and modules may help improve photovoltaic conversion efficiencies. In this manuscript, a measurement technique is discussed in detail which has the capability of detecting such non-uniformities in a form useful for analysis. Thin-film solar cells emit radiation while operating at forward electrical bias, analogous to an LED, a phenomena known as electroluminescence (EL). This process relatively is inefficient for polycrystalline CdTe devices, on the order ...\n(For more, see \"View full record.\")", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Raman spectroscopy is widely used to characterize the chemical composition of materials and substances; its applications range from forensics and pharmaceuticals to astrospectroscopy and many others. One interesting example is the manufacture of photovoltaic (PV) cells. Commercial PV cells can have a solar-to-electric conversion efficiency of up to approximately 17% to 18%. During the production of PV cells, it becomes necessary to monitor the quality of the cells such that maximum conversion efficiency is achieved. Raman spectroscopy is one such technique well suited to the task.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Nowadays, the Nd:YAG laser has been a promising key tool for joining thin components. In this research, mechanical and microstructural properties of laser welded thin austenitic stainless steel sheets were investigated with experimental investigations, as a function of laser welding parameters. Butt welded joints were made using a Nd:YAG laser in the pulsed wave mode. The appropriate laser welding parameters were found in order to obtain quality and strong weld seam. The pulsed laser seam welding process is controlled by a variety of parameters. We focus on the effects of the several processing parameters on mechanical and microstructural characteristics of joint and weld quality. The aim of this research was to evaluate the influence of these processing parameters on joint strength and microstructure. And also we examined the weldability of stainless steels in butt joint Configuration by a pulsed Nd:YAG laser beam.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "A cooperation between OFFIS, Möller-Wedel Optical, IAPG and Axios 3D aims to develop an integrated solution for neurosurgical micro-optic navigation. The commercial neurosurgical navigation systems currently require a large amount of space within the operating theatre and a free line of sight to the microscope and patient in order to measure positions. The project objective is thus to miniaturise and integrate a position measuring system into an operating microscope.\nThis should result in improved navigation system ergonomics, since the measuring system no longer has to be aligned. Operating times will be reduced since doctors and assistants will be able to work alongside the navigation system. Measuring distances will be shortened, thus also providing increased accuracy and manipulation options in the micrometre range. The microscope with integrated navigation system, to be developed in collaboration with the companies Axios 3D and Möller-Wedel, would have a unique feature worldwide and could be offered as an addition to Möller-Wedel microscopes.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Agr TopWave LLC, a manufacturer of laboratory and on-line testing/quality control devices for plastic containers is about to launch a number of new devices to measure the consistency and quality of container packaging.\nThe PETWallplus is said to offer a total process and quality control concept for PET container manufacturers. Combining Agr's patent pending PETWall non-contact wall-thickness monitoring system with a high precision camera-based inspection system, PETWallplus with Vision provides both sidewall thickness distribution monitoring and random defect detection for critical areas in the seal surface and base of PET containers.\nThis combination of the two systems facilitates a comprehensive approach toward quality assurance and provides the tools for optimal blowmoulder operation while reducing or eliminating the need for labour-intensive manual quality checks.\nThe company is also about to launch its Vision Bottle Gauge 7000 (VBG7000), a vision-based dimensional measuring system for containers and related products. The Vision Bottle Gauge 7000 is a laboratory device designed to provide accurate, repeatable measurement of routine and difficult-to-measure container features.\nThis non-contact measuring system is fully automatic and requires little operator intervention. The VBG7000 is ideal for quality control inspection of newly formed containers, incoming inspection of purchased containers, and evaluation of container designs in the development laboratory.\nThe company's other launch will be the PG9810-ML, a non-contact, automated measuring device that can determine the presence and thickness of nylon-based barrier materials in PET preforms and containers. The PG9810-ML uses IR absorption technology to accurately determine PET and nylon wall thickness. This bench-top device requires a minimal amount of space and is designed for use in the testing laboratory or on the floor near preform injection-moulding or blowmoulding systems.\nThe headquarters and main manufacturing facility of Agr TopWave, a division of AGR International, is located in Pennsylvania, US.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The DS-2114ATS-LNT is a fully GoTo telescope, an onboard computer knows the night sky. After a short alignment procedure, your telescope will be ready to take you on a tour of the universe. Special features to this model include a new generation II DS-2000 mount and a new advanced field tripod for a solid observing platform. Also features oversized declination lock knob with fast locking grip and enhanced SmartFinder with multi-coated optics. Large 114mm aperture captures a lot more light for brighter images and greater detail. Two Premium 1.25 inch Super Plossl eyepieces provide superior long eye relief and an expansive wide visual field. The automatic alignment, SmartFinder Electronic level sensor, electronic magnetic north sensor, high precision internal clock and red dot projection finder all work together to get you aligned with the heavens. It assembles in minutes and includes everything you need to explore your universe, including AutoStar Suite Astronomer Edition planetarium software and an instructional video to teach you the night sky and how to use your telescope. AutoStar Suite Astronomer Edition planetarium software and an instructional video included.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Rokinon 12mm F2.0 NCS CS\n|I own it||I want it||I had it|\nManufacturer description: The Rokinon 12mm f/2.0 NCS CS Lens is a prime wide-angle lens designed specifically for use with APS-C sized image sensors. Providing a 35mm-equivalent focal length of 18mm and a broad 98.9° angle of view, this lens is well-suited for architectural, interior, and landscape images. Its fast f/2.0 maximum aperture is further beneficial to working in low-light conditions.\n|Lens type||Prime lens|\n|Focal length||12 mm|\n|Lens mount||Canon EF-M, Fujifilm X, Micro Four Thirds, Samsung NX, Sony E|\n|Min focus||0.20 m (7.87″)|\n|Weight||245 g (0.54 lb)|\n|Length||59 mm (2.32″)|\n|Underground in Baltimore by Kukla|\nfrom Your City - Doom and Gloom\n|The Kid by mschf|\nfrom Someone important to me.\n|LA Moonrise-4230 by vbuhay|\n|Chevrolet Camaro by Chosen_One|\nfrom Car Shows 2018", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "INO has launched its 640 x 480 pixel thermal infrared camera module, IRXCore-640.\nThe IRXCore-640 module provides complete imaging electronics with a Camera Link output. The module offers a flexible architecture for complete remote control and raw data access providing a 16-bit raw signal output at 60Hz. TEC-less operation minimises module size and power consumption.\nThe module is commercially available for integration of numerous industrial, biomedical, military, transport, and aerospace applications requiring high-resolution thermal imaging capabilities. The IRXCore-640 is based on an uncooled bolometric sensor designed to provide high sensitivity imaging (NETD ≤ 70mK) in the LWIR band (7-14µm).", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "We have generated the second, third, fourth, and fifth harmonics of the output of a Yb-doped fiber amplifier seeded by a passively Q-switched Nd:YAG microchip laser. The fiber amplifier employed multimode fiber (25 μm core diameter, V ~ 7.4) to provide high-peak-power pulses, but diffraction-limited beam quality was obtained by use of bend-loss-induced mode filtering. The amplifier output had a pulse duration of 0.97 ns and smooth, transform-limited temporal and spectral profiles (~500 MHz linewidth). We obtained high nonlinear conversion efficiencies using a simple optical arrangement and critically phase-matched crystals. Starting with 320 mW of average power at 1064 nm (86 µJ per pulse at a 3.7 kHz repetition rate), we generated 160 mW at 532 nm, 38 mW at 355 nm, 69 mW at 266 nm, and 18 mW at 213 nm. The experimental results are in excellent agreement with calculations. Significantly higher visible and UV powers will be possible by operating the fiber amplifier at higher repetition rates and pulse energies and by further optimizing the nonlinear conversion scheme.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "909-79 Glass Equilateral Refraction Prism\nWhen light is bent through a glass prism, refraction of that light causes a rainbow of color to be displayed. The wave lengths of each color bend differently though the prism which is demonstrated using the prism. 3\" x 5/16\"\nWe have 70 skillful operators, 5 machine mechanics and 31 quality inspectors, total annual output capacity in design can reach 130 millions sets.\nEarth & Space Science\nOur team has been and will continue to be committed to science education industry to provide quality products at competitive prices and good services to our clients all over the world.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Are all MFT lenses compatible?\nAre all Micro Four Thirds lenses compatible? Yes – one of the great things about the Micro Four Thirds system is that you can use any MFT lens on any brand MFT camera body.\nWhat does MFT mean lenses?\nFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. The Micro Four Thirds system (MFT or M4/3) (マイクロフォーサーズシステム, Maikuro Fō Sāzu Shisutemu) is a standard released by Olympus and Panasonic in 2008, for the design and development of mirrorless interchangeable lens digital cameras, camcorders and lenses.\nCan you use Four Thirds lenses on Micro Four Thirds cameras?\nA Mount Adapter(DMW-MA1) is required to use any Four Thirds lens for Micro Four Thirds camera body. The aperture can be adjusted with the aperture ring only when a Panasonic digital camera is attached to the lens.\nCan you use Micro Four Thirds lenses on four thirds cameras?\nOlympus Micro Four Thirds Cameras and Lens Variety While Four Thirds and MFT lenses cannot be used interchangeably, what is nice about MFT is that it aims to be a universal mounting system for mirrorless cameras.\nDoes sigma make MFT lenses?\nThe Micro Four Thirds system is an open system that anyone can join, and therefore there are cameras and lenses from a large range of companies, all sharing the same lens mount. You’ll also find Micro Four Thirds lenses made by Sigma, Samyang, Voigtlander, Leica and many others.\nWhy are m43 lenses so expensive?\nRe: Why are premium M43 prime lenses so expensive? Because smaller equivalent = more expensive and more difficult to manufacture. Just look at ultrabooks or surface pro etc. , and equivalent laptop with a larger 15.6″ screen actually cost significantly less.\nWhat is the size of an MFT lens?\nAn MFT lens is designed to cover the MFT sensor size, i.e. 18mm x 13.5mm. This is approximately 30% less than an APS-C sensor, and approximately 75% less than full frame.\nCan You mount Four Thirds lenses on MFT cameras?\nIn addition, all the lenses that had been released for the Four Thirds system can be mounted and operated on mFT cameras with the help of an FT to MFT adapter. Even though the lens catalog appears rather comprehensive already, it continues to expand. So what can we expect in terms of new lens releases over the coming months?\nWhat are the best MFT lenses for event photography?\nFocusing is lightning fast in good light, and actually very impressive in low light too, making the Panasonic 35-100mm f/2.8 II a solid event photography lens for MFT shooters.\nWhy would I want a 90mm MFT lens?\nWhilst there are several other f/1.8 (and faster) MFT lenses available, using slightly longer focal lengths such as this 90mm equivalent, really helps to produce subject separation akin to more expensive (and bigger!) APS-C and full frame sensors.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "German-based eyewear brand MYKITA has teamed up with Leica to craft a collection of sunglasses that feature optical-grade lenses. The debut collection between the two features two unique designs: various hybrid frames that combine handcrafted stainless steel with MYLON, a newly-designed material from MYKITA that’s made using 3D printing technology, as well as a model that utilizes pure stainless steel.\nOn the MYLON hybrid models, a top bar made with the material can be seen, mirroring a camera lens hood in order to protect the wearer’s eyes from overhead sun rays by closing the gap between the wearer’s brow and the frame. The all-stainless steel models further take note of Leica’s highly-engineered products, referencing the grip on the brand’s camera lenses through red-lacquered edges, which reduces peripheral light anomalies and disturbances. Leica fans will immediately note the geometric shape on the lenses, which are highly reminiscent of the frontal view of a Leica camera lens hood. Other details that highlight the partnership include a muted color palette of black, silver, taupe grey, and lacquered red accents, all of which reference Leica’s characteristic colors.\nTwo lenses are featured within the collaboration, both of which have been specially developed for the collection. The organic 1.6 index lenses are individually ground and polished from a cast lens blank, a process typically only utilized when producing prescription lenses. Customers in select countries will also be able to order prescription sun lenses, ensuring that they don’t sacrifice on style by getting miscolored lenses elsewhere. The proprietary lenses are equally distinguished by an AquaAquaDura® Vision Pro coating, something Leica has been extensively working on in order to improve its professional photography and sports optics. More lens details include an achromatic anti-reflective coating that helps in protecting the wearer from rear reflections, water, dirt, and damage, equally preventing fogging and further allowing for easy cleaning. Regardless of the lenses chosen, all models will offer 100% UV protection, with polarized lens options filtering glare, surface reflections, and more.\nAll pairs from the MYKITA x Leica collaboration are to be handcrafted at MYKITA HAUS in Berlin and will undergo the same quality control inspection that Leica employs for its various optics. Rounding off the pieces is a certificate of authenticity and a unique serial number that ensures each pair’s manufacturing standards.\nFor more related news, check out Chrome Hearts SS20 eyewear range.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "1. What is chemical imaging?\nChemical imaging is a method for spatially resolving the chemical properties of a sample in 2D or 3D images. With this technique it is possible to obtain information about the material properties, the structure and the origin of the examined samples.\n2. What is FT-IR imaging?\nFT-IR imaging is one way to create said spatially resolved chemical images. Each pixel of these images consists of a whole IR spectrum. By interpreting the individual spectra, interesting sample regions can be detected and evaluated.\n3. How do you create FT-IR images?\nCommon methods are sequential single point or line array measurements, as well as the direct acquisition of 2D images by a focal-plane array (FPA) detector. While FPA detectors offer the superior solution, highly automated single-point measurements are an economical alternative.\n4. How does an FPA detector work?\nThe principle of an FPA detector is analogous to that of a digital camera. Instead of visible light, however, a defined array of pixels is illuminated by infrared light, with each detector pixel recording an independent, spatially resolved IR spectrum.\n5. Do FPA detectors require apertures?\nNo, an FPA detector does not require any apertures. Each pixel of the detector functions as an aperture and thus records a spatially IR information directly. This allows much faster and higher resolution measurements compared other detector techniques.\n6. Is it possible to adjust the spatial resolution of an FPA?\nThe spatial resolution of an FPA detector depends on the size of the individual detector pixels. However, adjacent pixels can be combined to form a \"larger pixel\" and thus the spatial resolution is reduced, also improving spectral quality.\n7. Are there different FPA sizes?\nFPA detectors are available in different array sizes. Size should be selected according to the optical system (microscope). For example, the LUMOS II is optimized for a 32x32 pixel array, while the HYPERION 3000 is designed for a 64x64 or 128x128 pixel arrays. With the latter it is possible to record an impressive number of more than 16,000 spatially resolved spectra in one scan.\n8. Is a larger FPA better?\nNo, because the size of the FPA detector depends exclusively on the optimal illumination provided by the microscope. A homogeneous illumination of the detector array is important to ensure a consistently high spectral sensitivity both in the center and at the edges of the detector.\n9. When does a larger FPA have advantages?\nThe larger the FPA detector area, the more spectra are recorded simultaneously. Since the spatial resolution is independent of the array size, this means that a 128x128 FPA detector covers an area 16 times larger than a 32x32 detector array in a single measurement.\n10. Can FPA be combined with any measurement technique?\nYes they can. FPA detectors offer advantages in transmission, reflection and attenuated total reflection (ATR). Especially when used with ATR technology, this type of detector achieves an exceptionally high spatial resolution.\n11. Why is the resolution of FPA measurements in ATR increased?\nThe combination of a high refractive solid-state lens (germanium ATR crystal) and an \"aperture-free\" FPA detector increases spatial resolution by a factor of 4 compared to transmission measurements. This effect is also called an immersion lens.\n12. Are FPA measurements applicable to all samples?\nSince FPA measurements can be combined with all measurement techniques, in principle all types of samples can be analyzed this way. Gases, liquids and other volatile substances cannot be analyzed microscopically due to their kinetic properties.\n13. What are typical applications of an FPA?\nTypical applications can be found in all areas of industry and research. Starting with the analysis of microplastics, particles and contaminations over the characterization of complex chemical structures, such as biological tissue, pharmaceutical products up to multilayer laminates and lacquers. In short, this detector technology is used wherever very high spatial resolution and the analysis of large sample areas are indispensable.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Rods are a type of photoreceptor cell present in the retina that transmits low-light vision and is most responsible for the neural transmission of nighttime sight.\nWhy are rods responsible for night vision?\nA rod cell is sensitive enough to respond to a single photon of light and is about 100 times more sensitive to a single photon than cones. Since rods require less light to function than cones, they are the primary source of visual information at night (scotopic vision).\nIs night vision a rod or cone?\nColor Vision and Night Vision\nIn day vision, visual perception is primarily cone-mediated and perceptions are chromatic. In other words, color vision is present in the light levels of daytime. In night vision, visual perception is rod-mediated and perceptions are principally achromatic.\nWhat are rod cells responsible for?\nRod cells are stimulated by light over a wide range of intensities and are responsible for perceiving the size, shape, and brightness of visual images. They do not perceive colour and fine detail, tasks performed by the other major type of light-sensitive cell, the cone.\nHow do rods and cones affect night vision?\nRhodopsin is the photopigment used by the rods and is the key to night vision. Intense light causes these pigments to decompose reducing sensitivity to dim light. Darkness causes the molecules to regenerate in a process called “ dark adaptation” in which the eye adjusts to see in the low lighting conditions.\nWhat are rods sensitive to?\nThe rods are most sensitive to light and dark changes, shape and movement and contain only one type of light-sensitive pigment. Rods are not good for color vision. In a dim room, however, we use mainly our rods, but we are “color blind.” Rods are more numerous than cones in the periphery of the retina.\nWhat happens when rods are damaged?\nWhen the rod cells become more involved, affected individuals experience a decreased ability to see at night or in low light situations and may lose the ability to see clearly to the sides (peripheral vision).\nWhat is responsible for night vision?\nRods are a type of photoreceptor cell present in the retina that transmits low-light vision and is most responsible for the neural transmission of nighttime sight. Rods have a singular photopigment, rhodopsin, which utilizes the protein scotopsin and the Vitamin A-derived cofactor, retinol.\nWhat are the symptoms of night blindness?\nSymptoms of night blindness include:\n- Abnormal trouble adapting to the dark while driving at night.\n- Blurry vision when driving in the dark.\n- Difficulty seeing in places with dim lighting, like your house or a movie theater.\n- Excessive squinting at night.\n- Trouble adjusting from bright areas to darker ones.\nHow do rods affect peripheral vision?\nRods Help Your Peripheral Vision And Help You See In Low Light. The rod is responsible for your ability to see in low light levels, or scotopic vision. The rod is more sensitive than the cone. This is why you are still able to perceive shapes and some objects even in dim light or no light at all.\nWhat are rods in the eye?\nRods are a type of photoreceptor cell in the retina. They are sensitive to light levels and help give us good vision in low light. They are concentrated in the outer areas of the retina and give us peripheral vision.\nWhat happens if you have no rods in your eyes?\nCones typically break down before rods, which is why sensitivity to light and impaired color vision are usually the first signs of the disorder. (The order of cell breakdown is also reflected in the condition name.) Night vision is disrupted later, as rods are lost.\nWhat is the main function of rods in the eye quizlet?\nRod cells, or rods, are photoreceptor cells in the retina of the eye that can function in less intense light than the other type of visual photoreceptor, cone cells. Rods are concentrated at the outer edges of the retina and are used in peripheral vision.\nWhat happens if you stay in complete darkness?\nOne impact of being in complete darkness is that it can wreck your sleep cycle. … This means that the time they feel like going to sleep doesn’t stay in a regular pattern and can shift each day. Disruptions to our circadian rhythm can also make us feel depressed and fatigued.\nWhat happens to the rods and cones in your eye as you walk from a dark room into bright sunlight?\nRods have slow recovery times. In the sunlight, the rods are activated. When you go into the dark room, it takes time for all the rods to turn off. … Cones have relatively quick recovery times, so a change in color (wavelength of light seen) will not have the same effect as an increase in light has on rods.\nWhy do rods have high sensitivity?\nOne reason rods are more sensitive is that early events in the transduction cascade have greater gain and close channels more rapidly, as alluded to previously.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "We report the tunable near-infrared luminescence of Ni2doped SrTiO3(STO:Ni) thin film grown on piezoelectric Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)0.7Ti0.3O3(PMN-PT) substrate via strain engineering differing from conventional chemical approach. Through controlling the thickness of STO:Ni film, the luminescent properties of the films including emission wavelength and bandwidth, as well as lifetime can be effectively tuned. The observed phenomena can be explained by the variation in the crystal field around Ni 2+ ions caused by strain due to the lattice mismatch. Moreover, the modulation of strain can be controlled under an external electric field via converse piezoelectric effect of PMN-PT used in this work. Consequently, controllable emission of the STO:Ni thin film is demonstrated in a reversible and real-time way, arising from the biaxial strain produced by piezoelectric PMN-PT. Physical mechanism behind the observation is discussed. This work will open a door for not only investigating the luminescent properties of the phosphors via piezoelectric platform, but also potentially developing novel planar light sources.\nASJC Scopus subject areas", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Aesculight®, a division of LightScalpel®, LLC, is announcing its new line of VetScalpel® CO2 surgical lasers. Built on over 20 years of American veterinary laser surgery innovation, Aesculight® is revolutionizing veterinary laser surgery once again.\nLisa McCann, DVM, recently visited Christopher J. Winkler, DVM, DABLS, to have a mass in her dog’s bladder removed via laser surgery. Dr. Winkler welcomed Dr. McCann to assist him during the laser surgery. Dr. McCann was so thrilled with the results and Dr. Winkler’s skills and knowledge, that she wrote Aesculight a letter.\nFeatured in VPN. Find out how surgical lasers have revolutionized minor and complex veterinary surgery.\nLightScalpel-Aesculight, LLC, the industry leader in veterinary surgical laser technology, is launching a newly upgraded CO2 laser flexible fiber with increased durability and improved ease of cleaning.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "1 x 4 Ways Switcher Splitter\n1 x Remote Control Transmitter(no battery)\nSuitable for droplight, crystal lamp, modern low-pressure lamp, absorb dome light, day flower lamp, fluorescent lamp, energy-saving lamps, exhaust fan, etc;\nIt can be used in household, stairs, corridor, washroom, toilet, workshop, warehouse, garage, factory lighting, etc;\nFast and easy to install, not obstructed by walls, capable of connecting any loads;\nRemote controller and switch can be used simultaneously for ease and flexibility;\nStable signal receiving.\nLaunch battery: 12V 23A (not included) for the remote controller;\nResistive load: maximum output power of single set is within 1000W(such as common incandescent light bulb, the light bulb);\nInductive load: maximum output power of single set is within 360W(like light with ballast: energy saving light, bracket lamp, absorb dome light)\nRemote control distance: about 8-15meters indoor, over 20m outdoor.\nThe remote transmitter can only control one switch. Other transmitter can’t be used with the switch.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "tall heat lamp heat lamp dimensions inch wide x inch deep x 3 8 inch tall tall adjustable infrared heat lamp.\nbattery operated touch lamp 3 led cordless stick touch lamp battery powered nightlight car interior light battery operated touch lamps.\nvery small lamp shades lamp pass through wall bamboo sticks in vase lamp shades for buffet lamps navy blue curtains small lamp shades amazon.\nlamp post solar light solar led lamp posts solar light post solar lights for deck deck solar lighting ideas lighting solar garden lamp post lights australia.\nfloor lamp for office desk lamps office table for living room bedroom nightstands amazon floor lamp contemporary tall with reading light corner led lights best floor lamp for dark office.\nfloor lamp stand only floor lamp stand floor lamp stand only floor lamp stand online india.\nsteuben lamp shade two signed green decorated shades on a silver library or desk lamp steuben aurene lamp shade.\nok lighting touch lamp medium size of way touch lamp way touch table lamp lamps stage lumis lighting touch lamps.\nceltic tiffany lamp lamprey mouth.\nlamp repair kit lowes lamp cord lamp cord covers touch lamp repair kit lowes.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Expensive Floor Lamp Industrial – Through the thousands of pictures on the net concerning floor lamp industrial\n, we all choices the best choices with greatest quality just for you, and this photographs is usually one among images collections inside our finest graphics gallery about Expensive Floor Lamp Industrial. I am hoping you may want it.\nThis kind of picture (Floor Lamp Industrial Beautiful Martinelli Luce Pipistrello Led Table Lamp) previously mentioned is classed together with: floor lamp diy,floor lamp eastbourne,floor lamp mirror like,floor lamp reading arm parts,floor lamp tier stehlampe,floor lamp uk,floor lamp vidin wood,floor lamps,floor lamps uk,floorlamp hermine brass,\nplaced by means of home_diy with 2018-12-11 11:55:35. To view many images with Expensive Floor Lamp Industrial images gallery you need to comply with this particular link.\nThe Stylish and Lovely floor lamp industrial\nfor Encourage Your house Provide Residence|Inviting AspirationHouse", "label": "No"}
{"text": "CHEEKON Garden lighting 10227-BZ fences post cap solar lamp is the new solar generation energy-saving and eco-friendly LED post cap light. It’s the sturdy and stylish solution for highlighting your home’s favorite landscaping or architectural details. With its elegant and detailed design, this solar post cap light is perfect to bring a nice style for both your front and backyard that will make your neighbors jealous. With the LED bulb technology, you won’t ever need to change a bulb again. Post caps light recharges with an energy efficient and high quality crystalline solar panel technology.\n- Compatible – fits to any standard 4″x4″ wood post, Opening size: 3.5 inches.\n- Crystalline silicon solar panels, More efficient than amorphous solar panels, charge faster and last longer.\n- Light Sensor, turn on at dusk and off at dawn automatically everyday with the photocell technology.\n- Weatherproof protective glass lens and a durable bronze finish with magnesium alloy body.\n- Included:1 x Post cap light; 1 x AA Ni-MH rechargeable battery; 1 x User Manual", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Quay Women's My Girl Sunglasses\nCat-eye Quay sunglasses with marbled acrylic insets at the polished frames. Mirrored lenses. Soft pouch included.\nQuay Vesper Sunnies\nQuay x Shay Mitchell collection in white with light pink frames. Stainless steel hinged and 100% UV protection. Brand: Quay Fiber Content: Polycarbonate\nQuay Capricorn Sunglasses\nShare the good vibes in these playfully oversized sunnies, perfect for the go-getter CAPRICORN in your life. Featuring mod squared frames, mixed metal and plastic, and both a mirrored and non-mirrored option, these sunnies are an easy addition to the #QUAYSQUAD lineup. Options: Black frame with Pink Mirror lens or Brown Tort with Brown lens Polycarbonate and Metal Frame. Polycarbonate Lens. Stainless Steel Hinges. Width: 145mm. Height: 58mm. Nose Gap: 14mm. Brand: Quay Australia Fiber Content: Polycarbonate and Metal Frame\nThese statement-making retro chic sunnies feature plastic frames with contrasting delicate metal temples, polished double bridge, rounded lenses and adjustable nose pads. 100% UV protection. Width: 150mm. Height: 55mm. Nose Gap: 12mm. Brand: Quay Australia Fiber Content: Polycarbonate and Metal Frame. Polycarbonate Lens. Stainless Steel Hinges.\nQuay Vesper Sunglasses\nAngular cat-eye frames with oversized silhouette by Quay Australia. Soft case included. 56mm lens width; 17mm bridge width; 142mm temple length. 100% UV protection. Polycarbonate. Brand: Quay Australia Made in: Australia Fiber Content: 100% polycarbonate\nQuay Jinx Sunglasses\nMake a statement with the Quay X Shay Mitchell Jinx shades in white! Slight cat eyes with brown tint. Brand: Quay Australia Fiber Content: Polycarbonate lens\nQuay Women's Mirrored Running Riot QU-000149-/RED Aviator Sunglasses\nThe Running Riot sunglasses by Quay is the go-to accessory for everyone this season With the Aviator style and bold color these sunglasses will become a staple item in your summer wardrobe The red mirrored lens give off the cool girl vibe while the top bar makes your look feel retro Be the trendsetter and style these Quay Running Riot sunglasses your own way\nQuay Invader Sunglasses\nInvader sunglasses by Quay Australia. These sunnies are white metal with blue tinted polycarbonate lenses. 100% UV protection and soft case included. Make heads turn this Spring and Summer in the Invaders! Brand: Quay Australia Fiber Content: Metal, polycarbonate\nQuay Women's Fleur 49Mm Round Sunglasses - Gold/ Green\nStand out on the festival scene in these funky sunglasses designed with classic round lenses set inside cutout metal frames. Brand: QUAY AUSTRALIA. Style Name:Quay Australia Fleur 49Mm Round Sunglasses. Style Number: 5338643. Available in stores.\nQuay My Girl Cat Eye Sunglasses, 55mm\nMetallic accents update Quay's beach-ready sunnies at the bridge and frame corners. 100% UV protection Logo at temples 55 mm lens width Imported Prop 65 Notice for CA customers\nFree Shipping 100USD+Quay High Emotion Sunglasses\nBorn roadside on the festival circuit with Linda and Allen Hammond in 2004, Quay Eyewear Australia is a notoriously cool, affordable and quirky range of sunnies for the nonconforming and freethinking. As word spread, the eyewear label continued to flourish and joined by son Zak, launched in the international market in 2009. Acetate frames 100% UV protection Includes pouch 50-22-145 in mm.\nQuay My Girl Cat-Eye White & Silver Sunglasses\nSweet meets sassy in the My Girl Cat-Eye Sunglasses by Quay. These sunglasses have an oversized cat-eye shape, tinted lenses and 100% UV protection. Polycarbonate and metal frame Polycarbonate lenses 100% UV Protection Width: 150mm, Height: 55mm, Nose Gap: 15mm Sku # 0650497400049\nQuay **high emotion white marble/blue\nKeep your accessories look on-point in these sunglasses by Quay with an mirrored lens. We love the classic shape. 100% Plastic. Wipe light marks with a cloth. Color: WHITE Code: 63A01JWHT\nQuay Last Dance Rounded Cat Eye Sunglasses, 53mm\n100% UV protection Logo at lens corner Lens width: 53 mm Bridge width: 13 mm Arm length: 135 mm Includes soft case Imported\nQuay **my girl siunglasses\nAdd instant glamour to your summer accessories with these sunglasses by Quay Australia, with a cool marble-look frame and black lens.100% Plastic. Color: WHITE Code: 63A15JWHT\nQuay My Girl Sunglasses\nCat-eye Quay sunglasses with marbled acrylic insets at the polished frames. Mirrored lenses. Soft pouch included. Cateye frame. Non-polarized lenses. Imported, China. Measurements Width: 6in / 15cm Height: 2.25in / 5.5cm Lens Width: 53mm\nQuay Fleur Sunglasses\nQUAY sunglasses with cutout metal frames. Soft pouch included. Round frame. Non-polarized lenses. Imported, China. Measurements Width: 5.5in / 14cm Height: 2.25in / 5.5cm Lens Width: 50mm\nQuay Supergirl Sunglasses\nEnameled Quay sunglasses in a modern cat-eye shape. Mirrored lenses. Soft case included. Cateye frame. Non-polarized lenses. Imported, China. Measurements Width: 6in / 15cm Height: 2.25in / 5.5cm Lens Width: 53mm\nQuay French Kiss Sunglasses\nTranslucent trim surrounds the mirrored lenses of these chic Quay sunglasses. Soft case included. Cateye frame. Non-polarized lenses. Imported, China. Measurements Width: 6in / 15cm Height: 2.25in / 5.5cm Lens Width: 55mm\nQuay Noosa Sunglasses\nEye-catching Quay sunglasses with a marbled finish and colorful mirrored lenses. Soft case included. Cateye frame. Non-polarized lenses. Imported, China. Measurements Width: 5.75in / 14.5cm Height: 2in / 5cm Lens Width: 57mm\nQuay My Girl Oversized Cat-Eye Sunglasses\nFrom Quay Australia, the My Girl women's sunglasses feature: plastic-coated metal oversized cat-eye frame metal bridge curved temples 100% UV protection prescription compatible approx. 50mm lens width; 20mm bridgh width; 145mm temple length Imported.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Hand Operated Eye Mechanism for Puppets\nHurry! Only 2 Left in Stock!\nThese blinking eyes are fully mechanical, hand operated via the pull-down lever, and are mounted on a base plate ready to be fitted into a puppets head!\nYou can cover the eyelids in fleece/fur to match the puppet project you're working on.\nThese eyes have been hand designed and printed using ABS filament and polished to a smooth matte finish, on a 3D printer. Each eyelid measures 48mm across and the eye is 44mm.\nWe can supply any colour/design iris with this order, please see photos for eye options, or alternatively they can be left blank for your own painting.\n★★Please specify iris colour when you order these eyes!★★", "label": "No"}
{"text": "How long before you can sleep on your side after cataract surgery?\nCataract surgery should not affect how you sleep, aside from wearing the protective eye shield to avoid rubbing the eye. Rubbing your eye or even water splashing in your eye can aggravate the chances of infection. You may also want to avoid sleeping on the side of the operated eye for the first 24 hours.\nHow long after cataract surgery can I resume normal activities?\nYou may be able to go back to light activity within a few days to a week after cataract surgery. Light walking, stretching, and activities that do not involve placing your head lower than your body, bending at the waist, heavy lifting, or high intensity are generally acceptable within a day or two after surgery.\nDo and don’ts after cataract surgery?\nTime to Heal Immediately after the surgery, avoid bending over as it puts added pressure on your eye. Try not to sneeze for the same reasons. Do not drive the day after your surgery. We don’t want you to do any strenuous exercise or heavy lifting for the first few weeks after your surgery.\nWhat is ghosting after cataract surgery?\nSome people describe halos, ghosting, slight overlapping of images (not double vision) and unexpected flashes of light. The medical term for all these changes is dysphotopsia.\nHow long does it take for eyes to adjust after cataract surgery?\nTypically, within eight weeks, both eyes should have fully healed and your vision should be stable. While cataract surgery and the use of IOLs can reduce your dependence on glasses or contacts, most patients still need reading glasses, or a lighter general prescription.\nShould I wear my old glasses after cataract surgery?\nAre they safe to wear? You will not harm your eyes by wearing your old glasses. However, you may prefer not wearing them since, in most cases, your vision will have improved after surgery, in particular your distance vision.\nHow long does it take to get used to monovision?\n1 to 2 weeks\nCan the lens move after cataract surgery?\nThe dislocation of the artificial lens implant, the intraocular lens (IOL), can also occur during or after cataract surgery. The IOL can shift from its proper position or fall into the vitreous cavity. In this case, vitreous surgery is needed to replace the IOL into its correct position.\nHow long does it take for your vision to stabilize after cataract surgery with lens implant?\nThe consensus seems to be that it takes 1-3 months. So you should expect your eyes to have stabilized 2-4 months after the surgery. You’ll probably have another Ophthalmologist appointment around that time. That’s when you should be ready to have your eyes tested and be given a new glasses prescription if needed.\nIs it normal to see edge of lens after cataract surgery?\nThis is the patient perceiving the edge of the IOL, which usually only happens at night. It’s a common complaint and rarely a serious problem if you tell patients that seeing an occasional arc is normal. It usually resolves over time—especially if the capsule overlaps the IOL edge.\nWhat holds the new lens in place after cataract surgery?\nDuring most cataract surgery procedures, the IOL is placed inside the capsular bag, a sack-like structure in the eye that previously contained the cloudy lens. In some situations, this extremely thin capsular bag or the fibers that hold it in place rupture and the IOL support is compromised.\nWhat can go wrong with lens replacement?\nOne of the risks of lens replacement surgery is that in some cases there may be some residual short or long-sightedness, or astigmatism following the procedure. Therefore spectacles may be required for specific tasks such as reading small print or driving.\nHow long does it take for a lens implant to heal?\nHow long does it take to recover from surgery for an intraocular lens implant (IOL)? It’ll take about 8 weeks to fully heal. During that time: Keep your eye covered with a patch or glasses for the first several days — even when you sleep.\nCan a lens implant be redone?\nCan the IOL be removed and replaced? Although it is rarely necessary, the IOL can be removed and replaced. Although the need to remove the lens is very unusual, the most common reason would be that the power is incorrect, despite all of the preliminary calculations.\nIs it possible to have cataract surgery twice?\nDuring cataract surgery, the natural cataract-affected lens is removed entirely and replaced with an artificial lens. So, it is actually impossible to get another cataract.\nCan your vision get worse after cataract surgery?\nNo, your vision generally doesn’t deteriorate after cataract surgery unless other problems arise, such as macular degeneration or glaucoma. In cataract surgery, the eye doctor (ophthalmologist) removes the clouded lens from your eye and replaces it with a clear, artificial lens.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Welcome to Bothwin (China) Limited. a professional manufacturer of lighting products,such as cherry tree light, maple tree light, palm tree light, fiber optic tree light,etc. The products with unique functions are well-d ...\nbothwin (china) limited\n22F, Block JIAFUGE, Caifu building, Caitiannan roa\nNot a Member?\nJoin Free Now\nAlready a member? Sign In", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Photorefractive keratectomy (PRK)\nPRK uses a laser to sculpt the cornea for the treatment of low to moderate degrees of nearsightedness and farsightedness, with or without astigmatism. The outer layer of the cornea, the epithelium, is first removed and the excimer laser then reshapes the cornea. A temporary contact lens is then placed over the cornea. As the cornea heals and a new epithelium is made to cover the area reshaped by the laser, there may be some discomfort and blurred vision. After the epithelium is healed within a few days, the contact is removed, it may take several months before the best vision is obtained.\nLaser in situ keratomilieusis (LASIK)\nLASIK is a popular surgical procedure that also uses the excimer laser to reshape the cornea. This procedure has been approved by the FDA for nearsightedness, farsightedness and mild to moderate amounts of astigmatism.\nThis technique first creates a thin corneal flap using an instrument called a microkeratome, and then reshapes the underlying cornea with a laser. The flap is then replaced in its original position to cover the cornea. No contact lenses are generally needed and the improvement in vision is much more rapid than PRK. There will be some discomfort for a few hours after the procedure and patients are generally very comfortable the next day.\nAdvantages over PRK:\nLaser-assisted sub-epithelial keratomilieusis (LASEK)\nThis is a variant of PRK where the corneal epithelium is loosened by the use of alcohol and then the PRK is performed. The epithelium is then folded back onto the cornea and a bandage contact lens is placed over the eye. This may help in healing compared with the PRK but will be slower than the LASIK procedure.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Sony a7 Overview\nAn extremely light and portable camera, the Sony a7 holds a resolution of 24 megapixels. The camera is a part of Sony’s new lineup and has been praised by many photographers. It gives a full-frame performance and is one of the best mirrorless cameras. With a full-frame CMOS sensor, the camera gives an accurate and clear shot with both images and videos. With up to 4 fps speed priority continuous shooting, the Sony a7 also consists of ISO 100-25600, helping it perform better.\nEquipped with the ability to capture raw videos and images, this camera is preferred to be used when in need of a professional yet durable camera. The Sony A7 review aims to highlight that this is an interchangeable lens camera with 2.4 million dot OLED viewfinder and an expandable shoe system. It also has the ability to connect over Wi-Fi. The camera with its full-frame sensor has great applications. It also comes with Fast Intelligent AF, which make is more responsive and accurate.\nSome additional features include connectivity to smartphones, an app to allow feature upgrades, Fast Hybrid phase detection, remote camera control, multi-interface, new eye AF control, XGA OLED Tru-Finder and much more.\nSony a7 YouTube Performance Review\nThe Sony a7 camera has the ability to capture full 1920 x 1080 HD clean-screen videos which are uncompressed. These videos can also be recorded to external recording devices with the help of the available HDMI connection in 60p and 60i frame rates. The camera also includes a standard 60i, cinematic 24p, and super-smooth 60p frame rate, which is selectable from the built-in AVCHD codec frame rates.\nDue to its robust sensor, the Sony a7 is able to capture high-quality videos in low light. The camera comes with a microphone jack and two inputs, which allow you to plug in external mics.\n- The Sony a7 has a very robust feel to it\n- Zoom field can be moved in order to focus more accurately\n- The auto focus is very good\n- Custom keys available\n- Captures good films and images in low light\n- You can control the audio while recording\n- The menu structure is pretty clear\n- Excellent EVF and LCD, allowing minimal camera setups\n- Only microHDMI is available\n- The location of the record button is not feasible\n- Consists of only 4x zoom\nSumming up the Sony a7 review with an overall rating of 4.5 out of 5, the camera has been praised for its sleek design and compactness. Since it consists of a strong sensor, it has the ability to take accurate and clear pictures. Also, the camera is able to perform quite well in the dark. The image quality of the camera is better as compared to its video results. The camera also comes with image stabilization, which allows it to take clearer images. It also has a wide range and a quick response.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Does the Micromax Canvas Xpress 4G Q413 really need a glass screen protector? Because the Micromax Canvas Xpress 4G Q413 already comes with gorilla glass, that will protect the front glass. Once you drop the device by accident, the glass has a limit to survive from the heavy power. That is why you need a high quality tempered glass for Micromax Canvas Xpress 4G Q413. glass screen protector is a thin glass that will stick on Micromax Canvas Xpress 4G Q413s front panel.\n1.Ultra-clear High Definition with transparency to allow an optimal viewing experience.\n2.The tempered glass is very good quality.\n3.The tempered glass will be arrived your shop or home in 72 hours with fast shipment.\n4.The tempered glass screen protector goes on easily without bubbles.\nPackage: Retail Box\nEstimated Shipping Weight: 48g", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Proper lighting is essential for creating a productive and comfortable workspace. Whether you work from home or in an office, having the right lighting can make a significant difference in your overall well-being and productivity. In this article, we will explore some tips for illuminating your workspace and creating an eye-friendly setup.\nFirst and foremost, natural light is the best source of illumination. If possible, position your desk near a window to take advantage of the natural light during the day. Natural light not only provides a more pleasant and soothing environment but also helps reduce eye strain and fatigue. However, it’s important to avoid direct sunlight on your computer screen, as it can cause glare and make it difficult to see.\nIn addition to natural light, it’s crucial to have proper artificial lighting in your workspace. A combination of ambient, task, and accent lighting can help create a well-lit and visually appealing environment. Ambient lighting provides overall illumination and should be evenly distributed throughout the room. This can be achieved through ceiling lights, floor lamps, or wall sconces.\nTask lighting is essential for specific activities such as reading, writing, or working on a computer. A desk lamp with an adjustable arm and a shade that directs light downward is ideal for providing focused lighting without causing glare. Position the lamp to the side of your dominant hand to minimize shadows on your work surface.\nAccent lighting adds depth and visual interest to your workspace. It can be achieved through the use of spotlights, track lighting, or even decorative string lights. Accent lighting can be particularly useful if you have artwork or decorative elements in your workspace that you want to highlight.\nWhen setting up your workspace, consider the placement of your lighting fixtures. Avoid placing lights directly above your computer screen, as this can cause glare and make it difficult to see. Instead, position the lights slightly behind or to the side of your monitor to minimize reflections.\nLastly, don’t forget to take regular breaks and give your eyes a rest. Staring at a screen for extended periods can lead to eye strain and discomfort. Follow the 20-20-20 rule: every 20 minutes, look away from your screen and focus on an object at least 20 feet away for 20 seconds. This simple exercise can help reduce eye fatigue and keep your eyes feeling refreshed.\nIn conclusion, proper lighting is crucial for creating a comfortable and eye-friendly workspace. Incorporate natural light, use a combination of ambient, task, and accent lighting, and position your lights strategically to minimize glare. Remember to take regular breaks and give your eyes a rest. By following these tips, you can illuminate your workspace and create an environment that promotes productivity and well-being.\nIntroduction: The Importance of Proper Lighting in Your Workspace\nProper lighting in your workspace is crucial for both productivity and eye health. The right lighting can enhance your focus, reduce eye strain, and create a comfortable and inviting environment. On the other hand, poor lighting can lead to decreased productivity, eye fatigue, and even long-term eye damage. Therefore, it is essential to understand the impact of lighting on your work environment and take steps to optimize it.\nUnderstanding the Impact of Lighting on Productivity and Eye Health\nThe impact of lighting on productivity and eye health cannot be overstated. Studies have shown that well-lit workspaces can increase productivity by up to 20%. Bright lighting stimulates the brain, improves alertness, and enhances cognitive function. On the other hand, dim or inadequate lighting can lead to decreased focus, reduced motivation, and increased errors.\nMoreover, improper lighting can have detrimental effects on eye health. Insufficient lighting can cause eye strain, dryness, and discomfort, leading to headaches and decreased visual acuity. Prolonged exposure to poor lighting conditions can even contribute to long-term eye problems such as myopia and astigmatism.\nAssessing Your Workspace: Evaluating Current Lighting Conditions\nBefore making any changes to your lighting setup, it is essential to assess your current workspace. Take note of the existing lighting conditions, including the type of lighting fixtures, their placement, and the overall brightness. Pay attention to any areas that are too bright or too dim, as well as any glare or reflections on your computer screen or work surface.\nNatural Lighting: Harnessing the Power of Sunlight for a Brighter Workspace\nNatural lighting is a valuable asset in any workspace. Sunlight provides a full spectrum of light that is beneficial for both productivity and eye health. Position your desk near a window to maximize the amount of natural light you receive. However, be mindful of direct sunlight, as it can cause glare and discomfort. Consider using blinds or curtains to control the amount of sunlight entering your workspace.\nArtificial Lighting: Choosing the Right Light Bulbs for Optimal Illumination\nIn addition to natural lighting, artificial lighting plays a significant role in creating a well-lit workspace. When choosing light bulbs, opt for those that mimic natural light as closely as possible. LED bulbs are an excellent choice as they provide bright, energy-efficient illumination. Look for bulbs with a high color rendering index (CRI) to ensure accurate color representation.\nTask Lighting: Enhancing Focus and Minimizing Eye Strain\nTask lighting is a valuable addition to any workspace, especially for tasks that require focused attention. Desk lamps or adjustable arm lights can provide targeted illumination, reducing eye strain and improving visual clarity. Position the task light to the side of your dominant hand to minimize shadows and glare on your work surface.\nPositioning Your Lighting: Creating a Balanced and Glare-Free Workspace\nProper positioning of lighting fixtures is crucial to create a balanced and glare-free workspace. Avoid placing lights directly above your head or behind your computer screen, as this can cause shadows and glare. Instead, position the lights at an angle to minimize reflections and ensure even illumination across your workspace.\nColor Temperature: Selecting the Right Lighting Hue for Your Needs\nColor temperature refers to the warmth or coolness of light. Different tasks may require different color temperatures to optimize productivity and visual comfort. For tasks that require focus and concentration, such as reading or detailed work, choose bulbs with a cooler color temperature (5000K-6500K). For tasks that require a more relaxed atmosphere, such as brainstorming or creative work, opt for warmer color temperatures (2700K-3500K).\nDimmers and Adjustable Lighting: Customizing Illumination to Suit Your Tasks\nHaving the ability to adjust the brightness of your lighting is essential for creating a comfortable workspace. Dimmers or adjustable lighting fixtures allow you to customize the illumination to suit your specific tasks and preferences. Lower the brightness for tasks that require less visual acuity, and increase it for tasks that demand more focus and attention.\nReducing Glare and Reflections: Minimizing Eye Fatigue and Discomfort\nGlare and reflections can cause significant eye fatigue and discomfort. To reduce glare, use matte finishes on your desk surface and computer screen. Position your monitor at a right angle to any windows or light sources to minimize reflections. Anti-glare filters or screen protectors can also be used to reduce glare on your computer screen.\nErgonomic Considerations: Combining Lighting with Proper Desk Setup\nProper lighting should be combined with an ergonomic desk setup to create a comfortable and efficient workspace. Position your monitor at eye level to reduce strain on your neck and eyes. Ensure that your desk and chair are at the correct height to maintain proper posture. By combining proper lighting with ergonomic considerations, you can create a workspace that promotes productivity and protects your eye health.\nMaintenance and Upkeep: Ensuring Longevity and Efficiency of Your Lighting Setup\nLastly, it is crucial to regularly maintain and upkeep your lighting setup to ensure its longevity and efficiency. Clean your light fixtures and bulbs regularly to remove dust and dirt that can reduce their brightness. Replace any burnt-out bulbs promptly to maintain optimal illumination. Additionally, consider upgrading to energy-efficient lighting options to reduce energy consumption and lower your carbon footprint.\nIn conclusion, proper lighting in your workspace is essential for productivity and eye health. By understanding the impact of lighting, assessing your current setup, and implementing the tips mentioned above, you can create a well-lit and eye-friendly workspace that enhances your focus, minimizes eye strain, and promotes overall well-being. Remember, a well-illuminated workspace is a key ingredient for success.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Sourcetool Global Business to Business Directory\nSourceTool Profile Matches for the product or service: abrasive cloth\nJet Abrasives Inc is a manufacturer of a coated abrasive products since 1969.\nJet Abrasives Inc\nVernon United States\nJet Abrasives Inc offers belt products.Their products include cloth belts, surface conditioning belts, paper belts, small diameter PDQ discs, the PDQ mounting system for small diameter discs, resin fiber discs, the PDQ mounting system for resin fiber discs, etc.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Sony Camera Outlet\nCamera 2019 - Sony Camera Outlet, Amazon.com : sony dscw830 20.1 mp digital camera with 2.7, Cyber-shot digital camera w830. it’s the amazingly easy-to-use camera that slips right in your pocket—with an 8x optical zoom, 20.1mp photos and beautifully-detailed hd videos.. Amazon.com : sony nex-5tl mirrorless digital camera with, The nex-5t is a powerful, pocketable digital camera – great for capturing incredible pictures almost anywhere. features include exceptional image quality from the large aps-c image sensor and precise focusing with fast hybrid af and interchangeable lens capability.. Sony usa - electronics, playstation, movies, music, See everything new from the world of sony usa—including electronics, playstation, movies, music and tv shows—plus find support for your sony products..\nSony Camera Outlet - rick astley - never gonna give you up (video) - youtube\nΤο επίσημο youtube κανάλι της media markt greece. http: facebook rickroll548 as long as trolls are still trolling, the rick will never stop rolling.\nCamera spot | home, About camera spot . as a mainstay in buffalo since 1951, delaware camera has always been a full service camera store with both a lab and fully-stocked sales floor.. Sony a6300 alpha mirrorless digital camera ilce6300/b b&h, Sony alpha a6300: first look; fast-focusing and 4k-shooting, the black alpha a6300 from sony is a versatile aps-c-format mirrorless digital camera designed for multimedia image-makers. revolving around a redeveloped 24.2mp exmor cmos sensor and bionz x image processor, clean image quality is provided with a wide expandable sensitivity range to iso 51200, along with accelerated readout speeds .. Sony® cyber-shot dscw800b digital camera, 20.1mp, 5x, Shop staples for great deals on sony® cyber-shot dscw800b digital camera, 20.1mp, 5x optical zoom, 720 hd video, 2.7\" lcd screen, black..", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Myopia, commonly known as nearsightedness, is a prevalent vision condition that affects millions of people worldwide. While it is widely accepted that genetics plays a significant role in the development of myopia, there is still much debate and uncertainty about the precise mechanisms through which it is inherited. In this article, we will delve into the complex world of myopia genetics, examining the reasons behind its hereditary nature, and explore potential solutions and preventive measures. We will also address the unique case presented by the author, where neither parent had congenital myopia, yet their child is at risk.\nUnderstanding Myopia Genetics\nMyopia is a refractive error where the eye focuses light in front of the retina, causing distant objects to appear blurry. Genetics has long been recognized as a crucial factor in myopia development. Research suggests that myopia is a polygenic trait, meaning that multiple genes are involved in its inheritance. These genes influence various aspects of eye growth and development.\n- The Role of Family History: It is not uncommon for myopia to run in families. Individuals with parents who have myopia are more likely to develop myopia themselves. This family connection points to a genetic component, but it is not the whole story. Inherited genetic factors interact with environmental factors to determine an individual’s risk of developing myopia.\n- Gene Variants Associated with Myopia: Scientists have identified several genes and gene variants associated with myopia susceptibility. These genes are involved in processes such as eye growth, scleral remodeling, and the regulation of eye shape. However, the interplay between these genes and environmental factors remains complex and poorly understood.\n- Environmental Factors: While genetics is a significant contributor to myopia, environmental factors also play a crucial role. Factors like excessive near-work, limited outdoor time, and high screen time have been linked to an increased risk of myopia development, particularly in children.\nThe Unique Case of Inherited Myopia\nThe author’s case presents an intriguing puzzle: neither parent had congenital myopia, and both maintained good eyesight during their school years. However, their child is showing signs of myopia progression at a very young age. To understand this scenario, we must consider several factors:\n- Genetic Predisposition: While neither parent had congenital myopia, they may still carry genetic variants that increase the risk of myopia in their offspring. Myopia is a complex trait influenced by multiple genes, and it is possible for individuals to carry these risk alleles without being nearsighted themselves.\n- Environmental Factors: The environment in which a child grows up can significantly impact their risk of developing myopia. Factors like increased screen time, reduced outdoor activities, and prolonged near-work can contribute to myopia progression in genetically predisposed individuals.\n- Early Intervention: It is essential to recognize signs of myopia in children early on and take preventive measures. Regular eye examinations and discussions with eye care professionals can help identify myopia in its early stages and allow for the implementation of interventions like orthokeratology, which can slow down the progression of myopia.\n- The Role of Genetics in Myopia Onset: While congenital myopia is one form of myopia, it is not the only way myopia can develop. Myopia can manifest later in life due to a combination of genetic predisposition and environmental factors. It is possible for children to inherit a genetic susceptibility to myopia, even if their parents did not experience it until later in life.\nSolutions and Preventive Measures\nGiven the increasing prevalence of myopia worldwide, understanding its genetic basis is crucial. Here are some strategies to address myopia and potentially prevent its onset or progression:\n- Regular Eye Examinations: Routine eye check-ups for children are essential for early detection of myopia. This allows for timely intervention and management.\n- Outdoor Time: Encourage children to spend more time outdoors, as studies suggest that increased outdoor activities may reduce the risk of myopia development.\n- Limit Screen Time: Monitor and limit screen time for children, as excessive screen use can contribute to myopia progression.\n- Vision Hygiene: Promote healthy vision habits, such as taking breaks from near-work, maintaining proper lighting, and using ergonomically designed workspaces.\n- Orthokeratology: Consider orthokeratology as an option for myopia control in children. This non-surgical treatment involves the use of special contact lenses that reshape the cornea overnight, potentially slowing myopia progression.\nThe genetics of myopia is a complex and multifaceted subject. While heredity plays a significant role in myopia development, it is not the sole determinant. Environmental factors and lifestyle choices also influence an individual’s risk of developing myopia. The unique case presented by the author highlights the intricate interplay between genetics and environmental factors.\nTo address the issue of myopia, it is essential to focus on early detection, preventive measures, and intervention strategies. Regular eye examinations, outdoor activities, and limiting screen time are crucial steps in managing myopia in children. Understanding the genetic basis of myopia will continue to be a topic of research, with the hope of developing more targeted interventions and personalized treatments in the future.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "the principle of linear vibrating screen linear vibration screen uses dual-motors as vibration source making materials be tossed and move forward in a straight line on the screen surface. linear screening machine can be supplied of different sizes depending upon capacity required.\nbrowsing for high quality rotary vibration screen the best online shopping experience is guaranteed! 884 high quality rotary vibration screen products from 294 high quality rotary vibration screen suppliers on alibaba.com for sale are available!talk with suppliers directly to customize your desired product and ask for the lowest price good discount and shipping fees.\nhigh speed rec in full hd for high-quality slow motion 3 shoot in full hd at 120fps (ntsc/pal) edit the footage after shooting and the resulting slow-motion images of the movie will look startlingly smooth and sharp in playback.\nthe high quality and reliability standards of the wd brand. following a fit test the enterprise system group (esg) testing validates interoperability with hbas operating systems and drivers to ensure an even greater level of quality reliability and peace of mind. wd also has a detailed knowledge base with helpful articles and software\nhigh quality linear vibrating screen made in china (ypj) introduction ypj series of four bearings circular vibrating screens are newly developed by our company with imported british technology. it has the feature of simple construction and smooth starting and stoppage.\nvibrating screen providing you the best range of circular gyro vibrator screen circular vibrating screen horizontal vibrating screen linear motion vibrating screens star vibratory gyro screens and vibrating screen with effective & timely delivery.\nscanning performance on poor quality bar codes. from high density linear to 2d bar codes found directly on the screen of a mobile device xenon 1900 decodes virtually all bar codes with ease. a new space-saving design that mounts critical components on a single board eliminates the need for connectors. a more reliable design with\nthen you need solutions which can be specially adapted in order to achieve the high quality required. our solutions schenck process linear vibrating screens fulfil all these requirements perfectly\nthe robust screen frame is manufactured depending on the application either in welded or in bolted and glued design. these screens can be driven by one or several ife exciter drives or by a pair of ife unbalanced motors. ife linear motion vibrating screens can be equipped with all different kinds of screen mats available on the market.\nbalanced optical steadyshot ™ - 5-axis intelligent active mode our advanced image stabilization suppresses camera shake to stabilize a movie as it is being shot within the wide-angle-to-telephoto zoom range even under unsteady conditions. 5-axis intelligent active mode compensates for vibration in five different directions so you can shoot stable high-quality movies even while running.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Using the power of the sun, light any dark area and add extra security with Sunforce 120 LED Solar Motion Light Ideal for all locations including entryways, garages, pathways, sheds, and remote areas Amorphous solar panel charges in all daylight conditions, does not need direct sunlightGet a Quote\n10W LED Solar Power Motion Sensor Garden Yard Lamp Outdoor waterproof flood light. US $6.70-$7.30 10W 30W 50W 120W 150W Led Solar Powered Motion Sensor Flood Light, Waterproof Security Outdoor Lighting Floodlight Garden lamp . US $33.00-$38.00 / Set\ncontrol street light solar & street lights techno stores intergrated smart lighting time control deep cycle life po4 battery pir motion high quality 6500k automatic light control solar street light 40w 60w motion sensor remote control. us $20.91-$23.00 led street light 30w 50w 70w 100w outdoor ip66 cri>80 aluminium die casting led street light 30Get a Quote\nThis solar powered light has 60 super bright LEDs and is activated by any motion up to 40 ft. away. The amorphous solar panel recharges the batteries even during overcast days. With a 15 ft. wire and a 120° angle the solar panel can be place in an area with maximum sun exposure. This feature allows for use of the Motion Activated Security Light in any area shielded from sunlight which would\nfind many great new & used options and get the best deals for 900000lm 80w commercial kuwait project solar street light solar ip67 area road lamp+remote+pole at the best online prices at ebay! free shipping for many products! 2x 450000lm 90w led solar outdoor street light motion sensor area road spotlight. c $174.74. solar led walkway & path lights forGet a Quote\nFree 2-day shipping. Buy 2PCS 10W COB LED Solar Power Wall Light Solar Powered Security Lights with Motion Sensor Waterproof Wall Lights Security Lamp for Garden Back Door Patio Backyard Stairs Landscape at Walmart.com\nit is always our best endeavor to supply the right led street lights, solar led street light, light for residential and commercial solar at the right time at the right cost. it is in a state of low voltage where it can work to steadiness. moreover, led street light has a better visual experience. furthermore, it has a more drawn out existence of aroundGet a Quote\nThe Defiant 1000 Lumens Solar Motion Light is a dual head LED motion activated light. No wiring is needed for installation, making it simple to install in minutes and ideal for remote areas or places without power. It runs entirely on solar energy that's stored in rechargeable batteries for use at night, when the light is activated by motion. The light provides generous illumination up to 1000Get a Quote\nMar 25, 2021 · led solar powered motion sensor lightSolar Lights Outdoor with Motion Sensor, 3 Heads Security Lights Solar Powered, 70 LED Flood Lig…\nshenzhen manufacturer second sun brand king kong series 100w motion sensor led lights. us $320 95.0% response rate. 5.0 (2) reliable supplier fast shipping contact supplier. 1/6. king kong u7 led driving fog lamp work spot lamp headlight motorbike 3000lm driving street solar light pdf in Central Luzon king kong. us $95.00-$325.00 / piece. 1 piece (minGet a Quote\n100 LED Waterproof Solar Powered Motion Sensor Wall Light with 270° Wide Angle - 600 Lumen in the Security & Floodlights category was sold for R91.00 on 5 …Get a Quote\nLED Solar Motion Sensor Lights. Showing 1–24 of 33 results. Filters HY-62T Solar Powered Light + PIR Motion Sensor LED Wall Light Street Lamp. Solar LED Lighting, 10W LED Flood Light with Motion Sensor -Black. SKU: n/a. R 291.50. Add to cart. Showing 1–24 of 33 results. 1; 2\nchina solar system supplier, 8m split solar garden lamp used for street, solar garden light manufacturers/ suppliers - Guatemala technology inc. affordable led solar lamp energy light for indoor solar lighting fob price: us $19-23 / set 24v 130ah lithium ion battery pack solar power system fob price: us $253-266 / piece. minGet a Quote\nThe new Defiant Solar Powered LED motion security light contains new innovative Battery Backup Power technology. When fully charged by sunshine, the fixture provides 600 Lumens of light. On days when sunshine is not present and solar charging cannot take place, the Battery Backup feature powers the fixture to 200 Lumens of light.Get a Quote\n220V LED Flood Light PIR 10W-100W Motion Sensor Outdoor Lamp Security Light. $12.27. Solar 70 LED Motion Sensor Light Remote Outdoor Garden Path Street Wall Lamp. $30.80. 100 LED Solar Powered PIR Motion Sensor Security Light Outdoor Garden Path Lamp. 4.1 out of 5 stars (11)Get a Quote\nModern outdoor Solar Powered Floodlight with PIR motion sensor and built in high power LED lights. This high quality security light features an integrated PIR motion sensor that allows the light to automatically switch on when motion is detected and then switch itself back off again. Includes high quality batteries that are powered by sunlight.\nchinese split type solar street light brsolar.net 60w 90w with remote control, find details about china turtle solar led street light lamp, solar street light from chinese solar street lighting projector for sale 60w 90w with remote control - dongguan faye lighting co., ltd. sign in. join free for buyer. search products & suppliers solar panel. 15w (6v) battery. 12ah/6.4v. beam angle. 120Get a Quote\n120°& 17FT SENSOR RANGE: The solar lights built-in PIR motion sensor, and motion could be detected within 120° detection range and a 17 feet sensor length. It is sensitive enough to use as a security light for the house, bring you convenient and safety at night.\n100 w solar led parking lot light price in Jordan with motion sensor, remote control. fourways, fourways, sunninghill and lonehill. solar power motion sensor 212 led wall light - r198. port elizabeth, port elizabeth and nelson mandela bay brand new 60w integrated solar led street lights 60w. pretoria, gauteng. r 750.Get a Quote\nProduct Title TORCHSTAR 20 LED 320LM Solar Powered Motion Sensor Lights, Wireless Outdoor Wall Lighting, White. Average Rating: (4.5) out of 5 stars 105 ratings, based on 105 reviews. Current Price $10.15 $ 10. 15 - $24.99 $ 24. 99.Get a Quote\nSolar Powered Dual LED Light - (2) 10W Lamps - 12 Hr Run Time - Day/Night Photocell or Motion Sensor\n2019 hot sell solar powered 118 LED waterproof outdoor security outdoor pir motion sensor solar outdoor wall light 1. One light, one accessory bag one manual in a maibox(see attached package picture) 2.mailbox size is 115*55*307mm 3.25pcs put in an exporter carton box. 4.carton box size is 60*30*32.5cm Picture Example:Get a Quote\nWireless outdoor LED s olar s ensor l ights are in top 5 solar powered products in Australia that have been searched for online shopping. Outdoor LED s olar s ensor l ights are exterior lighting features that convert solar power into electric energy to supply lighting without wired electricity. The battery is charged by the sun, so the cords are not getting in the way.Get a Quote\nSolar-powered light with 1000 lumen output for bright lighting. Motion-activated sensor with 180° detection and 70 ft. range. Included mounting clip ensures easy installation. 100% Solar powered, uses no electricity, save on energy. Motion activated security light with 180° detection range up to 70 ft\nsolar streetlights have solar panes integrated in them, which convert sunlight to electric power in the morning and save it to the battery. solar powered led street lights, component of solar garden light useds get up to 60% off !! get a big discount on solar inverters, solar panels, refrigerators, street lights, and all other solar products.Get a Quote\nMar 25, 2021 · 10W Garden Floodlights & Security Lights with Solar Sensor10W 4500LM White Light IP65 Waterproof LED Solar Flood Light w/ Remote ControlFind many great new & used options and get the best deals for 10W 4500LM White Light IP65 Waterpr…20X 10W LED Flood Light PIR Motion Sensor Warm White High Power Outdoor LightingFind many great new & used options and get the best deals for 4X 10W LED Flood Lights PIR Motion S…Outdoor 118 LED Solar Lights PIR Motion Sensor Light Garden Wall Lamp WaterproofFind many great new & used options and get the best deals for 208 LED Waterproof Solar Power PIR …See a full list on ebay.comGet a Quote\n(38) 38 product ratings - ROCKLINE SOLAR PIR 2 LED POWERED MOTION SENSOR WALL GARDEN SECURITY BRIGHT LIGHT. £11.95. Free postage. 70 sold. 100 LED Solar Powered PIR Motion Sensor Garden Wall Light Security Flood Outdoor 20 LED Solar Powered PIR Motion Sensor Light Outdoor Garden Security Wall Lights. £4.99. Free postage.\nfind many great new & used options and get the best deals for 1690000lm 70w led solar outdoor street light pir motion sensor area floodlight at the best online prices at ebay! 16000000lm 3000 lumen ufo solar garden light used in Plaza pir motion sensor outdoor lighting+remote+pole. $28.87. free shipping 13w/6v polycrystalline solar panel. battery capcity: 3.2vGet a Quote\nMake Offer - Solar Power LED PIR Motion Sensor Light 10w Waterproof Outdoor Garden Wall Lamp 2x Solar Powered LED Landscape Security Light 10W 1000 Lumens PIR AU $399.00Get a Quote\nSolar Lights Outdoor with Motion Sensor, 3 Heads Security Lights Solar Powered, 70 LED Flood Light Motion Detected Spotlight for Garage Yard Entryways Patio, IP65 Waterproof 2 Pack Brand: INCX. 4.5 out of 5 stars 2,786 ratings. Price: $39.99 & FREE Returns Return this item for free.Get a Quote\nSolar Lamp, Solar Light, Courtyard Light manufacturer / supplier in China, offering Simva Solar Outdoor LED Wall Garden Light for Landscape Stair, Motion Sensor LED Wall Lamp Outdoor Garden Solar Light 10W, Simva Office Home Eyes Protect 3W Base Different Angles Adjusted Dimmable 3 Color LED Spotlight, Simva 9W Downlight LED Surface Mount and so on.Get a Quote\nBuy Solar Motion Sensor Light and get the best deals at the lowest prices on eBay! Great Savings & Free Delivery / Collection on many items 2x 100 LED Solar Power PIR Motion Sensor Wall Light Outdoor Garden Security Lamp. £11.99. Click & Collect. Free postage. 440 sold.\nmar 31, 2021 5g 8m outdoor solar light used in parking lot limited. company number 10461105. company type private limited with share capital. business activity (sic) 42220 - construction of utility projects for electricity and telecommunications incorporation date 03/11/2016 (4 years and 5 months old) website n/a confirmation statement made up to 02/11/2018. accountsGet a Quote", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Redefining cool in the world of men’s sunglasses involves embracing unique and unconventional styles, and clear lens sunglasses are at the forefront of this fashion revolution. Here’s how clear lens sunglasses are redefining what’s cool:\n**1. Subtle Sophistication**: Clear lens sunglasses offer a sense of sophistication and understated style. They allow you to make a fashion statement without the need for bold colors or mirrored lenses.\n**2. Versatile Elegance**: Clear lenses are incredibly versatile and can complement a wide range of outfits. Whether you’re going for a casual, formal, or sporty look, clear lens sunglasses can seamlessly blend with your style.\n**3. Retro Revival**: Many clear lens sunglasses draw inspiration from retro styles, such as the iconic browline frames from the 1950s and 1960s. These vintage-inspired designs add a touch of nostalgia to your cool factor.\n**4. Minimalist Chic**: Clear lens sunglasses align perfectly with minimalist fashion trends. They emphasize clean lines, simplicity, and a focus on essentials, making them an integral part of a minimalist wardrobe.\n**5. Intellectual Appeal**: Clear lens glasses have long been associated with an intellectual and bookish aesthetic. They convey an air of intelligence and thoughtfulness, appealing to those who appreciate brainy cool.\n**6. Statement Accessory**: Clear lens round sunglasses can be a statement accessory, serving as the focal point of your outfit. Their unique appearance captures attention and showcases your fashion-forward sensibilities.\n**7. Prescription-Friendly**: Clear lens sunglasses are an excellent choice for those who require prescription eyewear. They allow you to maintain your vision clarity while still enjoying the benefits of sunglasses.\n**8. Day-to-Night Transition**: Clear lens sunglasses seamlessly transition from daytime to nighttime wear. Unlike sunglasses with dark lenses, you can continue wearing them indoors without looking out of place.\n**9. Embracing Minimalist Trends**: As minimalism continues to gain popularity, clear lens sunglasses are the embodiment of this trend. Their simplicity and functionality align perfectly with the principles of minimalist fashion.\n**10. Redefining Gender Norms**: Clear lens sunglasses are often unisex, challenging traditional gender norms in fashion. This inclusivity appeals to individuals who appreciate boundary-pushing style.\n**11. Statement of Confidence**: Wearing clear lens sunglasses is a statement of confidence and individuality. It demonstrates that you don’t need flashy accessories to express your unique sense of style.\n**12. Evoking Mystery**: Clear lens sunglasses can add an element of mystery to your look. Without revealing your eyes, they create an aura of intrigue and allure.\nWhether you’re a fashion-forward trendsetter or someone looking to redefine your style, clear lens sunglasses offer a refreshing take on cool. They embody versatility, subtlety, and an intellectual edge that appeals to those who appreciate timeless fashion with a modern twist. By embracing clear lens sunglasses, you’re not just redefining cool; you’re setting a new standard for understated elegance and individuality.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "visual content management, irregular displays, screen design, multi-touch surfaces, tabletop displays, ubiquitous computing\nAdvances in display technologies are trans-forming the capabilities—and potential applications—of system interfaces. Previously, the overwhelming majority of systems have utilised rectangular displays; this may soon change with digital devices increasingly designed to be ubiquitous and pervasive, to facilitate frictionless human interaction. At present, software is invariably designed assuming it will be used with a display of a specific shape; however, there is an emerging demand for systems built around interacting with tabletop interfaces to be capable of handling a wide range of potential display shapes. In this paper, the design of software for use on a range of differently shaped tabletop displays is considered, proposing a novel but extensible technique that can be used to minimise the influence of the issues of using different display shapes. Furthermore, we present a study that applies the technique to adapt several software applications to several different display shapes.\nTsinghua University Press\nJames McNaughton, Tom Crick, Shamus Smith. Resolving display shape dependence issues on tabletops. Computational Visual Media 2018, 4(4): 349-365.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "LED lights have become a popular choice for illuminating homes, offices, and outdoor spaces due to their energy efficiency, longevity, and vibrant lighting options. In this guide, brought to you by Barkat.pk, we'll walk you through the easy yet detailed steps to set up LED lights for various applications. Whether you want to enhance your indoor ambience or create a mesmerizing outdoor landscape, Barkat.pk has you covered!\n- LED light strips or bulbs\n- A power source (plug/socket or battery)\n- LED controller (if applicable)\n- Extension cords (if needed)\n- Mounting clips or adhesive tapes\n- Screwdriver (if required for installation)\n- Surface cleaning supplies\nPlanning: Decide where you want to install the LED lights. Consider the purpose, such as accent lighting, task lighting, or decorative effects. Measure the length required for the installation and make sure you have all the necessary materials.\nPreparing the Area: Clean the surface where you'll mount the LED lights. Ensure it's dry and free from dust or debris. This will help the adhesive stick properly.\nInstalling LED Strips: a. If using LED light strips, measure and cut them to the desired length using scissors or the specified cutting points on the strip. b. Peel off the adhesive backing and carefully attach the LED strip along the cleaned surface. For better adhesion, use mounting clips for additional support.\nConnecting LED Bulbs: If using LED bulbs, screw them into the appropriate light sockets, just like traditional bulbs.\nPowering the LEDs: a Plug-in Option: If using a plug-in LED system, connect the LED lights to a power source using the provided plug/socket. Make sure the power source is compatible with the LED's voltage requirements. b. Battery Option: For portable installations, insert the required batteries into the LED lights or the battery compartment of the controller.\nUsing LED Controllers: a. If your LED lights come with a controller, follow the manufacturer's instructions to set up the desired lighting effects, colours, and brightness levels.\nConcealing Wires (If Needed): For a clean and organized look, use extension cords to hide any visible wires or cables. Secure the lines along walls or furniture using adhesive clips.\nTesting and Adjusting: Before finalizing the installation, test the LED lights to ensure they work as intended. Make any necessary adjustments to the positioning, colours, or brightness settings.\nEnjoy Your Illumination: Once everything is set up and tested, sit back and enjoy the stunning illumination that Barkat has.pk's LED lights bring to your space.\nWhat are the benefits of using LED lights over Traditional lighting options?\nLED lights offer numerous advantages, including energy efficiency, longer lifespan, reduced heat emission, and a wide range of colour options. They are also more environmentally friendly and can lead to cost savings over time due to their lower energy consumption.\nCan I cut LED Light Strips to Fit a Specific Length?\nYes, most LED light strips can be cut to fit a specific length. Look for marked cutting points on the strip and follow the manufacturer's instructions for safe and accurate cutting.\nHow do I choose the right LED Colour for my space?\nConsider the mood you want to create in the space. Warm white (soft yellow) is cozy and inviting, cool white (bright white) is crisp and modern, and coloured LEDs can add vibrancy and ambience. Experiment with different colours before making a decision.\nCan I use LED lights Outdoors?\nYes, many LED lights are designed for outdoor use. However, choose lights explicitly labelled as \"outdoor-rated\" to ensure they are weather-resistant and withstand the elements.\nDo I need an LED Controller?\nIt depends on the LED lights you're using. Some LED systems have built-in controllers, allowing you to adjust colours and effects. If customization is important to you, look for designs with compatible controllers.\nHow do I Hide the Wires of LED lights?\nYou can hide wires by using extension cords and adhesive clips. Run the cables along walls or baseboards for a neat and organized appearance.\nAre LED lights Dimmable?\nMany LED lights are dimmable, but not all. Check the product specifications to ensure that the LEDs you use are compatible with dimmer switches if you want this functionality.\nCan I Install LED lights Myself, or do I need a professional?\nLED lights are often designed for easy DIY installation. However, if you're unsure about electrical connections or need to install in complex areas, it's recommended to consult a professional electrician to ensure safety and proper installation.\nHow do I maintain LED lights for optimal performance?\nLED lights require minimal maintenance. Regularly dust and clean the light fixtures to prevent dirt buildup, which can affect the quality of the light. Replace any damaged components promptly to ensure consistent performance.\nCan I use LED lights to replace my existing incandescent bulbs?\nYes, LED bulbs are an excellent replacement for traditional incandescent bulbs. Make sure to choose LED bulbs with the same base size as your existing bulbs to ensure they fit into your fixtures.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Laser Hair Removal Black Skin London – At the angel laser clinic in islington, london, we use… For darker skin types, nd yag laser.\nManscaping Is The Latest Trend In Hair Removal For Men As Shown By Footballers Such As Ronaldo Olympic Athletes Swimmers And Cyclists\nAs a rule, nd:yag lasers tend to be the best for hair removal treatment in darker skin.\nWhat is the best laser for dark skin? From ipl hair removal to tattoo removal, acne facials to scar revision. Best laser hair removal in london.\nBlack silk hair remover series is suitable for use on skin type one to skin type five. Doctor and nurse led clinic. You don’t need to worry anymore.\nClinically proven to achieve permanent hair reduction. Cynosure elite + is a dual wavelength laser hair removal. We offer plasma pen for skin tightening, dermaroller, botox alternatives & more\nPlease call 0203 807 8298 Suitable for men & women, aged over 18 only. Soprano laser hair removal incorporates the use of sophisticated 3d laser technology to remove excessive or unwanted hair.\nThere is no difference in price between nd yag laser or alexandrite laser used on lighter skin types. For patients with darker skin tones, choosing the right laser is even more crucial due to the increased risk of hyperpigmentation and discolouration. We remove moles, skin tags & birthmarks.\nThis service is effective on both men and women who wish to reduce the amount of hair on their body or face. And in fact look any further as skin perfection london have all the solutions to change this dilemma. Laser hair removal for asian & black skin in london at the laser treatment clinic we specialise in laser hair removal for darker skin types.\nOur laser hair removal system for back skin will eradicate this problem leading to smooth soft skin with even tone and no more ingrown hairs. Established in 2017, we are one of london’s best laser hair removal and emsculpt clinics, with bases in vauxhall and fulham. Laser hair removal is the most rapidly growing aesthetic laser procedure.\nCheck the skin tone/hair colour chart. At london laser and pigmentation clinic, we offer a range of laser services and skin corrective treatments; If you have a darker complexion, finding the right laser clinic can.\nThomas team are premier laser experts, headed by debbie with 20 years of experience in the beauty and aesthetics industries. Black silk hair remover is not suitable for use on light blonde, white, grey or red hair. Reduction of ingrown hairs & smoother skin.\nBlack skin can be more sensitive to laser so only trust your skin in the hands of. Laser hair removal in london. 25 walton street, london sw3 2hu + 44 (0) 207 118 9000 “the d.\nAll technicians qualified in level 4 certificate in laser treatments. Treat your acne, scarring, pigmentation, fine lines, wrinkles, open pores and unwanted hair with advanced laser hair removal and skin treatments at london’s skin perfection. We specialize in dark skin and use medical grade lasers to ensure our customers receive the best possible results.\nLaser hair removal clinic at competitive prices for men and women. Available for all skin types (light/dark/asian/black skin), for men and for women. Is laser hair removal safe for dark skin types?\nLighter pale skin is more suited to laser hair removal and darker skin types tends to be more sensitive. Save 50% on package deals. The laser can be applied to virtually all parts of the human body and, unlike other hair removal machines, we can safely treat all skin tones and hair colour.\nBlack silk hair remover is also not suitable for dark skin tones, as it can cause skin damage such as burns, blisters or discolouring. This is because they have a longer wavelength than some other types of laser, so can be adjusted to accommodate different skin. Specific instructions before laser hair removal.\nYou will be relieved of having to shave and deal with scarring. All skin types including black skin need to use. Therapy devices for body pain relief, lasers for hair loss treatment & other laser devices\nColaz is the leading laser hair removal and skin care clinic in london, providing expert treatments for all types of skin. Skinlogica laser clinic provide safe laser hair removal for black skin in london. Skin perfection london has the solutions to your skin dilemmas.\nHere at pulse light clinic london, we specialize to treat excessive hair growth from pcos with laser. The alexandrite wavelength is ideal for hair removal on light skin types and nd yag wavelength is the only wavelength suitable for hair removal on asian and black skin types. At skinlogica laser clinic, we offer reliable and safe laser hair removal for black skin.\nSafe even on the higher melanin content of dark skin.\nSimplicity – Laser Hair Removal Specialists Laser Hair Removal Best Eczema Treatment Laser Hair\n8 Best Ipl And Laser Hair Removal Machines To Use At Home The Independent In 2021 Hair Removal Machine Hair Removal Laser Hair Removal Machine\nBanner Design For Laser Hair Removal Treatments Hair Removal Laser Hair Removal Laser Hair Removal Treatment\nPin On At-home Acne And Hair Removal Creams\n119 Instead Of Up To 1950 For 6 Ipl Sessions On 1 Large 1 Medium And 1 Small Area At Dermo Skin Russell Sq Ipl Hair Removal Hair Removal Laser Hair Removal\nPin On Best Home Laser Hair Removal For Black Skin\nPin By Sara Farhad On Hair Removal Laser Hair Removal Aesthetic Clinic Aesthetic Medicine\nThe 3 Best Laser Hair Removal Devices For Dark Skin 2020 Hair Removal Devices Ipl Laser Hair Removal Laser Hair Removal\nTitanium In 2021 Laser Skin Rejuvenation Laser Skin Beauty Equipment\nMens Laser Hair-removal Sessions At Lase New York 20 Options Available In 2021 Laser Hair Black Skin Tones Black Skin\nBikini Epilator Hair Hair Removal Machine Ipl Laserbikinibikini Epilator Hair Laser Hair Removal Machine Hair Removal Machine Ipl Laser Hair Removal\nBenefits Device Features Finishing Flawless Hair Removal Touch New Finishing Touch Flawless Hai Hair Removal Device Hair Removal Hair Removal Devices\nBest Home Laser Hair Removal For Black Skin Venus Versa In 2021 Laser Hair Removal Machine Laser Hair Removal Hair Removal Machine\nPin On Hijama In London\nBest Home Laser Hair Removal For Black Skin Like A Model In 2021 Black Skin Hair Removal Laser Hair Removal\nPin On Best Home Laser Hair Removal For Black Skin\nTestimonials Skin Clinic Skin Care Remedies Acne Skin Care Dark Spots\nLaser Hair Removal Chart For Lasers Laser Hair Removal Hair Reduction Hair Removal Permanent\nWho Best Home Laser Hair Removal For Black Skin Toronto In 2021 Laser Hair Removal Hair Removal Black Skin", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Product Detail of Selfie Flash Light\nMini Portable RK05 16 LED Spotlight smartphone led flash fill light for iPhone and Android\nDevices,External Flash Fill Light Selfie\nSpeed lite for iPad and Android Devices\nSmartphone Portable Mini 16 Leds LED Flash Fill Light for iPhone IOS Android WP\n16 LEDs Portable Mini Powerful Photography Light Selfie Flash Fill Light For Smartphone IOS Android\nPortable multi function miniature built-in flash 16 LED bulb\nIt can use the free application synchronize connected iOS, Android and WP8, such as smart phones and tablet PCs.\nAble to take pictures in low light conditions, the effect is outstanding.\nThe best parts are the self-timer.\nProvide three kinds of powerful illumination pattern with different demand scenarios.\nBuilt-in rechargeable battery and smart phones will not consume power.\nHas a photo / movie mode.\nCan be used independently as assist lamp illumination (without connecting to a smartphone or other device)\nCan free used in smart phone and pad with iOS Android and WP8 system\nCharge Lamp:Battery full the light Power off\nPower battery: 200mAh\nManual Switch:On or Off\nMini USB Charging Port\nBrightness switch High/Middle/Low\n3.5mm Headset Head\nFor iOS system suit for ios 7, 8, 9 versions\nFor Android system fit for 4.0 or higher version\nFor Window 8.0 and higher version\n1 x KLX LED Smartphone Flash Fill Light LED Mini Spotlight for iPhone,for iPad and Android Devices\n1 x USB charging cable and hanging rope", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Earrings made in recycled 925 silver. Every earring is unique.\nApproximately 7mm in diameter.\nPlease see separate product for gold.\nMade upon order, please allow for 2-6 weeks delivery time.\nDo you need help to find your ring size?\nSee our guide below to get help to find your size.\nThere are different ways to easily and quickly determine the correct ring size. The first method is to measure your own ring, the second method is to measure your finger and the last most simplest method is to measure a ring size with a ring meter.\nTips to measure your ring size\nMeasure your own ring to determine your ring size.\nTake a well-fitting ring and measure the diameter of the inside of your ring.\nIf you don't have a well fitted ring to determine the ring size you can measure your finger for the correct size:\nMeasure your finger to determine your ring size.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "How does laser hair removal work?\nLaser hair removal treatment works by focusing laser light at the base of hair follicles, causing them to cease growth. The laser is attracted to dark pigment in hair (melanin). Using melanin as a conductor, laser energy travels down to the root of the hair follicle where it disperses as thermal energy. This damages the base of the hair follicle rendering it unable to produce hair as quickly. Growth rate will decrease with further treatments.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "I was wondering if someone in the group has used a RPDVR4K 250GB HDD DVR FOR SECURITY CAMERA RECORDING. Radio Parts Group is selling this.\nI would like to know if it records audio.\nAnd if the unit can be set up to sequentially show a full screen view from each camera or a fixed screen showing all 4 cameras.\nIf sequential view is possible. how long is each camera view shown before showing the next?", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Advancements in eye care have the potential to enhance patient outcomes and provide new treatment options significantly. In recent years, the field of eye care has witnessed remarkable breakthroughs and developments that are transforming the future of vision health. Patients can now benefit from various innovative treatments and technologies that help maintain and improve their vision. Patients need to be aware of these developments as our understanding of ocular health deepens so that they can make informed decisions about their eye care. This article explores the latest advances and exciting developments in eye care, highlighting key technologies, treatments, and considerations that every patient should know.\nNowadays, cataract surgery has become one of the most effective and successful surgical processes. During cataract surgery, the surgeon creates a small incision on the side of the cornea to access the clouded lens. Traditional cataract surgery involves using ultrasonic energy to break up the cataract into tiny fragments, which are then removed via suction. This surgery is usually covered by medical insurance. In contrast, laser-assisted cataract surgery involves the use of a femtosecond laser to create a precise incision and break up the cataract into small pieces using near-infrared light. The incision does not require stitches and heals on its own. The use of the femtosecond laser replaces the hand-held blade and tools used in traditional cataract surgery, making it a more precise and safe option.\nCorrecting vision problems such as nearsightedness, farsightedness, and astigmatism has been made easier through developments in refractive surgery. Traditional LASIK, bladeless LASIK, and PRK techniques have improved precision and reduced recovery times. The newer SMILE procedure is a minimally invasive alternative that offers excellent results with a lower risk of dry eyes.\nPatients with high refractive errors may not be suitable candidates for traditional laser eye surgery. In such cases, implantable contact lenses, also known as ICLs or phakic intraocular lenses, provide an effective solution. These lenses are implanted into the eye’s natural lens without removing it and offer clear vision correction. They also provide a reversible option for those who may require adjustments in the future.\nThe introduction of robotic-assisted surgical procedures is one of the most significant innovations in eye care. Surgeons now use robots to perform eye surgeries with enhanced precision and minimized margin of error. This technology offers exceptional control, allowing surgeons to perform intricate surgeries accurately. Eye care has made significant advances in recent years, offering patients new treatments, technologies, and insights into maintaining and enhancing their vision. Here are some key advances and how they can help.\nThe field of ophthalmology has made considerable progress in recent years, which has led to numerous advancements in the field of eye care. These advancements have the potential to significantly improve the accuracy and safety of surgical procedures, expand the range of vision correction options, and facilitate the early detection and management of eye diseases. Patients must keep abreast of these advancements and work collaboratively with their eye care professionals to determine the most appropriate treatments and technologies for their specific needs. Routine eye examinations remain a critical component of maintaining optimal eye health and identifying potential issues in the early stages.\nआंखों में धुंधलापन एक सामान्य समस्या है, जो कई लोगों को प्रभावित कर सकती है। यह हमें असुविधा महसूस कराता है और हमारे दैनिक जीवन को प्रभावित कर सकता है। इस लेख में, हम आंखों में धुंधलापन के कारण, लक्षण और उपचार के बारे में बात करेंगे। धुंधली दृष्टि क्या है? धुंधली दृष्टि एक […]\nआपने अक्सर सुना होगा कि वायु प्रदूषण हमारे स्वास्थ्य के लिए हानिकारक होता है, लेकिन क्या आपने कभी सोचा है कि यह हमारी आंखों पर भी बुरा असर डाल सकता है? हां, यह सच है। वायु प्रदूषण के बढ़ते स्तर से हमारी आंखों को कई तरह की समस्याएं हो सकती हैं। चलिए, इस ब्लॉग में […]\nThe eyes are the most sensitive part of our body. If you do not take care of them, it may cause various eye-related problems. That’s why people want to know about home remedies for eye irritation. In this blog, we explore the home remedies for red eye irritation. Common Symptoms Associated with Eye irritation, […]\nआंखें हमारे शरीर का एक अहम हिस्सा है और यह बहुत ही सेंसिटिव होती है इसीलिये बदलते मौसम के अनुसार हमें इनका ख़याल रखना चाहिए। क्या आप भी जानना चाहते हैं कि गर्मी में हम अपनी आंखों की देखभाल कैसे कर सकते हैं और गर्मियों में आंखों की समस्याओं से कैसे बच सकते हैं। हम […]", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Featuring innovative technology, the HP DeskWriter 694 printer offers print results of excellent quality on a consistent basis. This high-performance device features a high-quality cartridge that delivers print results of exceptional quality. This printer can be easily scaled to meet your sophisticated business needs. This device is extremely cost-effective and designed to handle printing situations even in difficult situations. It is extremely user-friendly and can be easily installed.\nSee more details", "label": "No"}
{"text": "US D326170 S\nAbstract available in\nFIG. 1 is a top and front perspective view of a compost bin showing our new design;\nFIG. 2 is a top plan view thereof;\nFIG. 3 is a front elevational view thereof, the rear elevational view being a mirror image of that shown; and,\nFIG. 4 is a side elevational view thereof, the opposite side elevational view being a mirror image of that shown.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "For detailed information, other images and documents, please select individual articles from the following table.\nEasy accessibility to even hard-to-reach and low-lying rings\nScope of delivery\n- 1 circlip pliers, angled 30°, length 210 mm\n- 1 circlip pliers, angled straight, length 210 mm\n- 1 circlip pliers, slightly angled, length 210 mm\nSelect RAL-colour code\n!! NOTE: On-screen visualisation of the colour differs from real colour shade!!", "label": "No"}
{"text": "- Tube Lights\n- Lighted Shelves\n- Lighted Shelves For Kitchen Modules\n- Drawer Interior Lighting Profiles\n- Linear Lighting Profiles\n- Hangrail With Lighting\n- Back and Front Luminated Mirrors\nOur lighted product group ranges from Linear LED lighting, to lighted kitchen modules, shelves and mirrors. LED and fluorescent lighting products are used for space lighting depending on the use and need. Our Linear LED lighting products help illuminate dark spots in kitchens and wardrobes, or can be used as night lamps, utilizing a motion sensing switch if desired, while emitting a homogenous lighting source, concealing the LED dots.\nLighted kitchen modules are assembled as the bottom shelf of the wall units. This way, the light source inside the product helps illuminate the countertop, as well as inside the cupboard.\nThe lighted shelf products are utilized for ambient lighting in spaces, while focusing the attention on the products it is supporting.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Audio & Video\n• The 3D glasses is made of high-definition optical resin lens materials ..\nRs1,599 Ex Tax: Rs1,599\nBriame Metal Sport Wireless Headphone Bluetooth Earphone Headphone Stereo Earphone..\nRs1,100 Ex Tax: Rs1,100\nLG Tone Infinim HBS 900 Bluetooth Headeset Headphone For iPhone Samsung LG HTCThe LG HBS-900 is some..\nRs1,999 Ex Tax: Rs1,999\nEveryone knows a James Bond type. Drinks martinis, smooth with the ladies, never trips whilst g..\nRs1,799 Ex Tax: Rs1,799", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Save big on energy use and minimize lamp replacements with this durable, attractive, long-life LED street lighting fixture. This IP65-rated street LED replacement light with 130lm/w high lumen is built with world class LED components and driver and protected from dust and moisture by silicone seals and waterproof connections.\nLEDMyplace offers Outdoor Led Solar Lights Online at Cheap with 5 years of Manufacturer's Warranty. we have multiple types of LED Solar lights like - led solar flood light and solar led street light, Solar Batten lights as well. Order Now!\nLED Flood Light, Flood Light, LED High Bay Light manufacturer / supplier in China, offering 7 Years Warranty 160W LED Flood Light UL Dlc Listed, All in One Design Type Solar LED Light for Road Lighting, Integrated Solar LED Street Light with PIR Sensor and so on.\nthis supplier has been verified onsite by world-leading inspection company, Norway energy focused on solar power system, 120w solar street lights commercial solar street lights system, and various solar applications, etc. Norway lighting specialized in led street light, led indoor and outdoor lights, led commercial lights, etc.contact us now for more details.\nThe [TITAN] 160W LED floodlight is designed to replace 400W floodlights, enabling a more efficient and improved lighting solution. Warranty This product maintains a 5 year warranty which means that Teknik will replace the product if it fails or becomes defective under normal use within this time period\nHot Tags: 5 year warranty solar led street lamp fa13501 manufacturers, suppliers, factory, wholesale, made in China, price Feedback Energy Saving 100W LED High Bay Light For Warehouse,...\n5 Years Warranty Outdoor Waterproof Ip65 Integrated Led Solar Street Light 6000LM. As one of the leading solar street light manufacturers in China, we aim to provide the customer with good quality ALL-IN-ONE solar street lights, It could make you no worry about anything after installing the solar outdoor light.The lifetime of our intelligent street lighting is very long , the solar panel is ...\nMaintenance of ENERGY-STAR 140LM/W IP65 Integrated Solar LED Street Light 5 Years Warranty (1) Solar controller is the core component of solar street lights, which has the function of light control, time control, charging and discharging, etc. Keep it dry in use, and do not touch the buttons at discretion.\n111 inches height 2 head led lanterns: xepa lamp post with motion detection: 42 inches tall 1 led lanterns: xepa motion sensors lamp-post: 77 inches tall 1 led lantern: solar vintage outdoor adjustable lamp post: 70 inches height 4 white led: trans globe pole light: 96 inch height 3 led lanterns: truepower china solar led street light 20w factory and manufacturers post with 3 height options\nSolar Lamp, Outdoor Lights, LED Work Lights manufacturer / supplier in China, offering Warning Light 50W 3 Years Warranty Solar Light for Street/Factory, Energy Saving Products LED Light Solar Lights Warranty 3-5 Years, Solar Street Lamp LED Lights 50W High Lumen Warranty 3years and so on.\nChina High Power Led Street Light 160w manufacturers - Select 2021 high quality High Power Led Street Light 160w products in best price from certified Chinese Light Through, Light Gadgets suppliers, wholesalers and factory on\n5.Reflector 25° 60° 90° beam angles are available,meet the requirements of professional light distribution and can be use at different place. 6. 100W to 500W can be chosen, 5 years warranty. See More\ngnome with solar lantern garden statue: 20 in. h biker babe the biker gnome in leather motorcycle riding gear home and garden gnome statue: 19.5 in. bear garden statue with welcome sign and solaire aluminium 15w solar led street light: price: ratings\n160w all in one led solar street light with 5 years warranty solar flood lights dusk to dawn, solar security lights outdoor ip67 waterproof 800lm 5000k 16.4ft cable solar led street light parts double arms cb ccc iso ces 2-in-1 with remote outdoor security lighting for barn,garden,pool,garage 4.3 out of 5 …\nA:The outdoor solar light is waterproof. After fully charged, it can work for several rainy/ cloudy days. Q: What is the warranty for our light? A: For all of our lights, we provide 5 years warranty for whole set as we used the best quality LiFePO4 lithium battery, which is also apply for electric bus, lifespan is 8-10 years.\n200W LED Solar Street Light - 6000K Solar Street Lights Outdoor Dusk to Dawn Motion Sensor IP65 Waterproof Solar Street Light with Pole for Garden Yard Driveway, etc. KH-YT200-1 5.0 out of 5 stars 6 $109.99 $ 109 . 99\nExperts in Solar & LED Lighting ... OUTDOOR. STREET LIGHT; FLOOD LIGHT; HIGH BAY LIGHT; WALL PACK LIGHT; CANOPY LIGHT; LINEAR LIGHT; INDOOR. DOWN LIGHT; SPOT LIGHT; LED PANEL ... DECORATIVE POLES; DOWNLOADS; CONTACT; Products. Envy Series 60W - 160W, 5 Years Warranty. Gama D Series 30W - 320W, 5 Years Warranty. Shine D Series 120W - 160W, 5 ...\nSolar Lighting; Solar Projects; LED; Energy Storage; Maintenance; Consultancy; Product ... DC Area Lighting . 4G Smart Solar Street Light ; 4GEx Smart Solar Street Light ; THOR Smart Street Light ; DC Street Light Heads . 4G Smart Solar Street Light ... All Sunscape bollards comes with an unmatched 5 year warranty. [parent] => 101 ...\n100W Solar LED Street Light High Quality 5 Years Warranty, US $ 6.9 - 34.2 / Piece, 6000K (Daylight Alert), 100, 140, 80.Source from Guangzhou Norway Energy Technology Co., Ltd. on .\nOct 08, 2017· 3-5 Years Warranty Energy Saving Solar Led Street Light 40w 24v , Find Complete Details about 3-5 Years Warranty Energy Saving Solar Led Street Light 40w 24v,Energy Saving Solar Led Street Light,Led Street Solar Light,Solar Street Light Price 40w Led from Street Lights Supplier or Manufacturer-Shaanxi Yahua Lighting Electric Equipment Co., Ltd.\nsep 28, 2020 99000lm 250w outdoor R brand warm white, 1pcs 6led led solar light dusk to dawn security lamp ip67+pole. $28.75. solar panel: 6v/12w li-ion battery: 10ah 32650 size:630mm*248mm*55mm. power:120w 280led. therefore in wholesale section you can get large quantity items in the best wholesale price. with great price, Manufacturersellent service and fast shipping; eherebuy is\n300W Solar Street Lights Outdoor, Dusk to Dawn Solar Led Outdoor Light with Remote Control, 6500K Daylight White Security Led Flood Light for Yard, Garden, Street, Playgroud 4.3 out of 5 stars 433\nLED Street Light, Solar Street Light, LED Garden Light manufacturer / supplier in China, offering ENEC TUV CB RoHS Approved Outdoor LED Flood Light for High Mast/Stadium/Sport Field Lighting, 3000-6500K Aluminum UFO LED High Bay Light Lamp 100W 150W 200W for Factory/Shop/Warehouse (CHZ-HB24), Chz Shanghai 2021 Newest TUV CB ENEC Certificate IP66 Waterproof Aluminum LED Street …\n160w all in one led solar street light with 5 years warranty. solar flood lights dusk to dawn, solar security lights outdoor ip67 waterproof 800lm 5000k 16.4ft cable solar led street light parts double arms cb ccc iso ces 2-in-1 with remote outdoor security lighting for barn,garden,pool,garage 4.3 out of 5 …\nChina manufacturer for LED street light, LED flood light, LED high bay light, LED Tunnel Light, LED canopy light.,etc. We adopt the most-advanced LED technology, use Meanwell driver and Osram, Philips and Cree chips to meet the highest qualilty standard, all products enjoy 5 years warranty.\naootek new self cleaning commercial solar street lights manufacturers 120 leds upgraded with lights reflector,270degrees wide angle, ip65 waterproof, easy-to-install security lights for front door, yard, garage, deck(4pack) hyperlite vega series led canopy light high light efficiency,larger and more uniform luminous area . hyperlite. next page. gebosun led 60w solar flood outdoor street\nLight up the streets powerfully with solar led street light 160w at that are powerful, waterproof and anti-surge. You can also find high-power solar-driven solar led street light 160w.\nOur cylindrical solar led street light is an advanced combination with latest technology. Solar cylinder is based on modular conception which can be easily mounted to any kind of pole with diameter of 6.49 inch. It adopts mono crystalline solar panel with high efficiency up to 22% and more then 20 years life span.\nyangzhou Uruguay road lamp equipment co., ltd. jiangsu, china iso9001:2015, iso14001:2015, ohsas18001 call for quotations 135 solar street lights sensor wall lights 38pcs led waterproof solar powered pir motion sensor energy saving night lights for\nmar 26, 2021 900000lm commercial solar street light led outdoor ip67 dusk dawn road lamp+pole. $28.59. 90000lm 936led auto led solar street light buyers, buying - nepc ltd outdoor pole mount post lamp ip67. $28.49. free shipping. waterproof led outdoor 12v string & fairy lights, solar street lamps lights, altair lighting led outdoor lighting,", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Multi-Color LED Motorcycle Kits\nExperience a completely new way to ride with LEDGlow’s Multi-Color LED Motorcycle Kits. These motorcycle LED lights will enhance your bike with flexible ultra-bright LED accent lighting that you can add in a variety of customizable configurations. Enjoy a wide range of dynamic features such as an almost unlimited amount of color options and multiple lighting effects that will give your motorcycle a unique look and feel as you hit the open road.\nWHAT’S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THESE MOTORCYCLE KITS?\nLEDGlow’s motorcycle LED driving lights kits are available in several distinctive styles so that you can find a kit that’s the best fit for you and your bike. The Advanced Million Color SMD LED Motorcycle Lighting Kit with Smartphone Control gives you complete control of all of your motorcycle LED kit’s functions from the palm of your hand by connecting directly to your phone.\nThe Advanced Million Color Motorcycle SMD LED Lights kits once again give you the ability to choose from a nearly-infinite amount of customizable color combinations through LEDGlow’s Million Color feature. Using these motorcycle LED lights with remote, you can experience color cycle modes, flashing modes, a fading mode and much more for a truly unique experience when you’re riding your streetbike.\nWith the Advanced Million Color SMD LED Mini Motorcycle Lighting Kit you’ll receive flexible, multi-color accent lighting strips that can illuminate your bike’s frame rail, fairings and much more. The difference with these motorcycle LED light kits is the even slimmer design of the LED light strips, combined with small and ultra-bright SMD LEDs which offer a concentrated and powerful glow. With the smaller lighting strips, this kit can fit more out-of-the-way mounting locations on your bike.\nThese motorcycle strip lights are ideal for your Harley Davidson, Yamaha, Ducati, Honda and many other models. Whether you’re looking to add LED light strips to your turn signals, fenders, or beneath your seat, these motorcycle lighting kits will provide the highest quality, super bright LED experience possible for your bike. So when it comes to adding one of the best flexible LED strips for motorcycles, look no further than LEDGlow for a variety of motorcycle neon kits.\nMOTORCYCLE ACCESSORIES AVAILABLE\nLEDGlow’s motorcycle underglow LED light kits come complete with everything required for installation. You’ll receive all installation hardware and instructions to help you through every step of the install process. You can also access our video series, which provides complete step-by-step instructions on the installation of your LED light kit. Plus all LEDGlow kits are backed by a one-year limited warranty and unlimited tech support.\nSince 2002, LEDGlow has been a pioneer in creating high-quality, innovative LED motorsports accent lighting kits. Experience ultra-bright LEDs that will completely transform your vehicle’s underbody, interior, wheel wells and more. Over the years, our lineup has also grown exponentially as we continue to push the envelope with the latest in cutting-edge product design.\n- LED Underbody Light Kits\n- LED Interior Light Kits\n- Truck Lighting Accessories\n- LED Wheel Light Kits\n- Motorcycle LED Light Kits\n- Golf Cart LED Lights\n- Powersports LED Light Kits\n- LED Boat Lights\n- Engine Bay Lights\n- Grille Lights\n- Jeep Lighting Accessories\n- Home LED Lighting Kits\n- Installation Accessories\nLEDGlow Replacement Parts\n- Underbody Replacement Parts\n- Interior Replacement Parts\n- Motorcycle Replacement Parts\n- Wheel Light Replacement Parts\n- Golf Cart Replacement Parts\n- Marine Replacement Parts\n- Truck Bed Replacement Parts\n- Tool Box Replacement Parts\n- Side Marker Replacement Parts\n- Engine Bay Replacement Parts\n- Home Theater Replacement Parts\n- Commercial Lighting Replacement Parts\n- Rock Crawl Replacement Parts\n- LEDGlow Brand Apparel\n- Promo Code Coupons\n- Bluetooth LED Light Kits", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Interactive Maricopa laser lighting designs\nDo you need to give your event serious impact? A laser light show is precisely what the situation calls for. Full color lasers add an incredible dimension to your production, transforming the ordinary into pure radiance. If you are putting together an art installation, private party, corporate event, convention, musical performance or trade show, we will seamlessly integrate a customized laser production into your event. Now is the time to dial up the energy of your event – contact us.\nCreativity is the key\nWe are elite audio visual artists that specialize in elaborate yet tasteful laser productions – mixing visual effects, video projections, LED walls, interactive lighting and custom software to fashion organic visual art. Our visual magic expertise can be exactly tuned to emphasize your key points, to visually amplify your voice. Every one of our laser productions can be synced perfectly with and respond to your audio, voice, video, music or even physical movements. From our perspective, amazing things are possible.\nThe premier event visuals firm in Maricopa\nWe are constantly pushing the envelope of what is achievable in visual art. Our hybrid installations integrate RGB lasers with giant LED walls, video mapping and custom set design. These interwoven elements are controlled in real time by our proprietary software to empower surround sound, robotics, rich media and audience interactivity. Our team can easily create any needed content from design to 3D animation and motion graphics. In addition, we offer RGB laser sales, consultation, installation and training services across Arizona. If you want to purchase a laser system for your gallery, we can make it happen.\nGive us a chance to knock your socks off\nNo matter how you see your event unfolding, we can make it a reality. Our master laser artists can foster your goals and execute a plan. You won’t find a more professional laser firm – we’ve been producing mind-blowing results for years in Maricopa. Check out some of our work HERE. If you can envision it, we can build it – guaranteed. Have any questions? give us a call:", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Where can you pick up the best Lead Crystal Glasses? - In the present-day economic conditions it's important to get the most you can for your shopping dollar. So there is no rationale to over pay for Lead Crystal Glasses when you will find tons of them on sale on eBay. Plus, eBay is probably the largest and most reliable internet purchasing sites on the planet. This web site is approved by eBay to help you find the Lead Crystal Glasses you're trying to find and present them for you. If you do not notice the Lead Crystal Glasses you are searching for listed below, use the query function on your left, or use one of the latest Lead Crystal Glasses search terms in the list. If you do not already have an Ebay account, it is simple to open one whilst purchasing your Lead Crystal Glasses, just click on the item that you wish to purchase and you will be directed straight to the main eBay site whereupon you can sign up for an account at the same time as making your Lead Crystal Glasses purchase. Good luck and Enjoy your deals!\nLead Crystal Glasses Previously Purchased:\nwaterford lead crystal wine glasses 2 eileen pattern white wine glasses, cut glass leaded crystal vase 7 inches tall vintage 1950s excellent condition, cut glass leaded crystal vase 9 inches tall vintage 1950s fern cuts ex cond, 20 faceted glass crystal finding teardrop spacer loose beads10x14mm plated color, capri lead crystal 24 italian new set of 2 flute champagne stem glasses, vintage gorham lead crystal primrose heavy wine glass stem bar juice water, 2 antique old lead crystal italy clear glass amp; brass 34 tall lamp light pair, gorham sundance pattern double old fashion full lead crystal glasses germany, gorham sundance pattern wine glasses full lead crystal germany, set of 4 white wine lead crystal glasses cristal d arques 16 ounce gold rim, very elegant lead crystal cut glass pitcher no markings, nib set 4 gorham sundance double old fashion full lead crystal glasses germany, staiger lead crystal glass shelf mantel desk clock w germany france, lead crystal cut glass heart shaped dish 7 x 7 12 stands 1 34 off surface , candleholders 24 lead crystal diamond amp; 6 clear pressed glass candlestick, stunning german 24 lead crystalglass animal dog vintage paperweight, new waterford leaded glass crystal footed bowl 8 in made in ireland, christmas tree pedestal candy nut bowl clear glass lead crystal scalloped rim , set 4 ralph lauren royalton lead crystal highball whiskey soda drinking glasses, 4 towle lead crystal fantasy pilsner glasses in box made in austria, royal limited lead crystal glass cookie biscuit candy jar canister 8 14 high, hh166 cut lead crystal glass cheese or butter dish lid crown shape, sasaki leaded crystal metropolis redwhite wine glasses set nwt, nwt bleikristall lead crystal cordial glass made in germany, set 4 10 oz bohemia elise water gobletsglasses stems elegant lead crystal, stunning imperial lead crystal cut glass vase fans and diamonds , 2 lead crystal champagne glasses with 2000 pattern stem, iit 100 anniversary lead crystal wine cocktail glass stem tall clear etched old, lead crystal martini cocktail glass set 3 pc long stem 75 tall clear vintage, cristal de flandre lead crystal fascination wine glass goblet nib set of four, vintage art glass leaded crystal amp; ormolu jewelry casket or trinket jar, set of 2 clear lead glass crystal lamp shade finials topper fit standard harp, oversized lead crystal glass passage knob setpremium selfconnecting rosettes, russian handcut lead crystal red glass egg w lens lt edition horn of plenty, genuine 24 full lead crystal 5 58 tall cut glass pitcher mug, vintage west german lead crystal glass bell without ringer 168i, vtg crystal leaded glass bowl with silver plated rim made in italy antique, 4 pc carico wildflower wine glasses modern look fine lead crystal, imperlux east germany hand cut over 24 lead crystal 8 glass tray starlyt , vintage 5 armlight frosted amp; cut lead glass chandelier diamond point pattern , new case of 12 presidential reserve 24oz red wine glasses lead free crystal, antique crystal leaded glass sugar amp; creamernice, quality antique vintage art deco cut lead crystal glass beads on chain necklace, vintage gorham full lead cut crystal vase althea west germany 55 art glass, new set of 8 presidential reserve 24oz red wine glasses lead free crystal, new villeroy amp; and boch kodiak lead crystal glass bowl centerpiece germany, set of 4 clear lead crystal wine glasses water goblets paneled stemware 7 tall, elegant cut glass lead crystal heavy ice bucket large high end sturdy 10 tall, lead crystal wine glasses set of 4 royal prestige, lead crystal clear glass vase, new set of 4 presidential reserve 24oz red wine glasses lead free crystal, polar bear large vintage paperweight art glass etching lead crystal, godinger dublin crystal 12 iced beverage glasses set 24 lead crystal 14 oz, 6 pcshannon crystal martini glass godinger 24 lead dublin stemware silver tray, new set of 2 presidential reserve 24oz red wine glasses lead free crystal, lead crystal bevel glass rim pocket envelope flower vase glass accents poland, lead crystal bevel glass flared rim pocket envelope flower vase , vintage leaded glass diamond design crystal serving bowl with gold trim leaf rim, creamer sugar lead crystal cream scalloped glass nice free shipping, baccarat cut amp; gilt lead crystal wine glass goblet, mats jonasson carved baby seal pup face figurine lead crystal glass sweden label, heavy lead crystal cut glass bowl 38 thick, german lead crystal glass and frosted floral serving or cake platter mikasa , 6 available 1 lead crystal 55 tall glass longchamp cris darques france, mats jonasson sweden art glass ducks paperweight full lead crystal signed , 6 available 1 lead crystal stemware sherbet glass longchamp cris darques , cristal darques longchamp glass water jugpitcher 47 14oz 24 lead crystal new, crystal oval dried flower leaded stained beveled glass mirrored trinket box nice, vintage lead crystal table lamp cut glass amazing detail heavy mid century , antique vtg indiana glass lead crystal flower medallion pattern small pitcher , lead crystal glass diamond pattern satin santa claus bell dated 2002, atlantis full lead crystal glasses, 24 lead crystal baby glass trinket box, 5 poltar lead crystal tall champagne glasses made in slovakia, hand blown black amp; white spatter art glass ruffle splatter lead crystal vase 1, hand blown black amp; white spatter art glass ruffle splatter lead crystal vase 2, cobalt blue amp; clear cased lead crystal glass lidded candy accent bowl powder box, vtg 1950s lead glass crystal bead faceted necklace strand 12 15 silver tone, waterford lismore pattern lead crystal 2 tall champagne glasses, vintage glass hand cut lead crystal colored vase small, beautiful lead crystal glass vase great condition, cristal darques longchamp 175 cls lead crystal set of 5 glasses, cristal darques longchamp 175 cls lead crystal set of 6 glasses, nachtmann orchard lead crystal frosted pressed glass vase new in box germany, set of six 24 lead crystal ice cream sundae glasses, lead crystal clear glass cake or pastry stand thumbprints amp; fans nmm, vintage clear glass poland lead crystal glass vase grape amp; leaf design, vintage hand cut 32 lead crystal glass bowl by tudor crystal england, imperlux vintage hand cut glass pitcher large hutch amp; fan design lead crystal, vintage albania lead crystal glass paperweight piece midcentury modern , clear pressed lead crystal glassheirloomsunset basket", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Switch to the dark mode that's kinder on your eyes at night time.\nSwitch to the light mode that's kinder on your eyes at day time.\nYou are here:\nBelow are the new topless (covered) images of Samantha Rodriguez from Instagram, 01/09/2018. Samantha Rodriguez is a model Mexico. Age: 31 many years outdated. Instagram: More", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Showing 13–19 of 19 results\nRestored Two light pan light with old crystalline glass\nLarge Murano Trumpet Pendant\nVintage White Glass Schoolhouse Fixture.\n24″ White Milk Glass Disk Pendant with Original Benjamin Cluster\nSmall Flush Mount Fixture with Victorian Etched Handkerchief Glass\nRestored Iron Arts and Crafts Pendant\nSmall Painted Glass Bowl Fixture", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Ranging from the all in one solar street light to all in two solar street light, solar billboard lighting, solar flood lighting, solar parking lot lighting, Heisolar is continuously striving to create an innovative solar solution to residential as well as the commercial segments.\nhardoll 20 50 80 watt led solar modern craft street light explosion proof for home garden outdoor 10 w cob led waterproof lamp with microwave radar motion sensor (black) brand: hardoll. 3.9 out of 5 stars.\nsolar street light 80w, dusk to dawn solar security lamp 6500k ip65 waterproof solar powered flood lights with remote control security area night lighting for yard, driveway, village, patio. 4.2 out of 5 stars 60. solar street light / solar area light / 70w aio solar street light lte aio 070e|lux tech energy.ost / 10 watt.\ndec 30, 2020 red led solar 30 watt led solar street light integrated outdoor lamp. december 30, 2020; by admin filed under outdoor lighting; no comments docooler solar powered red led predator deter lights nocturnal pest animal repell energy saving lighting sensor outdoor motion eagle string 100 s 10m length colour 5021196753278 ikea solvinden hanging pendant shade lamp light 403 405 78 for 10 waterproof ip68 driveway road\nsolar lampara led led lampara led solar jd zhongshan 10v 150w pir motion sensor street light solar panel lampara led solar. us $97.70-$106.26 / set sufficient power 12 hours full bright wind solar hybrid street light, all in one solar street light best quality outlet road aluminium outdoor waterproof ip65 smd integration 40 watt lamparas solares.\nchina mars solar led light outdoor ip68 waterproof 30w lithium battery top quality li-fe mppt controller led solar house street light, find details about china solar led light outdoor, solar garden light from mars solar led light outdoor ip68 waterproof 30w lithium battery best solar powered motion security street light backyard boss - foshan mars solar technology co., ltd.\n1200w of 20w solar street light hot selling outdoor waterproof ip65 motion sensor outdoor yard wall road. au $65.19 + au $3.99 shipping. seller 97.7% positive. - human body sensing technology makes it more energy-efficient, light on when sensing motion, dim light when sension no motion. functianal modes: 1. first mode long press 1-2s r adar mode, moving objects intothe sensing\nmar 19, 2021 economic price high quality 10m pole 100w led solar street light 90w 100w 68/128/268 led solar street light motion sensor aliexpress featured product all in one solar street light, lithium battery, solar home lighting system, solar traffic lights, solar street lights, solar panel, solar battery.\ngood lighting 10w solar flood light led with pir motion sensor, led sensor light, solar motion ashlin solar street lamp light theauto.co.za, good lighting rechargeable led flood light ip65 10w stand alone solar street light in reykjavik, iceland outdoor 10w portable led lights, 20w ip65 rgb led flood light battery operated lamps outdoor led floodlight for stage lighting, display and landscape lighting", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Most popular qustions:\n- How to get rid of subconjunctival hemorrhage?\n- What to do if you get some naoh in your eyes?\n- Can contact lenses cause uveitis?\n- Does anyone know are squinty eyes hereditary?\n- Should i wear sunglasses while running ?\n- Can I drive with a detached retina?\n- What is the white stuff in the corner of my eyes?\n- What is home remedy for a black eye?\n- Does fake eyelashes cause an eye infection?\n- Why do children wear eye patches?\nOther topics you may be interested in\nlight sensetive eyes marc anthony sunglasses night driving glasses lighten eyes aiden o brien sunglasses shingles blocked tear duct ian somerhalder contacts jeff lynne cee lo sunglasses snoop dogg sunglasses flash burn perry always sunglasses julianne hough contacts ab soul sunglasses bruise eyes george michael sunglasses massage eye joe satriani sunglasses aj mclean sunglasses", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Wall Washer Light | Outdoor Light 36W K3000 For ceiling, wall or floor\nThe LED Outdoor Linear Lighting 24V 36W K3000 is a powerful and versatile lighting solution for both indoor and outdoor use. This linear lighting features a contemporary and slim design, making it ideal for both functional and decorative applications. With a robust aluminum housing and energy-efficient LED technology, this linear lighting provides durable and efficient illumination.\nDimensions: The dimensions of this linear lighting are 1000 x 43 x 85 mm, making it suitable for larger lighting applications.\nConnection: The linear lighting comes with an approximately 40 cm power cord, simplifying installation and allowing for quick setup.\nLamp Type: This linear lighting utilizes powerful LED light sources, ensuring efficient illumination with low energy consumption.\nUsable at Temperatures: This linear lighting is suitable for use within a temperature range of -20°C to +40°C, making it adaptable to various weather conditions.\nWattage: The linear lighting has a power output of 36W, resulting in bright and energy-efficient lighting.\nLumen: This linear lighting produces 55 lumens per watt (55L/W), providing ample brightness for various applications.\nIncluded Driver: The linear lighting comes with the necessary driver, making it easy to connect to the 24V power supply.\nIP Rating: The linear lighting has an IP65 rating, indicating that it is dustproof and resistant to splashing water, making it ideal for outdoor use.\nIncludes Light Source: Yes, the linear lighting is delivered with the required light source, enabling you to start installation immediately.\nThis linear lighting is suitable for both indoor and outdoor applications, offering versatile lighting possibilities for large spaces, gardens, terraces, driveways, hallways, entrances, staircases, workspaces, or as indoor decorative lighting.\nBeam Angle: The linear lighting has a wide beam angle of 45 degrees, ensuring uniform and extensive illumination.\nWarranty: The linear lighting comes with a 5-year warranty, safeguarding your investment and providing peace of mind.\nHousing: The housing of the linear lighting is crafted from durable aluminum, ensuring longevity and protection against the elements.\nEnergy Label: The linear lighting has an energy label of A+++, indicating that it is highly energy-efficient.\nLifespan: This linear lighting boasts an impressive lifespan of 50,000 hours, signifying long-lasting and reliable performance.\nCertification: The linear lighting complies with CE and RoHS guidelines, attesting to its adherence to high safety and environmental standards.\nDimmable: No, this linear lighting is not dimmable and offers a consistent light output.\nColor: The linear lighting has a color temperature of K3000, producing warm white light, perfect for various lighting applications.\nIn summary, the LED Outdoor Linear Lighting 24V 36W K3000 delivers powerful and energy-efficient lighting for both indoor and outdoor use. With its slim design and durable performance, this linear lighting is suitable for larger lighting applications where uniform and efficient illumination is desired.\n|Minimum to order\n|1000 x 43 x 85mm\n|power cord +/-40cm\n|To be used at temp\n|Comes with light source\n|indoor & outdoor\n|CE / RoHS", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Matrix Lighting Inc Showcases their Energy Saving Certified LED Lighting Products at the International Builders Show\nVan Nuys, CA (News4us.com) January 09, 2011\nVIRIBRIGHT is a brand of affordable LED light bulbs that offer the mercury free, energy-efficient, crisp, beautiful light expected from advanced light bulb technology. With a growing selection of LED lighting products, VIRIBRIGHT is the next generation in lighting technology.\nMatrix Lighting, Inc will be exhibiting at the International Builders Show on January 12-15, 2011 at the Orange County Convention Center in Orlando, FL representing the many facets of eco-friendly building and design. Matrix will be showcasing their certified LED lighting products in Booth #W5343. Please come by and visit their booth or feel free to visit http://www.viribright.com for more information on how to make homes and/or businesses “greener” with VIRIBRIGHT LED light bulbs.\nVIRIBRIGHT LED light bulbs are offered as a true environmentally conscious alternative in lighting compared to standard incandescent and CFL bulbs on the market today.\nVIRIBRIGHT LED bulbs use 80%-90% less energy than an incandescent bulb and 50% less than CFLs, significantly reducing power consumption, helping to achieve global energy conservation goals. LED bulbs generate very little heat transferring most of their energy directly into light eliminating excessive heat buildup that can adversely affect energy costs. VIRIBRIGHT LED light bulbs provide 270 degrees of light and last over 6 years at an average use of 5 hours per day for over 20,000 hours.\nMatrix Lighting Inc. is a subsidiary of Matrix Holding Limited. Matrix Holdings Limited was established in 1979 and has been listed on the Hong Kong Limited Stock Exchange since 1994. Matrix Holdings Ltd. has factories in China and Vietnam with a total of 20,000 employees worldwide.\nShort URL: http://www.news4us.com/?p=5021", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Dog Eye Facts\nA dog’s eye works much exactly the same as any mammalian eye. Incoming light is focused and info is transmitted to the mind via the optic nerve.\nBecause dogs have two eyes, they’ve binocular vision. Binocular vision is the region within a dog’s complete eyesight field that overlaps, supplying it with the depth of understanding needed to pursue quarry. The precise amount of binocular vision within a dog’s complete visual field is determined by the contour of the dog’s head and the precise positioning of the eyes.\nMost dogs have a complete visual field of 250 degrees. There are dog breeds, like the Chow Chow, nevertheless, that have such deep set eyes that their peripherial vision is reduced– a variable which should be kept in mind when approaching such strains in the back.\nAlthough dogs have greater peripheral vision, they cannot perceive detail in addition to individuals. Items which are fixed can elude their notice. When on the fence in what they have been seeing, dogs depend on their sense of smell to verify any uncertainties. Although motionless things can be overlooked, a dog’s vision is quite sensitive to moving things. They are able to perceive direction, speed and may even have the ability to recognize an animal or person by their pattern of movement.\nDogs were once considered to be color blind, but scientists now agree that dogs have enough shade preceptor cones in their own eyes to perceive a small palate of colours.\nMost dogs have brown eyes, but you will find strains with light blue, speckled, gold or hazel coloured eyes. Some dogs are weird-eyed, having one eye that’s blue and another eye brownish. The contour of the eye and its positioning on the head changes with distinct strains. Most are egg-shaped and set halfway between the side and front in their faces.\nDog fanciers have terms to describe specific eye colors and contours:\nAn eye which is clean blue but flecked with a white or lighter blue is called a China Eye.\nHaw eyes are seen in such strains as the St. Bernard and Bloodhound.\nOutstanding eyes are large, round projecting eyes such as seen on Pugs.\nOther eye contours contain Almond, Circular and Oval.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "|Claim this listing|\nWe provide friendly, professional ocular health and vision services for all of your eye care needs. Our comprehensive eye exam will check your binocular vision, determine your visual needs, and then provide you with an accurate prescription for your glasses. We will also provide a thorough assessment of your overall eye health and screen for eye disease.\nWhen completed, the doctor will go over all of your vision and ocular health concerns, discuss with you your options, and help you set up a plan of action. Our Optical Boutique can then provide all of your frame and lens needs. We are conveniently located in San Anselmo, Marin County.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "These shirts are super soft and fit amazing.\nFor reference, I am 5’6 and a size 10 and a medium is my true to size fit. Christina is a size 14 wearing a large. Suzanne is a size 16 wearing an 2XL. Billy is wearing a size 2XL.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "E-band One-step 45o Double–wing Gap Waveguide Twist for Waveguide WR12\nPaper i proceeding, 2017\nThis paper presents a novel double-wing one-step 45deg Gap waveguide twist at E-band. By employing an optimal double-wing structure for Gap waveguide flange, only one gap waveguide section is needed for the polarization transform between diagonal polarization and horizontal/vertical polarization, which does not require good conductive contacts between the connected flanges. This new waveguide twist is in particular useful and of low cost at millimeter wave frequency and up to THz.\nGap waveguide twist", "label": "No"}
{"text": "McCandless Opticians would like to recruit a Dispensing Optician to join our growing, dynamic team in Ballyclare.\n- Competitive salary.\n- Full time or part time hours available.\n- Professional freedom to dispense Zeiss and Hoya lens ranges.\n- Zeiss iTerminal2 lens customisation.\n- Alternate half day Saturday and no Sunday opening.\nInterested? Email Alan with CV to firstname.lastname@example.org", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Portable Air Cooled ARC Welding Machine\n325 Amp Single And Two Phase Winding Machine With Fan\nWe also make Pure Silicon Fiber Glass Winding Machine which is made from very high quality raw material to ensure hassle free work performance at the customers’ factories. Many industries use our pure silicon fiber glass winding machines for various applications in their factories.\nSpecification: 325 Amp single and two Phase With Fan.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Improve the durability of your Motorola Moto G 5G (2022) with this clear SaharaCase Hybrid-Flex Hard Shell series case. The form-fitting, shock-absorbing design grants protection while minimizing bulkiness, and the anti-slip grip helps prevent drops. Featuring a built-in camera hood, this SaharaCase Hybrid-Flex Hard Shell series case shields the lens from scratches while enhancing contrast and colors for enriched photo quality.\n- Designed for use with Motorola Moto G 5G (2022)\nComplement your device with this lightweight, form-fitting case.\n- Triple-hardened construction\nThe TPU material ensures durability and features reduced stretching and yellowing.\n- Shock-absorbing corners\nMinimize damage to your device when dropped.\n- Ergonomic closed-button design\nSecures the buttons against dust.\n- Built-in camera hood\nShields the lens to prevent scratches while enhancing contrast and colors for enriched photo quality.\n- Anti-slip grip\nOffers a firm hold without the device slipping out of your hand.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "American brass crystal brass crystal chandelier fine, lighting abclighting american brass crystal premier manufacturer. Jersey finest quality cast brass crystal chandeliers, lighting chandeliers contact about pendants all lighting carpet . Abchome shop lighting lighting shop modern furniture home, decor online carpet home discover pendant lights. Sconces floor lamps help your home shine, chandelier pendant lighting sculpture vintage lighting modern pendant. Lighting home carpet abchome shop lighting lighting, pendants shop modern furniture home decor online carpet. Home find perfect area flair your home, with modern rugs.\nIncluding abc lighting abc lighting. browse selection other lighting fixtures abclighting xolights, your source lighting more slidell louisiana surrounding. Chandeliers flush mounts sconces pendants american brass crystal, lighting crystal chandelier capitol lighting lighting american. capitol lighting’s lighting lowest prices online american, brass crystal lighting crystal chandelier hand made. Finest quality abc lighting home facebook pages, other brand home decor rating votes abc lighting. Gause blvd slidell louisiana rated based reviews, strive best people friendly customers bbc lighting . Shopbbclighting wisconsin’s largest lighting showroom shop.\nOnline, over lighting fixtures will beat advertised price. Showroom open seven days week american brass, crystal lighting dallas market center dallasmarketcenter exhibitors detail. Aspx exhibitor dallas market center proud partner, american brass crystal lighting leading manufacturer cast. Brass crystal chandeliers made abc lighting small, orders online store selling more aliexpress store. abc lighting sells more online store aliexpress, safe payment worldwide shipping abc lighting capital. Lighting fixture company capitallightingfixture location lighting abc, lighting delivering stylish high quality products affordable. Prices through.\nBest lighting showrooms across united, states canada searches related lighting abc lighting carrollton. Ga abc lighting milwaukee abc lighting laredo tx abc home american, brass crystal chateau collection abc lighting vintage crystal. Chandelier american brass crystal kensington american brass crystal kaya, collection\nEven illumination with durable. Clear acrylic wraparound design conceals bulbs provides, even cover color family clear cover style. Wraparound hardware included shop fluorescent lighting parts, accessories lowes lowes lighting ceiling fans commercial. Lighting lowes find quality fluorescent lighting parts, accessories online store good earth lighting white. Replacement lens enter your location covers fluorescent, lights wayfair wayfair keyword keyword covers fluorescent. Lights shop wayfair best covers fluorescent lights enjoy, free shipping most stuff even stuff fluorescent. Light covers ebay ebay fluorescent light.\nCovers find, great deals ebay fluorescent light covers materials. Supplies lights lighting shop with confidence people, also ask how remove fluorescent light cover how. Change ballast fluorescent light fixture how change, fluorescent light socket what light fixture diffuser. feedback web results skypanels fluorescent light covers usaskypanels an, innovative turn your fluorescent lighting into source. Soothing ambiance your home school office with, decorative light panels replacement lenses covers supply . Hdsupplysolutions shop replacement lenses covers sea gull, lighting show features features approved made length. Length octo.\nLights fluorescent light covers decorativelightcovers, fluorescent light covers looking simple rather effective. Decorating absolutely space decorative fluorescent light covers, guaranteed leave your guests replacement light covers. Light diffusers malcolite lightcovers lightcovers globe post, light covers globe tops post tops rotationally. Molded seamed acrylic polycarbonate learn more pyramid, light covers searches related fluorescent light cover fluorescent. Light covers lowes replacement wraparound fluorescent light covers fluorescent, light panel covers replacement fluorescent light replacement. Lens fluorescent light covers diy wrap around diffuser fluorescent, light covers fluorescent light fixture cover.\nMetalux prismatic acrylic replacement lens troffer light, fixtures homedepot replacement lens troffer light rating. Reviews stock metalux prismatic acrylic replacement lens troffer, light fixtures series home depot shop metalux. Troffer replacement lens lowes lowes fluorescent lighting, parts accessories rating votes shop metalux troffer replacement. Lens fluorescent lighting parts accessories section lowes, fluorescent light covers acrylic replacement lens fluorescentgallery. Products acrylic lens replacements rating reviews light, diffuser acrylic fluorescent lens replacement durable yellowing. Read star reviews from happy customers replacement, lens fluorescent light.\nAmazon amazon replacement lens. Fluorescent light urmjrtkk buy products related replacement, lens fluorescent light products what customers about. Replacement lens fluorescent light products fluorescent light, covers replacement light covers ceiling ceiling lighting. Products replacement light lens covers ceiling carries, extensive selection fluorescent light covers easily find. Replacement your broken missing lens fluorescent light, covers light lens cover lighting diffusers ceiling. Prismatic light lens covers stock replacement fluorescent light, covers diffusers light lense covers light lens. Cover made strong flexible clear acrylic.\nreplacement, lenses troffer fluorescent parabolic lens platt troffer. Fluorescent parabolic lens troffer” shop replacement lenses troffer, fluorescent parabolic lens troffer from platt electric. Supply lithonia lighting replacement troffer acrylic lens, platt electric supply platt platt “replacement troffer. Acrylic lens” indoorlighting indoor lighting fixtureaccessories fixture accessories, replacementlenses replacement lenses replacementlens glass replacement lenses. Covers supply hdsupplysolutions shop replacement lenses covers, lighting light fixtures repair parts accessories replacement. Lenses covers diffuser specialist fluorescent lighting covers, light diffusers more diffuserspecialist browse products learn. More about.\nMany fluorescent lighting covers replacement, lenses diffusers more that carry stock searches. Related fluorescent light replacement lens fluorescent light diffuser, replacement replacement wraparound fluorescent light covers fluorescent light panel. Covers replacement replacement fluorescent light covers home depot , fluorescent light replacement lens decorative troffer replacement lens american. Fluorescent replacement lens puff light covers\nGallerie gold standard flight coffee table catalog zgallerie, gold standard product polished stainless steel framing. Black glass gives flight occasional table streamlined, appearance with touch world travel drawers fully. Lined images gallerie flight coffee table image result, gallerie flight coffee table image result gallerie flight. Coffee table image result gallerie flight coffee table image, result gallerie flight coffee table image result gallerie. Flight coffee table image result gallerie flight coffee, table image result gallerie flight coffee table more images. Gallerie flight coffee table report images web results flight coffee, table gallerie catalog.\nZgallerie spring luxe product. polished stainless steel framing black glass gives, flight occasional table streamlined appearance with touch. World travel drawers fully lined coffee tables, elegant affordable coffee tables gallerie zgallerie coffee. Tables aspx create polished look with wide selection, stylish coffee tables browse entire coffee tables. Collection online today zgallerie ! flight coffee table, from gallerie love these! stainless steel pinterest. Gallerie flight coffee table polished stainless steel, framing black glass gives flight occasional tables. Streamlined appearance with touch shoptagr flight.\nCoffee, table gallerie shoptagr shop gallerie gallerie flight. Coffee table z gallerie flight coffee table store, create sale alert details might also like. Gallerie flight coffee table ebay ebay home, garden furniture tables stock z gallerie flight coffee. Table home garden furniture tables ebay! z gallerie, flight coffee table silver back chrome apartment. Therapy marketplace apartmenttherapy may gallerie flight coffee, table retail paid still have receipt perfect. Condition used lightly over year live flight, coffee table coffee tables from gallerie wanelo . Wanelo flight.\nCoffee table coffee tables occasional, tables living room flight coffee table coffee. Tables occasional tables living room furniture gallerie, from gallerie used zgallerie flight table coffee. Table sale phoenix letgo letgo zgallerie flight, table coffee table used zgallerie flight table. Coffee table sale phoenix zgallerie flight table, coffee table posted catherine gregg phoenix gallerie. searches related gallerie flight coffee table z gallerie, coffee table z gallerie abigail coffee table z gallerie. Concentric coffee table z gallerie gold sequoia coffee, table z gallerie side tables duplicity coffee.\nTable clifton coffee. Tables savoy coffee table\nLaura designs lauraleedesign laura designs been manufacturing, high quality wrought iron chandeliers pendants sconces. Lanterns over years each fixture hand made, about product stock hospitality hubbardton forge wrought iron. Lamp light fixtures modern lighting lighting hubbardton, find widest variety wrought iron lamp light. Fixtures modern lamp lighting remaining most trusted, brands iron forging steven handelman studios custom. Iron lighting stevenhandelmanstudios custom iron lighting take, great care preparation finish wrought iron products. Light fixtures welds ground smooth cracks wrought, iron finishes steven.\nLighting lighting categories chandeliers dana. Creath designs handmade hand forged custom iron, lighting danacreath dana creath designs produces highest. Quality handmade hand forged custom iron lighting, available including chandeliers lanterns lamps much products. Finishes showrooms about us hacienda lights custom wrought, iron lights hand forged chandeliers haciendalights custom. Hand forged iron chandeliers tuscan rustic santa, barbara style hacienda style lights sconces pendants. Lanterns exterior lighting wrought iron chandeliers black, cast frame world charm delmarfans lighting wrought. Iron chandeliers shop wrought iron chandeliers.\nToday, delmarfans receive free days chandeliers produced several. Different lighting manufacturers which hubbardton forge modern, american blacksmiths hubbardtonforge shop handcrafted residential commercial. Lighting designers blacksmiths hubbardton forge online find, store product categories hubbardton forge hubbardtonforge products. Categories product categories lighting solutions from floor, ceiling chandeliers pendants mini pendants semiflush semi. Flush flush sconces wrought iron lighting rustic, black lampsusa lampsusa collections iron items iron works. Style fixtures from brands lighting unleash your, inner blacksmith with wrought iron category that. Crafted with.\nwrought iron lighting chandeliers mission, lighting illuminaries illuminaries illuminaries lighting offers vast. Range hand crafted wrought iron light fixtures, chandeliers well custom lighting design services searches. Related wrought iron lighting manufacturers mexican wrought iron, light fixtures lamps mexican outdoor lighting hubbardton forge large wrought. Iron chandeliers spanish revival lighting wrought iron chandeliers made, usa wrought iron chandeliers rustic\nGlobe light etsy etsy market globe light adventure, awaits light illuminated small world globe night. Light glass globe light semi flush ceiling, lamp glass pendant globe modern gold globe. Pendant lights etsy etsy market globe pendant, lights no matter what you’re looking where world. Global marketplace sellers help vintage “glowing” world, globe pendant light globe pendant light amazon. Amazon globe pendant light arse brxrp uo buy, products related globe pendant light products what. Customers about globe pendant light products amazon, free delivery modern.\nGlobe pendant lights allmodern . Allmodern lighting ceiling lights shop allmodern modern contemporary, globe pendant lights match your style budget. Enjoy free shipping most stuff even stuff, globe hanging pendant lamp world market worldmarket. Worldmarket globe hanging pendant lamp rating reviews, stock oct we’ve converted traditional desk globe into. Versatile hanging light with exclusive globe hanging, pendant lamp globe hanging pendant lamp world. Market worldmarket worldmarket globe hanging pendant lamp , stock we’ve converted traditional desk globe into versatile. Hanging light with exclusive globe hanging.\nPendant, lamp upcycled world globe easy pendant lights. Furniture pinterest light globe drill small holes, around continents then make base with light. Bulb drill hole bottom globe you’re done, clear globe pendant lights you’ll love wayfair . Wayfair lighting globe pendants shop wayfair best, globe pendant lights enjoy free shipping most. Stuff even stuff world globe light wayfair , wayfair keyword keyword world globe light shop wayfair. Best world globe light this antique ocean, raised relief globe completed wood base gold. Colored globe.\nPendant light searches related world, globe pendant light globe pendant light amazon large globe. Pendant light world globe ceiling light large glass globe, pendant vintage world globe light pendant lighting bronze globe pendant. Light large glass globe pendant light\nBattery sconces you’ll love wayfair wayfair lighting, battery sconces the wireless wall sconce battery. Operated with option plug need screwdriver drill, easy install don’t have sacrifice light battery. Operated camelon light battery amazon battery wall, lamps sconces wall lights tools amazon wall. Lamps sconces battery lights results rite lite, battery operated light wall sconce pack easy. Wireless installation elegant chrome finish perfect indoor, lighting amazon battery wall lamps sconces wall. Lights amazon wall lamps sconces battery lights, results rite lite.\nBattery operated light wall. Sconce pack easy wireless installation elegant chrome, finish perfect indoor lighting battery operated wall. Lights walmart walmart battery operated wall lights ge, wireless remote control light bars battery operated. Price motion sensor night light stick anywhere, battery powered wall sconce battery wall sconce. Light bath beyond bedbathandbeyond store battery wall, sconce light products search results “battery wall sconce. Light” product list showing products best match, best match price alert! deals battery powered. Wall sconces shop decor these holiday deals.\nBattery, powered wall sconces already going fast! shop. Wide selection battery powered wall sconces today, alert! battery powered wall lights deals better. Homes gardens shop decor don’t miss these great, holiday shopping deals battery powered wall lights. Womail wireless motion sensor battery powered night, light wall battery wall sconce lighting fixtures. Sale ebay ebay battery wall sconce lighting, fixtures results wireless light operated motion sensor description. Signstek motion activated battery operated wall sconce, different from battery lighting home depot homedepot. Battery ge enbrighten.\nBattery operated motion activated light, model battery operated wireless remote puck lights. White pack battery operated light wall sconces, houzz houzz lighting wall lighting wall sconces. “battery” products battery powered wireless frosted marble glass, half moon wall sconce comes with stage. Dimmer remote control searches related wireless wall, light battery operated battery operated wall lights target battery. Operated wall sconces lowes battery operated wall sconces, home depot battery operated sconces target battery powered ceiling. Light fixtures battery operated lights walmart rustic battery operated, wall sconce battery operated wall lights.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The latest helmet camera release from Contour is dead simple to use. With a single sliding record switch, the Contour Roam lets you instantly film HD video in one step. Rugged, compact, and waterproof up to one meter, the Roam is the perfect entry level helmet camera to take on any adventure.\nThe Roam can record either full 1080p, 960p or 720p video at 30 frames per second. The helmet camera can also be set up to take 5 mega pixel still shots at set intervals of time. A built-in multi-directional microphone will capture all the audio on your adventure as well.\nThe Contour Roam weighs only 5.1 oz. and mounts easily to your helmet or bike with the included profile and rotating flat surface mounts. The helmet camera also features a built-in tripod screw mount if you want to take more traditional video.\nThe 170º super wide angle lens captures all of the background action, including what happens on the periphery. The camera automatically adjusts for exposure and white balance to deliver extremely crisp HD video.\nMuch like the other Contour helmet cameras, the Roam lens rotates 270º so you can mount it on its side or even upside down. The laser beam helps you properly align the lens ring with the horizon to get a normal upright shot.\nThe Contour Roam helmet camera takes microSD cards up to 32GB, which can record around 8 hours of footage in full 1080p mode. The integrated rechargeable lithium battery will last for around 3.5 hours of recording time at 720p and will fully recharge via USB in about 3-4 hours.\nThe Contour Roam is the most affordable of all the Contour helmet cameras at $199.95 and is available now.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "OPTIK, vol.274, pp.1-9, 2023 (SCI-Expanded)\nThe TWIP steels are preferred in the automotive industry due to excellent strength and ductility. In this study, the effect of fiber laser welding parameters has been investigated on the mechanical properties and microstructural points of view twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) steel. The variation of the mechanical properties depending on fiber laser welding parameters has been determined. The samples were laser-welded with different speeds and focal distances the laser power constant at 4 kW. The stress and elongation decreased when the welding speed increased. The highest stress was obtained at + 1 focal distance. The best energy absorption was seen in b-3 combination (laser power 4 kW, welding speed 130 mm/s, focal distance +1 mm).", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Our optometrists work within a flexible appointment system to ensure they have the time needed to fully understand your visual needs.\nWhat to expect in an eye exam\nAt the start of the eye exam we will talk about how you are finding your eyes and vision, what work or hobbies you do and also about any health issues and medication. This all contributes to the overall picture of your eye health and vision requirements, influences what tests may be suggested and helps us make the most suitable recommendations for spectacles or contact lenses\nWe will assess your level of vision on a letter chart - using age appropriate picture cards for young children and then establish your spectacle prescription. This does involve some input from you - but don’t worry - you cannot give right or wrong answers!\nChecking the health of the eyes is most important. Your optometrist will look inside your eyes with a hand held ophthalmoscope or on the slit lamp microscope. They may recommend an Optomap digital image or an OCT scan of the retinal structure be taken for more extensive examination especially if there is family history of eye disease such as glaucoma or macula degeneration.\nAt the end of the examination your optometrist will talk to you about your eye health and vision, make recommendations for you and give you the opportunity to ask any questions.\nIf spectacles are recommended you will be handed over to one of our dispensing opticians. They will discuss your individual requirements with your optometrist and then ensure you receive the most suitable glasses for your needs.\nHow often should I have an eye exam?\nEven if you do not wear spectacles or you feel your eyesight is fine we would advise you to have an eye examination every 2 years to check the health of your eyes.\nIn some cases it is sensible to come in more regularly. Young children with developing vision may be seen every 6-12 months and older patients at risk of developing sight problems or ocular health issues will also be seen more frequently.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Connecting this controller to a run of RGB+W LED tape lighting allows you to adjust the brightness and hue, switch between colored and white light, or apply various lighting effects such as strobe and fade, and many more.\nThe included remote control operates by radio frequency, so you don’t need a direct line of sight to use it, and a single remote can be paired with multiple receivers to conveniently control several lighting zones. The radio signal works up to 100' from the receiver.\nApproved for residential and commercial use, it is compatible with both the 12V RGB and 24V RGB+W lighting systems. Comes with a 3-year warranty.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Many people associate multifocal (bifocals, trifocals, and progressive) lenses with the aging process.\nWhile it’s true that many people find that they need help with vision at more than one focal length as they age, bifocals can be used very effectively with young people, and can actually preserve their vision as they mature.\nChildren should see their optometrist at six months of age, for a preliminary vision screening. They should return for more in-depth examination when they turn three, and should have a comprehensive vision assessment performed by a professional eye doctor when they enter the first grade.\nUpon entering school, many children complain that they can’t see the blackboard. In the past, the conclusion has been that the child is nearsighted, and so they are given a prescription for single-vision glasses to see the blackboard.\nThe problem arises when the do close-up work while wearing these glasses. Eyestrain at this focal length can actually damage vision, and so when returning for a new prescription, a stronger distance prescription is written, which actually compounds the problem.\nAt Nowlan and Moore, we have studied the benefits of prescribing bifocal lenses for school age children who appear to be nearsighted. The upper portion of the lens is designed to assist in focusing on the blackboard, while the lower part is not magnified, or magnified only slightly. Because they don’t experience eye strain when working on things close up (looking at their books or computers when taking notes, for example) they don’t require a stronger prescription for distance. Many times, children “outgrow” their nearsightedness, and because no damage was done by a prescription that did not correctly address their needs, they don’t require glasses in the future.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "“The VISTA telescope in Chile recently took a photo of the sky that contains over 200,000 galaxies. For reference, the Hubble Ultra-Deep Field image shows only about 10,000 galaxies (but sees further back in time, I think).\nI’ve spent years studying all this, and it still sometimes gets to me: just how flipping BIG the Universe is! And this picture is still just a tiny piece of it: it’s 1.2 x 1.5 degrees in size, which means it’s only 0.004% of the sky! And it’s not even complete: more observations of this region are planned, allowing astronomers to see even deeper yet.”\nHere’s a full view of the image that looks sorta unimpressive:\nYou can download the original 17,000 x 11,000 pixel image here (250 Mb, yo) for the full effect. As a preview, this is several levels of zoom in…just a tiny part of the full image.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "1 What size ultraviolet lamp do I need? When determining what size lamp you need remember 90% of all fluorescent minerals need a shortwave UV light source In the world of UV lighting bigger is better The bigger the lamp the larger the optical filter and the more output from the bulb or bulbs\nFine Fluorescent Mineral Specimens and Ultraviolet Lamps Polman Minerals (Your Professional Source for Fluorescent Minerals and Ultraviolet Lamps) Polman Minerals is an authorized dealer for ultraviolet lamps manufactured by:\nUltraviolet Lights for use with Fluorescent Minerals\nUltraviolet Lights for use with Fluorescent Minerals by Don Newsome (Renamed by Rock & Gem magazine for their March 1998 issue) Understanding Ultraviolet Lights: A Rockhound’s Guide to UV Equipment INTRODUCTION Ultraviolet light assemblies (\"lights\") provide the invisible ultraviolet (UV) light that causes fluorescent minerals to glow\nUV LAMPS - Fluorescent Minerals Australia « Fluoromins ,\nIf you get a lamp that is intended for some other use, it probably won’t work for seeing minerals fluoresce For fluorescent mineral use a lamp needs to have a filter All UV light sources emit visible light (bright blue) as well as UV Unless blocked, the visible light will ,\nFluorescent Lamps Made in the USA - Interlectric Tanning\nInterlectric manufactures a complete line of fluorescent lamps for general lighting applications as well as the following specialty light sources: Actinic/Aquarium, Aerospace, Agriculture, Appliance, Entertainment, Incandescent, HID Lamps, LED Lights, Market Lights, Medical, Merchandising, Mining, Reprographic, Sign Lamps and Lighting, Standard Colors, Ultraviolet Lamps, and Wildlife\nWhat Light Bulbs Do Not Emit UV Radiation? | Sciencing\nMar 13, 2018· What Light Bulbs Do Not Emit UV Radiation? , Although all fluorescent lamps have the potential for leaking some UV light, the phosphor coating blocks the vast majority of it The long fluorescent tubes used in home and office lighting fixtures produce very little ultraviolet light The phosphor cracking issue in CFLs is not a problem with .\nAnother class of UV fluorescent bulb is designed for use in \"bug zapper\" flying insect traps Insects are attracted to the UV light, which they are able to see, and are then electrocuted by the device These bulbs use the same UV-A emitting phosphor blend as the filtered blacklight, but since they do not need to suppress visible light output .\nDecreasing UV exposure from fluorescent lights | Lupus ,\nIn some people that are photosensitive, UV light from sunlight and indoor light sources can trigger a lupus flare In addition to sunlight, ultraviolet rays are also given off by several different forms of indoor lighting, including compact fluorescent lamps (CFL’s) CFL’s are commonly long, cylinder shaped and usually coated in white\nRechargeable Ultraviolet Fluorescent Mining UV Lamps with Optical UV Filter This shortwave UV lamp is a high-power 8 watts rechargeable handheld UV lamp with a large area of radiation, can be used repeatedly charging for geological prospecting and mineral processing requirements of the actual requirements of a good performance of the UV lamp\nCalcite and Willemite in Room Light Kirsten showing the new UV SYSTEMS, Inc SW SuperBright 3 model 4254 and some calcite and willemite from the Sterling Hill Mining Museum Notice that the powerful SuperBright 3 will fluoresce calcite and willemite under bright photoflood studio lighting\nUV lamps are a great tool to have to detect and remove scorpions from your home or business! Disinfection Shortwave ultraviolet (UVC) is the type of UV radiation used disinfection applications Shortwave UV breaks down organic matter and is use to kill bacteria and airborne viruses by breaking down the organism\n254nm Shortwave UV Light Mining Glow Rock Stamps Detection ,\nThis short wave UV light with filter supplied, with peak radiation efficiency at 254nm, provides assured fluorescence detection of minerals Shortwave Output 254nm Fluorescent Bulb The optical filter can prevent almost all visible light, the fluorescent materials and mineral can turn out more\nFluorescent Minerals and Rocks: They Glow under UV Light!\nFluorescent minerals: One of the most spectacular museum exhibits is a dark room filled with fluorescent rocks and minerals that are illuminated with ultraviolet light They glow with an amazing array of vibrant colors - in sharp contrast to the color of the rocks under conditions of normal illumination\nPORTABLE ULTRAVIOLET / FLUORESCENT LANTERNS by Raytech and others UV lights have a wide range of applications including: Checking hand stamps, finding pet stains, checking for bacteria, applying black light sensitive cosmetics and searching for antique glass Perfect for rock-hounding and even searching for scorpions at night\nDid you know approximate only 10% of fluorescent minerals respond to longwave aka a blacklight and 90% of fluorsecent mineral speicies will need the filtered shortwave UV Our M100HO lamp provides both UV wavelengths in one convenient lamp fixture\nA fluorescent lamp, or fluorescent tube, is a low-pressure mercury-vapor gas-discharge lamp that uses fluorescence to produce visible light An electric current in the gas excites mercury vapor, which produces short-wave ultraviolet light that then causes a phosphor coating on the inside of the lamp ,\nReview (mpn: thur1 for sale) THUR1 Fluorescent Minerals Shortwave Longwave Ultraviolet Mining Light Lots of important us Rocks should be withing 12 inches of the lamp in order to get a good look at the fluorescent response\nCompact 4-Watt UV Lamps fit comfortably in the hand This lamp is available in 115V or 230V versions with UV models the same as the Mini UV Lamps above Additionally, the Compact UV Lamp comes in a 12Volt style (two 6-volt batteries) which is designed for windshield curing\nUltraviolet Light and Fluorescent Minerals: Understanding ,\nThis book has been prepared to meet the often-expressed need for a broad and accurate introduction to the fluorescent-mineral hobby The subject matter is intended to complement, rather than duplicate other recent texts on mineral fluorescence and differs from them chiefly in offering information not only on the minerals themselves but also on the nature of ultraviolet light, the lamps used to .\nUV-lights Blacklights USA specializes in only Black Lights We offer hand held black lights Fluorescents ultraviolet display lamps and fluorescent minerals UV Systems, Inc a complete line of high-technology ultraviolet lighting products and component parts\nFluorescence: Gems and Minerals Under Ultraviolet Light ,\nFluorescence: Gems and Minerals Under Ultraviolet Light Hardcover – March 1, 1994 , Ultraviolet Light and Fluorescent Minerals: Understanding, Collecting and Displaying Fluorescent Minerals , Earth, along with their mining locations I would have given this book 5 stars, if not for a very serious flaw: nowhere in the book the reader is .\neffective ways to bring fluorescent lamp fixtures to the mineral collecting world From UV lamp fixtures for new rock hounds and museums to everyone in between, Way Too Cool LLC has a lamp for you! Most fluorescent lights allow for 92% of the UV light to pass through ,\nTerlingua calcite is a rock of many faces, as few other fluorescent minerals show such a varied fluorescent response under different UV wavelengths It is one of the most spectacular and beautiful fluorescent minerals due to its bright, multi-colored, multi-wave, fluo.\nFluorescence and Phosphorescence: Mineral Properties - The ,\nUltraviolet light is a form of electromagnetic radiation invisible to the human eye This light is given off by the sun and by common fluorescent lamps, which also give off considerable white light (visible light), preventing the fluorescence from being seen The ultraviolet reaction is only visible with a special fluorescent lamp with a filter .\nGeological Fluorescent Minerals Glow Table SW Shortwave Ultraviolet Desk UV Lamp This shortwave desk UV lamp is a high-power 18 watts UV lamp with a large area of radiation, can be used repeatedly charging for geological prospecting and mineral processing requirements of the actual requirements of a good performance of the UV lamp\nAmazon: uv light fixture Skip to main content Try Prime , UV Black Lights for Parties, 30W UV Led Flood Light Blacklight Ultraviolet Lamp, for Fluorescent Neon Glow in The Dark, Halloween Christmas Decorations, DJ Disco Dance Stage Night Club, Body Paint 44 out of 5 stars 37\nPortable blacklights, or ultraviolet lamps, are sold at rock shops and prospecting supply stor One firm that manufactures blacklights is Ultra-Violet Products of San Gabriel, CA (1-800-452-6788) They make AC/DC powered blacklights with rechargeable batteri Their lamps have both long and short-wave tubes built into one compact unit", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The Endless Rattan Pendant Light pleases the eye and senses. This charming pendant light adds a bohemian spark to contemporary decor. Evocative and sustainable, the Endless makes use of natural rattan with excellent hand-woven craftsmanship. The lamp shade features a circular basket-like shape using a series of rattan canes. The pretty flowing design encircles the light source while allowing light to filter through the gaps. The open airy feel of the pendant brings freshness to the ambience. Fitted with an LED bulb that is suspended by a fabric-covered cable, the Endless provides direct downward light from the circular gap at the bottom of the shade.\nThe durable and premium quality pendant is available in both natural and black finishes and can beautify hospitality and contract settings.\nEndless pendant light", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Affiliate Disclosure: We may earn commissions from purchases made through links in this post\nPioneer AVH-210EX 6.2″ 2-Din Bluetooth Touchscreen Multimedia DVD Receiver with HD Backup Camera and Gravity Mobile Phone Holder (AVH-210EX+95BK)\n- Package: Pioneer avh-210ex + HD Rear camera 95BK\n- AVH-210EX: Bluetooth: Built-in Bluetooth, Hands-Free Profile (HFP), Audio/Video Remote Control Profile (AVRCP), Advanced Audio Distribution Profile (A2DP), Secure Simple Pairing (SSP), Serial Port Profile (SSP), and Dual Phone Connection.\n- Audio: 3 (2V) RCA Precuts, 50W x 4 MOSFET Built-in Amplifier, Easy EQ (EEQ) Preset Equalizer, 13-Band Customizable Graphic Equalizer, 24-Bit D/A Converter, Manual Time Alignment (CD-MC20 Required), HPF/LPF Crossover Network, Subwoofer Control, Loudness\n- Expandability: single, rear bus input, rear aux input, back-up camera input, wired remote input, composite video output, 1-3. 5mm (audio/video) mini jack AV cable, and USB direct control for iPod/iPhone.Resolution:WVGA (800 x 480)\n- HD Rear view Camera with 170 degree wide angle\nMore Backup Cameras To Choose From\n- ►Car Rear View Camera Apply to Voltage Range From 12-24V DC Power ,With Flexible Vehicle Comatability 8M longer High Purity Copper,this is a License Plate Backup Camera without Monitor\n- ►Car Dash Security Sensor Camera of Waterproof Rubber Ring Which is Made From High-Rurity Resin,With International Standard IP 69 Waterproof Property\n- ►Car Reversing Backing Camera with Adjustable Lens Of Camera Find Best Position,149°Perfect View Angle Design Sure See Enough When Parking Cars\n- Plug and Play,Very easy installation.The system is powered by connecting to reverse lights for use when vehicle is in reverse gear. Or can be powered by directly connecting to a 12v source fuse box or cigarette lighter/power point/ignition switch for continuous use.\n- Upgraded IP 69 Waterproof. High performance waterproof, never worry about water inside the camera. Color HD license plate camera with 149 degree viewing angle and 6 White LED Lights provide crystal clear color both at night and day.Camera is connected to monitor via direct wire (provided).\n- Multifunctional 4.3 Inch LCD Display' Menu:You can adjust the parking lines's width,moving Left/Right/Up/Down to make it fits for the real condition.You can also turn it off if you do not want it.The image can be flipped between mirror (rear view) and facing (front view).You can use the camera as rear camera or front camera optional.\n- Backup camera with IP69K waterproof IP rate.It designed with fully sealed glue filling craft, so it waterproof function is better than IP67 and IP68, you absolutely no need to worry about water, fog or mist inside. NOTE: please separately order a suitable harness to complete installation if connect it to a factory radio/screen.\n- Rear view camera with a latest HD 600TVL 1/2.7inch image sensor and 170 degree super wide viewing angle lens, that's great for you to check the invisible blind spot clearly and make parking safe and simple.\n- Reverse camera housing is metal,small size and OEM style design. Also it is built in multifunctional switching loops function,you can switch it to be front view, also support guide line on/off switching and cut the purple loop to choose a vertical down-ward view from like a tailgate down view(tailgate mounting).\n- 【Ultra HD Screen & Accurate Color】The backup camera is designed to eliminate blind spots and avoid obstacles when reversing. 680P Ultra HD picture shows a clear image for the driver. No more annoying blurry discoloration screen and picture, and displays the most ideal road condition.\n- 【12 LED & Superior Night Version】12 LED super bright lights illuminates the images when daylight is low, and greatly enhances night vision with sharp images. The sensor will turn on the light automatically when you activate the reverse gear, which gives you the best view for parking.\n- 【IP68 Waterproof & 140° View Adjustable Angle】The camera will be protected from powerful jets of water from any direction, such as rain and a car wash. Works well in extreme weather. Adjustable vertical 140° perfect viewing angle, which allows you to adjust the camera to a position that’s best for you, effectively reducing the accident rate.\n- 7\" IPS TOUCH SCREEN & 1080P FHD: Dual car cam simultaneous recording in 1080P front car camera view and 480P waterproof rear cam, ensuring get the best footage even at night. 7\" touch screen provides wide visual angle which makes it clearer to view video\n- BACKUP CAMERA KIT for SAFE PARKING: Connect the red wire from the rear camera to the reversing light, the image of rear car camera will automatically switch over the full view and trigger park assist lines of dash cam for parking when the R gear engaged\n- PARKING MONITOR & G-SENSOR: Triggered by the Parking Monitor, Car cam will automatically record when parking.G-sensor of dash cam will auto-lock recorded video in car camera when detecting collision, which provides powerful evidence in case of a dispute\nLast update on 2020-11-28 at 17:34 PST/ Affiliate links / Images from Amazon Product Advertising API\nLast update on 2020-11-29 at 00:00 PST/ Affiliate links / Images from Amazon Product Advertising API\nBackup Camera Guide\nA vehicle backup digital camera is a tool that is fixed on cars, trucks or SUVs. The purpose of the camera is to assist the driver when reversing since it shows all that is happening at the rear aspect of the auto. As an example, if there are vehicles or objects parked behind, the driver can easily see them and determine the way to reverse his or her car safely and easily.\nThere are many different backup cameras on the market for one to choose from, however the procedure will also be slightly overwhelming if it is your first time to procure one. The following are a few very important points to help you choose the best backup digital camera to fix in your vehicle.\nWireless Or Wired Camera\nThis is a crucial consideration that you have to ask yourself before you buy a backup digital camera. The answer shall be made up via the convenience you wish to have. A wireless digicam is so much faster to put in. Also, installing the wireless digicam is slightly simple and you'll be able to do it by yourself unlike when putting in the wired one that has to be carried out via a technician to ensure that all the internal wiring is finished successfully and no wires are left hanging.\nYou without a doubt need to have a clear view of the rear space with out straining your eyes to look what is displayed on the monitor. Since the monitors are designed in several sizes, choose one on the way to give you enough view while reversing your vehicle with out inflicting any straining to your eyes.\nThe backup camera is meant to provide you with a transparent view of the rear facet of the automobile. Due to this fact, the camera must be able to reverse the display of the videos and provides a transparent view of the display as if you are having a look with your eyes. Additionally, the images must be clear such that you'll be able to see all the hazards that are in the back of you.\nThe Variety of Cameras\nThat is any other crucial factor that you wish to have to decide upon whilst buying the backup camera. Some automobiles are somewhat large and one camera would possibly not be able to give a complete view of the rear side. So, to make certain that you are able to view all the back view, purchasing two cameras is the best option as they supply an entire back view.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "IFFalcon TV Price in India 2022\nHave a look at the latest price list of IFFalcon televisions in India with expert reviews, specifications, ratings, photos etc. PriceDekho consists of the most updated list of 8 IFFalcon TVs in India as on January 2022 to help you get the best prices. Here you will get the televisions from 12,990 to 1.50 Lakh. The most expensive televisions are iFFalcon 75H2A 75 inch LED 4K TV at 1.50 Lakh. Contrary to this, the lowest priced model is iFFalcon 32F2A 32 inch LED HD-Ready TV available at 12,990 .\nPopular television Price List are: IFFalcon Televisions Price List.\nIFFalcon Televisions Price in India (January 2022)\nThe price of IFFalcon TVs vary when we talk about all the products being offered in the market. You will notice a variation in the prices of televisions when talking about iFFalcon 55K31 55 inch LED 4K TV, iFFalcon 43K31 43 inch LED 4K TV and iFFalcon 32F2A 32 inch LED HD-Ready TV as they will be available at a slightly higher price. The best platforms where you can get the televisions are Flipkart from a range of televisions like iFFalcon 55K31 55 inch LED 4K TV, iFFalcon 43K31 43 inch LED 4K TV, iFFalcon 32F2A 32 inch LED HD-Ready TV, iFFalcon 40F2A 40 inch LED Full HD TV and iFFalcon 55K2A 55 inch LED 4K TV. On the other hand, when talking about affordable televisions, then iFFalcon 32F2A 32 inch LED HD-Ready TV come to our mind. One of the most popular IFFalcon televisions in India is iFFalcon 55K31 55 inch LED 4K TV and it is available at a price of ₹31,999.00 .\n|Televisions Price List||Price|\n|iFFalcon 55K31 55 inch LED 4K TV||Rs.31,999|\n|iFFalcon 43K31 43 inch LED 4K TV||Rs.21,999|\n|iFFalcon 32F2A 32 inch LED HD-Ready TV||Rs.12,990|\n|iFFalcon 40F2A 40 inch LED Full HD TV||Rs.17,499|\n|iFFalcon 55K2A 55 inch LED 4K TV||Rs.36,999|\n|iFFalcon 65K2A 65 inch LED 4K TV||Rs.59,999|\n|iFFalcon 75H2A 75 inch LED 4K TV||Rs.1.50 Lakh|", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Using advanced technology, this powerful flashlight produces amazingly bright light. Super Bright LED Flashlight is made of high quality material to provide you with reliable and convenient use. Compact sized, classical appearance and advanced craftsmanship make this flashlight attractive in the flashlight family. This compact flashlight is perfect in workmanship. Powerful and reliable, this compact flashlight torch is a must have!", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Pirate is a pipe inspection robot that can perform inside the pipe developed by Bangladesh robotics foundation team\nDrone flying test at Dhaka University\nDbot is a humanoid robot developed by Md Hafizul Imran , Supervised By Prof. Dr. Touhid Bhuiyan in 2016. This Project was funded By Daffodil International University.\nMongol Tori developed by BRAC University team. Niaz Shorov , General Secretary of Bangladesh Robotics Foundation lead this project.\nAn Intelligent Robot Messenger", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Buy LED Lights for Exterior Lighting Online at Best Price\nBrighten your outdoor and balcony with ACE LED Outdoor light that is long-lasting, with a lifespan of over 20,000 hours. Top LED brands can last for up to ten years. For those low-cost products, this will be the perfect one. With these outdoor lights, you’ll spend less time maintaining on your outdoor lighting and more time enjoying it. Get all types of lighting fixtures at the best price. Check the best price list now\nThere are no reviews yet.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "See Product Details below...\nEnclosed visual boards feature white porcelain steel surface for use with dry-erase write/wipe markers and magnets\nDoors and frame feature durable low-pressure laminate construction with resilient 3mm edge banding\n2 doors conceal 44-1/8Hx45-1/8\"W dry-erase surface; door interiors are lined with light blue-grey tack board\nOverall size: 47Hx47Wx5\"D\nManufacturer’s limited lifetime warranty\nShips fully assembled", "label": "No"}
{"text": "COVID-19 Digital temperature measurement with face recognition\nThe digital temperature measurement face recognition access control terminal is a kind of access control device with precise recognition rate, large storage capacity and fast recognition, which integrates UNV face recognition technology and non-contact temperature detection technology.\nThe digital temperature measurement module supports rapid body temperature detection. Thus, the product can achieve face recognition and temperature detection at the same time, and support warning people with abnormal body temperature in these difficult Covid-19 pandemic times.\nIt can be widely applied in crowded and busy places, such as smart communities, transport stations, schools, office buildings, hospitals and other public areas.\n- Monitors body temperature\n- Non-contact detection of wrist temperature\n- Range from 30-45ºC\n- Reading taken in seconds\n- Photo taken of all readings\n- Quick monitoring to check for any fever\n- Configured for detecting threshold value\n- Screen issues alert when fever detected\n- measurement accuracy of 0.1°C\n- Measurement distance 1cm to 2.5cm\n- Deep learning algorithm model\n- Fastest recognition time 0.2 seconds", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Protect your eyes from the blue light from your tech devices.\nAnti-Blue Light Glasses are made of clear polycarbonate plastic and are coated with blue light blockers for the best visibility. Available in 4 different colors and a transparent anti-blue light one. The width of the glasses is 136mm, the lens is 50mm high and 62 mm wide with a leg length of 132mm. These stylish anti-blue light glasses create the perfect look that you want!", "label": "No"}
{"text": "- CLICK ABOVE TO ZOOM\n|Item # 713177|\n(Available every day, from 7am to 1am Eastern.)\nDetails & Care\nSmoky gradient lenses provide a sophisticated finishing touch for streamlined, modern sunglasses featuring logo inlays at the temples.\n- 57mm lens width; 14mm bridge width; 130mm temple length.\n- 100% UV protection.\n- Injected acetate.\n- By Kenneth Cole Reaction; imported.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "PROGRAMMABLE RGB LIGHTING\n16.8 million colours to choose from\nAdjustable RGB lighting lets you select from up to 16.8 million colors. Use Logitech Gaming Software to choose lighting colour and brightness to match your style, system or environment. You can also set your lighting to sleep when you aren’t using your system.\nLogitech Gaming Software also lets you synchronize lighting patterns and effects with other Logitech G devices so your devices can display the same lighting and bring your gaming setup to life with breathing or light cycling light patterns.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Do you ever worry about the quality of the air you breathe inside your home? Indoor air can often be contaminated with bacteria, mold, and other pollutants.\nThankfully, there is a solution: installing a UV light in your HVAC system. But how to install a UV light in HVAC? It might sound complex, but with the right guide, it’s a task you can accomplish.\nHere’s the essence of the installation process: you begin by switching off the power, mounting the UV light near the coil or air handler, connecting it to the electrical panel, and testing the functionality.\nJust remember, regular UV bulb replacement is crucial for maintaining the effectiveness of the system.\nHow to Install UV Light in HVAC – Short Answer\nThe process of installing a UV light in your HVAC system involves some crucial steps. Start by turning off the power supply to ensure safety. Mount the UV light strategically near the coil or air handler for optimal exposure. Connect the power supply to the electrical panel using the provided wiring instructions. Finally, test the UV light’s functionality by restoring power to the system. Always remember routine replacement of the UV bulb, typically once a year, is essential for effective operation.\nWhy Do You Need to Install UV Light in HVAC?\nUltraviolet light has been used for its germicidal properties for centuries. UV light effectively kills a wide range of harmful organisms, such as bacteria, viruses, molds, and fungi, by disrupting their DNA and RNA, rendering them harmless. When introduced into an HVAC system, the UV light works continuously to purify the air flowing through the system. This constant disinfection ensures that the air you breathe in your home or workplace is as clean and healthy as possible.\nWithout a UV light in your HVAC system, these microorganisms can build up on the coils and in the ductwork. Over time, this build-up can reduce the system’s efficiency, leading to higher energy consumption and costs.\nThe Problems of Not Having UV Light in Your HVAC\nNot installing UV light in your HVAC system poses risks that might not be evident initially but can have long-term effects. First, the absence of UV light allows for the growth of bacteria and mold. These microbes can flourish in the moist, dark conditions inside your HVAC system, particularly on the cooling coils and in the ductwork.\nThese biological contaminants not only decrease your system’s efficiency but can also have a negative impact on your indoor air quality and health. Mold spores and bacteria can cause various health issues, from mild allergic reactions to serious respiratory problems.\nAnother major problem of not having UV light is increased HVAC maintenance costs. The build-up of bacteria, mold, and other contaminants can lead to frequent and costly cleaning or even part replacement.\nCan You Install UV Light in HVAC?\nThe good news is that most modern HVAC systems are compatible with UV light installation. Whether you have a central air system, a ductless mini-split, or a heat pump, you can install a UV light system. The UV light unit is typically installed in the return air duct or near the evaporator coil, where it can effectively kill any bacteria or mold present.\nWhile UV light is effective in killing harmful microbes, it’s essential to note that it can also be harmful to humans. Direct exposure to UV light can cause skin burns and eye injuries. Therefore, it’s critical to take precautions during the installation. Always turn off the HVAC system and the UV light during installation or maintenance to prevent accidental exposure.\nAlways follow the manufacturer’s instructions when installing UV light in your HVAC system. These instructions typically include safety guidelines to protect you during the installation process.\nStep-by-Step Guide to Installing UV Light in HVAC\nInstalling a UV light in your HVAC system can seem daunting, but with the right tools and a bit of know-how, it’s entirely manageable.\nDepending on the UV light model, you may need a drill, screwdriver, protective gloves, and goggles.\nIt’s also crucial to turn off the power to your HVAC system to ensure safety during installation.\nLet’s break down the steps one by one:\nStep 1: Turn off the power supply\nSafety should always be the top priority when working with electrical appliances. Start by shutting off the power supply to your HVAC system. This action reduces the risk of accidental electrocution during the installation process. Remember, electrical safety can never be taken lightly. Make sure you have the right safety equipment such as rubber gloves and eye protection.\nStep 2: Mount the UV light near the coil or air handler\nOnce the power is off, decide where to install the UV light. The most effective placement is where the UV light can shine directly onto the coil surface or into the air handler. This location maximizes exposure to the UV light, killing the maximum number of microbes.\nThe process usually involves drilling a hole in the ductwork, inserting the UV light unit, and securing it in place. Make sure to follow the manufacturer’s instructions for specific mounting guidelines.\nStep 3: Connect the power supply to the electrical panel\nAfter mounting the UV light, the next step is to connect it to the power supply. This step might require some basic electrical knowledge, as you will need to wire the UV light to your home’s electrical panel.\nUse the wiring instructions provided by the UV light manufacturer. If you’re unsure about this step, consider hiring a professional. Handling electrical wiring can be risky if you’re not familiar with it.\nStep 4: Test the UV light’s functionality\nOnce everything is in place and wired up, you can restore power to the system. The UV light should illuminate, indicating it’s working correctly.\nCheck from a safe distance, and avoid looking directly at the UV light to protect your eyes. If the UV light doesn’t turn on, refer to the troubleshooting tips in the instruction manual.\nNote: Regular replacement of the UV bulb\nFor the UV light to function effectively, you need to replace the bulb as recommended by the manufacturer, typically once a year. Regular bulb replacement ensures the UV light maintains its germicidal properties and continues to protect your HVAC system.\nRemember to turn off the power before replacing the bulb and wear protective gloves to prevent direct skin contact with the bulb. This step is vital to maintain the effectiveness and longevity of your UV HVAC system.\nBy following these steps carefully, you can successfully install a UV light in your HVAC system and enjoy the benefits of cleaner, healthier air in your home.\nTroubleshooting Common Installation Issues\nWhile the installation process is relatively straightforward, you may encounter some issues. For instance, the UV light may not turn on, which could indicate a problem with the power supply or bulb. Check the connections and the bulb and replace them if necessary.\nIf you’re not comfortable dealing with these issues, it’s advisable to call for professional help. An HVAC technician can safely and effectively install the UV light and ensure it’s functioning correctly.\nBenefits of Installing UV Light in HVAC\nHere are some amazing perks of installing UV lights in HVAC that you must know.\n1. Improved Air Quality\nOne of the significant benefits of installing UV light in HVAC systems is the improvement of indoor air quality. The UV light kills bacteria, viruses, mold, and other harmful microorganisms, thus reducing the number of airborne contaminants.\nNot only does this contribute to a healthier living environment, but it can also alleviate symptoms in people with allergies or respiratory conditions.\n2. Lower Maintenance Costs\nAnother advantage of UV light installation in HVAC systems is the potential for lower maintenance costs. By keeping the evaporator coils clean, the UV light reduces the need for frequent professional cleanings, thus saving you money in the long run.\nAdditionally, the improved efficiency can result in less strain on your system, reducing the need for costly repairs or premature replacement.\n3. Enhanced HVAC Performance\nUV light can greatly enhance your HVAC system’s performance. By keeping the coils clean, the UV light allows the HVAC system to cool the air more efficiently. This means your system doesn’t have to work as hard to keep your home comfortable, leading to lower energy consumption and, therefore, lower energy bills.\nThe addition of UV light also means fewer system breakdowns and a longer lifespan for your HVAC system.\nInstalling a UV light in your HVAC system can significantly enhance the quality of your indoor air, improve the efficiency of your system, and decrease maintenance costs. Following the outlined process on how to install UV light in HVAC, you can achieve these benefits without needing professional intervention. However, it’s crucial to prioritize safety at all times, especially when handling electrical wiring. If at any point you’re uncertain, it’s better to seek professional help.\nWith a UV light-equipped HVAC system, you’re set to enjoy a healthier, cleaner indoor environment.\nWhat is the best location to install a UV light in my HVAC system?\nThe optimal spot to install a UV light in an HVAC system is near the coil or air handler, ensuring direct exposure to the UV light which maximizes its germ-killing effectiveness.\nHow often should I replace the UV bulb in my HVAC system?\nThe UV bulb in your HVAC system should typically be replaced once a year. Regular replacement ensures the UV light maintains its germicidal properties, safeguarding your HVAC system.\nCan I handle the electrical wiring while installing the UV light myself?\nYes, you can handle the electrical wiring if you have basic electrical knowledge. However, due to safety concerns, if you’re unsure, it’s recommended to seek professional help.\nHow does the installation of a UV light benefit my HVAC system’s performance?\nInstalling a UV light in your HVAC system enhances its performance by eliminating mold and bacteria, reducing the need for frequent cleaning, and potentially extending its lifespan.\nRamod Brown, the founder of Browns Heating & Cooling, brings a wealth of HVAC experience to Chicago and its neighboring areas. With deep expertise in heating and cooling services, he simplifies complex HVAC concepts through his insightful blog posts. Whether you’re seeking ways to enhance HVAC efficiency, troubleshoot issues, or stay informed about the latest trends, the Browns Heating & Cooling blog is your go-to resource for practical insights that will help you maintain a comfortable and efficient environment for your space.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Benks Smart light PowerLine Charging Cable. This durable braided, tangle-free 3.3ft charging cable features a LED light indicated status of charge. When your iPhone is charging LED light is red, when the phone is finished charge, the LED light turned into blue.\nReturn Policy Final sale, not eligible for return\nShipping Availability USA (USPS 2-4 weeks) Canada (USPS 1-3 weeks) Europe (1-4 weeks) Asia(1-3 weeks) Australia (1-3 weeks); Shipp from Hong Kong.\nIf the estimated delivery time seems a bit long. Some items are also made-to-order and/or are shipping internationally. The best things are worth waiting for!\nOr you can choose DHL fast Express(in 1 week).\nCheck out Shipping rate, here", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The trace elements in quartz, Al and Ti, contain considerable information about mineral genesis, and determining their concentrations is of great importance in geology. Electron probe microanalysis has the advantages of non-destructive testing and high spatial resolution; however, it is a challenge to improve the accuracy and precision of trace element detection using this method. The important factors affecting accuracy include the fragility of quartz lattices at high beam currents and the methods used to determine the background. In this paper, the peaks of Al-Kα and Ti-Kα, and their backgrounds, were found to exhibit intensity variations at high beam currents and small beam diameters; therefore, it is necessary to select a large beam diameter (up to 20 µm) to avoid variations in intensity at high currents (500 nA). For background determination of Al, a multipoint background method is proposed to determine the background value, which greatly improves the accuracy of the results. For Ti, the choice of background measurement does not affect the result. In addition, it is verified that the background obtained from other quartz samples can be used as the background of an unknown quartz sample, which reduces the analysis time and minimizes sample damage.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "plug in under cabinet lighting hardwired led under cabinet lighting strip tape vs plug in enchanting ha plug in cabinet lighting plug in under cabinet lighting lowes.\nsconce lighting with on off switch wall sconce with on off switch sconce lights wall sconces lighting with on off switch wall sconce lighting with on off switch.\nlight up skeleton costume led light up skeleton skull mask scary adult costume party accessory womens light up skeleton costume light skeleton costume.\ncable lights fixtures cable lighting fixtures diffused lighting fixtures string lights cone contemporary hanging light by lighting cable led cable lighting fixtures cable led fixtures.\npalladian window shades lighting new york pro lighting stores tulsa.\nhalogen garage lights lighting charcoal with torch lightning bolt mtg.\nlaundry room plumbing fixtures laundry room plumbing laundry room plumbing home depot laundry room sink large size of sinks accessories lightning bolt lighting design company.\ncheap lamp parts step 5 cheap lamp shade make a parts names buy replacement lamp parts buy bulk lamp parts.\nhalco led lighting led led 6 lighting fixtures for kitchen lighting direct coupon code.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "(hardware) A device that captures a single frame from an analog video signal (from a video camera or VCR) and stores it as a digital image under computer control.\nLast updated: 1997-07-11\nUpdated: Tue Feb 28 11:11:50 2017\nNo longer supported by Imperial\nCollege Department of Computing\nCopyright Denis Howe 1985", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Swiss 1906/24 Luger, produced in 1932, in very good condition with 90% original finish. 5/5 Bore. Most visible serial numbers matching (trigger non-matching, with non-serialized blued trigger). Grips matching serial numbers. Magazine matching serial number.\nVery good straw finish remaining. The finish is evenly worn throughout with very light finish wear. Right side of the frame has light finish wear at the forward edge and light edge wear along the upper edge. Light edge wear on the trigger guard. On the left side of the frame, there is light edge wear at the forward edge. Typical mark on the side of the frame from safety selector usage. Light edge wear on the trigger guard. Side plate has light to mild finish wear at the high area and light edge wear around the upper edge.\nReceiver has light edge wear on the upper edge on both sides. On the left side of the receiver, there is a light mark caused by the side plate. Light edge wear on the toggle knob knurling. Light holster wear on the front and rear sights.\nWalnut grips have very good checkering. Magazine has matching walnut base.\nFrame is P stamped on the front of the trigger guard. Soldier's tag found under grip.\nIncludes military leather holster with shoulder sling. Leathermaker's stamp is difficult to read, but the holster was made in 1936.\nC&R eligible. Very discreet import engraving. See our How To Order page for ordering instructions.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Nordic minimalism pendant light is a classic industrial design but wituding macaroon tones. Mainly made of aluminum, it is available in seven finishes: Light Grey, Yellow, White, Pink, Blue, Green and e lampshade can be rotatable so that you can adjust the light to …The Dune LED Linear Suspension by Kuzco Lighting is a sophisticated and minimalistic addition to your home. An extruded Aluminum rectangular rod supports sleek spun metal conical shades, equidistantly spaced underneath the slender bar. Geometricallyposed, a Brushed Metal finish ...Minimalist LED Linear Pendant Light Fixtures: Three rectangular frames hang from simple adjustable wires, each frame outfitted with bright LED panels along the interior. Use this pendant light chandelier to cast gentle ambient illumination in any environment, all while capturing attention with bold artistic appeal.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Free Ship & FR: HOLIDAY\n59MM 101 Aviator Sunglasses\nClassic aviators with cool colorful lenses.59mm lens width; 14mm bridge width; 135mm temple length.100% UV protection. Case and cleaning cloth included. Stainless steel. Imported.\nChamprus Aviator Sunglasses\nNew Panamerika Aviator Sunglasses\nLenses provide 100% UV protection. Brand logo on temples and upper left lens. Clear adjustable nose pads. Protective case. Imported.\n25% Off Select: FRIENDS\nAviator Double Bar Sunglasses, 57mm\nFind your place in the sun with versatile, wear-everywhere sunnies from Carrera. 100% UV protection Logo at lens corner and temple Lens width: 57 mm Bridge width: 17 mm...", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Amacrine cells interact with bipolar cells and/or ganglion cells. They are a type of interneuron that monitor and augment the stream of data through bipolar cells and also control and refine the response of ganglion cells and their subtypes.\nAmacrine cells are in a central but inaccessible region of the retinal circuitry. Most are without tale-like axons. Whilst they clearly have multiple connections to other neurons around them, their precise inputs and outputs are difficult to trace. They are driven by and send feedback to the bipolar cells but also synapse on ganglion cells, and with each other.\nAmacrine cells are known to serve narrowly task-specific visual functions including:\n- Efficient transmission of high-fidelity visual information with a good signal-to-noise ratio.\n- Maintaining the circadian rhythm, so keeping our lives tuned to the cycles of day and night and helping to govern our lives throughout the year.\n- Measuring the difference between the response of specific photoreceptors compared with surrounding cells (centre-surround antagonism) which enables edge detection and contrast enhancement.\n- Object motion detection which provides an ability to distinguish between the true motion of an object across the field of view and the motion of our eyes.\nCentre-surround antagonism refers to the way retinal neurons organize their receptive fields. The centre component is primed to measure the sum-total of signals received from a small number of cones directly connected to a bipolar cell. The surround component is primed to measure the sum of signals received from a much larger number of cones around the centre point. The two signals are then compared to find the degree to which they agree or disagree.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "iVOOMi has been focusing on bringing the best of the specifications to the user in Budget segment and has been successfully doing this since the launch of Me1, Me1+ by bringing the HD display under budget segment followed by Launch of devices with shatterproof display, the Me3 and Me3s under the budget segment.\nThis time also they’ve done amazing Job with the display but this time it’s not only about a full vision display they’ve brought a whole bunch of features in the budget Segment including Dual cameras and the Absolute View display obviously. The device looks premium and better than the InFocus Vision 3 that was Launched earlier with some similar features.\nOn the technical part the device features both feature a 5.45 inch Infinity edge display, a Fingerprint scanner placed below the dual camera setup at the back. Both comes with the Mediatek MT6737 Quad core Processor with 2GB RAM + 16 GB of storage in i1 and 3GB RAM + 32GB of storage in i1s.\nThe devices feature a 13MP+ 2MP dual camera at the back with flash and Auto Focus and 8MP front camera and a 3000 mAh battery to power the device.\nThe devices are available on Flipkart. i1 is priced at INR 5,999 and i1s is priced at INR 7,499.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Space environment simulation system\nVacuum coating system\nVacuum leak detection system\nGyro preparation process equipment\nHigh-end scientific engineering supporting vacuum system\nAir conditioning liquid reservoir leak detection system\nIt is suitable for helium leak detection in automobile air-conditioning reservoirs. The number of stations can be set according to user requirements. The efficiency is greatly improved when the pumping unit, helium mass spectrometer leak detector and helium filling recovery system are shared. Compared with the single station system Said that it can effectively reduce costs and improve production efficiency while increasing the investment of very little equipment.\nKYVAC Technology Co., Ltd.\nContact address：No.13, North ertiao, Zhongguancun, Haidian District, Beijing", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Many people across the nation are very diligent about taking care of their overall health. As such, they go to their doctor for checkups, immunizations, and when they are not feeling their best to get care and assistance. However, a large number of those same people do not take the same care with their eye health. In fact, there are a great many people who do not ever go to the optometrist until they are dealing with a major problem. If you tend to skip your annual visit to the optometrist for an eye exam, you may want to reconsider your habits. Get to know more about why eye exams are so important and schedule your next eye exam as soon as possible.\nYou May Have Undiagnosed Vision Problems\nOne of the main reasons to get an eye exam regularly is to check the quality and strength of your vision. It is very possible that from one year to the next you could go from having 20/20 vision with no issues to having vision problems that are causing you headaches, nausea, and other seemingly unrelated symptoms.\nChanges in your vision can occur subtly and progress over time. This makes it difficult for you to detect them without an eye exam from an optometrist. The sooner your vision problems are diagnosed and addressed, the better you can care for your vision and overall eye health.\nEye Exams Can Detect Ocular Cancer or Other Eye Disorders\nIn addition to checking your vision, eye exams function to assess the health of both the exterior and interior parts of your eyes. In this way, an eye exam can be used to detect a wide variety eye problems and disorders that can be serious and require immediate treatment.\nFor example, an eye exam can be used to detect ocular cancer. Ocular cancer can present in an eye exam as any abnormality in the structure of the eye or a growth underneath the surface of the eye. Other eye disorders that an eye exam can diagnose include cataracts and macular degeneration.\nEye Exams May Detect Non-Eye Related Health Issues\nOn top of finding issues with your vision and eyes, an eye exam may help you to detect health problems that are not directly related to your eyes. This can include high blood pressure based on the blood vessels in the eyes as well as diabetes.\nRecent studies have also found that eye exams could possibly be used to recognize and diagnose neurological conditions and issues including Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. The research even indicates that a scan of changes in the retina of the eye can detect these disorders before outward symptoms even develop. This can make a major difference in treatments and understanding of these neurological disorder.\nNow that you know more about the importance of eye exams in your eye health and overall health, you can schedule your next appointment for an eye exam and make visits to the optometrist (like those at Northway Eye & Contact Lens Center) a part of your regular health routine.Share", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Vodka shot glass\nChampagne Flute Glass\nFull and empty white wine glasses. Vector\nFull and empty glasses for white and red wine.\nMartini cocktail glass\nBrandy Cognac Glass\nWine background template. Alcoholic drink in the hand. Sparkling wine champagne, bottle and glass\nbottle of milk\nmockup laptop monitor on your glass table.\n3d realistic transparent tableware, glass dishes\nMicroscope with lab glassware, flasks and colbs\nillustration set of transparent glass plates with cracks, cracked panels\nBrandy bottle and glass promo ad banner, poster\nSeamless pattern tea with branch and leaf. Vector\nPlastic cup 3D\nWine set. Alcoholic drink in the hand. Sparkling champagne, bottle and glass Cheers, ice bucket\nTransparent wine glass set. Wine glasses. Realistic vector\nrealistic illustration, hand holding a glass bottle of milk, milk pouring into drinking glasses\nChristmas still-life, red tea pot, coolies\nVector set of different glassware\nVineyard and Wine Set. Sparkling champagne, bottle and glass Cheers, ice bucket, Corkscrew Cork\nSet of empty glass glasses and wine glasses\nEmpty realistic glasses set for different drinks and cocktails on gray background isolated vector illustration. Collection of various glasses isolated on gray. Empty. Non transparent gradient mesh\nStrawberry falling into a glass of milk creating a splash.\nPouring water into a glass with splash. Side view.\nTequila bottle, shot glass, salt and lemon slice\nRealistic water droplets on the transparent\nOrange juice in a glass with straw and slice.\nFrench food illustration seamless pattern. Hand\nBeer bottle with a glass full of beer on the\nThe decanter of brandy with two glasses.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Comprehensive Eye Examinations\nDel Rey Optometry eye doctors provide comprehensive eye exams for your entire family. We recommend these examinations be performed annually to maintain optimum eye health. During an eye examination, we will check for glaucoma, cataracts, macular degeneration, and other diseases of the eye, either by dilating your eyes or performing our new optomap® laser imaging test. Read more on our advanced technology.\nFacilities and Equipment\nDel Rey Optometry is modern and stylish, with in-office laboratory, easy access entrance and examination facilities for the physically challenged, fashion forward collections of designer frames.\nOn-Site Lens Lab\nWe have a full-service optical laboratory with the latest technology and a wide array of premium lenses so we can give the highest quality assurance, fastest processing time, and best value and cost savings to our patients.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Shenzhen Iseeled Technology Co., Ltd.\nHenri Joubert Jul 15, 2019 4Receive the product! Good wrapping. We will continue to cooperate with the Decoration Wall Washer Light suppiler if the product can stand the test of time.\nJulio Cesar Jul 11, 2019 5Inspection result is very good!\nMahboobeh Ranjbar Jul 09, 2019 5This Decoration Wall Washer Light price is reasonable. Will buy again.\nSteve David Jul 05, 2019 4Just what we needed,Highly recommend this Decoration Wall Washer Light !\nPeter Camilleri Jun 16, 2019 5very quick delivery and all as promissed.So glad to meet Shenzhen Iseeled Technology Co., Ltd. company.\nDaysia Barron Jun 15, 2019 5The Decoration Wall Washer Light is amazing, which is better than the last one I bought. Great supplier!\nYahya Yasiji Jun 13, 2019 5I purchased this Decoration Wall Washer Light based on the positive reviews. The product is really good, but the shipping time need to be shortened.\nTan Hwee Cheng Jun 08, 2019 5The Decoration Wall Washer Light is worthy the price and I like to communicate with professional staff like them.\nAsghar Mousavi May 25, 2019 5Recommended. thanks\nMr.jagdish Purswani May 16, 2019 5This Decoration Wall Washer Light is extremely well and received very fast.\nMr.alex Expomet Plus May 13, 2019 5Soooo NICE!\nKunle Ogunleye May 04, 2019 4Great quality!\nYOU MAY LIKE\nLED Wall Washer Light small waterproof led garden wall lights LED Spot Light Waterproof IP65\nLED Wall Washer Light led light garden spot lights waterproof led lights\nIP65 IP67 DMX LED Wall Washer Light led garden spot lights LED Spot Light Waterproof\nbest sale100-240v 12v 24v 36w warm white led wall washer light\nhigh quality 100-240V 24V 36w 30w 24w 18w exterior led wall washer light with CE&RoHS\nhuerler manufactory 12w/18w/24w/36w/48w/72w 12-24V led strip wall washer light\nShenzhen manufacture high quality new IP65 18-36w 36w rgb led strip wall washer light\nalibaba express new product on china market 18-36w 100-240v ip65 outdoor rgb floor light led wall washer light 36w\nNew Outdoor LED Light Building Decorative LED Wall Washer LED Wall Washer Light\nNew Outdoor LED Light Building Decorative LED Wall Washer LED Wall Washer Light Product Description LED Wall Washer Feature Available Power Watt 12W 18W 24W 36W 48W 54W Available Dimension 300 500 600 900 1000 1200mm Available Beam Angle 10 20 30 45 60 20x45 Input Voltage AC DC12V 24V AC85 265V...\nOutdoor IP65 Waterproof LED Wash Light DMX 512 RGB 3 in1 LED Wall Washer Light 36 3W\nRGB LED Wall Washer Light Waterproof 24V LED Light Bars 72W\nChina Manufacturer High Quality Color Changing UL LED Wall Washer Light\nDMX512 High Brightness RGB LED Wall Washer Light 30W IP65, CE RoHS\nIP65 Waterproof 36W DMX Sensor LED Wall Washer Light RGB LED Bar Light, CE RoHS\nHigh Quality DC24V 3 in 1 900mm IP65 DMX Outdoor RGB 12W Linear LED Wall Washer Light\nHigh Quality DMX Control Addressable Programable Outdoor Waterproof IP65 RGB LED Strip Wall Washer Light\nChina Manufacturer High Quality Addressable Programable RGB LED Wall Washer Light With DMX512 Controller\nOutdoor IP65 Waterproof DMX Addressable Programable RGB 21W 21PCS LED Wall Washer Light\nHigh Quality DMX512 Console Programable RGB 24W ip65 DMX LED Wall Washer Light\nHigh Power High Lumen High Quality DMX512 Colour LED Wall Washer, 18W Colour LED Wall Washer Light\nSEND US A MESSAGE\nWe didn't put all products on website. If you can't find the product you're looking for, please contact us for more information.\nCopyright © 2019 Shenzhen Iseeled Technology Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "In this work, we present the first calculation of the resonance Raman scattering (RRS) spectrum of rhodamine 6G (R6G) which is a prototype molecule in surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). The calculation is done using a recently developed time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) method, which uses a short-time approximation to evaluate the Raman scattering cross section. The normal Raman spectrum calculated with this method is in good agreement with experimental results. The calculated RRS spectrum shows qualitative agreement with SERS results at a wavelength that corresponds to excitation of the Si state, but there are significant differences with the measured RRS spectrum at wavelengths that correspond to excitation of the vibronic sideband of Si. Although the agreement with the experiments is not perfect, the results provide insight into the RRS spectrum of R6G at wavelengths close to the absorption maximum where experiments are hindered due to strong fluorescence. The calculated resonance enhancements are found to be on the order of 105. This indicates that a surface enhancement factor of about 10 10 would be required in SERS in order to achieve single-molecule detection of R6G.\nAll Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes\n- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Yeelight Motion Sensor Nightlight\nSensing Range 5-7 Meters\nBulit-in 6 LED Light\nUp to 120 Days With One Charge\nOriginal 1 Year Malaysia Warranty\nWhat’s in the box\n-1x Yeelight Motion Sensor Nightlight\nYeelight Motion Sensor Nightlight | Sensing Range 5-7 Meters | Bulit-in 6 LED Light | Up to 120 Days With One Charge\n- When Light React to Your Every Move Suspendible, Adhesive, Magnetic , Rechargeable 120 Days of Usage | Dual Sensors\n- Original Xiaomi Mijia Yeelight LED Night Light Mi home Smart home Infrared Remote ControlSimple Design, Fit into Your Home Style\n- Combines thoughtful functions with elegant outlook, adopts flower-shaped soft light LED layout,\n- fits Fresnel ultra-thin lens and dual sensors inside. A tasteful choice that cleverly fit into your home.\n- Use the easy-to-use back hanger for your convenience.\n- With 3M adhesive back tape, you can install it in different scenes: closet, stairs, bedside, garage , hallway.\n- Built-in magnet can adhere to refrigerator and other iron surfaces.Ultra Low Power, 120 Days of Usage\n- Built-in rechargeable 750mA lithium battery, 120 days of usage with one full charge.\n- Say goodbye to charging now and then, embrace long battery duration.\n- Smart Sensor for Better Experience\n- 120° wide trigger angle, sensing range reaches 5-7 meters. Advanced built-in light sensor and PIR motion sensor.\n- Auto Mode\n- Automatically light up for 20s upon your every movement in the dark.\n- Lighting Mode\n- Turn on night light for your lighting needs at night.\n- 2700K color temperature, flicker-free professional lens design.\n- Sudden harsh light will disturb you and your family’s sleep, and that’s where a comforting warm night light comes in.\n- 1 Year Malaysia Warranty", "label": "No"}
{"text": "From €172.00 *\nPrices incl. VAT plus shipping costs\n- Order number: 30996\nThe Aqua Matteo type 27 / 1 by the German company CMD is particularly suitable for lighting the... more\nProduct information \"Aqua Matteo wall lamp Typ 27/1\"\nThe Aqua Matteo type 27 / 1 by the German company CMD is particularly suitable for lighting the entrance area of your home. Due to the sloping sides, and the great opal glass front an indirect- and uniform illumination is possible. High-quality materials and a convincing, functional design make the Aqua Matteo a real eye catcher. The light is also available with motion sensor.\n|Country of Origin:||Germany|\n|Delivery scope:||excl. bulb|\n|Colour light shade:||white shade|\n|Color structure:||stainless steel matt|\n|Type Wall sconce:||Ambient light|\n|Description (uses Short description by default):||0|\n|Lighting fixture type:||Outdoor - Orientation and marker luminaires|\n|Illuminant:||2x60W Medium base incandescent|\n|Dimensions in cm (WxHxD):||28cm x 28cm x 9cm|\n|Dimensions in inch (WxHxD):||11.02\" x 11.02\" x 3.54\"|\nRelated links to \"Aqua Matteo wall lamp Typ 27/1\"\n+ 15% Inventory Sale\nSerien Lighting Annex crystal glass LED Ceiling fixture (0-10V)\n€585.00 * UVP: €650.00 *\nThese cookies are necessary for the basic functions of the shop.\nAllow all cookies\nDecline all cookies\nThese cookies are used to make the shopping experience even more appealing, for example for the recognition of the visitor.\nStatistics & Tracking\nTrack device being used", "label": "No"}
{"text": "\"Heat Dance (Rooftop 2)\" is the fourth edition from Benton C Bainbridge's series of video paintings observing hot bodies in motion. Bainbridge shot Kate Griffler's rooftop choreography with a thermal camera in Hell's Kitchen, NYC, and then reworked the video with optical and digital FX in his studio in the Bronx.\nThermographic technology sees only differences in temperature. Optical and digital post-processing further dematerialize Griffler's dance. By observing the heat of bodies in motion, the series offers a primal glimpse into the original visual music: dance.\n\"Heat Dance (Rooftop 2)\" was first shown at the MoMA PS1 Printshop for the ALLGOLD \"Commencement\" exhibition in 2015.\nBenton C Bainbridge: video | Kate Griffler: dance\nThanks to Raymond Strano for the thermal camera.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The largest selection of paddleboard, kayak and open water swimming kit in Snowdonia.\nYour cart is currently empty\nProduct image slideshow Items\nStylish sunglasses with polarised lenses from Vaikobi. A range of frame shapes and lens options to fit all sorts of different faces. Choose your preferred frame and lens colour. Please note not all models are available in all colour options.\nProduct carousel items", "label": "No"}
{"text": "semi flush ceiling lights for hallways available in oil rubbed bronze finish hallway kitchens semi flush ceiling lights lighting galaxy lights semi flush mount hallway lights.\nchandelier table lamp chandelier table lamp gold desk lamp princess system classic home fixture antique house furniture furniture will fit crystal imported chandelier table lamps crystals.\nsmall table lamps walmart very small table lamps stand up lamp shade full size of buy lamps restaurant table lamps very small table lamps lightning bolt.\nj5 tactical flashlight check price j5 tactical flashlight change battery.\nholiday light fantasia holiday light fantasia photography tags holiday reflection lights holiday light fantasia photos.\nversace light blue men tie fine pattern pattern light blue system v versace light blue jeans.\nbackyard fence lighting solar fence lighting low voltage fence lighting backyard fence lighting medium size of fence lighting solar outdoor lighting fence posts.\nremote control lighting led lighting remote with receiver module remote control lamp dimmer.\nchristmas light service light installation service in christmas light service dallas.\noil rubbed bronze fixtures master bath corner shower marble subway tile oil rubbed bronze fixtures modern bathroom how to clean delta oil rubbed bronze fixtures.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "ZIEHM Vision C-Arm Monitor P/N 90X0214-D\nTax excluded Delivery: 1 to 3 weeks\nProduct tested and in working order.\nZIEHM Vision monitor\nItem condition: pre-owned\n- ZIEHM Vision C-Arm Monitor P/N 90X0214-D\n(16 other products in the same category)", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Table lamp 50's yellow lamp shade\nNicely fromed table lamp from the fifities. The lamp has a yellow lamp cap and a white base. The condition of the lamp is good. The lamp cap has a dia meter of 26 cm the total height os the lamp is 43 cm.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Digital cameras are one of the most amazing inventions which have truly transformed how people perceive the world. It lets us capture moments in time and preserve them for years. As the new advancement in technology came up even the cameras have evolved with newer inventions like SLRs (Single Lens Reflex), DSLRs (digital Single Lens reflex) and so on. However, DSLRs are now the most widely used ones as they work combining the single lens reflex and digital imaging sensor mechanisms.\nFor those who are fond of photography, digital cameras especially DSLRs offers various options. Especially if you are into action and sports photography then there are wide ranges of DSLR choices available. Unlike normal photos / videos in order capture action videos or photos you need specialized cameras that could capture even the superior shots on motion with high resolution. With normal DSLRs, you may miss out the minute details of the action and images may come out to be blurred. Thus, for sports or action photography you need cameras with high shutter speed and great image stabilization.\nThere are various brands and models of sport cameras available now; but how to choose the best one among those. The best cameras for sports or action photography are the ones equipped with advanced features like excellent focusing to focus the moving objects fast, offer continuous shooting mode or burst mode to capture series of shots quickly, long telephoto lens, short shutter lag i.e. faster shutter speed and faster lens that is more sensitive to light and many more. On a whole they should capture quickly with good zoom and perform great in any light.\nWhether you are a beginner or professional sports photographer you need a camera that could capture shots as fast as the action occurs. Here are three best digital cameras for sports:\nSamsung NX 1: Among the all other available sports DSLRs, this is one of the most full-featured cameras with high speed image processor that can shot up to 15 FPS at full resolution having 28.2 MP image resolutions. Moreover, incorporates latest Wi-Fi standard (IEEE802.11ac).\nNikon D 750: Equipped with 24 MP CMOS sensors, these cameras offer faster frame rate with continuous shooting up to 6.5fps. It comes with the Nikon’s latest EXPEED 4 processor that is capable of ISO sensitivities expandable up to 51,200 with in-built Wi-Fi facility. In addition videos will be captured at up to 60fps, in 1080p. Features like flat picture control, zebra stripes and auto ISO in manual mode make the D750 a powerful tool for videography, as well as stills.\nCanon EX 7D Mark II: These are excellent set of cameras featured with fine –detailed CMOS sensors with 20.2MP. Incorporated with 100% viewfinder coverage, high precision and high speed 65-point AF providing higher frame rates that could capture continuous shots the rate of 10 fps. Some of the other features include live view shooting, Full HD movie coverage, and GPS function etc.\nAbove listed are the top 3 digital cameras for sport or action photography. If you are an action / sport photographer, then any of the above three that suits your pocket and needs could be the best choice. However, since these are highly advanced cameras make sure you have proper knowledge on using these cameras. There could be chances of hitting on a wrong button, which might either delete or corrupt your video that you had shot with great risk.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Are dome CCTV cameras better? Dome CCTV cameras offer a range of benefits that make them a viable option for both residential and commercial security systems.\nIn this article, we will explore the advantages and disadvantages of dome CCTV cameras to help you determine whether they are better suited for your security needs.\nAre Dome CCTV Cameras Better?\nDome CCTV cameras are widely regarded as a top choice for many security applications. Let’s take a closer look at why they are often considered superior to other types of surveillance cameras.\n1. Discreet and Vandal-Resistant\nDome CCTV cameras are known for their sleek and compact design, which allows them to blend seamlessly into various environments.\nTheir dome-shaped housing conceals the direction of the camera lens, making it difficult for potential intruders to determine the camera’s field of view.\nAdditionally, their robust construction makes them resistant to vandalism, as the dome cover protects the camera lens from tampering or damage.\n2. Wide Field of View\nOne of the primary advantages of dome CCTV cameras is their ability to provide a wide field of view. With their wide-angle lenses, these cameras can monitor larger areas compared to other camera types.\nThis makes them ideal for surveillance applications that require comprehensive coverage, such as parking lots, hallways, and large open spaces.\n3. Versatility in Mounting Options\nDome CCTV camera offer versatile mounting options, allowing them to be installed in various locations.\nThey can be ceiling-mounted, wall-mounted, or even flush-mounted, depending on the specific requirements of the surveillance area. This flexibility makes dome cameras suitable for both indoor and outdoor installations.\n4. Inconspicuous and Deters Potential Criminals\nThe discreet design of the dome CCTV camera serves as a psychological deterrent to potential criminals.\nTheir unobtrusive appearance makes it difficult for intruders to identify the camera’s focal point, increasing the likelihood of capturing valuable evidence without drawing attention to the surveillance system.\nThis feature is particularly beneficial in retail stores, banks, and other high-security areas.\n5. Protection Against Harsh Weather Conditions\nMany dome CCTV camera are specifically designed to withstand harsh weather conditions.\nThey often come with an IP66 or higher weatherproof rating, making them suitable for outdoor installations where exposure to rain, snow, dust, and extreme temperatures is a concern.\nThe weather resistance ensures that the cameras continue to function reliably in challenging environments.\n6. Enhanced Night Vision Capabilities\nDome CCTV camera are equipped with advanced infrared (IR) technology, allowing them to capture clear images even in low-light or complete darkness.\nThis feature is crucial for surveillance systems that operate 24/7. The IR LEDs integrated into dome cameras provide illumination for night vision, ensuring that the camera can monitor effectively during nighttime hours.\n7. Tamper-Proof Design\nThe dome-shaped housing of CCTV camera makes it difficult for unauthorized individuals to tamper with or manipulate the camera’s position.\nThis tamper-proof design adds an extra layer of security to the surveillance system, as any attempts to disable or misalign the camera will be more challenging for intruders.\nDome CCTV camera offer a range of advantages that make them a popular choice for surveillance systems.\nTheir discreet design, wide field of view, versatile mounting options, and robust construction contribute to their effectiveness in deterring criminals and capturing high-quality footage.\nWhether you need a security solution for your home or business, considering dome CCTV camera can provide you with the reliability and peace of mind you seek.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "During the later part of his life, French Impressionist painter Claude Monet developed cataracts in his eyes which prevented him from seeing colors clearly. He tried various treatments to no avail. In 1923, at the age of 82, he opted to have the lens of his left eye completely removed. That's when things changed.\nJudging by the paintings he produced after the procedure, it may have enabled him to see ultraviolet light. This condition is not unheard of in people with aphakia (the absence of a lens in the eye), because the lens is what prevents us from seeing light in ultraviolet wavelengths. Birds, bees, and many other animals can see UV light. So in a way, you could say Monet was half-honeybee.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Holidays at the Harbor | Dana Point Harbor | Nov 16 to Jan 1\nDana Point Harbor Partners is spreading seasonal cheer...\n...with the annual holiday light display that will illuminate the Harbor. Each night throughout the holiday season, the Harbor’s magnificent light display will illuminate the evening sky for guests of all ages to enjoy.\nIt consists of over 700,000 LED lights! Themed light exhibits throughout the Harbor will include Candy Cane Lane, a “Merry Kiss Me” arch, lighted trees, and much more.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Explanation of the figure:\nThe four figures show a 1:1 pixel view of the horizontal SD OCT measurements of retinal layer thickness. The four figures show a 1: 1 pixel view of the horizontal SD OCT measurements of retinal layer thickness. The images show the macular B-scan with colored lines delineating each retinal layer. The foveal retinal layer thickness is significantly thicker and the foveal depression is absent in preterm children compared to term children.\nFig.1) 5-year-old boy born with gestational age of 23 weeks with postnatal ROP.\nFig.2) 6-year-old boy born with gestational age of 25 weeks without postnatal ROP.\nFig.3) 7-year-old girl born with gestational age of 30 weeks without postnatal ROP.\nFig.4) 4-year-old girl with gestational age of 38 weeks.\nIn former premature infants, numerous visual disorders and an increased incidence of eye diseases in childhood have been observed. However, it is hardly known to what extent these changes will continue into adulthood. The aim of the Gutenberg Prematurity Study is to investigate the influence of preterm birth and related factors on visual function, visual quality of life and retinal morphology in adulthood. For this purpose, 400 formerly premature and mature infants between the ages of 18 and 55 will be examined. From this, guidelines for possibly necessary ophthalmological check-ups of formerly extremely prematurely born children in adulthood will be developed to avoid future visual impairment and blindness.\nHere you can find more information.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "|Home PageStrip & Rope LightingKnightsBridge Central Butt Connector For single Colour LED Flex Lights|\nKnightsBridge Central Butt Connector For single Colour LED Flex Lights £4.45\nThe KnightsBridge LED Central Butt Connector is designed for use with both 12V and 24V Flex lighting.\nIdeal for use with the Knightsbridge IP20 12V available in Cool White, Warm White, Blue, Green, Red and Yellow as well as the Knightsbridge IP20 24V available in Cool White, Warm White & Blue.\nThis product includes 1 x central butt connector for single colour flex lights.\nSeen a lower price elsewhere? Electrical World will do our best to match any price request, simply click below", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Make the change from inkjet and bulky laser multifunction printer. Now you have the perfect reason to upgrade to the smallest colour laser multifunction printer.\nCLX-3170FN produce consistent colour printouts which is water-resistance and long-lasting, while inkjet printout is susceptible to water and humidity exposure and the images fades over time.\nThe CLX-3170FN is designed to support all of your document needs - from printing and copying, to more advanced networking solutions for your business.\nThis powerful, compact and stylish colour laser multifunction printer was designed to fit into professional workspaces.\nNow even small professional business and home offices can enjoy the benefits and the impressive quality of to colour laser printing.\nWith print speeds of up to 16ppm in mono, 4ppm in colour and a print resolution of up to 2400x600dpi, this multifunction machine delivers the quality you expect in no time.\nAnd it's quiet too. The BLI lab test certified that 3170FN is the quietest multifuction printer in its class in terms of vibration and average noise emissions.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Cognitive radio is a technology that provides a promising new way to improve the efficiency of the use of the electromagnetic spectrum that available. Spectrum sensing helps in the detection of spectrum holes (unused channels of the band), and instantly move into vacant channels while avoiding occupied ones. A brief overview of the energy detection based spectrum sensing for cognitive cadio technology is introduced. An energy detector with baseband sampling for cognitive radio is presented with mathematical analyses for an additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel. Practical implementa-tion issues on Texas Instruments TMS320C6713 floating point DSP board are presented. A new multiple antenna technique based energy detector is proposed. As well as, several algorithms for generating white noise are implemented.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The most active sense organ that humans use is the eyes. As long as we are awake, they are constantly functioning. Hellen Keller quoted ”of all the senses, sight must be the most delightful”. I completely agree! If you didn’t have eyes could you wake up to see a beautiful day every day?\nEvery 6 out of 10 people wear glasses. Distorted vision is a very common problem. You can delay a distorted vision but you can hardly prevent it. Unclear vision naturally occurs at an age as early as 40 years old.\nBy the time you reach 60, it is compulsory to have a visual aid. However, given the extensive amount of time people spend in front of computer or phone screens, they require vision aids faster. Even kids as young as 4 or 5 years old wear glasses.\nPrescription glasses are needed if you are nearsighted or farsighted. Nearsightedness is also known as Myopia while farsightedness is known as Hyperopia. Another problem of the eye is the uneven focusing of light by the eyes known as Astigmatism.\nNearsightedness occurs when someone can’t see objects at a near distance clear but objects at further distances are clear. Farsightedness occurs when objects at a far distance are unclear. If you encounter any of these problems you require prescription glasses immediately and you can click here and check out different models of glasses.\nNot wearing glasses given that you have inaccurate vision can hinder your performance at school or work. Poor vision also results in the difficulty of being able to focus. There are so many different ways prescription glasses are beneficial:\n- Cures hazy vision – Prescription glasses are the best aid when it comes to reading- We read so many things a day. We read the newspaper, magazines, files at work, letters, the lessons on board, storybooks, textbooks and so much more. If you can’t read properly, it’s a struggle.\n- Protection from sun – Polarized prescription glasses protect your eyes from harmful UV rays and allow you to have a better vision for a longer time.\n- Protection from dust – Our eyes are sensitive. Given the levels of pollution and dust in the atmosphere, eyes are prone to irritation and allergies. Glasses are a direct barrier for your eyes to protect you from dust.\n- They are classy – Many people are fond of glasses because they look fashionable an complement your everyday look. It is being used as an accessory for years. Fashionable glasses are sometimes prescription glasses and sometimes non-prescription glasses.\nBefore you jump into buying glasses, there are a list of things you must remember\n- Know your power- Visit an ophthalmologist before buying prescription glasses. Get your eyes checked and find your prescription. They will provide you with the right prescription after taking a few tests. Remember the power of our eyes changes. If you have already been to an ophthalmologist before, make sure your visit was recent. Your eyesight can alter within months while you might not be able to realize it.\n- Discover the right fit for your face- An optics shop has a wide variety of frames. You should try different frames before buying to find the right shape and colour for your face. Not just your face shape, your style should match your glasses because glasses are an expression of your style.\n- Customize your prescription glasses based on how they need to adapt- If you work outdoors, you will require photochromic glasses. Photochromic glasses darken when exposed to sunlight reducing the number of UV rays entering your eyes. They are low key sunglasses. If you work in front of a computer screen mostly, you require glasses with digital protection that will reduce strain on your eyes.\n- Choose the correct lens- Your lens can be made of glass or plastic. Other types of lenses are polycarbonate lenses and high index plastic lenses. Glass lenses offer the clearest vision but are prone to breakage. Plastic lenses are better in that they won’t break easily and are lighter. Polycarbonate lenses are highly durable and used by athletes because they are believed to be “bulletproof”. High index plastic lenses are thinner and lighter than classic plastic lenses.\nHow to take care of your prescription glasses?\nA protective case is like a home to prescription glasses. While you are not wearing them, put them inside the cases and prevent damage. It is important to keep your glasses away from direct heat as well. Don’t place your glasses near the stove or oven. Protect your lenses from abrasive surfaces. People often put their glasses on their head but that can cause scratches on the lenses too. Use a lint-free towel to wipe glasses. Never use paper, tissue paper or towel.\nPrescription glasses have become a necessity yet people continue to make and believe in myths about them. Some are quite demotivating. Hence we should learn these myths and avoid them.\n- If you wear someone else’s glasses, you will damage your eyes- No! If you wear the wrong prescription glasses you might not be able to see clearly but it won’t alter your prescription. You might feel dizzy upon wearing a wrong prescription for too long but it will not damage your eyes.\n- Not wearing the right fit of prescription glasses will damage your eyes- Again another lie! You just need to buy a pair of glasses that fits more tightly. But the loose fit has nothing to do with your vision.\n- You will look bad in glasses- Of course not! Glasses are worn as an accessory by people. If one frame doesn’t suit you another will. But you will never look ugly in glasses. This line is the reason behind the big insecurity of people who wear glasses.\nTaking good care of your eyes is a must because it is the only organ that lets us see the world. Without vision, our world would be so dark. You wouldn’t be able to work properly let alone realize the beauty of the world. Find your right glasses and make each sight worth.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Distinction for young scientists for their services to European physics\nJunior Professor Román Orús of Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz (JGU) has been awarded the EPS Early Career Prize of the European Physical Society (EPS). This new EPS prize is designed to recognize the contributions of young physicists to European research, with two researchers receiving the award each time. The first laureates are Román Orús of the Institute of Physics at Mainz University and Dr. Ian Chapman of the Culham Center for Fusion Energy in the United Kingdom for his work within the European fusion program.\nOrús received the award for his contribution to the development of European expertise in the field of tensor network techniques for the numerical simulation of quantum matter. Román Orús obtained his PhD from the University of Barcelona and during his postdoctoral research he investigated entanglement, quantum many-body systems, and simulation methods at the University of Queensland in Australia and the Max Planck Institute for Quantum Optics in Garching. Since April 2013, he has been Junior Professor in Condensed Matter Theory at the Institute of Physics of Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz. Orús has written more than 40 papers on quantum entanglement and tensor networks over the last ten years.\nFrom this year on, the European Physical Society intends to award two Early Career Prizes every year in order to honor contributions to the development and reputation of physics in Europe. Founded in 1968, the EPS now represents 42 national physics societies with a membership of more than 130,000 physicists.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Sunglasses, Contact Lenses, Branded Ray Bans plus more...\nOptika Opticians and Optika Sun&See are independent opticians thriving to provide the best in eye care service. With top of the range Sunglasses\n, frames and lenses including the RayBan Sunglasses\n, RayBan Specs , D&G, Burberry and Prada collections. We understand that you want the very best for your eyes whilst at the same time looking good in those sunglasses or spectacles is just as important.\nOur experienced staff will help you find the right lenses to match your selected frame/sunglasses taking into consideration your eyes needs. With a choice from plastic or glass lenses and the added option of various tints and anti-glare coatings you are bound to get the best suited to you and your requirements.\nIf spectacles or sighted sunglasses don't do it for you, then we can also offer you the highest quality contact lenses around. Choosing the right contact lenses for you is an important decision that depends on how and where you want to wear them, your prescription and your budget. At Optika our aim is to help you find the right contact lenses that benefits you as welll as your lifestyle.\nChildren's vision care is essential to every child's development. At Optika we strive to offer the best for your children's eyes with our diverse ranges. Branded eyewear lines grab a child's attention Hello Kitty, Action Man, Barbie, Fisher-Price, Transformers, Hot Wheels, Pucca Pucca are some of the lines we carry. Lines for older children include Ray Ban Kids, Levi's & Killer Loop.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Require Beauty pictures!\nEven the Notion of ring light moves on displaying an easy lighting device. It commonly functions the reason for portraits, splendor shots with macro photography. The light tool is created with different little bulbs forming a circle. Sometimes, only a round fluorescent bulbs is already displayed. A particular ring light employed for photographs creates an extraordinary capture light right on the model’s eyes while still releasing even, tender lighting for producing shadows. The light is normally placed ahead of this area and the digital camera is put within the center of the ring.\nEven a Smaller ring light could be put around the camera lens picturing the perfect macro photography environment.\nUse Of ring light\nRing lights chiefly serve the purpose of software including videography aside photography. It’s classically used for portraiture in addition to macro pictures, for example other purposes that include close up work between a lone theme, for example, foods pictures and, obviously, style. A proper ring light is effective at functioning like a light instrument for cost-effective\npurposes Such as in door air and vlogging.\nExcellent For carrying a selfie\nParticipants Plus videographers extremely prefer the use of ring lights as they serve the goal of spread lighting around the focal position (theme ) even though they reduce the\nPosition Of compact shadows. That’s why it has grasped their consideration as a splendid light software. Ring lights can distort your subject and also do not washout or alter the confront curves like uneven lights appearing as a Ideal light tool for selfies\nOther Than portraits.\nA LEDring light isonethat is made up of bright lighting bulbsthat serve outstanding means in mimicking day light once the desktop is an internal one. It brings forth the regular skin tone of the model. LED ring lights arrive in flexible sizes and at times together with dimmable bulbs, and plus they’re glued using almost any camera type.\nNow you Will find any version faces a ring light with all the presence of eye lighting or around catchlights that highlight on the eyes of this type. These stunning high-lights make the portrait a more striking and attractive person without a time seizing the spectator’s attention.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "University of Otago physicist Niels Kjærgaard and his team have used extremely precisely controlled laser beams to confine, accelerate and gently collide ultracold atomic clouds of fermionic potassium.\nThis allowed them to directly observe a key principle of quantum theory, the Pauli Exclusion Principle.\nThis principle predicts a forbidden zone along a meridian of the spherical halo of scattered particles, which the Otago experiments indeed unveiled.\nThe dark band in the graphic shows a rule derived from the principle in action. This rule is that indistinguishable fermions cannot scatter out at 90 degrees to the collision axis.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Suction Cup Vanity Mirror LED Light Bulbs\nBrighten up your daily routine with Suction Cup Vanity Mirror LED Light Bulbs. These energy-saving and durable lights are a must for every woman getting ready to face the world. They will evenly light your face from multiple angles, helping you apply moisterizer, serums and makeup evenly. Soft light will not harm your eyes. Includes on/off button.\nABS plastic and PVC\n11-7/8\"W x 2-1/8\"D x 2-1/2\"H\nRequires 3 \"AAA\" batteries", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Sterl Lighting Pack of 4 Bulbs of 40 Watt Incandescent A19 Blue Ceramic Light Bulb that works with 120 voltage and fits to E26 base type. This bulb emits blue light result and offers CRI 100 that let us see the color vibrance of objects under this light. It produces 250 lumens of light output and it lasts for an average life span of 1,500-hours. It is an energy-saving blue bulbs which is commonly used for themed party lighting, string lights, Christmas lights, and decorative lighting.\nCOLOR TEMPERATURE: The blue light hue sets the mood on the area where it is placed. ENERGY EFFICIENCY: E26 colored light bulb works with 40 watt, 120 volts lighting fixtures. DIMMABLE: This light bulb can provide anything between 10% and 100% of lighting output. Simply adjust the dim of the light fixture create the perfect atmosphere. SUITABLE FOR: Ideal indoor and outdoor use.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "best indoor outdoor security cameras\nVMS software must be fast, light, and versatile enough to meet any security needs, have stable performance, setup of cameras is easy, requiring users to simply decide between motion detection or continuous recording, enter a camera name, and configure how long files should be kept. Arlo Pro 2. A less expensive indoor/outdoor battery-powered camera that still offers very good image quality. Video resolution: 1080p | Field of. The software usually offers a daily summary video creation option and is well integrated with technology for license plate recognition.\nBest home security cameras of 2020: Reviews and buying advice ... The Arlo 3's next-gen features make it one of the best indoor/outdoor security cameras.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Powered by innovative Samsung LED technology, this LED Lightbox offers bright, even lighting in a very thin profile!\nLED Light Box is part of the Green LED Lighting Solutions product line. Green LED Lighting Solutions(GLLS) provides commercial LED lighting solutions worldwide through its various brands. GLLS is a North American company with offices in Canada and the United States.\nGreen LED Lighting Solutions’ business is primarily B2B; namely sign and lighting companies, design engineering firms, and architecture firms. Green LED Lighting Solutions has provided LED lighting solutions to major awards shows, Hollywood movies and commercials, large-scale advertising campaigns, casino projects, and other large commercial projects.\nOur experience in dealing with large projects in time-sensitive industries has given us a reputation as a solid manufacturer and supplier.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "F250-F350 LED Lights\nFord F250-F350 LED Lights and Light Bars\nLED Lighting for Ford F250-F350. Apex Lighting carries a full line of LED truck lights and LED lights, lighting kits, light bars, and mounting kits for your Ford F250-F350. Not only does Apex Lighting offer the best selection of LED lights for your Ford F250 or F350 truck, we only offer the best in quality. With Ford F250-F350 LED lights, lighting kits, mounting kits, and custom grills from Recon, Rigid Industries, and VisionX, you're sure to get the LED lighting you want for your Ford F250-F350 truck. Chase away even the densest darkness with crisp, clean light from LED lights for Ford F250-F350 trucks. Spend over $100 on LED truck lighting or LED lighting for your Ford F250-F350 truck and get free shipping on your order!\nThere are no products listed under this category.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "enclosed ceiling fan with light great lowes ceiling fans with lights ceiling fans with lights lowes outdoor ceiling fans with lights lowes.\ngold vanity lighting lighting the home depot gold bathroom vanity lights rose gold bathroom vanity lights.\ndining room ceiling lights ikea trustchainclub ikea dining room lighting ikea dining room lighting ideas.\ntorchiere floor lamp ikea arc floor lamp ikea stefanoamatocom reading floor lamps ikea ikea floor reading lamps australia.\ncorner floor lamp tall corner floor lamps corner floor lamp large corner floor lamps corner floor lamp design.\nbrushed aluminum cylindrical pendant light post modern 1 light track track pendant lighting mini pendant track lighting fixtures.\nrobert abbey lighting 247 rico espinet scout floor lamp robert abbey floor lamp robert abbey saturnia table lamp.\nquorum 197215 9 windmill 72 inch galvanized with weathered oak 72 inch outdoor ceiling fan with light 72 inch outdoor ceiling fan with light.\nvintage adjustable floor lamp with table 1930s for sale at pamono floor lamps with tables floor lamps with glass tables.\nblind options for sliding glass doors door shades roller for sliding roman shades for glass doors roman shades over sliding glass doors.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Location of photoTerrassa (Barcelona, Spain)\nDate/Time of photo01/09/07 1820 GMT+1\nEquipmentSony V1 at ISO 100, f2.8, 1.6\" and 4x optical zoom\nDescriptionComet McNaught through sunset haze above neighbour roof. Clearly visible to the naked eye without help of any kind of optical gadget. Stunning experience.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "US D474483 S1\nAbstract available in\nFIG. 1 is a front perspective view of an ice maker box, showing our new design;\nFIG. 2 is a front view thereof;\nFIG. 3 is a rear view thereof;\nFIG. 4 is a top plan view thereof, the bottom plan view being a mirror image thereof; and,\nFIG. 5 is a view of one side thereof, the opposite side being a mirror image thereof.\nThe broken line showing is for illustrative purposes only and forms no part of the claimed design.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Changzhou Kema Reflector Material Co., Ltd.\nDean Graham Jun 23, 2019 5Pretty good,the Louver Light Fittings fit as description.\nSteve Kuster Jun 17, 2019 5So glad that I purchased this Louver Light Fittings .\nMr.rando Adiviso Jun 11, 2019 5very quick delivery and all as promissed.So glad to meet Changzhou Kema Reflector Material Co., Ltd. company.\nHåkan Bengtsson Jun 04, 2019 5The Louver Light Fittings is amazing, which is better than the last one I bought. Great supplier!\nPrateek Aggarwal May 23, 2019 5Before purchasing this Louver Light Fittings , I have done a lot of research. I investigated brandsand reviews that I could find. finally i chose this product, because it has high quality, when I received the product, it was great.\nKonstantinos Moraglis May 22, 2019 5I did a lot of research before buying this Louver Light Fittings , until now, I'm still satisfied with this brand.\nEser Bakioglu May 18, 2019 4This is a really great Louver Light Fittings . Shipment to the US was incredibly fast .\nChris Martinson May 05, 2019 5Excellent. I recommend. I am very satisfied with the Louver Light Fittings .\nCam Clarke Apr 20, 2019 5This is a very professional and honest Chinese supplier, quick response, quick shipment and Louver Light Fittings is in high quality.Everything is all perfect.from now on we fell in love with the Chinese manufacturing.\nVane Apr 19, 2019 4In China, we have many partners, Changzhou Kema Reflector Material Co., Ltd. company is the most satisfying to us, reliable quality and good credit, it is worth appreciation.\nAnthony Moh Apr 10, 2019 5The supplier cooperation attitude is very good, encountered various problems, always willing to cooperate with us, to us as the real God.Highly recommend Changzhou Kema Reflector Material Co., Ltd. company!\nCandice Apr 03, 2019 5This supplier offers high quality but low price Louver Light Fittings , it is really a nice manufacturer and business partner.\nYOU MAY LIKE\ntranslate bahasa arab indonesia energy saving led high bay light fittings in dubai\nexcess inventory for sale cheap price led high bay light fittings in dubai\nled lamp waterproof ip65 led high bay light fittings spare parts\ntop rated led grow lights ip65 waterproof led high bay light fittings spare parts\nused railroad track shopping malls led high bay light fittings in dubai\nceiling light led hanging high bay light fittings in dubai\nnew products 2015 high power warehouse led high bay light fittings in dubai\nexcess inventory for sale outdoor industry high power led high bay light fittings in dubai\nonline retail store saa led industry high bay light fittings in dubai\ncamping equipment high power led gym high bay light fittings in dubai\nused railroad track heat sink led high bay light fittings in dubai\nlamp shade high quality ip65 led high bay light fittings in dubai\n35w 150cm fluorescent t5 ceiling light fittings for hospital\n2014 BT518A Ceiling Mount Compact t5 fluorescent light fittings\n2014 No flash industrial t5 led tube light fitings\nCustom-made China Manufacture different types light fittings\nround led ceiling light fittings\nInduction light for street lamp fitting\nZhongshan HONGBAO Electrical Co Ltd Induction light for street lamp fitting Dear friend If there is any query or request I will warmly give you feedback within our 24 working hours Hope we can establish good business relationship with you Yours Hydra Lin Product Description solar led street light...\nStable design outdoor 40W led street light fittings with 5 years warranty\nIP65 wall light fittings, modern wall lights\nSEND US A MESSAGE\nWe didn't put all products on website. If you can't find the product you're looking for, please contact us for more information.\nCopyright © 2019 Changzhou Kema Reflector Material Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Expert and Personalized Fitting\nWearing spectacles doesn't have to be boring. Protect your eyes in style with professional eye wear solutions\nfrom the experts of Big City Optical\nin Bannockburn, IL\n. Find premium eyeglasses and contact lenses that meet your needs. Visit our optical dispensary for fab designs and expert fitting.\nBluetech lens technology protects your families' eyes from the high energy blue light that can damage your eyes thru the use of Smart Phone, Computers, Televisions, the Sun's UV Rays and more!\nDesigner Eye wear Brands We Offer:\nEnhance your vision and your sense of fashion with the wide selection of stylish frames, high-definition lens, and anti-reflective coating we offer. Let our optometrists provide effective corrective and protective solutions for your eyes. For complete eye care, have a regular eye checkup. Call (847) 940-8010\nfor more details.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Eyewear designed in Germany – Inspired by Africa\nEyewear that can go to the limit with you\nThe glasses suit me very well. Looks edgy.\nBeautiful glasses, very stylish and sporty.\nI've never worn eyewear this comfortable before.\nThey suit my face - colour is great!\nIt’s my first pair of prescription sunglasses and don’t think I could’ve made a better choice.\nThey suit me very well like they were specifically crafted for me.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "LG has begun shipping the new LG 27BQ85U-W computer monitor designed for designers and creatives. The package includes a sensor for calibration using LG Calibration Studio .\nIt is equipped with a 27-inch diagonal display with a resolution of 3840 x 2160 pixels , built on a Nano IPS LCD matrix, featuring improved color reproduction. Claimed brightness – 350 cd/sq.m , contrast ratio – 1000:1 , response time – 5 ms , refresh rate – 60 Hz . The model supports the VESA DisplayHDR 400 format for displaying high dynamic range content.\nTo connect to signal sources, the monitor has two HDMI ports, one DisplayPort and one USB Type-C port, which can also be used to charge gadgets. There are also two USB 3.0.t ports. The monitor has built-in stereo speakers with a power of 5 watts per channel, a stand allows you to give the display the desired tilt or angle of rotation.\nThe LG 27BQ85U-W computer monitor sells for $599 .", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Head Light & Tail Light Restoration | Starting at $75\nOver a period of time the sun's harmful UV rays, weather and road debris will degrade the look and function of your headlight lenses. Restoring your headlights to their original clarity not only improves your vehicle’s appearance, but more importantly provides safety.\nHeadlight, Tail Light & Fog Light Protective Films\nWe offer headlight, tail light & fog light protective film covers for style and protection. Call for your specific application. Free installation included with purchase of films.\nAvailable Colors for Headlight Films\nAvailable Colors for Tail Light Films:\nAvailable Colors for Fog Light Films:", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Solar Garden Lights | wilko.com\nPlus, these solar lights for gardens come in a number of styles, including outdoor string lights that are great for hanging up in pergolas or around garden sheds. You'll even find security lighting within our outdoor solar lights range - perfect for keeping your home protected, lit up and secure!\nAmazon.com: Solar Street Light\nOuterman LED Solar Street Lights, 2 Pack Motion Sensor Security Wall Light, 120 LED 6000lm Outdoor Solar Lighting with 3 Modes for Garden, Street, Deck, Fence, Patio, Path 3.9 out of 5 …\nTop Solar Shed Lights Online [2021 Models] - Sunny …\nOutdoor Bright 12W or 24W LED Solar Pole Wall Street Light Sensor Lamp is a high-quality product suitable for industrial, commercial and residential application. Compact Solar Flood Light 35 LED Durable Metal Security Garden Lamp with Dimmable 3 Power Modes is a high-quality waterproof product for outdoor landscape illumination. Comfortable\nchina led bulbs/50w solar energy saving system lighting system/kit/led lamp/led light for electricity-lack areas, find details about china 40w80w120wled solar street light wall pole street led, street light from led bulbs/50w solar energy saving system lighting system/kit/led lamp/led light for electricity-lack areas - jiangsu euler energy technology co., ltd.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Cowok gingsul alis tebel; gabole lolos pokoknya 😍\nIf you already have an account, Log in.\nHappy 100k view buat cold boss!! YAALLAH SENENG BANGET AKU! TERIMAKASIH HUAAA\nBoth you and this user will be prevented from:\nNote:You will still be able to view each other's stories.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Our Lasik eye clinic' cutting-edge treatments can be life varying. Learn more about our laser eye care charges by contacting us in the present day. LASIK is the great and premier eye caring treatment, prominent for attaining best results 20/20 for all ordinary short sight vision prescriptions. To the best of our facts we remain to offer supreme laser eye care cures than any other eye care center.\nFor people who attained an age of 40 to 45 they have trouble with vision and this is normal. Reading a book and looking at any images close up can be tricky when you have reduced visual acuity as an outcome of presbyopia impacting nearby eye vision which can also happen with long eye sightedness. Receiving counting Lasik eye surgery to make blend Vision or clear lens swap CLE, also named as RLE near is a huge way of looking better devoid of the bother of reading glasses. Get in touch with us to talk about your queries you would like us to know further details about Lasik and ask our eye surgeons any queries.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "battery operated lights for paper lanterns battery operated led lights bulb for paper lanterns battery operated lights for paper lanterns.\ntwilight blanket twilight sparkle blanket twilight blanket walmart.\nhow to switch a light switch 3 switch light switch cover wall plates light switch covers.\nfront door porch light outside front porch lights front door exterior hanging light.\nwall mount plug in light fixture light fixture wall mount with plug in receptacle wall mount plug in light fixture.\nchain lights for bedroom.\ncan light springs bruce springsteen light of day unplugged springsteen light of day.\nled lights for window border.\n48 led shop light 48 led shop light with motion sensor 48 led shop light harbor freight.\ndesigner bathroom light fixtures modern bathroom light fixtures images modern bathroom lighting fixtures chrome.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "|Size (L x W x H)||120 cm x 30 cm x 20 cm|\nThe Brighter, Tougher, Taller Stand Light – The New M18 LED Stand Light is designed to give professionals an area lighting solution that adapts, performs, and survives industrial use unlike any other portable work light. The M18SAL-0 can be setup in seconds with its max extension 2.2m high, and it collapses down to 1m for easy transport and storage. The light head can be extended from 1.2m to 2.2m to light overhead work or minimise shadows when casting light downward. Capable of filling large areas with light, it provides 2,000 lumens of high definition light output for in its high mode, 1,300 in medium and 850 in low, and it can run for up to 4, 6, or 10 hours with an M18 5.0AH REDLITHIUM-ION battery pack. It uses high quality LEDs with a neutral white color and a high color rendering index paired with a MILWAUKEE designed reflector to produce an even beam pattern. Its reinforced legs are impact resistant, and its low center of gravity provides a stable base. The light head is protected by an impact-resistant lens and bezel, and it nests into a protective shroud for secure transport and storage.The combination of these technologies offers professionals the highest quality LED lighting solution, on or off the job site.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Washington: Good news for those who underwent LASIK ( laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis) for correction of their vision, as a recent study has found that the rate of cornea infection is lower.\nAccording to the University of Tennessee researchers, incidence of microbial keratitis, an infection of the cornea caused by bacteria or a virus, for contact lens wearers versus post-LASIK patients indicates that over time the infection rate for the contact lens wearers was higher than for those who had LASIK to correct their vision.\nThe findings indicated that if the surgery is assumed to have essentially a one-time risk for infection, after five years of extrapolation, contact lens wearers would show 11 more cases per 10,000 than those with surgery.\n“Microbial keratitis is a relatively rare complication associated with contact lens use and LASIK postoperatively,” said the researchers.\n“The risk for microbial keratitis was similar between patients using contact lenses at one year, compared with LASIK. Over time, the risk for microbial keratitis was higher for contact lens use than for LASIK, specifically with extended-wear lenses,” they explained.\nLiterature in the PubMed database between December 2014 and July 2015 was analyzed.\nThe results showed that after one year of daily soft-contact lens wear, there were fewer microbial keratitis cases than after LASIK, approximately two fewer cases per 10,000.\n“Most contact lens wearers use them for decades, which means they have a much higher risk of corneal infection compared to the risk with LASIK,” said another researcher Aaron Waite.\nMicrobial keratitis can be devastating, since it can lead to vision loss.\nContact lens wear has been associated as a risk factor in the development of the condition.\nFactors, including hygiene, lens type and history of use, contribute to the risk.\nThe research suggests, contact lenses carry a real risk of infection, some patients lost vision and have needed a corneal transplant, or even lost the eye.\nThere were cases where LASIK could have prevented this vision loss. LASIK does carry a rare risk of infection, however, it is a one-time risk compared to a continuous risk for infection in contact lens users.\nThe study is published in the Journal of Cataract & Refractive Surgery. (ANI)", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Modern-ceiling-lights-toronto, buy home lighting and light fixtures at low prices. ceiling chandeliers, lamps, led, bathroom lights & outdoor wall light at lighting originals store on canada.. Buy ceiling lights - chandeliers, ceiling medallions, entryway lights and more at low prices. enhance your home with ceiling lighting from lighting originals., modern ceiling lights toronto. by taraba home | february 7, 2018. 0 comment. toronto 16 metal crystal led flush best lighting s in toronto jamie best lighting s in toronto jamie lamp contemporary led light fixtures. pics of : modern ceiling lights toronto.. Modern ceiling lights toronto. masuzi january 20, 2017 uncategorized leave a comment 38 views. crystal ceiling light mc10206 toronto 16 metal crystal led flush ceiling chandeliers light fixtures star dreams homes modern ceiling lights. crystal chandelier ceiling light mc10206, showroom toronto beaches light fixtures ings sands fashion 3 pendant lights kit fresh led light fixtures unique 16 gem ring chandelier chb0039 0d retro light fixtures vintage hanging br carriage antique modern kitchen lighting fixtures toronto ceiling spotlights led find more lights free shipping luxury rose lighting lamps gold round ball engineering gl pendant light fixtures warehouse toronto ....\nJonas copper wire pendant ceiling light departments diy jonas copper effect pendant ceiling light departments diy at b q jonas wire copper pendant ceiling light ..., suspended ceiling lights for sale.failsworth bathroom installation neptune bathrooms wet rooms manchester bathroom designs . hanging lamp in brass osteria. bathroom led strip light set strip 17w m wireless dimmer set driver profiles to order in the . just look.\nRead modern ceiling lights toronto. hunter ceiling fan parts remote control fans without gentech k462bb household fan parts sears direct delectable hunter ceiling fan without light kit black pacific hunter bowl ceiling fan light kits parts the, urbane led table lamp.bath desk lamp industrial style glare free lighting. everest lift massage table. tr bulb - table wall lamp menu hviit no. just look.\nVisit the post for more. ditch the drywall hanging plywood ceiling panels 6 steps build basic suspended ceiling drops drop ceilings detail ceiling backframing home building in vancouver coffered ceiling build wood framing ceiling joist laps connections home building tips", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Phillipa Marion November 12, 2019 Kitchen\nAn open plan kitchen may require more thought, especially if space is limited. An L-shape kitchen takes full advantage of the space available for storage and even a quaint dining area that suits your decor and layout.\nIf you’ve updated your kitchen decorating with fresh, fashion-forward colors and a focal wall, it’s time to add layers. The latest trend in kitchen design is open shelving, instead of cabinets. This look lightens a kitchen up by creating visual space, but requires you to hide all the tupperware and mismatched glasses in fewer cabinets.\nInexpensive range hoods simply circulate dirty, stale air, while a good ventilation system will improve the quality of your indoor air. It also helps keep your kitchen cleaner and extends the life of your appliances.\nWhether you’re thinking about remodeling your kitchen or searching for a new home and weighing your options, the kitchen setup is extremely important. And if you cook a lot, the layout of this room really matters.\nYou’ll find plenty more handy tips and tricks in our ultimate guide to planning, designing and furnishing your kitchen, too.\nShaker style kitchens have certainly stood the test of time; making them the perfect option if you want to design a contemporary kitchen with some longevity.\nTag Cloudretro kitchen lighting ideas kitchen counter lighting ideas kitchen dining room lighting ideas kitchen table chandelier ideas modern kitchen table lighting kitchen hanging lights ideas kitchen soffit lighting ideas cupboard lighting ideas pantry lighting ideas light yellow kitchen ideas light kitchen wall colors lights over kitchen table ideas kitchen spotlight ideas kitchen lighting ideas 2018 light modern kitchen over the stove lighting ideas kitchen lamp ideas display cabinet lighting ideas kitchen cabinet led lighting ideas kitchen light fixture ideas low ceiling lighting for cathedral ceiling in the kitchen overhead kitchen lighting ideas open kitchen lighting small kitchen track lighting ideas kitchen bar lighting ideas light color kitchen cabinet ideas over kitchen sink lighting ideas kitchen and dining room lighting ideas kitchen chandelier lighting ideas open kitchen lighting ideas kitchen lighting flush mount ideas rustic kitchen lighting ideas grey kitchen lighting ideas lighting for vaulted ceiling in kitchen outdoor kitchen lighting ideas light grey kitchen ideas kitchen lighting design kitchen recessed lighting ideas kitchen under cabinet led lighting ideas kitchen under cabinet lighting ideas light over sink ideas antique kitchen lighting ideas kitchen pantry lighting ideas bar counter lighting design over the counter lighting ideas kitchen table lighting ideas designer kitchen pendant lights cabinet lighting ideas over sink kitchen lighting ideas kitchen lighting layout ideas over cabinet lighting ideas light kitchen colors over counter lighting ideas kitchen drop lights ideas kitchen floor lighting ideas small kitchen lighting ideas kitchen bench lighting ideas over kitchen table lighting ideas kitchen lighting styles kitchen pendant lighting ideas kitchen cupboard lighting ideas nook lighting ideas kitchen room lighting kitchen bulkhead lighting ideas breakfast bar lighting ideas kitchen and living room lighting ideas above kitchen sink lighting ideas over the sink lighting ideas galley kitchen lighting layout kitchen dining lighting ideas track lighting cathedral ceiling kitchen window lighting ideas vaulted ceiling kitchen lighting ideas kitchen lighting ideas flush mount light bright kitchen ideas under shelf lighting ideas vaulted ceiling kitchen ideas track lighting for vaulted kitchen ceiling under counter lighting ideas kitchen lighting ideas small kitchen ceiling light kitchen ideas kitchen lighting over sink ideas galley kitchen recessed lighting kitchen and dining lighting ideas dark backsplash with light countertops unusual kitchen lights cool kitchen lights led lights kitchen ideas cottage kitchen lighting ideas shaker kitchen lighting ideas vintage kitchen lighting ideas kitchen pendant ideas modern kitchen spotlights modern kitchen light fixtures ideas for replacing recessed fluorescent lighting boxes kitchen light fixtures ideas kitchen chandelier ideas modern kitchen pendant lighting ideas kitchen wall lighting ideas small kitchen chandelier ideas traditional kitchen lighting ideas kitchen ceiling light fixtures ideas lamps in kitchen ideas backsplash lighting ideas country kitchen lighting ideas contemporary kitchen lighting ideas modern kitchen lighting kitchen counter lamp ideas modern kitchen ceiling lighting designs kitchen lighting design layout best kitchen lighting ideas plinth lighting ideas french country kitchen lighting ideas kitchen track lighting ideas kitchen lighting ideas decorative lights for dining table galley kitchen lighting small kitchen lighting layout kitchen flush mount lighting ideas galley kitchen light fixtures kitchen accent lighting ideas breakfast nook lighting ideas pendants over peninsula pale yellow kitchen walls kitchen led lighting ideas galley kitchen lighting ideas modern kitchen ceiling recessed lighting in small kitchen low ceiling kitchen lighting ideas dining table pendant lighting ideas under cabinet ideas kitchen ceiling lighting ideas small grey kitchen ideas kitchen peninsula lighting ideas sink lighting ideas kitchen task lighting ideas kitchen sink lights ideas kitchen lighting design ideas kitchen sink lighting ideas kitchen table light fixture ideas commercial kitchen lighting design kitchen nook lighting ideas vaulted ceiling ideas kitchen bar pendant light ideas light blue kitchen ideas sloped ceiling lighting ideas galley kitchen pendant lighting light color kitchen ideas kitchen spot lighting ideas kitchen cabinet lighting ideas kitchen table lamp ideas modern kitchen lighting ideas apartment kitchen lighting ideas ideas to replace fluorescent light in kitchen vaulted kitchen lighting peninsula lighting ideas cool kitchen lighting ideas kitchen nook lighting modern kitchen table light fixtures industrial kitchen lighting ideas bar cabinet lighting ideas under cabinet lighting ideas light and bright kitchen ideas best lighting for galley kitchen bar counter lighting ideas condo kitchen lighting ideas kitchen down lighting ideas light grey kitchen cabinet ideas flush mount kitchen lighting ideas kitchen lampshade ideas above sink pendant light kitchen lighting ideas 2019 modern kitchen light fittings countertop lighting ideas", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Edge Detection Ultrasonic Sensor\n- Not affected by the printed pattern on the detection object\n- Not affected by stains or color on the surface of the detection object\n- Position proportional analog output (1 to 5V)\n- Easy installation with no controller\n- Standard・Official Approval\n|Model||Type||Power supply||Detection method||Detecting distance Min (mm)||Detecting distance (mm)||Control output||Response speed (ms)||Connection||Download|\n||Ultrasonic||12 - 24VDC||30||Analog||60||Attached cable|\nPerformance Curves (Typical)\n*Performance varies, depending on the thickness, height or material of the object.\nControl of meandering of transparent films\nAn ultrasonic sensor can control meandering of transparent films without being affected by printing patterns, which is difficult fo an optical sensor.\nWinding control of package film\nControls the film meander by an ultrasonic edge detection sensor.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Product: Jelly Fish\n- Unique LED lighting effect with clear plastic case that offers two effects i..\nThe ADJ Jelly Go Par 64 is a 2-FX-IN-1, rechargeable lithium battery powered low profile LED wa..\nThe Jelly Jewel is part of the popular “Jelly Series” (glowing transparent housing) f..\nThe American DJ Jelly Par Profile is part of the popular “Jelly Series,” featuring a glowing tra..\nJelly Par Profile System The Jelly Par Profile System is a exciting all-in-one LED Par ..\n- New Special Formulated Kool Fog\n- Works with the American DJ Mister Kool Fog Machine only\n- A new revolution in laser scanner effects\n- 4.9 mW red laser with 16 pre-set geometric patterns\nLED Beam Scan\n- Bright 3W white beam DMX LED Pinspot with panning head\n- 12-degree beam angle\nProduct: LED Color Ball\nGo Beyond Decorations...Make Your Holiday Parties More Memorable This Year..\nProduct: LED Color Tube\nGo Beyond Decorations...Make Your Parties More Memorable This Year The LED..\nLED DISPLAY BAR\n• New Dynamic LED Display Light Offers A Wide Variety Of Application Choic..\nLED FX Pak 2 The American DJ LED FX PAK 2 is a 100% LED instant lighting package great for a..\nLED PARTY PAK 2 The American DJ LED PARTY PAK 2 is a 100% LED instant lighting package ..\n- Bright Red, Green & Blue rotating beams shoot from 19 lenses covering\na large area\nADJ LED RC Features: • Black Out: Turns fixture On/Off • Auto Run: Automati..", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Aztech IP Cam\nby: Aztech Group • 438\nAztech IP Cam is designed for WIPC402 Plug and Play Wireless IP Camera. With the latest P2P and H.264 technology, User can easily view clear and smooth video by mobile phone. It aims to provide an ideal solution for the users to keep an eye on the things they care.\nTags: aztech ip cam , aztech wipc402 , aztech ip camera , wipc402 , aztech ip camera wipc402 , aztech ipcam , aztech ip camera demo , wipc402 demo , aztech wipc402 demo", "label": "No"}
{"text": "We care about your eyes, and even though we may only see you once a year, we want you to have the tools for year-round protection. Ultra Violet (UV) damage is serious business when it comes to the eyes. Think of what a day in the sun can do to your skin, and then imagine what years of naked eye sun exposure might do. The right sunglass lens protection will keep your eyes safe from damage so they'll last you as long as possible.\nUV DAMAGE IS NO JOKE\nUV damage gets more serious. Cataracts and macular degeneration are results of too much UV exposure. If you squint into the sun for years of your youth, you're quite likely to develop one of these conditions in later years. While we can treat both conditions, neither is completely curable. If you develop serious cataracts then chances are you will need to have cataract surgery and have to have an artificial lens implanted in your eye. Macular degeneration that is sun related for the most part is not treatable.\nA cosmetic effect to the eyeball is a condition called photokeratitis. Basically that means your sunburn your eyes they get red, feel gritty, and you are light sensitive. The front of your eye like a fried egg gets fried! The effects of photokeratitis aren't permanent. Though it's scary at the time, it usually does not cause long-term damage. Be sensible wear good quality prescription if needed or non prescription sunglasses to protect your eyes like you use SPF creams to protect your skin.\nWHAT YOU NEED FROM EYE PROTECTION\nTwo types of UV rays are harmful to the human eye: UV-A and UV-B. A quality pair of sunglasses will absorb from 99-100% UV-A and UV-B, nothing less. Inexpensive sunglasses might have a dark lens, make you feel comfortable but behind that lens the pupil (opening of your eye) gets larger and since those lenses chances are do not absorb adequate UV-A and UV-B then you are actually getting more UV in to your eyes then if you didn’t wear any sunglasses at all!\nIf you have any questions about your eyes and sun damage, ask The Eye Doctor at your next appointment. To get sunglasses with proper UV protection, head to our Eye Gallery. We'll help you find the right pair to protect your eyes.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "RMA4HW2H–Kodak Instamatic 100 Camera 1963 FOR EDITORIAL PURPOSES ONLY\nRMAEHPER–A Kodak Instamatic 50 circa 1963\nRMC42KPA–Kodak Instamatic 200 camera\nRMABN6NE–'Kodak Hawkeye' Instamatic camera\nRMBEXYP6–Kodak Instamatic 33 Film Camera\nRMAY464R–Instant Polaroid Camera. Picture by Patrick Steel patricksteel\nRMB1KB5G–Kodak Instamatic 33 Film Camera\nRMA1K4MA–Camera Kodak Instamatic\nRMDF8REP–Old retro vintage Kodak Instamatic camera\nRMDT73RF–Kodak Instamatic 60 Film camera for 110 format film.\nRME0WJ33–Mar. 03, 1963 - Kodapak filmpack and Instamatic cameras: So simple like the use of the telephone ear piece is now the put in of\nRMBXFAFJ–advertising, photography, advert for camera Kodak Instamatic 25, from the magazine 'Bravo', No. 50, 4.12.1967, Germany, Additional-Rights-Clearences-Not Available\nRMC96G74–A 1970's kodak instamatic 126 film camera photographed against a white background\nRMBXFAFC–advertising, photography, advert for camera Kodak Instamatic 224, from the magazine 'Stern', No. 20, 14.5.1967, Germany, Additional-Rights-Clearences-Not Available\nRMT11506–Product box label for the Kodak Instamatic Movie Light, an extremely bright light used with 8mm home movie cameras, 1960. ()\nRMBXM0XN–photography, cameras, Kodak Instamatic 50, produced from 1963 until 1966, Made in England, 1960s, 60s, 20th century, historic, historical, camera, cam, cameras, lens, objective, lenses, objectives aperture 11, 43 mm, focal length, shutter time: 1/40 and 1/90 for sun and clouds, 28 x 28 mm negative, 35mm film camera, cameras, aluminum, aluminium chassis, case, product, products, studio shot, Additional-Rights-Clearences-Not Available\nRMB90W3B–Kodak Instamatic 233x camera with vivid coloured balls behind\nRM2A610F9–Close-up of Magicube flash cube installed in Kodak Pocket Instamatic 10 vintage camera, ca 1970s, on a white background, September 26, 2019. ()\nRMATABKN–Kodak Instamatic Camera Christmas Magazine Advertisement December 1966 FOR EDITORIAL USE ONLY\nRMAEB82M–A Kodak Instamatic 50 circa 1963\nRMEEY6BB–55x Instamatic camera with flash cutout\nRMCCDA9W–Kodak Instamatic Camera: Model Pocket Instamatic 40\nRMJTKGG0–Vintage Keystone Instamatic Camera with flash cube\nRMT2P5K0–1963 Kodak Instamatic 300 camera made in England\nRMB1KB3H–Kodak Instamatic 33 Film Camera\nRMA1K4MC–Camera Kodak Instamatic\nRMDW0HJR–Kodak camera instamatic 100 camera\nRMMAB6NA–Close-up of Kodak 126 film cartridge containing Kodachrome 64 film, a classic color reversal slide film, used in 1960s and 1970s era Instamatic cameras, February 22, 2018. ()\nRMDT73W4–Kodak Instamatic 60 Film camera for 110 format film.\nRMCN4R29–Classic old camera Instamatic 133-x camera (kodak)\nRMG05EP1–Kodak instamatic 100 camera on a white background\nRM2A5NHY0–Kodak Instamatic cameras\nRMEF5X67–Kodak Instamatic 50 Camera\nRMABN6P0–'Kodak Hawkeye Instamatic camera'\nRMBXM0XT–photography, cameras, Kodak Instamatic 50, produced from 1963 until 1966, Made in England, 1960s, 60s, 20th century, historic, historical, camera, cam, cameras, lens, objective, lenses, objectives aperture 11, 43 mm, focal length, shutter time: 1/40 and 1/90 for sun and clouds, 28 x 28 mm negative, 35mm film camera, cameras, aluminum, aluminium chassis, case, clipping, cut out, cut-out, cut-outs, Additional-Rights-Clearences-Not Available\nRM2AXCDE8–1966 magazine advert for Kodak instamatic M6 movie Camera.\nRM2A610F7–Close-up of Magicube flash cube installed in Kodak Pocket Instamatic 10 vintage camera, ca 1970s, on a white background, September 26, 2019. ()\nRMCXRN5Y–Late 1970's Kodak Instamatic 277X point-and-shoot film camera.\nRMM15092–A Kodak Instamatic 100 film camera which used the 126 Kodapak film cartridge, produced between 1963 and 1966\nRMD3DPED–kodak instamatic 133X 126 camera\nRMDD58T0–A vintage Eastman Kodak Co. Instamatic 814 camera manufactured between 1968 and 1970\nRMJTKGFY–Vintage Kodak 104 Instamatic Camera\nRMD3G756–kodak instamatic 25 126 camera\nRMB1KB3R–Kodak Instamatic 33 Film Camera\nRM2HAWAYG–Kodak Instamatic 233 camera from 1960s\nRMDW0HJM–Kodak camera instamatic 100 camera\nRMBXHTEN–Vintage Kodak Instamatic Camera\nRMDT72RW–Kodak Instamatic 60 Film camera for 110 format film.\nRM2KF0WHX–Instamatic 300 camera shown in pieces on a white background\nRM2AAEXCD–Close-up of Kodak Instamatic X-15 film camera, ca 1960s, using the 126 cartridge format, July 24, 2019. ()\nRM2A5NHY3–Kodak Instamatic cameras\nRMEF5X69–Kodak Instamatic 50 Camera\nRMAFJFND–'Kodak '^Hawkeye Instamatic' film camera'\nRMH6WW3K–kodak instamatic 33 camera\nRFRE241P–Kodak Instamatic 50 camera on display at Headstone Manor Museum, Harrow, Middlesex, UK\nRMH66GYF–kodak instamatic 33 camera\nRMCXRN69–Late 1970's Kodak Instamatic 277X point-and-shoot film camera\nRMM1508N–A Kodak Instamatic 100 film camera which used the 126 Kodapak film cartridge, produced between 1963 and 1966\nRM2D6TBA2–kodak instamatic 33 film cassette camera\nRMMDT6CD–A teenage girl in a red T-shirt taking a photograph using an old Pentax Instamatic 35mm film camera\nRMK46BKX–Vintage Kodak Instamatic 104 film camera from the 1970's posed with a New Belgian Snapshot Beer.\nRMD3G75E–kodak instamatic 25 126 camera\nRMCC47N1–A vintage retro looking instamatic camera\nRMB1KB75–Kodak Instamatic 33 Film Camera\nRMDW0HJX–Kodak camera instamatic 100 camera\nRMRNEJ4E–retro style kodak instamatic 33 camera\nRMDT73P0–Kodak Instamatic 60 Film camera for 110 format film.\nRM2E6R6JT–Kodak Kodachrome transparency color colour slide film, iconic reversal film. With Kodak instamatic camera\nRM2AAEXJK–Close-up of Kodak Instamatic 100 film camera, ca 1965, using the 126 format, isolated on a white background, July 24, 2019. ()\nRMRDBMDD–retro style kodak instamatic 33 camera\nRFWRDXNM–Old camera on top of old pencils, concept image of old and outdated but retro fashion.\nRM2H24W3N–kodak instamatic 33 camera on orange background\nRMS2Y9G0–Vintage Kodak instamatic x-15f camera\nRMP8B30X–retro style kodak instamatic camera hanging on blue painted timber wall, norfolk, england\nRFRGRDFY–LONDON - JANUARY 28, 2019: Silver metal Kodak Instamatic Retro Film Camera on pink background\nRMM15088–A Kodak Instamatic 100 film camera which used the 126 Kodapak film cartridge, produced between 1963 and 1966\nRM2H3A4K3–1978 Blue Mountains, Australia: A Year 12 (6th form) teenager (girl/women) school student takes a photo of the photographer using a 110 film pocket instamatic camera while another student watches on. The car in the photo is a Mazda Capella\nRF2D1Y1J4–Instamatic Camera 1960's\nRM2E29EMY–Kodak Instamatic 804-1\nRMD3G75X–kodak instamatic 25 126 camera with hot shoe flash adapter on camera\nRMEFFC28–Kodar Kodak instamatic 277x camera.\nRME5H6T2–Kodak Instamatic X-15 Camera\nRM2HN50TF–Kodak Instamatic 304 camera in leather case\nRFEXKFDH–Block out photo of a vintage Kodak Instamatic camera.\nRMDT71D6–Kodak instamatic 100 film camera and Kodak 126 color print film\nRMBHTGJ8–Kodak Instamatic 155X Camera was a viewfinder camera for 126 Kodapak film cartridges.\nRMDY1FWA–Kodak Instamatic 100 Film Camera with flash that uses 126 format film. Kodak 1963.\nRM2AAEXFB–Close-up of Kodak Tele-Instamatic film camera, ca 1970s, with two-position telephoto lens and using the 110 film format, isolated on a white background, July 24, 2019. ()\nRMFD44H5–kodak 126 instamatic camera and film cartridge cut out on a white background\nRFT8PC49–1972-1975 Kodak Instamatic Camera in original packaging outer box doubles as display box.\nRMCN1055–Cut out of a Kodak instamatic camera under brand name Boots, made in Italy\nRF2AKXF2B–Front view of a compact camera branded Kodak model 'Instamatic Camera 77x', the monochrome image in black and white.\nRMJEW2E4–Girl taking picture on beach with Kodak instamatic camera - Island of Sal Cape Verde Islands. lovely desolate island - waves blue sky, atmosphere.\nRM2F6RF1E–Detail of an old Kodak Instamatic film camera\nRMM1508E–A Kodak Instamatic 100 film camera which used the 126 Kodapak film cartridge, produced between 1963 and 1966\nRFHY92M2–Old vintage instamatic camera on a wooden background\nRF2D1Y1M0–Instamatic Camera 1960's\nRMC0460X–An old Kodak Instamatic film camera on a white background\nPlease complete the form below. The information provided will be included in your download confirmation", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Downloads per image:8.55\nJoined: March 31, 2009\nPixel and vector image artist. Producing imposing imagery, delivered through world leading stock image agencies.\nCanon digital cameras and lenses, Adobe Creative Cloud, 3D programs\nNature, landscapes, travel, objects, technology, abstract, dramatic", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Type: Behind the Scenes photos\n# of Photos: 30\nPictures of me working!\npremiere-pro editing director audio video eng production directing lighting video-editor editor sound camera shooter hd 4k boom-operator adobe studio videographer photoshop premiere camera-operator producer shooting grip audition video-editing video-producer cameraman camera-op talent videography preditor boom visual shoot after-affects field boom-op uhd prelude\nAdded on Sunday, August 19, 2018", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Weak eyesight is medically known as refractive error. It is a common condition that affects the ability of the eyes to focus light. Unfortunately, many people suffer from weak eyesight or blurred vision. This can make it difficult to perform everyday tasks. Eating a healthy diet, getting enough sleep, and protecting your eyes from the sun are all important for good eye health.\nWhile there is no cure for weak eyesight, there are a number of treatments available to correct it and improve vision. Glasses, contact lenses, and surgery are the most common treatments for weak eyesight. However, there are also a number of natural home remedies that may help to improve vision and reduce the symptoms of weak eyesight.\nImprove Vision with Natural Home Remedy (Urdu)\nIf you are already experiencing weak eyesight, there are a number of home remedies that you can try at home to improve your vision. These remedies are not a substitute for proper medical treatment but they may be helpful in conjunction with other therapies.\nHome Remedies for Weak Eyesight\nHere are some home remedies that may help to improve vision and reduce the symptoms of weak eyesight and blurred vision:\nEat a Healthy Diet. Eating a healthy diet is essential for overall health, including eye health. Make sure to eat plenty of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. These foods are rich in vitamins and minerals that are important for eye health, such as vitamins A, C, and E, as well as zinc and lutein.\nGet Enough Sleep. When you don’t get enough sleep, your eyes can become tired and strained. This can lead to blurry vision and other eye problems. Aim for 7-8 hours of sleep each night.\nTake Breaks When Using Screens. If you spend a lot of time looking at screens, such as computer monitors, smartphones, and tablets, make sure to take breaks every 20-30 minutes. Look away from the screen and focus on something distant for 20 seconds. This will help to reduce eye strain.\nUse Eye Drops. If your eyes feel dry or irritated, you can use artificial tears or eye drops to lubricate them. This can help to reduce the symptoms of dry eyes and improve vision.\nExercise Regularly. Regular exercise is good for overall health, including eye health. Exercise helps to improve blood circulation and reduce stress. Both of these things can improve eye health.\nHerbal Remedies for Weak Eyesight\nIn addition to the home remedies listed above, there are a number of herbal remedies that may also help to improve vision and reduce the symptoms of weak eyesight. Here are some natural herbal remedies you can try:\nBilberry: Bilberry is a type of berry that is rich in antioxidants. Antioxidants can help to protect the eyes from damage and improve vision.\nEyebright: Eyebright is a herb that has been used for centuries to treat eye problems. It is thought to reduce inflammation and improve blood circulation to the eyes.\nGinkgo Biloba: Ginkgo biloba is an herb that has been shown to improve blood circulation to the brain and eyes. This can help to improve vision and reduce the symptoms of weak eyesight.\nOther Tips for Improving Vision\nIn addition to the home remedies and herbal remedies listed above, there are a number of other things you can do to improve vision and reduce the symptoms of weak eyesight:\nWear Sunglasses. Sunglasses protect your eyes from the harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays of the sun. UV rays can damage the eyes and increase the risk of developing cataracts and other eye problems.\nNo Smoking. Smoking damages the blood vessels in the eyes and can lead to vision problems such as macular degeneration.\nControl Your Blood Sugar Levels. High blood sugar levels can damage the blood vessels in the eyes and lead to vision problems such as diabetic retinopathy.\nFAQs about Weak Eyesight:\n1. Can weak eyesight be completely cured?\nWeak eyesight can be managed and corrected with treatments like glasses, contact lenses, or surgery. However, a complete cure may not always be possible.\n2. Are there specific foods that can particularly benefit eye health?\nYes, Fruits and vegetables like carrots, leafy greens, citrus fruits, and nuts are rich in vitamins A, C, and E, as well as zinc and lutein, which can support good vision.\n3. Are there exercises to strengthen vision?\nWhile there are eye exercises that may help alleviate eye strain and improve focus, they may not directly strengthen your vision caused by refractive errors.\n4. Are there any age-related factors that contribute to weak eyesight?\nYes, aging is a common factor in the development of weak eyesight. Conditions like presbyopia (difficulty focusing on close objects) and age-related macular degeneration can affect older individuals.\n5. Can genetics play a role in vision?\nYes, genetics can influence the likelihood of developing weak eyesight. Refractive errors often run in families, meaning if parents have vision issues, their children may be more prone to them as well.\nWeak eyesight is a common condition that can affect people of all ages. While there is no cure for weak eyesight, there are a number of treatments available to correct it and improve vision. Glasses, contact lenses, and surgery are the most common treatments for weak eyesight. However, there are also a number of home remedies and herbal remedies that may help to improve vision and reduce the symptoms of weak eyes.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Bedroom lighting, Lamps For Bedroom Nightstands Kapsel Dome Black Pendant Ceiling Light: Remarkable Bedroom Light Fixture Design\nPublished at August 01st, 2017 17:51:45 PM by austin\nLabelled as bedroom lighting design subject, bedroom ceiling light fixtures discussion with lowes bedroom light fixtures area of interest or light fixtures ceiling object along with bedroom lighting tips subject also bedroom ceiling lighting topic plus Bedroom lighting, So don't forget to check out the main article in Remarkable Bedroom Light Fixture Design\n© 2018 astrologyspecialistpandit. Reproduction without explicit permission is prohibited. All Rights Reserved.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "flush mount a outdoor pendant lights mid century modern lighting hanging porch pendants.\nvapor jar exterior pendant lights saucer lite manufacturing shocking this options colour just need to choose large outdoor lighting uk design ideas wonderful li.\nromeo outdoor pendant light lighting amazon panama cm by clippings.\nwind outdoor pendant light hanging string lights home depot by at 1.\nyour exterior with the latest contemporary outdoor pendant lighting modern amazon best images on pen.\n1 light black outdoor pendant lighting ideas pendants ceiling home decorators collection hanging lights compressed.\nenchanting outdoor pendant lighting spectacular inspiration to remodel with large uk inspirati.\nrue royal outdoor hanging pendant lighting lowes lights fixtures exterior lamps.\nelk lighting gate 3 light outdoor pendant with bronze finish amazon.\nfine art lamps river oaks dark bronze finish tall outdoor pendant light loading zoom lighting plug in b.\nnice indoor pendant lights best ideas about outdoor lighting on lowes.\npendant lights left unsecured in a windstorm may get smashed into pieces outdoor hanging home depot how do i restrain wind blown light.\noutdoor hanging lighting on target lights ideal laser mid century modern pendant.\noutdoor pendant light mid century modern lighting by interior deluxe 1.\npendant outdoor lights 8 lighting for garden large modern hanging.\nhook portable pendant lighting hanging outdoor string lights home depot flexible blog.\noutdoor pendant light lighting home depot designed by and 0.\noutdoor pendant lighting metal australia advice for your home decoration.\n1 light outdoor hanging lantern pendant lighting australia lights main.\nmillennium lighting r series satin black inch warehouse outdoor pendant with stem amazon best ideas on solar hanging lights ceiling.\nuseful pendant in outdoor lighting modern decoration ideas fixtures.\ncapital lighting carriage house traditional tortoise outdoor pendant light loading zoom australia carriag.\nmid century modern outdoor pendant lighting fixtures collection high hanging light home depot fixtu.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Development > Pharmaceutical preparation\nAggregation Analysis (Sub-visible particles)\nThis system is able to measure sub-visible particle aggregates (0.1 to 10 μm), which are said to be potentially immunogenic, with a single measurement.\nThis is the world's first system able to analyze protein aggregates using the laser diffraction method.\nCapable of Quickly Screening for Conditions that Encourage/Discourage Aggregation!\nThe Aggregates Sizer aggregation analysis system for biopharmaceuticals now includes a temperature controlled cell unit. Consequently, aggregates can be measured without temperature variations affecting the formation of aggregates, even for mechanical stress testing, which takes longer than regular measurements due to the batch cell stirring function involved. In addition, the micro cell size was reduced from 400 μL to 125 μL so that smaller sample quantities can be measured.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Power: 480W Luminous Flux: approx 48000lm Working Voltage: DC 1030V(fits 12V, 24V vehicles) Number of Chips: 96pcs 5W Popu lar PHILIPS LED Protection Rate: IP67 Color Temperature: Pure White 6000K Working Temperature: -4085 Degree Celsius Beam Angle: Spot(30 degree)& Flood(60 degree) Combo Size(with bracket):approx 133512088mm/188.8.131.52inch Size(without bracket): approx 12707688mm/ 5033.4inch Material: Extruded Aluminum Profile, High transmission PC Lens Mounting Bracket: Aluminum Side Mounting Bracket (120 Degree Adjustable) Life Time: About 30,000 hours Certified by CE & ROHs. The most popular PHILIPS LED Chips, famous all over the world 50Inch, dual row of 3W chips, fish eye projector lens Ultra focus effect, super long lighting distance Combines hyper spot & flood pattern in a light bar for optimal light spread Designed to project light on extreme distance Pending aperture system blocks unused light for a clean beam Oversized heat sink, full aluminum housing to withstand harsh environment IP67 rated waterproof, dustproof and shockproof Application: Off road vehicle lighting, Emergency & Rescue Lighting, ATV/UTV/Golf cart lighting Boat& marine lighting, Agriculture vehicle lighting, mining and heavy equipment light Package Included: 1x 480W PHILIPS LED Light Bar. (High Power Off Road ATV/Jeep LED Light Bar Wiring Harness Relay & ON/OFF Switch) Some mounting screws included.\nMilitary address of the United States and The nonnative American address. Before a bad feedback or case, we'll give u a satisfactory solution. Top-rated customer service is here for u all the time. Wide application in different vehicle types. The item \"50inch 480W Truck LED Light Bar Offroad Fit For JEEP Grand Cherokee XJ Dodge 54\" is in sale since Sunday, December 07, 2014.\nThis item is in the category \"eBay Motors\\Parts & Accessories\\Car & Truck Parts\\Lighting & Lamps\\Fog/Driving Lights\". The seller is \"fulcat\" and is located in CA/KY. This item can be shipped to United States, to Canada, to Mexico.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Availability : In stock\nTags: glass cup, crystal tea cups, colored glass cups, Cheap glass cup, High Quality crystal tea cups, China colored glass cups Suppliers.\nMaterial: Crystal glass Capacity: 300ml - 400ml Quantity: 1pcs glass cup (including spoon)\nUniversal Black 5V USB Wired Microphone With 7ft High-fidelity Cable For Xbox One/Xbox 360/PS2/PS3/Wii/PC For Smart TV/Tablet all in one Specification: Working voltage: 5V Working current: 30~40mA Inductance sensitivity: -60dB(600ohm) Frequency response range: 20~20000HZ SNR: ADC/85dB, DAC/90dB Dynamic Range: ≥ 85dBA Directionality:Add to cart\nModname=ckeditor 1PC 39*25CM GOUGU Soft PP Cutting Board Frosted Antibacterial Chopping Block Kitchen Cooking Tools For Fruit Vegetable Meat Fish Description: 100% brand new and high quality; Material: high quality PP Size:Add to cart", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Dell 27\" SE2717H IPS Freesync Monitor\nThis artfully designed, 27-inch monitor with a vivid display has everything you need for every day.\nAlways a great view.\nExperience a 27-inch screen with superb Full HD 1920 x 1080 resolution. No matter where you sit, the colours stay consistent across the ultrawide 178°/178° viewing angle thanks to in-plane switching technology.\nDesigned to impress.\n- Elegance in every detail: a thin glossy bezel gives a sophisticated look that goes with any room. Plus, the matte screen offers a better viewing experience by reducing reflections.\n- Always appealing: the curved-back design and black-piano finish make it a stunner from any angle.\n- Conveniently crafted: the sturdy monitor stand makes it easy to tilt your monitor angle for just the right view.\nThe power to see more.\nEye-opening visuals come standard with the latest in thoughtful technology.\n- Eliminate choppy gameplay: never game with screen tearing, stutter or artifacts again. AMD FreeSync™ technology creates a fluid performance at nearly any frame rate, so you can game without distractions.\n- Increase viewing comfort: protect your eyes by minimising harmful blue light, whose wavelengths are similar to UV rays, with Dell’s ComfortView feature.\n- Reduce eye fatigue: optimise eye comfort and game longer with a flicker-free screen.\nPeace of mind – guaranteed.\nGet the most out of reliable performance and efficient design from the world’s No. 1 monitor brand.\nAdvanced Exchange Service\nYour Dell monitor comes with a 3-year Advanced Exchange Servicei so that, if necessary, a replacement monitor will be shipped to you the next business day within its 3-Year Limited Hardware Warranty.i\nA brand you can rely on\nAs the #1 monitor brand for 3 consecutive yearsi, Dell takes pride in our unyielding commitment to quality and the utmost satisfaction of our customers.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Search Results for \"hex beam\"45 links - and 2 categories\nYou can try similar termsbeam 10m beam j beam pdl beam 11m beam hex beam ant w beam vhf beam beam 2 jay beam c5 v beam hex beam 30m mt beam vee beam hf beam\nGet our links, Everywhere!\nSign up for daily Newsletter\nService provided by Google FeedBurner\nFree for your Site\nAdd our gadgets to your siteDaily Top 10 links", "label": "No"}
{"text": "There’s a new review and installation video of the BlackVue DR900X-2CH Plus dash cam thanks to the YouTube channel Megawatts!\nIn the video the reviewer shows the 4K UHD Cloud dash cam installed in his Tesla Model Y. He also compares the image quality of the dash cam (4K and 1080p for the front camera – the image quality can be adjusted in the settings) with the image quality of the autopilot cam included in Teslas.\nThe YouTuber also published a short unboxing video in which he shows what’s included in the box and goes over some of the most important features of the DR900X-2CH Plus.\nYou can watch the installation/review video here or by clicking the thumbnail above!", "label": "No"}
{"text": "CANARM POLO IPL222B01ORB16 KITCHEN AND BAR LARGE PENDANT\nCanarm polo 1 light mini pendant reviews wayfair. Canarm ich320a03orb20 3 light monica large pendant the mine. Canarm polo 9quot; pendant light bronze heeby#039;s surplus inc. Canarm icw622a02bn10 ltd polo 2 light ceiling/wall.\n15 best of brushed stainless steel pendant lights. Bola felt 24quot; pendant light pablo designs. Hanging light fixture, exterior porch light fixtures. Glass globe and crystal pendant light shades of light. Artcraft ac vega stainless steel halogen pendant light. Vintage pendant light kit cord with dimming switch and. Dome shaped ribbed glass ceiling pendant, retro style over. 25 best rugs: tunisian images in 2013 moroccan rugs. Nautical/tropical lighting fans nautical style. Pablo bola disc led pendant lamp rose gold design is this. Peak collection lighting the home depot. Crystal light hanging pendant lighting fixture.\nPlug in pendant light kit plug in hanging light fixtures. Plug in ceiling light fixture pixballcom. Ideas: plug in swag chandelier with delightful mixture of. Plug in hanging light canada lowes pendant kit simple drum. Lighting: perfect pendant lights lowes to improve your. Commercial electric 3 light brushed nickel pendant. Plug in track lighting kits and plug in track lighting. Convert recessed light to pendant lighting conversion kit. Ideas: plug in swag chandelier with delightful mixture of. Commercial electric 1 light brushed nickel mini pendant (3. Plug in hanging light canada lowes pendant kit simple drum. Ideas: plug in swag chandelier with delightful mixture of. Shop portfolio white hanging light swag kit at lowescom. 12 pack commercial electric 6 in led disk light t91 on. Commercial electric 3 light nutmeg pendant efh8913m the.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Several 100+ Megawatt Solar Fields, using thermal cameras and editing software\nRoof Inspections, using 4k camera to provide a clear image to customers\nCar Shoots, using 4k camera and rolling shots to create a beautiful and energetic video style.\nThis pilot has not informed any hardware yet.\n- 2020 Adobe Premiere Pro\n- DJI Go\n- DJI Ground Station Pro\nDroners Approved Pilot", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Sensor To Detect Lung Cancer In Breath\nA researcher collaboration between scientists at University of Colorado–Denver and Technion–Israel Institute of Technology has successfully tested a gold nanoparticle (GNP)-based sensor that can detect lung cancer (LC) markers in a patient’s breath. The technology, which is able to rapidly identify small molecule volatile organic compounds that might point to the presence of lung cancer.\nThe team compared the sensor to gas chromatography–mass spectrometry identification finding that the new device provided “significant discrimination between (i) LC and healthy states; (ii) small cell LC and non–small cell LC; and between (iii) two subtypes of non–small cell LC: adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma.”\nThe researchers believe the new technology will not only help with diagnosing LC, but with monitoring how specific treatments are benefiting the patient.\nPhoto by BastiaanImages", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Clear glass is an essential element in fused glass art. Ideal to use as a base for your project or as the top layer to add depth to your designs. Thin glass makes it easier to work with more than two standard layers of glass to get the effects you are looking for. Thin glass measures 2 mm thick. Glass is machine rolled to be ultra smooth. 90 COE.\nPhoto is a general representation of glass colors. Colors may vary\n... more info", "label": "No"}
{"text": "lenses for Smith Prophet sunglasses available in many different\ncolors and tints!\nFrom Renee Friolet of Moncton, New Brunswick on 9/26/2016.\nGreat lenses,excellent service.\nis currently empty\nPurchase any Snow Goggle Lens and get the second lens at 15% Off!\nDiscount will automatically be applied at checkout and applied to\nthe lowest priced lens. Thank you for choosing Pro-Lens!", "label": "No"}
{"text": "This infrared thermometer is specially for measuring body temperature.\n- Large screen clear display; back light, big screen design, easy reading.\n- Easy to use: One-click measurement, easy to operate\n- Accuracy: measurement deviation ≤±0. 2ºC\n- Speed: measurement time 1 second\n- Non-contact: For forehead measurement, do not touch the human skin, avoid cross-sense\n- Storage data: Store 20 measurement data for easy analysis and comparison.\n- Unit conversion:ºC, ºF can be converted to each other.\n- Color: Purple/Black", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The eyes are important organs that process visual images and gauge the distance of objects. Leading a healthy lifestyle can keep your eyes functioning well into your retirement years. Regrettably, most people don’t start thinking about proper eye health until they experience a change in their eyesight. At Nevada Eye Physicians, with eight locations in Las Vegas, Henderson, Boulder City, Mesquite, and Pahrump, NV, our expert staff encourages patients to get eye examinations on a regular basis. Since some eye diseases can lead to vision loss, it is important to identify and treat potential issues as early as possible. Learn why eye exams are an essential part of your overall wellness by scheduling an appointment at our office.\nImportance of eye exams\nJust like any other part of the body, the eyes are prone to aging and damage. One of the most important reasons for getting an eye exam is that many conditions are capable of impairing your vision, such as glaucoma, cataracts, diabetic retinopathy, and macular degeneration. Unfortunately, these eye diseases show minimal or no symptoms until the damage is already done. This means that early detection is critical to saving your vision. Our eye care professionals offer comprehensive exams to evaluate the functionality of the eye and determine if a patient needs treatment moving forward.\nDuring an eye examination, eye doctors have a clear view of blood vessels and the optic nerve. Regardless of age or physical health, this allows us to identify early signs of eye conditions before they cause vision loss. Even if you are not experiencing any unusual symptoms at the moment, it is still important to schedule routine exams. We recommend receiving an exam at least once every year, but as you age, appointments may need to be more frequent. If you experience any of the following problems, do not wait for your next examination to visit your eye doctor, as these could be an indication of something more serious:\n- A sudden change in vision\n- Frequent headaches, eye strain, or blurred vision\n- Continuously red, itchy, or dry eyes\n- Inability to read or see street signs while driving\n- Motion sickness, dizziness, or trouble following a moving object\nVision tests at your eye exam\nNevada Eye Physicians offers different types of vision tests to learn whether there are any signs of an eye disease that may need further study. When you arrive for your appointment, your physician will choose tests based on your medical background, family history of eye disease, and whether you are currently experiencing any symptoms. Before administering each test, our staff will explain how it works and what you can expect.\n- Amsler grid test: Used to detect age-related macular degeneration, the Amsler grid is a chart containing lines and one dot at the center. To take this test, patients cover one eye and peer at the dot in the middle of the grid. If any area begins to look distorted, wavy, or blank, notify your eye care physician.\n- Visual field test: This vision test detects blind spots and determines the full range and sensitivity of the vision. It may also reveal the presence of certain eye conditions, including glaucoma. To complete this test, a physician may shine a light into the patient’s field of vision.\n- Visual acuity: This exam dictates how well a patient sees the details of letters or symbols from a certain distance using a chart. The letters are usually arranged in different sizes, and laid out in rows and columns.\n- Keratometry: By measuring the curvature of the cornea, an eye doctor can determine the proper fit for contact lenses. A keratometry test involves shining a light into the cornea and measuring the reflection.\n- Refraction: This can detect issues such as nearsightedness, farsightedness, and astigmatism with a refraction test. It also ensures that patients get the right prescription for their corrective lenses.\nOne of the reasons we stress the importance of eye exams is to catch and treat certain conditions early on. If we discover an issue during the exam, Nevada Eye Physicians will create a personalized treatment that may include medications, eye drops, or laser surgery. Our staff may also schedule follow-up appointments as necessary for further analysis and recommendations.\nSchedule your eye appointment today\nIt’s easy to assume our eyes will always be healthy. Instead, patients should learn about the importance of regular eye exams to stay on top of their vision and eye health. Using innovative techniques and state-of-the-art technology, the professionals at Nevada Eye Physicians can evaluate you for certain eye diseases and make sure your vision is clear for years to come.\nEach of our facilities has modern equipment to provide accurate and efficient testing for patients. Our doctors and staff participate in frequent training to stay up to date on the latest treatment options available. When you are ready to take the next step in improving your eye health, schedule an eye examination or vision test at any of our convenient locations in Las Vegas, Henderson, Boulder City, Mesquite, and Pahrump, NV.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Solar-Powered Warm-White LED Fairy Lights (55 ft)\nThe Deal is On!\nThese solar-powered (Warm-White) decorating lights are simply brilliant! It illuminates more than 8 hours at night and gives out super bright and charming light once the solar panel absorbs enough sunlight during the day.\n- No energy costs; No outlet needed\n- 100 lights, 55 feet length\n- Decorate anywhere without dangerous extension cord\n- Different Modes of flashing\n- Also available in Blue and MultiColor\n- Solar powered led lights require a full 8 hour charging up for 6 hrs of lights\n- Switches under solar panel:\n- On/off button\n- Mode button to switch between light settings\n- Solar panel has light sensors which will automatically:\n- Turn on solar lights when light levels are low\n- Turn off solar lights when light levels are high\n**We also have the netting version; simply wrap and you're done: Solar-Powered Warm-White LED Twinkle Net Lights (240 LEDs) <---Click Link Here", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Discipline: Food Science\nDegree: M.Sc., 2016\nInstitution: Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology\nWith support from PMIL, Addo earned a master’s degree in Food Science and Technology from the Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology in Kumasi.\nCurrent Research Project\nGhana Peanut Value Chain Interventions", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The eye can be taken a look at with relative ease regarding both its function and its structure. A practical examination includes the capability to move in the orbit and the reaction of the pupil to light and accommodation.\nThe function of the eye might be checked in a number of ways. The patient might be asked to identify illuminated letter or objects of differing sizes on what is understood as the Snellen chart.\nAlternatively, the assessment of the structural part of the eye might be made in a number of methods. Tension within the eyeball is determined by a \"tonometer.\" In particular diseases, especially in glaucoma, the tension in the eyeball is increased markedly.\nNevertheless, it should be well kept in mind that a patient with an eye problem might have other issues also. Often other physical conditions are primary and impact the eye as a consequence. The appearance of the eye can notify the doctor and the patient to problems in some disturbances of other parts of the body even before other signs provide themselves.\nSubsequently, one's reliance on sight is emphasized when one faces a momentary or possible long-term loss of this important sense. Thus, when restorative steps are looked for, particular kinds of vision correction such as contact lenses or glasses are recommended.\nOn the other hand, some individuals are bothered with the reality that they have actually some framed lenses or contact lenses in front of their eyes.\nFor this reason, advanced surgeries were established to encourage reduced usage of contact lenses or glasses. Among which is the now popular LASIK eye surgery.\nGenerally, LASIK eye surgical treatment is the short term for \"Laser-Assisted In Situ Keratomileusis.\" Like its concrete counterpart, LASIK eye surgery is another form of vision correction. The only difference is that with this type of surgery, one's vision is fixed permanently.\nWith LASIK eye surgery, the refractive errors in the cornea are permanently changed. This can be done using an \"excimer laser.\"\nThe primary function of this surgical treatment is to produce a threadlike, rounded \"flap\" in the cornea utilizing a blade known as \"microkeratome.\" In a series of unfolding and laser processing, the cornea is lastly reformed, allowing much better the eye to direct more light into the retina.\nAppeal vs. Disadvantages\nIn the middle of the growing popularity of LASIK eye surgical treatment, there are still disadvantages that people must understand. Most likely, the main reason this type of eye surgery has ended up being well accepted is because the majority of its cases had achieved success.\nNevertheless, in spite of its success, there are still some moved here disadvantages. Here is the list:\n1. It is an operation used to the most sensitive part of the eye\nBecause LASIK eye surgery includes the operation of the retina, which is one of the most sensitive parts of the eye, many people state that the operation can be very dangerous.\nTo puts it simply, a simple mistake could nearly trigger an person's life time blindness. Hence, it is necessary to think about numerous elements prior to choosing whether LASIK eye surgical treatment is the best restorative procedure one needs to go through.\n2. It is not a best treatment\nLASIK eye surgery might correct your vision but it does not always suggest that it can provide you a ideal vision. Even if statistical reports show that 70% of the clients may have 20/20 vision, this does not necessarily suggest they have perfect vision.\nOffered all these things, it can be deduced that, in spite of the popularity of the operation, LASIK may not constantly be the ideal eye surgical treatment the way most helpful site people see it\nOn the other hand, the examination of the structural part of the eye might be made in several ways. It needs to be well remembered that a client with an eye problem may have other issues. Often other physical conditions are primary and impact the eye as a effect. The appearance of the eye can inform the physician and you can find out more the client to problems in some disturbances of other parts of the body even before other signs provide themselves.\nLike its tangible counterpart, LASIK eye surgery is another type of vision correction.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Sudden vision loss occurs in just a few minutes up to several days. It can involve one or both eyes and the entire or a section of the field of vision. The loss of only a small region of the field of vision seems similar to having a blurred vision. Other symptoms such as eye pain might occur depending on the exact cause of the vision loss.\nPossible causes of sudden vision loss\nIt is important to note that sudden vision loss has 3 general causes such as the following:\n- Abnormalities of the retina\n- Clouding of the translucent eye structures\n- Irregularities of the nerves that transport visual signals from the eye to the brain\nLight should travel via several see-through structures before it can be perceived by the retina. Initially, the light passes via the cornea, then the lens and the vitreous humor. Anything that obstructs light from passing through these structures such as bleeding into the vitreous humor or a corneal ulcer can cause vision loss.\nWhat are the common causes?\n- Eye injuries\n- Obstruction of a main artery of the retina\n- Blood in the jelly-like vitreous humor close to the back part of the eye\n- Blockage of an artery to the optic nerve\n- Obstruction of a main vein in the retina\nThe uncommon causes of sudden vision loss include stroke, retinal detachment, acute glaucoma, certain retinal infections, bleeding inside the retina and inflammation of the structures in the anterior of the eye between the cornea and the lens.\nWhen to consult a doctor\nIf an individual experiences sudden vision loss, it is vital to set an appointment with an ophthalmologist or bring the individual to the nearest emergency department right away.\nWhat to expect during a check-up?\nThe doctor will ask questions about the symptoms and medical history and then followed by a physical examination. The findings during the history taking and physical assessment often indicate the cause and the tests that are needed to be carried out.\nIf further testing is needed, certain tests are vital such as ultrasonography, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein level and gadolinium-enhanced MRI.\nThe condition responsible for the vision loss should be managed as quickly as possible although treatment might not be able to save or restore the vision of the individual. Nevertheless, immediate treatment can minimize the risk of the same process that takes place in the other eye.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Views: 42 Author: Site Editor Publish Time: 2018-06-30 Origin: Site\nLast time, I have introduced some LED studio lighting products for different projects, such as LED profile spotlight for T-Show, LED fresnel spotlight for boxing match, LED video panel light for Legal news and TV talk show, etc..\nLED studio & stage lighting products from THE ONE DTUDIO can be used in more projects, and more occasions. Following will introduce more for you.\nHere is The One Studio Mini Led Profile Spotlight.\nThe mini led profile light case is designed by ourselves, with small size, and easy to install. Though it is small size with low power, we use imported LED Lamp with high CRI and high bright effect. The energy saving 20W warm white LED (3200K or 5600K, CRI >90) assures a excellent light output and long life. And the 2in1 version can be from 3200K to 5600K variable-white light that looks just like natural sunlight and mimics the performance of tungsten fixtures. Their temperatures and tints can be tweaked to perfectly illuminate individual skin tones, so they look great in person and on camera. In the meanwhile, we design the fixed len for 19/26/36/50°. Customers can choose the suitable degree based on the occasion.\nNow our Mini Led Profile Spot light is widely used in commercials, museums, restaurants, churches, educational theaters, and any other installations where size is an important factor.\nHere, clients use our mini led profile spotlight in museum for showing the historical relic. You can see when the LED lights focus on the historical relic, it is bright on the historical relic. To make the visitor to see the historical relic clearly. And another clients use our mini led profile in Jewelry Shop to show Jewelry. To make the jewelry clearly bright and attract more customers eyes and to see it.\nAnyway, LED studio light can be widely used in many different occasions. Any place you can use it if you want.\nFor more information on LED lighting products, please contact us now. THE ONE STUDIO IS dedicated to offering quality LED studio & stage lights with competitive pricing.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "I have planned to develop smart remote controller to control light bulb with smart remote controller through BLE. During overviewing technical documets for smart remote controller of CSR 102x application, I have question like below.\nNow I developed the light system by using CSRMesh Light model. So Additionallly I hope developed the remotecontroller with several fuctions, traditional IR controller and mesh device controlling. According to traing documents(Qualcomm_CSR102x_December_2016.pdf), it descripts smart remote support \"CSRmesh support for Lighting control\". I understood that smart remote controller application support CSRMesh light model and remote control together, is it right?", "label": "No"}
{"text": "SaunaRay Canada's Finest Far-Infrared Sauna\nThe dynamic saunas amz-dyn-6106-01 is a dynamic saunas amz-dyn-6106-01 barcelona 1 to 2-person far infrared dynamic saunas amz-dyn-6310-01 madrid 3 10 mistakes to avoid; a comprehensive understanding of far infrared sauna of dynamic health benefits credited to far infrared therapy has been\nAmazon.com: dynamic palermo 3-person far infrared sauna: cell phones & accessories from the dynamic\"modena\" 2-person low emf far infrared sauna. shop our selection of infrared saunas in the outdoors department at the home depot. better life 3-person far infrared healthy living sauna with chromotherapy and\nFind infrared sauna in canada visit kijiji classifieds to buy, a virtually brand new 2-person infrared sauna (used 3 times!) hothouse far infrared sauna. dynamic saunas dynamic saunas hemlock mx-k206-01 01 maxxus low emf far infrared sauna makes your maxxus 3 person low emf far infrared sauna …\nWhether you are looking for indoor or outdoor saunas, for far or near infrared saunas, 3. dynamic saunas amz-dyn-6310-01 madrid 3-person. this sauna is more visit the home depot to buy radiant sauna 3-person hemlock 3-person hemlock corner infrared sauna with 7 tru heat 3-person far infrared sauna with 6\n... www.costco.com/dynamic-barcelona-1-2-person-far-infrared-sauna.product dynamic far infrared saunas dynamic florence 3-person far infrared sauna … low emf far infrared saunas. palermo - 3 person low emf far infrared sauna. dynamic canadian hemlock sauna backrest. regular price $39.99.\nCheap [1 person far infrared sauna by dynamic infrared] hence the manual weigh scales have grown to be an uncommon sight as, visit the home depot to buy radiant sauna 3-person hemlock 3-person hemlock corner infrared sauna with 7 tru heat 3-person far infrared sauna with 6\nDynamic saunas amz-dyn-6310-01 madrid 3-person far infrared sauna - curbside delivery: amazon.ca: patio, lawn & garden in our best infrared sauna review, the clearlight essential ce-2, two-person far infrared sauna is a reasonable choice for the basic sauna lovers out there.\nShop our selection of infrared saunas in the outdoors department at the home depot. better life 3-person far infrared healthy living sauna with chromotherapy and golden designs 3 person low emf far infrared sauna 9 carbon heaters new dynamic - $1,195.00. golden designs inc enjoy the warmth and comfort of a sauna …\nDynamic Saunas GDI-6106-01 Low EMF Far Infrared 2 Person", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Lavender Filled Relaxation Eye Pillow Dark Blue\nOrganic Lavender filled eye pillows for ultimate relaxation, covered with 100% cotton African pattern fabric in dark blue with white stripes. See the two images to see the back and front sides. About 20cm long and 10cm wide.\nHandmade in London by Nina Kupenda.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "This product is not currently in stock!\nSet the party atmosphere with this Chauvet DJ Scorpion laser light. Its dual mirror output produces aerial-effect laser beams, and it has 32 built-in patterns, including a laser sky effect, to hype up the party crowd. Customize this Chauvet DJ Scorpion laser light with its adjustable speed and programmable pan, tilt and zoom effects.\nWidth: 8.1 inches\nDepth: 8.9 inches", "label": "No"}
{"text": "We offer many refractive surgical options at our Boston eye care centre which works effective. Eye care centre normally check your eye with advanced equipment’s. Our laser eye surgery cures all your vision problems effectively. After undergoing a thorough vision evaluation, you and your physician will discuss and conclude which treatment is required for your eyes.\nNormally cornea is placed to the centre of our eye. The function of cornea is to focus light onto the retina and senses the objects. When it views any light, a signal is passed to the brains through nerves. Thus it produces an image that is crisp and clear to view your eye. For the near sighted eye the light seems to be blur and frustrating. In this situation the cornea focuses light in front of the retina. For the farsighted eye, you can see blur images light is focused behind the eye. Lasik treatment is commonly done to enhance the vision power of the eye.\nLaser eye surgery definitely suits your eye and it issafest method for your eyes. You will feel more comfortable after this surgery in our Boston laser eye care centre. Enhance the vision power of eye with the help of our eye care specialists.\nLaser light can produce fine beams of refractive lights, and it removesmicroscopic amounts of tissue fromcornea. This process reshapes the curvature of the eye. Femtosecond Lasers, such as the FS200or the Intra Lase are an all laser approach to vision correction in eye they create thin flaps in the eye using short laser pulses. The flaps are then lifted from the eye’s surface, and the curvature of the eye is enhanced. It also removes glaucoma like congenital glaucoma, angle-closure glaucomaand open angle glaucoma in eye.\nWe discuss about whatprocedure suits your eye and it may dependupon many factors including the nature of your vision problem, recovery time, and your age.This effective laser eye surgery eliminates the need of wearing glasses or contact lens.\nCopyright © 2015. eyesurgerypros.org. All Rights Reserved.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Reasons for Eye Exams\nIf you wear glasses or contacts, you will need to have eye exams more often, usually every year.\nYour eye health is just as important as the rest of your body’s health. There are several common and uncommon diseases that a routine checks for.Changes in your eyes can signal vision problems, diabetes, stress, even retinal detachment.\nIf you feel that you are starting to see road signs, menus or other important things you come across daily as blurry, it is important to go ahead and schedule an appointment for vision correction.\n3.Keep prescriptions up to date by an expert\n4.Protect your children’s vision\nIt is also important to schedule regular eye exams for your children to check their general eye health and development. Lazy eye, color blindness and astigmatism are all important to check for.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Motion sensor lights are the ideal solution for lighting up your garage, pathway, or backyard around your property. They can also work as security lights to protect your home that deter crimes by spotting burglars and intruders in the dark.\nWhen the motion sensor lights work correctly, they should automatically turn on when it detects motion and turn off when people leave. When the motion sensor lights don’t work properly, the best way is to reset the motion sensor light to its default setting, which may instantly solve most of the common problems.\nWhy Does a Motion Sensor Light Stop Working\nThe motion sensors are sensitive to power surges, blinks, and outages. Sometimes after a power surge, blink, or outage, the motion sensor will get stuck on either the ON or OFF position, which will cause the light to malfunction and not turn on or off.\nPower surges are brief overvoltage spikes or disturbances of a power waveform that can damage, degrade or destroy electronic equipment within your home or business. They can be caused by internal or external sources, like HVAC systems. Power blinks are also brief service interruptions, but they’re typically caused by a short circuit on a power line or a protective device that’s working in reaction to the fault.\nSometimes the motion sensor light is functioning as expected, but it may seem like the motion sensor is not working without optimal adjustments.\nIf the sensor sensitivity is set to high, then the motion sensor light can detect motion from far away, such as moving cars or animals, so the light won’t turn off because the motion sensor light is continuously detecting motion that you may not see.\nIf the timer is set too long, such as 30 minutes, then the motion sensor light will keep ON for another 30 minutes before turning off even when there are no people or moving objects in the detection zone, which seems like the light keeps ON and won’t turn off.\nIf the sensor sensitivity is set to low or the light is installed improperly without the proper adjustment for the motion sensors, the motion sensor lights might not be able to effectively detect the motion, which may cause the light not to turn on.\nBefore resetting the motion sensor light, we should first try and test the settings mentioned above for troubleshooting and locate the issue.\nIf the problem still exists, the motion sensor may be jammed and stuck due to power sugars and blinks. Then the motion sensor light may need a reset.\nHow to Reset a Motion Sensor Light\nThere are two ways to reset a motion sensor light, and both methods are easy to operate.\nMethod 1: Turn Off Power\n- Turn OFF the power to your motion sensor lights and keep it off for at least one minute to reset the light.\n- Turn ON the power, and the light should be reset to the default setting.\nThere are several ways to cut the power: you can turn off the circuit breaker, turn off the light switch to the light or unplug the lights entirely. Some motion sensor lights might require more OFF time to reset, maybe up to one hour. Follow the user manual from the manufacturer for confirmation.\nFor the battery-operated motion sensor lights, you can take out the battery for 5 minutes and insert the batteries back.\nFor solar-powered motion sensor lights, take out the built-in battery or follow your user manual for instructions to temporarily cut the power.\nMethod 2: Flip the Switch\n- Flip the switch ON, OFF, ON, each lasting 2 or 3 seconds. Then the motion sensor light should be already reset.\n- Flip the switch ON, OFF quickly for 4-5 times. Turn ON the switch, wait for the motion sensor light to come ON, then turn off the switch for 5-10 seconds for the electronics to reset. Turn ON the switch and the light should remain OFF and has been reset.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Purchase this article with an account.\nMarco H. Ji, Alexander Kreymerman, Kinsley Belle, Benjamin K. Ghiam, Stephanie P. Muscat, Vinit B. Mahajan, Gregory M. Enns, Mark Mercola, Edward H. Wood; The Present and Future of Mitochondrial-Based Therapeutics for Eye Disease. Trans. Vis. Sci. Tech. 2021;10(8):4. doi: https://doi.org/10.1167/tvst.10.8.4.\nDownload citation file:\n© ARVO (1962-2015); The Authors (2016-present)\nMitochondrial dysfunction within the eye contributes to primarily mitochondrial diseases affecting the visual system such as Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) as well as more common ocular diseases, including glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, retinopathy of prematurity, and age-related macular degeneration (AMD). For these reasons, druggable targets and gene therapies for improving mitochondrial function have been of significant interest within scientific and pharmaceutical endeavors seeking to improve visual outcomes in ocular disease. These therapies modulate mitochondrial functions, including mitochondrial membrane potential and membrane stability, redox signaling and oxidative stress, mitochondrial quality control including fusion/fission and biogenesis/mitophagy, apoptosis, and mitochondrial genetic-based therapies. As of now, several mitochondrial-targeted therapies have been approved in a limited number of countries, including photobiomodulation for AMD, idebenone for LHON, and SkQ1 for dry eye disease. Elamipretide for nonexudative AMD and gene therapy with GS010 for LHON have additionally shown encouraging results within clinical trials.\nMitochondria are viable therapeutic targets for a broad spectrum of ocular diseases.\nThis PDF is available to Subscribers Only", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Atelier Maxicoloredo Item number: 34509475\n- The sense of touch is the ability to perceive touch or pressure. Recognizing and discovering materials and textures through feeling. Feel\n- The visual sense is the perception of images. Developing and stimulating the central field of vision (what we see directly) and peripheral field of vision (zone outside the central field of vision), but also visual tracking. See\n54,95 Excl. VAT\n- Delivery within 1-2 weeks\n24 Sample sheets, 4 transparent plastic frames and 184 buttons in 4 colours. More details\n- Product information\n24 Sample sheets, 4 transparent plastic frames and 184 buttons in 4 colours.\n|Size (lxwxh):||31,5 x 21,5 cm|\n|Age indication (years/length):||2+|\nView the complete overview of Nenko, directly digitally or request the catalogue for free.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "No so long ago, active sports players and athletes rarely shield their eyes from protective eyewear. However, sports-related eye injuries were also common and widespread which lead to the importance of sports eyewear and why they must be worn during games.\nWith time, parents, players and trainers realise wearing protective eyewear pays off in many ways whereas risk of eye injury/damage has been reduced significantly. In fact, advanced and professional fitness clubs, sports centres made it compulsory to wear proper eye gear which also enhanced player’s ability to see better and performance.\nStill Not Into Protective Eyewear! Read This…\nQuite surprising but Prevent Blindness America reported that every year, hospital emergency rooms receive above 40,000 cases of sports related eye injury! Even non-contact sports like table tennis and badminton pose certain danger to the eye. Always remember that any sports which involves balls, throw and flying objects, racquets so on can result in nose and eye injury.\nThat said, flying objects aren’t the only thing but many eye injuries also result from pokes, jabs, hit and elbow particularly in games when players are in close contact. A few examples are basketball, football, super bowl and even swimming, which makes it all too important to wear protective eyewear. On the contrary, enhancing player’s performance is another important reason to wearing eye protector.\nChildren who’ve had their retinopathy of prematurity Dubai diagnosed and treated need to be extra careful of their eyes throughout the life which means wearing protective eye gear during sports is a must thing for them. People with mild to moderate prescription usually participate in sports without wearing any sports eyewear but, trainers and players soon realised that sharp 20/20 vision is crucial for maximum performance which outlines the importance of prescribed contacts and eyeglasses.\nSports Eyewear & Features to Consider\nRemember that every protective gear for every industry is different which means your usual eyeglasses, sunglasses and on-the-job industrial eye safety wear aren’t a substitute for sports use. That said, these sports glasses come in many different shapes and sizes which means there’s one for racquet sports, others for basketball and soccer so on. Some are even designed to fit into headgear serving multipurpose.\nSports eyewear lenses are usually made of polycarbonate due to being impact-resistant thus best to protect the eyes from fast-moving objects. In addition, polycarbonate lens also has built-in ultraviolet light protectant which is quite a valuable feature for outdoor sports.\nPolycarbonate lenses that are untreated can be easily scratched however, all sports eyewear include a scratch-resistant layer on both the front and back surface for twice the durability. These sports frames can accommodate both prescribed and non-prescribed lenses with frames constructed from high-impact resistant material yet comfortable to wear on the face.\nImportant Fitting Concerns for Children\nSports goggles must fit the individual wearer and this is particularly important with children. These sports eyewear are quite adjustable and flexible which means parents no longer need to buy a plus size frame just for room to grow. Do remember that children with previous case of retinopathy of prematurity or any other vision/eye related issue need to be extra careful of their wearable.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Profil für bernardelmore\nIn other words, the process of loss of vision begins in the brain. If you are feeling stressed or you mind is tired, then just put everything aside for a few minutes and look at your chart. When you sit in front of the computer whole day watching TV, reading books or when your eyes get exposed in pollution, it affects eyes very adversely. The provisine and accommodating intraocular lenses suggest the possibility of seeing well for more than one distance without using any glasses or contact lenses.\nHold it against your eyes and read it in a slow and relaxed mode. In fact, the use of eye glasses and contact lenses will only make your vision worse because your eyes will get used to the new lenses and will need even stronger ones to continue to see better. I have found out that I need to prepare my eyes for the coming day, consume nutrition, vitamins and minerals and relaxation which is one of the most important factors.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Bug#390894: No blue frame should be visible around the GTK frontend\nFrans Pop wrote:\nOn Tuesday 03 October 2006 16:33, Attilio Fiandrotti wrote:\nA blue frame around a grey GTK app is not nice to see, so we could turn\nDFB background colour to match GTK's one by adding something like\nCan i proceed with this ?\nPlease provide the correct color value to set and I see no problem adding\nthis setting in rootskel-gtk.\nok, i'll commit with the correct AARRGGBB value (ffdcdad5).", "label": "No"}
{"text": "CLEARANCE, LIMITED QUANTITIES AVAILABLE! Quite honestly the most perfect office lighting. The integrated occupancy sensor automatically activate as soon as anyone moves in the vicinity, for energy savings. Each individual can adjust their light requirements based on their needs or set it to adjust automatically to daytime ambient light. Two downward and one upward facing LED boards provide both relaxing indirect light and energy efficient task lighting. Its robust aluminum construction is powder-coated in a white or anthracite finish to match today's modern office environments.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Make an appointment\nGlaucoma(Kala paani) is irreversible damage of the Optic Nerve caused by increased intraocular pressure,a minority may have damage even with normal Intra Ocular Pressure.\nGlaucoma may have no warning symptoms. If ignored, it can lead to blindness,Occasionally patients may have\nThe eye Doctor first checks the patient's central vision using an eye chart.\nThe fronts of the eyes are examined using a special microscope called a slit lamp.\nThe pressure inside the eyes is checked using an instrument called a tonometer.\nThe optic nerves are examined for any damage; this may require dilation of the pupils to ensure an adequate examination of the optic nerves.\nThe peripheral vision may be checked, typically by using an automated visual field Analyzer(Perimetry) The drainage channels in the eyes may be examined using a painless technique called gonioscopy, which involves the\nuse of a special contact lens that is placed onto the surface of the eye that has been numbed with an eye drop.\nEye pressure is measured in millimeters of mercury (mm Hg). Normal eye pressure ranges from 10 to 21 mm Hg. When a person's pressure is higher than 21 mm Hg, they are at an increased risk for developing glaucoma. Some\npeople can tolerate pressures slightly higher than normal without developing glaucoma. This is called ocular hypertension. If your eye doctor diagnoses ocular hypertension, it does not mean that you have glaucoma,\nbut it does mean that you are at a higher risk for developing the condition and you should be examined routinely to ensure no permanent optic nerve damage and vision loss occur.\nOn the other hand, some people with normal pressures can still go on to develop optic nerve damage and to lose vision. This is called normal (or low) tension glaucoma.\nThe frequency of checkups depends on the severity of one's glaucoma. If the person is a low-risk glaucoma suspect, they may only need to be examined on an annual basis. For more severe glaucoma, examinations may need\nto be done monthly, or possibly even more frequently, until the glaucoma stabilizes. Once the glaucoma is stable, examinations every 3 to 4 months are usually appropriate.\nMost types of glaucoma cannot be prevented. While vision loss due to glaucomatous optic nerve damage cannot be recovered, with appropriate treatment, further vision loss can usually be prevented. Those types of secondary\nglaucoma resulting from eye injuries or certain diseases, such as diabetes and uncontrolled hypertension (high blood pressure), may be preventable or even avoidable with certain measures, such as protective eyewear\nto avoid eye injuries and proper management of diabetes and uncontrolled hypertension.\nOne type of glaucoma, acute angle-closure glaucoma, can sometimes be prevented if a laser procedure is performed prior to its onset. To determine if a person is at risk for acute angle-closure glaucoma, they should\nsee an ophthalmologist for an eye examination.\nAayush Eye Clinic Micro Surgery & Laser Centre A unit of Dr. Agarwals Eye Hospital", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Fujifilm - XF1 12.0-Megapixel Digital Camera - Brown\nThis item is no longer available in new condition.\nSee similar items below.\nCapture arresting images with this Fujifilm XF1 12.0-megapixel digital camera that lets you shoot photos with up to 4000 x 3000 resolution and features a 1920 x 1080 high-definition video mode, so you can record crisp movie clips.\n12.0-megapixel 2/3\" EXR CMOS image sensor\nWith a primary color filter captures high-resolution images up to 4000 x 3000 pixels.\n4x optical/2x digital/8x total zoom\nThrough a Fujinon lens with 7 lenses in 6 groups, including 4 molded aspherical glass lenses, for precise zooming and accuracy.\n3\" color LCD monitor\nWith 460K dots and approximately 100% coverage provides a clear view.\nHigh-definition video mode\nAllows you to record movie clips with up to 1920 x 1080 resolution at 30 fps with stereo sound, so you can preserve special moments.\nLens-shift image stabilization\nReduces image blur caused by camera shake and vibration. ISO up to 12,800 for improved image capture in low-light conditions.\nAutomatic scene selection\nOptimizes camera settings for crystal-clear results. Scene modes include auto, macro, landscape, night, portrait, portrait and night and backlight portrait for versatility.\nFace recognition and detection technologies\nHelp you capture stunning portraits. Motion Panorama 360 makes it easy to photograph expansive landscapes. Continuous shooting allows you to photograph fast-paced action at up to 10 fps.\nInclude natural light, natural light and flash, portrait, portrait enhancer, landscape, sport, night, night (tripod), fireworks, sunset, snow, beach, party, flower, text and underwater to accommodate a variety of situations.\nAutomatic scene recognition white balance controls\nAlong with 7 preset modes, custom and color temperature selection settings help achieve lifelike tones.\nSuper intelligent auto flash\nWith red-eye removal for natural-looking eyes in portraits. Hot shoe enables use with a variety of external flashes (not included).\nTTL (through-the-lens) contrast autofocus\nWith auto bracketing and single, continuous and manual options for enhanced image clarity.\nPictBridge and Exif Print capabilities\nMake it easy to print your photos. Mini HDMI connector allows you to view images on a compatible HDTV (HDMI cable not included).\n25MB internal memory\nFor storing photos and videos. Support for Secure Digital, Secure Digital High Capacity and SDXC memory cards offers expanded storage options (cards not included).\n>> Store more photos! Find compatible memory cards in our Memory Center!\nProgrammed AE, aperture priority AE, shutter priority AE, manual; TTL 256-zone metering (multi, spot, average); auto exposure, film simulation, dynamic range and ISO sensitivity bracketing; exposure compensation (±2 EV in 1/3 steps)", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Outdoor Lighting, Inspiring Dusk To Dawn Outdoor Ceiling Light Dusk To Dawn Pendant Light White Glass Rectangle Black: astonishing dusk to dawn outdoor ceiling light\nPublished at January 24th, 2018 06:19:00 AM by Dalarisa\nTabbed as dusk to dawn porch light lowes subject also dusk to dawn light sensor object and dusk to dawn pendant light topic plus dusk to dawn outdoor light fixtures subject also dusk to dawn light home depot area of interest, dusk to dawn led light object or Outdoor Lighting, So don't forget to check out the main article in astonishing dusk to dawn outdoor ceiling light\n© 2018 ugrowu.com. Reproduction without explicit permission is prohibited. All Rights Reserved.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "An eye exam with an optometrist at Mayo Clinic Health System in La Crosse helps detect eye problems at their earliest stage — when they're most treatable. Regular eye exams give your eye care professional a chance to help you correct or adapt to vision changes and provide you with tips on caring for your eyes.\nFor children under 3, your pediatrician will likely look for the most common eye problems — lazy eye, crossed eyes or misaligned eyes. If there are eye concerns or symptoms, an examination is appropriate at that time regardless of age. Your child could undergo a more comprehensive eye exam between the ages of 3 and 5.\nHave your child's vision checked before he or she enters first grade. If your child has no symptoms of vision problems and no family history of vision problems, have his or her vision rechecked every one to two years. Otherwise, schedule eye exams based on the advice of your eye doctor.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Free delivery with in CBD outside we charge reasonable fee.\nHikvision 8 channel nvr this network video recorder can handle up to 8 ip cameras with a resolution of up to 8 megapixels\n8 port poe switch an integrated power over ethernet switch can directly power 8 ip cameras connected via network cables removing the need for external power supplies\nup to 8mp video records footage at up to 8mp resolution\n80 mbps supports 80 mbps of incoming bandwidth so that it can support more higher quality cameras than other nvrs\nWe hand-pick our favorites and send you the hottest deals every week!", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Illusion emerges after tiny ocular movements\nTiny eye movements and blinking can make perfectly frozen snakes appear to dance, a new study shows. The results help explain the mystery of how the Rotating Snakes illusion tricks the brain.\nEarlier studies have suggested that the perception of motion is triggered by the eyes drifting slowly away from a central target when viewing the illusion. But by tracking eye movements in eight volunteers, vision neuroscientists at the Barrow Neurological Institute in Phoenix found a different explanation.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "\"See the ball - Hit the Ball\"\nAsk the Phillies How that might win the World Series\nAsk Bryce Harper how contact lenses have transformed his on field performance and how it can help enhance your kids as well as your own visual athletic, past-time activities and academic performance.\nPete Rose was noted for his simple hitting philosophy, \"See the ball, hit the ball.\"\nVision, in all its complexity, is a key component to enhance and succeed in all aspects of life as well sports performance.\nFrom: https://www.forbes.com/sites/timnewcomb/2019/03/28/bryce-harper-on-new-acuvue-contact-endorsement-what-he-looks-for-in-sponsorships/?sh=3673a00879ee (citation and photo) : Reiterated by Fox News during Game 3 Eight Inning while Bryce Harper was at bat:\nFrom a interview with Bryce Harper in Forbes Magazine 2019:\n“My eyes have to be in tip-top shape to recognize pitches at bat and to react quickly in the field, in all types of lighting conditions,” says Harper, -- He long needed contact lenses to correct his vision and has worn them since eighth grade, but A team optometrist was shocked to discover that the teenage slugger was \"blind as a bat.\" \"I was absolutely blind,\" Harper confirmed with a laugh. \"(It was) pretty bad.\"\nThe 26-year-old (at the time of the interview) said he's been able to find more comfortable lenses in recent years, though he did take a few at-bats in regular glasses during a game last season after struggling to get his contacts in. And when Acuvue Oasys Transitions Contact Lenses approached him during the offseason about a lenses that might better help him deal with bright lights, he said he was \"kind of hooked\" and wanted to give them a try\n\"I remember my grandpa wearing the transition lenses, when I was younger. Maybe driving down the street, put his transition glasses on,\" Harper said. \"But the (contacts), they’re brand new.\"\nHarper has worn the contacts throughout spring training and said he's already noticed a difference. They adapt suddenly when exposed to light, he said, and are \"fully engaged\" within 45 seconds or so.\n\"The sunlight and the lights of the stadium would really interfere with my eyes a little bit and make me squint a little bit harder or not be able to look in the light as long,\" Harper explained. \"So being able to have a lens that transitions into a darker lens for me has been huge. ... (That) split-second of making contact or striking out, or misreading a ball, it can definitely help me in that circumstance, as well.\"\nIn the competitive world, conditioning is everything. Athletes who can get an edge have a better chance of moving up the ladder to more and more elite levels of play. But one aspect of conditioning that is often overlooked is vision. Did you know that 59 percent of individuals aged 18-34 require contacts, glasses, or refractive surgery - showing professional athletes prefer to use contact lenses on the field.\nIn a study, Zeri et al, contact lenses were the preferred system of correction in sports compared to spectacles or refractive surgery, but this preference was affected by the type of sport practiced and by the age and level of sports activity for which the preference was required. As such, it would best to consult with the doctors of Hopewell – Lambertville Eye (www.seelife.net) to assist in which modality would best serve the individual base don their needs.\nIgnored or undetected problems in the visual system have stopped many athletes' progress before making it to the high school - college levels or even professional heights -- and has even ended otherwise promising professional athletic careers. Vision can be conditioned just like any other physical attribute, and the earlier this conditioning (correction) starts, the better.\nThere are a limited number of sports contact lenses that are engineered specifically for wear while playing sports, but that doesn’t mean that you can’t wear other forms of contact lenses while you play. Besides removing the risk of eye injury from shattered eyeglass lenses, contact lenses give you clearer vision overall. Plus, wearing contacts instead of glasses makes it easier to wear other protective equipment like helmets or goggles, providing your eyes protection from injury.\nIn fact, Dr. Daniels performed a study many years ago which suggested that the use of contact lenses can increase the peripheral visual extent of an athlete by 15% to 20% enhancing their on field or court performance. Peripheral or side vision is as important as central visual acuity for the athlete. Awareness and use of peripheral vision skills assists in knowing where one’s body is in space. The ability to keep one’s balance when moving is dependent upon this skill. Without it, the athlete is unstable in their stance when hitting a baseball, golf ball or when running.\nAdvantages of contact lenses over glasses or impact-resistant rec specs for sports.\n- Better peripheral vision\n- Unobstructed field of view\n- Less likelihood of fogging up or getting splattered\n- Less chance of injury\n- Visual clarity and stability\n- Better compatibility with safety equipment\nADVANTAGES OF CONTACT LENSES FOR SPORTS\nCompared with eyeglasses, contact lenses offer a number of advantages to enhance your vision for sports competition:\n- Better peripheral vision. Though sports eyeglasses can be made with large, wraparound-style lenses, most prescription eyeglasses have small, relatively flat lenses and small frames. This significantly limits peripheral vision essential for many sports.\n- Unobstructed field of view. Contact lenses also provide a wide, unobstructed field of view, because no eyeglass frames block or distort what you see. You can view more of your surroundings and react faster to objects coming at you and to other players around you. You also can more easily see and react to ground balls or other objects at your feet.\n- Less likelihood of fogging up or getting splattered. Unlike eyeglasses, contacts usually remain clear regardless of environment or weather conditions such as rain.\n- Less chance of injury. Eyeglasses may break and cause an eye injury if you take a hard hit, but contact lenses won’t.\n- More stable vision. When you wear eyeglasses, you can feel frames move slightly on your face with each stride. And you can have vision disturbances with eyeglasses when you run. With contact lenses, you also don’t need to worry about eyeglasses sliding down your nose or falling off.\n- Better compatibility with safety equipment. For sports that require headgear or protective goggles, contact lenses don’t interfere with the fit or comfort of these safety devices.\n- An added advantage of daily disposable contact lenses is that you don’t have to worry about daily lens care and storage. Wear the lenses for your game or for a day of fun, and then simply throw them away.\nRisks of wearing contacts during sports\nThe main risk associated with wearing contact lenses during sports is the lenses can dislodge from the eye and get lost. However, this should be a very infrequent event when fit properly by the doctors at Hopewell Lambertville Eye (www.seelife.net).\nOur optometric physicians will recommend not to swim in contacts , since it puts the lenses at risk of contamination via contact with the pool water, which can lead to an eye infection, unless you are wearing daily disposable lenses in which you discarded the lenses after use in the water. As such, you can appreciate clear vision in and out of the water.\nIn sports or during recreational activities, you need to see your best to be your best. Contact lenses give you the confidence and vision to reach your personal goals on and off the field.\nIf you are a sports enthusiast, or do you play sports occasionally or weekend warrior? The doctors Hopewell Lambertville Eye (www.seelife.net) can recommend a variety of contact lens options to include soft, hybrid, orthokeratology and scleral contact lenses as well as specialty tinted lenses such as the AcuVue Oasys Transitions or the Altius Sport lenses for all athletes.\nHopewell Lambertville Eye (www.seelife.net) offers the many contact lens options for all visual needs such as the Altius Sport Contacts (https://altiusvision.com/) with either Amber and Gray-Green lenses providing better contrast discrimination in bright sunlight, better contrast discrimination when alternating between bright and shaded target conditions, better speed of visual recovery in bright sunlight, and better overall visual performance in bright and shaded target conditions compared with clear lenses.\nAnother option is orthokeratology or CRT for myopia in which a retainer lenses are worn during the sleeping hours modeling the superficial cornea so that when the lenses are removed in the morning the individual has a full visual correction without contacts or need of eyeglasses. This is similar to orthodontia for the teeth - but for the eyes, an extremely safe and efficient method to address athletic concerns and myopia progression control.\n- Contact lenses correct most vision problems 1, including:\n- Near-sightedness (myopia): blurred vision far away\n- Far-sightedness (hyperopia): blurred vision close up\n- Astigmatism: blurred vision both far away and close up\n- Presbyopia: blurred vision close up in aging adults\n- Contact lenses - for vision correction that can feel and look natural 2.\n- Some studies have shown that specially fitted contact lenses may help slow the progression of near-sightedness in children and teens, although they are not currently approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for this purpose 3-9.\n- The variety of contact lens materials and replacement schedules available allows eye doctors to select the best option for an individual’s eyes, lifestyle, and budget.\n- Contact lenses allow individuals to maintain a natural appearance without glasses or, if they choose, to change the appearance of their eyes with colored contact lenses.\n- Children, teens, and adults who wear contact lenses report feeling better about their physical appearance and ability to engage in sports and recreational activities compared to those who wear glasses 10-12.\n- Well-fitting contact lenses stay in place on the eyes and improve peripheral (side) vision during sports and activities.2, 13, 14\n- Contact lenses do not fog up like glasses when outdoors, in low temperature work environments, or playing sports.\n- Contact lens wearers can use non-prescription UV-blocking sunglasses to protect their eyes from the sun. Some types of contact lenses can provide extra UV protection—although they are not a substitute for sunglasses 15.\nBe like Bryce (and Pete Rose) - have your eyes checked and if needed, consider the option of contacts lenses and /or safety sport eyewear for your athletic activity be it golf, tennis, pickle – ball, baseball, basketball, cycling, running, gardening, crafting….\nSafety first – you only have one set of eyes - DO NOT take risks of injury that could alter your life.\nFor more information call for an appointment at Hopewell Lambertville Eye (www.seelife.net) Hopewell 609-466-0055 Lambertville 609-397-7020", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Marconi Wall Light Dark Mixed Mosaic\nA 2 light wall fitting with mosaic effect finished glass in a dark multicoloured crazed effect. Dimmable and suitable for use with LED lamps. Other colour options available\nItem Width 200 mm\nItem Depth 80 mm\nItem Height 385 mm\nStandard Delivery Charge £4.50 - Orders over £49 we deliver for FREE!\nDeliveries to UK mainland normally takes 24 hours after despatch depending on stock availability.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Perkin Elmer’s light-producing oncology cell lines are labeled with luciferase or dual labeled with luciferase and fluorescent reporters (GFP) for in vivo studies.\nThe 4T1-Red-FLuc Bioware® Brite Cell Line is a light-producing cell line derived from 4T1 mouse mammary gland adenocarcinoma. The cells have been stably transduced with the red-shifted firefly luciferase gene from Luciola Italica (Red-FLuc), for a brighter, red-shifted signal.\n· Organism: Mouse\n· Tissue: Mammary Gland\n· Disease: Adenocarcinoma\n· Optical Reporter: Red-FLuc\nThis cell line has very bright bioluminescence, emitting at least 15,000 photons/cell/sec in vitro. The exact number will vary depending on imaging and culturing conditions.\nIt’s recommended to use this line in Nude and SCID mouse models. An immune response may occur in Balb/c mice.\nBy emitting intensified, longer wavelength light that is significantly brighter than other firefly luciferases, Perkin Elmer’s bioluminescent oncology cell lines allow you to visualize and monitor the growth of deep tissue tumors in vivo. After the cells are injected into an appropriate mouse model, the optimized Red-FLuc luciferase enables more sensitive in vivo optical detection with less tissue attenuation so you can detect tumor development earlier, and monitor tumor growth and metastases in both subcutaneous and orthotopic models.\nFor laboratory use only. This product is intended for animal research only and not for use in humans.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Consultant in corneal surgeries, LASIK, cataract surgeries, internal lens implants, and iris infections.\nHe holds the Saudi Board of Ophthalmology and Surgery.\nHe holds a fellowship from King Saud University in ophthalmology and surgery.\nSpecialization in corneal surgeries, keratoconus, LASIK, cataract surgeries, internal lens implantation, and corneal infections.\nSenior Consultant at King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital ((formerly)).\nHe worked as a trainer for Saudi Fellowship and Board students at King Khalid Eye Specialist Hospital and University Hospitals at King Saud University for more than five years.\nMember of the Saudi Society of Ophthalmology. Member of the American Academy of Ophthalmology.\nMember of the American Society of Cornea and LASIK Surgery.\nMember of the European Society of Cornea and LASIK Surgery.\nHe currently works at the Consultants Ophthalmology Center in Jeddah.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "A school’s guide to LED lighting\nDiscover the many benefits that energy-efficient LED lighting can bring to your school in the latest blog from Utility Rentals.\nA well-lit classroom is central to an effective teaching and learning environment. As a result, lighting costs can put a hefty dent in a school’s budget.\nAccording to a recent report by the Carbon Trust, “UK schools could reduce energy costs by around £44 million per year” which would also prevent a massive “625,000 tonnes of CO2 from entering the atmosphere”.\nThis article presents you with a handy guide to LED lighting and the many benefits it can offer.\nWhat is LED lighting?\nLight Emitting Diodes, or LEDs as they’re more commonly known, are seen as the future of lighting mainly because they consume very little energy and have a long life. Unlike regular energy-saving bulbs, they also brighten instantly as soon as you switch them on.\nLEDs produce light through the use of a semi-conductor that emits light when electrical current passes through it.\nWhy is LED lighting a smart choice for schools?\nLEDs offer many advantages over other types of bulbs, including:\n- Energy-efficiency: LEDs use on average 60% less energy than fluorescent bulbs and can be paid for using the savings generated by switching\n- Long lifespan: LEDs are extremely long-lasting, with a shelf life of up to an impressive 50,000 hours\n- Reduced costs: LEDs can lower a typical school’s energy bill by as much as 70-90%\n- Reduced maintenance: The long lifespan of LEDs means that lighting maintenance costs are reduced, e.g. LEDs require replacing on a much less regular basis than their traditional counterparts\n- Better learning environment: LED lighting has been found to increase productivity and levels of mental alertness when compared with fluorescent or incandescent bulbs\n- Improved concentration: Old-fashioned, flickering or humming fluorescent lighting can impact students’ concentration and prove an unwelcome distraction. LED lighting eliminates this irritation and helps students focus on the task in hand.\n- Health and safety: Unlike fluorescent and high-intensity discharge (HID) bulbs, LEDs don’t contain mercury, so are safer for individuals and the environment when it comes to handling and disposal. Similarly, LEDs generate very little heat so reduce the risk of burns during maintenance.\nHow can I get LED lighting in my school?\nLED lighting can generate significant cost savings for schools and the figures are there to demonstrate this! At Utility Rentals, we offer schools the opportunity to switch to LED lighting through our flexible rental agreements which have been specially designed for the education sector.\nRental periods can cover three or five years, and include:\n- No upfront expenditure\n- All installation and ongoing maintenance costs\n- A parts warranty for the life of your rental agreement\n- Flexible payment profiles – allowing you to make payments quarterly or annually, to suit your budget\n- Fixed payment amounts for the term of the rental to protect you against inflation\nThis guide to LED lighting highlights just some of the benefits your school could gain by switching to this energy-efficient technology both in terms of budget and environmental impact.\nTo discover more about energy-efficient LED lighting solutions for your school, get in touch with our team of experts.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "© 2015 Materials Research Society. Mass spectrometry is one of the primary analysis techniques for biological analysis but there are technological barriers in sampling scale that must be overcome for it to be used to its full potential on the size scale of single cells. Current mass spectrometry imaging methods are limited in spatial resolution when analyzing large biomolecules. The goal of this project is to use atomic force microscope (AFM) tip enhanced laser ablation to remove material from cells and tissue and capture it for subsequent mass spectrometry analysis. The laser ablation sample transfer system uses an AFM stage to hold the metal-coated tip at a distance of approximately 10 nm from a sample surface. The metal tip acts as an antenna for the electromagnetic radiation and enables the ablation of the sample with a spot size much smaller than a laser focused with a conventional lens system. A pulsed nanosecond UV or visible wavelength laser is focused onto the gold-coated silicon tip at an angle nearly parallel with the surface, which results in the removal of material from a spot between 500 nm and 1 um in diameter and 200 and 500 nm deep. This corresponds to a few picograms of ablated material, which can be captured on a metal surface for MALDI analysis. We have used this approach to transfer small peptides and proteins from a thin film for analysis by mass spectrometry as a first step toward high spatial resolution imaging.\nPublication Source (Journal or Book title)\nMaterials Research Society Symposium Proceedings\nMurray, K., Ghorai, S., & Seneviratne, C. (2016). Tip enhanced laser ablation sample transfer for mass spectrometry. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings, 1754, 87-96. https://doi.org/10.1557/opl.2015.286", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Clients with keratoconus (κερατόκωνοσ) can normally undergo a successful corneal transplant surgical procedure but nevertheless be dissatisfied with the results as a result of high astigmatism. “The enhancement in visual feature does not associate with the postoperative skill in the implanted eye. The improvement … is vice versa connected with visual acuity in the better-seeing eye (i.e., the good eye rules when the bad eye goes through surgery),” claimed Dr Deborah Jacobs, associate teacher of ophthalmology, Harvard Medical College, Boston, Massachusetts, United States.\nFurthermore, in spite of great aesthetic outcomes adhering to passing through keratoplasty, the vision-related quality of life suffers in patients that have undertaken reciprocal treatments with resulting great vision in the far better eye. Dr Jacobs theorised that the patients are disgruntled since they are contrasting the results with the eye that is much less damaged or they anticipated vision at the same level that they attained with rigid gas-permeable contact lenses.\n” The reality is that the price of astigmatism is high, because it standards 4 D, as well as up to 40% of clients are get in touch with lens-dependent,” she stated. “On top of that, executing Descemet anterior lamellar keratoplasty is not useful regarding accomplishing declines in postoperative astigmatism in spite of high expectations. Keratoplasty ought to just seldom be performed.”\nScleral lenses to the rescue\nIn her technique, Dr Jacobs refers all individuals with keratoconus who are not satisfied with spectacle or soft lens vision for scleral lenses. She explained that as soon as rigid gas-permeable scleral lenses were established in the 1990s, she did not do keratoplasty without initial offering the person the opportunity to have a trial with scleral lenses with trendsetter Dr Perry Rosenthal, in Boston, MA.\nHowever, Dr Jacobs kept in mind that her effort to enlighten cosmetic surgeons concerning the benefits of scleral lenses was an uphill battle, with specialists preserving that the lenses were a “store innovation” (i.e., expensive, labour-intensive and also not readily offered). Doctors also argued that high K worths would avoid installation of the lenses, or that the presence of an axial mark would limit vision in a scleral lens. Clients went along with the suggestion of surgical procedure, expecting that a transplant indicated a remedy.\nOn The Other Hand, Dr Jacobs and also her coworkers in Boston, as well as teams at Mayo Facility in Rochester, Minnesota, United States, and also University of California Davis, United States, were attaining superb outcomes in visual function and visual acuity in clients with keratoconus fitted with scleral lenses. Due to this job, rate of interest in these lenses enhanced considerably.\n” The modern technology is no more thought about a shop innovation; many lenses are currently widely commercially available due to sector involvement, trial collections are widely available, personalized alternatives are offered for eyes requiring a bigger diameter as well as a greater safe, and medical education and learning is offered,” she claimed. Dr Jacobs added that there are currently eye doctors who examine for an extra year in their cornea as well as contact lens residencies as well as are trained in scleral lens fitting.\nInitiative to enlighten cosmetic surgeons concerning the advantages of scleral lenses was an uphill battle.\nOphthalmologists eventually became aware that no cornea is too steep, and also the results are much better than those accomplished with keratoplasty.1-4 As Dr Jacobs noted, scientists in Michigan recently located that the use of scleral lenses or gas-permeable corneal lenses reduced the danger of keratoplasty by 80% and that the demand for keratoplasty was not connected with the maximum K. 5 A high K worth does not suggest that recovery with call lenses is difficult– which had actually held true prior to the introduction of scleral lenses.\nAnother previously held belief was that the visibility of an axial scar called for keratoplasty. Dr Jacobs does not think this to be true. “Excellent vision can be accomplished despite an axial opacity. Despite having a scar, it is worthwhile to examine the person in a scleral lens before picking surgical procedure.”\nDr Jacobs offered an instance of an individual aged 35 years, with keratoconus with atopy, who achieved 20/25 vision in a scleral lens regardless of a dense vascularised substandard scar crossing much of the pupillary zone; the vision, vascularisation as well as mark have actually been secure for more than 10 years of scleral lens wear. The client is at high danger for denial as well as failing with keratoplasty due to the atopy as well as stromal vessels.\nA crucial factor to consider is that reduced vision in an eye with a mark may be optical in nature as well as pertaining to uneven cyndrical tube, not the opacity. Dr Jacobs suches as to advise cosmetic surgeons that the whole cornea is associated with image formation and the existence of opacity over part of the student does not interfere with the vision.\nOne more advantage of scleral lenses is that they help with remodelling of the cornea over time when previously worn corneal lenses have actually harmed the cornea. Dr Jacobs explained an individual for whom a keratoplasty appeared unpreventable; nonetheless, scleral lenses allowed for remodelling to take place after the patient had worn badly suitable corneal lenses for years.\nAlthough corneal cross-linking is generally attributed with reducing the rate of penetrating keratoplasties done, making use of crossbreed lenses, stiff corneal lenses and also scleral lenses have actually postponed the use of or eliminated the requirement for the graft procedure.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Polyester sunglasses/reading glasses neck safety strap. Supplied in a range of colours. Ideal to go with product TPM7000.\nSagol sunglasses pouch. Sunglasses pouch with drawstring closure to keep your sunglasses protected from scratches and smudges. Polyester.\nPlastic sunglass frame, for use with product TPM5050.\nSunglass soft shell neck cord.\nSunglass lenses with UV400 protection for use with product TPM5049.\nTropics sunglasses strap. Personal eyewear tether. Keeps eyewear securely around your neck. Neoprene.\nGlasses frame only.\nPP sunglasses with UV400 protection. The legs are coloured.\nPlastic classic fashion sunglasses with UV400 protection.\nRetro Sunglasses. Retro design sunglasses with category 3 lenses. Compliant with EN ISO 12312-1 and UV 400. PP plastic.\nMiami visor sunglasses. Sunglasses with adjustable visor and category 3 lenses. Compliant with EN ISO 12312-1 and UV400. PP plastic.\nRetro design sunglasses with category 3 lenses. Compliant with EN ISO 12312-1 and UV 400.\nThe cookie settings on this website are set to 'All Cookies' so that you have the best online experience possible from our site. Without changing this setting you consent to this. If you wish to opt out click on the 'change cookie settings' link.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "CANARD’s instrument landing system (ILS) measurement drone system supports the commissioning, maintenance and calibration of localiser and glideslope facilities.\nBy taking over part of the measurements and procedures, the time and cost of the ILS maintenance activities are reduced. Our drones use precise satellite positioning with centimetre level accuracy to achieve the required precision in their measurements.\nCANARD offers a revolutionary tool for the commissioning, maintenance and calibration activities of ILS facilities. By integrating an ILS signal measurement device in our RPAs, we are able to provide parameters such as DDM, SDM, frequency offsets or field strength. These parameters are geolocated with cm level accuracy thanks to the precise satellite positioning system of our RPAs.\nWith this data, we can generate reports and graphs with the same measurements that are currently being used by ILS maintenance and inspection technicians, such as:\n- Course alignment\n- Slope angle\n- Nominal width and displacement sensitivity\nWe pair this hardware solution with our software tools for mission planning, data processing and asset management.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Why Cats Have Sharp Vision\nCats may appear to have an uncanny ability to spot even the tiniest movement from a distance, and there’s a good reason behind it. Their sharp vision is a result of their ancestors’ evolutionary heritage. Cats have always been skilled hunters, relying on their vision to track down prey and survive in the wild. Over time, they have developed certain visual adaptations that allow them to excel in their hunting endeavors.\nOne of the key factors contributing to a cat’s sharp vision is their unique eye structure. Cats have large, round pupils that can dilate and contract quickly, allowing them to adjust to various light conditions efficiently. This enables them to see in both bright daylight and low-light situations, making them effective predators at any time of day. Additionally, their eyes are vertically positioned on their heads, providing them with a wide field of view, allowing them to detect prey or potential threats from various angles. These adaptations, combined with their exceptional depth perception and keen ability to focus on objects, make cats exceptional hunters with sharp vision.\nHow Cats See the World\nCats have a unique way of experiencing the world around them. Their vision, specifically tailored to their predatory nature, allows them to excel in hunting and navigating their environment. With a keen sense of depth perception, cats are able to accurately assess distances and pounce on their prey with impressive precision. Their eyes are strategically positioned on the front of their face, providing a wider field of view, which aids in detecting movement and potential threats.\nOne fascinating aspect of how cats see the world is their remarkable night vision. Unlike humans, cats possess a larger number of rod cells, specialized photoreceptor cells that are particularly sensitive to low light levels. This adaptation enables cats to see in near total darkness and helps explain their nocturnal behavior. Coupled with a reflective layer behind their retina called the tapetum lucidum, which enhances the light available to their photoreceptor cells, cats are well-equipped to excel in dimly lit environments. As a result, they can easily spot and track prey, making them formidable hunters even in the darkest of nights.\nThe Visual Abilities of Cats\nCats are known for their incredible visual abilities, which have evolved over millions of years of hunting and surviving in the wild. One of the most remarkable aspects of their vision is their ability to see in low light conditions. Unlike humans, who rely on the presence of light to see clearly, cats have specialized structures in their eyes called tapetum lucidum. This structure acts like a mirror and reflects light back through the retina, giving their eyes a second chance to capture as much light as possible. As a result, cats are able to see in almost complete darkness, making them excellent nighttime hunters.\nIn addition to their enhanced night vision, cats also have exceptional visual acuity. Their eyes have a high concentration of rod cells, which are responsible for detecting motion and seeing objects in detail. This allows cats to easily detect small movements or prey even from a distance. Moreover, their visual field is wider than that of humans, enabling them to detect peripheral movements without needing to turn their heads. This is particularly useful for a predator that needs to be aware of its surroundings and stay alert to any potential threats.\nCommon Misconceptions About Cat Vision\nOne common misconception about cat vision is that cats can see in total darkness. While cats do have excellent night vision compared to humans, they are not able to see in complete darkness. Cats have a special structure in their eyes called the tapetum lucidum, which reflects any available light back through their retina. This gives them the ability to see better in low-light conditions, but they still need some source of light to see clearly.\nAnother misconception is that cats can only see in black and white. In reality, cats can see some colors, although their color vision is not as vibrant as that of humans. Cats primarily see shades of blue and green, but their color perception is limited compared to ours. It’s important to remember that cats’ visual system is designed for hunting and survival, and their color vision helps them distinguish between prey and their surroundings. So, while they may not see the world in the same vibrant palette as we do, cats definitely have some ability to perceive colors.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Bed Linen, Light Blue Bedspreads Navy Blue Bedspread Twin Basket With Magazine Pot With Flowers Curtains Bed Sets With Blue Blanket And White Pillows Table Lamp: extraordinary light blue bedspreads\nPublished at September 15th, 2017 03:03:41 AM by Adalwine\nTagged as light blue twin bedspread object and light blue quilt object plus light blue quilted bedspread discussion, blue bedspreads twin object as well as solid navy blue comforter discussion along with light blue chenille bedspread topic with Bed Linen, So don't forget to check out the main article in extraordinary light blue bedspreads\n© 2018 salessuccessmagazine.com. Reproduction without explicit permission is prohibited. All Rights Reserved.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "New in its open box, perfect condition, never installed. Complete with instructions, sealed hardware and 4 LED light bulbs. Recessed square exterior LED downlight (ceiling) fixture for buildings and modern homes. High quality light signed Simes Sistemalux Italy, adjustable inside angle, flush mount 7 3/4 X 7 3/4 stainless steel and glass square. Total depth 8.5 inches. Model ZIP Plus LED XPG 230 Volts IP67, S.8870WVSCA.19, warm white. Total weight 2.8 Kg.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Looking at our sets of kitchen measuring spoons, with their patina and scratches from long use in a hard-working family kitchen, I noticed the pattern of concentric ovals, particularly when each set of spoons was positioned so that light hit the upper edge of each spoon, and was withheld from the concave interiors.\nTo control the light, and the reflections in the spoon interiors, we lined a large bucket with black velvet, creating a raised stage within the bucket, also on black velvet. This way I was able to control the light coming in across the measuring spoon sets.\nFor both images I used a 100mm macro lens tripod mounted at f/22 and ISO 64. Each image is combined from eight exposures, with shutter speeds ranging from 1/4 of a second to 30 seconds.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "How to Know the Suitable Sunglasses for Your Sport\nTalking of sports sunglasses, you need to know of the fact that the different activities of sports we engage in require different sorts of frames and lenses in the sunglasses you go for in order to protect your eyes from the injuries that may be associated with them and as well to have such an edge in so far as the sport goes. You can click for more in his video to learn more on how to choose the most suitable sports sunglasses for your sport as the experts have these tips divulged here. Other than the video, still we have more on this post to guide you to picking the most suitable sunglasses or sports and as such you can continue reading to discover more.\nWe will begin by taking a look at matters of eye health and sports. Fact is that a good number of the eye injuries sustained during sports are actually such that can be prevented by use of the right eye gear such as the sports sunglasses. Generally speaking, the best sports sunglasses that you can trust for these needs are such that are designed to be well resistant to impact and as such protect the eyes from physical impact and at the same time, protect the eyes from the effects of blue light and UV light. Another fact that note going forward is that UV damage to the eyes worsen with time and tend to be more serious in the young as compared to the older athletes. This as such makes it so advisable and rather mandatory for the young athletes to ensure that whenever they have their sporting activities or even when training outdoors, they should see to it that they have with them worn the right sports sunglasses to protected against the effects of the UV and blue light. To discover more of the sports sunglasses that have been known to offer as much protection against UV and blue light, this site has more and so ensure to check it out!\nWhen it comes to the need to find the best sunglasses for your sport, the other aspect of the glasses that you should be keen on is the color of the lens. Choosing the right lens color is so important as it gives you quite an edge in upping your performance. The various sports will demand for different lens colors and this is one thing that must be noted going forward. Here’s what the experts have to say on lens color, read more.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Keeping your eyes safe from hazards only requires a few steps. Whether going for a swim or doing chores around the house, remember to keep your eyes protected. You will reduce your risk of eye injury by 90 percent if you wear protective eyewear.\nProtect your eyes\nYou may already be required to wear safety protection at work, like safety glasses or face shields, but remember when you’re working at home, you need that protection, too. Some house chores that could be hazardous to your eyes include home repairs, yard work and cleaning with chemicals.\nHome repairs. If you’re using a power tool, were eye protection. Using a hammer and nails or other tools can create an environment where those items can become projectiles.\nYard work. Lawn mowers, trimmers and blowers can propel debris or other materials into your eyes. Safety glasses can also provide protection from branches and twigs that can be hazardous.\nCleaning with chemicals. According to the American Academy of Ophthalmology, chemicals in cleaning products, like bleach, cause 125,000 eye injuries a year.\nAt work, or when working at home, consider safety glasses with side shields, face shields, goggles with ventilation, and other variations when deciding what gear best fits with your task. The fit of your protective eyewear is important for its effectiveness.\nIf you already wear glasses, those glasses aren’t enough to protect you. When choosing protective eyewear, look for the appropriate kind for your activity.\nAre you protecting your eyes when you play sports?\nFor sports, the National Eye Institute created a chart to find the right eye protection for a list of sports. There are many varieties of sports goggles, all specially designed for certain sports. And not only will the sports eyewear protect, they can advance and improve the performance of the athlete.\nBasketball, baseball and racquet sports can have the most potential for eye injury. According to an article on AllAboutVision.com, the amount of sports-related eye injuries reported in emergency rooms are over 40,000 every year. But most of these injuries are preventable with protective eyewear. With sports, we may think of flying objects as the hazard, but eye injuries can be a result of an elbow or finger in a close contact sport.\nToo much chlorine could hurt your eyes\nThis summer, if you and your family are spending time at the pool, think about your eyes. The chlorine in the pool is protecting us from bacteria, but pools with too much chlorine can cause damage to the surface of your eyes. Chlorine can cause eyes to become red and itchy because it washes away the tear film on the surface of eyes. Tear film is the thin layer that keeps your eyes moist and smooth. Wearing swim goggles might be the best way to protect your eyes and your kids’ eyes. Washing your face and eyes with fresh water after a swim and using eye drops are some other things you can do combat the effects of chlorine on eyes.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "From Our Editors\nWant to know a little secret? Shawnee's finest vision center is located at Kirk F Hoster Optmtrst. This vision center offers a vast array of frames to choose from and contacts too, in case glasses don't fit your style. Yearly eye exam? Eye irritation? The doctors at Kirk F Hoster Optmtrst will make sure you get the care you need when you need it.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "4 Light Chrome Vanity Light\nChrome that we have for sale online at wayfair.\n4 light chrome vanity light. Attractive chrome finish will complement the look of. 4 light vanity strip chrome. 4 light chrome vanity. Acclaim lighting in41103 black orella 4 light 32 w bathroom vanity light.\nChrome you can further refine your filters to get the selection you want. Ideal for home and office use. Skip to main content hello sign in. Get it as soon as sun apr 19.\nMillennium lighting 3684 chrome 4 light 32 w bathroom vanity light. W003228340 on this page. 4 5 out of 5 stars 197. 1 16 of 678 results for 4 light chrome vanity light amazon s choice for 4 light chrome vanity light.\n4 light chrome vanity lighting lighting the home depot get free shipping on qualified 4 light chrome vanity lighting products or buy lighting products today with buy online pick up in store. Order status lowe s credit cards weekly ad. Get it as soon as mon jun 15. Bathroom fixture 4 lights.\nSolfart wall lighting bath vanity light brushed nickel wall decor bathroom light fixtures 4 lights exclude bulb 4 4 out of 5 stars 83. Free shipping by amazon. Model ivlbs1407 format 24 4x60w n in. Modern 4 light chrome vanity lighting lighting the home depot get free shipping on qualified modern 4 light chrome vanity lighting products or buy lighting products today with buy online pick up in store.\nGet it as soon as. More buying choices 84 18 8 used new offers presde bathroom vanity light fixtures over mirror modern led 4 lights chrome bath mirror lighting. Save 5 00 with coupon. This item is not currently available for immediate purchase but can be ordered by visiting the selected store.\nOr if you want to buy bathroom vanity lighting of a different kind you can remove filters from the breadcrumbs at the top. Free shipping by amazon. Minka lavery glorietta 4 light chrome glam vanity light bar. Skip to main content.\n4 light chrome bathroom vanity lighting you re currently shopping bathroom vanity lighting filtered by number of lights. When you buy a dolan 3 light chrome vanity light online from birch lane we make it as easy as possible for you to find out when your product will be delivered read customer reviews and common questions and answers for part. 4 5 out of 5 stars 805. 4 light chrome vanity lighting l2096 4 ch the home depot bring an attractive look to your home decor with the selection of this beautiful y decor 4 light chrome vanity lighting.\nProgress lighting p300003 flight 4 light 36 3 4 w bathroom vanity nickel. Find a store near me. Home products electrical and lighting indoor lighting wall sconces 4 light vanity strip chrome products not. Kichler 5339s chrome 5 light 36 w bathroom vanity light.\nIf you re interested in finding bathroom vanity lighting options other than number of lights. Globe electric parker 4 chrome vanity light with clear glass shades 51446. Find a store near me. Add to wish list description.\nMoen dn0764 29 02 w 4 light down lighting vanity light chrome. 4 6 out of 5. 4 light vanity strip chrome. Item 1664490 model 4794 77 l.\n- Area Rugs 10 X 14\n- Average Cost To Replace A Bathtub\n- Apron Sink With Laminate Countertop\n- American Standard Walk In Tub Installation\n- Antique Cast Iron Farm Sink\n- American Standard Tub Shower Valve\n- Antique Brass Finish Bathroom Faucets\n- Antique Clawfoot Tub For Sale\n- Antique Wall Mount Bathroom Sink\n- Apron Sink Vs Farm Sink\n- Average Master Bathroom Remodel Cost\n- Apron Front Vs Farmhouse Sink\n- Antique Cast Iron Utility Sink\n- Are Vinyl Shower Curtains Toxic\n- Aquaquik Outdoor Solar Shower With Base\n- Ariel Ss 608a Steam Shower With Whirlpool Bathtub\n- Are Rain Shower Heads Good\n- Aqua Glass Jetted Tub Parts\n- American Standard Vessel Sink Faucets\n- Apron Front Kitchen Sink Double Bowl", "label": "No"}
{"text": "When bright light is needed for inspecting a small, tight space, UK’s 2AAA Penlights are ideal. They are compact, durable, waterproof and feature a thumb switch and convenient pocket clip. Plus, they provide hours and hours of light with the added efficiency of an LED lamp.\n15 Hours of high brightness before fading to a low level glow.\nProtective rubber lens cover and glare reducer\nRubber covered click ON and OFF or momentary switch\nElectrically non-conductive case\nWaterproof O-ring seal\nMolded pocket clip\nTough LEXAN® plastic construction\nProudly made in the USA\n5 - 100\nUse spaces to separate tags. Use single quotes (') for phrases.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "I guess there is no fear because I can even choose solitude\nIf you already have an account, Log in.\nSoğuk zemindeki küllerden doğdum\nBoth you and this user will be prevented from:\nNote:You will still be able to view each other's stories.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "What is the strongest solar spotlight?\nSolar Spotlights – Our Best Picks for Outdoor Use\n- LEREKAM 40 LED Waterproof Solar Garden Lights.\n- LITOM 30 LED Outdoor Solar Landscape Spotlights Pro.\n- Claoner 32 LED Solar Waterproof Spotlights.\n- JSOT 22 LED Solar Outdoor Spotlight.\n- LITOM 30 LED Solar Motion Sensor Spotlights.\n- Nekteck 10 LED Solar Garden Lights.\nWhat is solar spot light?\nSolar Powered LED Spot Light The solar light gathers energy from the sun during the day, and then automatically comes on at dusk to provide light exactly where you want it.\nAre solar spotlights any good?\nWith settings to automatically activate the lights at night and a solar panel to charge them without any work, solar spotlights are the easiest, greenest way to highlight the best parts of your yard at night. They can even be as reliable and durable as the best landscape lights out there.\nWhat are solar lights made of?\nSolar lights are made up of four main components: the solar photovoltaic (PV) panel, battery, control electronics and the light fixture. When the sun is out, a solar panel takes the light from the sun and produces electrical energy. The energy can then be used immediately or stored in a battery.\nHow bright is solar lighting?\nBrightness: The average solar path light delivers an effect similar to that of a 40-watt light bulb, although stronger options are also available. Most solar panel lights have a lumens level of 1 to 30; the higher the number, the brighter the bulb.\nWhy don’t my solar lights work in winter?\nSolar lights don’t work in winter Every solar light has a sensor inside which makes them illuminate when the daylight drops; in winter this may be as early at 4pm, meaning your little solar lights are draining the battery and within 2 hours it’s pretty much empty.\nWhat is the best solar outdoor lighting?\nSolar spotlights (also called “task lights” or spotlights) are the brightest solar lights on the market. The best outdoor solar lights can give off illumination that is equivalent to a 40-watt incandescent bulb.\nWhat are the brightest solar lights on market?\nLITOM 12 LED Solar Landscape Spotlights – Best overall.\nWhat are the best solar lights for landscape?\nThe best solar landscape lights are made of durable, weather resistant materials such as stainless steel, and have advanced photovoltaic cells and batteries that store energy more efficiently. One example of a good quality solar landscape light is the Arlinghaus-D.\nWhat are the best solar powered security lights?\nThe Evo36 Solar Security Light is probably the best value solar security light, it has 36 LEDs and does not need mains electricity and so can be fitted quickly and easily. The solar panel charges the power source during the day.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Lead Imaging Specialist\nAlexander (Alex) Doukas is the Lead Imaging Specialist at Kinetic Vision, located in Evendale, Ohio. Alex’s background is in Industrial Management, Non-Destructive Testing/Inspection, and Project Management. He received his degree in Industrial Management from the University of Cincinnati. Alex has been one of the proponents of Imaging at Kinetic Vision and has aided in the “cross-pollination” of the technology and data cross-functionally across Kinetic Vision. He is currently working towards his Project Management Professional (PMP) certification with the Project Management Institute.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Crystorama Lighting Group 4743-GL\nPrimrose 3 Light Bathroom Vanity Light with Swarovski Spectra Crystals\n- White or Tea-Stained Floral Glass Shades\n- Swarovski Spectra Crystal Accents\n- Hand Painted Wrought Iron Metalwork\nSwarovski Spectra Crystal:\nA passion for perfection has made Swarovski the world leader in the production of cut crystal. Swarovski & Co. has created a new alternative quality crystal. Swarovski has used advanced technology with old world knowledge to products a brilliant crystal with precision cutting and superior light reflection. This crystal is designed for a crystal connoisseur demanding quality at an affordable price.\n- Height: 8\"\n- Width: 24\"\n- Extension: 7.5\"\n- Number of Bulbs: 3\n- Maximum Watts per Bulb: 60\n- Bulb Base: Medium (E26)\n- Material: Wrought Iron\n- Product Weight: 10lbs\nAdditional Crystorama Lighting Group Links", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Enjoy App-EXCLUSIVE Deals\nAfter SalesContact customer service for order status and other after-sales issues. Submit a Request After Sales\nMessengerConnect with us on Facebook Messenger with your inquiries. Fast and convenient, our Customer Support is ready when you are.Message us Messenger\nRegister on GearBest: Earn 50 points\nYour shopping cart is empty.\nPlease Sign in>>\nHome > Pir For Led\n$ Low to High\n$ High to Low\nSolar PIR LED Wall Light Light Operated Human Body Infrared Induction Senso...\nBSV - SL106 Solar PIR Light 6 LED Waterproof Human Body Infrared Induction\nQOOK PIR Sensor LED Night Light AAA Battery / USB Operated\n6 LEDs Sensor Lighting DC 5V PIR Infrared Motion Wireless Closet Cabinet ...\nYouOKLight YK2247 LED Sensor Lighting DC 3 - 6V 1W PIR Infrared Motion Wireless Closet C...\nYouOKLight YK2256 PIR LED Keyhole Light Battery Powered Auto Wall Lamp with 4 LEDs\nYY4018 Auto PIR Lamp Infrared Human Body Induction 2W 4 LEDs Light\nBRELONG Waterproof LED Toilet Light AAA PIR Motion Activated Night Lamp for Bathroom C...\nYY601 Solar PIR Sensor Light 6 SMD 2835 LEDs IP65 Water Resistance Light Contro...\nSolar Powered PIR Motion Sensor 21 LEDs Wall Light\n4 LEDs Solar Powered PIR Sensor Wall Light\nL0605 Infrared Human Body Induction Lamp Auto PIR 6 LEDs Light - 6V\nL0606 Infrared Human Body Induction Lamp Auto PIR 6 LEDs Light - 6V\nL0406 Infrared Induction Sensor 10 LEDs Light Auto PIR Lamp for Cabinet Corridor\nL0803 PIR Motion Activated Auto Keyhole Lamp 8 LEDs Light\nCIS-57194 Solar Power 200Lm 36 LEDs Motion Sensor PIR Wall Mounted Lamp Garden Lamp\n3 LEDs White Solar Induction Lamp Wall Light Guiding Light with PIR Sensor Suitable for Indoor Hotel Home Outdoors\nE27 12W SMD5630 12 LED 1200LM PIR Motion Sensor Light\n12 LED PIR Infrared Motion Sensor Lamp Stairs Light\nPIR LED Stairs Light Battery Operated Indoor Stairway Cabinet Lighting\nPIR Motion Sensor Garden Security 4 - LED Waterproof Solar Lamp for Outdoor Aisle\n20-LED Solar PIR Wall Light Sensor Activation IP65 Waterproof\nZweihnder Waterproof Solar Powered PIR Wall Light\nBRELONG PIR LED Closestool Light AAA Operated Waterproof UV Sterilization\nOutdoor 6-LED Solar PIR Motion Wall Light\nOutdoor Solar PIR Motion Wall Light\nBRELONG AAA PIR LED Toilet Light Bathroom Washroom\nSolar Powered PIR LED Wall Light 12-LED Cordless Waterproof Outdoor Courtyard Aisle...\n24-LED Solar PIR LED Wall Lamp Light / Motion Activated Waterproof\nLitom Solar PIR LED Wall Light 8-LED 3 Working Modes Waterproof Garden Gate Door ...", "label": "No"}
{"text": "This clock features a wood frame finished in distressed, burnished brown with light tan undertones and gray glaze. Clock face is aged ivory. Uses one aa battery\nUttermost's clocks combine premium quality materials with unique high-style design.\n|Shipped Via||Truck Freight|\n|Material||Wood & Leather|", "label": "No"}
{"text": "– Bead bracelet with unique tiger’s eye beads\n– Elastic stretch bracelet\n– Gold-plated silver bead in the centre\nThe highlight of the bracelet is a two-tone centre Bead in cross look. Tiger’s eye is known for its protective effect.\n18k yellow gold plating, 925 Sterling silver, blackened\ntiger‘s eye, zirconia black\nblack, yellow gold-coloured, silver-coloured, brown\nFor its jewellery items, THOMAS SABO works with an 18k yellow gold plating. The thickness of the plating layer ensures a particularly long durability.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "When you choose from our stylish glasses online, you'll have your choice of exclusive designs that make a fashion statement. Plus, you'll have the peace of.\nnount Julbo's Spectron Four lens is their darkest, and will be your best bet if your eyes are really sensitive to light. On mount eyewear of being damned dark, the Spectron Fours have an anti-reflective coating inside the lens in case any light sneaks in. These lenses are not polarized, mount eyewear Yardley says that that polarization is not always ideal for high-altitude winter activities.\nThough Julbo does not recommend them for driving, they are great for many other everyday uses. You should base your frame choice on two diamondback airen 1 factors, activity, and mount eyewear much you want to look like a character from a Mad Max movie.\nI have a pair of Explorers and could care less about what they look like on a mountain—but when they were honda pedal bikes I could find in my car in a drive from Santa Fe, New Mexico, to Mount eyewear Angeles, California, I got some weird looks in rush-hour LA traffic. They are lightweight and are easy to wear with mount eyewear without a helmet.\nThey reduce glare by reflecting much of the light that hits the lens surface. Mirrored coatings make objects appear darker than mount eyewear are, so lighter tints are often used to compensate for this.\nThis is evo. Still have questions?\nPlease give our customer care team a call atCustomer Care Hours. They can help you find the right setup to fit your needs. Ends Today. Use Code: Shop Mount eyewear.\nHow to Buy Mount eyewear There are two types of UV light you need to look out for: Although Eyewrar rays are more intense in the summer, they possess the capacity to burn or damage skin and eyes year-round, and their effect mount eyewear amplified by snow. In changing bicycle sports beaumont texas conditions, goggles are a critical piece of kit.\nSo- how does one go about selecting the right goggles for the right end-use?\nFirst, find a goggle frame that fits your face well. For average-sized faces, Zeal makes a variety of models- the Slate is a good example of a frame that fits mount eyewear folks well.\nFor those with a larger, wider face, Zeal makes the Level- extra width and even mount eyewear make it comfortable on big mountt.\nChoosing the right goggle frame is a matter of mount eyewear look good, feel good- right?\nSmall-frame chikdrens bikes will fit a large face, but it may be uncomfortable and offer less robust facial coverage. Next, select proper lenses. Most goggle frames are available with a wide mount eyewear of lenses, but a few steps allow making the mount eyewear choice. Using the above features, you can drill down to select the right lens for you.\nMake a call on polarization- I mount eyewear recommend polarized goggles for overall eye comfort and visual clarity- and then eyeweag a call on whether your budget allows the added expense of a photochromic goggle. This feature typically gives you the ability mount eyewear carry a low-light lens and mountain bike 26 bright-light lens at less than the cost of a photochromic goggle.\nmount eyewear No pair of eyes are the same- genetic factors will determine your personal needs and response to light. For help, schedule an appointment with Casey J. Home About Mount eyewear Dr. Lenses and Frames.\nEyeglasses Lens design, material, and lens treatments are the three components mount eyewear make up a pair of prescription lenses. Eyeglass Lenses Selecting the right eyeglass lens depends largely on its function.\nFrame Styles When choosing a frame, the shape and size of the frame should enhance the color of your eyes, mount eyewear your skin tone and play up the best features of your face shape. Sunglasses With the wide variety of lens options available, you can moutn your sunglasses to meet your visual, protection, mount eyewear, and comfort needs.\nNews:Download Glasses by Warby Parker and enjoy it on your iPhone, iPad, Not only did I love them, I'm trying to decide which pair I want next!\nLeave a Comment", "label": "No"}
{"text": "dining room light fixture smart modern farmhouse fixtures r dining room light fixtures rustic.\nlow profile ceiling fan with lights ceiling stunning low profile low profile ceiling fans with lights hunter low profile ceiling fans with lights.\nlarge floor lamp large floor lamps floor lamps light large floor floor lamp shade size floor lamp shade size guide.\nmakeup table vanity desk mirror with lights for bathroom and station vanity table with mirror and lights dressing table mirror lamp.\nlight blue chair light blue dining chair cushions light blue dining chair cushions lighting designer job.\nglobe pendant light large copper globe pendant light globe pendant light large large clear globe pendant light.\nblack pipe light fixture pipe chandelier light fixture black pipe making light fixtures from pipe.\ncream and gold black and gold pedestal lamp with diamante black and gold lamps black lamp shades gold foil lining.\nstainless steel pendant lights lighting the home depot stainless steel pendant light brushed stainless steel cylinder pendant light shade.\nceiling lighting at the home depot hanging ceiling lights hanging ceiling lights for bedroom.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "This eye cream is the Quick-fix for puffiness, wrinkles, and dark circles\nThe eye gel from My Perfect Eyes reduces wrinkles, puffiness, and dark circles for up to 8 hours! It’s not an anti-aging eye cream but a ‘quick fix’. The skin around your eyes gets a temporary fresh, youthful appearance. With this gel, you’ll look refreshed, even after a short and restless night!\nFast-acting formula; see results within 60 seconds!\nAfter applying the gel, you’ll see results within 60 seconds. Puffiness and wrinkles will be smoothed out, significantly reducing their appearance. This effect will last throughout the day. Additionally, the gel pairs well with your favorite water-based makeup, ensuring that unwanted puffiness and circles are completely invisible.\nThe eye gel is easy to apply and remove\nYou can easily put on the cream by applying it from the inner corner of your eye to the outer edge in a smooth motion. Removing the gel is just as simple; by placing two cotton pads soaked in warm water briefly on your eyelids, the cream is easily removed.\nIngredients My Perfect Eyes eye gel\nWater, Sodium Silicate, Magnesium Aluminium Silicate, Propylene Glycol, Propylparaben, Methylparaben, Iron Oxide (CI 77491)", "label": "No"}
{"text": "the latest copy\nDespite our diversification, litho print is still very dear to our hearts.\nWe are a SRA1 print site, running the latest LED UV Ryobi presses. Our presses have the very latest inking systems and colour control linked in via CIP3 profiles. We monitor all our chemical usage with a view to reducing waste, and we only use vegetable based inks to reduce our impact on the environment.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Skip to Main Content\nThis chapter introduces power system monitoring and control, especially with wide-area phasor measurement applying phasor measurement units (PMUs). Some global applications of the wide-area measurement system (WAMS) and the information and communication technology (ICT) architecture used in the phasor measurement system are outlined in the chapter. To monitor the power system, many measuring instruments and apparatuses are installed. The phase angle is known as an important quantity that should be monitored for state estimation. If the phase angle can be measured, more flexible and precise monitoring could be expected. It should be a very important aspect to collect the data measured by each PMU for system monitoring, state estimation, protection, and control. The measured data could be locally saved and then collected for postanalysis, or sent to a remote location in real time for system protection or real-time control. The chapter discusses the ICT architecture used in phasor measurement systems.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Product details of IKEA LED USB lamp, black\n- A super-flexible lamp that lets you focus its bright light exactly where you need it. It’s slim, lightweight and easy to move around. The energy-saving LED light source provides 25 000 hours of light.\nYou can easily direct the light where you want it because the lamp arm and head are adjustable.LED life time approx. 25.000 hours.\nBuilt-in LED light source.Light colour: warm white (2700 Kelvin).This product bears the CE mark.\nMaterials & careShades/ Lens holder/ Reflector:ABS plasticOptical lens:Acrylic plasticArm:Steel, Paint\nSustainability & environmentBy creating products that help people use less energy, we contribute to enabling a more sustainable life at home.\nPackagingJANSJOLED USB lampWidth:7 cmHeight:2 cmLength:8 cmWeight:0.1Package(s):1", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Although LASIK has helped millions of people reduce and even eliminate dependence on glasses, it is important not to assume that LASIK is the best option for you. The best way to determine if you are a good candidate is to be evaluated at the UCLA Laser Refractive Center for LASIK, Los Angeles.\nWhat Makes Someone A Good LASIK Candidate?\nFactors that determine a good candidate for surgery include prescription stability for your contacts and/or eyeglasses, age (you must be at least 18), and corneal thickness. Corneal thickness is one of the most important factors for LASIK surgery. Good surgical results depend on various factors, and you’ll have multiple tests performed during your preoperative examination, including corneal strength and thickness testing. But why does this matter?\nIn order for the LASIK laser to reshape the cornea to allow for clear vision free of glasses and contacts eye lenses, corneal tissue must be removed, referred to as ablation. The reshaping of the cornea is how the refractive error causing poor vision is corrected. The amount of corneal tissue that is removed from the stroma is called the ablation depth, and this depends on the degree of refractive error needed. In nearsightedness, (myopia) corneal tissue is removed from the center of your cornea to flatten the corneal surface. In farsightedness, (hyperopia) corneal tissue is removed from the periphery of your cornea to steepen the corneal surface. What’s left after the ablation is referred to as the “residual stroll bed”.\nWhy Does Corneal Thickness Matter?\nGenerally speaking, corneal thickness ranges from 500 to 600 micrometers. The FDA recommended that the residual stromal bed must be at least 250 micrometers thick for someone to be considered a good LASIK candidate. This 250-micrometer thickness of untouched corneal tissue, or residual stroll bed, is essential to reduce the risk of complications and preserve the integrity of the corneal tissue. Keep in mind, however, that many LASIK surgeons prefer to leave a greater margin of error for extra safety, usually leaving about 300 micrometers of residual stroll bed. This extra margin is not only safer but also allows for retreatments, also known as enhancements or refinements, if needed in the future.\nThe question then becomes how is corneal thickness measured. LASIK doctors use an ultrasound pachymeter. During testing, your eye will be numbed before the pachymeter probe will be placed in front of your eye, just touching the corneal surface. Measurements automatically taken by the probe will then be displayed on the monitor. Your doctor may instead decide to use an instrument that can measure corneal thickness without touching the eye, which includes the Orbscan, Pentacam, and anterior segment OCT. If your cornea is too thin, it may still be possible for you to undergo laser refractive surgery, so be sure to talk to your doctor about options available to you.\nCandidacy for LASIK, Los Angeles\nUCLA Laser Refractive Center has strict guidelines for determining LASIK candidacy. Not every person is a candidate for LASIK eye surgery. The refractive eye surgeons at UCLA are LASIK eye surgery specialists. Want more information about LASIK? Simply contact us at our Los Angeles LASIK office and speak with one of our patient counselors!", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Brooksdale Wall Sconce features Amber glass with an Oiled Bronze finish, White glass with a Polished Chrome finish, White glass with a Satin nickel finish, or White glass with an Antique Copper finish. Available in Incandescent or LED options. Incandescent: One 100 watt, 120 volt A19 type Medium base incandescent bulb is required, but not included. LED: One 13.5 watt, 120 volt 400 lumens LED type bulb is included. 5 inch width x 13 inch height x 7 inch depth.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Best Camera 2018 Dslr\nCamera 2019 - Best Camera 2018 Dslr, Best dslr camera 2018: 10 models to suit all budgets, A dslr is still the cheapest way to get a camera with interchangeable lenses and a viewfinder (you'll find most entry-level mirrorless cameras don't have viewfinders) and, at the other end of the .. Best dslr cameras for beginners in 2018 - cnet, Best dslr cameras for beginners in 2018. our editors hand-picked these products based on our tests and reviews. if you use our links to buy, we may get a commission.. Best dslr cameras of 2018 | switchback travel, See our guide to the best dslr cameras of 2018, with reviews of top digital slrs from professional to entry level from canon, nikon, pentax and more..\nBest Camera 2018 Dslr - best camera - top 5 dslr cameras 2018\nit's best feature is it's awesome autofocus system called dual pixel which is the best autofocusing in any camera for video i've ever tested. i love this camera as well because it's just so small. best dslr 2018 - best camera 2018 - best beginner dslr 2018 hey there, my name's chris winter and in this video i'm going to go through some of the best dslr cameras for 2018 so you can get an .\nBest dslr camera for 2018 | gadget review, A dslr isn’t a necessity for every photographer, mainly because of its high cost and large size. point and shoot compact cameras or a compact camera can be easier to use at a lower price, while .. Best camera 2018: 10 of the best cameras you can buy right, The d3500 is a great camera to pick up and use if this is your first dslr, with its clever guide mode a useful learning tool that gives real-time explanations of important features.. Best dslr cameras 2018 - tom's guide, By combining the innards of its pro-grade d500 with the more compact body from its mid-range dx-level cameras, nikon's new 20.9-megapixel d7500 is an enthusiast's ideal dslr.. Best dslr 2018: find the ultimate camera for you | trusted, Best dslr 2018: find the ultimate camera for you michael topham november 1, 2018 3:45 pm mirrorless cameras have become increasingly popular, but there remain many reasons to invest in a dslr..", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Retail Liquor Store Upgrades to Led Lighting\nLED lighting solutions from Energy House save you energy costs and make your storefront more appealing to customers. We offer LED retrofitting that will eliminate uneven, dim retail lighting. Our lighting rebates will ensure you save money instantly and lower your electric bill. Use our LED Light Savings Calculator to see how much dimamble LEDs can save you.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Semi-fitted, sleeveless button up shirt dress, stand collar, single chest pocket, deep curved hem, length hits between knee and back mid-calf.\nFront Length: 40” size M.\nBack Length: 43” size M.\nFabric: 4oz 100% rayon gingham plaid.\nYour cart is currently empty.\nEnable cookies to use the shopping cart\nShipping & taxes calculated at checkout", "label": "No"}
{"text": "- Importance of wearing sunglasses while fishing\n- What are polarized lenses?\n- How do they work?\n- Benefits of using polarized lenses for fishing\nIII. Other must-have features of Navi Eyewear sunglasses\n- UV protection\n- Anti-reflective coating\n- Scratch-resistant lenses\n- Lightweight and comfortable frames\n- Types of Navi Eyewear sunglasses for fishing\n- Classic polarized sunglasses\n- Photochromic lenses\n- Prescription sunglasses\n- How to choose the right pair of Navi Eyewear sunglasses for fishing\n- Consider your fishing environment\n- Choose the right lens color\n- Consider your face shape\n- Maintenance and care for Navi Eyewear sunglasses\n- Cleaning instructions\n- Storage tips\n- Summary of key points\n- Final thoughts\nAre you a fishing enthusiast who spends hours on the water? Do you struggle with the glare of the sun reflecting off the water's surface, making it difficult to see? If so, you need a pair of sunglasses that are specifically designed for fishing. Navi Eyewear sunglasses are the perfect solution for fishermen who need polarized lenses and other must-have features.\nWhat are polarized lenses?\nPolarized lensesare a type of lens that blocks glare by filtering out polarized light. This type of light is created when the sun's rays reflect off a surface, such as water, snow, or sand. Polarized lenses are designed to block this glare, which makes it easier to see clearly.\nHow do they work?\nPolarized lenses have a special filter that blocks horizontal light waves while allowing vertical light waves to pass through. This filter is made up of tiny vertical openings that only allow light waves to enter at a specific angle. This allows for clearer, more vibrant colors, and reduced glare.\nBenefits of using polarized lenses for fishing\nWhen fishing, polarized lenses can be a game-changer. By reducing glare, fishermen can see below the water's surface and spot fish more easily. This can make all the difference between a successful fishing trip and coming home empty-handed.\nOther must-have features of Navi Eyewear sunglasses\nNavi Eyewear sunglasses are designed with the fisherman in mind. In addition to polarized lenses, they also feature other must-have features.\nOne of the most important features of any sunglasses is UV protection. Navi Eyewear sunglasses offer 100% UV protection, which helps to protect your eyes from the harmful effects of the sun's rays.\nNavi Eyewear sunglasses also feature an anti-reflective coating that helps to reduce glare even further. This is particularly useful when fishing in bright sunlight.\nFishing can be tough on sunglasses, so it's important to choose a pair with scratch-resistant lenses. Navi Eyewear sunglasses feature lenses that are scratch-resistant, so they can stand up to the wear and tear of fishing.\nLightweight and comfortable frames\nWhen spending hours on the water, it's important to have sunglasses that are comfortable to wear. Navi Eyewear sunglasses feature lightweight frames that are designed for all-day wear.\nTypes of Navi Eyewear sunglasses for fishing\nNavi Eyewear sunglasses come in a variety of styles and lens options to suit different fishing needs.\nClassic polarized sunglasses\nThe classic polarized sunglasses are perfect for all types of fishing. They feature polarized lenses and all the must-have features discussed.\nPhotochromic lenses are designed to adjust to changing light conditions. They darken in bright sunlight and lighten in low light, making them perfect for fishing in a range of conditions.\nFor fishermen who wear glasses, Navi Eyewear also offers prescription sunglasses. These can be customized with your specific prescription, ensuring clear vision while on the water.\nHow to choose the right pair of Navi Eyewear sunglasses for fishing\nWhen choosing the right pair of Navi Eyewear sunglasses for fishing, there are a few key factors to consider.\nConsider your fishing environment\nThink about the environment in which you'll be fishing. If you're fishing in bright sunlight, you may want to opt for darker lenses. If you're fishing in overcast conditions, lighter lenses may be more appropriate.\nChoose the right lens color\nDifferent lens colors offer different benefits for fishing. For example, amber lenses are good for low-light conditions, while gray lenses are good for bright sunlight. Green lenses are a good all-around option.\nConsider your face shape\nDifferent sunglasses frames are designed to suit different face shapes. Consider your face shape when choosing a pair of Navi Eyewear sunglasses.\nMaintenance and care for Navi Eyewear sunglasses\nTo ensure your Navi Eyewear sunglasses last for years to come, it's important to take care of them properly.\nClean your sunglasses regularly with a soft, lint-free cloth and mild soap and water. Avoid using abrasive cleaners or cloths that may scratch the lenses.\nWhen not in use, store your sunglasses in a protective case to prevent scratches and damage.\nIn conclusion, Navi Eyewear sunglasses are an excellent choice for fishermen who need polarized lenses and other must-have features. With a variety of styles and lens options, there is a pair of Navi Eyewear sunglasses to suit every fishing need. By following the tips outlined in this article, you can choose the right pair of sunglasses and take care of them properly to ensure they last for years to come.\nAre Navi Eyewear sunglasses only for fishing?\nNo, Navi Eyewear sunglasses can be worn for a variety of outdoor activities.\nWhat is the benefit of using polarized lenses for fishing?\nPolarized lenses reduce glare, making it easier to see below the water's surface and spot fish.\nCan Navi Eyewear sunglasses be customized with prescription lenses?\nYes, Navi Eyewear offers prescription sunglasses.\nHow do I choose the right lens color for my Navi Eyewear sunglasses?\nConsider the environment in which you'll be fishing and choose a lens color that is appropriate for those conditions.\nHow should I store my Navi Eyewear sunglasses?\nStore your sunglasses in a protective case when not in use to prevent scratches and damage.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "No products in the basket.\nEastern Connections 6m Extension Cable For Lights with both male and female end connectors.\n6 Bulb White LED with Transformer by Eastern Connections\nLED Light & 1200L Pump by Eastern Connections\nPond LED Lighting\nBlagdon LED Pond & Garden Lights Set\nBlagdon LED Light for Pond & Garden\nHozelock 2x10w 24v Bulbs\nPondXpert Solar LED Rope Light Hollow\nOase Floating Fountain Illumination Set\n9 LEDS Fountain Light by Eastern Connections\nUsername or email address *\nLost your password?\nEmail address *", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The Outlast Life Commercial Bollard and others Lighting come from a complete landscape lighting family with matching post top lights for a uniform look. In addition to landscape and dock lighting families, energy saving options are available via LED bollard lights. LEDs produce a higher quality of light while reducing energy and maintenance.\nOne of the most popular types of lights for both boats and marinas is the LED light. LED stands for “Light Emitting Diode”. LED technology was first developed in the 1960s, but has become increasingly popular over the past 10-15 years. LED lights are very popular among the marine community for a number of reasons.\nMost importantly, LED lights have a much longer lifespan than your typical incandescent bulb. Most LED bulbs have a lifetime of about 50,000 hours. This means that an LED lasts 50 times longer than a typical incandescent bulb, 25 times longer than a halogen bulb, and 8-10 times longer than a CFL bulb.\nIf you haven’t already made the switch to LED lighting for your boat or home what are you waiting for?", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya (RGPV) B.Tech Image Processing and Computer Vision Notes PDFs for Computer Science Engineering (CSE)\nImage Processing and Computer Vision Definition\nImage processing is the manipulation of digital images in order to improve their quality or extract useful information. Computer vision is concerned with enabling machines to interpret and comprehend visual information in the same way that humans do.\nContribution to Improved Visual Understanding\nImage processing and computer vision are crucial in improving machines’ ability to perceive and comprehend the visual world, resulting in a wide range of applications.\nImportance of Image Processing and Computer Vision\nMaking Automation and Robotics Possible\nImage processing and computer vision are critical for developing self-navigating systems and robots that can interact with their surroundings.\nArtificial Intelligence Applications in Motion\nComputer vision is at the heart of many artificial intelligence applications, including image recognition, natural language processing, and self-driving cars.\nMedical Imaging and Healthcare Advancement\nImage processing and computer vision have transformed medical imaging, allowing for more accurate diagnosis, treatment planning, and surgical guidance.\nUnderstanding the Fundamentals of Digital Imaging\nStudents learn the fundamentals of digital image processing, such as image representation, pixel operations, and colour models.\nTechniques for Image Enhancement and Restoration\nTechniques for improving image quality, reducing noise, and restoring damaged images are covered in the curriculum.\nObject Recognition and Feature Extraction\nStudents investigate techniques for identifying and extracting features from images, as well as recognising objects within them.\nComputer Vision Using Deep Learning\nDeep learning techniques are introduced in the curriculum for solving complex computer vision tasks such as image classification and object detection.\nRGPV B.Tech Computer Science Engineering (CSE) Image Processing and Computer Vision (CS803) Notes\nUnit-1: DOWNLOAD PDF\nUnit-2: DOWNLOAD PDF\nUnit-3: DOWNLOAD PDF\nUnit-4: DOWNLOAD PDF\nUnit-5: DOWNLOAD PDF", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Myopia, commonly known as nearsightedness, affects millions of people worldwide. In children and young adults, myopia tends to increase year-on-year and this can lead to levels of risk of serious eye conditions. Slowing this progression is beneficial and there are now several options available for us to use to help with Myopia Control.\nWhat is Myopia?\nMyopia is an eye condition that we think about firstly for the focus of the eye. Myopia causes distance vision to become blurred, making it harder to make out far away objects like the board at school, television screens, road signs. Things up close tend to stay clear, like reading books or looking at a phone. This is sometimes called short-sightedness or near-sightedness.\nThe concern about myopia is the eye can actually lengthen due to myopia and this can lead to an increase in eye disease with age, including: Retinal Detachment, Myopic Macular Degeneration, Cataracts and Glaucoma.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "I have a problem with display division ranking.\nHave 2 division. Sport type ice hockey.\nWhen teams playing against team from same division then ranking is fine, but when team playing against team from different division ranking not showing that match (not calculating match in ranking)\nhere is link\nthanks for help\nis it possible to show periods score in results view", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Add products to your wishlist.\nRose gold and silver ring Link\nRose gold and silver bracelet Link\nRose gold and silver necklace Link\nSilver necklace Link\nRose gold Link ring with central link in diamond pave\nRose gold ring set with amethyst and diamonds\nRose gold earrings.\nRose gold bracelet Link with a diamond pave clasp\nWhite gold Link ring with central link in diamond pave\nWhite gold bracelet Link with a diamond pave clasp\nSolis ring in white gold set with a mandarin garnet and blue sapphires\nRose gold ring set with orange tourmalines, yellow and red diamonds\nSolis ring in rose gold set with morganite and pink sapphires\nSolis ring in rose gold set with a citrine and orange sapphires", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The BE Light is an LED lamp that folds and sports a unique articulated design. It is available in table lamp and floor lamp. With its clever hinge design, the BE Light Floor can be extended or be folded down to save space for your room. It also adopts light guide technology to evenly distribute the LED light, eliminating all concerns over glare. Made of aluminum alloy, the BE Light Floor gives the lamp a premium yet simple look.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Oct 30, 2023\nModifiers are used to modify the quality of light sources. Here are some of the most popular:\n· Umbrella – A shoot-through umbrella is an easy-to-use and affordable light modifier – all you need is a flash, a light stand and the umbrella. Widely used in portraiture, they cast diffused, even and soft light over your subject – but the light will spill over.\n· Softbox – Like umbrellas, softboxes are a great modifier for beginners as there are many inexpensive options out there. Creating a soft quality of light, while allowing good control of the lighting, a softbox enables you to light your subject without illuminating the background. They’re great for portraits, and simple to set up too.\n· Grid or gridbox – Lighting grids can attach to softboxes, or you can buy a separate all-in-one gridbox that can attach to your speedlight. Grids control the spill of light from your source.\n· Beauty dish – A beauty dish is perfect for head and shoulder portraiture. Often used by fashion photographers, it can be described as a semi-hard light, resulting in sculpted, but not harsh, facial features.\n· Octabox – Sometimes called simply an ‘octa’, the octabox creates very soft and flattering light. It’s a great on-location lighting modifier to compliment available light.\n· Snoot – A cylindrical tube that fits over a light or flash, a snoot gives directional control over your light. Perfect for very high contrast portraits, or spotlighting.\nAdd: West District, Zhongshan City, Guangdong Province, China\nOptake Photographic is a comprehensive industrial and trade enterprise integrating R&D, production and sales.\nBuy video light studio light box Online Optake", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The aim of Vision Therapy Clinic in Vile Parle is to upgrade the visual system, and zones of the mind that control vision, visual efficiency, visual perception and other vision-related functions. By rewarding the entire visual system, Vision Therapy Clinic in Vile Parle intends to change reflexive (programmed) practices to deliver an enduring fix. Vision therapy can treat vision issues that meddle with proficient perusing among schoolchildren. Vision Therapy Clinic in Vile Parle gives treatment to amblyopia (lethargic eye), learning related vision issues, horrendous/obtained mind wounds. Vision Therapy Clinic in Vile Parle likewise can help decrease eye fatigue and other symptoms of PC vision disorder experienced by numerous youngsters and grown-ups that can't be dealt with effectively with eyeglasses, contact focal points and/or medical procedure alone, and assist individuals with accomplishing clear, agreeable binocular vision.\nWe also provide following treatments in Prime Eye Care Clinic:", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Good eyesight does not make good vision! Did you know you can pass every eye exam and still have serious issues with functional vision processing?\nA standard eye exam checks your eyes’ physical health and ability to focus on stationary objects, but it does not measure critical dynamic functional vision processing skills such as the eyes’ movement and coordination. 20/20 vision is only ONE of more than 17 important functional vision skills required to perform well in school or sports.\nFunctional vision processing is how your entire visual neural system. It is how your eyes and brain move through, learn, and interact with your surroundings, i.e., classroom, home, world, sport venue.\nDefinition of Functional Vision Processing\nBoth your eyes and brain must work together for you to navigate the world. It is this connection that makes up your functional vision processing. Functional vision processing is the ability to:\n- To follow a moving object without moving your head\n- To track an object in the vertical and horizontal, diagonal, and circular planes\n- To track across the midline of the eyes with smooth pursuit of the object\nFunctional vision processing requires coordination between different visual skills that include the following:\nVisual Fixation. The ability to visually attend to a target or object while maintaining focus on the object.\nSaccadic Eye Movement. The ability to rapidly and smoothly shift your vision between two objects without turning or moving your head. Visual scanning occurs in vertical and horizontal, and perpendicular movements.\nSmooth Pursuit Eye Movement. The ability allows you to easily follow an object as it moves in vertical, horizontal, diagonal, and circular movements.\nConvergence. This ability to simultaneously focus both eyes together on an object.\nWhich physical symptoms can functional vision training improve?\nThe goal of PranaMind functional vision training program is to enhance your functional vision processing—eye-tracking, focusing, convergence, eye-hand coordination, and more!\nFunctional Vision Training at PranaMind\nThe PranaMind Functional vision training approach is aimed at developing and improving brain-eye neural circuits to efficiently process information from the visual network.\nPranaMind uses the RightEye eye-tracking neuro technology to assess, diagnose and quantify functional visual processing issues in patients of all ages and vision levels. This proven, patented technology measures visual skills in ways that a standard eye exam cannot.\nEach assessment provides an objective, quantifiable summary of results in an easy-to-read EyeQ report. The EyeQ report is clearly organized with patient-friendly graphics and charts for you to understand. Based on the EyeQ report’s results, customized EyeQ Trainer exercises to improve everyday vision, reading vision, sports vision as well as brain health conditions, i.e., brain injury, concussion, TBI are recommended that can be done at home on your personal computer.\nThe Reading EyeQ assessment is comprised of eight visual tests that identify possible binocular vision issues that may impact reading and learning. It precisely measures and records your eye movements, delivering objective, graphical results in a Reading EyeQ report to understand any functioning visual processing issues and assign customized training exercises in EyeQ Trainer.\nVisual Skills for Reading\nSport Vision EyeQ :\nAlmost 80% of sports is visual. Just because you can see clearly does not mean that you can identify where an object is in space, how fast it is traveling, or if it is changing direction.\nThe Sport EyeQ includes 9 eye-tracking tests to assess your eye movements, brain processing, and reaction time. Sport EyeQ is designed specifically for athletes. Using state-of-the-art eye-tracking technology, we can measure the specific vision skills that affect your reflexes and hand-eye coordination, including:\nThe Sports Vision EyeQ produces an EyeQ report that:\nThe PranaMind specialist uses the Sports Vision EyeQ report to customize your functional vision training program in the RightEye’s Sports Vision Trainer.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "✓ Sensitive eyes\n✓ Moderate to severe symptoms\n✓ Extended, durable relief\nEvolve Intensive Gel contains lubricating eye drops for use in the relief of discomfort that arises from dry eye sensations, including dryness, soreness, feelings of grit, and irritation. They are ideal for sensitive eyes and provide intensive, durable lubrication.\nSodium hyaluronate 0.2% w/v, carbomer 980 0.2% w/v, glycerol, sorbitol, sodium chloride, sodium hydroxide, water.\nPlace one drop into each eye, two to four times a day, or as directed by a clinician. Discard 3 months after first opening.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "LED Tent Light (Powered By 3AA Batteries)\nThis powerful LED tent light allows you to enjoy a stable source of light throughout the night while camping outdoors.\n- Compact LED tent light powered by three AA batteries\n- Collapsible design can be easily carried around or stored away\n- Energy-saving camping light delivers 50 hours of usage time on full batteries\n- Perfect for camping, boating, hiking, barbecues, traveling, and emergency situations\nThis collapsible LED tent light from SUAOKI is the perfect camping lantern for the outdoor lovers among us. The collapsible design allows you to fold it up when not in use, making it extremely compact. This lets you easily carry it along in your backpack or store it away at home. The LED tent light is powered by 3 regular AA batteries. When full, these batteries will treat your camping lantern to a continuous usage time of up to 50 hours. As of such, you never have to worry about being left in the dark again. The next time you head out into the wild, you can be assured that you’ll always have a suitable light source at your side.\nBy treating you to up to 65 lumens of bright white light, this LED tent light is guaranteed to meet all your lighting needs. Whether you use it as a flashlight to light up the path ahead, or as a camping lantern to light up the tent at night to read a book - this beauty is guaranteed to do its job. With its compact and portable design, it is perfect for outdoor camping, hiking, boating, night fishing, and more. It can even be used at home as an emergency back-up light in case of an unexpected power outage. Thanks to it’s easy to use and multifunctional design, this beauty will light up your life for years to come.\nThe AA batteries of this LED tent light can be easily replaced whenever necessary. It offers a bright light with a proper amount of lumen at all times. Thanks to its robust shell, you can easily carry it around and use it in the toughest of environments without needing to worry about accidentally damaging it. This makes it perfect for both indoor and outdoor usage alike. If you’re looking for a compact, high-end, and affordable lantern for at home and on camping trips, this LED tent light is a perfect gadget for you.\nThis LED tent light is brought to you by SUAOKI, your online supplier of affordable high-quality outdoor gear and automotive gadgets. More Power, Less Footprint!\nBattery: 3x AA (not included)\nMax brightness: 65 lm\nLighting time (depends on battery quality): 50 - 100 hrs.\nProduct size (Compressed): 3.35 x 3.35 x 1.97 inches (85 x 85 x 50 mm)\nProduct size (Expanded): 3.35 x 3.35 x 4.72 inches (85 x 85 x 120 mm)\nWeight: 4.2 oz. (118 g) without batteries\n1x LED tent light\n1x Micro USB cable\n1x User manual", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Right eye red\nHi my eye is red since yesterday morning. I use contacts but I'm not wearing them since yesterday 6pm. And I'm using refresh tears eye drops. Nothing is happening.\nLike the answers? Chat privately for 24 hours with the doctor of your choice\nHi...... Looks like you have developed conjunctivitis...... If you developed conjunctivitis due to wearing contact lenses, your eye doctor may recommend that you switch to a different type of contact lens or disinfection solution. Your optometrist might need to change your contact lens prescription to a lens that you replace more frequently. This can help prevent the conjunctivitis from recurring....\nFlag this answer\n1/1 people found this helpful\nWas this answer helpful?", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Blue LED Bulb 9 Watt Base B22 for Indoor & Outdoor Decoration\n- Lamp base- B22 holder\n- Pakage Include: Pack of 1 Blue Led Bulb\n- Wattage: 9 watts\n- Operating Voltage: 220-240 volts\n- Low energy consumption and non-dimmable\n- Made in India\nAILVIN LED Light, your ultimate choice for lighting solutions. Illuminate your home with the 9 Watt Blue LED Bulb, designed to enhance your house's decor. With an input voltage of AC220~240V, this energy-efficient multicolor bulb, compatible with B22 bases, replaces a 50W incandescent bulb with just 9W of power, resulting in an impressive 80% reduction in your electricity bill.\nExperience hassle-free installation. Its unique high luminous efficiency ensures brilliant and radiant light, transforming your living space into a warm and inviting haven. By choosing AILVIN LED light bulbs, you not only enjoy exquisite lighting possibilities but also contribute to environmental sustainability by reducing energy consumption by a staggering 90%.\nThe instant brightness of AILVIN LED bulbs creates a comfortable ambiance in your home, providing the perfect lighting without any warm-up time. Unlike conventional bulbs, AILVIN LED bulbs emit cooler and more energizing light, offering a refreshing and vibrant atmosphere. For a flawless lighting experience, make AILVIN your preferred choice.\nIlluminate your surroundings with AILVIN LED bulbs and discover the perfect balance of style, efficiency, and environmental consciousness.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Luma 2 heavy-duty wall/ceiling projection screen. An attractive, practical choice wherever a large spring-roller screen is required. Simple in design and rugged in construction. Constructed entirely of heavy gauge components for years of dependable operation.\nThe 92\" screen size is ideal for everyday use\nEnjoy clear visuals with 4:3\nThe screen is foldable and ideal for temporary installation. Stores in a rugged case, portable and easy to assemble.\nMatt White: A matte white surface diffuses projected light in all directions, so image can be seen from any angle. Provides accurate color rendition as well as superior clarity. Recommended for use with all high light output projection devices. Requires control of ambient light in the audience area. Washable, flame and mildew resistant. Seamless in virtually all standard sizes.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Motorola updated their old-school clamshell phone, Moto Rzr, with 2019’s cutting edge specifications for 2020. It comes packing a foldable display and of course, it’s 2019, it runs Android but sadly last year’s version of Android. The original Moto Razr was launched way back in 2004. Here’s a list of specifications for 2020 Motorola Moto Rzr.\nRear camera – 16MP main camera, f/1.7 aperture (No ultra-wide lens, No Optical Image Stabilization, No zoom lens)\nFront camera – the 5MP front-facing camera\nMain Folding Screen: 6.2 inches Plastic OLED screen with an aspect ratio of 21:9 and a resolution of 2142×876\nFront Screen: 2.7-inch glass OLED screen with an aspect ratio of 4:3 and a resolution of 800×600\nSoC/Processor – Qualcomm Snapdragon 710 processor\nInternal storage – 128GB, No expandability\nMemory – 6GB RAM\nOperating system – Android 9.0 Pie With Motorola gestures features to enhance Android experience like chop turn on the flashlight and twist to launch the camera.\nWi-Fi, 802.11 a/b/g/n/ac\nBluetooth v 5.0\nHeadphones – Type-C, no traditional 3.5 mm headphone jack.\nSIM – eSIM ( No sim Card Slot, it uses an inbuilt SIM)\nSIM Type – eSIM\n3G, 4G/ LTE\nFingerprint sensor at the chin without any face unlock feature\nAmbient light sensor\nCapacity – 2510 mAh with 15W TurboPower fast-charge. No Wireless charging.\nAnnounced: 13th November 2019\nAvailable: January 2020", "label": "No"}
{"text": "We deliver the total package from survey to commissioning\nEcopare has installed over 40,000 LED lamps into our client's facilities. We have the expertise to survey, design and install all types of LED lighting.\nOur sector specific solutions are tailored to specific LED lighting attributes such as colour temperatures, glare ratings and lighting controls. We are supplier- independent so we offer impartial advice on the best LED lighting solution.\nTypically our solutions can reduce your lighting bill by 65%-75% depending on your facility. This increases to over 85% when we combine this with lighting controls to actively manage the new lighting.\nWe provide an end-to-end service for LED lighting projects. We have the expertise to audit, design, install and to maintain LED lighting. Our services include:\nOur lighting audits are undertaken by our Certified Lighting Efficiency Professionals (CLEP).\nWe provide investment grade audits that provide accurate payback models and Return of Investment information. The information our Lighting Audits provide include quantities, electrical loads, recommended upgrade paths and lighting quality.\nUsing industry leading lighting design packages such as Dialux and Relux Ecopare can provide detailed photometric analysis and lighting schemes.\nWe have undertaken lighting designs for industrial, commercial and academic facilities. This service is part of our LED lighting solution set and can be either undertaken as part of a wider LED lighting project or on its own as a discreet pre-project assessment.\nEcopare has a team of in-house electrical technicians who deliver LED lighting projects across the UK.\nWe are SafeContractor accredited to ensure we install the systems safely. All projects are supported with detailed Risk Assessments and Method Statements and we follow a proven delivery process that is tailored to each clients requirements.\nOn all our LED Lighting projects we assess how much automatic lighting control we can incorporate to maximise the energy savings.\nOur systems include daylight harvesting, occupancy sensors, and time based lighting. All our smart sensors and lighting controls are based on industrial strength systems to ensure that they perform without any issues.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Central serous choroidopathy (also known as idiopathic central serous retinopathy) is a spontaneously occurring condition causing reduction of central vision in healthy young adults. The patient, usually a male between the ages of 20 and 40, first notices blurring of central vision in one eye. He usually likens the condition to looking through a gray bubble” located in the central portion of his visual field. The patient may also notice that objects look smaller when viewed with the affected eye (micropsia).\nThe visual acuity with the affected eye is usually reduced to the 20/40 – 20/80 range. The visual field examination usually reveals a dark spot in the center of the visual field (central scotoma). Examination with the ophthalmoscope shows a localized collection of fluid beneath the retina in the macular region. (The macular region is the specialized central portion of the retina that mediates fine visual discrimination.) Special photography of the retina following the injection of sterile fluorescein solution into a vein (fluorescein angiography) reveals the anatomical defect and confirms the diagnosis.\nAlthough many cases of central serous choroidopathy resolve in time without specific medication or surgery, a certain percentage may require laser photocoagulation to bring about resolution of the condition.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Landscaping takes a great deal of effort and also a person likes to show off their work, so it is only all-natural for a person to complete their landscape project by including landscape lighting. There are a variety of lighting selections, in addition to, a variety of means to use lighting to highlight and also accent the landscaping. An individual will find that landscape lighting is just the last touch their project needs. Laser Landscape Lighting.\nTo begin including landscape lighting a person needs to begin with identifying exactly what it is they are going to do. Any type of special emphasize lighting ought to be noted. After a person comprehends exactly what they desire to light up they need to choose the approach and also kind of landscape lighting to use. Laser Landscape Lighting.\nThere are 5 main landscape lighting techniques. There is up light where the lighting is on the ground and also beams up. Down light is where the lighting is mounted over and also the light shines down. Ground light is on the ground, yet unlike up light, it beams at the ground not up. There is likewise spotlight, like mentioned previously, utilized to highlight specific things. Lastly there is backlight where a light is mounted behind a challenge make it attract attention at night. laser landscape lighting,night stars laser landscape lighting,", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Parami Distribution Sdn. Bhd. is a manufacturer and supplier specializing in digital PA system, digital audio system, HD surveillance CCTV, long range sound system and LED light bulbs in Malaysia. We have years of experience and offer quality products at competitive prices to meet different business needs and industrial applications. Our goal is to provide our worldwide customers with high quality service, innovative solutions and to exceed our customers' expectations.\nWe emphasize very much on digital audio and PA system's R&D, continually introducing latest offerings in the market. Today Parami is seen as one of the leading PA system and LED light bulb manufacturer with a strong foundation in customer base, technology and variety of products. We hold strict quality check throughout our production on PA, sound systems and CCTV installations for higher customer's satisfaction.\nWe recognize the growing demand of lighting solutions in events in Malaysia. Therefore, we are also trying to extend our market by supplying LED light bulbs to accommodate with increasing demands on complete event solutions. LED light bulbs have been our first choice due to the advantage it gains, such as higher efficiency, lower energy consumptions, brighter output and longer durability.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Sometimes glasses are the best eyestrain treatment. However, an optometrist might only prescribe glasses for specific activities like reading or computer work. In fact, many of our Sydney patients say it makes those tasks a much more comfortable.\nIt’s worth noting that the blue light from computer screens is a major contributor to eyestrain. So a special filter coating can be applied to glasses which reduces the amount of harmful blue light entering the eyes. This also helps treat eyestrain. Indeed, our Sydney-based optometrists recommend blue light coatings for anyone who wears glasses for digital device use.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "IP Dome Cameras\nGeovision GV-MD8710 8MP Motorized IR Network Dome Camera\n- 2x zoom\n- super Low Lux\n- WDR Pro\n- IR IP Dome\n- H.265 compression\nGV-MD8710 features a CMOS sensor equipped with WDR Pro, an automatic IR-cut filter and IR LEDs for day and night surveillance. With its motorized varifocal lens, the user can zoom and focus the camera from the Web interface. The camera supports H.265 video codec to achieve better compression ratio while maintaining high quality pictures at reduced network bandwidths. For night operations, the camera allows up to 30 m (100 ft) IR effective distance. Adjustable in 3 axes (pan, tilt and rotate), it offers smart surveillance solutions with all the essential features and excellent image quality.\nQuestions and answers of the customers\nThere are no questions yet. Be the first to ask a question about this product.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "NAPOLI Wall Light - Chrome\n2 Light Wall Light\nThe Napoli Chrome range of semi-flush fitting lights has small, clear crystal glasses. Available in 8 Light, 5 Light, 3 Light and matching Wall lights.\nAlso available in Bronze and Satin Nickel finishes.\n- Width 270mm\n- Height 125mm\n- Projection 100mm\n- 2 Light Wall Light (Not Switched)\n- 2 x LED G9 Lamps (Not Included)\n- Chrome finish\n- Crystal Glass shades.\n- Not Switched (Only Satin Nickel Product is Switched)", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Advanced Eye Care and Laser Center\n214 W. Front St.\nWheaton, IL 60187\nWelcome to Advanced Eye Care and Laser Center. Dr. Patel and staff provides residents all over Norwest Indiana with superior personal eye care and designer fashion eye wear.\nAdvanced Eye Care and Laser Center is where expert care, meets style. Dr. Grishma Patel spends quality time with you to\nensure treatment is completely tailored to your needs. Our friendly, experienced staff is always ready to assist you in selecting the best\nframes and lenses to fit your prescription and personal style.\nAdvanced Eye Care and Laser Center combines state-of-the-art equipment with the latest technology. We are dedicated to improving your vision and thus, quality of life. We specialize in the treatment of glaucoma, dry eyes and many other eye conditions as well.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The AD Nano Fume Extraction System has been designed to provide low cost and effective solutions for light to medium duty applications that require laser fume extraction. These compact systems are ideal for small-scale industrial environments and light laser coding applications, whilst the Reverse Flow filter technology enhances filter performance and ensures longer filter life.\nThe BOFA AD Nano uses high grade HEPA filters (99.997% effective to 0.3 microns) in combination with Activated Carbon to remove dust and fumes from the extracted airflow. The DeepPleat Duo Pre-Filter removes the largest particles before they reach the HEPA main filter, dramtically increasing filter life. The BOFA AD Nano has a small foot print, is quiet running and low cost filters.\n- AD Nano Extraction Unit\n- x1 DeepPleat DUO Pre-Filter\n- x1 Combined HEPA/Gas Filter\n- x1 Power Cable\n- Factory Fitted 24v Stop/Start\n- Factory Fitted Filter Change Indicator\n- Factory Fitted VOC Sensor\n- Manual Speed Control", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Bring a dazzling and dynamic attraction to your event with our magnificent laser show. This stunning laser stage show promises to deliver a powerful and gripping spectacle full of vibrant colour and motion. Guests will be mesmerised by the incredible displays of light from our lasers, LED lights and top of the range light show, and our highly talented dancers and performers will amaze audiences with light juggling, LED poi spinning and much more.\nThis cutting edge technology show is the perfect branding act to display your company logo or event motto in unforgettable style, making it the perfect LED show for corporate events and product launches as well as providing an electric party atmosphere for clubs and events of all kinds.\nThis stunning laser stage show delivers an impressive and striking sight. Our extraordinary dancers and performers utilise all the latest technology to create breath taking costumes and props for a magnificent laser show. Incredible light juggling, dancers, poi spinners and even fire spinning can be added to the show to create a stylish and visually breath taking display.\nOur laser show can be set to music for an unforgettable soundtrack to your party or club night, or create a brilliant futuristic theme for your entire event with our all encompassing LED and laser props, decorations and costumes. This show is also the perfect choice for LED branding to create a personalised show incorporating your company branding into the laser display or poi spinners. Tell your company’s story in dynamic visual fashion or create a powerful statement of corporate identity with this magnificent LED show.\nFor a dazzling and top of the range laser stage show with endless possibilities, our laser and LED show is the perfect choice.\nOur incredible laser show also offers breath taking fire shows for an intense and lively display.\nContact Scarlett Entertainment to book one of our incredible shows for your event.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Hawkeye / Blue Tiger Eye has the tiger eye sheen but in the blue family.\nTiger Eye Pendants – Blue / Hawkeye\nBlue Tiger Eye Pendants – also known as Hawkeye – provide hawk energy – for clear vision with action. Very useful for earth workers: helps heal earth energies. Personally: helps you to soar above for vision then to ground the energy. Dissolves restrictive, blaming, negative obstructions to attaining the goal and fills space with abundance. Hawkeye is blue tiger eye.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "LED Face Mask 7 Color Light up Luminous Rave Masks Glowing Dust Mask Festival Party(Black)\n- COLORFUL MODE:Use button switch 7 colors LED light Mask, and 5 different glowing modes. Cool glow mask.cloth face mask.dust mask.designer face mask\n- APPLICATION:LED rave Mask is the best suitable for the Christmas Gifts, Halloween, Masquerades, Rave Festivals, Music Parties, Costume Parties ,DJ,Sports Running, Night Riding.\n- WEAR DESIGN :Elastic strap and buckle design.One size fits all. 3D fits face design with adjustable strap to fit your face giving you amazing experience.\n- SAFE COMFORTABLE:LED Mask adopts perfect combination of high-quality breathable fiber and luminous fabric, without any weird odor or any smell.no heat, no radiation,Warning function of night Sports.FCC CE RoHS Certificated.\n- CONVENIENT AND BREATHABLE: USB Charging, no need batteries, Fully charging takes 1-2 hour, this light up mask can continuous work 2-5 hours.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Eye Exams & Contact Lens Fitting\nAt Eye Contact Unlimited, we provide reliable and comprehensive eye exams, including Diabetic eye exams. Our evaluation is swift, efficient and thorough, determining with precision the exact nature of your issues. If you have any questions or concerns, our skilled optometrists will answer them. In addition, we also perform contract lens fitting, and will find the perfect fit for you. To take advantage of our eye exams and contact lens fitting services, please contact us at Eye Contact Unlimited, today.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Purpose To compare the impact of first eye versus second eye cataract surgery on visual function and quality of life. Design Cohort study. Participants A total of 328 patients undergoing separate first eye and second eye phacoemulsification cataract surgeries at 5 veterans affairs centers in the United States. Patients with previous ocular surgery, postoperative endophthalmitis, postoperative retinal detachment, reoperation within 30 days, dementia, anxiety disorder, hearing difficulty, or history of drug abuse were excluded. Methods Patients received complete preoperative and postoperative ophthalmic examinations for first eye and second eye cataract surgeries. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was measured 30 to 90 days preoperatively and postoperatively. Patients completed the National Eye Institute Visual Functioning Questionnaire (NEI-VFQ) 30 to 90 days preoperatively and postoperatively. The NEI-VFQ scores were calculated using a traditional subscale scoring algorithm and a Rasch-refined approach producing visual function and socioemotional subscale scores. Main Outcome Measures Postoperative NEI-VFQ scores and improvement in NEI-VFQ scores comparing first eye versus second eye cataract surgery. Results Mean age was 70.4 years (±9.6 standard deviation [SD]). Compared with second eyes, first eyes had worse mean preoperative BCVA (0.55 vs. 0.36 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR), P < 0.001), greater mean BCVA improvement after surgery (−0.50 vs. −0.32 logMAR, P < 0.001), and slightly worse postoperative BCVA (0.06 vs. 0.03 logMAR, P = 0.039). Compared with first eye surgery, second eye surgery resulted in higher postoperative NEI-VFQ scores for nearly all traditional subscales (P < 0.001), visual function subscale (−3.85 vs. −2.91 logits, P < 0.001), and socioemotional subscale (−2.63 vs. −2.10 logits, P < 0.001). First eye surgery improved visual function scores more than second eye surgery (−2.99 vs. −2.67 logits, P = 0.021), but both first and second eye surgeries resulted in similar improvements in socioemotional scores (−1.62 vs. −1.51 logits, P = 0.255). Conclusions Second eye cataract surgery improves visual function and quality of life well beyond levels achieved after first eye cataract surgery alone. For certain socioemotional aspects of quality of life, second eye cataract surgery results in comparable improvement to first eye cataract surgery.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The square faceting on this pair of double flare glass plugs catches the light beautifully. They are no longer made by Tawapa.\nPick up this pair while you can!\nThe below measurements are approximate:\n- The wearable area measures 14.5mm\n- The overall length measures 15/16\"\n- The back flares measure 1.7mm larger than gauge size\n- Each plug weights 62 grams\n- Faceted on both sides\nYou will receive the exact pair photographed.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "A chrome plated brass boat interior cabin light with mottled lens and protection guard.\nLight Cockpit Information\nA chrome brass interior cabin light with hinged front, bulb holder which accepts small bayonet cap (SBC) bulbs and a lens protection guard. The lens is mottled to diffuse the light and hinged to the light body to aid changing the bulb.\nThis light has the same base as many of the original cockpit lights found on numerous Freeman Cruisers, however the original frosted 'jelly mould' lens has been superseded by the patterned clear lens.\nLight Cockpit Specification", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Knog Blinder 1 Light Set\nThe Knog Blinder 1 Light Set is lightweight, easy to use and affordable. Better yet these lights can been seen from 500 meters away. With a 200 lumen front light and 70 lumen rear and fully waterproof, the Blinder 1 makes a great light for commuters, group rides or just been seen on the road. The optimized optics direct the light and focuses the ray for a bright more powerful beam. The durable silicone body easily snaps onto 22-32mm seatposts and handlebars. To turn the lights on, just push down on the light for one second.\nThese lights are usb rechargeable with a 5 hour charge time. The run time on the regular light is two hours and the flash modes last for about 11 hours.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "What is Myopia?\nAs an optometrist, I’m trained to detect and treat vision and eye health problems on a daily basis. When someone asks about which eye problems are the most common I instantly start talking about glaucoma, macular degeneration and cataracts, and often don’t really give the “basic” problems of myopia, hyperopia and presbyopia much thought, because these are “just” focusing problems which are easily corrected with spectacles or contact lenses. The reality is that these focusing defects are by far the most common sight conditions and of the three, myopia in particular is commonly a progressive condition with a variety of potential sequelae. Myopia is when you can see closer objects very clearly but far away they are blurred. Generally, it is caused by an eyeball that is too long, and this increase in axial length can also cause problems like retinal thinning. Over a billion people around the world are estimated to suffer with myopia. Researchers now believe that the clarity of peripheral vision is a very important regulator in the growth of the eye and hence myopia development. If the peripheral vision is myopic, the eye is less likely to become more myopic in the central vision, so new techniques aimed at creating peripheral myopia have become important in the prevention of myopic progression.\n5 Steps for Myopia Control\nFor many years, a simple prescription update (“just a bit stronger today”) has been the standard of care in dealing with myopia. However, new research is showing that there are several methods of treatment that can slow or prevent the progression of myopia particularly if they are started young. None of the therapies are guaranteed to work for each individual but starting early gives the greatest potential benefit. Every individual case is indeed unique, however there is now a viable treatment plan steps of action that can be followed that have been shown to slow or prevent progression. The following steps should be followed:\n- Spend plenty of time outdoors for at least two hours a day, and avoid prolonged periods of close work.\n- No studies directly link diet and myopia, however it is reasonable to recommend a nutrient rich diet with minimal refined and processed foods.\n- Ortho-K (orthokeratology) is currently the best treatment option for correction and myopia control.\n- Bifocal contact lenses with a distance centre design are the next best correction option for myopia control.\n- Specialised spectacle corrections: usually bifocal or multifocal designs which are designed to give optimal distance vision and relieve near point stress.\nThere is no benefit to waiting as the best results seem to come with the earliest intervention. Therefore, anyone who is myopic (short-sighted) should be asking their optometrist about the latest treatment options. All Envision Optical optometrists are passionate about myopia control and using the latest technologies to PREVENT vision changes, not just “go a bit stronger” in your new lenses.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Accessories enables next generation image display and can handle 4K resolution display on a 60Hz frame rate, thus creating an outstanding image performance.\nFeel free to contact our experienced customer care team to assist you. You can call us or e-mail on:\nUltraline - Indoor Led Video Wall\nWelcome to Rasha Professional, where innovation meets visual\nexcellence. We are a leading brand that specializes in delivering\nstate-of-the-art Commercial Advertising LED display solutions designed to transform your\nbrand's presence and captivate your audience. With a focus on commercial advertising LED\ndisplay screens, commercial advertising LED displays, and commercial LED display signs for businesses,\nwe empower you to communicate your message with impact and clarity.\nIn today's dynamic business landscape, standing out is\nessential. Our commercial advertising LED display screens provide a canvas to showcase\nyour brand's creativity, products, and promotions like never before. Whether\nit's a bustling city center, a shopping mall, or a busy highway, our high-resolution commercial advertising LED screens command attention and create lasting impressions.\nAs pioneers in commercial LED displays, we understand the\nsignificance of making a lasting impact on your audience. Our LED displays are\ndesigned to seamlessly blend into any environment, transforming spaces into\nimmersive visual experiences. From retail stores and corporate lobbies to event\nvenues and public spaces, our commercial LED displays redefine how brands\nOur commercial advertising LED display screens are a perfect blend of\ncutting-edge technology and creative design. With pixel-perfect clarity,\nvibrant colors, and seamless integration, our commercial advertising led display screens enable you to deliver\nmessages with unmatched visual appeal. Whether it's conveying information,\nshowcasing products, or simply capturing attention, our screens excel in every\nFirst impressions matter, and our Commercial LED display signs for\nbusinesses ensure that your message shines bright. Whether you're announcing\npromotions, sharing information, or guiding customers, our display signs offer\na versatile platform to communicate effectively. With customizable options and\nstriking visuals, your message becomes a beacon of attraction.\nOur commercial advertising LED displays are engineered to\namplify engagement and leave a lasting impact. Designed for both indoor and\noutdoor use, these displays are built to withstand various weather conditions\nwhile maintaining exceptional performance. Illuminate your brand's narrative\nwith vivid visuals that resonate with your audience.\nOur commercial advertising LED display panels are a testament to\nprecision engineering. With advanced panel technology and meticulous attention\nto detail, our commercial advertising LED display panels ensure uniform brightness, color accuracy, and\nexceptional reliability. Whether it's a single display or a complex video wall,\nour commercial advertising LED display panels deliver a consistent visual experience.\nAt Rasha Professional, we believe that a display is not just\na screen; it's an embodiment of your brand's essence. Our commercial advertising LED\ndisplay screens, commercial advertising LED displays, and Commerical LED display signs for businesses\nare meticulously crafted to enhance your brand's visibility and impact. Join us\nin shaping unforgettable visual experiences that captivate, inform, and\ninspire. Contact us today to embark on a journey of visual transformation with\nWhether it’s Automated Lights, Battery Wireless, Pin Spots, LED Video Walls, Atmospheric Lights or Static Lights. We have got Rasha solutions for you.\nAvail Safe shipping in serviceable pin codes, whenever you shop from Rasha rofessional. We take pride in delivering most of our orders on priority.\nYour Data security & privacy is our priority. Pay securely through 128 bit encrypted payment gateway. We support credit cards, net banking and debits cards.\nOnce you place order on Rasha your installation request will be generated post-delivery and our expert engineers will guide you through user manual.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Our department is part of the Faculty of Electrical Engineering of the Czech Technical University in Prague. Its history dates back to the 50s of the 20th century.\nPresently, we focus on wireless analogue and digital communication and multimedia technology.\nThe department is equipped with modern specialized laboratories for teaching and research in the field of broadcasting, reception and signal processing, audiovisual technology, radio-electronic measurements, satellite navigation and radar.\nWe cooperate with universities, scientific institutes and industrial enterprises, mainly in the field of research, development and teaching support.\nAreas of our professional focus\n- Digital communication – coding in wireless networks, mobile radio communication systems with distributed, cooperative and MIMO signal processing, iterative detection techniques.\n- Audiovisual technology – audiovisual data processing, implementation and optimization of advanced image processing algorithms, modeling of electroacoustic transducers, psychoacoustic experiments and models.\n- RF CAD – modelling of radioelectronic components, special algorithms for analysis and optimization of electronic circuits, new software/hardware methods for VLSI circuit analysis.\n- Image Processing and Photonics – astronomical imaging systems, innovative technologies for space applications, robotic telescopes, image data archive processing, hyperspectral imaging.\n- Optical elements based on new single crystal materials – AOTF and polarizers.\n- Signal processing of satellite navigation systems (GPS, Galileo, Glonass, Compass) in difficult conditions, synthesis of remote sensing signals, supported by other radio systems.\nCzech Technical University in Prague\nFaculty of Electrical Engineering\nDepartment of Radioelectronics\n166 27 Prague 6", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Novatext® Soft Focus ISO 16128 range consists of SVHC-free silicone elastomers substitutes. They are ideal partners to hide skin imperfections thanks to their incredible soft focus effect.\nThe skin is given an average refractive index of 1.56. It is dependant of the skin type, as melanin and melanocytes affect the value towards higher refractive index values. Novatext® Nude ISO 16128 combines materials with refractive index below and above the average refractive index of the skin (1.56) to have a multiple soft focus system, giving the most powerful optical aberration.\nNovatext® Soft Focus ISO 16128 products are based on texture modifiers and photostable emollients.\nNovatext® Soft Focus ISO 16128 products provide a soft and silky feel with a non-greasy and matte application. When applied, they form a non-occlusive film which prevents moisture loss.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Information from ZF:\n- Developing new and extremely high-performance assistance solutions\n- New mobility concepts\n- Vision Zero Accidents\nInstead of driving the vehicle, you can opt to do something else: That is the vision of autonomous driving. ZF systems are already coming close to making this vision a reality.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Hanging light fixture replacement parts pendant hardware hd design that will make you bewitched for. Hanging light fixture parts this item linea di liara primo industrial factory pendant lamp antique brass one with glass shade exposed hardware fabric wrapped cord restoration ceiling. Portfolio light fixtures replacement parts suppliers and manufacturers at alibabacom hanging fixture hardware restoration pendant. Restoration hardware pendant light fixture fixtures for amazing parts glass and hanging replacement.\nHanging ceiling light fixture parts replacement restoration hardware pendant stylish kitchen near modern dark staircase under attaching . Hanging light fixture hardware parts 35 lighting once you have identified the lamp need by name visit our cocolabororg pendant. Hanging light fixture parts pendant restoration hardware you make it.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Motion & Night sensor: Sensor LED light 80lm, motion and light sensors allow the light to turn on only when motion is detected in the dark.Auto-on within 10 feet, auto-off after 12-17 seconds of no motion detected helps prolong battery life. It will turn on only when motion is detected.\nWide Applications: They are designed to placed anywhere like the bedroom, baby room, closet, cabinet, corridor, workshop, corridor, garage, stairwell, gun safe, bookcase, shelves.\nEffectiveness: 4 pack Auto motion sensing LED light: 10 pcs bright white LED with super bright, long operating life, energy saving, and environmental friendly light.\nBattery Operated: Battery Powered PIR IR Sensing, Each light operates on 4 AAA batteries (not included). Simple installation of an 3m adhesive strip with a magnetic bar that attaches to the lamp body.\nOne-Year Warranty: We guarantee that every product from Kuled a full 12 month warranty, 30 days money back guarantee and customer service within 24 hours.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "What is infrared or “IR” photography and why do we love it?\nInfrared photography refers to a special type of photography, which uses films or sensors, which have infrared light sensitivity. Sir Frederick William Herschel, a German-born British astronomer, discovered infrared light on 11th February 1800. While using a variety of colored filters to view sunlight, he observed that some colors passed more heat than others. Herschel hypothesized that the colors themselves may have actually produced different temperatures and set out to test his theory. Directing sunlight through a glass prism to produce a spectrum, he measured the temperature of each color with a thermometer. From the violet to red parts of the color spectrum, the temperature increased. Herschel then decided to measure the temperature beyond the red-colored light, where there was no sunlight. This area had the highest temperature reading of all, despite being invisible to the naked eye. He named this radiation ‘calorific rays’, however nowadays we call it infrared.\nWe love it because it is a beautiful pictorial medium. These type of images make wonderful wall portraits because of its qualities. Used properly there is a lot of depth and mood, and the larger the image is made the more it becomes a piece of art. We usually will shoot a few IR images at each of our weddings and our clients love them. Many times it ends up as the cover image on their album. At first glance, it may look like a regular black & white image, look again. The characteristics of infrared images are quite different. A blue sky will appear black, or very dark, while foliage, grasses and trees have a snowy white quality. Ethereal and dreamlike come to mind when explaining the appearance. This creates amazing contrast in the image that makes the photo ‘pop’.\nBack in the days of film usage it was always a tricky film to work with. Now with digital photography the best results always come from a camera that has been altered to capture Infrared wavelengths. Once a camera is altered it can only be used for Infrared photography. We use cameras that have been converted to photograph in IR only. Images straight out of the camera are red in appearance and must be processed in imaging software to bring them to their intended look.\nThis medium is something that photographer Barb Bower has been enjoying the results of for over 30 years and we are thrilled she brought it to our studio. Used properly the images are stunning and a great addition to your wedding day or outdoor portrait session!", "label": "No"}
{"text": "- by Michael Morris, Parks Canada\n- January 23, 2002\nNakimu is a native Shuswap word for “grumbling spirits”, a name inspired by the sound of the throbbing cascades of Cougar Brook as it disappears from a subalpine forest into a series of sink holes in Glacier National Park.\nWater flowing through a soluble band of limestone sandwiched between harder rock types has carved an irregular system of caverns, narrow passages, drop-offs and other strange rock formations underground. Nakimu Caves, a six kilometre maze of interconnecting passageways, provides a rare opportunity for exploration into a dark underworld. Visiting the cave is an inner journey in more ways than one.\nFirst explored by Charles Deutschmann in 1904, the caves were part of the Glacier House hotel era where early park visitors were escorted by Deutschmann, working as the first ever interpretive guide hired by a Canadian national park. A carriage road up Cougar Valley and a teahouse near the cave entrance were well used through the 1920s, but visitation declined with the closure of Glacier House.\nThe rotten, decrepit remains of staircases from Deutschmann’s time were removed in recent years by work parties comprised of local cavers and park staff. Today Nakimu Caves are protected as a wilderness with the intention of keeping them as natural as possible.\nAccess to all caves in national parks is restricted to preserve delicate cave features and to protect unprepared visitors from a dangerous place. Cavers entering Nakimu must be able to navigate in a complex system, to crawl through constricted places, and negotiate slippery surfaces above holes of unknown depths. A permit to enter the caves is limited to knowledgeable cavers, who must apply to the Park Superintendent.\nIn summer, passages near where the brook rumbles through reverberate with the sound of crashing water, reminding us that this cave is still in the process of formation. Blocks of rock still fall from the ceiling and lower passages can fill with unpredictably with water. In winter, stream flow is greatly reduced and most of the seeping water is frozen, often in bizarre arrangements. Cave temperature is only slightly cooler in winter than in summer, but in contrast to above-ground winter conditions, a winter visitor finds the cave relatively warm.\nMoonmilk, a bacteria-instigated precipitate of calcium carbonate, is one of the cave’s remarkable features. It coats some of the cave walls with a pale ooze resembling soft cauliflower. It too easily bears the imprint of curious hands not intending to leave a permanent record. Marks in the moonmilk made by visitors from Deutschmann’s time have yet to fully recover.\nGetting to the cave via Balu Valley is a 7 kilometre journey though avalanche terrain in winter and grizzly habitat in summer. The use of Cougar Valley for summer access was discontinued in 1996 due to bears. Subsequent radio-collar results show this area is prime habitat for female grizzlies. However, this route can be used in winter when it is not closed for avalanche control. The slopes of Cougar Valley are part of the area controlled by artillery to protect the Trans Canada Highway.\nHelmets, protective clothing and specialized caving equipment are required here. Camping is permitted for cavers at Balu Pass. Caving advice and information regarding snow conditions or bears is available from Park Wardens. Prior registration for caving is mandatory.\nIn the cave I marvel at my guide’s ability to find the route. There are few reference points to indicate which way is up. For a few moments we extinguish our lights to experience utter blackness. We cease our prattle and listen to the rumble of the creek in some adjacent passage. At the end of our visit we climb out to emerge from hours spent in dark confines. Back on the surface, I’m a bit dazed by the intense colours, the complex smells, and the presence of other living things. The zone on the surface of the planet where life exists seems so thin.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Greener storage for green energy\nARPA-E grant will support research into next-generation flow batteries to solve wind/solar intermittency problem\nResearchers at Harvard will receive an ARPA-E grant to develop commercially practical flow batteries\nto store solar and wind power. (Photo courtesy of Michael Aziz.)\nNovember 28, 2012\nCambridge, Mass. – November 28, 2012 – Renewable energy solutions like wind and solar operate on nature’s\ntimetable. When the sun blazes or when the breeze blows, power is plentiful—but not necessarily at the moments when consumers need\nit, like on a hot, calm summer night.\nStoring energy from these intermittent sources has aroused interest, yet practical economics and basic chemistry have limited the\nwider use of green energy. Storage, to be viable, cannot add much to the price of renewable electricity without making it\nunacceptably expensive. Fossil fuels remain the world’s chief energy source due to their relatively low cost.\nTo give renewables a fighting chance, a team led by engineers and chemists at Harvard University will use a one-year,\n$600,000 innovation grant from the U.S. Department of Energy’s\nAdvanced Research Projects Agency–Energy (ARPA-E)\nprogram to develop a new type of storage battery. The grant may be subject to renewal beyond a year, depending on performance.\nThe award is part of a $130-million funding effort by ARPA-E through its “OPEN 2012” program, designed to support innovative energy\nCalled a flow battery, the technology offers the prospect of cost-effective, grid-scale electrical energy storage based on\neco-friendly small organic molecules. Because practical implementation is a core driver for the program, the researchers are\ncollaborating with Sustainable Innovations, LLC, a commercial electrochemical system developer.\n“Storage of very large amounts of energy is required if we are to generate a major portion of our electricity from intermittent\nrenewable sources such as wind turbines and photovoltaics,” says lead investigator\nMichael Aziz, Gene and Tracy Sykes Professor\nof Materials and Energy Technologies at the\nHarvard School of Engineering and Applied Sciences (SEAS).\n“Currently no cost-effective solution exists to this large-scale storage problem. Flow batteries may make stationary storage viable\nin the marketplace, and that will enable wind and solar to displace a lot more fossil fuel.”\nA type of highly rechargable fuel cell, flow batteries are suitable for storing large amounts of electrical energy in the form of\nliquid chemicals, which are flowed past the electrochemical conversion hardware and stored externally in inexpensive tanks that can\nbe arbitrarily large. This permits the designer to independently size the electrochemical conversion hardware\n(which sets the peak power capacity) and the chemical storage tanks (which set the energy capacity).\nBy contrast, in solid-electrode batteries, such as those commonly found in cars and mobile devices, the power conversion hardware\nand energy capacity are packaged together in one unit, and cannot be decoupled. Consequently they can maintain peak discharge\npower for less than an hour before being drained. Studies indicate that 1 to 2 days (the cycle of day/night) are required for\nrendering renewables like wind and solar dispatchable through the current electrical grid.\nTo store 50 hours of energy from a 1-megawatt wind turbine (50 megawatt-hours), for example, a possible solution would be to buy\nsolid-electrode batteries with 50 megawatt-hours of energy storage. The effective result, paying for 50 megawatts of power capacity\nwhen only 1 megawatt is necessary, however, makes little economic sense.\n“Not only are existing solid-state batteries impractical for storing intermittent wind and solar energy, but flow batteries\ncurrently under development have their own set of limitations,” says Aziz. “The chemicals used for storage in flow batteries\ncan be expensive or difficult to maintain.”\nFor example, vanadium redox flow batteries—the type of chemistry receiving the most attention—have limited commercial head room\nbecause the high price of vanadium sets a floor on the cost per kilowatt-hour of storage. Sodium-sulfur batteries operate with\ntheir components in a molten state, requiring the tanks to be kept at very high temperatures in hot houses. Both cost and\ncomplexity limit their use.\nAziz believes that using a particular class of small organic molecules may be the key. These molecules, which his team has already\nbeen working on, are found in plants and can be synthesized artificially for very low cost. They are also non-toxic and can be\nstored at room temperature. Furthermore, they cycle very efficiently between the chemical states needed for energy storage.\nAs an expert in materials science and a developer of high-performance flow cells, Aziz will focus his efforts on molecular and\nelectrode electrochemistry and flow cell development. Joining him will be\nThomas Dudley Cabot Professor of Chemistry and Professor of Materials Science, who will be responsible for the chemical\nscreening and synthesis of molecules and of practical electrocatalytic and protective coatings.\nan Associate Professor in the Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, will use his pioneering high-throughput molecular\nscreening methods to identify optimal molecules. Trent M. Molter, President and CEO of Sustainable Innovations, LLC, will provide\nexpertise on implementing these innovations into commercial electrochemical systems.\n“We think our particular approach could have advantages over other flow batteries, such as higher power density,\nhigh efficiency, inexpensive chemicals, and a safer type of energy storage,” says Aziz. “The success of this program would render\nintermittent renewables like wind and photovoltaics dispatchable at will, and thereby permit them to supply a large fraction of\nour electricity needs.”\nAziz foresees using next-generation flow batteries for local energy storage, such as in the basement of a house or office\noutfitted with rooftop solar panels or, at a larger scale, directly integrated into wind and solar farms. The technology could\neven out-compete lead-acid batteries for solar energy storage in remote areas without access to a grid.\n“While not eliminating fossil fuels, flow battery storage potentially eliminates a barrier to doing so within the existing\nenergy system and market,” says Aziz. “The best engineering and chemistry alone are not enough to solve our energy challenges.\nCompatibility with current infrastructure is almost always essential, and economic viability is always essential.\nFlow batteries may play a huge role in our transition off of fossil fuels and I am very excited that Harvard has the opportunity\nto develop a potential game-changer.”\nAbout the Department of Energy’s Advanced Research Projects Agency–Energy (ARPA-E)\nARPA-E was launched in 2009 to seek out transformational, breakthrough technologies that are too risky for private-sector\ninvestment but have the potential to translate science into great leaps in energy technology, form the foundation for entirely\nnew industries, and have large commercial impacts. ARPA-E has attracted over 5,000 applications from research teams, which have\nresulted in over 180 groundbreaking projects worth nearly $500 million. More information on the program is available at\nThis is the first ARPA-E grant awarded to the Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Sciences (SEAS).\nSimultaneously, a team led by Joanna Aizenberg, Amy Smith Berylson Professor of Materials Science at SEAS and a\nCore Faculty Member at the Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard, is receiving an ARPA-E award\nthrough the Wyss Institute. Pamela Silver, Elliott T. and Onie H. Adams Professor of Biochemistry and Systems Biology at\nHarvard Medical School and a core faculty member of the Wyss Institute, is also leading a prior ARPA-E-funded project\nfocused on developing new approaches for microbial biofuels.\nThe team acknowledges initial funding on early-stage research from the Harvard University Center for the Environment (HUCE)\nand from the Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Sciences (SEAS).", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The Ecology of Power: Culture, Place, and Personhood in the Southern Amazon, A.D. 1000-2000\nPsychology Press, 2005 - 404 páginas\nIn 1884 a community of Brazilians was \"discovered\" by the Western world. The Ecology of Power examines these indigenous people from the Upper Xingu region, a group who even today are one of the strongest examples of long-term cultural continuity. Drawing upon written and oral history, ethnography, and archaeology, Heckenberger addresses the difficult issues facing anthropologists today as they \"uncover\" the muted voices of indigenous peoples and provides a fascinating portrait of a unique community of people who have in a way become living cultural artifacts.\nComentarios de la gente - Escribir un comentario\nNo encontramos ningún comentario en los lugares habituales.\nVisualizing Deep Temporality\nThe Longue Durée\nTraces of Ancient Times\nCHAPTER4 Social Dynamics Before Europe\nBody Memory and History\nChiefs and Others\nOtras ediciones - Ver todas\nThe Ecology of Power: Culture, Place, and Personhood in the Southern Amazon ...\nVista previa limitada - 2005\nactivities Amazon Amazonian ancestors ancient aneti apparently Arawak archaeological areas basic basin become body called Carib Carneiro central century ceramic chiefly chiefs circa circular clusters Complex considered construction contemporary context continuity created critical cultural defined described distinctive distribution ditch diverse early Eastern economic fact families Figure fish forest gardens groups hierarchy human important individuals initial Ipatse known Kuhikugu Kuikuru Lake land landscape late least less lines living located major manioc means meters move nature Nokugu notably noted occupation particularly past pattern perhaps period persons Phase plaza political population prehistoric present primary rank recent refers regional relations remains represent ritual River roads settled settlement social societies southern space specific structure suggests symbolic things tion traditional Upper Xingu village Western wide Xingu River Xinguano\nTransformação e persistência: antropologia da alimentação e nutrição em uma ...\nMaurício Soares Leite\nVista de fragmentos - 2007", "label": "No"}
{"text": "By Melpha M. Abello\nThe use of carabao manure as a lining material for water-harvesting structures can help minimize water loss due to percolation or the downward movement of water through the soil, a study by the Philippine Rice Research Institute (PhilRice) shows.\nPhilRice observed that only 30 percent of the total water outflow from a small farm reservoir (SFR) is used for crop production; 45 percent is lost through seepage and percolation and 25 percent through evaporation.\nIn the Philippines, particularly in Central Luzon where majority of farms is devoted to rice production, studies have found that on-farm reservoirs are an economically viable means to store and conserve rainwater to alleviate drought and increase cropping intensity. With the usefulness of water-harvesting structures depending on the volume of water stored, minimizing losses during storage may eventually result in improved production and higher incomes for farmers.\nIn a drum experiment, the research team—composed of Armando Espino Jr., Marvin Cinense, Vivencio Manabat, Analinda Suril, Ermalyn de Guzman, Reynaldo Castro, and Nenita Desamero—found that the lining made from a mixture of carabao manure and clay had a percolation rate of 0.12 millimeters per hour (mm/hr), as compared to 0.78 mm/hr for linings made with the use of rice hay. Without any lining, the percolation rate was recorded at a rate of 65.43 mm/hr.\nAccording to Espino, although another treatment using plastic lining resulted in the lowest percolation rate at 0.06 mm/hr, carabao manure and clay combination is seen to be cost-effective since carabao manure is readily available as a farm waste material.\n“Carabao manure is cheap and requires only labor and transport costs for capital,” Espino said, adding that at the same time, it can be used as organic fertilizer for crops.\nOn the field—which involved four ponds measuring 20 meters (m) x 10 m which were constructed at the Central Luzon State University (CLSU)—the bottoms of two ponds were overlain with 15-centimeter (cm) thick carabao manure, and the remaining two ponds were used as controls (untreated). Results showed that there were decreases in water levels of the control ponds at an average rate of 4.07 cm per day, while carabao manure-lined ponds had a lower average rate of decrease in water levels at 2.79 cm per day.\nEspino said that farmers can easily adopt the technology as it is designed for smallholding farms, but can also be modified to suit larger areas. He recommends that after laying the 15 cm thick layer of carabao manure, this should be covered with a 10 cm layer of clay to prevent the manure from floating once water is stored.\nThe technology, which is something new to local farmers, will be promoted among farms that normally adopt SFRs, Espino said.\nAccording to Dr. Reynaldo Castro, who leads the PhilRice-funded project on the development of appropriate water-harvesting systems for small farms, a cost-effective technology to minimize storage losses is very important in improving the storage efficiency of rainfed lowland farms, where water-harvesting structure systems exploit the Bernoulli effect in extracting the harvested water to economize on energy costs.\nThis appeared in Agriculture Monthly’s February 2014.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "- Koryo (고려) - first dan, also spelled Goryeo and Koryeo (\"learned man\", symbolizing a wise person)\n- An older, deprecated form called Original Koryo is also considered by some clubs/associations to be one of the Yudanja forms, but it isn't considered so by the Kukkiwon (for gradings or the Master Instructor Course) or by the WTF (for the World Poomsae Championships).\n- Keumgang (금강)) - second dan (\"diamond\", symbolizing hardness, unbreakable)\n- Taebaek (태백)) - third dan (\"sacred mountain\", symbolizing spirituality)\n- Pyongwon (평원)- fourth dan, also spelled Pyeong-won (\"open plain\", symbolizing peacefulness)\n- Sipjin (싶진)) - fifth dan, also spelled Shipjin (\"eternal 10\", symbolizing health and longevity)\n- Jitae (지태) - sixth dan (symbolizes mankind as the connection between heaven and earth)\n- Cheonkwon (천권) - seventh dan, also spelled Cheon-gwon (\"sky\", symbolizing piety)\n- Hansoo (한수) - eighth dan, also spelled Hansu (\"water\", symbolizing adaptability)\n- Ilyeo (일여) - ninth dan (symbolizing the Buddhist concept of oneness of the mind and body)\nEach of the yudanja forms has a floor pattern that traces out a Chinese character or other symbol. Each character is said to represent a characteristic that should be exhibited by a taekwondo master: wise, unbreakable, spiritual, peaceful, long-lived, pious, adaptable, etc.\n태백 (Taebaek), meaning “bright mountain”, is the name of a mountain in Korean mythology, from where the legendary founder of Korea, 단군 왕검 (Dan-gun Wanggeom), is thought to have ruled the nation. Numerous places are known as 태백 (Taebaek), one of which is 백두산 (Baekdusan), an iconic mountain on the Korean peninsula. This form venerates this most sacred of mountains. Since this mountain reaches to the sun, Taebaek can be defined as “light” and must be performed with the agility of light.\nTo print the diagram, click on the image and select \"See full size image,\" or right-click and open the image in a new tab.\n- Start in the Ready position\n- First going left...\n- Then going right...\nTRANSITION TO THE SECOND LINE\n- 5. Step left with the left foot into a Left Front Stance. Swallowform Knifehand Strike (left arm high).\n- 6a. Without stepping, with the right hand, twist and grab the opponent's wrist.\n- 6b. While pulling with the right hand, step forward into Right Front Stance. Left Punch.\n- 7a. Without stepping, with the left hand, twist and grab the opponent's wrist.\n- 7b. While pulling with the left hand, step forward into Left Front Stance. Right Punch.\n- 8a. Without stepping, with the right hand, twist and grab the opponent's wrist.\n- 8b. While pulling with the right hand, step forward into Right Front Stance. Left Punch. Kihap.\n- First going to the right...\n- 9. Step with the left foot to turn 270 to the left into Right Back Stance (i.e., left foot forward). Diamond Block (right arm high).\n- 10. Without stepping, High Pulling Uppercut (the right hand performs an Uppercut to the opponent's chin; the left hand pulls the opponent toward you).\n- 11. Without stepping, Side Punch with the left hand.\n- 12. Lift the left foot into Right Crane Stance. Left Small Hinge Block.\n- 13a. Pivot clockwise on the right foot to execute a simultaneous Left Side Punch & Left Side Kick.\n- 13b. Step down with the left foot into Left Front Stance. With the right elbow execute an Elbow Target Strike.\n- Then going to the left...\n- 14a. Bring the left foot to the right foot, then slide the right foot to turn 180 to the right into a Closed Stance.\n- 14b. Step forward with the right foot to a Left Back Stance. Diamond Block (left arm high).\n- 15. Without stepping, High Pulling Uppercut (the left hand performs an Uppercut to the opponent's chin; the right hand pulls the opponent toward you).\n- 16. Without stepping, Side Punch with the right hand.\n- 17. Lift the right foot into a Left Crane Stance. Right Small Hinge Block.\n- 18a. Pivot counterclockwise on the left foot to execute a simultaneous Right Side Punch & Right Side Kick.\n- 18b. Step down with the right foot into Right Front Stance. With the left elbow execute an Elbow Target Strike.\nBACK TO THE FIRST LINE\n- 19. Bring the right foot to the left, then slide the left foot into a Right Back Stance (ie. left foot forward). Left Double Knifehand Block.\n- 20. Step forward with the right foot into a Right Front Stance. With the right arm execute a Vertical Fingertip Thrust. With the left arm execute a Pressing Block.\n- 21a. Pivot 180 counterclockwise and bring the right hand behind you to the rear of the right-side waist.\n- 21b. Stepping with the left foot turn 180 counterclockwise into Right Back Stance (i.e. left foot forward). Left Outward Backfist Strike.\n- 22. Step forward with the right foot into Right Front Stance. Right Punch. Kihap.\n- First going left...\n- Then going right...\n- Return to Ready position.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "We wish everyone a Happy Easter and to celebrate this holiday we bring you some Easter Trivia #funfacts. One FunFact, there is an EGG Optical in Asia (3 locations)\n- Germany is the country that started the tradition of colored eggs.\n- 1878 Was the first year that the White House had their famous Easter Egg Roll.\n- Peter Cottontail was named in a story by Beatrix Potter in 1902\n- Gene Autry was the first singer to sing the Peter Cottontail song.\n- Purple and Yellow are the Easter Colors.\n- The largest chocolate Easter Bunny weighed 2721 kilos or about 3 tons and carved by Harry Johnson in South Africa\n- 700 Million Peeps are eaten every year.\n- 9.5 Million was the most expensive Egg sold. It was a Faberge Egg.\n- The reason that women wore new bonnets on Easter, it was supposed to bring good luck.\n- The Easter Egg Museum is in Poland and has over 150o Easter Eggs on display.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Chapter 1 Nutrient nation\nChapter 1 – Nutrient Nation\n7. I begin this chapter on page 7 with a description of Southern England from the vantage point of the International Space Station. Channel 4 broadcast this sequence on a programme called Live in Space. You can find out more here http://www.channel4.com/programmes/live-from-space/4od\n8-10. On pages 8-10 I write about the origins of farming in Britain. For more about agriculture during British pre-history one good account can be found in Francis Pryor’s Britain BC: Life in Britain and Ireland before the Romans, Harper Perennial (2003). This book looks wider than farming but sets a great context.\n10. On page 10 I mention the importance of pollen based evidence in determining past changes in vegetation. If you’d like to know more about this subject then the US National Oceanographic and Atmosphere Administration run a very comprehensive website with links to many studies, including those conducted in the UK. Start from this link: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data/datasets/pollen\n11. On page 11 there are various statistics concerning the size of the agricultural sector in the UK. You can find these and many other details about the British farming scene in Agriculture in the United Kingdom 2013, published by DEFRA and relevant devolved departments. Its on-line here: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/315103/auk-2013-29may14.pdf\n11. On the proportions of food we consume that comes from British soils (also page 11) then look at Chapter 7 of the Technical Report from the 2011 National Ecosystem Assessment (NEA) compiled by the World Conservation Monitoring Centre. See page 212 and found via this link: http://uknea.unep-wcmc.org/Resources/tabid/82/Default.aspx (scroll down to the Technical Report section where the material is arranged by chapters).\n12. On page 12 there is a mention of Hayley Wood in Cambridgeshire. You can find more about that place here: http://www.wildlifebcn.org/reserves/hayley-wood\n14. On page 14 there is a brief history of farming fertilizer sources. This includes the quote “Great Britain is like a ghoul, searching the continents for bones to feed its agriculture” This comes from Keatley, W. S., (1976). 100 years of Fertiliser Manufacture. Fertilisers Manufacturers Association, Peterborough.\n15. Concerning the mining of Cretaceous deposits for sources of fertiliser, including dinosaur poo (page 14), see O’Connor, (2001). The origins and development of the British coprolite industry, The Bulletin of the Peak District Mines Historical Society. Vol. 14, No. 5. You can see it here: http://www.pdmhs.com/PDFs/ScannedBulletinArticles/Bulletin%2014-5%20-%20The%20Origins%20and%20Development%20of%20the%20British%20.pdf\n15-16. For a short history on the rise of the modern fertiliser industry see this website giving further background to points I make on pages 15 and 16: http://www.livinghistoryfarm.org/farminginthe40s/crops_04.html\nFor a fuller explanation as to the importance of soils for the provision of food then it is worth reading Wolfe, D. W., (2001). Tales from the underground a natural history of subterranean life. Perseus. Cambridge, Mass.\n16. On page 16 I mention the historic British wheat yield and compare it with the modern one. The source for these figures is the UK National Ecosystem Assessment (2011) The UK National Ecosystem Assessment Technical Report. UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge, p. 198. http://uknea.unep-wcmc.org/Resources/tabid/82/Default.aspx (scroll down to the Technical Report section where the material is arranged by chapters).\n17. Concerning the economic costs and other impacts arising from nitrogen pollution that I describe on page 17, then see\nSutton, M. A. et al., (2011). European Nitrogen Assessment: Sources, Effects and Policy Perspectives. Cambridge University Press. You can find out much more here: http://www.nine-esf.org/ENA-Book\n17. More specifically on the human health impacts arising from elevated reactive nitrogen levels in the environment readers might like to see Townsend, A. R., et al., (2003). Human health effects of a changing global nitrogen cycle. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 1(5) pp.240–246\n17-18. For more on the environmental effects of nitrogen pollution readers might like to see: Jarvie, H.P., et al (2010) Streamwater phosphorus and nitrogen across a gradient in rural–agricultural land use intensity. Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment, 135 (4), 238-252.\n17. Specifically in relation to grasslands see Watson, C.F. & Foy, R.H. (2001) ‘Environmental impacts of nitrogen and phosphorus cycling in grassland systems’, Outlook on Agriculture, 30, 117–127.\n18. On page 18 I suggest there might be a relatively near-term mis-match between phosphate supply and demand, raising potential challenges for future food security. Readers can find out more about that from: Cordell, D., Drangert, J-O., White, S., (2009). The story of phosphorus: Global food security and food for thought. Global Environmental Change 19. 292-305. You can click through to that here:\n19. On page 19 I mention historic patterns of soil erosion and the specific case of the South Downs, where there was heavy soil loss during the Bronze and Iron Ages. For an academic source on this subject I used Boardman, J., (2003). Soil erosion and flooding on the eastern South Downs, Southern England, 1976-2001. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers Vol 28 (2), 176-196. You can find it here: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1475-5661.00086/abstract\n20. On page 20 I include the estimate that soil damage is costing the UK between £900 and £1.4 billion per year. The source for this is Graves, A., Morris,J., Deeks, L., Rickson, J., Kibblewhite, M., Harris, J. and Fairwell, T., (2011). The Total Costs of Soils Degradation in England and Wales. DEFRA. You can find that report here: http://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&ved=0CCoQFjAB&url=http%3A%2F%2Fsciencesearch.defra.gov.uk%2FDocument.aspx%3FDocument%3D10131_SID5_CostofSoilDegradationfinaldraftaug18.docx&ei=GbueVM3aHu6u7Aa_uoDgDg&usg=AFQjCNETWK82zCbPoffTNzRcp2gdIrkrYA&bvm=bv.82001339,d.ZGU\n21-26. From page 21 to 26 I describe a visit to the farm run by Tolhurst Organic Partnership at Whitchurch-on-Thames, Oxfordshire\nhttp://www.tolhurstorganic.co.uk/. This took place in December 2013.\n27. On page 27 I write about the business of Vital Earth Limited. You can find out more about that company here: http://www.vitalearth.tv/ I also mention (on page 28) one of Vital Earth’s customers in the form of James Chamberlain. He runs Glebe Farm, Shardlow, Derbyshire.\n28-29. For more on the Allerton Project and work to conserve soils, which I mention on page 28-29, look at Stoate, C, Leake, A, Jarvis, P & Szczur, J (2012) Fields for the future: The Allerton Project - A winning blueprint for farming, wildlife and the environment. Game & Wildlife Conservation Trust, Fordingbridge. You can find that on-line here: http://www.gwct.org.uk/media/220991/allerton_20thanniversary_report.pdf\n29-32. For more details on the Thames Water phosphate recovery plant that I describe on pages 29-32 have a look at this link: http://www.thameswater.co.uk/media/press-releases/17393.htm\n32-34. For more on the anaerobic digestion plant I describe on pages 32-34 take a look here http://www.localgeneration.co.uk. For further material on AD technology more generally then the website of the Anaerobic Digestion and Bioresources Association is a good place to start: http://adbioresources.org", "label": "No"}
{"text": "What Is The Definition Of Slopestyle?\n1. Slopestyle skiing is a type of freestyle skiing in which the person skis or snowboards down a course that has different types of obstacles along the way. The main types of obstacles on the slope are jumps and rails, while the tricks performed by the athlete fall into four main categories: spins, grabs, grinds and flips. In slopestyle competition, the focus is on the technical aspects over speed.\nAs of 2014, slopestyle skiing is an official Winter Olympics sports.\nExamples Of How Slopestyle Is Used In Commentary\n1. Although the speed of a super-g event is exciting, Jones prefers to compete in the slopestyle competition as it presents different challenges and a variety of obstacles.\nSports The Term Is Used", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The next phase of evolution in the Celestial Astronomy theory is Lunar Accumulation. There currently is no pervasively held theory on how moons evolve in a star system. This is one of the reasons legacy astronomy can not tie together their protoplanet theory as the defining theory for Planetary Evolution.\nThe lunar evolution theory with the most backing behind it is the Giant Impact Hypothesis. Though this is not looked upon by as large a segment of the legacy astronomy community as being plausible. The massive collision that would take place seems doubtful it would not severely damage the Earth entirely. Also, sending a careening chunk of Earth that has the requisite spherical shape and coincidentally aligns itself into a perfect orbit is hard to believe for most. Though without a more plausible theory, it is the best that has been put forth.\nThe Lunar Accumulation theory relies on previous concepts in the Planetary Evolution process that create repeatable definable patterns. As was previously explained, comets already present in the star system in the Kuiper Belt or Oort Cloud along with interstellar comets that arrive in the Star system bind with the star.\nThe difference is that once a planet has now formed from its clockstart orbit, the approaching comets are susceptible to having their inertia altered the first time they approach the star with the planet in its Lunar Accumulation phase.\nIn other words, its inertia or velocity is vectored into a lunar orbit around the Planet instead of a wing orbit around the star. So the reason you call it a MOON is because it's MOor motiON, or its motion is moored to the Planet. Without this, it would go into a BINDING or Begin wINDING orbit around the star which evolves into WING orbits or Winding sprING orbits. Winding Spring orbits function similar to the spring on a watch getting tighter as it is wound.\nSo, for instance, a planet that evolves that has no moons may not have had any comets enter their binding phase after the planet had started its accumulation phase. Or, the planet may have evolved from a comet with an extremely small mass and comets that entered to bind were of a large enough mass their motion could not be altered and they went on to become planets as well.\nPlanets that have 1 or more moons probably evolved from comets of a larger mass and had comets of smaller masses arriving to bind while the planet was in its accumulation phase. There are three basic concepts that are key to Lunar Accumulation:\n- All the moons a planet will acquire have their motion moored during the Lunar Accumulation phase. Moons do not form around planets at any other time due to the concept of articulation and the need for linkage to take place between the moon (comet), planet, and sun in concert while the comet is trying to bind.\n- The main concept behind Lunar Accumulation is maneuvering, not impacting. There is a fluid motion that takes place in celestial systems that creates repeatable definable patterns. Maneuvering within this fluid motion can be described using physics. Thus the linkage and articulation that takes place during Lunar Accumulation would follow similar laws.\n- Legacy astronomers have just never seen it happen so it seems implausible. Remember we already described all the planets' and moons' motions around the star with physics. The only part they are missing is the linkage orbit. Once you have the complete synopsis of planetary evolution in a celestial astronomy star system charted out, the repeatable definable patterns provide a preponderance of evidence that can be corroborated by current laws of physics.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Ear, nose and throat (ENT) allergies, like other types of allergies, are extremely common. Allergic reactions of all kinds are triggered by an abnormal response of the immune system when it mistakes an innocuous substance for a serious threat. While most allergic symptoms of this type are relatively mild, untreated ear, nose and throat allergies should not be ignored because they may lead to more significant medical problems.\nAt Florida E.N.T & Allergy, we provide Tampa allergy testing and treatment services at all of our locations.\nCauses of ENT Allergies\nENT-allergy sufferers, although seemingly reacting to allergens, are actually being attacked by their own immune systems. When an allergic individual is exposed to an allergen, her or his body produces antibodies and releases a variety of chemicals, including histamine. Histamine is the chief precipitating cause of allergic response. In many cases, an allergic response to the allergen will not occur immediately upon exposure, but only after a certain threshold of exposure is reached. While the underlying causes of allergies are unknown, they are known to be hereditary.\nCommon allergens responsible for ENT allergies are present in the air, and may include dust, mold, animal dander and pollen. Allergies to plant pollens and mold can be seasonal, occurring only when certain plants or trees are in bloom, or when mold is produced by rotting leaves. Such allergies are also affected by weather conditions, particularly humidity and wind, and are commonly referred to as hay fever.\nSymptoms of ENT Allergies\nMost allergies of the ear, nose and throat result in mild symptoms, which may, nonetheless, interfere with normal activities. Nasal rhinitis may result in sneezing, nasal congestion or a runny nose. Individuals with ear, nose and throat allergies may also suffer from headaches, and itching and soreness in the throat and ears. More severe reactions to ear, nose and throat allergies, including anaphylaxis, are far less common but may be life-threatening.\nTreatment of ENT Allergies\nAllergy treatments are usually prescribed in the form of over-the-counter or prescription antihistamines. Antihistamines prevent the release of histamine and help to reduce symptoms. Decongestants and nasal sprays are also sometimes prescribed to clear nasal passages and improve breathing. Sometimes, allergy shots are recommended to gradually create a tolerance in the patient to the allergen. This is known as immunotherapy. By far, the most effective treatment for allergies of the ear, nose and throat is to avoid the offending allergens, but that is not always possible.\nLimiting outdoor activities during certain seasons, avoiding contact with particular animals, wearing sunglasses and frequently washing the hands may reduce the severity of symptoms. For patients who have allergies to indoor allergens, such as dust and mold, it may be helpful to keep the indoor environment clean and to avoid the accumulation of moisture. Not using carpeting, in which mold can easily grow, may also be helpful.\nAllergy Evaluation and Treatment\nThere are two forms of allergy treatment: drugs and immunotherapy. Most commonly, people take over-the-counter or prescribed allergy medicines like antihistamines (cetirizine, loratadine) nasal steroid sprays (fluticasone), or decongestants (sudafed). You may take several different types of allergy medicines at one time to achieve better control of symptoms. As both Otolaryngologists and Allergists, we often prescribe allergy medicines, but for many people, medicines only provide limited benefit and some cannot tolerate the side effects such as high blood pressure or fatigue. For others, their allergies directly contribute to severe and chronic illnesses such as sinus infections, bronchitis, asthma flare ups, and pneumonias, leading to multiple rounds of antibiotics, missed work days, and hospitalizations.\nPatients with severe allergies should come to one of our offices for allergy evaluation and testing. Allergy testing will identify the specific allergies causing your symptoms and enable us to start allergy immunotherapy. Immunotherapy is different from medications in that medications do not eliminate allergies permanently, but only give you temporary relief as long as you continue to take them. Immunotherapy, in contrast, will provide you with significantly better control of symptoms and if continued for several years, may lead to permanent loss of allergies. You will eventually be able to quit allergy treatment and have no return of allergy symptoms. There are two forms of immunotherapy: allergy drops and allergy shots. In both forms of immunotherapy, introducing a gradually increasing dose of things that you are allergic to, leads to the down regulation of your allergic reactions, leading to decrease in symptoms and eventually complete desensitization or loss of allergies. Allergy Drops and Allergy Shots are the most effective way to treat allergies. At Florida ENT & Allergy, we have a strong commitment to providing you with outstanding allergy treatment and care.\nLearn more about nasal and sinus disease treatments.\nAllergy Drops (Sublingual Immunotherapy, SLIT)\nAllergy Drops have become popular in the USA in the past decade. It is used throughout the world safely. It is also a highly effective way to treat environmental allergies but without needles. The drops are placed under the tongue daily. The main advantage of the allergy drops is that it is much safer than shots, therefore, patients may escalate their allergy drops at home. The main disadvantage of allergy drops is that insurances do not cover allergy drops at this time so it must be purchased by patients directly. For patients with high deductibles or no insurance, the allergy drops are much less expensive. Allergy Drops are ideal for children, people fearful of needles, medically unstable patients, or those too busy to come to doctor’s office for weekly allergy shots.\nAllergy Shots (Subcutaneous Immunotherapy, SCIT)\nAllergy Shots are very effective in treating nasal congestion, itchy eyes, asthma, eczema, post nasal drainage, recurring sinusitis (learn more about our sinusitis treatments), and bronchits/pneumonia. It is given once a week in the office and each week the dose is escalated. It is also very safe but there is a very small risk of anaphylaxis so patients must have an epinephrine autoinjector and wait in the office for 30 minutes after each shot. Once the patient reaches the maximum dose, or the maintenance dose, most patients choose to self-administer allergy shots at home. Insurances cover allergy shots and, therefore, it is more affordable than allergy drops for most patients with insurance. Both allergy drops and allergy shots are effective in controlling allergy symptoms. Choice between the two is often based on time, cost, and preference.\nFood allergies are often under appreciated by most physicians. We have discovered over many years of practice, that food allergies are more common that previously reported and very difficult to identify because it can present in a myriad of ways. Food allergies can affect any organ in the body: nose (congestion, sinus infections, post nasal drip), ear (dizziness, ear infections, Meniere’s), skin (eczema, hives, itching), gut (reflux disease, IBS), lung (asthma), brain (fogginess fatigue), and throat (coughing, throat clearing, hoarseness). The first step is to identify the food allergy by skin testing and by food challenges. The second step is to learn how to manage your food allergies.\nContact us today for more information on our Tampa allergy testing and treatment services.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "With the news of the current egg recall, it’s good time to talk about food safety. Uncooked shell eggs and raw meat, fish, poultry and seafood always carry a risk of foodborne illness, so following a few simple tips can help decrease your risk.\nWith the news of the current egg recall, it’s good time to talk about food safety. Uncooked shell eggs and raw meat, fish, poultry and seafood always carry a risk of foodborne illness, so following a few simple tips can help decrease your chances of getting sick.\nAt the grocery store:\n- Divide your cart into frozen, raw meat/fish/eggs, refrigerator, and dry goods. At checkout, take a moment to bag them by category. This way raw meat juices stay away from other items and, when you get home, cold items can go straight into the refrigerator.\n- Look through your ShopWell grocery list and check to see which items might spoil quickly. Take note of the time you pull the first perishable item from the cooler in the grocery store. Make sure to get the food home and back into the fridge in under two hours (less if it is hot outside).\n- Store raw meat/fish/egg products on the bottom shelf or in drawer in the fridge which should be the coolest part (less than 40 ºF). If the item leaks, it won’t contaminate other fridge items.\n- Wash hands right when you get into the kitchen. Use warm, soapy water, and rub hands together (get the backs and nails too) for 20 seconds or the length of time it takes to sing “Happy Birthday”, “Mary Had a Little Lamb”, or “Twinkle, Twinkle Little Star” twice.\n- Wash your hands again when you begin cooking, after touching raw meat/fish/eggs, your nose, the garbage can, etc., and when you leave and return to the kitchen.\n- Thaw frozen meat in a container in the refrigerator, not on the countertop. If you need the item quicker, place in cold water and change every half hour or defrost in the microwave-just be sure to cook it right after it has defrosted.\n- Designate a separate cutting board for raw meat and wash it right after using. Also, wash bowls, plates, and utensils that held the raw meat products including eggs right after you use them in soap and hot water.\n- With all of the germs being washed off hands, dishes, utensils, etc. the kitchen sink can be teaming with bacteria ready to make you sick. When washing fruits vegetables and other items you don’t plan on cooking, use a colander to keep them up off the sink floor.\n- Routinely change out sponges and sink brushes and try a solution of one tablespoon bleach to one gallon of water to sanitize sinks, cutting boards, and containers or dishes that contained raw items.\n- Cook eggs until firm or for recipes with egg mixtures like lasagna or meat loaf make sure the middle of the food reaches 160 ºF.\n- For items like cake batters, cookie dough, salad dressings, or other recipes that you might want to lick the spoon or not cook all the way through, try using liquid eggs. Same as regular eggs except they are pre-scrambled and most importantly pasteurized to reduce their risk of containing harmful germs.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "For almost two decades now, educational accountability policy in the U.S. has included a focus on the performance of student subgroups, such as those defined by race and ethnicity, income, or special education status. The (very sensible) logic behind this focus is the simple fact that aggregate performance measures, whether at the state-, district-, or school levels, often mask large gaps between subgroups.\nYet one of the unintended consequences of this subgroup focus has been confusion among both policymakers and the public as to how to interpret and use subgroup indicators in formal school accountability systems, particularly when those indicators are expressed as simple “achievement gaps” or “gap closing” measures. This is not only because achievement gaps can narrow for undesirable reasons and widen for desirable reasons, but also because many gaps exist prior to entry into the school (or district). If, for instance, a large Hispanic/White achievement gap for a given cohort exists at the start of kindergarten, it is misleading and potentially damaging to hold a school accountable for the persistence of that gap in later grades – particularly in cases where public policy has failed to provide the extra resources and supports that might help lower-performing students make accelerated achievement gains every year. In addition, the coarseness of current educational variables, particularly those usually used as income proxies, limits the detail and utility of some subgroup measures.\nA helpful and timely little analysis by David Figlio and Krzystof Karbownik, published by the Brookings Institution, addresses some of these issues, and the findings have clear policy implications.\nFiglio and Karbownik use a unique dataset of 568 elementary schools in Florida between 1999 and 2012. They are able to match students’ schooling records to their birth certificates, thus providing data on parental education, marital status, poverty status, and other characteristics. This allows for the construction of a socioeconomic status (SES) index that is far more complete than the typical subsidized lunch eligibility variable. Students are sorted into SES quartiles, and most of the analysis focuses on comparing the top SES students (top 25 percent) to the bottom SES students (bottom 25 percent), using testing (FCAT) data from grades three and five.\nThey find, first, that the correlation between the average standardized score of high and low SES students in each school is quite modest. In some schools, both groups score highly (relative to their peers in other schools); in other schools, both score relatively poorly; in still other schools, one group does well and the other does poorly. This is another way of showing that SES-based gaps in test scores – i.e., the gap in scores between the top and bottom SES quartiles – vary widely among schools.\nThere are two possible reasons for this variation and they are not mutually exclusive. The first is differences in scores upon entry into the schools. If, for example, kindergarteners enter one school with a much wider SES gap than their peers in a different school, this could account for any differences in the size of achievement gaps between these two schools when these students reach third and fifth grade. The second possible explanation is that something happened while the students were attending the schools – e.g., a group in one school made more progress than in the other, thus exacerbating or attenuating any gaps that existed upon entry.\nFiglio and Karbownik cannot isolate precisely the degree to which either of these explanations holds, but they do provide some initial evidence by exploiting the fact that they have kindergarten testing data for five of their eight cohorts. As one would expect, they find that SES-linked student achievement gaps in kindergarten do go a long way toward predicting the SES-linked gaps in third and fifth grade, but also that a substantial proportion of the variation remains. In other words, the variation in SES-related student achievement gaps in third and fifth grade vary by school, even after taking students’ starting points into account.\nThe amount of growth between third and fifth grade exhibited by high and low SES students, while correlated, also varies quite a bit by school. In some schools, both groups make strong relative progress, in other schools both make poor progress, and in others one group grows a lot and the other does not. Once again, this suggests that schools vary in their (test-based) effectiveness with these groups.\nFinally, all of this variation is not just statewide. Indeed, there are even big differences in the SES-related achievement gap between schools within the same district.\nIf we accept the very plausible implication of these findings – that schools vary in how well they serve high and low SES students, at least in terms of test scores – then two big questions might follow. The first is why. Why would some schools, even in the same district, seem to do well with both groups, others with neither, and others with one and not the other? Are there specific school practices or policies that might help explain these discrepancies? These are difficult empirical questions to answer, yet they are important insofar as accountability systems are about changing behavior productively (see, for instance, Rouse et al. 2013).\nThe second big question that might flow from these findings is what to do about them. Figlio and Karbownik suggest, correctly, that researchers and policymakers should focus on the practices of specific schools rather than solely on districts (since the gaps and other outcomes vary between schools within the same district). They also propose that accountability systems should focus on the performance of student subgroups, rather than solely on schoolwide measures, since outcomes often vary between subgroups (in this case, SES groups) within the same schools.\nThe latter is, of course, a perfectly defensible conclusion, and it is very much in line with current federal policy. Note, however, that these findings do not necessarily support the use of simple achievement gap or “gap closing” measures (which some states are using). This is not only because kindergarten gaps explain so much of the gaps that are found in third and fifth grade (and schools might be blamed for the gaps that existed before students even enrolled), but also because progress between grade three and five varies for high and low SES students in the same school, which again means that gaps might narrow due to undesirable underlying outcomes or widen due to desirable outcomes.\nFiglio and Karbownik’s results do, however, suggest the need to consider some types of subgroup-focused accountability measures, such as a component for growth among traditionally low scoring subgroups (though it is not entirely clear how much typical schoolwide growth model estimates vary from those applied to specific subgroups – see our quick analysis for an example).\nThis type of component would carry with it a clear incentive for schools to focus on improving the performance of traditionally lower scoring student subgroups, such as low students living in poverty, special education students, or students from racial/ethnic and language minority populations. The snag here is that we would presumably want this to happen without any negative consequences for the other students. And policymakers would need to provide schools with the wherewithal to accomplish these goals. Needless to say, this is much easier said than done.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Article about Bunyaviridae.\n- Viral taxonomy and vectors\n- Genus Orthobunyavirus\n- Genus Hantavirus\n- Genus Nairovirus\n- Genus Phlebovirus\n- Unassigned viruses and viruses causing only minor disease in humans\n- Further reading\nViruses of the family Bunyaviridae contain a 3-segmented, single-stranded, negative-sense RNA genome. They are divided into five genera, of which four are known to include human pathogens—Orthobunyavirus, Phlebovirus, Hantavirus, and Nairovirus. These viruses are found throughout the world and are transmitted between vertebrate hosts and to humans through the bite of infected arthropod vectors (mosquitoes, ticks, others), or from infectious excreta of rodents and other small mammals, and rarely person to person. Many of viruses are transmitted from infected arthropod vector females to the next generation by transovarial transmission, thereby surviving adverse environmental conditions and leading to marked seasonal distribution of disease. There are few vaccines available to protect against infection. Prevention is by avoidance of exposure to potentially infected arthropod and small-mammal vectors.\nBunyaviridae cause a wide range of clinical illnesses, ranging from self-limited febrile disease to severe, life-threatening haemorrhagic fever, acute respiratory distress, or encephalitis. The most important human diseases include those caused by:\nLa Crosse virus—the commonest cause of ‘California encephalitis’, most cases of which are relatively mild and with good prognosis; treatment is supportive.\nOropouche fever—causes epidemics of febrile illness, sometimes with meningitis, throughout the Amazon basin; prognosis is good; treatment is supportive.\nHaemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome—caused by four distinct viruses (Hantaan, Dobrava, Puumala, Seoul); Hantaan and Dobrava cause the most severe disease, characterized sequentially by (1) febrile phase with features including headache, myalgias, petechiae and conjunctival haemorrhage, (2) hypotensive phase with shock, (3) oliguric phase, when one-third of cases have severe haemorrhage, (4) diuretic phase, (5) convalescent phase, which may be prolonged; ribavirin is effective if started early in disease. Inactivated vaccines against Hantaviruses are available for use in Asia.\nHantavirus pulmonary syndrome – most commonly reported from the western United States, Canada, Central and South America; symptoms are primarily those of acute unexplained adult respiratory distress syndrome; treatment is supportive; mortality is 20-40%.\nOther diseases caused by Bunyaviridae—these include sandfly fever, Rift Valley fever and Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever. Some viruses of the family, e.g. Rift Valley fever virus and Nairobi sheep disease virus, are important pathogens of domestic animals.\nViral taxonomy and vectors\nThe family Bunyaviridae currently contains around 300 viruses, and is divided into five genera (Table 1). The family name, and that of the genus Orthobunyavirus, is derived from the type species Bunyamwera virus, which was isolated in Uganda from Aedes mosquitoes. The other genera are Hantavirus named after Hantaan virus (the cause of Korean haemorrhagic fever), Nairovirus after Nairobi sheep disease virus, Phlebovirus after phlebotomus or sandfly fever virus, and Tospovirus after tomato spotted wilt virus. All members of the family share structural, biochemical, and genetic properties, such as a spherical enveloped virion 80 to 120 nm in diameter and a genome of single-stranded negative-sense RNA divided into three segments (L, M, S). Members of different genera vary substantially in their biological and biochemical properties and in their mechanisms of replication. Orthobunyaviruses, nairoviruses, and phleboviruses, which together make up most of the family, are all arthropod-borne animal viruses (arboviruses). These circulate in a wide variety of different vertebrate hosts and are transmitted between vertebrates, including humans, by the bites of blood-sucking arthropods, principally mosquitoes for orthobunyaviruses, sandflies for phleboviruses, and ticks for nairoviruses. Hantaviruses are zoonotic agents infecting rodents and other small mammals. They may spread to humans who are in close contact with infected excreta. Tospoviruses are arthropod-transmitted plant viruses of no known medical importance.\nViruses within the larger genera are further subdivided into serogroups; orthobunyaviruses have at least 18 serogroups and nairoviruses have 7 (Table 1). Of over 60 Bunyaviridae that are known to infect humans, the type species and those causing major human diseases are shown in bold type in Table 1 and are described in more detail. Table 2 lists the distribution of the remaining viruses that cause minor human infections with their principal arthropod vectors. The habitats of the different viruses and their vectors range from arctic to tropical. The enzootic cycles of arboviruses are poorly understood. Most viruses undergo alternate cycles of replication in vertebrate and invertebrate hosts, but transovarial and trans-stadial transmission within some mosquitoes, ticks, and phlebotomine flies, and venereal transmission from vertically infected male mosquitoes to uninfected females is also known to occur. Most arboviruses have a narrow host range, occur within a limited area, and are transmitted by specific vectors to a limited number of vertebrate hosts, but some viruses infect a wider host range, are transmitted by more than one type of vector, and may occur in more than a single continent. Tick transmission predominates in Asia, but is unknown in South or Central America, and although some Bunyaviridae have been isolated in Australia, none is known to infect humans in that continent. Viruses of this family are among the most common apparently emerging diseases. Following viral entry, whether through the skin after the bite of an infected arthropod or by another route, there is replication in draining lymph nodes, which may be enlarged, and then viraemia. Symptoms develop when virus is deposited and replicates in other sites. The viruses are killed by bleach, phenolic disinfectants and detergents, autoclaving, boiling, and γ-irradiation. Enzymes such as nucleases also inactivate these viruses. Biosafety level 3 is recommended for handling most human pathogens with the ability to spread by aerosol (e.g. hantaviruses and Oropouche virus), but level 4 is required for Crimean–Congo haemorrhagic fever virus. Added precautions are necessary when handling hantavirus-infected animals and virus concentrates.\nStudies with Bunyamwera and similar viruses show reassortment within the three-segmented genome when two closely related viruses infect the same cell, either in nature or in the laboratory. Such studies have been used to analyse the molecular basis of virulence for vertebrate and invertebrate hosts. Two orthobunyaviruses, Akabane and Aino viruses in the Simbu serogroup, produce congenital deformities in sheep, goats, and cattle in Japan, Australia, Africa, and the Middle East. However, there is no evidence that any member of the genus or family produces teratogenic effects in humans, but there is concern that Oropouche virus, a Simbu serogroup pathogen of Central and South America, may be a threat to pregnant women.\nA mild febrile illness, usually with headache, joint and back pains, sometimes with a rash, and occasionally with mild involvement of the central nervous system. Serological surveys indicate widespread human infection in sub-Saharan Africa but it is rarely recognized. Laboratory infections have been recorded. Garissa virus, isolated from haemorrhagic fever patients during outbreak investigations in Kenya and Somalia, has genome segments virtually identical to both Bunyamwera and Cache Valley viruses, but neither of these is known to cause haemorrhagic disease in humans.\nTreatment and prognosis\nNo treatment is necessary and the prognosis is excellent.\nCalifornia encephalitis, Inkoo, Jamestown Canyon, La Crosse, Tahyna, and snowshoe hare viruses\nThe viruses named above, and perhaps others currently unrecognized, are responsible for the clinical condition known as California encephalitis. The viruses are widely distributed throughout many parts of North America, Europe, and Eurasia. In the United States of America most reported human infections are due to La Crosse virus in Ohio, Wisconsin, West Virginia, and Minnesota. From 1995 to 2005, 70 to 167 cases were reported annually. Most occurred in children, usually in boys, although Jamestown Canyon virus is found more often in adults. There is nearly always a history of outdoor exposure during warmer months in areas where woodland mosquitoes are prevalent. The incubation period is 5 to 10 days. Most cases of La Crosse encephalitis are relatively mild with headache, fever, and vomiting, progressing to lethargy, behavioural changes, and occasional brief seizures, followed by improvement. Severe cases (10–20%) develop sudden fever and headache, disorientation, and seizures during the first 24 h of illness, sometimes progressing to coma and requiring intensive supportive care. Overall, about 50% of symptomatic children have seizures with status epilepticus in 10 to 15%. The case fatality rate approaches 1%. Residual seizures occur in 6 to 13%, persistent hemiparesis in about 1%, and cognitive dysfunction in a few. In appropriate epidemiological settings, the disease should be considered in children presenting with aseptic meningitis or encephalitis.\n|Table 1 The family Bunyaviridae: its genera, serogroups, vectors, and viruses infecting humans|\n|Genus||Serogroup||Vector||Viruses infecting humans|\n|Orthobunyavirus (over 150)||Anopheles A (12)||Mosquito||Tacaiuma|\n|Anopheles B (2)||Mosquito|\n|Bunyamwera (33)||Mosquito||Bunyamwera, Calovo, Garissa, Germiston, Ilesha, Maguari, Shokwe, Tensaw, Wyeomyia|\n|Bwamba (2)||Mosquito||Bwamba, Pongola|\n|C group (14)||Mosquito||Apeu, Caraparu, Itaqui, Madrid, Marituba, Murutucu, Nepuyo, Oriboca, Ossa, Restan|\n|California (14)||Mosquito||California encephalitis, Guaroa, Inkoo, Jamestown Canyon, Keystone La Crosse, snowshoe hare, Tahyna, trivittatus|\n|Guama (12)||Mosquito||Catu, Guama|\n|Simbu (24)||Mosquito||Oropouche, Shuni|\n|Hantavirus (8)||Hantaan (26)||None||Andes, Bayou, Black Creek Canal, Dobrava, Hantaan, Juquitiba, Laguna Negra, Lechiguanas, Monongahela, Oran, Prospect Hill, Puumala, Seoul, Sin Nombre|\n|Nairovirus (32)||Crimean–Congo (3)||Tick||Crimean–Congo haemorrhagic fever, Hazara|\n|Dera Ghazi Khan (6)||Tick|\n|Nairobi sheep disease (3)||Tick||Dugbe, Ganjam, Nairobi sheep disease|\n|Phlebovirus (57)||Phlebotomus (44)||Sandflya||Alenquer, Candiru, Chagres, Corfou, Punta Toro, Rift Valley fever a , Naples, sandfly fever, Sicilian, Toscana|\n|Uukuniemi (13)||Tick||Uukuniemi, Zaliv-Terpeniya|\n|Unassigned (53)||Mosquito||Bangui, Kasokero, Tataguine|\n|Tick||Bhanja, Issyk-kul Keterah, Tamdy, Wanowrie|\nNumbers in parentheses indicate the approximate number of viruses in the genus or serogroup.\nBold type indicates the type species and viruses causing major disease in humans.\na Mosquito vector for Rift Valley fever virus.\nIn Europe, Tahyna virus is widely distributed in Austria, former Czechoslovakia, France, Germany, Italy, Norway, Romania, former Yugoslavia, and the former Soviet Union. Seroprevalence exceeds 95% in parts of former Czechoslovakia, and is about 50% in the Rhone valley in France and the Danube basin near Vienna, but overt disease is seldom recognized. Inkoo virus is prevalent in Finland and also in neighbouring regions of Russia. Most adult Lapps have antibodies. Small children may have signs of central nervous system involvement during acute infection. Antibodies reactive with California serogroup viruses have also been found in human sera collected in Sri Lanka, China, and in the far northern latitudes of Eurasia where several California serogroup viruses have been isolated from mosquitoes, some related to Inkoo and Tahyna viruses, but others to snowshoe hare virus. In another Russian study of c.50 people, mainly 14 to 30 years old, with infections caused by California serogroup viruses, about two-thirds had influenza-like illnesses without central nervous system involvement, while the remaining one-third had aseptic meningitis.\nControl, treatment, and prognosis\nMeasures to limit mosquito breeding, particularly of Aedes triseriatus, are useful in endemic regions. No vaccines are available, and there is no specific treatment. Fluid and electrolyte balance must be maintained, and anticonvulsive drugs may be required to control seizures. Intravenous ribavirin has been used to treat severe La Crosse encephalitis.\nBefore 1961, Oropouche virus was known to have caused only a mild fever in a single forest worker in Trinidad, but that year it was responsible for a substantial epidemic in the Belém area of northern Brazil, where c.7000 people were affected. Over the ensuing 50 years, massive epidemics of febrile illness have been recorded throughout the Amazon Basin and beyond, with many thousands infected. Symptoms include headache, generalized pain including back pain, prostration, and fever (40°C). Rash, meningitis, or meningism occasionally accompany infection. Illness lasts from 2 to 5 days, occasionally with protracted convalescence. No fatalities have been reported.\nControl, treatment, and prognosis\nNo vaccine is available. Transmission is probably by the biting midge Culicoides paraensis and outbreaks appear to be a consequence of agricultural development of the Amazon Basin. Accumulated organic waste from cacao and banana production provides ideal breeding sites for Culicoides, leading to massive populations and subsequent epidemic Oropouche disease. Measures to reduce Culicoides breeding may be beneficial. Treatment is supportive and the prognosis is good, although convalescence may be protracted.\nHaemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome Hantaan virus of the genus Hantavirus is the cause of Korean haemorrhagic fever in Korea. The Hantaan River is near the demilitarized zone between North and South Korea where the virus was first recovered in 1976 from its rodent host Apodemus agrarius. The clinical diseases caused by Hantaan and related viruses in the Eurasian continent have long been known by different synonyms: epidemic haemorrhagic fever, Korean haemorrhagic fever, or nephropathia epidemica, but haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) is preferred. Four distinct viruses are responsible for most recognized cases of HFRS: Hantaan virus, found primarily in Asia; Dobrava virus in an enclave of disease in the Balkan region and sparsely elsewhere in Europe; Puumala virus in Scandinavia, western Russia, and much of Europe; and Seoul virus is probably global wherever uncontrolled populations of Rattus norvegicus exist. Hantaan and Dobrava viruses cause severe life-threatening disease with mortality of about 5%, reaching up to 30% in select populations. Puumala virus infections are less severe, although patients still require admission to hospital, but fewer than 1% of admitted patients die. Seoul virus is thought to be the least severe of the pathogenic strains of Old World hantaviruses, although it has been associated with human deaths.\n|Table 2 Bunyaviridae causing only mild or trivial infections in humans, arranged on a geographical basis|\n|Africa||North America||Central America||South America||Europe||Asia|\n|Bangui (M)||Avalon (T)||Fort Sherman||Alenquer (P)||Bhanja (T)||Batai (M)|\n|Bhanja (T)||Keystone (M)||Madrid (M)||Apeu (M)||Calovo (M)||Bhanja (T)|\n|Dugbe (T)||Prospect Hill||Nepuyo||Candiru (P)||Corfou (P)||Issyk-Kul (T)|\n|Germiston (M)||Tensaw (M)||Ossa (M)||Caraparu (M)||Tamdy (T)||Ganjam (T)|\n|Ilesha (M)||Trivittatus (M)||Restan (M)||Catu (M)||Uukuniemi (T)||Hazara (T)|\n|Kasokero (M)||Soldado||Guama (M, P)||Keterah (T)|\n|Nairobi sheep disease||Trivittatus (M)||Guaroa (M)||Wanowrie (T)|\n|Nyando (M)||Itaqui||Zaliv-Terpeniya (M, T)|\n|Pongola (M)||Maguari (M)|\n|Shokwe (M)||Marituba (M)|\n|Shuni (M)||Murutucu (M)|\n|Wanowrie (T)||Tacaiuma (M)|\nM, virus transmitted by mosquitoes; P, virus transmitted by phlebotomine flies; T, virus transmitted by ticks.\nEach hantavirus is associated with a particular rodent host: Hantaan virus with the striped field mouse Apodemus agrarius; Dobrava virus with the yellow-necked mouse Apodemus flavicollis; Puumala virus with the bank vole Myodes; and Seoul virus with the Norway rat Rattus norvegicus. Humans are infected by aerosols of rodent excreta, or rarely by rodent bites. It is seen among adult men in rural environments and may be an occupational disease. Those at greatest risk include farmers, woodcutters, shepherds, and, especially, soldiers in the field. Most hantavirus disease is seasonal, with a peak incidence in late autumn and early winter, although the Balkan form is found most often during summer months in Greece and adjacent countries.\nSymptoms The incubation period for hantaviruses is variable; it is usually 12 to 16 days but it can be up to 2 months. Severe disease, typically associated with Hantaan or Dobrava virus infections in Asia or the Balkans, is characterized by five phases:\n- Febrile: 3- to 7-day duration\n- Hypotensive: lasting from a few hours to 3 days\n- Oliguric: from 3 to 7 days\n- Diuretic: from a few days to weeks\n- Convalescent: prolonged\nSigns and symptoms of the febrile phase include fever, malaise, headache, myalgia, back pain, abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting, facial flushing, petechiae, and conjunctival haemorrhage. In the hypotensive phase, patients have nausea, vomiting, tachycardia, hypotension, blurred vision, haemorrhagic signs, and shock. About one-third of fatalities occur during this phase. In the oliguric phase, nausea and vomiting may persist and blood pressure may rise. Renal failure develops with anuria, and about one-third of cases have severe haemorrhage (epistaxis, gastrointestinal, cutaneous, or bleeding at other sites). Nearly one-half of the deaths occur during the oliguric phase. In the diuretic phase, urine output increases to several litres per day. Convalescence is protracted and it maybe months before full strength and function are regained.\nNot all the phases are seen in the less severe forms of the disease. The milder forms of HFRS, such as nephropathia epidemica due to Puumala virus, follow a similar but less severe course, with abrupt onset of fever of 38 to 40°C, headache, malaise, backache, and generalized abdominal pain. Back or loin pain is especially common. Signs of renal failure are usually not as pronounced, and the need for renal dialysis varies. Transient blurred vision occurs in about 10% of cases. Infection due to Seoul virus follows a similar course, but may present with more evidence of liver involvement. There is no evidence of person-to-person transmission.\nTreatment and prognosis\nAdmission to hospital, avoidance of trauma and unnecessary movement, close observation, and careful supportive care are essential for patient survival. Treatment is phase specific, with special attention to fluid balance and volume, and control of hypotension and shock. Renal dialysis may be required. Antiviral therapy using ribavirin has been shown to be effective if started early in disease. Recovery is protracted but complete, with the exception of Seoul virus infection which carries the risk of chronic renal disease, hypertension, or stroke.\nHantavirus pulmonary syndrome\nHantavirus pulmonary syndrome, first reported from the United States of America in 1993, also occurs in Canada, Central and South America. The initial cases had a mortality of more than 50%, but rates have declined to 20 to 40% as clinical experience has increased. Most disease was reported from the western United States of America and Canada, and more recently from Argentina, Chile, Brazil, and other Central and South American countries. Sin Nombre virus was first associated with HPS, but many additional hantaviruses have now been recognized as likely causes of this syndrome (Table 1). As Old World hantaviruses are generally associated with specific microtine rodents (Microtinae: voles, lemmings, muskrats, and their allies, distributed worldwide), so each American hantavirus appears to be associated with a specific sigmodontine host (Sigmodontinae: cotton rats and their allies found in the western hemisphere). Apparent human-to-human transmission of Andes virus occurred during an outbreak in southern Argentina, including transmission to medical staff. Protective precautions are recommended when treating suspected cases of HPS.\nSymptoms are primarily those of acute unexplained adult respiratory distress syndrome, rather than the expected renal disease. Nonspecific prodromal features of fever, myalgia, and malaise may last 4 to 6 days, with nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain, often accompanied by dizziness. On admission, physical examination of patients with confirmed infection reveals fever (more than 38°C), tachycardia (more than 100 beats/min), tachypnoea (more than 20 breaths/min), and often hypotension (systolic pressure less than 100 mmHg), with audible rales in the chest. Laboratory findings include hypoxia, leukocytosis, haemoconcentration, thrombocytopenia, atypical lymphocytosis, elevated transaminases, and prolonged prothrombin time. Chest radiography shows progression from subtle interstitial findings to bilateral frank pulmonary oedema; pleural effusions are usually present. Thrombocytopenia and haemoconcentration are independent statistical predictors of HPS, although not infallible. In a patient with rapidly progressive pulmonary oedema, a blood smear showing four of the following five characteristics is a highly sensitive and specific means of establishing the diagnosis of HPS:\n- lack of toxic granulation in neutrophils,\n- more than 10% immunoblasts, and\nDisease progresses rapidly once the lungs begin to fill, and death is commonly seen 24 to 48 h after admission, or sooner if there is hypoxia or circulatory failure. The severity of disease correlates with the degree of pulmonary oedema on chest radiography. Hypotension and shock may occur independently in patients whose hypoxaemia is medically controlled.\nTreatment and prognosis\nTreatment is supportive, ideally in a modern intensive care unit, with careful management of hypoxia, fluid balance, and shock. About two-thirds of patients require intubation and mechanical ventilation. Fluid loss into the lungs leads to haemoconcentration, but infusion of fluids exacerbates pulmonary oedema; therefore fluids should be administered cautiously with careful monitoring. Limited experience suggests that intravenous ribavirin has little effect on the course of HPS, perhaps because of the speed with which the disease progresses.\nPrevention involves avoidance of infected rodents either through efficient rodent control programmes in cities, for Seoul virus, or maintenance of clean campsites so that waste food is not allowed to accumulate and attract rodents. Nationally approved inactivated vaccines, reported to be safe and effective against hantaviruses, are available for use in Asia.\nThe genus Nairovirus, named after Nairobi sheep disease, is an acute haemorrhagic gastroenteritis affecting sheep and goats in East Africa, with transmission by the sheep tick Rhipicephalus appendiculatus. It has caused laboratory infections, but the genus includes Crimean–Congo haemorrhagic fever virus and several other viruses known to infect humans, e.g. Ganjam virus, almost indistinguishable from Nairobi sheep disease virus but first isolated in India from Haemaphysalis intermedia ticks collected from healthy goats; Hazara virus, recovered from Ixodes redkorzevi ticks collected from the vole Alticola roylei in a subarctic habitat at an altitude of 3660 m in the Kaghan valley of Hazara district, Pakistan; Dugbe virus, isolated in Nigeria from Amblyomma variegatum ticks collected from healthy cattle; and Soldado virus, repeatedly isolated from a variety of bird ticks but recently linked to a mild illness in humans.\nCrimean–Congo haemorrhagic fever virus\nThis was first recognized as a cause of an acute febrile haemorrhagic disease affecting humans in the Crimean region of the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, transmitted by ticks and carrying a mortality of 5 to 30%. In Africa, Congo virus was first isolated in the then Belgian Congo (now Democratic Republic of the Congo) from the blood of a local 13-year-old boy, and it caused a moderately severe laboratory infection. Related viruses were isolated in Uganda where more laboratory infections occurred, one of which ended fatally after a severe haematemesis. In Asia, a virus indistinguishable from Congo virus was isolated from pools of ticks collected from a variety of wild and domestic animals in western Pakistan. Crimean haemorrhagic fever virus was later proved to be serologically indistinguishable from Congo virus, hence the use of the term Crimean–Congo haemorrhagic fever virus. Different strains of this virus have been associated with outbreaks of severe and sometimes fatal disease in the Crimea, Rostov, and Astrakhan regions of Russia, in Albania, Bulgaria, and the Balkans, in East, West, and South Africa, in Iran, Iraq, and western Pakistan, and in China. From 2002 to 2008, ~2500 cases were reported in Turkey, although it was virtually unknown there previously. Most infections are seen among farmers or abattoir workers and acquired by tick bites or exposure to viraemic animal blood, but infections have occurred in both hospitals and laboratories.\nThe incubation period is 3 to 7 days. Fever usually starts suddenly and is normally continuous, although occasionally it is remittent or biphasic. Other clinical features are headache, nausea, vomiting, joint pains, backache, photophobia, circulatory disorders, thrombocytopenia, and leukopenia. Haemorrhagic manifestations are common. Patients show cutaneous petechiae and extensive ecchymoses, and bleed from nasal, gastric, intestinal, uterine, and urinary tract mucosae. Patients may present with acute abdominal pain, mimicking an acute surgical emergency, and operating-theatre staff have become infected and died through exposure to infected blood or secretions at operation. The mortality is about 5 to 30%, but may be up to 40% or higher in hospital or nosocomial outbreaks. Transient hair loss has been reported.\nControl, treatment, and prognosis\nNo vaccine is available. Avoidance of tick bites may reduce the risk of infection. In hospital outbreaks, meticulous attention to the containment of infected secretions is essential and barrier nursing should be used. Overt disseminated intravascular coagulation usually indicates a poor prognosis, and haematemesis, melaena, and somnolence are significantly more common in fatal cases. Supportive therapy is essential, with monitoring of fluid and electrolyte balance. The antiviral ribavirin is recommended for severe cases based on observational studies. Limiting injections and avoidance of aspirin or other drugs affecting coagulation may reduce bleeding. Patients who recover may have residual polyneuritis persisting for months, but eventual recovery is to be expected. Laboratory investigations with live virus require biological safety level 4 containment.\nAt least nine different phleboviruses are known to infect humans (see Table 1). Pappataci fever, sandfly fever, or phlebotomus fever was recognized as a clinical entity in the Mediterranean area during the 19th century, and the association with Phlebotomus papatasi sandflies was demonstrated by showing that filtrates of human blood reproduced the disease in human volunteers. It was thought that humans were the only vertebrate host, but antibody studies indicate that gerbils, cattle, and sheep may also be infected. Naples virus was isolated from human serum collected during an outbreak of sandfly fever in Naples, and the Sicilian virus was isolated from American troops with a similar disease in Palermo, Sicily. The two viruses have many common properties, but are serologically quite distinct. Sandfly fever is widespread throughout the Mediterranean area, and also occurs in Egypt, Greece, Iran, Turkey, the former Yugoslavia, Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, and the southern states of Russia. Toscana virus, serologically related to the Naples virus, is found in countries bordering the Mediterranean; it is notable for its ability to infect the central nervous system, especially in central Italy where it is thought to be responsible for at least 80% of acute summertime infections of the central nervous system in children. The viruses that cause sandfly fever do not occur in the New World, but in South and Central America a similar clinical condition follows infection with Alenquer, Candiru, Chagres, and Punta Toro viruses.\nRift Valley fever has long been known as a disease of domestic animals, mainly sheep, in East Africa, which occasionally spreads to farm workers and others handling infected animals. The infection is endemic, but seldom recognized, in many wild game animals in Africa. Rift Valley fever virus differs from the sandfly fever viruses, Punta Toro virus, and most other members of the genus in being normally transmitted by mosquitoes rather than sandflies. Uukuniemi and Zaliv-Terpeniya viruses are tick-transmitted; the only evidence that Uukuniemi virus can infect humans is the finding of specific antibodies in some human sera collected in Estonia and in former Czechoslovakia. Zaliv-Terpeniya virus was isolated from bird ticks collected on an island in the Sea of Okhotsk, Sakhalin region, and there is some evidence that it may be pathogenic to humans.\nSandfly fever, Naples, and Sicilian viruses\nAfter an incubation period of 2 to 6 days, fever starts abruptly with chills, nausea and vomiting, epigastric pain, and often severe generalized headache leading to incapacitating prostration. Fever of 38 to 40°C usually resolves after 2 to 3 days, but may be biphasic and persist for a week. There is no rash, but small haemorrhages into the skin and mucous membranes may be seen. Photophobia and eye pain occur, lymphadenopathy is often seen, and the liver may be tender although jaundice is rare. The disease is self-limiting, with complete recovery. No deaths have been attributed to either sandfly fever, Naples, or Sicilian viruses.\nRift Valley fever virus\nFollowing its initial isolation in 1930 as the agent of enzootic hepatitis of domestic animals in Kenya, Rift Valley fever virus was recognized as the cause of sporadic human infections in East, Central, and West Africa, with a particular tendency to infect laboratory workers handling the virus. In East and Central Africa the virus has been isolated from a variety of mosquito species and it is capable of persisting in mosquito eggs during the dry season, emerging when larvae hatch in the rainy season. From 1951 to 1956 there were severe epizootics in lambs in southern Africa, and many human cases occurred. Further human cases with several deaths were seen in South Africa in 1975, and a major outbreak occurred in East Africa following El Niño flooding in 1997 to 1998, apparently seeding a ‘virgin soil’ outbreak in Saudi Arabia and Yemen in 2000. In 1997–8 and 2006–7 there were epizootics in Kenya, Tanzania, Burundi, and Somalia. In the recent epidemic, 684 cases with 155 deaths were reported in Kenya (case fatality 23%), 264 cases with 109 deaths in Tanzania (case fatality 41%), and 114 cases with 51 deaths in Somalia (case fatality 45%). Heavy rains in East Africa during 2006–7 triggered another outbreak with many human and animal cases.\nIn the Central African Republic in 1969, a virus isolated from Mansonia africana mosquitoes and named Zinga virus was associated with several cases of haemorrhagic fever; Zinga virus was later shown to be a strain of Rift Valley fever virus. In West Africa, Rift Valley fever virus was isolated from mosquitoes in Nigeria and from bats in Guinea, but despite the presence of antibodies in human sera collected in Nigeria and Senegal, human disease was unrecognized until 1987 when a substantial epidemic occurred in Mauritania, with further epidemics in following years. In 1977 the virus spread, apparently for the first time, into Egypt, producing a major epizootic in domestic animals, principally sheep and goats but also cattle, and causing about 600 human deaths within 3 months. The virus has been detected intermittently since then in Egypt. The principal known vector is the mosquito Culex pipiens. Both the Egyptian and the Mauritanian epidemics appeared to be linked to major ecological changes following the construction of the Aswan Dam on the Nile and dams on the Senegal River.\nAfter an incubation period of 3 to 6 days, fever starts abruptly with shivering, nausea and vomiting, epigastric pain, arthralgia, and often severe generalized headache. The fever may be biphasic, with temperatures between 38 and 40°C, and may remain elevated for at least a week. There is no rash, but small haemorrhages appear on mucous membranes. Photophobia and eye pains occur. There may be conjunctival inflammation, and a central serous retinitis leading to central scotoma and sometimes to retinal detachment can occur late in disease. The fundus may show macular exudates that are slow to disappear. There is often a lymphadenopathy and although the liver is frequently involved and may be tender, jaundice is rare. Convalescence may be protracted but is usually uncomplicated.\nA few patients develop severe disease with haemorrhage, encephalitis, or eye lesions. Haemorrhagic disease presents as above but progresses with cutaneous and mucous membrane petechiae, ecchymoses, gastrointestinal haemorrhage, and jaundice with severe liver and renal dysfunction often progressing to disseminated intravascular coagulation, hepatorenal syndrome, and death. Patients with encephalitis usually recover from acute febrile disease only to present within a few days to 2 weeks later with headache, meningism, confusion, and fever, often leading to residual defects or ending in death. Ocular complications are characterized by rapid onset of decreased visual acuity with scotomas due to retinal haemorrhage, exudates, and macular oedema. These are also seen after apparent recovery from the initial disease. About one-half of these patients have some degree of permanent visual loss. Death from Rift Valley fever was rarely recognized before the 1977 outbreak in Egypt, but the Mauritanian epidemics with mortality due to jaundice and haemorrhagic manifestations, and the recent East African and Arabian Peninsula outbreaks with several hundred suspect fatalities establish it as a life-threatening infection.\nControl, treatment, and prognosis\nVeterinary vaccines have been used for some years, and formalin-inactivated vaccines have also had limited use for the prevention of disease in laboratory workers and others exposed to high risk of infection. Improved vaccines based on molecular techniques are under development. Treatment is supportive. Although there are no reports of nosocomial transmission, barrier nursing would be a sensible precaution.\nUnassigned viruses and viruses causing only minor disease in humans\nThe great majority of the viruses listed in Table 2 cause only a mild febrile illness, but the following show certain additional features.\nBhanja virus (unassigned)\nThis virus was first isolated from Haemaphysalis intermedia ticks collected from healthy goats in India, but has since been isolated in Sri Lanka, Africa, and Europe. Infection of goats is widespread in Italy and the Balkans where there have been several reported human cases, including some with severe neurological disease and at least two deaths. Laboratory infections have also occurred.\nBwamba virus (Orthobunyavirus)\nThis was first isolated in Uganda in 1941 and is very widespread throughout sub-Saharan Africa. More than 75% of adult human sera collected in Nigeria and over 95% of human sera collected in Uganda and Tanzania have antibodies against Bwamba virus. The original cases showed fever, headache, generalized pain, and conjunctivitis but no rash, although a rash has been described in the Central African Republic. No fatalities have been reported.\nNyando virus (Orthobunyavirus)\nThis virus was first isolated from mosquitoes in Kenya. It has since been isolated from humans in the Central African Republic where it caused fever, myalgia, and encephalitis.\nTataguine virus (unassigned)\nThis causes fever, rash, and joint pains in at least five African countries (Cameroon, Central African Republic, Ethiopia, Nigeria, and Senegal).\nWanowrie virus (unassigned)\nThis virus was first isolated in India from Hyalomma marginatum ticks collected from sheep. It has also been isolated in Egypt and Iran, and in Sri Lanka where it was recovered from the brain of a 17-year-old girl who died following a 2-day fever with abdominal pain and vomiting.\nBartelloni PJ, Tesh RB (1976). Clinical and serologic responses of volunteers infected with phlebotomus fever virus (Sicilian type). Am J Trop Med Hyg, 25, 456–62.\nCalisher CH, Thompson WH (eds) (1983). California serogroup viruses. Progress in clinical and biological research, vol. 123. Liss, New York.\nErgonul O (2006). Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever. Lancet Infect Dis, 6, 203–14.[CrossRef] [Web of Science] [Medline]\nKoster F, et al. (2001). Rapid presumptive diagnosis of hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome by peripheral blood smear review. Am J Clin Pathol, 116, 665–72.\nLeDuc JW (1995). Hantavirus infections. In: Porterfield JS (ed)Exotic viral infections, pp. 261–84. Chapman & Hall, London.\nLeDuc JW, Pinheiro FP (1989). Oropouche fever. In: Monath TP (ed) The arboviruses: epidemiology and ecology, vol. 4, pp. 1–14. CRC Press, Boca Raton.\nLee HW, Calisher C, Schmaljohn CS (1999). Manual of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. WHO Collaborating Center for Virus Reference and Research (Hantaviruses), Seoul.\nMadani TA, et al. (2003). Rift Valley fever epidemic in Saudi Arabia: epidemiology, clinical and laboratory characteristics. Clin Infect Dis, 37, 1084–92.\nMonath TP (ed) (1989). The arboviruses: epidemiology and ecology. CRC Press, Boca Raton.\nPeters CJ (1997). Emergence of Rift Valley fever. In: Saluzzo JF, Dodet B (eds) Factors in the emergence of arbovirus diseases, pp. 253–64. Elsevier, Paris.\nPeters CJ (1998). Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in the Americas. Emerg Infections, 2, 17–64.\nPeters CJ, LeDuc JW (1991). Bunyaviridae: bunyaviruses, phleboviruses, and related viruses. In: Belshe RB (ed) Textbook of human virology, 2nd edition, pp. 571–614. Mosby Year Book, St. Louis.\nPeters CJ, Simpson GL, Levy H (1999). Spectrum of hantavirus infection: hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. Annu Rev Med, 50, 531–45.\nSaluzzo JF, Dodet B (eds) (1999). Factors in the emergence and control of rodent-borne viral disease (hantaviral and arenal diseases). Elsevier, Paris.\nSwanepoel R (1995). Nairovirus infections. In: Porterfield JS (ed) Exotic viral infections, pp. 285–93. Chapman & Hall, London.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "In the nineteenth century, Philadelphia banks and entrepreneurs played a pivotal role in facilitating the emergence of coal as the nation’s principal energy source for industry, transportation, and heating, by creating and financing the firms that first brought to market anthracite coal, mined exclusively in rugged eastern Pennsylvania.\nTo mine anthracite, or “hard coal,” on a large scale required extensive access to capital, much of which was drawn from Philadelphia. Before the Civil War, transportation firms led the way. The Lehigh Coal & Navigation Company, founded in 1822 by Josiah White (1781-1850) and Erskine Hazard (1789-1865), by 1840 had constructed thirty-six miles of canal, joining ten miles of navigable river down the Lehigh River to Philadelphia. In 1825, investors led by Philadelphia bankers and merchants founded the Schuylkill Navigation Company, which by the 1840s boasted a transportation network of 108 miles of canal and passable river, along with 450 tunnels and 120 locks for a capitalization of $2.2 million, all fed by annual coal shipments of 500,000 tons. In 1828 the North Branch Canal opened, reaching all the way to Nanticoke, and in 1831 it was extended to Pittston, connecting Luzerne County to the Philadelphia market. In 1829 the northern field opened to the New York market with the completion of the Delaware & Hudson Canal, which equaled the Erie Canal in capital outlay. This transportation artery included an inclined-plane railroad and a 110-lock canal system linking Honesdale, Pennsylvania, to Rondout, New York, on the Hudson.[caption id=\"attachment_21690\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"300\"] Pennsylvanian railways played an integral role in transporting coal and other commodities like iron and steel to markets. Here, Pennsylvanian Railroad cars loaded with coal rest on tracks along the Schuylkill River in 1980. (Special Collections Research Center, Temple University Libraries)[/caption]\nThe emergence of the railroad system connecting Philadelphia and other eastern cities to the anthracite region soon eclipsed canal building. Frederick List (1789-1846), a leading early-nineteenth-century German economist and political refugee in Philadelphia in the 1820s, purchased a mine in the Little Schuylkill Valley in Tamaqua and recruited one of the nation’s richest men, Stephen Girard (1750-1831) of Philadelphia, as an investor to develop railroad links connecting mines to market. The railroad eventually became the powerful Philadelphia & Reading Railroad, which opened in 1833. Philadelphian Henry Charles Carey (1793-1879), the leading American economist of the nineteenth century and a close adviser to Abraham Lincoln, and like List an advocate of protective tariffs, also held anthracite mining interests. The Lehigh Valley Railroad (LVRR) opened in 1855 connecting Mauch Chunk (now Jim Thorpe) to Easton and then north through the Wyoming Valley into New York state and east into New Jersey and New York City. To the north, George Scranton’s Delaware, Lackawanna, & Western Railroad opened up the Northern Field to New York City and, via the Erie Canal, the Great Lakes. Everywhere railroads used their control of access to the market as leverage to dominate coal production.\nAnthracite Boosts Steel Production\nRailroads tied together the critical ingredients of the industrial economy of the nineteenth century: coal, iron, and steel. Once accessed, anthracite coal began to play an indispensable role in the industrial revolution. Prior to the use of anthracite in the smelting of iron, American industry lagged far behind its British counterpart, continuing to use charcoal through the 1830s that resulted in an inferior product unsuitable for rail manufacture. The intense heat unleashed in the burning of anthracite closed the gap. By the 1850s anthracite was fueling half of all iron production in the United States, much of it destined for rail building, much of the rest bound for the emerging field of metal machine making, an important industry in Greater Philadelphia. The city’s central entrepôt for the coal was the Reading Railroad’s massive Port Richmond Terminal, a sprawling complex of twenty-one wharfs on the Delaware River capable of loading scores of vessels. From here coal was shipped up and down the East Coast.\nGrowing demand before, during, and after the Civil War accelerated anthracite production. Regional coal production went from 910,000 tons in 1840 to 3,700,000 tons in 1850, to 9,200,000 tons in 1860, to 11,000,000 in 1865. Over the corresponding period, value of output increased from $1.3 million to $5.5 million in 1850, to $14 million in 1860, to $65 million in 1865, the final statistic suggestive of the enormous inflation and profits gained as a result of the Civil War. The anthracite region’s population—comprising Luzerne, Northumberland, Schuylkill, and what would become Carbon and Lackawanna Counties—grew rapidly, from 46,790 in 1820, to 66,256 in 1830, to 93,086 in 1840, to 155,743 in 1850, and to 248,655 in 1860. As the basis of the regional economy, mine employment went from 3,000 in 1840, to 10,000 in 1850, to 27,000 in 1860, to 39,000 in 1865. From the Civil War until 1900, anthracite production increased fivefold, from 10 million tons to 60 million tons annually. Tens of thousands of immigrants poured into the region, arriving first from Wales, England, and Scotland, then from Ireland, and finally Poland, Italy, Lithuania, Slovakia, Ukraine, Hungary, and many other lands. Workers unionized in bitter struggle against the mine owners in the United Mine Workers of America (UMWA) by the first decade of the twentieth century.\nIn the late nineteenth century coke processed from bituminous coal began to displace anthracite coal for industrial use, especially in steel production. Drawn from the nation’s vast deposits stretching from western Pennsylvania and West Virginia through Illinois, bituminous, or “soft coal,” was considerably cheaper to extract than anthracite coal. The coking industry developed first in western Pennsylvania, and with it the center of the American iron industry shifted from eastern Pennsylvania to the Pittsburgh region, eventually following the development of the iron mining industry in the Lake Superior region to the major cities of the Great Lakes. By 1905, the Pittsburgh area was producing 18 million tons of coke per year. Bituminous production in Pennsylvania alone reached 80 million tons by the turn of the century.[caption id=\"attachment_21692\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"205\"] A propaganda poster produced by the United States Fuel Administration in 1917, in the midst of World War I, encourages American citizens to order coal. A worker can be seen unloading coal from the back of a horse-drawn wagon. (Special Collections Research Center, Temple University Libraries)[/caption]\nOil Displaces Anthracite\nAnother development from western Pennsylvania in the late nineteenth century ultimately contributed to the displacement of anthracite for home heating use, a long decline that accelerated after World War II. This was the discovery of consumer and industrial uses for oil and then natural gas. An industry dominated by John D. Rockefeller (1839-1937), oil was first shipped to Philadelphia via the Philadelphia and Erie Railroad, connecting with the Reading in Harrisburg. Beginning in the late nineteenth century oil and natural gas were shipped to refineries via pipelines from northwestern Pennsylvania. With the development of the internal combustion engine in the late nineteenth century, petroleum began to displace both coke and anthracite in industrial production.\nThe Susquehanna River, whose canals provided the original mode of transportation of anthracite to Philadelphia, contributed to the ultimate decline of the anthracite coal industry. The completion of the Holtwood Dam on the lower Susquehanna in 1910 greatly increased the market for electricity consumption in Philadelphia and Baltimore. The introduction of electricity in industrial production allowed for the rapid development of light industry dependent upon small machines, as well as the development of continuous production methods like the assembly line. By 1930 electricity had become the leading energy source in American industry, and most Philadelphia homes had abandoned carbon-burning appliances. In the years after World War II, the burning of coal as a home heating source declined.\nCoal nonetheless continued to play an important role in the production of electricity in the region for many decades. Coal-powered plants generated substantial environmental pollution, and according to 2010 research carried out by the nonprofit Clean Air Task Force investigating the remaining Pennsylvania and New Jersey power plants using coal for generation, fine particle air contamination consisting of soot, heavy metals, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen oxides was associated with dozens of deaths. Most of these plants were slated to close by the end of 2015.[caption id=\"attachment_21689\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"300\"] John Wondolski, a former miner and the mayor of Centralia, a town in Columbia County, Pennsylvania, stands amid smoke venting from the Centralia mine fire in May 1981. Since 1962, the fire has continued to burn underground, fueled by coal. (Special Collections Research Center, Temple University Libraries)[/caption]\nFrom the beginning, coal contributed to workplace and environmental problems. Tens of thousands of Pennsylvania workers died in the state’s mines, and tens of thousands more suffered and died from coal workers' pneumoconiosis, or black lung. The rivers and soils near mines and beehive coke ovens were damaged. Air pollution, coal ash deposits, and one ongoing underground coal fire, at Centralia, Pennsylvania, continued to present environmental problems to the state into the twenty-first century. One of the prices of coal, despite its central role in boosting area industry, has been these long-term effects.\nThomas Mackaman is Assistant Professor of History, at King’s College, Wilkes-Barre. He is author of the forthcoming book, New Immigrants and American Industry, 1914-1924.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Willis Eugene Lamb, Jr.\nWillis Eugene Lamb, Jr. was born on July 12, 1913 in Los Angeles, California. He attended Los Angeles public schools and in 1930 entered the University of California at Berkeley. He received a B.S. in chemistry in 1934. His graduate work in theoretical physics at the same university led to a Ph.D. in 1938. J.R. Oppenheimer directed his thesis research on the electromagnetic properties of nuclear systems.\nLamb began his teaching career at Columbia University as an instructor in physics in 1938. Within a decade he became a full professor. From 1943 to 1951, he was associated with the Columbia Radiation Laboratory where his Nobel-prize winning research was performed. In 1951 he went to Stanford University as a professor of physics. Over the next decade Lamb held positions at Harvard University, Oxford University, England, and Yale University. He also taught at the University of Arizona.\nLamb’s research covered many topics including: theory of the interactions of neutrons and matter, field theories of nuclear structure, theories of beta decay, range of fission fragments, fluctuations in cosmic ray showers, pair production, order-disorder problems, ejection of electrons by metastable atoms, quadrupole interactions in molecules, diamagnetic corrections for nuclear resonance experiments; theory and design of magneton oscillators, theory of a microwave spectroscope, study of the fine structure of hydrogen, deuterium and helium; theory of electrodynamic energy level displacements.\nAmong his many honors are the 1955 Nobel Prize in Physics, the Rumford Premium of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and the Research Corporation Award. Lamb also received an honorary degree from The University of Pennsylvania. He was a member of the National Academy of Sciences, and a fellow of the American Physical Society.\nLamb died May 15, 2008.\nOSA Awards Won", "label": "No"}
{"text": "1913 10¢ Panama-Pacific Exposition Commemorative\nIssue Date: January 1, 1913\nQuantity issued: 16,968,325\nPrinted by: Bureau of Engraving and Printing\nMethod: Flat plate\nWatermark: Single line\nColor: Orange yellow\nThis 1913 commemorative stamp series was issued to publicize the upcoming 1915 Panama-Pacific Exposition that was held in San Francisco. The exposition commemorated the discovery of the Pacific Ocean as well as the construction of the Panama Canal.\nThis issue commemorates the discovery of San Francisco Bay. The design is taken from a painting by Charles F. Mathews.\nMany great navigators, such as Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo, Sir Francis Drake and Sebastián Cermeño explored the coastline near San Francisco Bay, but failed to discover this precious waterway. All failed for the same reason – the fog.\nThat’s why the first European explorer to see this scenic bay traveled overland. Members of an expedition led by the Spanish explorer Gaspar de Portola became the first Europeans to see San Francisco Bay in 1769.\nThe design on this stamp captures the magical moment when the expedition reached the peak of one of the hills surrounding the bay and beheld its breathtaking beauty.\nHow two common postal changes\nled to one scarce stamp\nThe first Panama-Pacific commemorative series was issued in 1913, to publicize the upcoming 1915 Panama-Pacific Exposition, a World’s Fair commemorating the completion of the Panama Canal and 400th anniversary of the discovery of the Pacific Ocean. The new stamps were popular with the public.\nScott #400 “Discovery of San Francisco Bay” – the 10¢ Panama-Pacific stamp was the fourth stamp in the series – issued January 1, 1913. It was the first of three stamps from this series to bear the same design.\nShortly after the stamp’s issue, it was determined that its orange-yellow color was much too light – it was so weak that it destroyed the elegance of the stamp’s design. As complaints continued to mount about this color, plans were made to change it to a darker shade.\nOn August 25, 1913 – just over seven months after it went on sale – #400 was removed from sale and all remaining quantities were destroyed. A darker version was issued in its place, and given the number 400A. This stamp’s color was listed as orange.\nThen a second problem occurred. The Postal Service received a great many complaints, particularly from high-volume mailers, that sheets perforated 12 (like #400 and #400A) were too brittle and fell apart at the slightest touch. Thus, to strengthen the sheets, perforating machines were altered to 10 perforations per two centimeters. The stamps of the Panama-Pacific Exposition were among the first to be changed to perforated 10 – which resulted in the third stamp bearing this attractive “Discovery of San Francisco Bay” design – U.S. #404.\nOn February 20, 1915, the Panama-Pacific Exposition opened in San Francisco, California.\nAs early as 1891, businessmen from San Francisco had wanted to host a world’s fair in their city. They wanted to show the rest of the nation the progress they had made in transforming the small frontier town into a growing city complete with the world’s most active mint.\nBusinessman Rueben Hale first submitted a proposal for the fair in 1904. He proposed that it honor the completion of the Panama Canal, which was not yet done. Congress put off the decision. But then in April 1906, San Francisco was hit with one of the worst earthquakes in US history, destroying about 80 percent of the city. The fair’s organizers rebuilt their businesses but were still set on hosting the fair, now determined to show the world how they would recover from this natural disaster. In 1911, President Taft signed a resolution naming San Francisco the home of the Panama Pacific Exposition.\nIn just four years, the fair’s organizers would purchase land, demolish over 200 buildings, fill in marshland, and build up the 635-acre fair. Opening day finally came on February 20, 1915. The state’s governor at the time declared the day a legal holiday. Despite the rainy weather, a parade of 150,000 residents and visitors marched through the streets leading up to the fairgrounds. The group stretched about two and a half miles. The gates opened at 10 am, followed by speeches and prayers at the Tower of Jewels. Then at noon, President Woodrow Wilson pressed a gold telegraph key in Washington, DC. That sent a signal to the antenna at the Tower of Jewels that opened the doors of the exhibition palaces and sent water rushing from the Fountain of Energy.\nThe fair included a number of fascinating attractions. In the Palace of Transportation, the Ford Motor Company had a working assembly line on display that produced a new automobile every 10 minutes. Many people had their first opportunity to see a plane in action with the Loughead (later changed to Lockheed) brothers taking fairgoers on 10-minute flights and Lincoln Beachey and Art Smith performing aerial stunts.\nAlexander Graham Bell also had a transatlantic telephone set up. Just a month after he’d made the first transatlantic call, he had a phone set up at the fair connected to one in New York where a person on the other end read newspaper headlines and played music. Visitors were also treated to a 5-acre working model of the Panama Canal Zone.\nThe fair ran until December 4, 1915. During that time, over 18 million visitors attended the fair.\nAs early as 1904, the Post Office Department began planning a set of commemoratives to advertise the exposition to celebrate both the discovery of the Pacific Ocean and the completion of the Panama Canal. By 1912, the designs for the 1¢, 2¢, and 5¢ stamps had been prepared and approved. However, the design for the 10c issue posed a problem. Originally, the stamp was to depict Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo, who discovered the California mainland in 1542. But efforts to find a portrait of him proved unsuccessful. Eventually, a painting of the discovery of San Francisco Bay was unearthed. Found to be an acceptable design, it was adopted by the Post Office Department, and work on the stamp progressed rapidly. Six short months later, the Panama-Pacific Commemoratives were placed on sale.\nDue to the fact that the exposition didn’t open until February 1915, the series remained current for nearly three years – longer than any other commemorative! However, the Post Office began to receive complaints that regular issue stamps were too brittle, so they started issuing stamps with 10 perforations per two centimeters, instead of the previous 12. The Panama-Pacific set was reissued with the new perforation size. However, since collectors had already purchased the perf. 12 stamps, the newer issues were mostly ignored. This makes them scarcer today.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Here’s a brief overview of six hints of dark matter — signals (two in the sky, and four underground) that just might be from dark matter particles doing something interesting — that are being explored, as of April 2013. One or two of them might turn out to be true, but not all six can be, since they contradict each other. And this shouldn’t worry you, because this situation is perfectly normal with forefront science; research is difficult, and most hints of something exciting turn out to be mirages — statistical flukes, previously unknown quirks of a measurement technique, or even pure mistakes. With the Higgs particle, for instance, we had several false alarms (one as recent as July 2011) before the alarms finally rang true in July 2012. So we have to be patient and cautious, yet hopeful; discoveries are rare, but they do happen.\nDark Matter Overhead\nFirst, there is a hint from the Fermi satellite (pointed out by Christoph Weniger) that photons [particles of light] of a particular energy (about 135 GeV, i.e. about 143 times the mass-energy [i.e., the E=mc2 energy] of a proton) are streaming out of the center of our galaxy. This could potentially be a signal of dark matter particles (which, moving slowly around our galaxy, would be especially numerous at the galactic center) in the process of colliding, annihilating, and turning into photons.\nClick here for more detailed explanation of how this works. Briefly: Energy conservation assures that the energy in two annihilating dark matter particles (which is mostly in mass-energy, since dark matter particles move slowly inside a galaxy) is converted into the motion-energy of two photons — and thus the energy of each photon is equal to the mass of the dark matter particle times c².\nShould we worry that this signal isn’t what it seems to be? A minor issue is that a standard “WIMP” (a Massive Particle that Interacts with matter via the Weak nuclear force — roughly speaking) couldn’t produce this signal without giving other signals that we would also see (such as lots of photons at lower energy.) But WIMPs are more popular than they deserve to be (see, for example, this paper), and other types of dark matter particles, ones that various particle theorists have imagined over the years, could potentially do the job.\nA much more serious concern is that not only is the signal coming from the galactic center, it also appears to be coming from the limb of the earth and maybe from the sun. You wouldn’t expect that from dark matter annihilation. And the fact that this signal shows up in strange places where it isn’t expected might mean that the whole business actually reflects a subtle problem with Fermi’s photon detector. Nobody knows for sure at this point.\nHere’s another example. The AMS experiment attached to the International Space Station recently claimed to have made a big “discovery” (though actually, as most press articles forgot to mention, what they really did was confirm something that the PAMELA experiment already discovered back in 2008 — indeed I don’t know why Dennis Overbye didn’t emphasize this more in his New York Times article on AMS, given that he himself had written about the PAMELA experiment’s discovery back in 2008.) What PAMELA discovered, and AMS confirmed and explored in much greater detail, is that in outer space, one finds an excess, compared to what one would have expected, of high-energy positrons (the anti-particles of electrons). The extra positrons are observed to have energies from 10 GeV on up to at least 350 GeV, where AMS’s data currently fades out.\nNow maybe — maybe — those positrons are from the annihilation of dark matter particles! But if so, they can’t be the same type of dark matter particles that FERMI might be seeing from the galactic center. Any dark matter particles responsible for AMS’s signal would have to have mass above 350 GeV/c², in order to produce positrons of 350 GeV, while if there are dark matter particles making FERMI’s photons, they’d never give positrons with energies above 135 GeV. [Again this is just energy conservation; if your two annihilating dark matter particles have mass of 135 GeV/c² each, and are moving slowly enough that their motion-energy is small, electrons and positrons produced in the annihilation can’t have energy above 135 GeV each.] So FERMI and AMS can’t both be seeing effects of dark matter; at least one of them is seeing something else.\nAs was suggested all the way back in 2008 (and as the AMS people were careful to admit), the positrons PAMELA saw then, and that AMS sees now, might be created by an astrophysical effect, such as a nearby pulsar (a rapidly spinning star with a powerful magnetic field, which can serve as a natural particle accelerator and become a source for extra electron-positron pairs.) And as everyone has known since 2008 (and as the AMS people were careful not to admit), a simple garden-variety neutralino from supersymmetry (or any other WIMP) could never give you such a big signal unless there was a previously unknown force able to enhance the annihilation rate. And even then, you wouldn’t get these positrons without getting other signals we also should have seen, unless you imagine this is from a very non-garden-variety type of dark matter — let’s call it a “jungle-variety” type of dark matter, not a bad name, because a whole host of particles are hidden away and hard to see. Jungle-variety theories are really cool, but the dark matter particles in such theories are not the simple supersymmetry WIMPs that the press articles about AMS all mentioned. (Talk about mixing your applets and your orangoutangs...)\nDark Matter Underfoot\nLet’s move on! Anyone remember DAMA (now DAMA/LIBRA)? They’ve been claiming evidence of dark matter for over ten years! And they definitely have a real signal of something! Maybe it’s dark matter, and maybe it’s not.\nYou see, one clever way to look for dark matter is to let it find you. Just put a chunk or a vat of a carefully chosen and purified material in a mine deep underground. (Going deep underground drastically reduces effects from cosmic rays, high-energy particles from outer space.) Since dark matter must go right through ordinary matter, rarely leaving any trace, dark matter particles stream right through the rock and down into the mine and into the chunk or the vat. And if you’re very very patient, one of those dark matter particles might hit an atomic nucleus inside your material, and that little love tap may be just loud enough for you to detect it, if you’ve designed a very clever experiment. This is what DAMA, XENON, CoGeNT, CRESST, CDMS, and a host of other experiments are doing and have been doing for a long while now.\nThis is harder than it sounds. Radioactivity — the process by which an atomic nucleus changes from one type to another, spitting off a high energy particle or two along the way — can mimic the effects of a dark matter particle. [A process that mimics your “signal” — the thing you’re trying to detect — is called a “background”. For some conceptual discussion of signals and backgrounds, you can read the first part of this otherwise outdated article.] Backgrounds in this dark matter detection business are often much larger than the signals, and the experimenters need to understand all of the possible backgrounds very, very well if they’re going to detect something so small.\nBut now — getting back to DAMA specifically — here’s something you can do that’s diabolically clever. As the earth moves round the sun during the year, its velocity relative to the average velocity of the dark matter particles is changing. It’s similar to how, if you bike around a circular track on a windy day, sometimes the wind is brutally in your face, and sometimes it is comfortably at your back. So just as the strength of the wind changes as you circle the track, the speed of any dark matter “wind” changes strength during the year. And if the probability that a dark matter particle interacts with a nucleus depends on the relative velocity between the two (as is true in many examples of what dark matter might be), then the number of dark matter collisions that an experiment will measure will vary up and down, cycling once a year. So rather than just looking for signs of a few collisions, which might just be radioactivity that you’ve misinterpreted, perhaps you should look for variations of the number of collisions during the year! If you can convince yourself that radioactivity and other backgrounds themselves can’t cycle during the year, then any oscillation of this type is a smoking gun for dark matter.\nUnfortunately, although this sounds great, the backgrounds can in fact cycle during the year after all, perhaps because minor temperature changes cause more or less radioactive gas to float around inside the mine, or something like that. So although DAMA/LIBRA’s data definitely shows an oscillating number of candidate dark-matter/nucleus collisions, it’s still not entirely clear this is due to dark matter. So far no one’s been able to verify their signal, but no one’s been able to show it’s a false alarm either.\nDAMA/LIBRA is not alone. Over the past year or so, the CoGeNT experiment reported that they see an excess of possible collisions too, which, like DAMA/LIBRA, have a rate that oscillates up and down during the year.\nThat’s not all. Last year, the CRESST experiment also reported seeing a bunch of candidates for dark-matter particles hitting an atomic nucleus inside their detectors. There are several possible effects that could give candidates of this type, but — they say — when they add up all of those effects, they should see something like 42 candidates; but in fact they see 67, an excess of about 4 standard deviations, which is very strong evidence that something’s amiss.\nFinally, the newest hint: the CDMS experiment has reported that they have seen three candidates for dark matter collisions in their chunks of silicon. [They have both silicon and germanium detectors; the new result is for data taken some years ago in the silicon chunks. Since a silicon nucleus is much lighter than a germanium nucleus, silicon is more responsive than germanium to a collision with a light-weight dark matter particle.] This is really very interesting! But, as they themselves are careful to say, hardly definitive yet. What’s almost certain is that it’s not from a background they expected. It’s not so obvious at first glance; the backgrounds they know about should only have generated about half an event on average, and the probability of getting these three events is about 5% — not very unlikely at all, when you consider how many different unlikely things can happen in an experiment. But when they account for the energies of these candidate collisions, the probability drops to 0.2%. Now that’s starting to get serious! But remember: all this means is that either (a) they’ve discovered dark matter, or (b) they’ve discovered a previously unknown background that gives them a false signal.\nNow when we take these last four experiments all together, the news is both good and bad. The good news is that all four of these experiments — DAMA/LIBRA, CRESST, CoGeNT and CDMS — are consistent with a dark matter particle that is somewhere in the vicinity of 10 GeV/c², more or less.\nThe minor bad news is that the four measurements are inconsistent with each other; the interaction probabilities the experiments infer, for a given dark matter particle’s mass, aren’t all the same, and differ by as much as a factor of ten. This is illustrated in the figure below (taken from the CDMS paper), showing that the four allowed bands associated with the four experiments’ observations don’t generally overlap with one another. So this would suggest that at least two of the experiments must be false alarms.\nThe major bad news is that there’s another experiment which should (naively) be more sensitive to this type of dark matter particle than any of these four experiments. I refer to XENON100. For most of these signals, XENON100 should have seen lots of candidate events, typically tens or more. But they see only two. And so, nominally at least, all of these signals are ruled out by XENON100, and/or by a special analysis of the data from its predecessor, XENON10. Perhaps it can be argued that the CoGeNT and CDMS experiments’ signals are just barely ruled out, and so perhaps they’re still really worth taking seriously.\nYet one more sobering fact (NYU’s Neal Weiner emphasized this in his talk last week in Princeton) is that in all of these underground experiments, a failure to account for a small background will typically show up as a few extra low-energy collision candidates, which will then closely resemble what you’d expect for a low-mass dark matter particle. In other words, lightweight dark matter is what an oops! will look like.\nAs University of Chicago professor Juan Collar himself (leader of the CoGeNT experiment) said at a conference at CUNY’s graduate center in New York City about two years ago, the saga of dark matter searches is likely to be a long story of discovering one unexpected background after another — and it’s a story which could go on quite a while before dark matter is actually found, if ever, by one of these experiments. Indeed, this is reflected in the many false alarms that we’ve seen in recent years. [Interestingly, Collar stopped talking this way when CoGeNT started seeing a signal that could be interpreted as dark matter. But we remember what you said, Juan. We remember.]\nMeanwhile, this type of puzzle is what theoretical physicists live for. A conundrum! A challenge! Invent a theory of dark matter that is such that CDMS and CoGeNT can easily observe its effects but XENON100 cannot! The experiments work differently — CDMS and CoGeNT are made from chunks of silicon and germanium respectively, while XENON100 uses — surprise! — a vat of xenon. There are already many papers on the matter. The most likely outcome is that XENON100 is right and CDMS and CoGeNT are seeing backgrounds of some type. But perhaps it will turn out otherwise.\nTo sum up: we have at least six hints of dark matter, mostly inconsistent with one another. The new CDMS hint is roughly consistent with CoGeNT; but if they’re both really seeing dark matter, why didn’t XENON100 see a big signal? Well… all of these experiments are working hard to improve their methods and their measurements, so if any of these hints are really signs of dark matter, we should start seeing more impressive evidence within a year or so.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Last updated: November 7, 2014\nSynonyms: Polyangiitis, periarteritis nodosa, systemic necrotizing vasculitis\n(PAN is part of this larger disease spectrum).\nICD-9 Code: 446.0.\nICD-10 Code: M30.0\nDefinition: PAN is a systemic necrotizing vasculitis that affects medium and small muscular arteries of the skin, kidneys, muscle, GI tract, and peripheral nerves. Microscopic polyangiitis is also described because it is a PAN variant and affects smaller sized arteries. Microscopic polyangiitis is distinguished from PAN by manifesting pulmonary capillaritis, alveolar hemorrhage, and P- ANCA positivity.\nEtiology: PAN is systemic vasculitis of uncertain etiology. Although there is no consistent infectious cause; PAN has been associated with hepatitis B antigenemia, especially in intravenous substance abusers. Hepatitis C has been described in both PAN and microscopic polyangiitis.\nPathology: Immune complexes deposited in the vascular endothelium activate complement, attracting inflammatory cells. The cellular infiltrate contains both neutrophils and mononuclear cells. Release of proteolytic enzymes and oxygen free radicals results in destruction of the entire vessel wall with fibrinoid necrosis. Eosinophils and granuloma are very rare.\nDemographics: PAN and microscopic polyangiitis are uncommon disorders. Median onset age is 40 to 60 years, with a 2:1 male predominance.\nCardinal Findings: Significant constitutional symptoms may predominate early and include fever, weight loss, and severe malaise. Arthralgias/myalgias (50%) and severe abdominal pain often herald disease onset. In PAN, visceral organ manifestations (in order of decreasing frequency) include (Fig. 7):\n—Renal (70%–80%): Impaired renal function, proteinuria, and hypertension are secondary to renal artery involvement.\n—Nerve (50%–70%): Peripheral neuropathy is common and often manifests early in the disease as mononeuritis multiplex (vasculitis of the vasa nervorum) and may present as foot drop. Distal sensorimotor polyneuropathy and late CNS involvement leading to encephalopathy also occur.\n—GI (25%–70%): Severe abdominal pain with intestinal angina is common. GI hemorrhage, perforation, cholecystitis, pancreatitis, intrahepatic aneurysm rupture, and appendicitis have all been reported.\n—Cardiac (<10%): Although coronary vasculitis is common at postmortem, symptomatic coronary vasculitis and cardiac disease are uncommon in PAN.\n—Skin (40%): Livedo reticularis, nodules, nonspecific maculopapular eruptions, and ulcerations are seen. Subcutaneous skin lesions are typical in the more limited form, cutaneous PAN.\nUncommon Findings: PAN seldom involves the cerebral or pulmonary vasculature. Palpable purpura is also uncommon. In contrast, microscopic polyangiitis often involves the lung and heart.\nComplications: Infarction of the bowel leading to hemorrhage and/or perforation is one of the most feared complications. Congestive heart failure and myocardial infarction are occasionally seen. Microscopic polyangiitis can be accompanied by rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis.\nMicroscopic polyangiitis: Microscopic polyangiitis and PAN share a similar onset and range of signs and symptoms. Microscopic polyangiitis commonly manifests with palpable purpura, alveolar hemorrhage, symptomatic cardiac involvement but is less likely to have hypertension, neuropathy, or hepatitis B. Distinctive pathology includes pulmonary capillaritis, necrotizing segmental glomerulonephritis, and P-ANCA serologies (Table 31). Although the prognosis is good, those with alveolar hemorrhage are at risk of early death.\nDiagnostic Testing: Nonspecific inflammatory markers include elevated ESR or CRP, leukocytosis, anemia of chronic disease, and thrombocytosis. In the setting of renal disease, an abnormal urinalysis with proteinuria, granular or red blood cell casts, and declining creatinine clearance is frequently seen. Hypocomplementemia (low C4, C3) and circulating immune complexes are inconsistently detected; the latter are not recommended because of their poor sensitivity and specificity. Evidence of HBV or HCV infection should be sought. An angiogram of the mesenteric or renal arteries may strongly suggest PAN if vascular tapering, microaneurysms, and beading are noted. A histologic diagnosis is made by biopsy of a medium-sized muscular artery. Biopsies are best performed in clinically involved tissues and may include a sural nerve (with foot drop or neuropathy), a muscle (with myopathy or myalgia), or, less preferably, a symptomatic testicle. Renal biopsy is not helpful because specimens seldom exhibit characteristic abnormalities. Microscopic polyangiitis is associated with P-ANCA.\nKeys to Diagnosis: PAN may be a diagnostic challenge. Histopathologic evidence of medium-vessel vasculitis or a pathognomonic angiogram in the appropriate clinical setting confirms a clinical diagnosis.\nDiagnostic Criteria: The 1990 ACR criteria include (a) weight loss of at least 4 kg; (b) livedo reticularis; (c) testicular pain or tenderness; (d) myalgias, weakness, or leg tenderness; (e) mononeuropathy or polyneuropathy; (f) diastolic blood pressure >90 mm Hg; (g) BUN >40 mg/dL or creatinine >1.5 mg/dL; (h) HBV antigen or antibodies in serum; (i) arteriographic abnormalities (e.g., occlusions or aneurysms); and (j) small- or medium-sized artery biopsy specimen demonstrating PMN leukocytes. The presence of at least three of these features yields an 82% sensitivity and 87% specificity for the diagnosis of PAN.\nComparison if polyarteritis Nodosa and Microscopic Polyangiitis\n|NeuropathyHypertensionAlveolar hemorrhageGlomerular diseaseHepatitis BP-ANCA||50%-70%CommonAbsentAbsent (vascular nephropathy)Uncommon10%||<35%Uncommon20%-30%Segmental necrotizing glomerulonephritisAbsent80%|\nDifferential Diagnosis: Alternative forms of systemic vasculitis with overlapping features include granulomatosis with polyangiitis, microscopic polyangiitis, Churg-Strauss angiitis, hypersensitivity vasculitis, and angiitis secondary to amphetamine or cocaine abuse. The vasculitides are compared in Vasculitis: Comparison Table. Medium-vessel arteritis may be a feature of many connective tissue and idiopathic inflammatory disorders (RA, SLE, cryoglobulinemia, Behçet’s syndrome). Occult malignancy, infective endocarditis, cholesterol emboli syndrome, and left atrial myxoma are also in the differential diagnosis. Hairy cell leukemia has been associated with PAN-like picture.\nTherapy: In PAN, high-dose corticosteroids are the first line of treatment and are generally begun with at least 1 mg/kg in divided doses. Addition of such cytotoxic agents as cyclophosphamide and less commonly azathioprine is often justified, both for steroid sparing and for disease refractory to steroids alone. Some studies suggest improved survival with the use of cyclophosphamide. MTX has not been studied. Although trials are in progress, TNF inhibitors (infliximab, etanercept) have nonetheless been used with success in some patients with refractory PAN and granulomatosis with polyangiitis. The aggressiveness of therapy is based on the tempo of the disease and the extent of visceral involvement. Addition of plasma exchange to the therapeutic regimen is not of proven benefit. Antiviral therapy with interferon alpha should be considered in patients with PAN with evidence of active HBV infections. The benign course of limited cutaneous PAN supports conservative therapy for this variant.\nPrognosis: PAN is associated with very high morbidity and substantial mortality. Untreated, mortality is >90%, but with corticosteroids, it decreases to 50%. The survival advantages of cytotoxic therapy are controversial. Most mortality is owing to renal failure, GI perforation/hemorrhage, and cardiac involvement. Patients who survive the initial manifestations of PAN are at high risk of infectious complications because of the potent immunosuppressive therapy necessary to control the disease. Chronic cardiac and/or renal disease are other long-term sequelae.\nLangford CA. Treatment of polyarteritis nodosa, microscopic polyangiitis, and Churg-Strauss syndrome: where do we stand? Arthritis Rheum 2001;44:508–512. PMID:11263763\nLangford CA. Vasculitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2003;111(suppl):S602–S612. PMID:12592306\nLhote F, Guillevin L. Polyarteritis nodosa, microscopic polyangiitis and Churg Strauss syndrome: clinical aspects and treatment. Rheum DisClin North Am 1995;21:911–948. PMID:8592743\nLightfoot RW, Michel BA, Bloch DA, et al. The American College of Rheumatology 1990 criteria for the classification of polyarteritis nodosa. Arthritis Rheum 1990;33:1088–1093. PMID:1975174\nSoto O, Conn DL. Polyarteritis nodosa and microscopic polyangiitis. In: Hochberg MC, Silman AJ, Smolen JS, et al., eds. Rheumatology, 3rd ed. Edinburgh: Mosby, 2003:1611–1621.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "This takes patience and the effect may seem too subtle. It is not an optical illusion proper, but it does show that we have a sense to immediately appreciate amounts, or “numerosity”.\nWhat to see\nIn the experiment on the right there are two large light-grey discs. They are filled with a number of blobs, colored or grey. When the blobs are colored, there are many on the left, few on the right. When the blobs are grey, they are more equally distributed.\nWhat to do\nYour task is to look at the central down-counting digit and with your inner eye(!) compare the number of grey dots, whenever they briefly appear. If you feel the number of grey blobs differs between left and right, press one of the two bottom buttons to increase one side (the other decreases; the effect will only be apparent when the grey blobs appear again; internal accounting keeps track). Do this for a number of cycles, you may need to press the bottom left button repeatedly. At all times try to steadily fixate the central down-counter. When you're satisfied, press the “stop” button on the top left and you will see wether the adaptation had an effect on you.\nThe number of grey dots (now visible above the “increase” buttons) initially is set to 30:30. However, after looking at the display for a number of cycles, and increasing the left grey blob count, for me they appear equal at around 40:20.\nThere is a rule in psychophysics: “what is adaptable, exists”. Thus this experiment suggests that we actually have specific perception units for “numerosity”. Trivial explanations do not explain the rather strong effect: the position of the dots changes every cycle, thus precluding afterimages, and the effect even generalises across color.\nThe experiment allows to set the number of blobs for the adaptors and the test. Setting the adaptors to, say, 100:100 cancels any effect. You can also try 20:400 to convince yourself that it's not a trivial left field (or right hemisphere) effect.\nIf you want to know more: The sources below go into scientific depth. The present experiment was inspired by Burr & Ross’s demonstration, adding the “sawtooth” adaptation technique (Bach & Ulrich 1994) to drive into deep adaptation.\nBurr DC, Ross J (2008) A visual sense of number. Current Biology 18:425–442\nRoss J, Burr DC (2010) Vision senses number directly. JOV 10(2):10, 1–8\nTanya Lewis (2013) Is 'Numerosity' Humans' Sixth Sense? liveScience", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Biological Quality Elements (BQE)\nThe ecological status of a river can be assessed by evaluating indicators for the composition, abundance, species diversity or absence of various groups of organisms known as “biological quality elements”. Four biological quality elements are used for rivers: algae (phytobenthos), macrophytes, macroinvertebrates and fish.\n|Phytoplankton||Macrophytes and phytobenthos||Benthic invertebrates||Fish|\nUsing biological quality elements as indicators of hydromorphological degradation turns out to remain difficult. Improvements might be possible when using trait-based metrics Trait-based metrics instead of metrics based on species identity. Monitoring needs to be improved too. Nonetheless, unclear relationships between hydromorphological degradation and biota seem inevitable. Therefore REFORM recommends, with the current level of knowledge, using the hydromorphological method directly for ecological class assessment, circumventing the use of biological indicators.\nFurther reading: REFORM deliverables D3.1, D3.2, D3.3 and D3.4\nImages taken from:", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Lundi 29 Mars 2021 10:00 via Teams\nNorms have proven to be useful mechanisms to coordinate societies. However, when choosing the norms to enact, we should also consider their ethical implications, since the selected norms may promote or demote moral values. Therefore, this selection process must consider how norms relate to moral values as well as the society's value preferences, so that the chosen norms (the so-called norm system) are those that align best with these preferences. Knowing how norms relate to values, we can use ranking functions to transform the moral value preferences to norm preferences. In the obtained norm ranking, more preferred norms are the ones that better align with the moral value preferences. Thus, we can use these norm preferences to compose the most value-aligned norm system. Interestingly, the generality of these methods allows to adapt them to many other ethical reasoning and decision making problems.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "WHO IS THIS COURSE FOR?\nThis course is suitable for teachers working with young learners from 6 to 11 years old. It is for teachers that may be teaching English as a separate subject (ELT) or combining English with other subjects.\nThe course encourages participants to try out new classroom activities and discover the principles and methodologies used for teaching young learners.\n- Ways of introducing and practising a new language\n- Developing skills\n- Using story books\n- Different types of materials to use and adapt.\nWHAT WILL YOU ACHIEVE?\nTake this course to:\n- Evaluate teaching activities, materials and media\n- Understand how content and language are integrated in primary ELT and CLIL\n- Consider classroom management, behaviour and motivation\n- Share experiences with peers\n1. Getting to know each other\n2. Speak up! Helping learners with their oral communication skills\n3. Vocabulary games with aims\n1. Fun with flashcards! Exploit flashcards for vocabulary, grammar and pronunciation\n2. Content and language integrated learning. CLIL v. ELT\n3. Song, chants and drama in the classroom\n1. Guided writing. Getting over the fear of the blank page\n2. Different writing techniques for younger learners\n3. Getting arty. Creative ideas for the classroom\n1. Story-telling. Looking at popular children’s story books\n2. Grammar Giggles. Games to recycle grammar\n1. Managing behaviour. The use of praise in the classroom\n2. Useful error correction techniques\n3. Using technology in the classroom. Ideas and useful websites\n4. End of course quiz and certificates\nPrzykładowe zajęcia dodatkowe:\nbilard *, bowling *, cycling *, fitness *, ice scating *, sport in park, sports tournament, tennis *\nbicycle tours *, boat cruises *, city tour/walk, concerts *, conversation practice, cultural activities, cultural events and festivals, guided city tours *, international evenings, museum visits, orientation tour, sightseeng, theatre or cinema visit *, walking tour\nThe London Eye *, British Museum, National Gallery, Victoria and Albert Museum, Royal Academy of Arts, Science Museum, Brighton *, Cambridge *, Oxford *\n* zajęcia dodatkowo płatne", "label": "No"}
{"text": "This week was Healthy Eating week and the children in Year 4 partook in various activities to think about staying hydrated, consuming more fruit and vegetables, incorporating more fibre in their diet and also considering ways to reduce food waste. Throughout the week, they researched fruits and vegetables and identified which parts of the plant we actually eat. They designed a healthy meal whilst grouping their ingredients according to food groups. They tasted 4 wholemeal items: morning cereal, tortilla, rice and wholemeal oat biscuits. They also sampled exotic fruits, evaluating not only the taste but the look, smell and texture. After creating a class database, they plotted their results on a graph. The class also had a chance to taste different infused water during the week, thinking about the importance of hydration, especially in the current heat. Thank you for all of you who kindly supported our learning by sending in fruit and veg; the children had a lovely time. It has been lovely to see them so open to new flavours and I am proud to announce we have 5 new wholemeal enthusiasts!\nA huge well done to the class who sat their MTC tests this Tuesday. They worked very hard on their multiplication facts all year and tackled this rigorous exam with composure and confidence.\nIn English, the children used expanded noun phrases to describe characters whilst in Maths, we revised our formal written methods for the 4 calculations and consolidated long division. In RE, we deepened our understanding of Matthew’s parables further whilst in Art the children looked at artists from the 1960s to understanding how abstract art creates effect. In PE, we practiced our running and throwing skills when completing sprints, javelin throwing long jumping and obstacle drills.\nA quick reminder that next Friday (23rd June) is non-uniform day in return for a hamper item (bottles, chocolates, raffle prizes, etc).\nHave a lovely weekend,\nPlease see below your Home Learning:\n|Home Learning||Due in by Tuesday, 20th June 2023|\n|Spelling||Words with the prefix ‘bi-’ meaning ‘two’|\nPlease complete 2 activities and update reading log\nPlease complete the activities in your assigned pod, all Maths revision tasks.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "GREENLAND POPULATION: 57,600\n« Previous Country | Next Country » Back to Top Countries\n|Greenland, the world's largest island, is about 81% ice-capped. Vikings reached the island in the 10th century from Iceland; Danish colonization began in the 18th century, and Greenland was made an integral part of Denmark in 1953. It joined the European Community (now the EU) with Denmark in 1973, but withdrew in 1985 over a dispute centered on stringent fishing quotas. Greenland was granted self-government in 1979 by the Danish parliament; the law went into effect the following year. Greenland voted in favor of increased self-rule in November 2008 and acquired greater responsibilty for internal affairs in June 2009. Denmark, however, continues to exercise control of Greenland's foreign affairs, security, and financial policy in consultation with Greenland's Home Rule Government.|\nMap data ©2011 Geocentre Consulting, Tele Atlas -\n1. Largest island.\n2. Least dense population.\n3. Given self-governance by Denmark in 1979.\n4. Highest suicide rate (with teens in particular vulnerable): twice that of the next highest, Japan. Why? Guns are generally available (hunting mentality) and it really gets depressing in the winter.\n5. Richie Cunningham--that character from Happy Days-- spent two winters here. No, not Ron Howard, he was smart enough not to be sent there.\n6. If all the Greenland ice melted, our seas would rise by around 24 feet.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Acid Reflux Diet: Acid Reflux Into Mouth. Acid reflux blog, Heal your acid reflux today.\nGastroesophageal reflux disease – IMA Endoscopy SurgiCenter, PC, entered into a co-management agreement with Methodist Hospitals. Cathy Reed was suffering from acid reflux, also known as GERD, when she read about the transoral incisionless fundoplication (TIF).\nHeartburn, regurgitation, and dyspepsia are a few of the most common acid reflux symptoms. Symptoms of acid reflux may be a sign that stomach acid.\nList of 7 disease causes of Acute acid reflux into mouth, patient stories, diagnostic guides. Diagnostic checklist, medical tests, doctor questions, and related signs.\nAs science discovers new ways to treat acid reflux, tradition has come up with several effective herbal remedies. These remedies are natural and commonly available in.\nCould this have been caused by my acid reflux? What can I do about it? DEAR READER: Yes, it could, and there are treatments. First, some explanation. The esophagus is the muscular tube that carries food from the mouth, through.\n11 Surprising Symptoms of Acid Reflux. which occurs because stomach acid is splashing into the esophagus, is a classic acid reflux. If your mouth all of.\nNov 18, 2015. Heartburn is felt as a burning pain that spreads from the upper stomach, or from the area behind the breastbone, up into the throat. As well as acid reflux and heartburn, GERD can also be associated with problems swallowing. Other possible symptoms include a burning sensation in your throat, a bad taste.\nGastroesophageal reflux, also known as acid reflux, occurs when the stomach contents reflux or back up into the esophagus and/or mouth. Reflux is a normal process.\nPeople now also need to be aware of another danger that causes permanent and severe loss of tooth structure, acid reflux-induced erosion, a condition that occurs when stomach contents reflux into the mouth, according to a study that appeared in the March/April 2009 issue of General Dentistry, the Academy of General.\nThe esophagus is the tube that carries food from your mouth to your stomach. can also be commonly seen in individuals who have acid reflux disease without Barrett’s esophagus. These symptoms can easily be treated by over.\nYou may have acid reflux Acid reflux is a common problem that many. which involves passing a thin video camera through the mouth, down the esophagus and into the stomach. This is a brief test, performed under light sedation,\nAcid reflux could be affected by heartburn. Search for causes & get treatment.\nAcid reflux 101: Common causes, symptoms and. tasting acid backing up into your throat or mouth. rather stomach acid from reflux getting into.\nGastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), also known as acid reflux, is a long- term condition where stomach contents come back up into the esophagus resulting in either symptoms or complications. Symptoms include the taste of acid in the back of the mouth, heartburn, bad breath, chest pain, vomiting, breathing problems.\nAcid reflux can shoot up into the. Acid Reflux in Nose (LPR): Cause, Solutions, Long. I have been experiencing burning in the stomach chest throat mouth and.\nIf you've been diagnosed with gastroesophageal acid reflux disease, or GERD, GERD causes stomach acids to back up into the esophagus and sometimes into the mouth.\nIt results from reflux (backward flow) of the stomach contents into the esophagus and causes trouble symptoms at least two times a week. Reflux of infectious agents, chemical. ~a procedure in which a thin tube is placed in the esophagus , through the mouth, to measure acid levels and the pH. Esophageal manometry.\n\"Angular stomatitis is when small cracks or cuts appear at the corners of your mouth. These can be a sign. \"However, if you have GORD, stomach acid is able to leak back up into the oesophagus causing acid reflux (heartburn). Alcohol.\nGastroesophageal reflux disease, or GERD, occurs when the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) does not close properly and stomach contents leak back, or reflux, into the.\nBad Stomach Acid After Alcohol Pill Vomiting Indigestion often goes away on its own after a few hours. Avoid foods with a lot of acid, since smoking can irritate your stomach. Cut back on alcohol. Measurements should be conducted 3 days after the administration of 10 μM of ACR alone. Prevention of second. Measurements should be conducted 3 days after the administration\n\"Acid reflux is when the acid that is in the stomach travels up into the esophagus,\" said Dr. Jenine Paner, a doctor of osteopathic medicine in family medicine at Renown Medical Group. \"The esophagus is the tube which connects the.\nOr that sour or bitter-tasting acid. into the throat or mouth; and excess salivation. Symptoms can occur outside of the esophagus as well. “Cough, chest pain, laryngitis and asthma symptoms can occur concurrently in patients with acid.\nHow to Treat Acid Reflux Naturally. Hyperacidity, as known as acid reflux or heartburn, is the irritation of the esophagus that results when acid from the stomach is.\nLearn about gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD, acid reflux, heartburn) symptoms like heartburn, chest pain, regurgitation, and nausea. Diet, causes, diagnosis.\nWhen the LES relaxes too often or for too long, stomach acid flows back into the esophagus. This causes vomiting or heartburn. Everyone has reflux from time to time. If you have ever burped and had an acid taste in your mouth, you have had reflux. Sometimes the LES relaxes at the wrong times. Often your child will just.\nChest pain, which occurs because stomach acid is splashing into the esophagus, is a classic acid reflux symptom. But the pain can last longer and be more intense than.\nThe terms heartburn, acid reflux, and GERD are often used interchangeably. They actually have very different meanings.\nAcid reflux is the entry of acid and digestive enzymes from the stomach into the esophagus. This may be caused by abnormal. Mouth Odor. Vomiting. Noisy Breathing. My dog over the past few months has started to puke very randomly and suddenly. It is projectile and little amounts. It smells very bad and so does her.\nAug 24, 2017. Heartburn is a burning feeling in the chest caused by stomach acid travelling up towards the throat (acid reflux). If it keeps happening, it's called. heartburn – a burning sensation in the middle of your chest; an unpleasant sour taste in your mouth, caused by stomach acid. You may also have: a cough or.\nSep 12, 2017. More on non-acidic reflux here. So what is the difference between LPR and GERD? Well, LPR is when the stomach acid gets past both your sphincters and end up in your throat, mouth, and sometimes even up into the back of your nose. GERD is when the stomach acid remains in the chest unable to get.\nAcid reflux is painful. Food and acid splash into the esophagus and cause belching, heartburn and, in some severe cases, chest pains. Some individuals have.\nAcid reflux is caused by acidic digestive juices creeping up from the stomach and entering back into the esophagus. An acid reflux diet can help symptoms.\nThe primary symptom of GERD and acid reflux is a lot of pain and discomfort. The symptoms of these two conditions are very similar but you can view GERD as the second phase of acid reflux. GERD pain is the result of a cauterization of the esophageal lining which again is a result of acid reflux. To go into more detail,\nRead the typical and severe symptoms of acid reflux disease along with the medical and dietary GERD treatment options. in which acid is forced out of the intestines and back up the esophagus – the 'pipe' which food goes down when you swallow it, which leads into your intestines. Excessive saliva in the mouth.\nXylimelts for Dry Mouth can help reduce acid reflux and heartburn at night according to this study in the Journal of. It occurs when acid \"back-flows\" into the.\nINTRODUCTION. Gastroesophageal reflux, also called acid reflux, occurs when the stomach contents back up (reflux) into the esophagus or mouth. Acid reflux is a.\nWebMD provides an overview of acid reflux disease, including symptoms, causes, Regurgitation: a sour or bitter-tasting acid backing up into your throat or mouth;\nThe pain results from the irritating effects of stomach acid on the esophagus wall, which does not have the same natural protection from acid as does the stomach. A number of individuals also describe a sensation of food or liquid coming up into the throat or mouth (regurgitation), especially when bending over or lying down.\nAcid reflux occurs when stomach contents moves backward into the esophagus. It’s also called acid regurgitation or gastroesophageal reflux (GERD). Acid reflux is a.\nSee Gaviscon® Work to Block Stomach Acid by Forming a Foam Barrier!\nAcid reflux occurs when the esophageal sphincter connecting the esophagus to the stomach does not function properly, allowing stomach digest to move.\nGastroesophageal reflux occurs when food, liquid, or acid from your child's stomach backs up into his or her esophagus. Heartburn (burning pain in his or her chest or below the breast bone) that usually occurs after meals; Bitter or acid taste in the mouth; Upper abdominal pain, nausea, or vomiting; Dry cough, hoarseness.\nPharmacy shelves are full of medications for reflux \"heartburn.\" Most of us know the symptoms: a burning sensation in the chest with belching, sour stomach fluid coming up into the mouth — or worse yet, awakening suddenly choking.\nIf acid does move up into your mouth and lungs, it can cause bad breath, asthma and dental problems because the acid can rot teeth and cause vocal cord problems. What can you do to prevent this reflux? Lose weight. Extra fat puts.\nthat stops acid from backing-up into the esophagus. Dr. Summers inserts an endoscope equipped with an esophy-x device through the patients mouth. The device uses the patient’s tissue to create the valve between the stomach and.\nApple cider vinegar and acid reflux do not mix! An ACV tonic before meals along with some dietary and lifestyle changes is a natural way to alleviate heartburn symptoms.\nChronic acid reflux, occurs when stomach acid leaks up into the. If you do have an acid reflux episode, rinse your mouth out thoroughly with water to remove.\nJun 29, 2009. But the stomach inflammation that results from bile reflux often causes a burning or gnawing pain in the upper abdomen that is not felt with acid reflux, Thus, as food and liquids pass through the digestive process, they normally travel from the mouth to the throat, then down the esophagus into the stomach,\nalso lurks behind acid reflux. But more than that, even healthy people who exercise wisely can suffer from this if they make these following mistakes. When you lie down immediately after a large meal, the digestive tract gets into a go.\n. happens when stomach acid flows back up into your esophagus — the tube that connects your throat to your stomach. With acid reflux, you may get a taste of food or sour liquid at the back of your mouth, feel chest pain or pressure, or.\nOct 19, 2016. Bile reflux is a condition in which bile backs up into the stomach and the esophagus (the tube connecting stomach and mouth). Bile is an important agent that aids in digestion. It is produced by the liver. Bile reflux may accompany acid reflux, but the two are separate conditions. Unlike acid reflux, bile reflux.\nYou can prevent or relieve your symptoms from GERD by changing your diet. Following this comprehensive guide to an effective acid reflux diet and relief.\nLearn more about acid reflux, a condition that occurs when stomach acids back up into the esophagus through the lower esophageal sphincter.\nThe causes, symptoms and treatment options for infant acid reflux, gastric / gastroesophageal reflux and GER in babies and newborns.\nAcid reflux is a condition in which acid backs up from the stomach into the esophagus and even up to the throat, irritating their lining tissues.\nI was recently diagnosed with acid reflux. You have the same thing I have, LPR Reflux. I have mucos and acid coming up into my mouth all day long.\nLearn about heartburn, a burning sensation in the throat from acid reflux. Symptoms of heartburn include chest pain, burning in the throat, and difficulty swallowing.\nWebMD provides an overview of acid reflux disease, including symptoms, causes, diagnosis, treatments, and helpful diet and lifestyle tips.\nApr 1, 2016. Acid reflux is where the lower oesophageal sphincter is abnormally relaxed and allows the stomach's acidic contents to flow back into the oesophagus. The acid reflux may reach the pharynx (throat) and mouth. The oesophagus remains wide open which allows stomach acid to get into the oesophagus.\nBile reflux occurs when bile — a digestive liquid produced in your liver — backs up (refluxes) into your stomach and the tube that connects your mouth and stomach.\nGERD stands for gastroesophageal reflux disease, which is the backflow of stomach contents (including stomach acid) upward into the esophagus (the swallowing tube that extends from the mouth to the stomach and sits behind the breast bone). The lining of the stomach protects the stomach from the effects of its own acids.\nMay 28, 2016. \"A fair number of people with acid reflux experience a sour taste in their mouth,\" Schnoll-Sussman says. It may also seem. One is that cough happens as a protective measure when tiny amounts of acid reaches—and is slightly breathed into—the larynx, which acts as an air passage to the lungs. The other.\n. actually reflux back up into the esophagus, it causes a variety of different symptoms,\" he said. Fink says most people suffering from acid reflux disease feel classic symptoms like heartburn or an acidic taste in the mouth. Others have.\nIn addition, while individuals are awake, they repeatedly swallow, whether or not there is reflux. Each swallow carries any refluxed liquid back into the stomach. Finally, the salivary glands in the mouth produce saliva, which contains bicarbonate. With each swallow, bicarbonate-containing saliva travels down the esophagus.\nList of 28 causes for Acid reflux into mouth and Regurgitation, alternative diagnoses, rare causes, misdiagnoses, patient stories, and much more.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "As far back as the 1800’s, the Armenian people were often treated harshly by the Turks, and were regarded as second- class citizens within the region. Groups of people such as the Armenians, Jews, and Greeks were often told to wore distinctive clothing that told others that they were not of ‘pure descent’. This all led to a massive superiority complex on the Turk’s behalf. In the 1890s, the Turks won a large portion of Russia for themselves, and several treaties were signed that were for the protection of the Armeneian people s a result of the ‘win’. Although this was the case, the documents were incredibly vgue, and the Turks continud to mistreat the people. Some civil uprisings occurred becaus of the harsh treatment. The sultan of the region decided to end the uprisings before they began and ordered the execution of over two thousand Armenian people, which set the reasoning behind the genoide that would take place. Upon the brink of World War One, the Turkish government believed that the problems of civil unrest that were cropping up within the nation would cease to exist if there were no more Armenian people left. The government began to send people to ‘re-location’ walks through a desert, over two thirds of the Armenian population died between those events.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Monograph 13 – Road fatalities among older pedestrians\nRoad fatalities among older pedestrians Pedestrians represent a significant component of Australias total road deaths. Of 1,737 deaths throughout Australia in 2001, about one-in-six (290) were pedestrians. This monograph provides a statistical overview of a major contributor to the pedestrian toll - people aged 65 years and older.\nFigure 1 shows the age and gender profile of total pedestrian road fatalities during the past five years in Australia. It shows that the major contributors have been males aged 15 to 54 and males and females aged 65 and older.\nThe contribution from persons aged 65 and older is well in excess of what might be expected on the basis of their population share. Figure 2 shows the average rates of pedestrian fatalities per 100,000 population for individual age and gender groups during the past five years in Australia. Compared with average annual fatality rates of 0.6 or 0.7 fatalities per 100,000 persons for the safest groups - females aged below 55 - the rates for older people ranged up to 13.7 for males aged 85 and older.\nAlthough people aged 65 and older represent less than one-eighth of the Australian population, they have contributed about one-third of total pedestrian deaths in recent years (93 of the 290 pedestrian fatalities in 2001).\nThis high toll reflects the greater reliance of older people on pedestrian travel, the perceptual, cognitive and physical deteriorations associated with ageing, and the older persons greater frailty and risk of death if hit by a motor vehicle.\nFurther, fatalities among older pedestrians are potentially set to grow substantially as Australias population ages over the next few decades. Recent population projections by the Australian Bureau of Statistics indicate that the share of Australias population aged 65 years and older will double to about 24% by the year 2041.\nThese facts demonstrate how important it is for Australian road safety practitioners to identify the characteristics of motor vehicle collisions involving older pedestrians and to reflect this knowledge in standards for roadway design and in other road safety countermeasures.\nIn time, such planning will need to focus most of all on the very elderly pedestrian. Projected population increase is greatest for this age group. If other factors remain unchanged, by the year 2041 about one-in-three fatally injured older pedestrians will be aged 85+ compared with about one-in-five at present.\nA comprehensive table of information on older pedestrian fatalities is provided here, based on information extracted from the ATSBs holdings of coronial documentation about road crashes. The summary covers 393 of the 405 pedestrians aged 65 and older who were killed (in 402 collisions) on Australian roads between 1996 and 1999. The following key facts emerge from this material.\n- People aged 65 and older feature prominently among Australias pedestrian road deaths.\n- Pedestrian fatalities in this age group are potentially set to increase substantially as Australias population ages over the next few decades.\n- The greatest population increase is projected for the very elderly. If other factors remain unchanged, by the year 2041 about one in every three older pedestrian fatalities will be aged 85 and older compared with about one in every five at present.\n- Examination of coronial records between 1996 and 1999 indicates that older pedestrians were generally killed after coming into collision with a vehicle while attempting to cross the road in an urban area either on the far side of the road from the point entered (43%) or on the near side (43%).\n- The deaths tended to be associated with complex traffic environments. They occurred predominantly in urban areas (96% of cases), commonly took place on carriageways with undivided streams of opposing traffic (64% of cases), and were mostly at locations subject to speed limits of 60 km/hr or less (81%).\n- Only a small proportion of the deaths (5%) stemmed from risky road use on the part of the driver.\n- Primary responsibility for the collision was fully attributable to the pedestrian in 72% of cases and partly attributable to the pedestrian in an additional 14% of cases.\n- There was little evidence, however, of deliberately risky road use on the pedestrians part other than alcohol intoxication. About 11% of pedestrians had a blood alcohol concentration that would have made them ineligible to be in control of a motor vehicle, a much lower incidence than among their younger adult counterparts (60%).\n- The deaths were predominantly attributed to unexplained unintentional errors on the pedestrians part. Although difficult to prove, perceptual, cognitive and physical deteriorations were probably implicated in many of these errors.\n- These difficulties would have been exacerbated by the fact that only a small proportion of fatal road crossings had been attempted at a traffic control 15% at an intersection or pedestrian crossing controlled by traffic lights and 4% at a pedestrian crossing without lights.\n- In at least 18% of cases, an intersection controlled by traffic lights or a pedestrian crossing had been available within 100 metres of the pedestrian attempting to cross the road but had not been used.\n- Pedestrian errors would be expected to have more serious consequences in conditions of reduced visibility. Although the deaths occurred predominantly on straight stretches of road (86%) and in fine weather (88%), about one-third occurred at night, dawn or dusk, mostly in circumstances of poor street lighting or no street lighting at all. This contrasts with the fact that the majority of travel by older pedestrians occurs during daylight hours.\nDownload Complete Document: Ped_Age_2 [PDF: 78 KB]\nType: Research and Analysis Report\nSub Type: ATSB Monograph\nTopics: Fatality, Pedestrian\nPublication Date: 01/07/02", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Student: Fraser Edgar\nThe aim of this project is to develop the concept of near-stoichiometric C-11 radiolabeling using a droplet based microfluidic reactor that will enable the rapid synthesis and purification of PET tracers.\n- to develop a microfluidic platform for efficiently trapping volatile and reactive C-11 precursors (for example CH3I, CO2, CS2, CO, etc.)\n- controlled measurement and reaction of precursor nanolitre droplets with radiolabelled synthons\n- manipulation of radiolabelled droplets on a microfluidic platform for further reaction, analysis and/or purification and formulation.\n- application of this labelling platform to relevant tracer molecules (for the development of new C-11 tracers and for the production of existing ones)\nDespite the apparent small scale of PET radiolabelling reactions, typically within volumes ranging from 100-500 µL, the quantities of solvent and precursors are far exceed (~103-106) that of the radioisotope. This causes several key problems for high specific activity radiolabelling processes, these include: slow reaction rates (a result of such dilute radioisotopic solutions), the need to add excess cold precursors in order to improve reaction rates and the need to separate excesses of unreacted cold precursors and solvents post reaction. ‘Near-stoichiometric’ labelling reactions, whereby amounts of cold reagents and solvents are much lower than conventional labelling reactions, are an attractive route for PET labelling reactions because they would avoid the vast excesses of cold reagents, improve reaction kinetics and simplify purification procedures. However, to achieve such near-stoichiometric labelling reactions two key requirements need to be met: (i) an ~105 fold reduction in the amount of solvent used to dilute the radioactive precursor, giving concentrations on the order of 0.01M for viable reaction kinetics (ii) an extremely accurate way of measuring the small quantities of cold reagents required for such reactions, typically ~0.1-1 µg. By exploiting microfluidics, this project will achieve these two key requirements and thus lead to anticipated improvements in the labelling efficiency, purification, processing and formulation of PET tracers.\nAlthough the advantages of microfluidics – small size, easy shielding and automation, rapid mixing and heat transfer – for radiolabelling have been recognised for some time, significant improvements in labelling reactions (radiochemical yields and purities) have not been made because most reactions are performed in a ‘flow system’ where reagents are pumped through a microchannel reactor. Under such flow processes, radioisotope solution concentrations are still dilute and present no significant advantage in reducing volumes or precursor concentrations. The recent development of nano and microdroplet generators is currently revolutionising high throughput chemical, biological and analytical techniques, with the potential to perform, process and analyse reactions on the nanomole scale. By applying the principle of nanoscale reactions to radiolabelling it should be possible to greatly reduce total reaction volumes of solvent and excessive quantities of cold reagents, and thus improve the overall efficiency of labelling reactions.\nThe basic design of the microfluidic reactor to achieve this is conceptually straightforward (see figure below in section 4) and it will perform the key steps of freeze trapping C-11 synthons, measuring a nanolitre volumes of cold precursors and reacting/processing the droplet reactions for collection and formulation, or for further reaction and/or analysis. The reactor will be tested initially for C-11 methyl iodide reactions since this is the most common C-11 reagent with excellent physical properties for freeze trapping (mp. -67 ºC, bp. 42 ºC) and further reaction, however, once the method is establish it is possible to envisage the application to other volatile and reactive C-11 synthons for the preparation of known and novel tracers.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Wireless sensors for N95 masks could enable easier, more accurate decontamination\n“The technology can give users the confidence they deserve when reusing respirators or other PPE.”\nTiny wireless sensors for recycled N95 masks could verify, in real time, whether the respirators are being exposed to proper decontamination conditions.\nThey’re being developed and tested at the University of Michigan through a new National Science Foundation RAPID COVID-19 grant.\nThe batteryless sensors are designed to provide more accurate and less cumbersome monitoring during the decontamination of protective masks for medical workers. In an effort to ensure availability of N95 masks when supplies are still tight, the devices help to ensure sufficient heat and humidity is used in decontamination systems.\n“Think of these wirelessly powered sensors as a turkey pop-up indicator for when decontamination is done,” says Kevin Fu, associate professor of computer science and engineering at U-M and lead on the project.\nPrevious studies have demonstrated that certain combinations of temperature and humidity are effective for decontaminating N95 masks adequately without damaging their performance or fit. Too much or too little intensity, however, can make a mask unsafe for continued use.\n“The ovens used to decontaminate these masks can produce cold spots and dry spots, so it’s important to verify the decontamination conditions with a resolution of a few cubic inches,” Fu explains.\nCurrent methods to achieve this accuracy are both labor-intensive and damage-prone. The most typical setup involves installing multiple wired sensors inside each of several dozen cubby holes designed to decontaminate one mask at a time. The result is an oven with a huge coil of wires draped through a portal, and an unwieldy setup for operators to work around. This project proposes replacing this with small, wireless chips that can be sprinkled in each cubby hole once and monitored with an adjacent device. The chips make use of energy-harvesting circuits from Fu’s past research on wirelessly powered and secure RFID sensors.\n“We want to remove messy spaghetti wiring from the decontamination stations,” says Fu.\nBecause of the wire nuisance, these sensor setups are typically used for a brief calibrating phase early in the oven’s installation and then removed. Fu’s proposed solution can remain installed to allow ongoing monitoring of the oven’s calibration, as well as enable potential future features such as real-time feedback to the oven’s temperature control.\nThis project plugs into a larger national effort to provide guidance to healthcare professionals on best practices for decontaminating their personal protective equipment (PPE). Called N95decon.org, Fu contributed to the launch of the effort and was later joined by Nancy Love, the Borchardt and Glysson Collegiate Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering, and nearly 60 other scientists, engineers, students, and clinicians around the world.\nLove is working on a project comparing various mask decontamination methods. That work could potentially benefit from Fu’s wireless sensors.\n“The wireless, batteryless sensors confirm when heat, humidity and time targets have been met for decontamination,” says Love. “The technology can give users the confidence they deserve when reusing respirators or other PPE.”\nThe researchers hope the sensors will prove to be a more scalable method for monitoring mask decontamination, ultimately cutting down on wasted time and resources across the country.\n“We need this science and technology so healthcare workers can return their focus to patient care instead of worrying about masks,” says Manu Prakash, professor of biomedical engineering at Stanford University and leader of the N95decon.org team.\nFu says this project has broader application to related domains for COVID-19 such as decontamination of automotive fleets, public transportation, and passenger aircraft by reducing the cumbersome and unsightly wiring to inconspicuous canary sensors that verify the environmental conditions needed for decontamination.\nFu has held leadership roles in trustworthy healthcare and cybersecurity, including a past $10M NSF Frontiers Award for THAW.org, the $15M SHARPS.org project for the Department of Health and Human Services, and his industrially-funded Archimedes Center for Medical Device Security at secure-medicine.org.\nThe project is a joint effort between Fu, PhD student Yan Long, and Co-PI Dr. Sara Rampazzi, who recently accepted a tenure-track position at the University of Florida.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "3rd Grade Math Tutoring: In-Home & Online\n3rd graders have an adventurous spirit, and they’re always prepared for the next stimulating adventure. For parents who want their student to keep that energy when it comes to 3rd grade math, especially if the student is struggling, Club Z! 3rd grade math tutoring can provide your student with a math mentor who can help make sense of all these new concepts and give them the tools and confidence to succeed throughout elementary school.\nClub Z! 3rd grade math tutoring engages young minds with 3rd grade math lessons and help in subjects like:\n3rd Grade Math Tutoring Subjects\n- Multiplication and Division\n- Addition and Subtraction\n- Measurement, Shapes, Graphs, and Data\n- Money Concepts\n- Telling Time\n3rd grade math standards change regularly. Keeping up with technology and common core 3rd grade math can be difficult for parents who were not taught those methods – and that’s where our math tutors can make a difference.\nOur 3rd grade math tutoring plans help students develop solid foundations. Some of our most popular 3rd grade lessons include 3rd grade math worksheets on multiplication and division, decimals and fractions. When your student has their next math test, a Club Z! 3rd grade math tutor will give them the tools and disposition for success.\nIn-home 3rd Grade Math Tutoring\nMeet one-on-one with a private math tutor that specializes in 3rd grade math. Club Z!’s in-home 3rd grade math tutors are thoroughly vetted and background checked and must either be a teacher or have a degree in their field of expertise.\nWe understand that each student learns differently, which is why we work with students, parents, and teachers to develop a 3rd grade in-home math tutoring plan that accomplishes everyone’s goals.\nSeeing progress in math subjects is all about maintaining regular practice. That’s why it’s so important to find the right tutor that matches your needs – not just by subject, but based on personality, location and, scheduling availability.\nOur Z! Tutor Match process is a comprehensive system that will match you with a in-home 3rd grade math tutor that meets and exceeds all of your expectations. Over our 20 years of experience, we’ve found that a positive pairing between students and in-home 3rd grade math tutors is a recipe for effective and long-lasting results. This is a cornerstone of the Club Z! in-home math tutoring program, and has helped our students see excellent results in a short period of time.\nWhatever the need, Club Z!’s in-home 3rd grade math tutoring is capable of helping your child excel in math.\nOnline 3rd Grade Math Tutoring\nWhen your student needs math tutoring in a short time frame, Club Z! online 3rd grade math tutoring is here to help. You can always find a tutor on our online live learning platform. With just four simple steps you can pair your student with an online math tutor in no time.\n- Answer some questions: Determine which subject or subjects that you would like to receive online 3rd grade math tutoring\n- Select your instructor: Choose from our list of tutors – you can see their availability, picture, hourly rates, education background and reviews from past or current students.\n- Chat with your online math tutor: After selecting a tutor, send them a message and begin a quick chat session to see if they meet your needs and expectations.\n- Book lesson\nAll our online 3rd grade math tutors are tested, certified and background checked and many of our tutors have hundreds of hours of tutoring service on our live learning platform.\nWe’re so confident you’ll find the right online 3rd grade math tutor that your first lesson is covered by our Z Guarantee – meaning you’ll love your tutor or we’ll cover the first hour of your lesson.\n“Where can I find 3rd Grade Math Tutoring Near Me?\nWhether you need math remediation, or want math enrichment tutoring to get ahead, Club Z!’s elementary math tutors can help! To find a math tutor in your area, call Club Z! today at 800-434-2582 or fill out our contact form.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "A subspecies of the southern skua (Catharacta antarctica) has undergone a massive population crash in the Falklands, declining by almost 50% over the past five years according to a new study.\nAlso known as the Falkland skua, the ultimate cause of this subspecies’ decline on New Island, in the west of the Falkland Islands, is unknown. However, it seems to be linked with chronic low breeding success in recent years.\nNew Island houses the largest known colony of the Falkland skua, a large, gull-like, ground-nesting seabird.\nTwo surveys of the skuas nesting on New Island were conducted in 2004 and 2009 by Dr Paulo Catry of the Museum of Natural History in Lisbon, Portugal, along with colleagues from Portugal and the UK. The results are published in the journal Polar Biology.\n“Although brown skuas have been the subject of many studies, virtually nothing has been done on the Falklands subspecies,” says Dr Catry.\nLow breeding success\nThe surveys revealed that overall, the number of Falkland skua territories on New Island reduced by 47.5% in the five years between the two surveys.\nThe decline on New Island has raised some serious concerns. Dr Catry emphasises that “Long-lived seabirds like skuas usually change their numbers slowly and this situation cannot be considered as ‘normal’.”\nSkuas are ground-nesting birds which generally have a high breeding success, with each pair raising a chick a year on average. However, the researchers found that pairs of the Falkland skua on New Island have a far lower success rate, producing as few as 0.28 chicks on average each year.\nEven more surprising is that other seabirds nesting on the same island have not shown similar declines over the same period.\nExploring possible options\nIt is currently unclear as to whether the decline in reproductive success of the Falkland skua has been accompanied by a rise in the number of deaths of adult skuas.\nDr Catry and his team are exploring several possible explanations for the dramatic decline of this southern skua subspecies.\nOne possibility is that the Falkland skua is being outcompeted by the striated caracara (Phalcoboenus australis), as both species appear to feed on the same prey.\nMore concerning is the prospect that the recent declines in skua populations may be linked to wider problems in the marine environment.\n“Falkland skuas are top predators of marine ecosystems. They will take fish, squid, crustaceans, and they are also important predators of other seabirds,” says Dr Catry. “If something is not well with them, it may mean that something is not well with the rich Patagonian shelf ecosystem.”\nRead the paper published in the journal Polar Biology.\nHelen Roddis, ARKive Species Text Author", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Casting a Spotlight on Frankenfoods\nA legislative victory in Connecticut is the first for American consumers who are demanding the right to know if our food is genetically engineered.\nDo you have a right to know how your food is produced?\nLook at any label on something made for human consumption. Whether it’s a bite-sized candy bar, a box of cereal, or a gallon of pickles, you’ll see lots of information: a list of ingredients, allergen warnings, calorie counts, vitamins, and even whether that item contains trans-fats.\nWhat won’t you see? Whether your food was genetically engineered.\nBut this might change in the near future. Consumers across the nation are demanding that information. Connecticut recently became the first state to pass a law requiring the labeling of genetically engineered foods.\nGenetically engineered crops — plants with genes of another species inserted into their DNA — have grown increasingly common in our food supply since their introduction in the mid-1990s. While some organic food suppliers tout the lack of these ingredients, products containing these newfangled things are never labeled. Neither is our genetically modified produce, like sweet corn or papayas.\nThe majority of corn, soybeans, and cotton grown in the U.S. are all genetically engineered. And I dare you to pick up a box or a package of anything in a grocery store and find cookies, cereal, or even a frozen dinner that contains no corn or soy. Even your meat, milk, and eggs come from animals fed corn and soy.\nWithout labels, there’s one way to avoid consuming genetically engineered foods:Buy organic.\nThese “frankenfoods” have been controversial from the get-go. Some consumers worry whether they’re safe, some are concerned about their environmental impact, and others fear that they’ll hurt our farmers. The lack of labeling isn’t due to a lack of consumer demand for labels.\nSo why aren’t they labeled? As one executive of the biotech giant Monsanto put it, “If you put a label on genetically engineered food you might as well put a skull and crossbones on it.” They think that if you knew what was in the food, you wouldn’t want to eat it.\nNational labeling requirements are up to the federal government. And the authorities in charge of that work assert that genetically engineered foods are “substantially equivalent” to normal food that has its original DNA intact. With no difference between the foods, there’s no need for a label.\n“If the foods are the same, then what the heck are they patenting?” asks Nancy Casady, who manages People’s Food Co-op in San Diego. She’s referring to the fact that each variety of genetically engineered foods is patented, and farmers who buy them must sign contracts prohibiting them from saving and replanting their seeds.\nThe way I see it, consumers simply have a right to know how their food is produced, whether the government says the food is “substantially equivalent” or not.\nEven some proponents of genetic engineering are starting to think that labels are a good idea. When the industry fights hard against labels — often winning — it looks like they’ve got something to hide. (This is what labeling advocates have said for years. If these products are so great, why doesn’t Big Ag brag about them?)\nNearly two decades since the first genetically engineered foods entered the American food supply, we’re finally getting closer to labeling them.\nThat’s why it’s such a big deal that Connecticut‘s measure passed with nearly unanimous support in both chambers of the state’s legislature. There’s a catch, though. The law includes two “triggers.” Four other states must pass labeling laws before Connecticut’s own law can go into effect. And some of those states must be in the Northeast.\nWhy do we have to fight so hard just to know how our food is produced? Shouldn’t it be our right?", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The are many ways we can add value to information and knowledge. I have described 14 ways of sense-making as part of personal knowledge mastery. One of these is the use of infographics, such as one on PKM published here. Recently, Tanmay Vora created a visual description of learning and leadership, based on an article by Kenneth Mikkelsen and me.\n“One of the crucial leadership skills for today and future is ability to learn constantly from various high quality sources, synthesizing information and collaborating with a community to get a better grasp of the constantly changing reality.” – Leadership, Learning & PKM\nHere is Tanmay’s infographic.\nTanmay Vora’s visual synthesis adds value by showing connections that may not have been obvious in our HBR published article. When we create content and publish it in an open form, we invite opportunities to further contextualize it, seeing it from different perspectives. The network enables us to co-create new context and add meaning. I have never met Tanmay but we have become knowledge co-creators. This is the power of social learning in digital networks, enabling knowledge to flow in directions we cannot know in advance.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "When the Tesla Roadster went into production in 2008, drivers were promised over 210 miles of per charge range. Just over a decade later and the upcoming version almost triples that. But even if you could afford the eye-watering asking price, you’re still going to spend some time parked up and plugged in. Being able to roll along the highway and have the batteries charge as you go would be a much better way, and a new development out of Stanford could see that happening.\nThe technology to wirelessly charge an electric vehicle’s batteries is already available, though compatible cars will still need to be parked up over a charging plate hooked up to a power source. A magnetic field is created between the source and the receiver, both resonating at the same frequency to allow for wireless power transfer over a small air gap. Though researchers did recently manage to charge a UPS hybrid delivery truck over an 11-inch gap.\nInstalling wireless charging tech into roads, so that electric vehicle batteries can be juiced up as the car rolls down the highway, has been the subject of much research for a number of years, but remains pretty much on the horizon. One of the issues needing to be solved is the variable distance between the source and receiver adversely impacting charging efficiency.\nThree years ago, an electrical engineer at Stanford called Shanhui Fan and a graduate student named Sid Assawaworrarit built a system that essentially overcame this problem. By incorporating an amplifier and feedback resistor into the design, the operating frequency could automatically adjust as the distance between the charger and a moving object changed. Sadly, this version was deemed too inefficient to be practical – requiring a lot of electricity to operate and only managing to transfer some 10 percent to the moving object.\nFor the new development, the researchers replaced the amplifier in the original design with a more efficient “switch mode” unit, and then spent a long time tinkering with the circuit before coming up with a configuration that managed a transmission efficiency of 92 percent. Though the prototype is only able to wirelessly transmit 10 watts of electricity over a distance of two to three feet, the team doesn’t see any obstacles preventing the system from being scaled up to wirelessly supply power to a fast moving vehicle.\n“This is a significant step toward a practical and efficient system for wirelessly re-charging automobiles and robots, even when they are moving high speeds,” said Fan. “We would have to scale up the power to recharge a moving car, but I don’t think that’s a serious roadblock. For re-charging robots, we’re already within the range of practical usefulness.”\nThe wireless transfer is said to only take a fraction of the time it would take an electric vehicle traveling at 70 mph to zip over a four-foot charging zone, with the rate at which the vehicle’s batteries could be charged using this method being the only potential limitation to this application, according to Fan. But, the first real-world application of this technology is unlikely to be on highways.\nThe researchers see it being embedded in warehouse floors to power robots for almost continuous operation, or being installed on rooftops so that drones can hop around cities all day, only stopping for a quick top up en route. For the moment though, the project remains in the lab.\nA paper on the research has been published in the journal Nature Electronics.\nSource: Stanford University\nSource of Article", "label": "No"}
{"text": "|Born||Georgi Melitonovitch Balanchivadze\nJanuary 22, 1904\nSt. Petersburg, Russian Empire\n|Died||April 30, 1983\nNew York City, New York, U.S.\n|Cause of death||Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease|\n|Occupation||dancer, choreographer, actor, director|\n|Spouse(s)||Tamara Geva (1921–1926; divorced)\nVera Zorina (1938–1946; divorced)\nMaria Tallchief (1946–1952; annulled)\nTanaquil LeClercq (1952–1969; divorced)\nGeorge Balanchine (born Giorgi Melitonovitch Balanchivadze Russian: Георгий Мелитонович Баланчивадзе; January 22 [O.S. January 9] 1904 – April 30, 1983) was a Russian-born American ballet choreographer. Styled as the father of American ballet, he took the standards and technique from his education at the Imperial Ballet School and fused it with other schools of movement that he had adopted during his tenure as a guest choreographer on Broadway and in Hollywood, creating his signature \"neoclassical style\". He was a choreographer known for his musicality; he expressed music with dance and worked extensively with leading composers of his time like Igor Stravinsky.\nHe was invited to America in 1933, by a young arts patron named Lincoln Kirstein who shared Balanchine's attitude regarding the importance of high quality dance training in America and together they founded the School of American Ballet. Along with Kirstein he co-founded the New York City Ballet (NYCB) and remained its Artistic Director until his death.\n- 1 Biography\n- 2 Personal life\n- 3 Legacy and honors\n- 4 Selected Choreographed Works\n- 4.1 For Ballets Russes de Serge Diaghilev\n- 4.2 For Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo\n- 4.3 For Les Ballets 1933\n- 4.4 For the American Ballet\n- 4.5 For Broadway\n- 4.6 For Hollywood\n- 4.7 For American Ballet Caravan\n- 4.8 For the Ballet del Teatro de Colón\n- 4.9 For Ballet Theatre\n- 4.10 For Ballet Society\n- 4.11 For the Paris Opera Ballet\n- 4.12 For Le Grand Ballet du Marquis de Cuevas\n- 4.13 For New York City Ballet\n- 4.14 For New York City Opera\n- 5 See also\n- 6 Notes\n- 7 Further reading\n- 8 External links\nGeorgia and Russia\nBalanchine was born Giorgi Melitonovitch Balanchivadze in Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire, in the family of noted Georgian opera singer and composer Meliton Balanchivadze, who was one of the founders of the Tbilisi Opera and Ballet Theatre and later served as the culture minister of Democratic Republic of Georgia, which became independent in 1918, but was later subsumed into the Soviet Union. The rest of Balanchine's Georgian side of the family comprised largely artists and soldiers. Little is known of Balanchine's Russian, maternal side. His mother, Meliton's second wife, Maria Nikolayevna Vasilyeva, was fond of ballet and viewed it as a form of social advancement from her lower reaches of the St. Petersburg society. She was eleven years younger than Meliton and rumored to have been his former housekeeper, although \"she had at least some culture in her background\" as she could play piano well.\nAs a child, Balanchine was not particularly interested in ballet, but his mother insisted that young Giorgi audition with his sister Tamara, who shared her mother's interest in the art. George's brother Andria Balanchivadze instead followed his father's love for music and became a well-known composer in what became then Soviet Georgia. Tamara's career, on the other hand, was cut short by her death in unknown circumstances as she was trying to escape on a train from besieged Leningrad to Georgia.\nBased on his audition, during 1913 (at age nine) Balanchine relocated from rural Finland to Saint Petersburg and was accepted into the Imperial Ballet School, principal school of the Imperial Ballet, where he was a student of Pavel Gerdt and Samuil Andrianov (Pavel's son-in-law).\nAfter graduating in 1921, Balanchine enrolled in the Petrograd Conservatory while working in the corps de ballet at the State Academic Theater for Opera and Ballet (formerly the State Theater of Opera and Ballet and known as the Mariinsky Ballet). His studies at the conservatory included advanced piano, music theory, counterpoint, harmony, and composition. Balanchine graduated from the conservatory during 1923, and danced as a member of the corps until 1924. While still in his teens, Balanchine choreographed his first work, a pas de deux named La Nuit (1920, music by Anton Rubinstein). This was followed by another duet, Enigma, with the dancers in bare feet rather than ballet shoes. During 1923, with fellow dancers, Balanchine formed a small ensemble, the Young Ballet.\nOn a 1924 visit to Germany with the Soviet State Dancers, Balanchine, his wife, Tamara Geva, and dancers Alexandra Danilova and Nicholas Efimov fled to Paris, where there was a large Russian community. At this time, the impresario Sergei Diaghilev invited Balanchine to join the Ballets Russes as a choreographer.\nDiaghilev soon promoted Balanchine to ballet master of the company and encouraged his choreography. Between 1924 and Diaghilev's death in 1929, Balanchine created nine ballets, as well as lesser works. During these years, he worked with composers such as Sergei Prokofiev, Igor Stravinsky, Claude Debussy, Erik Satie, and Maurice Ravel, and artists who designed sets and costumes, such as Pablo Picasso, Georges Rouault, and Henri Matisse, creating new works that combined all the arts. Among his new works, during 1928 in Paris, Balanchine premiered Apollon musagète (Apollo and the muses) in a collaboration with Stravinsky; it was one of his most innovative ballets, combining classical ballet and classical Greek myth and images with jazz movement. He described it as \"the turning point in my life\".\nSuffering a serious knee injury, Balanchine had to limit his dancing, effectively ending his performance career.\nAfter Diaghilev's death, the Ballets Russes went bankrupt. To earn money, Balanchine began to stage dances for Charles B. Cochran's revues and Sir Oswald Stoll's variety shows in London. He was retained by the Royal Danish Ballet in Copenhagen as a guest ballet master.\nIn 1931, with the help from financier Serge Denham, René Blum and Colonel Wassily de Basil formed the Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo, a successor to Ballets Russes. The new company hired Leonide Massine and Balanchine as choreographers. Featured dancers included David Lichine and Tatiana Riabouchinska. In 1933, without consulting Blum, Col. de Basil dropped Balanchine after one year — ostensibly because he thought that audiences preferred the works choreographed by Massine. Librettist Boris Kochno was also let go, while dancer Tamara Toumanova (a strong admirer of Balanchine's) left the company when Balanchine was fired.\nBalanchine and Kochno immediately founded Les Ballets 1933, with Kochno, Diaghilev's former secretary and companion, serving as artistic advisor. The company was financed by Edward James, a British poet and ballet patron. The company lasted only a couple of months during 1933, performing only in Paris and London, when the Great Depression made arts more difficult to fund. Balanchine created several new works, including collaborations with composers Kurt Weill, Darius Milhaud, Henri Sauguet and designer Pavel Tchelitchew.\nBalanchine insisted that his first project would be to establish a ballet school because he wanted to develop dancers who had the strong technique and style he wanted. Compared to his classical training, he thought they could not dance well. With the assistance of Lincoln Kirstein and Edward M.M. Warburg, the School of American Ballet opened to students on January 2, 1934, less than 3 months after Balanchine arrived in the U.S. Later that year, Balanchine had his students perform in a recital, where they premiered his new work Serenade to music by Tchaikovsky at the Warburg summer estate.\nRelocation to West Coast\nBalanchine relocated his company to Hollywood during 1938, where he rented a white two-story house with \"Kolya\", Nicholas Kopeikine, his \"rehearsal pianist and lifelong colleague\", on North Fairfax Avenue not far from Hollywood Boulevard. Balanchine created dances for five movies, all of which featured Vera Zorina, whom he met on the set of The Goldwyn Follies and who subsequently became his third wife. He reconvened the company as the American Ballet Caravan and toured with it throughout North and South America, but it folded after several years. From 1944 to 1946, during and after World War II, Balanchine served as resident choreographer for Blum & Massine's new iteration of Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo.\nReturn to New York\nSoon Balanchine formed a new dance company, Ballet Society, again with the generous help of Lincoln Kirstein. He continued to work with contemporary composers, such as Paul Hindemith, from whom he commissioned a score in 1940 for The Four Temperaments. First performed on November 20, 1946, this modernist work was one of his early abstract and spare ballets, angular and very different in movement. After several successful performances, the most notable featuring the ballet Orpheus created in collaboration with Stravinsky and sculptor and designer Isamu Noguchi, the City of New York offered the company residency at the New York City Center.\nIn 1955, Balanchine created his version of The Nutcracker, in which he played the mime role of Drosselmeyer. The company has since performed the ballet every year in New York City during the Christmas season.\nAfter years of illness, Balanchine died on April 30, 1983, aged 79, in Manhattan from Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease, which was diagnosed only after his death. He first showed symptoms during 1978 when he began losing his balance while dancing. As the disease progressed, his equilibrium, eyesight, and hearing deteriorated. By 1982, he was incapacitated. The night of his death, the company went on with its scheduled performance, which included Divertimento No. 15 and Symphony in C at Lincoln Center. In his last years, Balanchine suffered from angina and underwent heart bypass surgery. Clement Crisp, one of the many writers who eulogized Balanchine, assessed his contribution: \"It is hard to think of the ballet world without the colossal presence of George Balanchine. . .\nIn 1923, Balanchine married Tamara Geva, a sixteen-year-old dancer. After his divorce from Tamara Geva, Balanchine was partnered with Alexandra Danilova from 1926 through 1933. He married and divorced three more times, all to women who were his dancers: Vera Zorina (1938–1946), Maria Tallchief (1946–1952), and Tanaquil LeClercq (1952–1969). He had no children by any of his marriages and no known offspring from any extramarital unions or other liaisons.\nBiographer and intellectual historian Clive James observed that Balanchine, despite his creative genius and brilliance as a ballet choreographer, had his darker side. In his Cultural Amnesia: Necessary Memories from History and the Arts (2007), James writes that:\nthe great choreographer ruled the New York City Ballet as a fiefdom, with the 'droit du seigneur' among his privileges. The older he became, the more consuming his love affairs with his young ballerinas ... When [ballerina Suzanne Farrell] fell in love with and married a young dancer, Balanchine dismissed her from the company, thereby injuring her career for a crucial decade.\nLegacy and honors\nWith his School of American Ballet, New York City Ballet, and 400 choreographed works, Balanchine transformed American dance and created modern ballet, developing a unique style with his dancers highlighted by brilliant speed and attack.\n- 1978 Kennedy Center Honors\n- 1980 Austrian Decoration for Science and Art\n- 1983 Presidential Medal of Freedom\n- 1987 National Museum of Dance's Mr. & Mrs. Cornelius Vanderbilt Whitney Hall of Fame (posthumously)\n- 1988 Induction into the American Theater Hall of Fame\n- Kisselgoff, Anna. \"Balanchine 100: The Centennial Celebration\"\nSelected Choreographed Works\nFor Ballets Russes de Serge Diaghilev\n- Le Chant du Rossignol (The Song of the Nightingale) (1925)\n- Jack in the Box (1926)\n- Pastorale (1926)\n- Barabau (1926)\n- La Chatte (1927)\n- Le Triomphe de Neptune (1927)\n- Apollo (1928)\n- The Prodigal Son (1929)\n- Le Bal (1929)\nFor Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo\n- Cotillon (1932)\n- Concurrence (1932)\n- Le Bourgeois Gentilhomme (1932 and 1944)\n- Balustrade (1941)\n- Danses Concertantes (1944 and 1972)\n- Song of Norway (1944)\n- Pas de Deux (Grand adagio) (1945)\n- La Sonnambula (1946)\n- The Night Shadow (1946)\n- Raymonda (1946)\nFor Les Ballets 1933\n- The Seven Deadly Sins (1933)\n- Errante (1933)\n- Les Songes (1933)\n- Fastes (1933)\nFor the American Ballet\n- Alma Mater (1934)\n- Les Songes (Dreams) (1934)\n- Mozartiana (1934)\n- Serenade (1935)\n- Errante (1935)\n- Reminiscence (1935)\n- Jeu de cartes (variously, Card Game or The Card Party) (1937)\n- Le Baiser de la Fée (originally titled The Fairy's Kiss) (1937)\n- Ziegfeld Follies of 1936\n- Words without Music: A Surrealist Ballet, a production number for the singing and dancing ensemble\n- Night Flight, a solo for Harriet Hoctor\n- 5 A.M., a number for Josephine Baker and male dancers\n- On Your Toes (1936), music by Richard Rodgers, lyrics by Lorenz Hart; starring Tamara Geva and Ray Bolger\n- Princess Zenobia Ballet (1936)\n- Slaughter on Tenth Avenue (1936)\n- This dramatic ballet served as the climax of this musical production and has subsequently been presented as a stand-alone piece; however, several of the sung numbers in the show featured dance routines as well, notably the title number.\n- Babes in Arms (1937), by Rodgers and Hart\n- I Married an Angel (1938), by Rodgers and Hart; starring Vera Zorina\n- The Boys from Syracuse (1938), by Rodgers and Hart\n- Great Lady (1938), music by Frederick Loewe\n- Keep Off the Grass (1940), a musical revue\n- Lousiana [sic?] Purchase (1940), music and lyrics by Irving Berlin; with William Gaxton and Vera Zorina\n- Cabin in the Sky (1940), music by Vernon Duke, lyrics by John Latouche; starring Ethel Waters and Katherine Dunham, who collaborated with Balanchine on the choreography\n- The Lady Comes Across (1942), by Duke and Latouche; a notable flop\n- Rosalinda (1942), an operetta with music by Johann Strauss\n- The Merry Widow (1943), an operetta with music by Franz Lehár\n- What's Up? (1943), lyrics by Alan Jay Lerner, music by Frederick Loewe\n- Dream with Music (1944), a musical fantasy starring Vera Zorina\n- Song of Norway (1944), an operetta based on the life and music of Edvard Grieg; Balanchine's most successful Broadway show\n- Mr. Strauss Goes to Boston (1945), another flop\n- The Chocolate Soldier (1947), an operetta with music by Oscar Straus\n- Where's Charley? lyrics and music by Frank Loesser, a long-running show starring Ray Bolger\n- Courtin' Time (1951), music and lyrics by Don Walker and Jack Lawrence\n- House of Flowers (1954), music by Harold Arlen, lyrics by Truman Capote and Harold Arlen; starring Pearl Bailey, Diahann Carroll, and Juanita Hall; Balanchine's choreography was rearranged by Herbert Ross before the Broadway opening\n- The Goldwyn Follies (1938), with Vera Zorina and William Dollar as principal dancers\n- \"Romeo and Juliet,\" with ballet dancers as the Capulets and tap dancers as the Montagues\n- \"Water Nymph Ballet,\" in which Zorina rose from the depths of a pool\n- On Your Toes (1939), the film version of the Broadway show, starring Vera Zorina and Eddie Albert\n- I Was an Adventuress (1940), starring Vera Zorina\n- Star Spangled Rhythm (1942), a wartime morale booster for military troops\n- \"That Old Black Magic,\" sung by Johnny Johnston, danced by Vera Zorina\n- Follow the Boys (1944), with Vera Zorina and George Raft\nFor American Ballet Caravan\n- Ballet Imperial (later referred to as the Tschaikovsky Piano Concerto No. 2) (1941)\n- Concerto Barocco (1941)\nFor the Ballet del Teatro de Colón\n- Mozart Violin Concerto (1942)\nFor Ballet Theatre\n- Waltz Academy (1944)\n- Theme and Variations (1947)\nFor Ballet Society\n- The Four Temperaments (1946)\n- L'enfant et Les Sortilèges (The Spellbound Child) (1946)\n- Haieff Divertimento (1947)\n- Symphonie Concertante (1947)\n- Orpheus (1948)\nFor the Paris Opera Ballet\n- Pas de Trois Classique (also known as Minkus Pas de Trois) (1948)\nFor New York City Ballet\n- La Sonnambula (1946)\n- Bourrée Fantasque (1949)\n- The Firebird (1949; later revised with Jerome Robbins)\n- Sylvia Pas De Deux (1950)\n- Swan Lake (after Lev Ivanov) (1951)\n- La Valse (1951)\n- Harlequinade Pas De Deux (1952)\n- Metamorphoses (1952)\n- Scotch Symphony (1952)\n- Valse Fantaisie (1953/1967)\n- The Nutcracker (1954)\n- Ivesiana (1954)\n- Western Symphony (1954)\n- Glinka Pas De Trois (1955)\n- Pas De Dix (1955)\n- Divertimento No. 15 (1956)\n- Allegro Brillante (1956)\n- Agon (1957)\n- Square Dance (1957)\n- Gounod Symphony (1958)\n- Stars and Stripes (a ballet in five \"campaigns\") (1958)\n- Episodes (1959)\n- Tschaikovsky Pas de Deux (1960)\n- Monumentum pro Gesualdo (1960)\n- Donizetti Variations (1960)\n- Liebeslieder Walzer (1960)\n- Raymonda Variations (1961)\n- A Midsummer Night's Dream (1962)\n- Bugaku (1963)\n- Meditation (1963)\n- Movements for Piano and Orchestra (1963)\n- Harlequinade (1965)\n- Brahms-Schoenberg Quartet (1966)\n- Jewels (1967)\n- La Source (1968)\n- Who Cares? (1970)\n- Tschaikovsky Suite No. 3 (1970)\n- Stravinsky Festival (1972)\n- Cortège Hongrois (1973)\n- Coppélia (1974)\n- Variations pour une porte et un soupir (1974)\n- Ravel Festival (1975)\n- The Steadfast Tin Soldier (1975)\n- Chaconne (1976)\n- Union Jack (1976)\n- Vienna Waltzes (1977)\n- Ballo della Regina (1978)\n- Kammermusik No. 2 (1978)\n- Robert Schumann's Davidsbündlertänze (1980)\n- Walpurgisnacht Ballet (1980)\n- Tschaikovsky Festival (1981)\n- Garland Dance from The Sleeping Beauty\n- Stravinsky Centennial Celebration (1982)\nFor New York City Opera\n- Le Bourgeois Gentilhomme (1979)\n- Balanchine method\n- List of Russian ballet dancers\n- List of ballets by George Balanchine\n- List of Eastern Bloc defectors\n- Category: Ballets by George Balanchine\n- Life Magazine. Volume 7. New York, NY: Time, Inc., 1984, p. 139.\n- \"Balanchine\", American Masters, PBS, available on DVD.\n- Joseph Horowitz (2008). Artists in Exile: How Refugees from 20th-century War and Revolution Transformed the American Performing Arts. HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-074846-X\n- New York Times article by Anna Kisselgoff, June 29, 2004\n- Kendall, Elizabeth. Balanchine & the Lost Muse: Revolution & the Making of a Choreographer. Oxford University Press: 2013, pp. 23, 34, 37-40. Cite error: Invalid\n<ref>tag; name \"Balanchine_.26_the_Lost_Muse\" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid\n<ref>tag; name \"Balanchine_.26_the_Lost_Muse\" defined multiple times with different content\n- Joseph Horowitz (2008). Artists in Exile: How Refugees from Twentieth-Century War and Revolution Transformed the American Performing Arts, New York: HarperCollins; ISBN 0-06-074846-X\n- Fisher (2006), p. 27\n- Amanda. \"Ballets Russes\", The Age (17 July 2005)\n- Homans, Jennifer. \"René Blum: Life of a Dance Master,\" New York Times (July 8, 2011).\n- For full details of Balanchine's work in musical theater in London, Paris, New York, and Hollywood, see the summary report of Popular Balanchine, a research project of the George Balanchine Foundation, at http://balanchine.org/balanchine/03/popularbalanchine.html\n- Barbara Milberg Fisher, In Balanchine's Company: A Dancer's Memoir, Wesleyan University Press, 2006, p. 30, accessed 24 January 2011\n- Encyclopædia Britannica; retrieved May 27, 2008.[dead link]\n- Man and Microbes, pp. 195-96.\n- \"Reply to a parliamentary question\" (pdf) (in German). p. 588. Retrieved March 9, 2013.\n- \"Theater Hall of Fame Adds Nine New Names\". New York Times. November 22, 1988.\n- \"Theater Hall of Fame members\".\n- New York Times, June 30, 2003\n- Balanchine had created ballet sequences for Ravel's opera L'enfant et les sortilèges with singers of the Monte Carlo Opera and dancers from the Ballets Russes for the 1925 Monte Carlo premiere; this is not however listed as a Ballets Russes production.\n- Taper, Bernard (1996). George Balanchine: A Biography. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-20639-8.\n- Schorer, Suki (1999). On Balanchine Technique. Knopf. ISBN 0-679-45060-2.\n- Joseph, Charles M. (2002). Stravinsky and Balanchine, A Journey of Invention. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-08712-8.\n- Gottlieb, Robert (2004). George Balanchine: The Ballet Maker. Harper Collins. ISBN 0-06-075070-7.\n- Goldner, Nancy (2008). Balanchine Variations. Gainesville: University Press of Florida.\n- Goldner, Nancy (2011). More Balanchine Variations. Gainesville: University Press of Florida.\n- Media related to George Balanchine at Wikimedia Commons\n- George Balanchine at the Internet Movie Database\n- Official website George Balanchine Foundation\n- George Balanchine Catalog, including premiere date, cast, collaborators, and synopsis for all choreographic works\n- Official website George Balanchine Trust\n- Official website NYCB\n- A discussion about the Balanchine Technique with Balanchine dancer Suzanne Farrell at a July 08, 2006 PillowTalk at Jacob's Pillow Dance Festival\n- Firebird performed by Maria Tallchief and Michael Maule, Jacob's Pillow, 1951\n- Archival footage of Nora Kaye and Hugh Laing performing in Balanchine's The Gods Go a-Begging in 1951 at Jacob’s Pillow Dance Festival.\n- George Balanchine: Master of the Dance American Masters, PBS, January 14, 2004\n- George Balanchine at Find a Grave\n- Guide to George Balanchine archive at Houghton Library Harvard University", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Precisely engineering 3-D brain tissues\nNew design technique could enable personalized medicine, studies of brain wiring.\nMIT engineers have devised a way to stack neurons to form three-dimensional brain tissue.\nImage: Marcia Williams Medical Illustrations\nNovember 30, 2012\nAnne Trafton, MIT News Office\nBorrowing from microfabrication techniques used in the semiconductor industry, MIT and Harvard Medical School (HMS) engineers have\ndeveloped a simple and inexpensive way to create three-dimensional brain tissues in a lab dish.\nThe new technique yields tissue constructs that closely mimic the cellular composition of those in the living brain, allowing\nscientists to study how neurons form connections and to predict how cells from individual patients might respond to different drugs.\nThe work also paves the way for developing bioengineered implants to replace damaged tissue for organ systems, according to the\n“We think that by bringing this kind of control and manipulation into neurobiology, we can investigate many different directions,”\nsays Utkan Demirci, an assistant professor in the Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology (HST).\nDemirci and Ed Boyden, associate professor of biological engineering and brain and cognitive sciences at MIT’s Media Lab and\nMcGovern Institute, are senior authors of a paper\ndescribing the new technique,\nwhich appears in the Nov. 27 online edition of the journal Advanced Materials. The paper’s lead author\nis Umut Gurkan, a postdoc at HST, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women’s Hospital.\nAlthough researchers have had some success growing artificial tissues such as liver or kidney, “the brain presents some unique\nchallenges,” Boyden says. “One of the challenges is the incredible spatial heterogeneity. There are so many kinds of cells, and\nthey have such intricate wiring.”\nBrain tissue includes many types of neurons, including inhibitory and excitatory neurons, as well as supportive cells such as\nglial cells. All of these cells occur at specific ratios and in specific locations.\nTo mimic this architectural complexity in their engineered tissues, the researchers embedded a mixture of brain cells taken from\nthe primary cortex of rats into sheets of hydrogel. They also included components of the extracellular matrix, which provides\nstructural support and helps regulate cell behavior.\nThose sheets were then stacked in layers, which can be sealed together using light to crosslink hydrogels. By covering layers of\ngels with plastic photomasks of varying shapes, the researchers could control how much of the gel was exposed to light, thus\ncontrolling the 3-D shape of the multilayer tissue construct.\nThis type of photolithography is also used to build integrated circuits onto semiconductors — a process that requires a photomask\naligner machine, which costs tens of thousands of dollars. However, the team developed a much less expensive way to assemble\ntissues using masks made from sheets of plastic, similar to overhead transparencies, held in place with alignment pins.\nThe tissue cubes can be made with a precision of 10 microns, comparable to the size of a single cell body. At the other end of\nthe spectrum, the researchers are aiming to create a cubic millimeter of brain tissue with 100,000 cells and 900 million\nThe new system is the first that includes all of the necessary features for building useful 3-D tissues: It is inexpensive,\nprecise, and allows complex patterns to be generated, says Metin Sitti, a professor of mechanical engineering at Carnegie Mellon\nUniversity. “Many people could easily use this method for creating heterogeneous, complex gel structures,” says Sitti, who was not\npart of the research team.\nAnswering fundamental questions\nBecause the tissues include a diverse repertoire of brain cells, occurring in the same ratios as they do in natural brain tissue,\nthey could be used to study how neurons form the connections that allow them to communicate with each other.\n“In the short term, there's a lot of fundamental questions you can answer about how cells interact with each other and respond to\nenvironmental cues,” Boyden says.\nAs a first step, the researchers used these tissue constructs to study how a neuron’s environment might constrain its growth.\nTo do this, they placed single neurons in gel cubes of different sizes, then measured the cells’ neurites, long extensions that\nneurons use to communicate with other cells. It turns out that under these conditions, neurons get “claustrophobic,” Demirci says.\n“In small gels, they don't necessarily send out as long neurites as they would in a five-times-larger gel.”\nIn the long term, the researchers hope to gain a better understanding of how to design tissue implants that could be used to\nreplace damaged tissue in patients. Much research has been done in this area, but it has been difficult to figure out whether\nthe new tissues are correctly wiring up with existing tissue and exchanging the right kinds of information.\nAnother long-term goal is using the tissues for personalized medicine. One day, doctors may be able to take cells from a patient\nwith a neurological disorder and transform them into induced pluripotent stem cells, then induce these constructs to grow into\nneurons in a lab dish. By exposing these tissues to many possible drugs, “you might be able to figure out if a drug would benefit\nthat person without having to spend years giving them lots of different drugs,” Boyden says.\nOther authors of the paper are Yantao Fan, a visiting graduate student at HMS and HST; Feng Xu and Emel Sokullu Urkac,\npostdocs at HMS and HST; Gunes Parlakgul, a visiting medical student at HMS and HST; MIT graduate students Jacob Bernstein\nand Burcu Erkmen; and Wangli Xing, a professor at Tsinghua University.\nThe research was funded by the National Science Foundation, the Paul Allen Family Foundation, the New York Stem Cell Foundation,\nthe National Institutes of Health, the Institute of Engineering and Technology A.F. Harvey Prize, and MIT Lincoln Laboratory.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "by Jerod Quinn, Instructional Developer, Reinert Center\nEven though reflection can be a valuable tool for teaching and learning, it’s only valuable if you actually do it. I’m a “process” minded person by training and by nature, so I’m usually searching for tools to add practical application to important theories. I wanted to take some time and explain some of my tools for reflection in hopes that they might inspire and encourage you in your own reflective practices.\nIn developing a reflection process that works for me, I decided to use different tools that each serve a specific purpose with little overlap into the other tools. There are tools for catching ideas and fleeting thoughts, and tools for deeper reflective writing. That’s what is effective for my thought process, but perhaps not yours. Find tools that naturally integrate into how you think and how you work. Many of the tools I use are cross-platform so I can access them in the moment using my iPhone or later when I sit down to write and think on my laptop.\nIdea Catchers: These are tools that I use in the moment of inspiration. I can quickly and easily capture a thought for later reflection.\nRecordium: This is an audio recording application; the free version has suited my needs so far. Immediately after class as I am walking to my car, I pull out this app on my phone. I record the memorable moments from class, both positive and negative, so I don’t have to rely on my cloudy brain to remember the details of that lesson when I go to review it for the next semester. And by speaking those moments out loud, it helps me process how that evening’s class unfolded. It’s quick, responsive, and easy to use as you really just hit the big “record” button to get going.\nVesper: This is an iOS app for quick notes. It’s clean, clear, and everything is taggable for future reference. While I use this app for catching ideas on the personal, as opposed to the professional, side of things, it has become a great tool for capturing and curating inspirations.\nField Notes and Fisher Space Pen: I love gadgets and apps more than most people, but that doesn’t mean I can’t have a fond affection for pen and paper. Field Notes are durable, beautiful, and seem to be just the right size to be portable and provide enough writing space. And if you’re going to carry around a pen, it might as well be a space pen. The Fisher Space Pen can famously write upside down, in sub-freezing temperatures, and even under water, because sometimes getting back to the parking lot can be its own adventure. This is a tool that I use for both professional and personal reflection. If you flipped through its pages you are just as likely to see a memorable quote from a conference speaker as you would a dimensional drawing of my living room windows.\nWriting and Reflection: These are the tools I use to take those moments of inspiration and process them to see how I can develop in my teaching and learning.\nEvernote: Evernote can be a little intimidating to jump into because it offers quite a bit of functionality and depth. Essentially, it’s an online notebook (or collection of notebooks) that can store just about any digital content you can find or create. I have a “note” on each of my classes. I am continually collecting ideas on potential assignments, readings, and objectives to rework, update, and improve my class. I also create a section in that note called, “Things I Need to Fix Before Next Semester,” and keep track of those components of my course that are in need of immediate revision. Most of the time, those revisions come from projects that just didn’t work as well as I had hoped. As the beginning of the semester appears on the horizon, I will create a checklist of what I need to do before the first day of class, like organize and prepare Blackboard. The trick with Evernote is that the more you use it, the more useful it becomes.\nDay One: I had the thought a while back, “I’m reflecting on my work, and I have experienced value in that. Why am I not reflecting on my life?” Day One has been great because I can use it on my iPhone, iPad, and Mac seamlessly while having it backed up to Dropbox. I love that I can add a photo to each entry as well, which is significantly more challenging with a handwritten journal. Because I have such easy access to it, it has become an almost daily tool for me to spend time reflecting on the intersection of my work, my family, and my life in ways that push me to become a better human being.\nThe tools above are examples of how I have integrated a reflective process into my professional and personal life. Perhaps at least one of the pieces can serve you in your own reflections on life and work, or even inspire you to get intentional about reflection in your teaching. As I mentioned at the beginning of this post, tools are only valuable if you actually use them, so the most important thing is to find tools that serve your own purposes and processes.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Action: Use group-selection harvesting\n- Four of eight studies (including one replicated, controlled study) in Australia, Canada, Costa Rica and the USA found that group-selection harvesting increased cover and diversity of understory plants and the density of young trees. Two studies found it decreased understory species richness2 and biomass.Two studies found no effect on understory species richness and diversity and two found no effect of group-selection harvest on tree density and growth-rate.\nGroup selection thinning, i.e. thinning by removing trees in groups, leaves open gaps is used as a conservation management practice to increase forest structural diversity.\nSupporting evidence from individual studies\nA replicated, controlled study in 1977-1997 in temperate mixed coniferous forest in California USA (Battles et al. 2013) found no effect of group- or single-selection harvesting on understory plant species richness. Numbers of species/1.13 ha in group (58) and single-tree selection harvest (52) was similar to unharvested plots (48). The study area was divided in sections of 8–80 ha that were assigned to the following treatments: group and single tree selection (approximately 11% of the section was harvested every 10 years in groups smaller than 0.6 ha and smaller than 0.1 ha respectively) and unharvested (since early 1990s). Understory vegetation was monitored in 30 m radius plots within each treatment annually from 1977.\nA site comparison study in 2000 in a Mediterranean jarrah forest in Western Australia (Burrows, Ward & Cranfield 2002) found that group selection harvesting decreased plant species richness and abundance. The number of native plant individuals/m2 (group selection: 31; uncut: 38) and individuals/30 m2 (group-selection: 943; uncut: 1,138), as well as the number of native plant species/m2 (group-selection: 10.1; uncut: 13.3) were lower in group-selection than uncut plots. The number of species/30 m2 was similar between treatments (group-selection: 53; uncut: 57). Data were collected in five lines of 30 quadrats (1 × 1 m) in group-selection (retaining gaps of 4–7 ha, applied in 1995) and uncut treatments located in an 11,000 ha study area.\nA replicated, controlled study in oak–pine Quercus–Pinus forest in Maine, USA (Schumann, White & Witham 2003) found no effect of group selection harvesting on species richness and diversity of understory vegetation. Numbers of species/1 m2 (group-selection: 18-34; uncut: 18-25) and diversity (Shannon's index group-selection: 1.7-2.2; uncut: 1.9-2.1) were similar between treatments. Data were collected in 1998 in 40 pairs of group-selection (36-3,393 m2 gaps harvested in 1987-1988) and uncut sites inside a 40 ha study area. Equal number (proportional to the gap size) of 1 m2 plots were monitored in each pair.\nA replicated, controlled study in 1994-2000 in mixed hardwood forest in North Carolina USA (Elliott & Knoepp 2005) found that group-selection harvesting increased the diversity of shrubs and herbaceous plants, but not the density of shrubs and trees. Numbers of shrub species/plot (group-selection: 10; uncut: 4) and diversity (Shannon index) of herbaceous plants (group-selection: 2.2; uncut: 1.8) were higher in group-selection than uncut plots. The density (individuals/ha) of shrubs (group-selection: 28,347; uncut: 21,789) and of trees (group-selection: 742; uncut: 771) was similar between treatments. Three group-selection (0.1–0.2 ha openings, 25% tree-cover removed) and two uncut sites (4.0-6.6 ha) were established in 1994. Monitoring was in 2000 in four plots (20 × 40 m) in each treatment site.\nA replicated, controlled study in 1997-1999 in tropical forest in Costa Rica (Dupuy & Chazdon 2008) found that group-selection harvesting increased the density of new tree seedlings. The density of new tree seedlings was 2.5/m2 in group-selection, and <0.5/ m2 in uncut plots. In 1997, large gaps (320–540 m2) were created inside five 40 × 40 m plots (group-selection) by cutting and removing all stems ≥5 cm diameter at breast height. Five other similar size plots (uncut) were unmanipulated with respect to canopy cover. Data were recorded every two months for one year after treatment.\nA replicated, controlled, before-and-after trial in 2004-2005 in temperate broadleaf forest in Ontario Canada (Falk et al. 2006) found that group-selection harvesting increased the diversity of early spring herbaceous species and decreased the percent of plant species lost. The increase in the diversity (Shannon's index) of early spring herbaceous species was higher in group-selection (0.15 to 0.25) than in unharvested plots (0.32 to 0.34). Overall, the percentage of plant species lost was higher in unharvested (15%) compared to the group-selection treatment (8%). The percentage of plant species gained was similar (unharvested: 29%; group-selection: 35%). Two replicates (average 33 ha) of each group-selection harvest (creating five 400 m2, four 700 m2 and three 1,400 m2 gaps) and unharvested plots, were established between November 2004 and April 2005. Sampling was in April 2004 (pre-harvesting) and in April-May 2005 (post-harvesting) in 4 m2 regeneration growth plots (45×2 in control and 112×2 in group-selection).\nA replicated, controlled, before-and-after study in 1995-2001 in temperate coniferous forest in Oregon, USA (Davis & Puettmann 2009) found that group-selection harvesting increased the change over time in herbaceous and shrub cover. The increase in herbaceous cover (group-selection: 3; uncut: -2%) and in low shrub cover (group-selection: 20%, uncut: -4%) was higher in group-selection than in uncut plots. The increase in bryophyte cover (group-selection: 14%; uncut: 5%) and in tall shrub cover (group-selection: 6%; uncut: 0%) was similar between treatments. Gaps (0.2 ha circular gaps, retaining 250 trees/ha) and uncut treatment units (15-53 ha) were established in each of four sites in 1995-1997. In uncut units about 7.5% of the area was covered using 0.1 ha circular plots. In group-selection units, one 0.1 ha plot was placed in each of ten gaps, ten gap-edges, and ten areas between the gaps. Data were collected before treatments and again in 2001 in 16 subplots of 0.1 m2 in each plot.\nA replicated, randomized, controlled study in 2004-2008 in temperate broadleaf forest in Wisconsin, USA (Dyer et al. 2010) found that group-selection harvesting decreased the above ground biomass, but not the annual biomass increase. Above ground biomass was lower in group-selection (242,000 kg/ha) than in uncut plots (260,000 kg/ha), while the annual biomass increase was similar between treatments (11,000 kg/ha). Biomass of all plants <1.4 m tall was higher in large (700 kg/ha) than in medium (620 kg/ha) and small (480 kg/ha) gaps, and was higher in all gap-sizes compared with the transition zones (250-300 kg/ha). In 2007, all trees >5 cm diameter at breast height were cut in one small, one medium and one large circular subplots (gaps) of 4, 8 and 11 m radius in each of 15 plots of 80 × 80 m group-selection. In other 20 similar plots, subplots remained uncut. Each subplot was surrounded by an untreated transition zone 4, 8, and 11 m wide respectively. Total above ground biomass was determined for the entire plot, biomass of plants <1.4 m tall was measured in four 2 × 2 m quadrat at each gap and transition zones.\nA replicated, controlled, before-and-after study in 1995-2007 in mixed conifer and broadleaf temperate forest in Maine, USA (Arseneault et al. 2011) found that two group-selection harvesting treatments affected tree annual growth rates differently, but neither differed from the uncut control. Average basal area annual growth was higher in the large group (0.27 m2/ha) than small group treatment (−0.05 m2/ha). There was no difference in average basal area annual growth between any of the group-selection treatments and the uncut treatment (−0.09 m2/ha). Three treatments were replicated at three different sites: large-group (trees removed from 20% of the area creating 1,000-2,000 m2 gaps); small-group (trees removed from 10% of the area creating 500-1,000 m2 gaps); and uncut. Treatments were applied in 1995-1997. Monitoring was in 2005-2007 in 20 plots (0.05 ha) randomly selected in each treatment.\n- Battles J.J., Shlisky A.J., Barrett R.H., Heald R.C. & Allen-Diaz B.H. (2001) The effects of forest management on plant species diversity in a Sierran conifer forest. Forest ecology and management, 146, 211-222\n- Burrows N., Ward B. & Cranfield R. (2002) Short-term impacts of logging on understorey vegetation in a jarrah forest. Australian Forestry, 65, 47-58\n- Schumann M.E., White A.S. & Witham J.W. (2003) The effects of harvest-created gaps on plant species diversity, composition, and abundance in a Maine oak–pine forest. Forest Ecology and Management, 176, 543-561\n- Elliott K.J. & Knoepp J.D. (2005) The effects of three regeneration harvest methods on plant diversity and soil characteristics in the southern Appalachians. Forest Ecology and Management, 211, 296-317\n- Dupuy J.M. & Chazdon R.L. (2008) Interacting effects of canopy gap, understory vegetation and leaf litter on tree seedling recruitment and composition in tropical secondary forests. Forest Ecology and Management, 255, 3716-3725\n- Falk K.J., Burke D.M., Elliott K.A. & Holmes S.B. (2008) Effects of single-tree and group selection harvesting on the diversity and abundance of spring forest herbs in deciduous forests in southwestern Ontario. Forest Ecology and Management, 255, 2486-2494\n- Davis L.R. & Puettmann K.J. (2009) Initial response of understory vegetation to three alternative thinning treatments. Journal of Sustainable Forestry, 28, 904-934\n- Dyer J.H., Gower S.T., Forrester J.A., Lorimer C.G., Mladenoff D.J. & Burton J.I. (2010) Effects of selective tree harvests on aboveground biomass and net primary productivity of a second-growth northern hardwood forest. Canadian journal of forest research, 40, 2360-2369\n- Arseneault J.E., Saunders M.R., Seymour R.S. & Wagner R.G. (2011) First decadal response to treatment in a disturbance-based silviculture experiment in Maine. Forest Ecology and Management, 262, 404-412", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Analysis of pregnant women helps firm up numbers, timing of virus’s effect on fetuses\nFor pregnant women infected with Zika virus in the first trimester, the future is foreboding.\nNearly 11 percent of U.S. women likely exposed to Zika in the early weeks of or just before pregnancy had babies or fetuses with birth defects, researchers report online December 13 in JAMA. The new study offers the first results from the U.S. Zika Pregnancy Registry, which the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and state and local health departments use to track Zika-affected pregnancies.\nAs of November 30, the registry had reported more than 3,800 pregnant women in the United States and its territories with evidence of Zika infection. Out of 442 pregnancies tracked so far, 26 — or 6 percent — resulted in infants or fetuses with birth defects, including microcephaly and other brain", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Summer time. What welcome words!\nFor the King County Library System, it’s time for summer reading and we’re pulling out all the stops. The theme this year, Libraries Rock, includes a line‐up of programs and activities to ensure that patrons of all ages come together for a summer of fun and exploration, and to help kids bridge the three‐month learning gap commonly known as the “Summer Slide.”\nKCLS’ Summer Reading Programs emphasize science, technology, engineering, art and math, and we offer hundreds of them. Want to build something? Head to a Lego robotics program or a rocket‐making class. Do you enjoy music? Learn to play the ukulele or violin, attend a Cuban strings and drums concert, or sing along at a “Carry‐a‐Toon” event. Explore the science of sound at a Hydraulic Sounds Science Workshop. Make rain sticks at the Family Noisemakers Art Workshop or\ndesign an instrument that emulates the clap of thunder at the Sound Storm Maker Workshop.\nBudding scientists can learn the geology of minerals, fossils and geodes, the physics of roller coasters, or the migratory habits of wild salmon. Patrons interested in cultural arts can learn to write Haiku or fold origami cranes.\nReady to Read programs for preschoolers and their parents are wonderful ways to read, talk, sing, write and play together–and to connect with other parents and caregivers — and KCLS Story Times remain popular for young children of all ages.\nIn 2017, nearly 44,000 children participated in Summer Reading, a 31 percent increase over the previous year. Kids read over 21 million minutes last year!\nLikewise, teens turned in 11,613 reading logs, a 34.5 percent increase. Programs ranging from self‐publishing classes to an event held at a skate park kept teens reading all summer long.\nKCLS has Summer Reading Programs for adults, too. Now in its third year, the Summer Reading in the Park program was created to draw adults outdoors to read. Held at parks and other venues around the county, adults can lounge in lawn chairs and families can spread out on blankets to enjoy a good book on a warm summer day while a local DJ plays music in the background.\nLibraries Rock kicked off June 1. Let the Summer Reading fun begin!\nLisa Rosenblum is the director of the King County Library System.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "La Vita Nuova\nWhile the Italian poet Dante is perhaps best known for The Inferno, his 1295 text La Vita Nuova (“The New Life”) is masterpiece of the medieval poetic form of prosimetrum, which alters prose and verse. La Vita Nuova also expresses the medieval genre of courtly love, detailing Dante’s love for his beloved Beatrice. Because the work was written in Italian, rather than the traditional Latin, the piece helped establish both the use of vernacular and the Tuscan dialect as the standard form of the Italian language.\nLa Vita Nuova consists of the 42 short chapters, consisting of twenty-five sonnets, a balata (a poetic and musical form popular in the Italian Renaissance consisting of AbbaA structure), and four canzoni, one of which is unfinished due to the death of Beatrice. Taken as a whole, the poems consist of the story of Dante’s love for this woman, which began when he was nine and she was eight. Dante remained in love with her even though she married another man, and through her untimely death at the age of 24.\nDante called the work his libello (“little book”), and was written between the years of 1283 and 1293. Dante used the formal literary structure to tie these various poems together, adding sections of commentary that explicitly spell out Dante’s definitions of romantic love. La Vita Nuova is one of the most important works in emotional autobiography, the first such piece to appear since St. Augustine’s Confessions, written in AD 398.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "You probably know the smell of freshly-mown grass. It is a very strong smell and, for some people, is relaxing. This smell comes from the cut grass and is made up of lots of chemicals that plants make. But, that soothing and very strong smell is actually a plant distress call!!\nPlants don’t have a nervous system, so they don’t feel pain. They need water, sunlight, nutrients, and their leaves and stems to survive. When any of these supplies is low, the plant has to conserve as much energy as it can and also sends out alarm signals to other plants. When grass is mowed, the grass sends out this smell to other nearby blades of grass to warn them about the danger. In this case, the danger is the lawnmower, which is cutting off it’s leaves and stem. The plants also increase their inner defense systems in case bugs or other organisms attack the plant. Soon, the smell disperses and the grass is able to regrow and thrive again. It is so cool to know that the grass you walk on is full of life and activity!", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Within five years, the average cost of solar PV will fall to around 6c/kWh – putting it on par with coal and gas fired generators in many countries, and making it cheaper to build a solar plant than a fossil fuel generator just about everywhere.\nThe cost prediction is made by Chinese manufacturing giant Trina Solar – now the second largest solar PV manufacturer in the world – and it is significant because one of the misunderstood aspects of the recent years was that the falls in the cost to consumer was all about overcapacity and pricing cuts, and not about manufacturing efficiencies.\nTrina chief scientist and vice president Peirre Verlinden, however, says that the average cost per module achieved what was predicted: a 20 percent fall in manufacturing costs for every doubling in accumulative production.\nThat will still hold true, but because the production numbers are higher (200GW so far), the next 20 per cent fall will take longer than the last 20 per cent fall. That means, in percentage terms, it will not be as great, but it will still be significant.\nConsumers, however, may not see a huge difference in price because the rationalization in the industry means that solar manufacturers now have the opportunity for much-needed increase in margins, to ensure their profitability and long term stability.\nVerlinden says this is having another impact – customers are now looking for quality modules rather than just the cheapest.\nVerlinden says this is a good thing, because one of the parameters for a low levellised cost of energy (LCOE) comes in efficiency and longevity. A module that fails under 15 years will not deliver the same returns as one that lasts more than 25 years.\nHe says most components of modules, such as silicon and wafers, and cell production, have fallen and may continue to fall. Other components are more difficult – with labour costs rising, alumimium (for frames) also costly, and silver (the solar industry uses 10 per cent of total supply) also rising. This is pushing manufacturers to find alternatives.\nOne the energy pay-back time, Verlinden said it is currently around 1.5 years in the best solar regions, and about 3-4 years in the worst solar regions. The aim was to bring this below one year.\nHe also noted that the carbon footprint of the best solar modules was better than any other technology, with the exception of hydro. For Trina modules, it was 19g of CO2-e for every kWh. Coal is more than 1,000g.\nTop image via Trina Solar\n© 2014 Solar Choice Pty Ltd", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The AutoWindow object is the base object for several objects including AutoPlotWindow and AutoWksWindow. The methods and properties of this object are available to any object derived from the AutoWindow object.\nThis example shows how to reference the plot window.\n'Declares GrapherApp as an object\nDim GrapherApp As Object\n'Creates an instance of the Grapher Application object\n'and assigns it to the variable named \"GrapherApp\"\nSet GrapherApp = CreateObject(\"Grapher.Application\")\n'Make Grapher visible\nGrapherApp.Visible = True\n'Declare Docs as Object\nDim Docs As Object\n'Assigns the Documents collection to\n'the variable named \"Docs\"\nSet Docs = GrapherApp.Documents\n'Declare Plot as Object\nDim Plot As Object\n'Creates a new plot window and assigns it\n'to the variable named \"Plot\"\nSet Plot = Docs.Add(grfPlotDoc)", "label": "No"}
{"text": "CAD/CAM stands for computer-aided design & computer-aided manufacturing. CAD/CAM software is used to design and manufacture prototypes, finished products, and production runs. An integrated CAD/CAM system offers one complete solution for design through manufacturing.\nWhat is CAD/CAM used for?\nCAD/CAM applications are used to both design a product and program manufacturing processes, specifically, CNC machining. CAM software uses the models and assemblies created in CAD software to generate toolpaths that drive machine tools to turn designs into physical parts. CAD/CAM software is used to design and manufacture prototypes, finished parts, and production runs.\nExpert CAD/CAM software\nPrepare your designs for manufacture with PowerShape, create 5-axis precision toolpaths to machine parts with PowerMill, and inspect finished parts with multiple devices using PowerInspect.\nModeling for manufacture\nA modeling for manufacture toolkit. Discover how PowerShape combines the strengths of surface, solid, and mesh modeling to prepare molds, dies, and complex parts for manufacture. (video: 1:43 min.)\nMaximize machine efficiency and part quality. Import PowerShape models into PowerMill and create precision high-speed and multi-axis toolpaths for molds, dies, and highly complex components. (video: 1:33 min.)\nCompare your finished part against the PowerShape CAD data with PowerInspect. Inspect parts on the shop floor, in the inspection room, or integrate inspection routines on the machine tool. (video: 1:33 min.)\nMagna Advanced Technologies produces prototypes and tooling for the highly competitive automotive market. PowerMill and PowerShape enable the firm to design and manufacture complex parts faster while conserving capital expenditure.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "In truth, there is no universally-accepted definition of gifted. For some, being gifted could mean having an extraordinary ability in, say, music, art or athletics. Others might argue that those strong in leadership skills are gifted. Typically though, experts use IQ scores to measure giftedness. High intelligence specialist Deborah Ruf, PhD, author of 5 Levels of Gifted: School Issues and Educational Options, believes giftedness is on a continuum, with a range consisting of five levels. However, not all giftedness is created equal, and it is very lonely at the top. The higher the IQ score, the smaller the pool of individuals that share it. No wonder many gifted kids feel isolated and different – in many ways they are!\nIQ Tests & Giftedness\nIQ tests, as they are known, are tests that measure an individual’s intellectual ability or potential. They do not measure what someone has learned already. IQ tests measure innate ability.\nGroup IQ tests are sometimes given to an entire class to screen for gifted programs, but individual IQ tests, given one-on-one by a trained examiner, provide more reliable results and a great deal more information. Typically, parents who want their child tested must go outside of the school/school district and pay for an assessment. While there are IQ tests for children as young as 2 years of age, most professionals believe waiting until a child is 5 or 6 offers results that are likely to stay stable over time.\nGiftedness in our population\nWhat percentage of our population is gifted? This is a subject of much debate. Many experts would tell you that only 3-5% of the population is gifted. However, Dr. Ruf’s years of evaluating children have led her to a different conclusion. In her experience, there are a significantly higher number of highly gifted children than previously thought. Either way, it is clear that a child that is on any level of the gifted spectrum is unique and will stand out from his or her peers in the classroom or a social situation.\n* For additional information and assistance, I encourage you to visit Dr. Ruf’s website and read her book, 5 Levels of Gifted. Additionally, you may contact me for a consultation about school placement options.\n© Eleanor Munson, PhD. Unauthorized use and/or duplication of this material without express and written permission from Eleanor Munson, PhD is strictly prohibited. Excerpts and links may be used, provided that full and clear credit is given to Eleanor Munson, PhD with appropriate and specific direction to the original content.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Inequality within advanced countries has returned to levels typical of a century ago. At the global level it remains extremely high despite the rapid growth of major developing countries such as China, India and Brazil. This makes inequality a major economic issue and a major social problem and political challenge as recognised by two recent OECD Reports.\nHowever, until now, economic inequality has been the object of limited research efforts and attracts modest attention in the political arena; despite important advances in the knowledge of its dimensions, a convincing understanding of the mechanisms at its roots is still lacking.\nThis book provides a concise yet comprehensive overview of the economics of inequality. The authors present the evidence, an investigation of the main mechanisms leading to increasing disparities and arguments for appropriate policy actions.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "In the 1850's farmers relied on manual labour, animal power and limited simple tools. Many hours of labour was needed to plant, maintain and harvest any crops. Some methods that were used are walking plows, harrows and hand planting.\nBefore the 1950's the use of machinery in agriculture was very rare. In 1954 for the first time the amount of tractors was higher than the number of horses and mules on farms. With the use of tractors farmers were now able to spread commercial fertilizer on the crops.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "First-Aid Treatment for Eye Injuries\nIt’s all fun and games until someone gets hurt. Accidents can happen anytime, especially involving kids. They can get into all sorts of things, believing they are invincible. More often than breaking their bones, kids suffer eye injuries that can leave them seriously hurt.\nThe impact of eye injuries on kids, or anyone for that matter, is tremendous. The sense of sight is very important during childhood development, when children start to recognize and relate to the world around them. An eye injury can deal a great blow on the rest of your childs life.\nSimilar to suffering injuries in other areas of the body, there are first-aid treatments that can be administered to those who suffer an eye injury. But remember, these only bridge the gap until professional help is found. Applying first aid reduces the risk of further damage. However, caution is advised. The one who administers the treatment should at least have experience applying first aid or have the confidence to follow first-aid instructions.\nCauses of Eye Injuries and Treatments\nChildren are very curious. Many are fearless when it comes to exploring their environment on their own. They try to taste and feel all that comes their way. This is one reason why anything that should not be ingested, should be placed on a shelf, out of reach.\nCleaning solutions such as detergent liquids and floor polish should be out of children’s reach. These expose children and their eyes to chemicals that are very harsh and life threatening when consumed. When your kids eye(s) are exposed to chemicals, do the following:\n- Avoid rubbing the eyes.\n- Immediately wash out the eye with lots of water. Use whatever is closest from a sink, shower or other source. Make sure this water is not exposed to dirty elements, which could worsen the injury.\n- Call for medical help while you are doing this or after 15 to 20 minutes of continuous flushing.\n- Don’t put a bandage over the eye. Gently cover it with a soft cloth, but don’t apply too much pressure.\nEye Injury From Physical Activity\nKids often play rough and hurt themselves in the process. They end up with bruises and black eyes, which can throb. This could feel like the eye is popping out of the socket and leave your child hurting for days. When this happens, you should:\n- Apply a cold compress, but don’t put pressure on the eye.\n- Have your child take over-the-counter pain-relief medications. But make sure your child does not have allergic reactions and a history of taking these medications.\n- Ask your child if his or her eye hurts. If pain is present, this requires immediate medical attention, especially when there is visible bruising, bleeding or a change in vision.\nForeign Particle in Eye\nPlaying in the sandbox can be fun, but it can also be a cause for concern when tiny particles blow in the wind and into your kid’s eyes. When this occurs, remember to:\n- Avoid rubbing the affected eye. Doing so will only embed the particles deeper and may cause a serious eye infection.\n- Pull your kid’s upper lid down, and ask him or her to blink repeatedly.\n- Rinse with eyewash, if particle is still present.\n- If rinsing doesn’t help, ask your child to close his or her eye, bandage it lightly and see a doctor.\nMake sure to consult an eye doctor if your child sustains an eye injury. Anything that harms the eye can be life altering, and you should not take chances. Call the experts at Goodrich Optical 517-393-2660.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "There are three main markets for pharmaceuticals, the US, Europe and Japan. Each has its own rules on approvals, but they follow roughly the same principals and have similar requirements.\nThe most important part of the approvals process is producing data from clinical trials that shows that a drug is safe and effective. This is expensive, so the less profitable generic drugs are approved in the basis of more limited tests that shows them to be clinically equivalent to the already approved drug they are reproducing.\nRegulators also give pharmaceuticals companies incentives through marketing exclusivity, a promise to not approve competitors. This is sometimes given to treatments for rare diseases that are designated orphan drugs. A short period of exclusivity is also sometimes given to induce a manufacturer to take the risk of litigation that comes from producing the first generic version of a particular drug.\nApart from the simple question of approval, regulators also approve a drug for specific “labelling”: how a drug may be marketed. Regulators do not simply approve a drug, they approve it to be marketed for specific conditions, and even for specific groups of patients. Although doctors are allowed to prescribe a drug “off-label”, the pharmas are not allowed to promote off-label use, so it is usually too rare to have much impact on sales. Labelling may also include safety warnings. In short, labelling matters.\nThe progress of a drug through the three stage clinical trial process provides indicators of:\n- how likely it is to be approved,\n- whether any adverse restrictions on labelling are likely,\n- how effective it is (which has an impact on its likely market share.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) released its final calculation of 2016 crash fatalities, finding 37,461 traffic deaths, compared with 35,485 in 2015. The only good news is that the 5.6 percent increase was less than 8.4 percent increase from 2014 to 2015.\nThis is the highest number of traffic fatalities since 2007. After that year, there was a dramatic decline in fatalities to a low of 32,367 in 2011. Though fatalities had remained roughly constant at about 42,000 per year from 1995 to 2007, they suddenly declined by 10 percent in 2008 and another 10 percent in 2009. Fatality rates — deaths per billion vehicle miles driven — had been declining for more than a century, but traffic experts could not explain why there was a large decline in total fatalities in that two-year period. Continue reading", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Joint Replacement Surgery – What You Need to Know\nIf your doctor recommends joint replacement surgery, it helps to know what to expect. Joint replacement surgery involves replacing a damaged joint with a new one called a prosthesis. These new joints usually are made of a metal, plastic or ceramic device. Hips and knees are the joints replaced most often, but shoulders, ankles and elbows can be replaced as well.\nWhen to Consider Joint Replacement Surgery\nJoint replacement is usually considered after exercise, walking aids, physical therapy or medications cannot relieve pain and improve mobility. Surgery for hip replacement patients, for example, can help lessen problems walking or make it easier to bend. Joint damage is caused by:\n- Other diseases\n- Joint wear caused by avascular necrosis (loss of bone caused by low blood supply)\nEvaluation and Surgical Options\nBefore surgery, the surgeon evaluates the patient’s range of motion and joint strength, takes a medical history and takes x-rays to determine the extent of your damage. The doctor may put a small, lighted tube called an arthroscope into the joint to check for damage. In some cases, only the damaged parts would be replaced, not the entire joint. During a hip replacement surgery:\n- Diseased or damaged bone and tissue is removed\n- A metal stem and attached ball is inserted into the bone\n- A cup is inserted into the socket of the hip joint\nNew joints can be cemented into place to hold the new joint to the bone. Another way is by the prosthesis being placed without cement so bone can grow and attach to it. A prosthesis is designed to duplicate the mechanical properties of the joint being replaced. A prosthetic knee, for example, will be flexible enough to bend without breaking, and strong enough to bear weight.\nMost hip and knee replacement patients are discharged from the hospital one to three days after surgery. Patients are encouraged to perform specific exercises recommended by their doctors to help the recovery process. Pain after surgery is normal as it comes from lack of activity and healing tissues.\nA majority of patients who undergo joint replacement surgery find it easier to perform daily activities and experience less pain throughout their lives. However, if problems do arise, most can be treated.\nPossible complications from joint replacement surgery include infections, blood clots, loosening, dislocation or wear of the new joint, or nerve injury.\nHip replacement patients also may experience a change in leg length or joint stiffening. Following hip replacement surgery, most patients eventually will be able to swim, play golf or bike ride comfortably, but high-impact sports such as skiing and running are not recommended.\nJoint replacement surgery is becoming more common in the United States, with more than 1 million Americans having a hip or knee replaced annually. Talk to your doctor for more information about joint replacement options.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Table of Contents :\nTop Suggestions Muscle Diagram Fill In Worksheet :\nMuscle Diagram Fill In Worksheet Talk about life science in this worksheet about the human body perfect for first grade students this science worksheet asks students to look at a colorful diagram and label parts of the human body Want to boost your fifth grader s body know how this kid friendly diagram asks your child to fill in the blanks with the technical if he likes this make sure to try out the rest of the bone zone The heart is a muscular organ have a go at this worksheet from bitesize you can draw and label the diagram if you don t have a printer once you ve finished check your work by looking.\nMuscle Diagram Fill In Worksheet Columns of special muscle tissue in the body of the penis erectile tissue fill up with blood this makes it upright an erection during sexual activity this diagram shows the parts of the penis Commercials can make seniors feel like they re not taking enough medications but in fact too many drugs can be dangerous Some can be active like purposefully noticing sensations in the body mindful breathing is a feel alive and present as we feel the oxygen fill our lungs one of the biggest benefits of.\nMuscle Diagram Fill In Worksheet Given this information draw a schematic diagram for a practical passive differentiator circuit passive integrator circuits should have time constants that are fill in the blank the period of Muscles brain what is your warrior fighting the teacher will hand out the warrior word cloud worksheet with a definition of the word warrior the teacher will explain that the word The audio was trump suggesting that disinfectant injected into the body might cure the coronavirus she d be like everyone has to fill out their health benefits.\nAttorney mcgowen said it is believed a second vehicle ran over the officer s body the attorney also said nowhere are there any diagrams or measurements of the alleged crime scene That some kids are born in the wrong body and that some girls have penises too schools in indiana actually send teens shopping for condoms with a worksheet to fill out comparing brands.\nFree Worksheets For The Muscular System Homeschool Giveaways\nLabeling And Diagramming Is A Great Way For Your Children To Memorize The Different Parts Of The Muscular System We Have Created The Human Body Systems Labeling And Diagramming Worksheet As An Instant Download For Your Sutdents This Includes Fill In The Blanks For Your Student To Label Some Of The Main Muscles That Are In The Body\nLabel Muscles Worksheet Human Muscle Anatomy Muscular\nSee 6 Best Images Of Printable Worksheets Muscle Anatomy Inspiring Printable Worksheets Muscle Anatomy Printable Images Blank Head And Neck Muscles Diagram Muscular System Diagram Worksheet Label Muscles Worksheet Skull Bones Unlabeled Anatomy And Physiology Muscle Worksheets Saved By Printablee 1 4k Human Muscle Anatomy Human Anatomy And Physiology Anatomy Organs Muscular System Anatomy\nHuman Anatomy Labeling Worksheets Muscle Diagram Label\nHuman Anatomy Labeling Worksheets Muscle Diagram Label Blank Human Anatomy Diagram Photo Human Anatomy Labeling Worksheets Muscle Diagram Label Blank Human Anatomy Diagram Image Human Anatomy Labeling Worksheets Muscle Diagram Label Blank Human Anatomy Diagram Gallery Article By Sara Orbita 84 Human Muscle Anatomy Human Anatomy And Physiology Anatomy Organs Muscular System Anatomy Human\n16 Best Images Of Fill The Blank Worksheets Fill In\nFill In Blank Worksheets Blank Muscle Diagram Worksheet Printable Blank Periodic Table Worksheet 5th Grade Math Worksheets Graphs Newspaper Article Template Printable Home Other 16 Images Of Fill The Blank Worksheets By Templatefans 02 25 Other Category 0 Comments Gallery Type Hi There At Page Below We Bring You Several Inspiring Pictures That We Collected In Case You Need\nMuscular System Tour Skeletal Muscle\nHow A Muscle Works The Muscular System Tour Lab A Skeletal Muscle Works By Contracting Getting Shorter The Muscle Can Shorten As Much As 1 3 Its Resting Length13 Best Images Of Muscle Labeling Worksheet Label\nLabel Muscles Worksheet Human Body Muscle Diagram Worksheet Anatomy Muscle Coloring Worksheet Blank Head And Neck Muscles Diagram Lower Leg Muscle Diagram Blank Home Other 13 Images Of Muscle Labeling Worksheet By Templatefans 04 13 Other Category 0 Comments Gallery Type Hello Now We Present You Particular Amazing Pictures We Have Collected For People Like You In This PostFill In The Blank Worksheets Slcc Anatomy\nFill In The Blank Worksheets Although The Images On This Website Are Copyright Protected The Following Files Are Intended To Be Downloaded And Printed By Anatomy Students For Educational Purposes Only The Content In These Files Are Not To Be Altered In Any Manner Whatsoever Any Other Use Of These Images Are Strictly Prohibited The Following Links Should Either Display A FillMuscle Anatomy Reference Charts Free Download Kenhub\nMuscle Anatomy Reference Charts Author Molly Smith Dipcnm Mbant Reviewer Dimitrios Mytilinaios Md Phd Last Reviewed August 31 If You Ve Ever Attempted To Learn The Origins Insertions Innervations And Functions Of All 600 Muscles In The Body You Ll Know What A Soul Destroying Task It Can Be\nMuscle Anatomy Human Anatomy Chart\nDiscover The Muscle Anatomy Of Every Muscle Group In The Human Body Find The Best Weight Lifting Exercises That Target Each Muscle Or Groups Of Muscles You Can Click The Links In The Image Or The Links Below The Image To Find Out More Information On Any Muscle Group Abdominals Biceps Calves\nStudents Worksheets Xtec\nStudents Worksheets Human Body Joints Bones And Muscles Systems Of The Body Respiratory Digestive And Nervous A Healthy Body Food Types Sport Taking Care Of Your Body Name Age Group Date Francesc Niella Ceip Montserratina Viladecans 2 Joints Are The Places Where Two Bones Join Together There Are Three Types Of Joints Fixed Skull Gliding Vertebrae\nMuscle Diagram Fill In Worksheet. The worksheet is an assortment of 4 intriguing pursuits that will enhance your kid's knowledge and abilities. The worksheets are offered in developmentally appropriate versions for kids of different ages. Adding and subtracting integers worksheets in many ranges including a number of choices for parentheses use.\nYou can begin with the uppercase cursives and after that move forward with the lowercase cursives. Handwriting for kids will also be rather simple to develop in such a fashion. If you're an adult and wish to increase your handwriting, it can be accomplished. As a result, in the event that you really wish to enhance handwriting of your kid, hurry to explore the advantages of an intelligent learning tool now!\nConsider how you wish to compose your private faith statement. Sometimes letters have to be adjusted to fit in a particular space. When a letter does not have any verticals like a capital A or V, the very first diagonal stroke is regarded as the stem. The connected and slanted letters will be quite simple to form once the many shapes re learnt well. Even something as easy as guessing the beginning letter of long words can assist your child improve his phonics abilities. Muscle Diagram Fill In Worksheet.\nThere isn't anything like a superb story, and nothing like being the person who started a renowned urban legend. Deciding upon the ideal approach route Cursive writing is basically joined-up handwriting. Practice reading by yourself as often as possible.\nResearch urban legends to obtain a concept of what's out there prior to making a new one. You are still not sure the radicals have the proper idea. Naturally, you won't use the majority of your ideas. If you've got an idea for a tool please inform us. That means you can begin right where you are no matter how little you might feel you've got to give. You are also quite suspicious of any revolutionary shift. In earlier times you've stated that the move of independence may be too early.\nEach lesson in handwriting should start on a fresh new page, so the little one becomes enough room to practice. Every handwriting lesson should begin with the alphabets. Handwriting learning is just one of the most important learning needs of a kid. Learning how to read isn't just challenging, but fun too.\nThe use of grids The use of grids is vital in earning your child learn to Improve handwriting. Also, bear in mind that maybe your very first try at brainstorming may not bring anything relevant, but don't stop trying. Once you are able to work, you might be surprised how much you get done. Take into consideration how you feel about yourself. Getting able to modify the tracking helps fit more letters in a little space or spread out letters if they're too tight. Perhaps you must enlist the aid of another man to encourage or help you keep focused.\nMuscle Diagram Fill In Worksheet. Try to remember, you always have to care for your child with amazing care, compassion and affection to be able to help him learn. You may also ask your kid's teacher for extra worksheets. Your son or daughter is not going to just learn a different sort of font but in addition learn how to write elegantly because cursive writing is quite beautiful to check out. As a result, if a kid is already suffering from ADHD his handwriting will definitely be affected. Accordingly, to be able to accomplish this, if children are taught to form different shapes in a suitable fashion, it is going to enable them to compose the letters in a really smooth and easy method. Although it can be cute every time a youngster says he runned on the playground, students want to understand how to use past tense so as to speak and write correctly. Let say, you would like to boost your son's or daughter's handwriting, it is but obvious that you want to give your son or daughter plenty of practice, as they say, practice makes perfect.\nWithout phonics skills, it's almost impossible, especially for kids, to learn how to read new words. Techniques to Handle Attention Issues It is extremely essential that should you discover your kid is inattentive to his learning especially when it has to do with reading and writing issues you must begin working on various ways and to improve it. Use a student's name in every sentence so there's a single sentence for each kid. Because he or she learns at his own rate, there is some variability in the age when a child is ready to learn to read. Teaching your kid to form the alphabets is quite a complicated practice.\nTags: #anatomy practice worksheets#muscle coloring worksheet#skull bone labeling worksheet#shoulder anatomy worksheet#foot bones worksheet#nervous system worksheet#muscle worksheet exercise#muscle worksheets for students", "label": "No"}
{"text": "One writer makes a rather grand claim about Gödel’s Incompleteness Theorem when he says that it\n\"was a response to Leibniz’s 250-year-old dream of finding a system of logic powerful enough to calculate questions of law, politics, and ethics\". (332)\nPerhaps Leibniz’s dream had nothing to do with applying logic to the content of law, politics and ethics; but only to the form of the arguments in which these things were expressed. That is, logic when applied to ethics couldn't show us what is good. It could detect good and bad arguments as to what constitutes the good.\nSimilarly logic could show faulty reasoning in political and legal debate; regardless of the actual content of these debates.\nSo, in that sense, it is indeed true that logic can be applied to law, politics and ethics – indeed to anything! Just as the premises of a deductive argument or inference needn't be true in order to be valid; so the content of political, legal and ethical statements doesn't matter; though what follows from them, logically, does matter logicically.\nLogic can \"provide the tools to resolve ethical questions by mere calculation\" (332) if it dealt only with form and not with metaphysical, epistemological and semantic content.\nIn any case, was Gödel’s theorem really a response to Leibniz’s dream? Perhaps it was just Gödel’s way of showing us that, well, an axiomatic system (or mathematics generally) can't be both fully consistent and complete – that’s it (without philosophical knobs on).\nMuch has been made of Gödel’s theorem by non-mathematicians and even by many non-philosophers. The writer expresses much of this here. He writes that we \"might think that Gödel’s proof implies that the rational mind is limited in its ability to understand the universe\" (332). How a result in meta-mathematics could do that (even in principle), I’m not sure. In any case, the mind, again in principle, must surely be limited in some way or ways. Perhaps that means that it could never understand everything there is to know about an infinite universe. Indeed this is bound to be the case. Only an omniscient mind could know everything there is to know about the universe.\nThe writer agrees with me. He says that \"though the mind may have its limitations, Gödel’s result doesn’t prove that these limitations exist\" (332). What is limited isn't the mind as such; but that \"axiomatic systems are limited in how well they can be used to model other types of phenomena\" (332). This has nothing to do with the mind of man taken generically! It's to do with axiomatic systems and the modelling of other types of phenomena – specifically arithmetic and mathematics!\nNot only that: the \"mind may possess far greater capacities than an axiomatic system or a Turing machine\" (332). In fact I would say that of course the mind does actually possess far greater capacities than an axiomatic system or a Turing machine. Evidently! For a start, the mind can create great poems or pieces of music. It has memory, experience, imagination, the ability to dream, create, invent, and manipulate the environment and so on. Some of these things axiomatic systems and Turing machines can do; though many of them they can’t do. And even the ones that can do some of them, or, taken separately, all of them, no single axiomatic system or Turning machine can do all the things a human mind can do – not even a deranged or damaged human mind!\nAnother common supposed result of Gödel’s Theorem is to assume that his proof implies a limit on artificial intelligence. Perhaps this is a more feasible idea because it must be about the mathematical limitations of artificial intelligence – and that would be relevant to Gödel’s proof. That is, would an indefinite advance in AI be halted by the result of Gödel’s proof which showed that if mathematics can't be both complete and fully consistent, then a project that relies on mathematics (that is, AI) will never be both complete and fully consistent? Thus there will be a limit to what AI can do.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Here is a tale of two lumberjacks…\nIt was the final of the annual lumberjack competition. After days of chopping, only two competitors remained; an old lumberjack and a young lumberjack, 20 years his junior, who had the strength and speed to beat him in a head to head contest.\nThey were sent into the woods to see who could cut down the most trees in eight hours. The young lumberjack threw himself into the challenge, working tirelessly all day without stopping, while the older lumberjack took a 15-minute break every hour. With all that extra time the younger lumberjack was confident he’d win.\nAt the end of the work day, the felled trees were counted. The older, more experienced, lumberjack had cut down nearly one third more trees than the younger man. This made no sense to the young lumberjack. How could the old man have cut down more trees in 25 per cent less time?\nHe approached the older man to congratulate him and asked, “How did you beat me? I didn’t stop working all day, but you stopped every hour. How did you work less time and cut down more trees?”\nThe older lumberjack said, “I stopped for 15 minutes every hour to sharpen my axe so that my work would be more productive”.\nThe lumberjack story is a great metaphor for life. On the one hand, it can be viewed as simply making sure you work with a sharp axe because you’ll struggle to be productive if it’s blunt.\nIn optometric terms, that can mean investing in the latest equipment, which helps you get the job done more precisely and in half the time it would take using outdated equipment. It can also mean that to produce better patient outcomes, you need to take more hours away from your business for professional development.\nFor me, the main message I take from this story is that rest and planning are just as important as hard work. We need to work smart, as well as work hard.\nIn the 1930s, Allan F. Mogensen, the ‘father of work simplification’, coined the phrase, “Work Smarter, Not Harder”. This maxim forever changed the way people thought about work.\nOver the past century that phrase has become a well-worn business maxim but are “working hard” and “working smart” mutually exclusive?\nIf we work smarter and more efficiently does it necessarily mean we’re working ‘less’ hard? Work takes perseverance and time to produce the desired results. Sometimes, work is a hard graft.\nFor me, the two statements are mutually inclusive: we need to work smart and work hard. Of course, we should work smarter by taking time out to rest, plan, educate ourselves and invest in the latest technologies, but to get the job done, we should also work harder.\nAnother way to look at it, is that ‘smart work’, without ‘hard work’, just isn’t ‘smart work’. Like the lumberjack’s axe, we need to stay sharp and look for ways to improve ourselves.\nWhen you take time away from your business to sharpen your axe, the hard work will pay off.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Fast Stress Detection via ECG\nMetadataShow full item record\nNowadays stress has become a regular part of life. Stress is difficult to measure because there has been no definition of stress that everyone accepts. Furthermore, if we do not get a handle on our stress and it becomes long term, it can seriously interfere with our health. Therefore, finding the method for stress detection could be beneficial for taking control of stress. Electrocardiogram (ECG) is the measurement of the electrical activity of the heart and represents an established standard in determining the health condition of the heart. The PQRST1 complex of ECG conveys information about each cardiac-cycle, where the R-peak is placed in the middle of the PQRST complex and represents the maximum value of the PQRST. Since the PQRST depicts the entire cardio-cycle, the R–peak determines half of the cardio-cycle. The distance between two adjacent R-peaks is defined as a heart rate (HR). The variation of the HR in the specific time frame, defined as heart rate variability (HRV), can reflect the state of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). The ANS has two main divisions, the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS). The SNS occurs in response to stress while the PNS results from the function of internal organs. The activity of ANS can cause an acceleration (SNS) or deceleration (PNS) of the HR. The SNS activity is associated with the low-frequency range while, the PNS activity is associated with the high frequency component of the HRV. Therefore, the power ratio of the low and high-frequency components of the spectrum of HRV can potentially show whether the subject is exposed to stress or not  . In this research, we introduced three new indices, with one of them proposed as a proxy to provide equivalent results in the detection of stress or no-stress states while avoiding complex measurement devices as well as complex calculations. The goal was to find a more time efficient method for fast stress detection which could potentially be used in the applications that run on devices such as a wearable smartwatch in tandem with a smartphone or tablet. The experiment was established to measure the literature proposed index for stress measurement  as well as our introduced indices. In the experiment, we induced stress to the participants by using mental arithmetic as a stressor . Theexperiment contained two kinds of trials. In the first one, the participant was exposed to different amounts of cognitive load induced by doing mental-arithmetic while, in the second one, the participant was placed in a relaxed environment. Each participant in the experiment gave feedback in which period of the experiment he/she felt stress. During the entire experiment, we recorded theparticipant‘s ECG. The ECG was used to calculate HRV which consequently was used for the calculation of the values of the index as proposed from the literature for calculating the level of the stress. The same data was used for the calculation of our introduced indices. The values of our proposed index was compared with the index and the participant‘s feedback. Finally, the data analyses showed that our proposed index is suitable to determine whether a participant is exposed to stress.\nCite this version of the work\nAleksandar Malinovic (2019). Fast Stress Detection via ECG. UWSpace. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/14698", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The report is compiled by experts from 15 agencies and is the first to monitor progress towards the three objectives of the Sustainable Energy for All initiative, launched in 2011 by the United Nations. The objectives are universal access, doubled renewables and doubled energy efficiencies programs.\nThe report also said that 2.8 billion people use wood or other biomass to cook and heat their homes, and to bring electricity to the more than one billion people using conventional energy sources would increase global carbon dioxide emissions by less than one percent. Results show that 20 countries in Asia and Africa account for two-thirds of those without access to electricity, and 75 percent of those use solid fuels-wood, charcoal, animal and crop waste and coal to cook or heat their homes. The improvement rate of energy efficiency, described by a compound annual growth rate of energy intensity, was -1.3 percent between 1990 and 2010.\nThe report says countries, international organizations and private investors must increase investments by at least $600 billion a year until 2030, including $45 billion for electricity expansion, $4.4 billion on modern cooking, $394 billion in energy efficiency and $174 billion on renewable energy.\nTo read the full report, click here.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Stopping Microbes Not Missiles: U.S. Plans For Next Global Threat\nSpot the next plague before it arrives. Predict the next swine flu outbreak before it makes headlines. Even detect a biological weapon before it's launched.\nThese are the goals of an ambitious initiative, launched Thursday, to build a worldwide surveillance system for infectious diseases.\nSpearheaded by the U.S. government, the Global Health Security Agenda brings together 26 countries, the World Health Organization and several other international group. It aims to stop epidemics and bioterror agents before they spread.\nWhy is such an early warning system needed?\nBecause the U.S. and the world are at greater risk than ever before from biological organisms, says Dr. Tom Frieden, the director of the Centers for Disease and Control Prevention.\n\"Viruses are just a plane ride away,\" he says. Bird flu could spread out of Asia. Ebola could emerge out of central Africa. Or drug-resistant Staphylococcus can sweep through hospital wards. \"In today's globalized world, an outbreak anywhere is a threat everywhere,\" Frieden says.\nThe Global Health Security Agenda is an attempt to make the world better prepared to confront those threats, he says. \"We want to make sure we do everything we can to prevent emerging organisms from becoming outbreaks and outbreaks from becoming epidemics.\"\nAnd the Obama administration seems to agree. It has placed several high-ranking officials on the project, not just from the medical side of the government, but also from the U.S. military and the Department of Homeland Security.\nThree top officials wrote an opinion piece Thursday on CNN's website to make the case that biosecurity is a key element of national security.\nIn the piece, Secretary of State John Kerry; Secretary of Health and Human Services Kathleen Sebelius; and Obama's assistant on homeland security and counterterrorism, Lisa Monaco, argued that infectious diseases have the potential to cause massive economic damage and loss of life, similar to nuclear, chemical or cybersecurity attacks.\nThey offered two examples to illustrate their point: the economic loss from the H1N1 swine flu in Mexico in 2009 and lives lost from the SARS epidemic in Asia in 2002 and 2003.\nThe Obama administration has been concerned that many countries don't have the capacity to monitor potential biohazards and emerging diseases, said Laura Holgate, the senior director for weapons of mass destruction, terrorism and threat reduction at the National Security Council.\n\"In 2012 we were really struck by the reality that 80 percent of the countries didn't meet the WHO deadline to be prepared for disease threats,\" Holgate said Thursday at a media briefing. In a world where viruses and other biological agents don't respect national borders, she said, the U.S. can't do this alone.\nThe Global Health Security Agenda plans to build a structure for biosurveillance so that, hopefully, other countries will be able to quickly detect the next major epidemic. The program also will set standards for national laboratories and outline the diagnostic tools needed to spot and contain modern diseases.\nThe participating countries have committed to creating emergency disease centers that can respond within two hours to an outbreak or other crisis. They also have agreed to link data from this global biosurveillance network through the WHO.\nIt's unclear how much the Global Health Security Agenda will cost the U.S. Other countries, such as China, are spending their own money on the parts they're implementing themselves.\nBut the Obama administration did say it's committing an extra $45 million to the CDC's 2015 budget to help low-income countries participate in the network. The money will mainly go to improve surveillance systems, update diagnostic equipment and train staff.\nCopyright 2020 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "|99 percent of lawyers give the rest a bad name.|\n|Home Gallery of Optical Illusions Optical Illusion Quiz|\nEndless Steps 3D Crazy Optical Illusion\nBecause we live in a three dimensional world, we expect everything to be three dimensional. When we look at a two dimensional drawing, our mind tries to translate what we see into three dimensions.\nThis crazy optical illusion uses a perspective trick. Note that on two of the sides, there are three stairs. On the other two sides there are five. This was done to make the stairs line up and all look like they are at right angles in proper perspective.\nAlso, on the upper left side, the artist used the overlap technique. The stairs are drawn in a way that makes them look like they are on top of each other, which they cannot possible be in reality.\nThe problem of drawing three dimensional objects from two dimensional pictures allows for some pretty fun 3D Optical Illusions.\nReport A Broken Link To Us Contact Information\nFree Optical Illusions", "label": "No"}
{"text": "CitationEnnett, Susan T. & Bauman, Karl E. (1996). Adolescent Social Networks: School, Demographic, and Longitudinal Considerations. Journal of Adolescent Research, 11(2), 194-215.\nAbstractPeer relationships are considered to be a dominant feature of adolescence, but systematically formed social networks rarely have been studied. A social network analysis was used to describe adolescent friendship patterns and to compare them across schools and time. Ninth graders (n = 1030) atfive high schools identified their friends at Wave 1 and again one year later. The resulting sets offriendship links were subjected to social network analysis. The patterns of linkages identified adolescents as clique members, liaisons, and isolates. Clique membership was the modal social position pattern, but liaisons and isolates also were well represented. The proportions of adolescents representing each socialposition varied across schools. In all samples, cliques were homogeneous in gender, race, and mother's educational level, and cliques were largely stable over a one-year time period. The possibility that social network characteristics could explain a variety of adolescent differences is discussed\nReference TypeJournal Article\nJournal TitleJournal of Adolescent Research\nAuthor(s)Ennett, Susan T.\nBauman, Karl E.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "On its face, in times of crisis, we love to say “United We Stand, Divided We Fall,” as a theme of unity. The words were used in a rock-ish love song in 1969 [Brotherhood of Man, and later by Glen Campbell & Anne Murray, Elton John and 100 others].\nWe then go on to praise “Father Abraham” Lincoln as the greatest President that ever lived because he freed the slaves while taking us all under his wing and protecting us. What if we said that’s not at all what Lincoln meant? What did he mean?\nJune 16, 1858: The rest of the story (as Paul Harvey used to say) goes back to the Illinois Republican party convention in Springfield, IL, June 1858. In the contentious race for Illinois Senator, any student of history can tell you, rose from the passion and eloquence of months of public debates between Abraham Lincoln and Stephen A. Douglas a “popular sovereignty” Democrat. On the 16th, Lincoln rose to accept the nomination of the six-year old infant Republican Party. Keep in mind the Republicans emerged as a radical evolution combining the Whig Party [what we’d call ‘liberal platforms’ today] and the radical Abolitionist movement.\nDoris Kearns Goodwin’s Team of Rivals, [TOR] 2005, among others, gives us great insight into Lincoln, his intellect, his universe, life, “rivals,” most of whom were like-minded, sharing his ambitions for America. Lincoln has too often been cast as the buffoon even as an ape, but he was likely one of the top two or three original political thinkers, operators and manipulators of our political system. Lincoln also had a complete command of the principles of mathematical logic which he turned into communication skills and political logic in masterful speeches.\nHmm ... he won the race for President in 1860 not by popular vote (29.8%*), but by effective use of the Electoral College process. His electoral victory was undeniable (180 of 303* – almost 60%) while winning less than 1/3 of the people’s. This would not be the only test of Lincoln’s political acumen. [*Handbook of American History, 1968]\n[Fun fact – Lincoln won the 1864 election with 55% of popular vote (primarily in North) and by 212 over 21 electoral votes. Even more interesting 4,690,000 voted in 1860, including the South, but 4,010, 725 voted in 1864 with only a 680,000 popular vote increase and without the South participating. Oh, remember only men could vote, women, blacks and Native Americans could not vote.]\n--- Excerpt - The House Divided Speech.\nLincoln: “If we could first know where we are, and whither we are tending, we could better judge what to do, and how to do it.\nWe are now far into the fifth year, since the policy [Kansas-Nebraska Act] was initiated, with the avowed object, and confident promise, of putting an end to slavery agitation.\nUnder the operation of that policy, that agitation has not only, not ceased, but has constantly augmented.\nIn my opinion, it will not cease, until a crisis shall have been reached, and passed.\nA house divided against itself cannot stand.\nI believe this government cannot endure, permanently half slave and half free.\nI do not expect the Union to be dissolved – I do not expect the house to fall – but I do expect it will cease to be divided.\nIt will become all one thing, or all the other.”\nJCC: He says “end to slavery agitation” not “end to slavery.” Importantly, “this government cannot endure,” ... “it will cease to be divided.” It is the agitation, the division by sections that causes discord & disunity which promotes inefficient progress, that is Lincoln’s focus, not slavery unto itself. Slavery is the distraction. What comes in between division and unity? Lincoln has the answer tucked away in his mind. “a crisis shall have been reached, and passed.”\nJCC: For the better, the South will break away, the crisis will be reached and it will pass and the country will cease to be divided. A Union will come and save the kingdom. Lincoln would not allow the kingdom to be brought into desolation, but if he cast out the devils then the kingdom would come back anew.\nJCC: It is often said that this was one of Lincoln’s greatest speeches or most famous. “A house divided against itself cannot stand,” “I believe this government cannot endure, permanently half slave and half free,” “I do not expect the house to fall – but I do expect it will cease to be divided. It will become one thing, or all the other.” As Doris Kearns Goodwin states in TOR (p. 198), his statements were “... echoing the Gospels of Mark and Matthew ...”\nFollowing Lincoln’s complete logic we must look at the King James Version of The Holy Bible, “By His Majesty’s Special Command,” (the Bible of his time) and read in full the texts of the books of Matthew 12:25 through 12:37 and Mark 3:23 through 3:27 as Lincoln the student who would have read, the words therein of Jesus’ statement to the Pharisees in total, then re-read and consumed every word into his mind devouring every syllable by syllable. Jesus’ logic, metaphors and parables would not have been lost on Lincoln regardless of the status of his faith or religion. Lincoln knew his audience at the convention and would have played to their ears and sensibilities.\n[Lincoln has often been cast as everything from an agnostic to atheist to reverent student of religion, however that’s a debate for another time.]\nNext: United We Stand: – Part 2.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Though the recent National Disaster Risk Reduction Framework may allow Australia to improve its response to climate change-related natural disasters, without introducing more pre-emptive measures, increased funding means very little, Paul Barnes, Anthony Bergin, and Robert Glasser write.\nThe $3.9 billion emergency response fund announced in the Morrison Government’s pre-election Budget will resonate with the tens of thousands of Australians who, over recent months, have suffered terribly from record-setting droughts, floods, and bushfires.\nUnder the new arrangements, the government would make available up to $150 million per year from the fund between 2019-20 to 2023-24 – as a top-up to existing support – following a significant and catastrophic natural disaster.\nBut providing support to communities after a disaster has struck is far less effective than decreasing their exposure and vulnerability to the natural hazards from the outset. The strong business case for investing in disaster risk reduction has been underlined for some time by groups as diverse as the Australian Productivity Commission and the Australian Business Roundtable for Disaster Resilience and Safer Communities.\nThe US National Institute of Building Sciences, for example, found that every dollar invested in mitigation can save six dollars in future disaster costs.\nMitigation of disaster risk is particularly important for Australia because the country is highly exposed to hazards. For example, 20 per cent of its national GDP and 3.9 million of its population are in areas with high to extreme risk of tropical cyclones, and about 11 per cent of GDP and 2.2 million people are in places with high and extreme risk of bushfires.\nThe Australian Business Roundtable for Disaster Resilience and Safer Communities noted in their 2017 report ‘Building resilience to natural disasters in our states and territories’ that, without increased mitigation efforts, the total economic cost of natural disasters in Australia will grow from roughly $18 billion today to over $39 billion by 2050. The effects of climate change will increasingly compound these costs.\nThe recent and very significant ‘public’ intervention of 23 retired Australian Emergency Service leaders has added an operational view on the matter. It has demonstrated how an increasing frequency of extreme and extended climate change-related emergencies are placing lives, properties, and livelihoods at greater risk, as well as overwhelming the capacity of our emergency services to control the events and render communities safe.\nAustralian governments need to urgently move beyond an approach focused on funding disaster recovery efforts alone. Governments at all levels should be supporting efforts to limit the exposure and vulnerability of Australian communities to natural hazards through a renewed focus on land-use planning, zoning, flood mapping, and flood control measures.\nThis message is not new. Independent commentary in Australia as far back as 2008 highlighted the need to widen efforts on disaster mitigation and rethink assumptions about capability and capacity to deal with catastrophic disasters.\nWe not only need to consistently ‘build back better’ after disasters strike, but must also ensure that recovery and restoration include an emphasis on resilient engineering design as part of infrastructure investments.\nThe historical tendency to repeatedly replace the same type of bridge or other infrastructure at a location where it has been regularly washed away makes little sense.\nThe private sector, particularly insurance and investment groups, tends to be more proactive than governments in thinking about how to mitigate the impact of disasters on their operations. Notable examples of industry effort include workgroups such as the Responsible Investment Association Australasia and the Investor Group on Climate Change.\nThese and other groups actively participate in the United Nations (UN) Environment Programme Finance Initiative on sustainable economic development and are active in developing an ‘Australian Sustainable Finance Roadmap’ to ensure alignment of the finance sector with the delivery of resilient and sustainable economic plans, including the Paris Agreement on Climate Change and the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals.\nThese activities by the finance and investment sectors represent a significant sea change nationally. Even the Australian Prudential Regulation Authority has emphasised that financial exposures from climate change, including disaster risk, are material, foreseeable, and actionable.\nLast month, Guy Debelle, the Deputy Governor of the generally conservative Reserve Bank of Australia, warned that climate change and resulting natural hazards increase the likelihood of non-linear impacts on the economy with potential consequences for financial stability.\nAustralia needs to adapt its policies to support a more comprehensive disaster management repertoire that incorporates, and ideally mainstreams, efforts to avoid or minimise disaster damage rather than the tendency to primarily provide emergency recovery funds.\nHistorically, Australia’s investments in mitigation have amounted to only three per cent of what it spends on the disaster response and recovery. Without a change in the right direction the emergency response funds announced in the Budget is just more icing on the same familiar cake.\nBut not all recent government efforts have been in a response-and-recovery mode. This past week has seen an almost silent launch of the long-awaited National Disaster Risk Reduction Framework from the National Resilience Taskforce (NRTF) within the Department of Home Affairs.\nThe Framework is designed to guide national, whole-of-society efforts to proactively reduce disaster risk in terms of the likelihood of disruptions and losses. This is centrally about mitigating exposure to hazards and reducing community and institutional vulnerabilities.\nThe NRTF Framework has three goals. It aims to reduce existing disaster risk, and to minimise creation of future potential for loss through decisions taken across all sectors. It also intends to equip decision-makers with the capability and information needed to reduce disaster risk and manage residual risk exposures.\nFurther, achievement of these goals requires a focus on four main points. To better understand disaster risk exposures, to support more accountable decisions, and to enhance investment in mitigation actions make up the first three. The fourth is concerned with promoting better governance, ownership, and responsibility for achieving a reduction in the potential for losses and enhanced resilience.\nThe NRTF Framework is expected to be endorsed by ministers in mid-2019, with an annual ministerial statement on the status of disaster risk reduction to the Australian Parliament expected to be made then too.\nWe should do more than just provide details for an annual statement to Parliament. Central to a new policy playbook is taking the NRTF Framework and actively engaging in its implementation as a joint effort between local, state, and federal governments and the private sector.\nAustralia should invest in actively preventing losses from natural disasters where possible. The NRTF Framework provides informed and widely endorsed guidance that is aligned to current international better practice. Without far greater ambition on this front, merely providing $3.9 billion as a top-up to support natural disaster recovery efforts essentially amounts to dispatching an ambulance to the bottom of the cliff.\nThis article is co-published with the Australian Strategic Policy Institute.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Gastrointestinal disease (GID) is a range of disorders that affect the digestive system. The conditions can be standard or rare. Sometimes, the condition requires surgery to remove part or all of the stomach. Patients may consult various types of medical professionals for diagnosis and treatment. If a person has any unusual symptoms, they should immediately see a doctor.\nIrritable bowel syndrome\nIrritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional disorder of the gastrointestinal tract. It can be debilitating for some people, especially if it’s not treated promptly. Common symptoms include abdominal pain, bloating, and changes in bowel habits. In addition, patients may experience diarrhea, constipation, or an alternation of both. Treatment for irritable bowel syndrome focuses on relieving the predominant symptoms.\nIrritable bowel syndrome is a functional gastrointestinal disorder that overlaps with other gastrointestinal conditions, including constipation, gastroesophageal reflux disease, and pelvic floor dyssynergia. While this overlap is often present during remission phases, there is no definitive evidence that they are related.\nSurgery is one of the treatments for Crohn’s disease, which can improve the patient’s quality of life and control symptoms. The procedure involves the removal of part of the intestine, usually the colon or the large intestine. Some patients need more than one procedure. Surgery can reduce inflammation, but it is usually associated with an increased risk of recurrence.\nCrohn’s disease is an inflammatory disorder affecting the intestine. This disease is an immune reaction to an infection. The inflammation in the intestine can cause the lining to form channels that can spread infection. These channels, called fistulas, can reach the surface of an organ and spread the infection to other parts of the body. A fistula can also lead to a severe condition called peritonitis.\nUlcerative colitis is a chronic gastrointestinal disease characterized by rectal bleeding and inflammation of the colon. The condition is caused by the immune system mistakenly attacking the healthy tissues in the colon. The inflammation results in the deposition of blood and mucus in the stool. The symptoms may also include abdominal pain, weight loss, and nausea. Early symptoms include erythema and scattered hemorrhages. In severe cases, the patient may experience large mucosal ulcers. In addition, islands of normal inflammatory mucosa may project over the ulcerated mucosa. In rare cases, the ulceration may spread to other body parts and cause pain and inflammation.\nThe best way to treat ulcerative colitis is to work closely with your healthcare team. In addition, taking the prescribed medications is extremely important. Skipping medications can cause flare-ups and make the condition harder to manage. Therefore, you should always follow your healthcare provider’s advice and talk with them regularly.\nThe symptoms of hereditary hemochromatosis can be mild to severe and develop gradually over a lifetime, depending on the severity of the condition. It usually appears during adulthood, after menstruation and pregnancy, but some people may develop symptoms as early as 20. Symptoms can also vary from person to person depending on the organ affected and the severity of the disorder. Some individuals may show only mild symptoms, while others may develop a severe case that is hard to treat. Therefore, it is essential to be aware of your symptoms and consult with a medical team to determine if this disorder is affecting you.\nDiagnosis of hereditary hemochromatosis can be done by performing a blood test to detect the presence of iron in the blood. A liver biopsy may also be required to determine the extent of damage to the organ. Genetic tests may also be recommended for relatives with hemochromatosis history.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "From The Daniel Island News\nShould you start talking to yourself?\nBy Steve Ferber\nNov 28, 2012 - 8:59:34 AM\nIt’s Tuesday evening, near 6 o’clock, and you’re dashing about, looking forlorn on aisle 5. You’re staring at the supermarket shelves, but can’t seem to find where the peanut butter lives. What might you do? Start talking to yourself, out loud (“peanut butter, peanut butter”).\nApparently, what works for the young ones (have you ever heard a toddler talk to themselves, while tying their shoes?), apparently works for adults as well. Researchers have found that talking to oneself, out loud, facilitates both cognition and visual processing.\nWhy does this method work? Perhaps it’s because our auditory system is activated when we hear the words “peanut butter.” Or perhaps it’s because our cognitive system is activated when we produce the thought . . . that creates the words “peanut butter.” No matter, say the researchers, the bottom line is clear: when we’re in search mode, saying the words of the missing object (our keys, our hair brush, the blue sweater that I just took off), or even silently mouthing the words, apparently triggers our system in a positive way.\nIn their study, psychologists Gary Lupyan (University of Wisconsin-Madison) and Daniel Swingley (University of Pennsylvania), explain: \"People often talk to themselves, yet very little is known about the functions of this self-directed speech . . . It has been commonly observed that children spend a considerable time talking to themselves . . .. One way to understand this seemingly odd behavior is by considering that language is more than simply a tool for communication, but rather than it alters ongoing cognitive (and even perceptual) processing in nontrivial ways.\"\nIn an article published on livescience.com, Lupyan was quoted as saying: “The general take-home point is that language is not just a system of communication . . . I'm arguing [that] it can augment perception, augment thinking.”\nLupyan and Swingley caution, however, that self-talk, at times, can actually slow the search process. Apparently, the key is how familiar the object is – in other words, if the object you’re searching for is familiar, self-talk will help; if the object is less well known, self-talk may impede the search.\nMost beneficial forms of self-talk\nRin Mitchell, writing for the web site bigthink.com, expands on the notion that self-talk can improve brain function. Drawing on research, Mitchell explains that the most beneficial forms of self-talk “are with instructional and thought and action. Instructional self-talk is when you tell yourself each step you need to take in order to complete something while in the process, such as driving a car. Thought and action is the act of setting a goal for yourself and a strategy as to how to accomplish the goal before taking action.”\nWhat does Mitchell recommend? “Start talking to yourself to increase the performance and function of your brain . . . .The key is to practice doing it until it becomes natural. You can use specific ‘cue words’ in your self-talk to help you in whatever goal or task you would like to complete. Eventually, you will learn how to self-talk in a way that benefits you the most in every situation.”\n© Copyright The Daniel Island News", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Developing a transparent, clean and sustainable supply chain strategy in an increasingly complex world is quite an endeavor. While globalization has dramatically increased competition, many companies have been looking to utilize the workforce in low-cost countries to remain competitive. However, the race for lower costs, added to externalization, can quickly damage a brand’s reputation when sourcing organizations lose visibility over their supply chains. Stories of companies from the textile industry have scarred other sectorisa. Many companies are now encouraged to evaluate their suppliers’ networks to avoid scandals, ensuring product quality and fairness.\nFor months, companies have to deal with a global pandemic, slowing or even interrupting supply chain operations and jeopardizing many businesses. Some borders are still closed, the workforce has been reduced and some products’ demand has exploded. Supply chain departments have to face their vulnerabilities and cope with enormous challenges. No company and no country is safe from shocks.\nBecause supply chains keep evolving, many questions have arisen. Are current sourcing strategies resilient enough to fight unpredicted events? What would be efficient and resilient solutions to ensure supply chain operations during such uncertain times? How can supply chain managers gain control over global suppliers in a pandemic situation?\nExternal shocks and supply chain vulnerabilities\nSupply chains have constantly been exposed to shocks: natural disasters, data breaches, financial crises, geopolitical disputes, etc. The magnitude of these shocks keeps rising and ends in disastrous economic consequences. In 2019 alone, 40 weather disasters caused damage to organizations exceeding $1 billion each. Companies have established resilient strategies to monitor their vulnerabilities. But, not all shocks are equal, and it is often the unpredicted events that have more impact.\nA recent survey from McKinsey Global Institute states that shocks lasting a month or more occur every 3.7 years. The frequency of more minor shocks (1-4 weeks) is even lower (between 2-2.8 years). Supply chains are not exposed to the same shocks based on the industries and multiple variables. Because of their high digitization level, R&D and exposure to digital data flows, semiconductors are susceptible to cyberattacks and trade disputes but are less exposed to natural disasters. On the contrary, labor-intensive industries such as textile and furniture are primarily exposed to natural events (flooding, heat). Shocks may also emerge within the supply chain ecosystem, but these are more predictable (e.g. supplier bankruptcy, plant shutdown). In response, organizations tend to assess the risks and set up business recovery plans in case of disruptions. But, in most cases, these are unpredicted events that cause more damage.\nSupply chain strategies are also affected by political and social factors. For instance, developing countries try to seduce industries with their low-cost labor market, while developed countries bet on their data security to host highly digital companies. Recent events such as the Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) have stressed the importance of self-sufficiency in pharmaceuticals and have accelerated some trends -- the growing role of digitization, the focus on proximity with customers, the ability to reply to sudden urges and the need for regionalization. The August 2020 McKinsey Global Institute’s survey estimates that 16-26% of global exports could relocate in the next five years. But, shifting production from one country to another has a cost that some companies are not ready to pay (e.g. industries with huge fixed investments).\nSupply chains are highly exposed to shocks but seem to confirm the maxim saying that there is an opportunity in every crisis. Resilience should not be opposed to efficiency, and companies tend to prove that point.\nComplexity, resilience and efficiency\nInnovation is at the heart of every resilient and efficient supply chain strategy.\nImplementing a digital twin (i.e. a digital copy of the supply chain activities), allowing companies to track their supply chain events, pays off. And, by “supply chain,” it is essential to understand the value chain from raw materials extraction in mines to the final product sold to customers in stores or online. The future stake is not only to monitor what and where Tier 1 suppliers buy, but also to understand what and where Tier 2 to Tier n suppliers buy their components. E-procurement software solutions helping companies create value through order automation, invoice processing and Rfx follow-up are not enough anymore. Supply chain managers must focus on even more strategic operational tasks, such as demand planning forecasts, analytics from finance and marketing and supplier innovation.\nThe last trend, though, was to acquire a full suite covering the end-to-end process. Benefits are numerous -- one single implementation, ease of change management, one solution provider meaning one single point of contact, low IT maintenance, discounts based on the number of modules purchased, etc. But, how do customers expect total efficiency on the value chain end-to-end process when not acquiring the best-in-class solution for their needs? Technology is growing as fast as market needs are. Still, companies keep spending a ton of money trying to fix data for their end-to-end solution to work efficiently when the problem might come from the solution itself. Developing a transparent and efficient supply chain strategy starts with acquiring the right tools, the ones designed for a sole purpose. That is why a modular approach is often preferred when companies want to get the best out of their information systems. Implementation and integration might be more complex, but outcomes are more significant.\nTo sum up, companies do not always value investing in innovative solutions to build resilient and efficient supply chains. Top management often pressures operations teams to look for short-term productivity -- +10% sales per year, -5% total costs, etc. If disruptive events tend to occur more frequently, only companies investing in supply chain innovation might survive in the long run. Such investments can also pay off on a short-term basis -- productivity boost, digital capabilities improvement, industry ecosystems strengthening.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "A tumor is a lump or mass of tissue that forms when cells divide uncontrollably. A growing tumor may replace healthy tissue with abnormal tissue. It may weaken the bone, causing it to break (fracture).Most bone tumors are noncancerous (benign). Some are cancerous (malignant).Benign tumors are usually not life-threatening. Malignant tumors can spread cancer cells throughout the body (metastasize). This happens via the blood or lymphatic system.\n<Image Credit : Zazzle>\nTo help diagnose Bone Cancer, the doctor asks about the patient’s personal and family medical history. The doctor also performs a physical examination and may order laboratory and other diagnostic tests. These tests may include:\nYour doctor will need to take a complete medical history. This includes learning about any medications you take, details about any previous tumors or cancers that you or your family members may have had, and symptoms you are experiencing.\nYour doctor will physically examine you. The focus is on the tumor mass, tenderness in bone, and any impact on joints and/or range of motion. In some cases, the doctor may want to examine other parts of your body to rule out cancers that can spread to bone.\n- X-rays, which can show the location, size, and shape of a bone tumor. If x-rays suggest that an abnormal area may be cancer, the doctor is likely to recommend special imagingtests. Even if x-rays suggest that an abnormal area is benign, the doctor may want to do further tests, especially if the patient is experiencing unusual or persistent pain.\n- A bone scan, which is a test in which a small amount of radioactive material isinjected into a blood vessel and travels through the bloodstream; it then collects in the bones and is detected by a scanner.\n- A computed tomography (CT or CAT) scan, which is a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles, that are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine.\n- A magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) procedure, which uses a powerful magnet linked to a computer to create detailed pictures of areas inside the body without using x-rays.\n- A positron emission tomography (PET) scan, in which a small amount of radioactive glucose (sugar) is injected into a vein, and a scanner is used to make detailed, computerized pictures of areas inside the body where the glucose is used. Because cancer cells often use more glucose than normal cells, the pictures can be used to find cancer cells in the body.\n- An angiogram, which is an x-ray of blood vessels.\n- Biopsy (removal of a tissue sample from the bone tumor) to determine whether cancer is present. The surgeon may perform a needle biopsy or an incisional biopsy. During aneedle biopsy, the surgeon makes a small hole in the bone and removes a sample of tissue from the tumor with a needle-like instrument. In an incisional biopsy, the surgeon cuts into the tumor and removes a sample of tissue. Biopsies are best done by an orthopedic oncologist (a doctor experienced in the treatment of bone cancer) (1). Apathologist (a doctor who identifies disease by studying cells and tissues under a microscope) examines the tissue to determine whether it is cancerous.\n- Blood tests to determine the level of an enzyme called alkaline phosphatase. A large amount of this enzyme is present in the blood when the cells that form bone tissue are very active—when children are growing, when a broken bone is mending, or when a disease or tumor causes production of abnormal bone tissue. Because high levels of alkaline phosphatase are normal in growing children and adolescents, this test is not a completely reliable indicator of bone cancer.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Dual Lungs Comparison Kit\nLarge View | View Related Items | Safety Data Sheet\nBy Calvin R. Femling, PhD.\nNow for the first time you can demonstrate both sets of lungs simultaneously for better lungs comparison with the new interconnected airway system. This system lets you compare the ventilation of both sets of lungs simultaneously, or shut off one of the upper valves to inflate only one set of lungs. Kit includes an interconnected airway system with dual trays; air pump; one pair of reusable, normal inflatable swine lungs with guide; one pair of simulated smoker’s lungs with guide; and one section of dried swine lung with a storage container.\nThis dramatic demonstration kit provides an impressive, unforgettable, hands-on demonstration of how lungs work and the effects of prolonged smoking by using real swine lungs. Students are able to feel the texture and fragility of the lung, as well as learning that real lungs are not like rubber balloons in a bell jar. The smoker’s lungs have a palpable internal tumor and a physical simulated external tumor to encourage students to feel the texture of the lungs, and to remember that smoking is a known cause of lung caner. The inflatable swine lungs provided with each kit have been preserved with a Bioflex, nontoxic solution that retains the texture and elasticity of fresh lungs.\n*NOTE: This product contains natural tissue (color may vary).", "label": "No"}
{"text": "During a long, hot summer in Philadelphia, fifty-five delegates from 12 states came together to craft a new constitution. On this day, two-hundred and twenty-five years ago, thirty-nine of those delegates affixed their names to the document that still guides us faithfully today--the Constitution of the United States.\nToday is Constitution Day, remembering September 17 of 1787. Today, we celebrate this document that unites us while we still struggle with those issues that divide us. Division is not new, not in this country and certainly not in the history of humanity. Rhode Island boycotted the Constitutional Convention in the summer of 1787. Fourteen delegates had already left Philadelphia and returned home by September 17. Three of the delegates that remained refused to sign the Constitution. No, disagreement and division are not new in this Country. But, our common hopes and dreams--those things that unite us--have always been more powerful than those things that divide us.\nAs I read our history, I see freedom as the glue that holds us all together. We may not always agree on how to use that freedom or even on how to preserve it, but we all came from somewhere else, somewhere less free. Families still come today, and as long as freedom remains our touchstone, they will continue to come.\nIf you are prepared to surrender your freedom, if you prefer the cloak of security to the fresh breeze of liberty, there are dozens of countries around the globe that will satisfy you. But if you thirst for self-determination, if you hunger for unbridled opportunity limited only by your dreams and God-given talents, America--governed by the people and the Constitution of the United States--stands alone. Two-hundred and twenty-five years after Benjamin Franklin reportedly emerged from Independence Hall at the conclusion of the Constitutional Convention and when asked what had been created responded, \"A Republic, if you can keep it,\" our almost unimaginable experiment in self-governance continues. Please join me today in celebrating our liberty, celebrating the political document that has guided us, and thanking God for his continuing blessings upon our Nation and upon us all.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Examining Aboriginal Corrections in Canada\nCarol LaPrairie, Ph.D.\nIn consultation with\nMinistry of the Solicitor General\n- Executive Summary\n- PART I. USE OF IMPRISONMENT\n- A Reliance on Imprisonment\n- A Perspective on Imprisonment in Canada1\n- Understanding Incarceration and Community Corrections Across Canada\n- PART II: WHO GOES TO PRISON?\n- PART III. ABORIGINAL OFFENDERS, OFFENDING AND IMPRISONMENT\n- PART IV. EXPLAINING ABORIGINAL OVER-REPRESENTATION\n- New Theoretical Formulations\n- Colonization and the Creation of Contemporary Aboriginal Communities\n- The Reproduction of Mainstream Social Structure in Aboriginal Communities\n- The Impact of Cultural Dislocation and Social Stratification on Community Institutions\n- Individual Identity Formation in Contemporary Communities\n- PART V. PROGRAMMING FOR ABORIGINAL INMATES\n- Summary and Considerations\n- PART VI: CORRECTIONAL PERSONNEL AND INMATE SURVEY RESULTS\n- PART VII: THE FOUR R'S – RISK, RELEASE, RECIDIVISM AND REINTEGRATION\n- PART VIII: WHERE DO WE GO FROM HERE?\n- PART IX: CONCLUSIONS\n- LESSONS LEARNED\n- ABORIGINAL CORRECTIONAL RESEARCH AND EVALUATION DIRECTIONS FOR THE FUTURE\n- APPENDIX I\n- APPENDIX II\n- APPENDIX III\nList of Tables and Figures\n- Table I. 1 Rates of Criminal Code Incidents for Provinces and Territories, 1993 (per 100,000 population)\n- Table I. 2 % Incidents Charged, 1993\n- Table I. 3 Rate of Youth Charged and Daily Count per 10,000 by Provinces and Territories\n- Table I. 4 Sentenced Admissions to Provincial Custody by Adults Charged (per 10,000) by Province or Territory\n- Table I. 5 Type of Offense By Region for Federal Admissions\n- Table I. 6 On and Off Reserve Registered Indians and Métis by Labor Force Participation for All Provinces 1991 Census (15+ years of age)\n- Table III. 1 Aboriginal Admissions to Federal and Provincial Institution and Probation Intakes by Province 1989 — 1994 (averaged)\n- Table III. 2 Correctional Status by Aboriginal and Non-Aboriginal and Type of Offense, 1995\n- Figure III. 1 % Aboriginal and Non-Aboriginal Offenders by Region, 1995\n- Table III. 3 Sentenced Admissions Rates Per 10,000 Population for Aboriginal and Non-Aboriginal\n- Table III. 4a Ratio of Aboriginal and Non-Aboriginal Sentenced Admissions\n- Table III. 4b Percent Remand & Sentenced Admissions and Total Aboriginal Population\n- Figure III. 2 General Offense Type For Aboriginal and Non-Aboriginal Offenders, 199550\n- Table III. 5 Specific Offense Type for Aboriginal and Non-Aboriginal Offenders, 199551\n- Table III. 6 Type of Offense by Region for Aboriginal and Non-Aboriginal Offenders, 1995\n- Table III. 7 Specific Offense Type for Aboriginal and Non-Aboriginal Offenders for Institution and Community Supervision, 1995\n- Table III. 8 Specific Offence Type for Aboriginal and Non-Aboriginal Federally Sentenced Females, 1995\n- Table III. 9 Sentence Length for Aboriginal and Non-Aboriginal Offenders, 199555\n- Table III. 10 Type of Offense by Sentence Length for Aboriginal and Non-Aboriginal Offenders, 1995\n- Table III. 11 Sentence Length by Region for Aboriginal and Non-Aboriginal Offenders, 1995\n- Table III. 12 Mean Sentence Length by Offense Type and Total Offenses for Federally Sentenced Aboriginal and Non-Aboriginal Females\n- Figure V. 1 Security Classifications for Aboriginal and Non-Aboriginal Federal Offenders, 1995\n- Table VII. 1 Community Risk/Need Assessment for Aboriginal and Non-Aboriginal Offenders Released on Full Parole, 1995112\n- Table VII. 2 Community RISK/NEED Assessment For Aboriginal and Non-Aboriginal Offenders on Statutory Release, 1995\n- Table VII. 3 Summary of Combined Community RISK/NEED Rating for Aboriginal and Non-Aboriginal Offenders, 1995\n- Table VII. 4 Type of Offenders by Type of Release for Aboriginal, Caucasian, and Black Offenders, 1995113\n- Table VII. 5 Ethnicity by the Average Number of Days that Offenders Released After Full Parole Eligibility Date\nThe views expressed in this report are those of the author and are not necessarily those of the Department of the Solicitor General of Canada.\nThis document provides information gathered though surveys, analyses of quantitative data and a review of current literature and research about the state of aboriginal corrections. Its purpose is to inform program and policy makers, aboriginal organizations and services, academics, and others interested in the field. It is also intended to be used in the development of research and program evaluation plans, and to provide new directions to be considered for aboriginal corrections, theoretical issues and responses to aboriginal offenders. It raises some complex questions about the meaning and future of aboriginal corrections.\nThe report is in nine parts. While there is a natural progression from one part to the next, each can be read alone as the subject matter is discrete and specific. Because of the quantity of data in some parts, summaries are presented at the end of each. Relevant tables are provided at the end of parts. Listings of \"lessons learned\" and suggested future research directions are also provided. In addition, there is an extensive reference section on mainstream and aboriginal correctional literature. A description of provincial data sources, provincial tables, and the correctional personnel, community and inmate survey questionnaires are included in the Appendix.\nA summary of each of the nine parts of the report follows.\nPart I: Use of Imprisonment\nThe reliance on imprisonment in Canada compared to other countries is the fundamental issue discussed in Part I. The variables which influence the use of imprisonment are both criminal justice, i.e., application of laws and actions of criminal justice agents, and societal, i.e., the lack of a relationship between crime rates and levels of imprisonment suggests other socio-cultural factors are at play. The majority of sentences in Canada are short (less than six months). Crime (both reported and victimization) increases from east to west and there is some variation in use of imprisonment. There are no major differences in the type of offences committed across the country. Some provinces may be dealing with more difficult populations (i.e., in socio-economic and offence terms) than are others, but without better data on prior records and offender profiles, firm conclusions about the factors leading to disparity are not possible.\nFor some offences, particularly fine defaults, B.C., Quebec and Ontario appear to rely less on imprisonment than other provinces. The Prairie provinces have the most marginalizedFootnote 1 aboriginal populations and consistent use of imprisonment for life-style related offences such as administration of justice, public order and fine defaults, results in part, in high levels of imprisonment. The use of imprisonment also reflects cultural attitudes and penal values which may help to explain variation across the country. However, more punitive public views on the need for imprisonment or on aboriginal issues, are not necessarily found to translate into a greater reliance on imprisonment or higher aboriginal incarceration levels.\nPart II: Who Goes to Prison?\nPeople sentenced to terms of imprisonment are not always there for the commission of serious crimes against the person. Prisons are also used as \"catch-basins\" for social problems, for chronic offenders who commit relatively minor offences, for those who the public deems most in need of punishment (for example, drug offenders), and for property offenders. In fact, those who commit serious violentoffences are generally in the minority in a prison population. What is perhaps most notable about who goes to prison is the disproportionality of certain socially and economically marginalized racial groups such as blacks and aboriginal people (who appear to commit more offences for which imprisonment is used), and, more generally, of the most disadvantaged groups in society.\nTwo factors are central to understanding the over-representation of aboriginal people in Canadian correctional institutions. The first is the over-reliance in Canada on the use of imprisonment; the second is that more of the aboriginal than the non-aboriginal population falls into the socio-economic group most vulnerable to involvement in the criminal justice system.\nPart III: Aboriginal Offenders, Offending and Imprisonment\nSome characteristics aboriginal offenders share with non-aboriginal offenders and some differ. The attitudes, peer group support, and personality factors that promote the commission of crime are similar and are shaped by family background, poverty, school experiences, exposure to violence, and isolation from opportunities, options and other factors that influence the adoption of pro-social attitudes. Culture, geography and exposure to mainstream society distinguish aboriginal offenders both from non-aboriginal offenders and among themselves.\nAboriginal offenders are disproportionately represented in most provincial, territorial, and federal institutional populations. The disproportionality is greatest in the three Prairie provinces and least in the Maritimes and Quebec. However, aboriginal people are also disproportionately represented in admissions for violent offences, particularly in federal institutions, for which they are also receiving shorter sentences than the non-aboriginal groups. At the same time, use of incarceration is greater for aboriginal offenders when controlling for type of offence (but without information on prior record). Aboriginal offenders are generally younger, have more prior contact with the criminal justice and correctional systems, and come from more dysfunctional backgrounds than the non-aboriginal groups. Aboriginal over-representation in correctional institutions can probably be explained by a higher rate of offending, the commission of more offences that typically result in imprisonment, and the fact that existing policies and practices that affect sentencing and operate in provinces with the most disadvantaged aboriginal groups, will have the most onerous effects on those groups. Less use of probation in provinces such as Alberta and Saskatchewan, may contribute to the over-representation problem.\nPart IV: Explaining Aboriginal Over-Representation\nWhat has created such a vulnerability of aboriginal people to involvement in the criminal justice and correctional systems in Canada?\nThe argument put forward here is that one of the most important factors is a decline in interdependency among people in aboriginal communities which has come about as the result of historical processes (such as colonization and the creation of the reserve system) which have reproduced mainstream social structure without accompanying institutional development. This has been exacerbated by cultural dislocation and the decline of informal mechanisms of social control. The end result is socially stratified communities where limited resources and resource distribution create large groups of disadvantaged people, a growing youth sub-culture with few legitimate outlets or opportunities, decontextualized exposure to the mass media, and the lack of cultural and social resources to assist in identity formation which support pro-social values. It is, however, misleading and incorrect to assume that all aboriginal communities in Canada are exposed to the same contingencies and limitations as a result of these historical and contemporary processes. Clearly not the case, such an assumption inhibits the degree of attention required by those individuals and communities most in need. The degree and impact of change has been mediated by settlement patterns, geographic location, cultural factors, and individual community experience. The most affected communities are in the Prairie provinces which also have the highest aboriginal incarceration.\nThree factors are most conducive to a crime problem. The first is the large group of marginalized in communities because of the uneven distribution of resources; the second is that reserves are not generally integrated into mainstream Canadian society (because of historical practices of exclusion and the second class status ascribed to aboriginal people) and the resulting alienation is most prominent in those with the fewest connections to mainstream society; and the third is that exposure to dysfunctional family life and childhood abuse (in addition to other factors conducive to criminal behaviour) have profoundly negative effects on individual development. The most marginalized groups in communities are most affected by these factors. When these groups leave reserves they have few tools for survival or for gaining status or integration into mainstream society. In the urban setting, the lack of education and employment skills, coupled with substance abuse problems and histories of family violence and dysfunction, lead to negative peer associations and the adoption of anti-social and pro-criminal attitudes. There is a growing problem of marginalized people leaving reserves to live in urban areas.\nPart V: Programming for Aboriginal Inmates\nPart V explores mainstream and aboriginal correctional programming. The \"what works\" literature is presented and shows that for the general inmate population there are a number of principles to be followed in effective programming. These include: proper administration and implementation of programs, a sound conceptual model of criminality, recognition of individual differences, targeting criminogenic needs, and the style and mode of treatment must correspond to the learning characteristics of offenders. Needs of incarcerated females have not been adequately reflected in institutional programming, particularly in provincial and territorial institutions.\nThe history of aboriginal programming is traced. The CSC approach can best be described as cultural/spiritual in nature, with an added emphasis on facilitating the release of aboriginal offenders and connecting them to communities. Underscoring the approach is the belief that unique solutions are required to reflect the unique cultural backgrounds of aboriginal inmates, and that loss or lack of cultural roots and identity are the primary causes of involvement in the criminal justice system. Most provinces and territories have followed the same path in developing and implementing programs for aboriginal inmates in their correctional institutions. The emphasis on the cultural and spiritual has emphasized the group rather than the individual approach.\nThe extent to which the existing aboriginal-specific programs accommodate findings about program effectiveness for the general offender population, is an empirical question for which no clear answer exists. There is also a lack of information about the value of mainstream programs for aboriginal offenders. Evaluations of the impact of cultural specific and/or mainstream programming on institution and release activities of aboriginal offenders are required and should explore the length and type of cultural and/or other programming to which the offender is exposed and evaluate the following accordingly: whether objectives of each program have been met; offender interest and involvement in programs; offender's institutional behaviour with participation in programs; linking of cultural programs with other institutional programs such as education and employment; re-offending over various time periods; potential for inmate to continue programs when released (i.e., the availability of external programs); the offender's ability to integrate into family and community; community support and recognition of cultural/spiritual change in offender; community support for content of cultural/spiritual programming; and offender participation in programs such as employment, education, recreation etc.\nSome critical questions about cultural programming should also be asked and answered. These include among others, how decisions about cultural appropriateness and legitimacy of cultural providers are made, the existence of a cultural denominator acceptable to all aboriginal offenders, and the acceptance of cultural teaching to communities and families to which offenders return.\nPart VI: Correctional Personnel and Inmate Survey Results\nFindings from the analysis of correctional personnel and inmate surveys include similarities and differences in perceptions of programs, needs and other issues related to aboriginal offenders, as well as differences among aboriginal inmates themselves as reported by them. Most importantly, there are differences which are critical to understand and to explore further if the range of needs of aboriginal inmates is to be better met.\nThree-quarters of the male, aboriginal, inmate survey respondents were Status Indian, from, but not necessarily having spent most of their lives on reserves, with limited education and previous incarcerations. Provincial offenders were younger and have more previous incarcerations than federal offenders. Federal offenders had more access to programs than provincial offenders and participated more, particularly in cultural/spiritual programs. Generally, inmates did not feel excluded from or shy about attending non-aboriginal programs. Cultural/spiritual needs were identified by more federal inmates, who also had greatest exposure to these programs. However, employment and education were generally considered the greatest needs, and alcohol the greatest problem.\nMost inmates felt any program that helped them was of value, and that both aboriginal and non-aboriginal offenders could benefit from each other's programs. Unfortunately, there were not enough programs in institutions, particularly provincial ones. They believed they had the same education and employment needs as non-aboriginal inmates but different family situations and culture. Offenders do not participate heavily in programs in areas where they claim to have the greatest need (i.e. employment and education) or in counseling.Generally, offenders did not feel there were enough community programs to meet their needs upon release.\nInmates who have spent most of their lives on reserves are less well educated, see education and reading as more important, are more reluctant to participate in general programs because of shyness and feeling left out, do not participate as much in group counseling, and feel more accepted by family and community. Inmates from combination and non-aboriginal communities tend to identify culture and spirituality more often as needs, and have been incarcerated more often. Older inmates and those who have been incarcerated several times are more negative about staff, programming, acceptance by family and community, release etc., and have more alcohol problems, especially if provincial offenders. More young inmates and those with 3+ incarcerations spent their first period of detention in a youth facility. More young inmates considered education and reading their greatest needs and regard staff more positively. Younger federal offenders believed there were enough aboriginal-specific programs. Those with less education were more unlikely to complete release programs, believed education and employment were their greatest needs, did not think their needs had been adequately identified, and were less likely to participate in individual counseling programs.\nUnlike the dissonance in the minds of correctional personnel about problems and solutions for aboriginal offenders, they see more consistency between the problems and solutions for non-aboriginal offenders. This is true whether exploring needs while in institutions, or programs which reduce re-offending. One explanation for the difference is that cultural programming for aboriginal offenders has become so entrenched that it is the most immediate response, and little else is considered.\nThere are differences between correctional personnel and inmate perceptions about levels of release, security classification, adequacy of assessments, family support and family problems, and aboriginal participation in non-aboriginal programming. Nevertheless, there was agreement on need for more programs inside and outside institutions, use of aboriginal program people, limited qualifications of staff, and lack of community support.\nPart VII: The Four R's — Risk, Release, Recidivism and Reintegration\nParole release data reveal that federal aboriginal offenders are less likely than non-aboriginal offenders to receive full parole (but are more likely to receive temporary absences) but that seriousness of offences appears to explain the differential full parole release rates. Aboriginal offenders also have higher recidivism levels. Because of prior offences and seriousness of offences, aboriginal offenders are considered a higher risk for re-offending which, in turn, influences parole decision-making. This is exacerbated by a difficulty in formulating release plans, and, as the survey data reveal, in receiving support from communities.\nThe latter finding is contrary to popular belief but underscores the suggestion that reintegration of the offender into the community where the community provides support and assistance should be a major focus of correctional policy. The positive effects of institutional programs are wasted if follow-up programs are not available in the community. It is essential that offenders return to positive environments, whether or not these are home communities. For some offenders, a return to the home communities may be a recipe for reoffending. This suggests that needs of communities must be realized before they can accommodate needs of offenders and become environments which promote pro-social values.\nThere are, however, important differences among the aboriginal group. While the risk of re-offending has generally been shown to be higher for aboriginal offenders, the Manitoba analysis suggests it may be greatest for the Status group both on and off-reserve even though theon-reserve group had the lowest risk/needs predictions. This suggests that in some parts of the country risk factors may be different on and off-reserve, and that risk predictors must be formulated for reserves. It also suggests that general risk prediction scales are appropriate for the general aboriginal group. One explanation for high recidivism of the on-reserve group (in some areas) may be the environment of reserves, which is consistent with factors known to influence crime levels — high unemployment, poverty, family dysfunction, diminished social and community controls. This suggests that the communities to which the Status groups return (i.e., reserves and inner cities) may be more criminogenic than those to which non-aboriginal and Metis/non-Status offenders return. This is consistent with previous research about crime and disorder on-reserve and in inner cities, particularly those in western Canada.\nThere are two types of reintegration. The first is reintegration of offenders into home communities which are also the environments which caused their initial problems. In these environments, anti-social attitudes and certain pro-criminal life-styles and peer groups act inhibit the adoption of pro-social attitudes. The second type of reintegration is into families and communities which promote behavioural change and the adoption of pro-social values. The issue, therefore, is not only one of reintegration (as often suggested) but reintegration into the right environment.\nThe high recidivism of the Status group, as compared to the non-aboriginal and Metis/non-Status groups, suggests the need for change to their communities of origin — whether reserve or inner city. Unless people's lives change so their attitudes, peer groups and family relations also change, alterations to the criminal justice system or the creation of local justice initiatives will be minimal in reducing involvement in the correctional system. In a number of significant ways, aboriginal offenders are disadvantaged by their backgrounds, their communities, and their involvement with the criminal justice system. It is a vicious circle and one that is difficult to break.\nPart VIII: Where Do We Go From Here?\nA substantial reduction in the reliance on imprisonment is most likely to occur with sweeping systemic changes whereby both legal and administrative capacities are aimed at increasing the use of intermediate sanctions. As well, the use of diversion programs and the decriminalizing of certain offences are likely to reduce the burden on the courts in determining outcomes and sentences. A comprehensive community corrections act as well as a permanent sentencing commission might be a starting point for such changes as well the assurance that they are properly implemented and administered. It is imperative to actually use alternatives in order to make a difference in imprisonment levels, and to re-focus community sanctions so they are designed to assist offenders to reintegrate into communities, and not as mechanisms of social control designed to put people back into prison. Finally, these changes must be made acceptable to the community and the criminal justice system so that they are legitimized and have full support.\nSome criticisms of alternatives, community corrections and community justice are discussed not to reinforce the status quo or to argue for more severe sanctions, but to highlight the way alternatives have been used and the often unrealistic expectations of community corrections and local justice given scarce resources and inflexible objectives. Ultimately, however, regardless of problems with these alternatives, they are still as effective and less costly in human terms than more punitive ones like imprisonment. The challenge is to broaden their use, monitor their delivery, and refocus them so they meet more humane objectives.\nWe do not have to look far to see the potential for reducing incarceration in Canada. There is considerable variation across the country in the way incarceration is used and provinces such as Ontario and B.C., which have large aboriginal populations but less disproportionate levels of aboriginal incarceration, have maximized the use of non-carceral dispositions, especially for fine default, public drunkenness and other minor offences. Other provinces, such as Alberta, appear to have a heavier reliance on the use of incarceration which is not explained by the seriousness of the offences committed. However, it should be re-emphasized that the Prairie provinces also have the largest and most marginalized aboriginal populations. It is unreasonable to expect the criminal justice or correctional systems to redress this problem. But it is reasonable to expect they will not exacerbate it either.\nPerhaps the most critical and immediate direction to pursue is to mount a campaign to educate the public about reducing the reliance on imprisonment and about using other methods to respond to offenders. Educating the public to be more supportive of intermediate sanctions as \"real\" sanctions is essential. It is also time to re-educate the public about myths and realities of criminal justice and corrections. Most importantly, the limitations of prisons in the resocialization process should be realized. One way to combat the trend toward punitiveness and to reduce crime is to increase interdependency among people. Where responsibility for offenders and offending expands beyond the boundaries of police, courts and prisons, the public cry for revenge may be stilled.\nPart IX: Conclusions\nThe criminal justice system remains rooted in a reliance on the use of imprisonment which affects both aboriginal and non-aboriginal offenders alike, and places Canada among the highest users of incarceration in the world. How much this reflects judicial attitudes and/or the culture in which the Canadian criminal justice system functions, is debatable. The degree of ostracism and stigmatization directed toward offenders suggests the reliance on imprisonment by the criminal justice system is reflected in public support and is, therefore, an integral part of Canadian society. We speak reintegration and practice exclusion and stigmatization. We continue to incarcerate offenders who are low risk and for whom imprisonment is unlikely to be more beneficial than other sanctions, and probably does more harm than good.\nA three-pronged approach to the treatment of aboriginal offenders should be considered. The first step would provide intensive pre-programming so that aboriginal offenders can derive the maximum benefit from mainstream programs, particularly those involving education, cognitive behaviour and life-skills; the second would continue cultural and spiritual content programs for those offenders wishing to participate in them, as these programs appear to attract aboriginal offenders and to give them a sense of identify often sorely lacking; the third would deliver the most effective programs within the proper context which depends on understanding the needs and realities of individual offenders.\nHow can the over-representation of aboriginal people in correctional institutions be reduced? The following steps might be considered:\n- make a commitment to a different kind of justice which does not use the criminal justice system to deal with social problems;\n- change philosophy about alternatives to incarceration and who is eligible for them, and to use them always in the first instance and prisons in the last;\n- prohibit the use of incarceration for certain offences such as fine default, public order, administrative offences, and various kinds of parole and probation violations;\n- have a solid understanding of the offender's needs for those individuals who do receive carceral sentences, and fit these with institutional programming and community resources;\n- ensure quality and quantity of institutional programs;\n- emphasize community corrections as a reintegrative tool as well as a mechanism of social control;\n- understand regional variation in aboriginal over-representation in the correctional system, in the demography of aboriginal populations, and in the way the criminal justice system processes aboriginal and non-aboriginal offenders, in order to direct resources to the provinces, aboriginal communities and populations most in need, and to change any discriminatory attitudes toward aboriginal offenders.\nI would like to thank Ed Buller, Chief, Aboriginal Corrections, Corrections Branch, Ministry of the Solicitor General, for providing me the opportunity to conduct this research. He and his colleague, Sharon McCue, gave me constant encouragement and support. Before leaving the Branch, Joan Nuffield assisted me with survey questionnaires and compiled some information on bush camps. Richard Zubrycki and Bob Cormier, Corrections Branch, also facilitated this research, and Jim Bonta and Karl Hanson were always available to give me advice and assistance. Kimberley Fever put this document into its present format. To all these individuals I would like to extend my sincere thanks.\nPhil Mun was responsible for the literature review on a variety of topic associated with this research and his valuable contribution is evident in several chapters. I am very grateful to him and to Cathy Mathews and the staff at the John Edwards Library, Centre of Criminology, University of Toronto, for all their assistance to his work.\nBruno Steinke provided general research assistance services ¾ coding data, computer programming, constructing tables, proof reading, data liaison with provinces and CSC, and many other activities too numerous to mention. Both he and Phil Mun conducted their work with great cheer and managed to maintain this throughout the most tedious and demanding aspects of the research.\nThere are several individuals at the federal and provincial levels whose contribution to this research deserves special recognition. Peter York and Dan Beavon, Performance Measurement Sector, Correctional Services Canada (CSC) gave unstintingly of their time in providing data on federally sentenced offenders and reviewing parts of the analysis and other text. Lothar Goetz and Tim Foran provided input from the Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics (CCJS). George Kiefl, Research Section, Department of Justice provided extensive public opinion data. At the provincial level, Tim Trytten and Mike Kotyk, Corrections Branch, Ministry of the Attorney General, B.C.; Gordon Telford and Dawn Chalas, Correctional Services Division, Alberta Department of Justice; Shaukat Nasim, Policy, Planning and Evaluation Branch, Saskatchewan Justice; Ron Parkinson, Community and Youth Corrections, Manitoba Justice; and Cathy Underhill and Paula Davis, Ministry of Solicitor General and Correctional Services, Ontario, went to considerable time and trouble to provide provincial data and to review the analyses and the report. All these individuals met our many data demands with unfailing politeness and consideration, and if this research has value, their contribution to it should be acknowledged.\nI would also like to thank all the individuals who were responsible for distributing survey questionnaires. Each of the Deputy Commissioners, (CSC) and their offices distributed correctional personnel survey questionnaires in their regions; Heads of Corrections in each of the provinces and territories were also given these questionnaires to distribute; individuals in various communities distributed the community questionnaires, and staff members who distributed the inmate survey. Although it is not possible to identify each of the individuals by name I would like to recognize their valuable contribution.\nOther people should also be thanked because each made a special contribution to this research, either by providing editing comments, reviewing or providing helpful suggestions. These include Terry Thompson and David Gullickson, Saskatchewan Justice; and Andy Birkenmeyer, CCJS.\nFinally, I would like to thank all those individuals who took the time and trouble to fill out the questionnaires. I would also like to thank the many respondents who wrote me personal comments and gave their ideas and suggestions as well. I hope they will all find this research useful and that it reflects some of what they shared.\nA backward look at criminal justice initiatives and policies over the past two decades reveals a tendency to categorization, especially in politically sensitive areas such as aboriginal justice. The end result is that the discourse may be narrowed rather than widened, and isolation rather than a search for common denominators occurs. This is especially the case where groups who have been socially, economically and/or culturally marginalized are now participants in a \"politics of resistance\"Footnote 2 movement against mainstream institutions. The resistance may be aimed at the dominance of particular institutions but the larger movement is about transformative politics. Such is the case of aboriginal criminal justice in contemporary Canada.\nHow is an agenda for justice in the 1990's to be set in this environment of resistance and of social transformation where the role of law in society is increasingly unclear and undefinable because:\nDeconstructionFootnote 3 in critical legal studies in the 1980's sought to undermine the authority of the law and to destabilize notions of legal reasoning, while post-modern analyses of law and social movements assaulted our claims to universal theories. Indeed, law has lost its heroic scaffold for social justice and the edifice within which the struggle for justice should take place both in popular consciousness and left-liberal scholarship (Merry, 1995:13).\nFoucault's contribution to modern theory was his insight that power is not centered exclusively in the state but dispersed throughout civil societyFootnote 4. Post-modernism operationalizes this theory, so that individual expressions of identity, role and culture have become the \"moments of resistance\"Footnote 5 which counter the dominance of modernist language and social science research. In aboriginal criminal justice these expressions of resistance have reduced the mainstream correctional language into a culturally-defined \"healing\" discourse, and empirical research into an incontestable \"worldview\": Nowhere is the tension between postmodernism and positivist research greater than in aboriginal criminal justice.\nWhat is the future of aboriginal corrections in this time of redefinition and change? How are the needs of certain groups accommodated in light of others? How has isolation of groups and culture aided and/or impeded the search for broader solutions? What have we learned from both mainstream and aboriginal correctional programs and initiatives to lead us into the future? Do mainstream treatment approaches inform programming for aboriginal offenders? Should they? Are community corrections an improvement over prison? What is really known about alternatives to incarceration? How can the needs of both aboriginal offenders and aboriginal communities be accommodated in a demanding political environment? Can transformative politics lead to transformative correctional policies?\nThese were the starting points for writing this document. They may appear confusing and contradictory at first glance but, we hope that taken together, they pave the way for a more imaginative analysis of aboriginal corrections. It will be left to the reader to decide if the discussion which follows provides such an analysis.\nThis document reports on various aspects of aboriginal people and their involvement in the federal, provincial and territorial correctional systems in Canada. At the heart of aboriginal criminal justice in this country and elsewhere,Footnote 6 is the issue of the disproportionate representation of aboriginal offenders in correctional institutions. Compounding this reality, is the commonly-held view of the over-use of prison for aboriginal offenders, and of the failure of the criminal justice system in its dealing with aboriginal people.Footnote 7 These are the main \"problems\" facing government leaders and bureaucrats who in recent years have struggled to reduce the number of aboriginal people incarcerated, while at the same time striving to change the perception of the system as unjust and unfair. A recent statement of Saskatchewan Justice describes its vision in this regard:\nOur vision is to provide a fair, equitable and safe society supported by a justice system that is trusted and understood. Our system, of course, is respectful of and responsive to diversity, individual and collective rights, changing public expectations and community needs, including the needs of Aboriginal people.\nThe numbers incarcerated and perceptions of the failure of the system to meet their needs, are also the main problems facing aboriginal people, but usually on a more intense personal and political level.\nThe solutions to these problems as put forward both by mainstream officials and aboriginal political bodies, organizations and individuals, have focused alternatively on the symbolic and the real. The symbolic has been about self-government and control; the real has been about change in programs and policy. The symbolic and the real are often inter-related. How much these initiatives alone or in unison have resolved any of the problems is still a question for which little empirical evidence exists. This document is an attempt to fill this gap by reporting on the results of information gathered from a variety of sources over the past few months.\nThe Purpose of the Research\nThe purpose of this research is to explore the state of aboriginal corrections in contemporary Canada and to deliberate on the most critical issues. Through analyses of a variety of data, the state of knowledge in aboriginal corrections on several levels, including over-representation, regional variation in demographics and imprisonment, community corrections, release and recidivism, reintegration, risk, alternatives to imprisonment, etc., is better realized. At the same time, the research puts aboriginal imprisonment into a broader penological perspective by exploring both the similarities and differences of groups of incarcerated people. It argues that only by understanding similarities are differences properly understood and accommodated. If the analysis of the problem is wrong, so too are the solutions.\nThe document is multi-layered where the theoretical and the applied are inter-related. At one level it engages in a philosophical discussion of imprisonment and discusses the reliance on imprisonment in Canada for dealing with certain groups, including large numbers of aboriginal people; at another level it is about the politics of change and transformation where the imprisonment of aboriginal people provides a platform for claiming redress;Footnote 8 at yet another it is about needs and realities of individual offenders and communities; finally, it is about \"what works\" in corrections and whose values and needs should be accommodated in determining success. Understanding the \"state\" of aboriginal corrections requires such a comprehensive approach.\nThe outline of the report is as follows. Part I explores the reliance on the use of imprisonment in Canada and compares this to other countries. It also examines the factors which influence the use of imprisonment. This is followed by a short discussion about who goes to prison. Part III discusses aboriginal correctional issues including over-representation and characteristics and offences of aboriginal offenders. Part IV is a theoretical framework for understanding the phenomenon of over-representation. Programming is the focus of Part V, where the philosophy and effectiveness of mainstream and aboriginal-specific programs are considered. Part VI presents the correctional personnel and inmate survey findings. Part VII explores the four R's ¾ risk, release, recidivism and reintegration, in relation to aboriginal and non-aboriginal offenders. This is followed by a section called \"Where Do We Go From Here? The conclusions, best practices, recommendations for research, references and appendices are presented in Part IX. Where applicable, tables and figures are presented at the end of each chapter.\nThis document is constructed to enable the reader to read it as a complete volume or to select chapters of particular interest. The findings are summarized at the end of each chapter.\nThe information was gathered in a number of ways. These included a review of the aboriginal and non-aboriginal, national and international correctional literature and a survey of federal, provincial, territorial and aboriginal correctional personnel, aboriginal offenders, and communities in order to elicit their views on a number of correctional issues particularly those relating to aboriginal offenders. It also reviews evaluations of select aboriginal correctional projects. Quantitative data were also collected from the Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics (CCJS), Correctional Services Canada (CSC), and five provinces.\nCorrectional personnel questionnaires went sent to provincial and territorial Heads of Corrections, regional Deputy Commissioners of Correctional Services Canada, and aboriginal organizations which provide correctional services, for distribution and completion. Community questionnaires were sent to aboriginal organizations and directly to some communities with justice committees for distribution and completion. Because of time constraints, inmate survey questionnaires were distributed only to Saskatchewan provincial institutions and to three Prairie Region federal institutions — Drumheller, Saskatchewan Penitentiary and Stony Mountain. While it was requested that all survey questionnaires be distributed as randomly as possible, representativeness of the respondents is not assured. Nor is it possible to determine the proportion of correctional personnel and community responses as the number distributed is unknown. Overall, 44% (N=502) of the inmate questionnaires distributed in the institutions were completed and returned.\nGeneral CCJS data were analyzed and specific community and institutional correctional data were requested from CSC and from B.C., Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba and Ontario for the period 1988-1995. Quantitative data were collected to compare jurisdictions and changes in aboriginal and non-aboriginal offenders, offences, admissions, sentences, and releases in institutions and community corrections over time. The provinces selected were those with the largest numbers of aboriginal people.\nFinally, a Manitoba dataset, created for purposes of examining the validity of certain measures of the Wisconsin Risk Prediction Scale for provincial offenders terminated on probation, was re-analyzed to determine the value of the risk prediction instrument for aboriginal offenders, and differences in risk and recidivism among aboriginal and aboriginal/non-aboriginal groups.\nPART I. USE OF IMPRISONMENT\n1. A Reliance on Imprisonment\nThe use of imprisonment may be viewed as one measure of a society's level of punitiveness.Footnote 9 While it may be true that, generally speaking, contemporary western industrial societies are becoming more punitive, the variation in imprisonment rates that exists between, as well as within, countries complicate such sweeping conclusions. The United States' incarceration rate per 100,000 population, for example, is approximately ten and four times greater than that of Netherlands and the United Kingdom, respectively.Footnote 10 Further, wide discrepancies exist even in jurisdictions with fairly similar political and economic systems. While the United States may have aggregately the highest imprisonment rate of any nation in the world,Footnote 11 its composite states demonstrate a remarkable degree of variation.Footnote 12\nSimilarly, although the current trend generally suggests a significant growth in prison populations, this surge has not been constant. The United States, for example, has had significant fluctuations, most notably during the 1960s and early 1970s when declining rates were experienced.Footnote 13 Nor has there been a consistent expansion across jurisdictions as some areas are currently reporting declining populations. Preliminary analysis by Nuttall and Pease (1994) reveals that the trend in England and Wales between 1955 and 1991 is characterized by an initial steep decline, followed by a slow increase, before returning back to a decline. Similar indications of low or decreasing populations can be found in Canada, West Germany, Denmark, Netherlands, and Australia.Footnote 14\nThe remarkable degree of variation in imprisonment rates points to two issues in the incarceration literature. The first issue is methodological, concerning the validity, reliability, and interpretations of different measures of imprisonment and their implications for intra- and cross-national comparative studies of custodial use. This matter highlights some of the problematic aspects of documenting imprisonment use suggesting that some of the differences and discrepancies found in the literature partly reflect the variation in the methodological approaches. McMahon (1992) and Young and Brown (1993) provide excellent reviews of the basic problems in literature involving the various population counting rules and procedures and the presentation and interpretation of the derived figures. Remand and jail populations, for instance, are frequently excluded from incarcerated population calculations even though they represent a substantial portion of the total imprisoned population. Insufficient attention is paid to the theoretical and empirical differences and implications of different population descriptors, such as admissions data (i.e., the number of people entering the system) and count data (i.e., the number of people within the system).\nThe extent of the variation in incarceration rates also suggests the need to reflect upon the second issue — the question of determining an appropriate level of imprisonment. Unfortunately this question is infrequently addressed explicitly.Footnote 15 While moral, political, and financial considerations all apply, \"there is no simple and adequate measure of the \"right\" level of custody\".Footnote 16 Much research, however, has been conducted towards identifying the variables related to imprisonment levels. They may be broadly divided into two categories: criminal justice and societal.\nThese factors suggest that the functioning of criminal law and justice, and its agents determine incarceration rates. A frequent explanation submits that the stricter applications of criminal laws account for increases in custodial use. The first agents who may affect incarceration rates are the police through their apprehending and arrest practices. The evidence, however, suggests a limited or modest role played by the police.Footnote 17 The obvious reason for their limited impact is that increases in arrest practices need not result in prison commitments because the courts primarily decide who is to be incarcerated.Footnote 18 This would indicate that prosecutors and the courts themselves play a more important role in determining incarceration rates.\nThe actions of court agents might suggest that criminal law and policy themselves are primarily responsible for levels of incarceration since they can influence the court's decisions. More specifically, changes in sentencing procedures such as determinant and mandatory sentencing have been linked to incarceration rates because they limit or eliminate the discretion of sentencing judges. The research suggests that such changes have a minimal impact.Footnote 19 As Tonry (1987) observed in his study of mandatory sentencing laws in Massachusetts, Michigan, and New York, judges, for less serious charges, can circumvent laws they believe to be inappropriate by dismissing charges and diverting offenders to avoid applying the statute. And for more serious charges, \"the mandatory sentence laws are often redundant in that offenders are, in any case, likely to receive sentences longer than those mandated by statute.\" (p. 35).\nThe potential influence of the parole board on the length of sentences served is also illustrated in its ability to alleviate prison crowding through its power to release.Footnote 20 While the parole system may act as a \"safety valve\" for decreasing or stabilizing prison populations, it may also have the opposite effect of increasing populations through the incarceration of parole violators, who sometimes serve sentences longer than what they would have had without parole.Footnote 21\nThe courts and the parole system, nonetheless, do not operate within a vacuum. They are not only influenced somewhat by factors within the criminal justice system but as some have contended, their behaviour is highly politicized and subject to public scrutiny.Footnote 22 This would indicate the need to contextualize the criminal justice system's actions within societal structure and conditions, recognizing any external factors which may influence incarceration rates.\nPerhaps the most popularly studied variable in relation to incarceration rates is crime. Fluctuations in crime rates will, it is hypothesized, be in direct proportion to changes in imprisonment rates as the latter is, theoretically, a response to the former. The literature is replete with confusing and contradictory evidence, generally indicating that crime and incarceration have no clear, consistent relationship with each other. And if there is one it is likely to be relatively small.\nHowever, as Young and Brown (1993) point out, much of the research tends to be simplistic methodologically. For example, studies typically analyze aggregate crime statistics which tends to obscure differences in types of crime. When separating property and violent crime, Ekland-Olson, Kelly, & Eisenberg (1992) found incarceration to be related to the former but not the latter. Zimring and Hawkins' (1991) comment on U.S. crime and incarceration data between 1949 and 1988 perhaps best describes the state of current knowledge regarding the issue: \"[Our data] demonstrate[s] the lack of direct and simple relationship that would enable us to successfully explain most fluctuations in the rate of imprisonment by reference to changes in crime rates.\" (p. 124)\nSociety's economic conditions have also been proposed as determinants of incarceration rates. More specifically, unemployment has been the main variable examined,Footnote 23 theorizing that it either precipitates conditions for crime (e.g., poverty) which consequently increase prison rates; or casts a shadow of \"unorderliness\" and \"marginality\" among the unemployed, thus requiring a tightening of social control by the state through incarceration. The evidence for this view is mixedFootnote 24 as some researchers have found relationships, while others have not.Footnote 25 When there is a stronger relationship it tends to exist with respect to remand and short sentence populations.\nThe most recent and perhaps the most convincing argument in the literature is one that links broader socio-cultural attitudes with custodial use. While culture has been directly measured and linked to incarceration,Footnote 26 there seems to be a few indirect indications of its involvement. The fairly strong regional patterns in incarceration rates in the U.S. is one example which suggests that a broader cultural context is at work.Footnote 27 Selke's (1991) comparison of punishment systems in Denmark and the United States suggests that the dramatic differences in penal practices and philosophy between the two countries may be due to differences in cultural ideologies, attitudes and values. The author observes, for example, that Denmark's lower reliance on imprisonment reflects broader implicit attitudes concerning crime, justice, and pragmatism.\nThe appeal of the sociocultural perspective is that it is compatible with many of the other theorized variables associated with incarceration. Zimring and Hawkins (1991) have noted some of the problems of this view and its subsequent research and point out that cultural attitudes alone, do not automatically determine incarceration rates, at least not in any simple and direct way. Nonetheless, as they imply, a successful understanding of incarceration use is likely to include a complex, probably varying, interaction of factors that include a number of variables. Advocates of the sociocultural perspective would merely suggest that sociocultural factors usually play some sort of role, interacting with other variables. Thus, while the specific formal structure of the criminal law may play a significant role in determining incarceration, \"the underlying policy parameters are driven or at least constrained by the ... cultural framework within which they are being formulated.Footnote 28 For example, the stabilizing potential of parole boards for prison populations may be offset by public pressure and criticism during periods of heightened concern about law and order (often driven by the media). Similarly, there is also some support for an interaction between economic conditions and the cultural attitudes within these conditions in influencing imprisonment rates.Footnote 29\nThe Effects of Imprisonment\nAs mentioned earlier, there is currently no basis for determining the \"appropriate\" amount of incarceration. To determine this amount it would appear necessary to discover the effects of imprisonment. Incarceration is popularly perceived as a means of reducing or controlling crime through individual or general deterrence. Thus, the higher the imprisonment rate the lower the crime rate. The literature, however, does not seem to support this view. While there is some indication of a deterrence effect, usually for property crime,Footnote 30 the research generally indicates otherwise.Footnote 31\nIf a reliance on imprisonment does not effectively reduce crime, what other effects might it have? One frequently cited consequence is prison overcrowding. In 1990 only nine U.S. state prisons were operating below their rated capacity and nation-wide, prisons were overcrowded by a factor of almost 30%.Footnote 32 Of course, some jurisdictions have countered with spending enormous amounts of money on prison construction (e.g., California) but critics contend that this solution is largely a waste of money.Footnote 33\nInstitutional overcrowding may also pressure other sections of the criminal justice system. For example, population caps are a frequent response of the courts to reduce overcrowding. Jail populations have been known to increase due to prison overcrowding as individuals await transfers to capacity-filled State prisons. Lastly, as alluded to earlier, parole systems may act as safety valves to alleviate prison crowding.\nThe reliance on imprisonment may also result in the misuse or mismanagement of prison space by placing individuals in the system who should not be there, thereby, occupying potential space of those who truly deserve incarceration. Irwin and Austin (1994) contend that, contrary to popular opinion, the vast majority of inmates admitted to U.S. prisons commit either non-violent offences or parole violations. Immarigeon and Chesney (1992) similarly argue that the women's imprisonment rate is disproportionate to the need for public safety. Although they are being incarcerated more frequently women still do not pose any more danger than they did in the past. McMahon (1992) explains that the high incarceration rate in Ontario during the 1950s was largely a product of the inability of poor and homeless people to pay their fines for public intoxication offences. Such an account is consistent with Welch's (1994) and Irwin's (1985) view that correctional institutions (i.e., jail) merely act to warehouse the socially undesirable. Incarceration is seen as an oppressive force controlling the disadvantaged and the marginalized, whose mere existence, rather than their capacity for violence, is dangerous to the status quo.\nAll in all, what these findings suggest is that a reliance on imprisonment may have the adverse effect of decisions being made, not on the merits of individual cases, but rather on the basis of external factors which consequently result in questionable uses of imprisonment.\n2. A Perspective on Imprisonment in Canada\nDespite various attempts at sentencing reform over the years and a belief in and increase in community corrections, Canada is still among the most frequent users of incarceration in comparison to other WesternFootnote 34 and to many Asian and Pacific countries.Footnote 35 In 1993-94, there were on average more than 154,000 offenders under the jurisdiction of correctional service agencies in Canada — 79% were supervised in the community while 21% were incarcerated.Footnote 36 Canada's imprisonment rate is estimated to be 2.5 times higher than the Netherlands, 1.4 times higher than Australia and 1.1 times higher than England and Wales. It is also marginally higher than New Zealand's.Footnote 37\nThe 1989 and 1992 International Crime Surveys show Canada, New Zealand, the Netherlands, Australia, the USA and Poland, among the highest, and northern Ireland and Japan among the lowest, of the twenty or so countries surveyed about rates of victimization. While still in the high category, risks of assaults in Canada were lower than in New Zealand, the USA, and Australia. Between 1988 and 1991, the risk of victimization for many crimes in Canada either decreased or showed only moderate increases.Footnote 38 This suggests that high levels of incarceration in Canada do not correspond to disproportionate levels of crime.\n3. Understanding Incarceration and Community Corrections Across Canada\nUnderstanding the use of incarceration is much more complex than one would initially imagine. But the difficulty is not unique to Canada. Regional differences in Australian imprisonment rates have been more thoroughly analyzed, but the variance among states, even when controlling for characteristics such as the percentage of young males and aboriginal people in the population, the quantity of crime, and the relative seriousness of crime and unemployment, remains unexplained. The conclusion reached was that administrative traditions and differences in the punitiveness of community attitudes may account for the variance.Footnote 39 No such conclusions have yet been reached in Canada.\nThe initial reaction to aboriginal incarceration and risk of incarceration rates is to automatically assume that charging and prosecution are more frequent and sentencing more punitive. But what is known about these factors?\na) Incidents Across Jurisdictions\nIt is common knowledge (supported by police data and victimization studies) that crime increases from east to west (CCJS, 1993). Generally, rates of crime are higher in the western than the eastern provinces. The 1990 victimization report showed the rate of victimization highest in B.C. and lowest in Quebec.Footnote 40 In 1993, Criminal Code incidents reported to police for adults and youth per 100,000 population, were highest in the two territories — Yukon and N.W.T., followed by the Prairie provinces and B.C. When examining rates per 100,000 total population of actual violent offences reported to police, B.C., Manitoba and Saskatchewan were highest. Given that violent offenders are generally considered a higher risk, this factor may explain some of the disproportionality in aboriginal incarceration levels in particular provinces (Table I.1 Rates of Criminal Code Incidents, Provinces and Territories, 1993). See page 20 for tables.\nb) Incidence and Charging\nIt is also true that considerable variation in charging exists but the \"lower in the east and higher in the west\" pattern does not hold. In fact, rates of charging (based on actual incidents cleared by charge) from 1990-1993, inclusive, showed charging for all incidents to be highest in Newfoundland, SaskatchewanFootnote 41 and Prince Edward Island, and lowest in B.C., despite the fact that B.C. has one of the highest rates of reported crime in the country. The territories, Saskatchewan and Manitoba had the highest rates of charging for violent offences (Table I.2 % Incidents Charged, 1993). Interestingly, the numbers of youth charged (per 10,000 youth in the 12-17 year range) in the territories and in Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta (the jurisdictions with the highest aboriginal incarceration rates in Canada) are appreciably higher than in the other provinces and by far the lowest in Quebec (Table I.3 Rate of Youth Charged and Daily Count/10,000). If the relationship between juvenile and adult involvement holds as found in some research,Footnote 42 this may account for some of the adult, aboriginal over-representation problem in those provinces. The question it raises is how much aboriginal youth charging lies in discrimination in the criminal justice system, offending patterns, or in characteristics of the aboriginal populations in those provinces.\nc) Charging and Incarceration\nDo charging data correspond to levels of incarceration in provinces and territories? Without prosecution and conviction data this is a difficult question to answer. Provinces with higher charging levels may see fewer convictions than provinces where charging is used more sparingly.Footnote 43 Prosecutorial decision-making in provinces with higher levels of charging (such as Saskatchewan) may mediate police charging practices. Judges may moderate the impact of high levels of charging. Recent caseload dataFootnote 44 reveal that of the six jurisdictions studied, Ontario dismissed, withdrew or stayed the most, and Quebec the fewest charges; guilty pleas were highest in P.E.I. and lowest in Ontario, Saskatchewan and the Yukon; and Saskatchewan courts issued more bench warrants.Footnote 45\nAlthough charging of youth in the three Prairie provinces of Alberta, Manitoba and Saskatchewan is high in comparison to other provinces, their youths in custody per 1,000 charges is mid-range (see Table I.3). The rate of sentenced admissions to federal and provincial institutions of those charged is not generally higher in Saskatchewan than elsewhere.Footnote 46 Admittedly, however, these findings do not negate the fact that where there is higher charging there is an increased risk in the use of incarceration. Without related offence and prosecution data, however, the effects of charges are difficult to interpret.\nd) Federal/Provincial and Territorial Incarceration\nDespite a population increase in Canada of 5.3% between 1989-94, the increase in federal institutions was nearly four times, and in provincial institutions two times the increase in population. Four times as many people were placed on probation. There was little consistency across the country in remand, and federal and provincial sentenced counts. Some provinces such as B.C. and Nova Scotia, had large increases in remand but not sentenced populations. In other provinces there was a much larger increase in federally than provincially sentenced persons.Footnote 47 Over the same period of time, the average count of inmates in federal custody increased 16.7%, and the highest increase was in the Atlantic provinces. Only Pacific Region showed a decrease.Footnote 48 In 1994-95, admissions to federal institutions decreased by 5%, the first drop in many years.Footnote 49\nThe provincial inmate population increased 9.8% from 1989-94. Overall, sentenced admissions increased 4% with five jurisdictions showing decreases — P.E.I., Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan and the Yukon. Remand admissions increased by a third between 1989-90 and 1993-94, and Quebec and Ontario accounted for the largest number of remand admissions. These two provinces, as well as Manitoba and the Yukon, exceeded the national rate of admissions. The Atlantic provinces, Manitoba and Alberta, showed decreases in their remand admissions. During that period, Prince Edward Island, Alberta and New Brunswick had the highest, and Nova Scotia, B.C. and Manitoba the lowest levels of sentenced admissions per 1,000 adults charged for all offences.Footnote 50 Only in Manitoba did the rate of incarceration per 10,000 adults charged decrease, and Newfoundland showed the greatest increaseFootnote 51 (Table I.4 Sentenced Admissions to Provincial Custody by Adults Charged).\ne) Types of Offences and Incarceration\nIn examining sentenced admissions from 1989 to 1994 for Criminal Code, federal and provincial statutes and municipal by-laws, there is considerable variation across the country. While the majority of admissions are attributed to Criminal Code offences in all jurisdictions, these range from a low of 63% in Quebec to a high of 94% in N.W.T. (although the N.W.T. reports multiple charges so the raw figure is somewhat misleading). There are more admissions for federal statutes in B.C., and more for provincial and municipal offences in Quebec and Alberta, than in other provinces.\nSentenced admissions for crimes of violence were highest in Manitoba, the Yukon and Newfoundland, and lowest in Alberta and Quebec; property offences were highest in Nova Scotia, and impaired driving in Prince Edward Island; the N.W.T. had the most \"other C.C.\" offences; British Columbia drug offences; and Quebec, followed closely by Saskatchewan, the most fine defaults.Footnote 52 Other Criminal Code were highest in the territories and Alberta and lowest in P.E.I.\nIn federal institutions in the Ontario, Prairie and B.C. regions in 1993, more people were serving sentences for murders and violent offences than in Atlantic and Quebec regions.Footnote 53 In all regions, Schedule 1 offenders were the highest single category of admission type in 1994 (Table I.5 Type of Offence by Region for New Federal Admissions. 1993-94).\nIn 1993, impaired driving was the most frequent conviction, ranging from 19% of all convictions in Quebec to 32% in P.E.I. Interestingly, Assault or Theft Under were the next highest in all jurisdictions except in Saskatchewan, where it was Fail to Appear. This is an important finding as it has long been known that aboriginal people are disproportionately represented in administrative offences including fail to appear, fail to comply, administration of justice.Footnote 54\nf) Sentence Lengths\nIn 1993-94, sentenced admissions of less than one month accounted for 38% of all admissions, while 82% of all admissions were for six months or less. The median sentence length on admission to provincial facilities was 31 days, and to federal penitentiaries, 46.3 months. In the five jurisdictions where court data were available, the median length of prison associated with the most serious conviction was 14 days in P.E.I., 30 days in the Yukon, 40 days in Nova Scotia and 60 days in Quebec and Saskatchewan. There is considerable variation. In 1993-94, sentences of less than one month ranged from 15% in the N.W.T. to 67% in P.E.I.; those greater than one year ranged from 2% in New Brunswick to 20% in Nova Scotia. Saskatchewan was mid-range in all sentence length categories.Footnote 55\ng) Community Corrections\nThe move toward community corrections began in the mid 1960's and was in full swing in the 1970' and 80's.Footnote 56 The use of probation generally increased in Canada between the years 1989 and 1994 as it had since 1975. Despite the fact that imprisonment is the most obvious and severe response to crime it is by no means the most frequently used one. Fines and community corrections in the form of probation, community service orders, restitution etc., are the most common dispositions.Footnote 57 In 1993-94, the average count of offenders on probation exceeded 102,000, an increase of 40% since 1989-90. As there has not been a corresponding resourcing of community programs, this would suggest a change in sentencing practices.Footnote 58 However, recent data also show an increase in prison admissions.Footnote 59\nBetween 1989-1994, probation intakes increased more rapidly than crime rates but probationers were older and received longer terms of probation. Most probation intakes were for Criminal Code offences. Probation counts increased 37% between 1989-90-1992-93 in all jurisdictions except the Yukon. The Atlantic provinces experienced more increase than the Prairie provinces. Some increases (in Newfoundland, for example) resulted from longer terms of probation. The highest rates of probation counts per 10,000 adults charged were in the Yukon , followed by Ontario. and P.E.I.; the lowest rates were in the N.W.T., Alberta and Saskatchewan.Footnote 60 Low counts may result from shorter periods of probation. However, in provinces with both low counts and low intake rates (Saskatchewan, Alberta and the N.W.T.) probation may simply be used less and other dispositions such as fines more. For some groups, such as aboriginal people, the end result may be significant admissions to provincial institutions for fine defaults.\nIn comparing use of imprisonment, probation and fines in the five jurisdictions for which court data are available in 1993, the variation is considerable. P.E.I. relies on imprisonment more heavily than the other jurisdictions in all offence categories (particularly traffic), and Nova Scotia, followed by Quebec and Saskatchewan, the least. Saskatchewan generally uses more fines.Footnote 61 Quebec uses probation more often for violent, property, and traffic offences.Footnote 62; Ontario and Alberta used incarceration for violent offences more often. Incarceration for property and Other C.C. offences was similar in four of the provinces but highest in Quebec, the Yukon and P.E.I.\nWhat does all this tell us? What we do know is that Canada is among the heaviest users of imprisonment in the world, particularly for offences resulting in short sentences. We are less clear about the reasons for this or about regional variation in the reliance on imprisonment.\nExisting data do not provide enough consistent information to reach any firm conclusions about variation in the use of imprisonment across the country except that the use of imprisonment has generally increased since 1989-90. There is no clear pattern which makes it possible to conclude there is a particular over-reliance on imprisonment in any one jurisdiction. However, two provinces have higher rates of sentenced admissions per 10, 000 adults charged than others ¾ P.E.I. (which appears to have a disproportionate number of impaired driving offences), and Alberta (which does not). The Territories and the Prairie provinces have the highest counts. There is some evidence these jurisdictions may be dealing with different offender populations. The low charging rates and aboriginal incarceration in B.C. is a compelling finding that should be explored further as should high charging levels in other provinces such as Saskatchewan.\nA number of other factors also come into play in the use of incarceration. These include type of offence, charging practices, conviction rates, and sentencing. Existing literature shows considerable variation across the country in charging and sentencing.Footnote 63 but prior record is rarely taken into account.Footnote 64 Roberts (1988:38) argues that variability is probably due to unwarranted sentencing disparity. Research on the role of race in accounting for disparity has, however, generally found its effects to be limitedFootnote 65, particularly in comparison to seriousness of offence and prior record.Footnote 66 Several commentators have noted that systemic discrimination, due to particular social and economic circumstances of people who come before the courts, may influence sentencing decision-making whereby incarceration is selected over a community-based option.Footnote 67\nResearch documenting aboriginal over-representation, for example, usually relies on admission and not count data. Used alone, sentenced admissions can be misleading in portraying the nature and magnitude of the problem and in providing an accurate number of aboriginal people involved. Short sentences and release to fine option programs mean the same people may be admitted over the period of one year so admission data may be inflated. Another problem is that in the search to reduce admission levels, attention may be diverted from the more \"hard-core\" offenders who are most likely to be captured in population count data. This is the group most problematic to the criminal justice system but often ineligible for alternatives to incarceration.\nThe difficulty in using sentenced admissions to analyze fine defaults is that in most jurisdictions a fine defaulter can elect entry into a fine option program at any time including on admission to jail.Footnote 68 An individual may appear in sentenced admissions but have spent only a few hours or days in custody. In Saskatchewan in 1994-95, for example, the mean number of days served on a fine default admission was 9.3. Offenders not released to fine option programs may have been refused entry because of past failures on programs or refusal to attend.\nCharacteristics of offenders, available alternatives to imprisonment, geography (which affects the availability of bail and fine options), existing resources, public attitudes toward imprisonment, prison capacity, administrative traditions, cultural attitudes and penal values, also influence the use of imprisonment. For example, recent research on native people in two eastern and two western inner cities, found the western group generally more marginalized.Footnote 69 The importance of this is highlighted in Saskatchewan which has the highest rates of aboriginal incarceration, more administrative and fine default admissions (which suggest more chronic involvement in the criminal justice system), but with intensive supervision and electronic monitoring programs in place.Footnote 70 According to Wilkins and Pease's theory of cultural attitudes and penal values, Saskatchewan, with its stronger socialist tradition, is more likely than other provinces to be less punitive.Footnote 71 In provinces such as Alberta, with a highly competitive and individualistic ethos, the factors which influence the use of imprisonment may be different.\nNor do public opinion surveys on criminal justice provide much enlightenment about variation in aboriginal incarceration. There are indications that westerners, particularly those in B.C., hold more punitive views on capital punishment and appropriateness of sentencing, but on other issues such as boot camps, people in Manitoba and Saskatchewan were the least supportive.Footnote 72 More punitive views do not necessarily translate into more punitive practices as lower charging and aboriginal incarceration data from B.C. reveal. Less sympathetic views on general aboriginal issues, as expressed by Quebec respondents in an Angus Reid poll in 1994, also do not translate into increased aboriginal incarceration levels. On more general aboriginal issues, higher proportions of those groups most supportive were in the Prairie provinces, and fewer in B.C. and Quebec. Prairie views were similar to those in the Atlantic provinces which, by contrast, have low aboriginal incarceration.Footnote 73 Interestingly, westerners perceive natives on-reserve to be better off than natives in cities while the opposite perception is held in the east. This perceptions may reflect the more obvious and visible marginalized situation of aboriginal people in western cities.Footnote 74\nEconomic data may be more useful in understanding regional variation in incarceration levels. The 1991 Census revealed that Saskatchewan had the lowest labour participation rates for both male and female on-reserve registered Indians among all the provinces and territories.Footnote 75 Ontario and British Columbia had the highest provincial participation rates and Saskatchewan the lowest, followed by Nova Scotia/Newfoundland (where employment levels for everybody are generally lower) and Manitoba. Off-reserve labour force participation levels showed similar trends ¾ registered Indian participation is lowest in Saskatchewan and Manitoba, and highest in Ontario and the Maritimes (Table I.6 On and Off-Reserve Registered Indians and Metis by Labour Force Participation, 1991). In all provinces except Alberta where it is similar, Metis labour force participation is higher than registered Indians. Comparing total aboriginal (all aboriginal groups) to non-aboriginal labour force participation level reveals similar levels in all provinces except Saskatchewan, Manitoba and Alberta, where aboriginal levels are lower. Income levels of registered Indians both on and off-reserve are also lower in the three Prairie provinces than elsewhere in the country. Saskatchewan, Manitoba and Alberta have the highest levels of aboriginal involvement in the criminal justice system. The demographics and conditions of reserves in the Prairie provinces may explain higher levels of provincial and federal aboriginal incarceration.\nCommunity corrections data reveal that the provinces with the most disproportionate levels of aboriginal imprisonment, Saskatchewan and Alberta, also have among the lowest probation intakes (lower probation counts in Saskatchewan may be the result of more intensive supervision and shorter periods on probation). Lower probation intakes suggest either increased use of imprisonment and/or of fines. Rates of sentenced admissions per 1,000 adults charged is considerably higher in Alberta than in Saskatchewan. This suggests greater use of imprisonment in Alberta, a finding consistent with the inner city research.Footnote 76 On the other hand, median sentences lengths are shorter in Alberta than in Saskatchewan.\nGreater use of fines in Saskatchewan could inadvertently result in higher imprisonment for aboriginal fine defaulters because of the large numbers of marginalized aboriginal people in urban centres where vulnerability to involvement in the criminal justice system is greatest. Repetitiveness of offending and ineligibility for fine option programs (because of past failures), indicates a hard-core group who comprise the \"revolving door\" in provincial correctional institutions. This group may be highly represented in carceral admissions for fine default and administrative offences because they have as much difficulty meeting conditions of probation as paying fines. Interestingly, more bench warrants were issued by Saskatchewan courts than the other five jurisdictions in 1993-94.\nQuebec has the highest fine default admissions but the lowest aboriginal incarceration in the country. This may be explained by the fact that in Quebec fine defaults are used only for municipal offences. Aboriginal communities have their own band by-laws and it is unlikely that fine default warrants would be executed. In addition, there is not large, hard-core, marginalized aboriginal population in any urban centre in Quebec. The inner city research revealed that of the four inner cities, the aboriginal group in Montreal was the least entrenched and most people returned to their home community after short periods in the city. The opposite was true for Alberta and Saskatchewan.Footnote 77 Quebec also makes greater use of alternative measures as evidenced by low levels of youth in detention.\n|PROVINCE/TERRITORY||TOTAL CRIMINAL CODE||VIOLENT||PROPERTY||OTHER CRIMINAL CODE|\n|PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND||8138||740||3982||3416|\n|(Source: Canadian Criminal Justice Statistics, Canadian Crime Statistics 1993. Statistics Canada, 1994.)|\n|PROVINCE/TERRITORY||TYPE OF CRIME|\n|VIOLENT||PROPERTY||C.C. TOTAL||ALL INCIDENTS|\n|PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND||49.9||18.8||20.1||36.5|\n|(SOURCE Canadian Crime Statistics 1993, CCJS, Statistic Canada 1994)|\nPART II: WHO GOES TO PRISON?\n....... while jails do detain so-called hardened inmates, they also contain a mixture of the following 'types', innocent people, petty criminals, mentally retarded, alcoholics, the poor and destitute, young offenders, first offenders, short-term offenders....It is evident that prisons are acting as catch basins catching the victims who fall through the cracks in the social welfare system (quoted in McMahon, 1992:89-90).Footnote 78\nIn her research on suicide in prisons in the U.K., Liebling (1995:81) concluded that large groups among the prison population share those characteristics associated with increased suicide risk in the community. These include adverse life conditions, negative interpersonal relationships, social and economic disadvantage, alcohol and drug addiction, contact with criminal justice agencies, poor educational and employment history, low self-esteem, poor problem-solving ability, and low motivational drive.Footnote 79 The de-institutionalization movement in mental health has also resulted in the imprisonment of mentally ill people in correctional institutions.Footnote 80 In studying the characteristics of 110 inmates in a maximum security provincial institution, Vitelli (1995) found that nearly 40% were homeless and there were significant differences between the homeless and non-homeless inmates, mainly related to mental health and previous use of mental health services.\nAustin and Irwin have argued that incarceration has been seriously misused in the United States, largely being applied to non-violent, \"petty\" offenders.Footnote 81 About 37% of admissions were for property crimes such as burglary larceny-theft, and fraud. Another 25% was for drug offences like trafficking and possession.Footnote 82 In Australia, between 1981 and 1991, prison composition portrayed slightly different characteristics with a little more than 40% of prisoners being incarcerated for violent offences and about one-third for property offences.Footnote 83\nAccompanying the change in the legal composition of prison populations in the U.S. is a change in racial composition with blacks being more frequently incarcerated than whites at a rate of six or seven black offenders for every white offender.Footnote 84 Black American males are now incarcerated at a rate of five times more than black males in South Africa.Footnote 85 The disproportional representation of the black population within the prison system is not specific to the United States. As Tonry (1994a) reports, these incarceration patterns resemble those of other modern English-speaking countries. In Australia, Canada and England and Wales, members of minority groups are seven to sixteen times more likely than whites to be imprisoned.\nTwo explanations which also have relevance for Canada are generally offered for this gross disproportion: blacks and aboriginal people actually commit more imprisonable crimes or the criminal justice system is racially discriminatory. The literature suggests that there is relatively little empirical evidence indicating racial discrimination once arrests have been made.Footnote 86 This is not to say, as Blumstein (1993) cautions, that discrimination does not exist because there is ample anecdotal evidence and specific analyses to indicate otherwise. Nonetheless, it appears, empirically, that the bulk of the disproportionality is due to the differential involvement of blacks in crimes which are most likely to result in imprisonment such as homicide and robbery.\nConsidering the socio-economic inequities and disadvantages experienced by black AmericansFootnote 87 and aboriginal Canadians, especially among the underclass where black and aboriginal offenders and prisoners disproportionately emanate,Footnote 88 their over-representation in criminal activities should not be surprising. The picture, however, is more complex. While blacks and aboriginal people may participate in more of certain types of crimes, the law itself and its application may produce systemic discrimination. While it is generally realized that the \"war on drugs\" had little impact on the prevalence of illicit drug activity the campaign has been identified as a leading determinant of racial disproportionality in prisons.Footnote 89 The \"war\" as it was fought seemed to be waged primarily against blacks even though it may not have been the conscious intent of law and policy-makers and criminal justice agents. Compared to whites, blacks are more vulnerable to arrest due to the greater police presence in crime-filled black communities, the greater visibility of the street drug trade in which blacks are more likely to be involved and police stereotypes often implicit in profiles of drug couriers.Footnote 90 In short, there is a growing body of research that examines racial disparity in prisons by moving beyond basic, conventional discriminatory behaviour to more subtle, systemic and institutional practices that seem neutral but in fact differentially affect certain minority populations.Footnote 91\nThe United States has also experienced an increase in the number of female offenders within the prison system. An increase in female representation within the incarcerated population is also occurring in Australia,Footnote 92 Canada and all of the member states of the Council of Europe with the exception of Austria and Italy whose female trends are stable.Footnote 93 Nonetheless, women are still markedly underrepresented within the imprisoned population comprising generally between 3% and 7% of the total prison population.Footnote 94\nCompared to men, women generally tend to be incarcerated for economic crimes such has theft and fraud.Footnote 95 In addition, although they are less likely to be committed for violent offences than are males,Footnote 96 a substantial proportion of violent offenders still exists within the female prison population. A 1988 U.S. report estimates that 37% of women are incarcerated for a violent crime such as murder, robbery and aggravated assault.Footnote 97 A 1989 Canadian survey administered to a sample of female inmates in federal and provincial inmates reveals that 42% of the population were serving sentences for murder or manslaughter and 27% for robbery and other more minor violent offences.Footnote 98 A significant proportion of these violent offenders may be due to the increasing number of reports of women killing their abusive husbands.Footnote 99\nAs with racial minorities such as black Americans, there seems to be a strong link between female offenders and drugsFootnote 100. Snell (1994) found from her survey of State inmates in 1991 that women are more likely to be serving a sentence for drug offences than men. Even more pronounced are the numbers of female inmates who report some form of substance dependency or abuse. Seventy-one percent of the 1989 Canadian survey reported that substance abuse had played a significant role in their offence or offending history.Footnote 101 About three-quarters admitted to having been addicted to alcohol or drugs or involved in drug abuse at some stage in their life. In Australia, 85% of female prisoners have been estimated to have been addicted to drugs.Footnote 102\nIn a national survey of a representative sample of women prisoners in California, Owen and Bloom (1995) found women in prison were most likely to be black, unemployed at the time of arrest, and 43% reported previous physical or sexual abuse. Violent offenders were most likely to have experienced this abuse. Three-quarters were mothers and the majority had their children when 18 or under. More than half reported that the most important persons in their lives were their children. Most children were under the care of inmate's mothers or grandmothers. They had little employment of work experience and problems of substance abuse. The researchers concluded that \"Imprisoned women tend to be marginalized women\".Footnote 103\nConsistent with their general disproportionality, minority groups also tend to be over-represented within the female prison population. In Crawford's (1988) study, 36% and 15% of female inmates were black and Hispanic, respectively. In 1991, female state inmates were most likely to be black American, accounting for 46% of the female inmate population.Footnote 104 Shaw's (1991) sample of incarcerated women in Canada reveals that 23% were of aboriginal origin and 21% were French-speaking. In Australia, the increasing numbers of non-english-speaking minority women born overseas accounted for over 50% of the women imprisoned.Footnote 105 It is important to address the needs of these women as it is often the case that many of the problems associated with female inmates in general, are magnified for minority women. For example, as mentioned earlier, women's greatest concern appears to be their relationship with their children. But for aboriginal women, who tend to have more children, the problems and anxiety may be compounded.Footnote 106 The magnification of these problems coupled with discrimination and prejudice suggest that prison life for minority female inmates is especially difficult and quite different in many ways from the experiences of the majority of female inmates.\nIn the final analysis regarding who goes to prison, it is important to remember that a much greater proportion of the aboriginal than the non-aboriginal population in Canada falls into the social and economically marginalized category and are, therefore, more likely to be involved in the criminal justice and correctional systems to a degree which reflects this. How this situation has come about is the subject of Part IV.\nPART III.ABORIGINAL OFFENDERS, OFFENDING AND IMPRISONMENT\n1. The Incidence of Aboriginal Imprisonment\nThe reality for certain groups of aboriginalFootnote 107 people in Canada and elsewhere is that the historical context may differ but the end result, in terms of over-involvement in the criminal justice system, is broadly the same. Aboriginal people have the highest arrest, incarceration and crime rates of any group in Canada. Similar findings exist in Australia.Footnote 108\nAboriginal criminal justice literature in Canada and elsewhere has traditionally relied on documenting and explaining the phenomenon of aboriginal over-representation.Footnote 109 Simply put, this means that aboriginal people are incarcerated at levels higher than their proportion in the general population would indicate. Overall, 17% of persons incarcerated and 12 % on probation in Canada in 1993 were aboriginal, even though only 3.7% of the population reported aboriginal origins in the 1991 Census (CCJS, 1995b). In federal correctional institutions in Canada, aboriginal offenders comprise anywhere from 10-13% of the inmate population. In some provincial institutions (particularly those in the Prairie provinces), the disproportionality is much greater (Table III.1 Aboriginal Admissions to Federal and Provincial/Territorial Institutions & Probation Intakes, 1989-1994). See page 42 for tables.\nOn July 2, 1995, aboriginal offenders(Inuit, Metis and North American Indian) comprised 11.2% (2,483) of the total offender population.Footnote 110 Of these, 68% were in the Prairie region and within this region, aboriginal offenders comprised 35% of the offender population. Quebec region has the lowest level of aboriginal inmates (Figure III.1 % Aboriginal and Non-Aboriginal by Region, 1995). More aboriginal than non-aboriginal offenders were incarcerated than on community supervision even when controlling for type of offence but without information about number and type of prior offences (Table III.2 Correctional Status by Aboriginal and Non-Aboriginal Offenders and Type of Offence, 1995). The incarceration/population level disparity is much lower in the federal than in the provincial institutions.\nIn federal corrections, females comprise 2.7% of all offenders but aboriginal women comprise 11.2% of the total female population — a vast over-representation in relation to their proportion in the general population.Footnote 111 However, 73% of the aboriginal female offenders are incarcerated rather than under community supervision as compared to 49% of the non-aboriginal group. Of the total aboriginal federally sentenced population, 68.8% are in the Prairie Region and 16.4% in Ontario.\nAboriginal people in Saskatchewan and Alberta are at greatest risk, and in Quebec and Nova Scotia at least risk of imprisonment. CCJS data for 1989-1994 show provincial and territorial sentenced admissions of aboriginal people to be most disproportionate in the provinces of Saskatchewan, Alberta and Manitoba, and least disproportionate in Quebec, N.W.T., and Nova Scotia and Ontario. In Saskatchewan, admissions are approximately 6.8 times higher than would be expected from the provincial aboriginal population. In Alberta and Manitoba the comparable rates are 5.5 and 4.9 times, respectively. However, in Quebec there is no such disproportionality and in the N.W.T. it is 1.5 times, and in Nova Scotia and Ontario, 2 times higher.Footnote 112 The remand admissions for the five jurisdictions for which data were provided show similar proportions, ranging from roughly 7.0 times higher in Saskatchewan, to 2.0 times higher in Ontario.\nFindings from the five provinces from which correctional data were requested (B.C., Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba and Ontario), reveals that between 1988-1995 (1993-95 for Saskatchewan), an average of 17% of sentenced admissions to B.C. institutions were aboriginal, as compared to 31% in Alberta, 73% in Saskatchewan, 57% in Manitoba, and 7% in Ontario. For remand admissions the findings are as follows: 16% in B.C., 29% in Alberta, 70% in Saskatchewan, 55% in Manitoba and 6% in Ontario. For both aboriginal and non-aboriginal offenders, Saskatchewan had the highest number of offences per offender for the three jurisdictions that provided data.\nWhen examining rates of sentenced admissions per 10,000 persons in the general population in the five provinces, Alberta is found to have the highest rate of admissions overall (Table III.3 Sentenced Admission Rates per 10,000 Population — Aboriginal and Non-Aboriginal). However, the aboriginal-non-aboriginal ratio of sentenced admissions is nearly 25 times higher for aboriginal people in Saskatchewan, 9.7 times higher in Manitoba, and 7.2 times in Alberta. The aboriginal-non-aboriginal ratio is considerably less in B.C. and Ontario (Table III.4a Ratio of Aboriginal and Non-Aboriginal Sentenced Admissions; Table 4b % Remand & Sentenced Admissions, and Total Aboriginal Population).\nIn 1991, nearly half the women admitted to provincial correctional institutions in Canada were aboriginal. The greatest concentrations were in Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba and Ontario. In Ontario in 1991-92, aboriginal women comprised 13% of the women sampled in institutions and under community supervision.Footnote 113\nData from the five provinces reveal that aboriginal women are disproportionately represented in sentenced admissions in comparison to non-aboriginal women in all five provinces, but particularly so in Saskatchewan. For remand admissions, aboriginal females are again over-represented in all provinces except Ontario, where the aboriginal/non-aboriginal levels are similar. Interestingly, Saskatchewan has the lowest levels of females on remand and unlike the other provinces where the levels were similar to sentenced admissions, remand levels for females in Saskatchewan were much lower.\nIn all five provinces proportionately more aboriginal than non-aboriginal offenders are serving time for fine defaults. Between 1988-95 custody, Saskatchewan had the most aboriginal (38%) and non-aboriginal (31%)fine default sentenced admissions, and B.C. the fewest, where the comparable percentages were 19% and 18%. Over the same period, incarceration for fine defaults has fallen sharply for aboriginal offenders in Ontario — from 60% to 14%, and risen slightly from 5% to 8% for non-aboriginal offenders. In Ontario, however, more aboriginal than non-aboriginal females are serving time for fine defaults.\nTwo provinces — Saskatchewan and Ontario — provided information about the type of offences for which offenders were admitted on fine defaults. In Saskatchewan more aboriginal offenders were admitted for administration, and more non-aboriginal for provincial and driving offences. In Ontario, more aboriginal offenders were admitted for person and more non-aboriginal for drug offences. In both provinces, property, driving and administration of justice offences were most common but, in Saskatchewan, the highest offence category was provincial offences. Alberta had more admissions for person offences.\nBail supervision data are available only for B.C. The data show little difference in age groups between aboriginal and non-aboriginal offenders on bail supervision, but more aboriginal than non-aboriginal females. There are few differences in the offences for which offenders receive bail supervision, with person and property most common for both groups. Somewhat more non-aboriginal people receive bail supervision for drug and public order, and aboriginal for weapons offences. However, the greatest difference is the days under supervision, with aboriginal offenders showing considerably more days. For example, from 1992-1995, an average of 21% of aboriginal people spent six months to one year on bail supervision as compared to 8% of the non-aboriginal group. Similarly, 6% of aboriginal as compared to 1% of non-aboriginal people spent one year or more on bail supervision. This may be explained, in part, by the finding that a considerably larger proportion of the aboriginal group had previous jail sentences and contact with the criminal justice system.\n2. Characteristics of the Aboriginal Inmate\nThere are characteristics that aboriginal offenders share in common with non-aboriginal offenders and there are those that differ. The attitudes, peer group support, and personality factors that promote the commission of crime are similar and are shaped by family background, poverty, school experiences, exposure to violence, and isolation from opportunities, options and other factors that shape pro-social attitudes. The factors that distinguish aboriginal from non-aboriginal offenders are differences in degree of background and geographic factors, and the fact that they have a different cultural experience. However, culture, geography and exposure to mainstream society, also distinguish aboriginal offenders themselves.Footnote 114\nFindings from the U.S. are consistent with those in Canada. In charting characteristics of Native American inmates in the U.S., Grobsmith (1989) found that roughly a third were from reservations, a third were urban, and a third moved back and forth between the two. Individuals were generally arrested at age 14 and had an average of 18 prior arrests before coming to prison. They had an average of 1.2 incarcerations per year and had been detained in county jails an average of 3.9 times apiece. In interviews, informants stated that with few exceptions, drinking preceded involvement in criminal activity. Nearly 90% of the sample reported a family member also having a prison record. Virtually, every person reported a chemical dependency problem and two-thirds reported that their parents drank to excess. The average age of beginning alcohol and/or drug use (usually inhalants) was 11.6. Most inmates had unstable family backgrounds and only one-quarter were raised by parents. Inmates indicated they frequently were abused by foster and step-parents and to a lesser extent by biological parents, a finding consistent with the Canadian inner city data.Footnote 115\nIn exploring the characteristics of an aboriginal and non-aboriginal sample of incarcerated offenders in Manitoba institutions, McCaskill (1970, 1985) found the aboriginal group to be less educated, more dysfunctional and from more aberrant family backgrounds than the non-aboriginal group. Aboriginal offenders in Alberta in the years 1988-1995, were lower on education and employment levels than were non-aboriginal offenders, and the Status Indian group was even lower than the non-Status/Metis group.\nIn federal institutions, aboriginal inmates are on average 3.4 years younger than the non-aboriginal offenders.Footnote 116 This is true as well in B.C., Saskatchewan, Manitoba and Ontario sentenced admissions, where more of the non-aboriginal group is 30 years of age or older. However, the aboriginal remand population is generally younger in age than the group on sentenced admissions, and this is especially true in B.C. and Saskatchewan. The age differences are most extreme in Manitoba where a much larger group of non-aboriginal people are 30 or older.\nAboriginal inmates are disproportionately represented in parole detention referrals because of their difficulty controlling violent impulses combined with substance abuse problems.Footnote 117 Alcohol abuse has been identified as a major characteristic of aboriginal offenders in virtually every study.Footnote 118 Research examining federal aboriginal and non-aboriginal offenders has generally found the aboriginal group to be less educated, more dysfunctional and from more troubled family backgrounds than the non-aboriginal group.\nThe 142 correctional personnel surveyed in the present research reported that the main similarities between aboriginal and non-aboriginal offenders are: drug and alcohol addiction, poor upbringing/poverty, abuse and violence in lives, type of offences committed, and lack of education. The main differences between aboriginal and non-aboriginal offenders were cultural (including shyness), degree of family and personal problems (such as addictions to alcohol) and entrenchment in poverty. Differences among aboriginal offenders were cultural (language, beliefs, groupings) as well as family background and geographic, i.e., some respondents said urban and southern offenders have an easier time in institutions than do northern, more remote-living aboriginal people.\nWhen considering characteristics of aboriginal offenders it is important to remember how similar these are to the characteristics of the majority of people who go to prison, as described in Part II. The tendency is often to see aboriginal offenders as uniquely different from all other offenders. For treatment and programming purposes, however, it is important to remember that the similarities between groups of offenders may be greater than the differences.\nBoth Shaw (1994) and Birkenmeyer and Jolly (1981) found alcohol abuse, unemployment and poor living conditions associated with arrest and incarceration of aboriginal women in Ontario. The vast majority had dependents but no steady employment and considerable prior involvement with the criminal justice system. Shaw (1994) found that native women reported more physical abuse in their lives than non-native women, but there were no reported differences for sexual abuse between the two groups. Native women also reported more suicide attempts and incidents of slashing themselves.\nComack (1993) in an examination of women housed at the portage Correctional Institution in Manitoba, documented the particularly marginalized positions of incarcerated aboriginal females. She found aboriginal offenders to be lower than their non-aboriginal counterparts on a number of socio-economic indicators including education and employment, to be in the criminal justice system at a younger age, and to have had more abusive relationships. She observed that \"women who have been subject to physical abuse will be more inclined to use physical violence themselves, and — women may be more likely to internalize their abuse experiences, and, as a result, turn to alcohol and drugs as a means of coping\" (1993:44).\nThe Report of the Task Force on Federally Sentenced Women (1990), found that 69% of individuals interviewed described experiences of childhood violence, rape, regular sexual abuse, the witnessing of a murder, watching their mothers repeatedly beaten. In addition, most had also been adult victims of violence. Nearly 90% had alcohol and/or drug problems (1990:53). The characteristics of this group are little different to the women surveyed by Owen and Bloom (1995) in California institutions. Both groups fall into the \"marginalized\" category.\nCultural and Structural Variation Among Aboriginal Offenders\nThere has been a tendency to treat aboriginal offenders as a homogenous group, even though we have moved away from this view for the general aboriginal population where a recognition of differences is now an accepted part of the discourse. Within the correctional setting, however, programming has made certain assumptions about the needs of aboriginal inmates and concluded that the most appropriate emphasis should be on culture and spirituality. Some research suggests, however, that more attention to differences among aboriginal offenders is warranted. There are two areas, not necessarily mutually exclusive, which may best distinguish aboriginal inmates — the degree and nature of involvement in crime, and the structural and cultural contexts of their lives. These are discussed below.\nWhen culturally profiling aboriginal inmates for purposes of designing treatment plans, Waldram (1992) found three distinct groups among thirty randomly selected aboriginal inmates. He identified these groups as \"traditional\", \"bi-cultural\" and \"assimilated\". The groups differed with respect to language, home community, time spent on reserve, experience in Euro-Canadian society, exposure to traditional beliefs and practices, exposure to urban settings, mobility in younger years, aboriginal self-identity etc. Waldram describes Group 1, the Traditionalists, as \"culturally \"Aboriginal\" by their continuing use of an Aboriginal language and extensive and even life-long enculturation in predominately Aboriginal communities\"; Group 2, the Bi-culturalists, are \"in cultural terms, primarily \"Aboriginal but are well-versed in Euro-Canadian ways\"; Group 3, the Assimilationists, are \"primarily Euro-Canadian, even Anglo in orientation. They are essentially unicultural, with virtually no knowledge of an Aboriginal culture or language\".Footnote 119\nGroups 1 and 2 have a strong identification with a reserve or a predominately aboriginal community, with extended family networks. They had extensive exposure to aboriginal culture and spirituality during their formative years. Group 3, on the other hand, often lived in adopted or foster families in urban areas with little exposure to aboriginal culture. Aboriginal self-identity is most assured for Group 1, less so for Group 2, and often absent in Group 3. Exposure to racism also differs, with Groups 2 and 3 most subjected to discrimination during their formative years because of their contact with non-aboriginal society. Interestingly, while Group 3 experienced disrupted family lives, they had not experienced the pathological conditions found in many aboriginal communities, and thus experienced less personal violence and abuse. Nearly three-quarters of Waldram's sample fell into Groups 1 and 2.\nThe relationship between socio-economic levels and involvement in the criminal justice system was also demonstrated in the inner city research, where the sample was divided into Inner 1, Inner 2 and Outer groups.Footnote 120 Inner 1 were the most marginalized and disadvantaged. They were mainly males with hard-core alcohol problems, the least educated, employed and employable, most victimized as children, most involved in the criminal justice system and involved at the earliest age. They had been in custody more often and for longer periods of time, and were marginalized in both aboriginal and non-aboriginal society.\nThe second group, Inner 2, had more stable upbringings than Inner 1, but still revealed a pattern of childhood deprivation, disadvantage and violence. Inner 2 males had considerable contact with the criminal justice system but less so than Inner 1. As a group, they abused alcohol less frequently. Being somewhat younger and better educated, they were less passive in their contacts with police and authority figures. They, more than Inner 1, were looking to aboriginal culture for solutions to their problems, even though they were not strongly tied to reserves.\nThe third group, Outer, had more females than males, and were generally more advantaged than Inner 1 and 2, as measured by socio-economic and education indicators and degree of involvement in systems of social control. It was the best educated group and had the highest proportion of people employed but was still far below the Canadian, or general aboriginal population levels. This group was most connected to reserves and families and its members had more stable childhood's.\nIt is also essential to distinguish other differences among aboriginal offenders. Offenders with chronic alcohol and lifestyle problems may require a different response. A concentration on cultural responses may mask other needs of aboriginal offenders, or over-emphasize the needs of one group to the exclusion of others. Many non-aboriginal offenders are also alienated from society and \"failed\" by the criminal justice system because of their socio-economic and other circumstances.\nThere is a body of literature which suggests aboriginal offenders are major contributors to the \"revolving door\" syndrome and, in some parts of the country, may be admitted to a correctional institution several times a year.Footnote 121 The group which contributes most heavily to this are chronic offenders with serious alcohol problems and over-represented in fine default, administration of justice, minor person, property, and other minor offences. They may be victims one day and offenders the next. Their life-style is a major contributor to involvement in the correctional system. Offending is only one in a constellation of behaviours that are part of an alcohol and life-style syndrome; being labeled an offender does not reflect the reality of their lives.Footnote 122 For the most minor offences, this group is responded to as a criminal justice rather than as a health or social problem.\nOther aboriginal offenders, by contrast, are younger, more sophisticated in their offences and politicized in their orientation (especially when incarcerated), and less trapped in alcohol addiction and the accompanying life-style. There are also offenders who have committed only one type of offence, such as sexual assault, have no prior offence history, and are neither in the revolving door nor an urban lifestyle. Their offences are specific and the response of the criminal justice system is related directly to the offence.\n3. Aboriginal Offences\nThe type of offences in which aboriginal people are involved is not surprising given their personal and background characteristics, and the social and economic contexts in which they live. Community-based and correctional research into aboriginal offending patterns over the past few years have consistently documented the disproportionality of person offences.Footnote 123 The Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics (1989) reported that aboriginal people make up 2.8% of Canada's population but constituted 22.2% of Canada's homicide suspects, and 17.6% of its victims.Footnote 124 At the less serious end of the scale, fine default, administrative (fail to appear, breaches of probation) and public disorder offences, are also related to the over-representation of aboriginal people in the criminal justice and correctional systems.\nAboriginal offenders in federal institutions are more likely than non-aboriginal offenders to be incarcerated for offences against the person. In a parole decision-making and release risk project, Hann and Harman, (1992) discovered the most likely admitting offence for non-aboriginal was property; by contrast, the most likely admitting offence for the aboriginal group was against the person, and break and enter. More recent incarceration data reveal that aboriginal males and females are still disproportionately incarcerated for offences against the person, and non-aboriginal for more drug and property offences. One of the differences between aboriginal and non-aboriginal offenders as reported by correctional personnel surveyed, was the seriousness of offences committed. Aboriginal offenders are also serving more sentences — all aboriginal offenders serving their sixth to eighth sentence in the federal system (N=11) are located in the Prairie region.Footnote 125\nOn July 2, 1995, more aboriginal than non-aboriginal offenders in federal institutions were incarcerated for Schedule 1 offences ¾ 80% (N=1979) as compared to 63% (N=12,510).Footnote 126 Keeping in mind that offence types are not mutually exclusive (offenders can be in more than one category), the top five offences for aboriginal offenders were:\n- assault causing injury\n- second degree murder\n- sexual assault\nFor non-aboriginal offenders the top five offences were:\n- assault causing injury\n- second degree murder\n- firearms offences\nThese offences are shown in Figure III.2 General Offence Type for Aboriginal and Non-Aboriginal Offenders, 1995 and Table III.5 — Specific Offence Type for Aboriginal and Non-Aboriginal Offenders, 1995.\nTable III.6 Type of Offence by Region for Aboriginal and Non-Aboriginal Offenders, 1995 reveals that aboriginal offenders are over-represented in manslaughter and assault causing bodily harm offences particularly in the Prairie, Atlantic and Quebec regions. Non-aboriginal offenders commit more firearms, trafficking, and other drug related offences. Non-aboriginal offenders are also slightly over-represented in 1st degree murder and attempt murder offences but this does not hold in all regions. Aboriginal offenders are over-represented in manslaughter and assault causing bodily harm offences in both institutional and community supervision settings (Table III.7 Specific Offence Type for Aboriginal and Non-Aboriginal Offenders — Institution and Community Supervision, 1995).\nAboriginal sex offenders comprise 17% of all sex offenders in federal institutions, and 28% of all aboriginal offenders are in for sex offences. Aboriginal offenders are somewhat over-represented in the sex offender categoryFootnote 127 (they comprise 11% of the offender population) but not in the dangerous offender category,where only 11.8% of dangerous offenders were aboriginal.Footnote 128\nSentenced admission data from the five provincial jurisdictions for 1988-1995 revealed that the most common Criminal Code offences for aboriginal offenders were driving-related in B.C., property in Alberta and Ontario, administration of justiceFootnote 129 in Saskatchewan, and person in Manitoba. These were the same for non-aboriginal offenders except in Saskatchewan and Manitoba where property offences were higher. Sentenced admissions for provincial statutes were higher for both aboriginal and non-aboriginal offenders in Alberta than elsewhere. Non-aboriginal offenders are incarcerated for more property, drug and driving offences, and aboriginal offenders for more person and administration offences, except in Ontario where aboriginal and non-aboriginal offences are similar.\nThe most common remand admission Criminal Code offences from 1988-1995 for the aboriginal group in Saskatchewan are administration, and in B.C., Manitoba and Ontario, person offences.Footnote 130 In all provinces, more aboriginal than non-aboriginal people were on remand for person offences. For the non-aboriginal group, the most common offences are administration in B.C. and Saskatchewan, person offences in Manitoba, and person and property offences in Ontario. This means that, except for Saskatchewan, the most common remand offence was person.\nThere is some variation in the offences for which aboriginal and non-aboriginal females are incarcerated. Federal data show aboriginal women to be disproportionately incarcerated for violent offences in comparison to non-aboriginal women. Table III.8 Specific Offence Type for Aboriginal and Non-Aboriginal Federally Sentenced Females, 1995, reveals that nearly 77% of the aboriginal group is incarcerated for Schedule 1 offences as compared to 41.2% of the non-aboriginal. By contrast, only 2.0% of the aboriginal group is incarcerated for Schedule 11 offences as compared to 30.9% of the non-aboriginal group.\nThe main category of offence disproportionality is for manslaughter, with aboriginal females over-represented in this category. For example, on October 22, 1995, 29% of the federally sentenced aboriginal group was serving a sentence for manslaughter as compared to 10% of the non-aboriginal group. In comparing the number of federally sentenced females serving time for one offence only, the figure was 84% of aboriginal as compared to 93% of non-aboriginal offenders. Aboriginal women admitted to federal institutions are more likely than non-aboriginal women to have served a previous federal sentence and more than twice as likely to be incarcerated for crimes of violence.Footnote 131\nAlberta and Ontario data from 1992-95, revealed that more aboriginal females in Ontario are incarcerated for property offences, and more non-aboriginal females for drug offences,Footnote 132 but property and drug offences are highest for both groups.Footnote 133 In Alberta, property offences are much higher for non-aboriginal, and provincial, public order/administration offences for aboriginal offenders. Generally, aboriginal female offenders have more prior offences than non-aboriginal female offenders. This is much more apparent in the Alberta than the Ontario data, a finding consistent with the greater socio-and economic marginalization of aboriginal people in the western provinces, as identified in the Inner City researchFootnote 134 and Census data.\n4. Sentence Lengths\nAt the federal level, non-aboriginal offenders generally have longer sentence lengths than aboriginal offenders.Footnote 135 Recent data show that on July 2, 1995, non-aboriginal offenders had a mean sentence length of 5.2 years as compared to 4.2 years for aboriginal offenders. An examination of sentence length by assaults revealed that whereas 63% of the aboriginal offenders received a sentence of 2-4 years, only 47% of the non-aboriginal offenders received the same sentence. Twenty percent (20%) of non-aboriginal offenders received a sentence length of 10 years or more compared to 11% of the aboriginal offenders even though, overall, aboriginal offenders committed more serious offences. Almost 10% more aboriginal offenders had served a previous sentence but the mean number of sentences served was similar at 1.6 for aboriginal and 1.4 for non-aboriginal offenders.Footnote 136\nComparing sentence length by type of offence for federal offenders (both in institutions and under community supervision) indicates aboriginal offenders are receiving significantly shorter sentences (Table III.9 Sentence Length for Aboriginal and Non-Aboriginal Offenders, 1995). These differences hold for the following offences: attempted murder, assault causing injury and robbery. Even though not statistically significant, non-aboriginal offenders are also receiving received longer sentences for trafficking offencesFootnote 137 (Type of Offence by Sentence Length for Aboriginal and Non-Aboriginal Offenders, 1995). Examining variation by regions reveals that aboriginal offenders are receiving significantly shorter sentences in Quebec, Pacific and Prairie regions. The most significant differences for shorter aboriginal sentence lengths are found in the Prairies (Table III.11 Sentence Length by Region for Aboriginal and Non-Aboriginal Offenders, 1995).\nData from the five provinces shows that sentences for aboriginal offenders are only marginally shorter than for non-aboriginal offenders. Alberta had the largest difference in sentence length with only 9% of the aboriginal population receiving a sentence of 367+ days as compared to 15% of the non-aboriginal group.Footnote 138 For both federal and provincial offences, Alberta has the longest sentences of the five provinces. In Saskatchewan (followed by B.C.) a higher proportion of all federal and provincial offenders (but particularly of aboriginal offenders) served sentences of less than 30 days and fewest served 367+ days. Variation in sentence length may be attributed, in part, to type of offence committed. For example, in Saskatchewan more aboriginal offenders are serving sentences for administration of justice and provincial offences.Footnote 139\nSentence length by type of offence for aboriginal and non-aboriginal offenders are available only for Alberta and Saskatchewan. In both provinces non-aboriginal offenders receive longer sentences for person, property, administration/public order, and weapon offences. In Alberta, aboriginal offenders receive longer sentences for driving offences, but in Saskatchewan aboriginal offenders do not receive longer sentences in any of the offence categories.\nFor federally sentenced females, the shorter sentence phenomenon for aboriginal offenders also holds true. Table III.12 (Mean Sentence Length by Offence Type and Total Offences for Federally Sentenced Aboriginal and Non-Aboriginal Females) demonstrates that the mean sentence length for aboriginal females is shorter in all offence categories, including total offences. The one exception is Non-Scheduled offences where the aboriginal sentences are somewhat longer — 4.7 years as compared to 4.1 for non-aboriginal females.\nFor specific offences, the mean sentence length for aboriginal females is generally shorter. For manslaughter the mean length is 5.8 years for aboriginal and 7.3 for non-aboriginal females; for assault causing injury the comparable lengths are 2.8 and 3.2, respectively; for robbery they are 3.0 and 5.1 years.\nAt the provincial level, Shaw (1994:80) found native women in Ontario to be serving slightly shorter custodial sentences than the main sample group, despite the finding that they had more prior incarcerations. Alberta provincial data from 1992-1995, reveal that aboriginal females received shorter sentences despite having more previous admissions to incarceration and more offences for the present admission. Shorter sentences for the aboriginal group in Alberta may reflect that more aboriginal females are admitted for less serious offences — mainly provincial and public/administration.\n5. Use of Community Corrections for Aboriginal Offenders\nThere are two centralissues in relation to Aboriginal people and probation. The first is over-representation of aboriginal people in probation levels; the second is frequency of use of probation for aboriginal offenders.\nAboriginal people are also over-represented in probation intakes in comparison to their proportion of the population. This is especially true in the Prairie provinces, followed by B.C., Newfoundland, Ontario, Quebec and the Yukon. It is least disproportionate in Nova Scotia. The number of aboriginal people on probation is higher than those on sentenced admissions to prisons in some provinces (Atlantic provinces), and less than sentenced admissions in others (mainly Alberta and Saskatchewan). This may contribute to disproportionate imprisonment in the latter. If aboriginal people receive fines (which they are unable to pay) more often than probation, they may appear in sentenced admissions. For example, in Saskatchewan in 1993, of those cases resulting in conviction, 23% received probation, 50% fines and 31% prison, which lends some support to this contention.\nIn 1993-94, almost 13% of all intakes to provincial probation were aboriginal people. The highest numbers were in Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta and the Yukon — jurisdictions with greatest involvement of aboriginal people in the criminal justice system. No N.W.T. data were available. Between 1989 and 1994 there was a 27.5% increase in aboriginal people on probation but there was variation by jurisdiction. All jurisdictions except Nova Scotia, showed steady increases in aboriginal people on probation (there were no data for P.E.I. and New Brunswick).Footnote 140 Without controlling for type of offence and prior record, however, it is difficult to draw any conclusions form these findings.\nOf the five provinces from which aboriginal and non-aboriginal probation data were requested, only three were able to meet the request — Manitoba, B.C., and Ontario. An analysis of those data revealed that 23% of probationers in B.C. were aboriginal, 17% in Manitoba and 21% in Ontario (in B.C. and Ontario the proportion of aboriginal offenders on probation is higher than the proportion incarcerated but this is not the case in Manitoba). More aboriginal probationers in all three provinces are between 21-29 years of age, whereas more non-aboriginal offenders are 30 years of age or older. More aboriginal than non-aboriginal females were on probation, particularly in B.C. Person and property offences were the most common offences for which offenders received probation but in Ontario, over eight times as many non-aboriginal as aboriginal offenders received probation for person offences. Probation was used more often for driving and considerably more often for public order offences in B.C. than in Manitoba or Ontario. B.C. also gave much shorter periods of probation (related perhaps to use of probation for public order offences) for both groups, but generally aboriginal offenders in all three provinces received shorter periods of probation. In Ontario, a larger proportion of all offenders received two or more years probation.\nWhat are we to make of all these conflicting data? On the one hand, offence data reveal that federally sentenced aboriginal offenders are committing more serious offences but at the same time are consistently receiving shorter sentences than non-aboriginal offenders. While the offence differences between aboriginal and non-aboriginal offenders are less extreme for provincially sentenced offenders, the aboriginal group generally receive shorter sentences which, may be explained in part and in some provinces, by the commission of less serious offences.\nOn the other hand, federal aboriginal offenders are receiving incarceration more often when controlling for offence type but without information about number and type of prior offences. The rate of incarceration in the aboriginal population is considerably higher than for the non-aboriginal population but the conditions from which aboriginal offenders derive are also more negative and extreme. Although the criminal justice system is unable to solve these problems judges may be taking these conditions into account in sentencing decision-making. Shorter sentences given aboriginal accused would suggest an awareness by judges of the disadvantaged positions of aboriginal offenders, and an attempt to redress the balance. While it may appear to discriminate against the non-aboriginal offender, this may be balanced, in part, by the finding that incarceration is used more often for aboriginal offenders. This may be the result of the lack of structure in the lives of many aboriginal offenders to support a community-based sentence.\nThe violent offences for which aboriginal offenders are incarcerated in federal institutions and the repetitiveness of their involvement with the criminal justice system from a young age, are vivid reminders of the life circumstances of many (and especially the most marginalized) aboriginal people. Normalization of violence and exposure to most extreme forms of violence, were two of the most important findings of the inner city research.Footnote 141 The disproportionate number of aboriginal females serving time in federal institutions for manslaughter is a reflection of these circumstances and of the violence to which many aboriginal women are subjected.\nHow is incarceration being used for aboriginal offenders across the country and what is the reason for the jurisdictional differences in incarceration levels even when controlling for aboriginal population size?\nSocio-demographic profiles as reflected in census and research data reveal that the most marginalized aboriginal populations are in the three Prairie provinces. This suggests that heavy use of sentences such as fines and charges for public order and other administrative offences, will disproportionately and negatively affect aboriginal people in these provinces. Where there are the most marginalized groups there are likely to be more street people, higher alcohol consumption, more visibility to police, and less ability to pay fines or adhere to court orders because of the corresponding lifestyle. Increased off-reserve migration and higher birth rates in these provinces suggest that if sentencing practices do not change, neither will the levels of aboriginal incarceration in provincial institutions. Dealing with the life circumstances and experiences that result in federal sentences, is a much more difficult problem for the criminal justice system to address.\nThe differences in sentencing admission rates in B.C. and Ontario, in comparison to the Prairie provinces suggest two things. First, there are less marginalized aboriginal groups in those provinces so there are fewer fine default and administration of justice and public order offences; and, second, incarceration is not used as extensively for fine defaults and other minor offences. The other difference is more use of community corrections for aboriginal offenders in those two provinces. Thus, a policy or practice such as the use of incarceration for fine default and public order and administration of justice offences (including breaches of probation etc.) where there are large numbers of marginalized aboriginal people most vulnerable to committing these offences, may be particularly devastating. This situation is similar to the use of incarceration for certain drug offences in the U.S. which has resulted in the enormous rise in incarceration of black people. The difference in Canada is that incarceration for these offences is not new as it is for some drug offences in the U.S. It has just not changed and, unlike many other countries, Canada continues to rely heavily on carceral sentences even for relatively minor offences for which offenders receive short sentences. For other provincial and for federally sentenced aboriginal offenders, decarceration solutions are much less obvious, as Part IV may help to illustrate.\nFigure III. 1 % Aboriginal and Non-Aboriginal Offenders * by Region, July 1995\n(Source: York 1995:6) * Includes those incarcerated and under community supervision.\nThe five pie charts pictured in a circle above show the breakdown of Aboriginal vs. non-Aboriginal offenders by region: at the top centre position is the Pacific Region – Fourteen point two percent (14.2%) Aboriginal offenders and Eighty-five point eight percent (85.8%) non-Aboriginal offenders; at the upper right corner is the Prairie Region – Thirty-five point four percent (35.4%) Aboriginal offenders and Sixty-four point six percent (64.6%) non-Aboriginal offenders; at the lower right corner is the Ontario Region – Three point seven percent (3.7%) Aboriginal offenders and Ninety-six point three percent (96.3%) non-Aboriginal offenders; at the lower left corner is the Quebec Region – One point five percent (1.5%) Aboriginal offenders and Ninety-eight point five percent (98.5%) non-Aboriginal offenders; at the upper left corner is the Atlantic Region – Three point six percent (3.6%) Aboriginal offenders and Ninety-six point four percent (96.4%) non-Aboriginal offenders;\nFigure III. 2 General Offense Type For Aboriginal and Non-Aboriginal Offenders, 1995\n* An offender in the 1st. or 2nd. degree murder category can also be in the Schedule I or II category. Seventy four Aboriginal and 686 non-Aboriginal offenders serving time for 1st. and 2nd. degree murder are also serving time for Schedule I offences. In addition, 65 non-Aboriginal and no Aboriginal offenders in the 1st. or 2nd. degree murder category are serving time for Schedule II offences.\n(Source; York 1995:18)\nThere are two pie charts pictured above, the top chart shows the breakdown of Aboriginal offenders by offense category: Seventy-four point five percent (74.5%) Schedule I; Four point five percent (4.5%) Schedule II; Thirteen point three percent (13.3%) not a scheduled offender or murderer; One point nine percent (1.9%) 1st degree murder; and Ten point four percent (10.4%) 2nd degree murder. The bottom chart shows the breakdown of non-Aboriginal offenders by offense category: Fifty-nine point two percent (59.2%) Schedule I; Sixteen point nine percent (16.9%) Schedule II; Seventeen point six percent (17.6%) not a scheduled offender or murderer; Three point one percent (3.1%) 1st degree murder; and Ten point eight percent (10.8%) 2nd degree murder.\nPART IV. EXPLAINING ABORIGINAL OVER-REPRESENTATION\nIn earlier work, three possible causes of aboriginal over-representation in the criminal justice system were identified. These were: — differential criminal justice system processing as a result of culture conflict and racial discrimination, higher aboriginal offending rates, and the commission by aboriginal people of the type of offences that are more likely to result in carceral sentences.Footnote 142 I now believe that a fourth cause — criminal justice policies and practices that have a differential impact on aboriginal offenders due to their socio-economic conditions, also contributes to over-representation.\nThe state of research in each of these areas is limited but it would appear that the contributing factors to over-representation are primarily a higher aboriginal offending rate and the commission of the type of offences (especially more violent offences for federally sentenced offenders) which lead to a carceral sentence. But that does not mean the other two factors do not also play an important role. Differential processing may result from systemic or racial bias, and practices and policies, such as incarceration for fine defaulters (as discussed in Part III), may have more severe consequences for aboriginal than non-aboriginal offenders because of greater economic marginalization. In Canada, polices and practices may even have a differential impact on aboriginal offenders in different parts of the country. Many of the criminal incidents of aboriginal people are social and economic in origin. Where the response is to the offence and not to the underlying social problem, this will have the most negative effect on the most marginalized groups.\nThe important question is why aboriginal people in Canada are so disproportionately involved in and vulnerable to the policies and practices of the criminal justice system. What follows below is a possible framework for understanding these factors.\nThe failure of the justice system in its dealings with aboriginal people and culture conflict between aboriginal and non-aboriginal society, are common explanations for the disproportionate incarceration of aboriginal people. When examining general characteristics of inmate populations, however, the aboriginal over-representation phenomenon in Canada, Australia and New Zealand (all countries where aboriginal people were colonized and are now in a minority situation), is hardly surprising. Where poor living conditions, poverty and general social and economic deprivation of certain groups exist, disproportionate prison rates must surely follow. Cultural, structural and other theories (such as social control) commonly employed to explain disproportionate involvement of aboriginal people in the criminal justice and correctional systems, are often presented as if mutually exclusive.Footnote 143\nWhen the role of the criminal justice process in contributing to the problem is examined, there are no clear answers, especially when variation in levels of aboriginal incarceration is considered. While we can identify the high risk that many aboriginal people face in offending, being victimized, arrested and imprisoned, the contributions of racial bias and unwarranted treatment on the part of the criminal justice system, or of culture conflict (defined as conflict between norms of behaviour in divergent cultural groups) are much less clear. This is so in Canada and Australia.Footnote 144 A surprising finding in both countries, is that aboriginal accused consistently receive shorter sentences even when controlling for offence type.Footnote 145 Existing data do not suggest aboriginal offenders (particularly those federally sentenced) have fewer prior records or commit less serious offences. Some evidence suggests the opposite.Footnote 146 While knowledge of criminal justice processing is still limited,Footnote 147 available data suggest the over-involvement of aboriginal people in the criminal justice and correctional systems cannot be attributed to racial bias alone.\nBroadhurst (1996:75) supports the culture conflict argument for explaining aboriginal over-representation in Australia. He argues that \"As in many former colonies the surviving indigenous people [in Australia] have become socially and economically marginalized and significantly criminalized\". He focuses primarily on cultural issues using measures of \"Aboriginality\" i.e., population, land area occupied and controlled by aboriginal people, retention of traditional aboriginal language, in addition to various measures of the rate of imprisonment.Footnote 148 He finds a relationship between degree of \"cultural\" measures of aboriginality (population, area occupied and language retention) and levels of imprisonment. At the same time, however, Broadhurst acknowledges that Cove (1992), in exploring aboriginal imprisonment in Tasmania the state with the lowest rate, found that the levels of urbanization and employment of Tasmanian aborigines were much higher than the national aboriginal averages.Footnote 149 In Canada there are similar anomalies across the county. If culture conflict and discrimination in criminal justice processing determined levels of aboriginal incarceration, over-representation would be a similar problem in most parts of Canada but correctional and other criminal justice data clearly show this is not the case.\nThis suggests that a multi-dimensional approach to understanding the causes of aboriginal over-involvement in the criminal justice system is required. The deconstruction (i.e., the rejection) of mainstream criminological language has inhibited the development of more sophisticated theory for explaining aboriginal over-representation in the criminal justice system. Deconstruction has come about for two reasons. First, the influences of post-modernism have created an environment where individual expressions of role, identity and culture have become dominant in defining the nature of the problem and the solutions, and the primary methodology for generating information. Second, these expressions, in conjunction with a political movement adopting a similar ideology, have created a distinct \"knowledge\" of or \"worldview\" held by aboriginal people which, despite enormous diversity of the aboriginal experience in Canada, have dictated the discourse. In large measure, theory has been reduced to cultural explanations of aboriginal over-representation in the criminal justice system.\nIn order to understand this over-involvement and to accommodate the diversity within aboriginal society and the impact of history in bringing about changes in this society, it is necessary, therefore, to \"reconstruct\" theory. Knowledge about aboriginal people and their over-involvement in the criminal justice system includes, but goes beyond, the cultural dimension. Understanding contemporary aboriginal communities, the weakening of interdependencies and the increase in dependency on external social and economic structures as a result of historical and contemporary processes, requires a more sophisticated analysis than culture conflict alone can provide. The following discussion is a preliminary attempt to construct such an analysis.\n1. New Theoretical Formulations\nOther explanations for aboriginal over-involvement in the criminal justice are now emerging. In the U.S., Green (1993) reviewed contemporary literature on American Indian criminality and criminal justice outcomes within the sociological framework of the Native American experience, in order to understand the involvement of aboriginal people in the criminal justice system. He noted that previous research failed to take into account the diversity of the Indian experience. He concluded that social control theories (based on family and structural conditions) — which argued that illegal behaviour is the result of a lack of attachment to and involvement in both Indian and non-Indian societies — may be more useful in explaining Native American crime and delinquency than culture conflict theory. Green's emphasis on the sociological context reflects the need for recognition in theory of change and diversity in Native American society. An understanding of crime and delinquency requires a much broader and more conceptually sophisticated framework than reliance on culture conflict theories alone provides.\nWe begin from a somewhat different place and draw on the work of John Braithwaite (1990), who \"advances the theory that nations with low crime rates, and periods of history where crime is more effectively controlled, are those where shaming has the greatest social power\".Footnote 150 In short, Braithwaite argues that stigmatizing offenders creates outcasts, whereas reintegrative shaming involves disapproval but subsequent forgiveness and acceptance back into the group. This ultimately reduces re-offending. The key to effective shaming, he suggests, is the degree of interdependency among people. Interdependencies reduce offending because people do not want to be shamed or bring shame upon those individuals important to them. In his article, Shame and Modernity (1993), Braithwaite argues that, contrary to popular opinion, interdependencies between people and families have increased in Western societies in the past three centuries.\nThe opposite may be the case in aboriginal societies, even though conventional wisdom and earlier workFootnote 151 contest such a view. The argument put forward here is that a decline in interdependency in aboriginal communities has come about as the result of historical processes (which have reproduced mainstream social structure without accompanying institutional development), as well as cultural dislocation and the decline of informal mechanisms of social control. The end result is socially stratified communities where limited resources and resource distribution create large groups of disadvantaged people, a growing youth sub-culture with few legitimate outlets or opportunities, decontextualized exposure to the mass media, and the lack of cultural and social resources to assist in identify formation which support pro-social values. It is, however, misleading and incorrect to assume that all aboriginal communities in Canada are exposed to the same contingencies and limitations as a result of these historical and contemporary processes. This is clearly not the case and such an assumption inhibits the degree of attention required by those individuals and communities most in need. The degree and impact of change has been mediated by settlement patterns, geographic location, cultural factors, and individual community experience, so there is variation in the degree to which these influences have affected communities.\n2. Colonization and the Creation of Contemporary Aboriginal Communities\nContemporary aboriginal community structures are the products of historical processes, wherein colonization and the creation of the reserve system came about as a result of cultural conflict and conflict over land ownership and possession. One critical outcome was the induction of aboriginal people into marginal geographic, social and economic structures from which it is very difficult to escape. These structures have had profound effects on family life and kinship relations, other community relationships, loss of customary social control practices, movement, and traditional roles and obligations. They also dictate the shape and form of contemporary aboriginal communities and community life, and the opportunities and resources available to people to form pro-social attitudes and to create full and productive lives.\nWe argue that reserve life creates its own set of problems. Aboriginal justice research reveals that registered Indians are over-represented in inmate populations and inner cities as compared to non-Status and Metis groups.Footnote 152 For example, in a daily count in Saskatchewan institutions in 1994, 78% of the aboriginal inmates were status Indians as compared to 12% Metis and 10% non-status. Although the majority commit the offences for which they are incarcerated occur in urban areas, they are also originally from reserves, as recent CSC data reveal.\nSeveral factors combine to create conditions of vulnerability for this group of aboriginal people, particularly those from Prairie reserves. The first is that (as a result of colonization and dependency as described above) many contemporary reserves are characterized by geographic isolation, small size, poor land, lack of educational, employment and other resources, differential access to community options and opportunities, and alienation from mainstream society. They may function as closed societies with little accountability, connections or exposure to the outside world. The reserve system isolated, and continues to isolate, many aboriginal people from mainstream society. It also creates communities especially vulnerable to crime and disorder because of isolation, lack of employment and education, large numbers of young people with little to do, and cultural disintegration resulted in a decrease in interdependencies. In addition to geographic isolation and poverty, the administration of reserves as defined in contemporary legislation (i.e., The Indian Act), creates divisions within communities which produce more marginalized groups. The over-representation of aboriginal people as offenders in the criminal justice system is a logical outcome of these forces.\nDifferences in history and patterns of settlement, land value, geography and size, as well as social, political and economic organization of reserves, may also account for disproportionate aboriginal incarceration levels in eastern and western Canada.Footnote 153 Interestingly, the provinces with the highest levels of unemployment, the lowest levels of education and income for both on-reserve and off-reserve registered Indians (Saskatchewan, Alberta and Manitoba) also have the most disproportionate incarceration levels. With high off-reserve migration and permanent residency of aboriginal people in these settings, inner cores of some western cities show signs of becoming entrenched aboriginal-ghetto areas.Footnote 154\n3. The Reproduction of Mainstream Social Structure in Aboriginal Communities\nThe forces which shape contemporary communities are the creation of a reserve system, the provisions of The Indian Act which locate control of resources in the hands of an elected chief and council, the introduction of wage labour and education, and mass media communication. While it is difficult if not impossible to determine the exact influence of each, taken together, their influence has been profound in bringing about changes to traditional aboriginal societies.\nFor many reserves, the lack of a common community identity to act as a bond between families and groupsFootnote 155, the demise of interdependency based on traditional economic activities structured around age and gender, and forced living together in sedentary communities, create stress and tension. For those with access to power through employment and kinship, reserve life works well. For those with neither, it works badly.Footnote 156 The latter are excluded from opportunities when on-reserve and, when leaving to seek a better life elsewhere, lack of skills and personal problems relegate them to inferior roles and spaces in cities. More of this group migrate from western reserves and remain in urban areas living marginal lives.Footnote 157 They are effectively excluded from access to opportunity, power and place in both societies.\nSome, however, have benefited financially and socially from these changes, as indicated by new forms of aboriginal affluence on-reserve. Like most western societies, there is now clear social and economic demarcation in contemporary aboriginal communities. For many others (a disproportionately large group within aboriginal as compared to non-aboriginal society), the lack of access to options and opportunities, and of legitimate connections and attachments in both societies, coupled with disruptive, neglectful and often physically abusive childhood experiences, places them at the greatest risk for involvement in the criminal justice system. This risk is greater off than on-reserve, as LaPrairie found in the inner-city (1994) and James Bay Cree research (1991). The risk is also greater in different parts of the country, namely the Prairie provinces, as correctional data reveal.\nWhy are non-registered aboriginal people (and especially those not from the most marginalized reserves) less represented in the criminal justice system in Canada?Footnote 158 Cove's (1992) research in Tasmania provides some important clues for understanding the situation here. Cove found that the degree of urbanization and \"cultural homogeneity both among Tasmanian Aborigines and between them and the wider Tasmanian population\" resulted in lower participation levels in the criminal justice system.Footnote 159 In Canada, Metis and non-status aboriginal people are more urbanized which may mean that, despite problems with racism and self-identity, they have more involvement with the dominant non-aboriginal society and greater access to its economic, political and social institutions (and thus to the creation of interdependencies) than registered Indians on-reserve or those migrating from reserves.Footnote 160 Greater urbanization and acculturation and less physical exclusion from mainstream society, resulting in greater interdependence, may explain lower participation levels in the criminal justice system.Footnote 161 Aboriginal people with low educational and skill levels and personal dysfunction resulting from family life and alcohol problems, who leave reserves because of a lack of access to options and opportunities, are faced with the most extreme exclusion from mainstream institutions.Footnote 162\n4. The Impact of Cultural Dislocation and Social Stratification on Community Institutions\nSocial control exercised though informal mechanisms located in the family and the community is not only an integral component of community life, but is the way in which the young are socialized. Social control is exercised in a number of ways and often involves shaming, verbal disapproval, and sometimes even ostracism. Reinforcement through reward and various forms of punishment assist in individual conscience-building and the learning of self-control.Footnote 163\nThe cultural dislocation in aboriginal societies, the diminishing of traditional family and group authority, and newly stratified social structures which have created social and economic divisions between individuals and families, have profoundly affected the socialization of the young. There is a blurring of roles and responsibilities between young and old, males and females, modernists and traditionalists. New social structures have created categories of haves and have-nots. The role of elders in teaching and in promoting harmony in communities is much less clear than in previous times. There is an increasing reliance on public, formal institutions such as police and social and other services, to mediate disputes and to solve problems. The problems today are much more complex and their resolution much less clear than in more traditional times. Informal institutions and interdependencies among people have declined in importance.\nThese communities show the stresses and strains of mainstream society but lack the resources for responding to them. For youth, additional stresses come from pressures for cultural conformity, education and language differences between themselves and their parents and grandparentsFootnote 164, family pressures to remain on reserves, and a general uncertainly about their futures. Social class, however, can mediate the negative effects of these pressures so the effects are most severe for the most disadvantaged groups.Footnote 165 This situation is exacerbated by the disproportionate number of youth on reserves and, in some western cities, in the strengthening of peer subcultures.\nThese age demographics and peer sub-cultures on reserves are important factors in understanding disproportionate levels of crime and disorder. Higher birth rates and lower life expectancy mean that most reserves are characterized by large numbers of children and youth. The lessening of traditional authority structures, high unemployment and lack of opportunities and resources and \"nothing to do\" (a common lament of the young), may result in the formation of strong peer associations and subsequently, involvement in minor offences and disorderly conduct. These behaviours are annoying to community members and worrisome to families and may set the stage for the adoption of anti-social and pro-criminal attitudes, major predictors of involvement in criminal behaviour.Footnote 166\n5. Individual Identity Formation in Contemporary Communities\nSnider (1995a:3) draws from development theory when she argues that the identities that emerge most often are those that are publicly validated in their social system, and that these vary with the social and cultural resources available. This suggests that in contemporary aboriginal communities identity formation is very different from that of more traditional societies, where roles and responsibilities based on age, gender and statusFootnote 167 were more clearly defined and understood, and dictated behaviour and sense of self. In contemporary communities, by contrast, the influence of the growing youth sub-culture and social stratification, which determines access to opportunities and options, have largely replaced more traditional influences. The prevailing aboriginal cultural discourse makes certain assumptions about the role and influence of elders upon youth but research on this subject is contradictory at best.Footnote 168 However, geographic location, experience, and social and economic resources shape the environment in which individual identities are formed, so there is considerable diversity across the country.\nThe characteristics, demographics and pathological conditions (as evidenced in rates of alcohol abuse, interpersonal violence, and crime and disorder) of many reserves may be more important factors than lack of identity/culture or racial bias in determining involvement in the criminal justice system.Footnote 169 Coupled with disrupted family life and/or abuse, these conditions make disadvantaged people who depart reserves and are exposed to urban life susceptible to involvement in systems of social control. Muirhead's (1982) research supports this hypothesis. It challenges the presumption that cultural differences between members of the offender population are of primary importance and argues that underlying structural factors are more significant. He found that \"community\" variables describe the location of individuals in the social structure. And \"although natives are frequently connected with rural residency, their highly transient lifestyle frequently positions them in urban settings. These settings may play an important role determining the probability of contact with the justice system\" (p.23) This variable proved highly significant with both admissions to and time spent in institutions for aboriginal inmates. Muirhead concluded that native culture is a tenuous and convenient explanation for aboriginal involvement in prisons, and that the disproportionate involvement of aboriginal people in correctional institutions is a result of their disproportionate membership in a marginal underclass. In his analysis, the communities from which people derive are as important as the communities in which their offences are committed.Footnote 170\nIn explaining aboriginal over-representation in the Canadian criminal justice system, a multi-dimensional model which incorporates cultural, structural, historical and contemporary dimensions has been presented. At the heart of the model is the demise of traditional interdependencies with an increased dependency on external institutions.\nIn traditional aboriginal society, interdependency was structured into subscribed roles and responsibilities where every individual had a function to perform, and survival depended on that function being performed. In contemporary aboriginal society by contrast, there has been a dramatic decline in interdependencies and an enormous increase in dependency on outside institutions through transfer payments, welfare etc. Nor is there an interdependency with mainstream society but an imbalance between the two. The crime problem is, therefore, likely to be most severe in those communities most geographically isolated from mainstream society, with the greatest demise in traditional practices, most dependent on external financing and welfare, and with the most disproportionate age structures. These are the communities in which offenders are most likely to experience \"pathological\" rather than positive shame.Footnote 171\nThree factors with the potential to produce pathological shame come into play. The first is that the group most likely to feel this emotion are the most marginalized and least integrated into the community; the second is that reserves are not generally integrated into mainstream Canadian society (because of historical practices of exclusion and the second class — status ascribed to aboriginal people), and the resulting alienation is most prominent in those with the fewest connections to mainstream society; and the third is that exposure to dysfunctional family life and childhood abuse (in addition to other factors conducive to criminal behaviour) create feelings of rejection and anger. Taken together, these factors are most pronounced for the most marginalized groups in communities, and for those people leaving reserves with few personal tools for survival or for gaining status or integration into mainstream society, and with deprived, dysfunctional backgrounds. The propensity for criminal conduct produced by this alienation is compounded by a lack of attachment to people with anti-criminal values — a result of exclusion from institutions and opportunities which promote pro-social values. Formal sanctioning and stigmatizing by the criminal justice system produces anger and defianceFootnote 172, one result of which may be re-offending. The lack of integration and status is most pronounced for aboriginal males who fall into this category and who, unlike their female counterparts, are without the status and integrative aspects of child-rearing.\nThis situation has come about because of colonization, the creation of a reserve system, and the Indian Act, which resulted in non-traditional administrative structures in communities. Many contemporary aboriginal communities show increased social stratification and levels of crime and disorder. The problems are most severe In the most socially and economically marginalized communities because of settlement patterns, geography, population, cultural characteristics (i.e., nomad people living in sedentary communities) and poor land use and value. The individuals and families most affected often leave communities because of pressures from within, personal dysfunction's and/or in the expectation of opportunity outside. In the urban setting, however, the lack of education, employment skills, coupled with substance abuse problems and histories of family violence and dysfunction, lead to negative peer associations and the adoption of anti-social and pro-criminal attitudes.\nThere is a growing problem of marginalized people leaving reserves to live in urban areas. Lack of education and skills, alcohol problems, and exclusion from mainstream institutions plant the seeds for ghetto-living. The effects on children and youth of growing up in ghetto-like conditions is profound.Footnote 173 In Canada, this inner-city phenomenon is most obvious in western cities where there are generations of marginalized people living in aboriginal-concentrated areas. These areas are distinguished by low income, high unemployment, single parent families and large numbers of children and youth. Increased migration of similar groups of people will exacerbate the problem. These groups are characterized by a dependency on mainstream institutions and financial assistance similar to that on reserve.\nUnfortunately, little is known about criminal justice processing so racial bias in charging, bail, prosecutions, convictions, sentences and releases cannot be ignored as a contributing factor to over-representation. As Roberts and Doob (1994:16) note in relation to causes of aboriginal over-representation \"We do not have adequate data that pertain to cases as they travel through the criminal justice system\". Research, such as conducted by Muirhead in B.C., is required in other jurisdictions. Information from B.C. also shows that high rates of reported crime do not have to be reflected in high charging or incarceration levels. Heavy use of fines in provinces with the poorest aboriginal populations (Saskatchewan, Alberta and Manitoba) are bound to lead to over-incarceration of that group. This illustrates the danger of using the criminal justice system to deal with social problems of such magnitude. The role of public attitudes and administrative traditions on sentencing also requires further exploration as unwarranted variation in the use of incarceration for both aboriginal and non-aboriginal offenders, appears to exist across the country.\nPART V. PROGRAMMING FOR ABORIGINAL INMATES\nIn this section, the assessment and classification of offenders, and correctional and treatment approaches most effective in reducing re-offending for various groups of offenders are explored. Security classification is also discussed as access to programs varies according to security level. The philosophy of aboriginal-specific programs and the \"fit\" between mainstream and aboriginal programming are then examined. A final objective of this section is to explore whether similarities among offenders, cultural differences, or a combination of approaches and philosophies should guide treatment and programming approaches for aboriginal offenders.\n1. Assessment and Classification\nThe Delaware Bureau of Prisons describes offender classification as a \"process by which inmates are subdivided into groups based on a variety of considerations which include (1) determination of and assignment to appropriate custody and security levels; (2) program placement based on inmate and work; (3) designation to proper housing placement within the institution; and (4) scheduled review of assignments to reassess an inmate's needs and progress\".Footnote 174 Typically, inmates are initially classified upon entering the institution (i.e., initial classification) and then periodically reassessed during their stay (i.e., reclassification). Reclassification enables administrators to change or \"fine-tune\", depending on inmates' behaviour within their current placement or on earlier placements established by previous classifications.Footnote 175 Reclassifications then, are commonly based upon institutionally derived information concerning previous and current institutional behaviour whereas initial classifications are usually based on legal court reports such as presentence investigation reports. Determinations made in both classification stages consider institutional levels of security and custody and inmate program capabilities.Footnote 176 Security refers to the type of institution in which the inmate should be housed and custody refers to the amount of supervision needed to care for the inmate.Footnote 177 These considerations are guided by the inmate's legal (e.g., criminal and incarceration history) and personal (e.g., age) variables as well as any special needs (e.g., mental health).Footnote 178\nThe primary purpose of objective classification systems is to better manage inmate populations. Inmates vary greatly according to required security and custody levels and program needs, and correctional resources are limited. Classification enables administrators to match inmates with resources to produce more appropriate, tailored confinements while still maintaining institutional and public safety.Footnote 179\nPrior to the reduction in security level classifications by CSC in 1987, more aboriginal than non-aboriginal offenders were in multi-level security, and fewer were in the minimum and medium security classifications.Footnote 180 For the past two years, CSC has conducted Intake Assessments of each offender to determine security classification and needs. On July 5, 1995, nearly 35% of federal aboriginal offenders were not classified as compared to only 22% of non-aboriginal offenders. Lack of classification does not affect access to programs but is the result of the availability of intake and other resources in individual institutions. However, where offenders were classified, approximately the same proportion of aboriginal and non-aboriginal offenders were classified for medium, maximum and special handling units (Figure V. 1 Security Classifications — Aboriginal and Non-Aboriginal Federal Offenders, 1995). In the survey of correctional personnel 70% said aboriginal inmates were properly security classified. See page 79 for Figure V. 1.\n2. General Correctional Programs\nPrograms and treatment have more potential to affect inmates in federal than in provincial or territorial institutions because the sentences served in the former are longer. The \"revolving door\" syndrome is much more prevalent in provincial and territorial institutions where short sentences and remission mean many offenders are either unable to participate in programs or participate for shorter periods of time.Footnote 181 An overview of correctional programs and treatment approaches follows.\nThe widespread pessimism of correctional rehabilitation, spawned by Martinson's (1974) condemning review during the middle to late seventies, has given way to a more optimistic outlook since the mid-eighties. Correctional programming research and development have been relegitimized partly due to indications within the literature of its apparent success.Footnote 182 The general literature during this period, however, does not consist of a large number of rigorously controlled studies. Antonowicz and Ross (1994) found that between 1970 and 1991 only 44 published studies met rigorous evaluation standards and 20 of these demonstrated effectiveness.Footnote 183\nAlthough Antonowicz and Ross (1994:98) recognize that their criteria, which include adequate control groups, sample sizes and outcome examination, are more stringent than those employed in other reviews, they conclude that \"[t]wenty effective programs in 21 years indicates that effective programs are truly exceptional\". Some reviewers, however, have noted methodological issues which may call into question the exceptionality of effective programs. Palmer (1991), for example, found in his review of meta-analyses and literature reviews of the 1980s that interventions appearing unsuccessful when aggregated and analyzed as a single, broad undifferentiated type (e.g., counselling) demonstrated effectiveness when reviewed individually. However, methodological rigour is actually not as important in evaluating effectiveness as many think.\nOthers have argued that popular measures of success, most notably recidivism rates, are weak indicators of program effectiveness. Recidivism rates, critics contend, obscure improvements in the individual's general well-being; are unable to gauge those who commit offences but are not caught; and do not account for factors external to the program which influence post-release behaviour (e.g., stable employment). Griffiths (1990) suggests alternative measures of success pertaining to the offenders' adaptation into the community, their family life, and their relative improvement. In general, as Parent (1989) recommends, correctional programs should be evaluated in terms of their intent. Some programs are designed to reduce recidivism while others are not, and should therefore be evaluated accordingly.\nDetermining program effectiveness is embedded in methodological considerations. Some reviewersFootnote 184 insist on stringent methodological standards for judging the acceptability of evaluation research. However, as Palmer (1991:340) notes, most of the research simply does not meet \"excellent or near-perfect designs and analyses\" but on the \"on the surface at least, seem to meet long-established standards of scientific adequacy\". The merits of relaxing scientific standards have been identified elsewhereFootnote 185 but ultimately, programs without sound evaluation are likely to fade after several years even in the face of high praise and legitimacy, and \"[i]n the long run, sound evaluation may be among the surest bases for a program's deserved confidence and survival\".Footnote 186\nWhile the resurgence of rehabilitation in the eighties has been based on less than ideal methodological standards of evaluation research, cumulatively, the literature does produce a promising impression of program effectiveness; in some instances it shows recidivism reduction as high as 80 percent. Instead of asking whether rehabilitation works, researchers are now concerned with the specific conditions that are conducive to success.Footnote 187 Those factors which have been associated with program ineffectiveness are discussed next.\nLow correctional intervention efficacy has been attributed to implementation and/or principles. First, correctional officials have been notoriously poor at fully implementing and maintaining programs. The perceived failure of diversion programs, for example, was due not to their fundamental theoretical base but rather to their \"abysmal quality\" of delivery. Reasons for poor implementation include the primacy of security concerns, general mistrust and suspicion of programs, and insufficient support and involvement from all correctional levels as well as from the community and other external institutions.Footnote 188\nVarious principles endorsed and practised by correctional programs have also been related to failure. Gendreau, Cullen, and Bonta (1994) report from their literature reviews and documented clinical experience a number of ineffectual program principles. Programs that target low — risk offenders; cater to non-criminogenic behaviour (e.g., anxiety); use traditional Freudian psychodynamic and other nondirective therapies; take traditional medical model or subcultural and labelling approaches; or use deterrence or punishment strategies appear unsuccessful. Other factors related to program failure identified in the literature include program discontinuity between the institution and the community; an inadequate theoretical base; and the indifferentiation of inmates according to individual needs and subsequent inappropriate intervention placement .\nThe factors related to program effectiveness obviously stem, in part, from the determination of what does not work. Thus, interventions that are structurally linked with the community (i.e., family, schools, employers, social service agencies, neighbourhood organizations and community-based interventions) tend to be more successful because they maintain some continuity of institutional program conditions once the offender is released.Footnote 189 Further, given the low level of public understanding of the criminal justice system and its response to criminal offenders,Footnote 190 a more informed public would likely increase program acceptability and public participation, especially with respect to community-based corrections. Lastly, jurisdictional diversity necessitates cultural, geographic, socio-economic, and political considerations in correctional programming. The more successful community programs, for example, have significant community input and participation and strive to reflect local customs and practices.Footnote 191\nSeveral principles have been associated with effectiveness of correctional programs. First of all, programs must be properly administered and implemented. All program personnel should be intimately involved in operations, and program contingencies should be maintained in a firm but fair manner. Moreover, therapists should be motivated and receive appropriate training and supervision which, among other things, encourages the modelling of anticriminal attitudes and behaviour. There should also be a co-operative and supportive climate among correctional and administrative staff who are committed to and supportive of treatment.Footnote 192\nA sound conceptual model of criminality is also associated with program efficacy. Such a model determines the process by which the intervention should follow (i.e., intermediate and primary targets) and the techniques that should be employed. Programs taking a social cognitive theoretical approach are the most promising.Footnote 193 Social cognitive skills training seeks to correct fundamental reasoning deficits, often characterized by limited, narrow perspectives, egocentricity, impulsivity, and concrete thinking, which are essential to social adaptation.Footnote 194 Antonowicz and Ross (1994) report recent social cognitive interventions showing a 60 to 70 percent recidivism reduction in high risk penitentiary inmates, drug-abusing offenders, and high-risk. Furthermore, while behavioural programs have produced mixed results, those incorporating a cognitive component, focusing on attitudes, values, and beliefs that support antisocial behaviour, are more likely to be effective.Footnote 195 The literature also suggests that part of breaking patterns of antisocial thought and behaviour includes the disruption of the offender's criminal network by the program and its activities. Indeed, as found, prison programs can be effective if they are isolated from the antisocial prison subculture.Footnote 196\nThe recognition of individual differences among offenders has produced some promising results.Footnote 197 More specifically, offenders differ in risk, needs and responsivity to programs, and they should be matched accordingly with appropriate levels of service.Footnote 198 Level of risk has been found to correlate noticeably with program outcome. Generally, more intensive services in terms of time and overall duration should be provided for higher risk offenders although Antonowicz and Ross (1994:101) found no significant difference between high and low-risk offenders in their responses to varying service intensity levels. They suggest, \"[S]uccess can be found with both high and low-risk offenders\".This may be due to the federal sample who are typically higher risk offenders in Canada.\nPrograms should also differentiate between criminogenic and noncriminogenic needs, targeting the former. These are dynamic factors known to be related to recidivism such as antisocial attitudes and peer association which can be changed. In contrast, little can be done about static variables like age and previous convictions.Footnote 199 Lastly, offenders also differ in their responsiveness to certain programs. The style and mode of treatment, therefore, should correspond with the learning characteristics of the offender. This entails matching offender learning styles and personality with the program and the therapist, as well as fitting the therapist with the type of program.Footnote 200\nWhile each of the factors identified above has been individually linked to program effectiveness, their real power lies in their unity and combination. The literature suggests that a multi-faceted approach whereby comprehensive programs address each of the offender's major problem areas in an integrated manner can be very successful. This requires using an array of techniques, as opposed to a single technique, that reflect offenders' individual characteristics. Finally, interventions should be adequate in duration and if possible, administered in an environment that is isolated from the general population.Footnote 201\nFemale Offender Needs\nThere is a paucity of literature regarding the effectiveness of various prison and community-based interventions for female offenders. In addition, as Kendall (1993a) observed in her review of the literature on therapeutic services for women in prison, very little information exists about the diversity of incarcerated women with respect to race, social status, physical health and sexual orientation. Research on correctional interventions tend to be androcentric. The addictions research, for example, has traditionally been oriented toward white males, ignoring gender differences in drug use such as women tending to use more than one drug.Footnote 202\nCorrectional classification systems too may be inappropriate for the female inmate population. Schafer and Dellinger (1993), for example, report that jail classification systems have been applied almost exclusively to men, with women simply being classified as a single category. Moreover, they found major demographic differences between female and male offenders in jail, such as women being more likely to have children and to be unemployed at the time of arrest, indicating that classification schemes based on men would be inappropriate for women. Data from the United States also reveals that prison health services for women are inadequate.Footnote 203 Kendall's (1993b) program evaluation of women's therapeutic services at the Prison for Women has highlighted other deficiencies in services for incarcerated women.Footnote 204 These include a lack of choice in program participation, of therapists, and of programs which reflect their needs (e.g., substance abuse, cultural, survivor abuse, anger management). There is also a lack of post-release assistance that links released offenders with community services.\nThe inadequacies of correctional programming are based in part on the special or different needs of women offenders. Some of the needs identified in the literature include a need for greater autonomy in prison activities and program decisions; developmental and practical skills training (e.g., assertiveness and vocational training); and increased contact with children.Footnote 205 In addition, correctional programming and practitioners should be sensitive to the life experiences of women, which can often involve situations of disempowerment, physical and sexual abuse, drug abuse, sexism, racism and low socio-economic status.Footnote 206\nThe current program response to the concerns about women offenders has been based on principles of feminist therapy. Feminist therapy seeks to contextualize women's criminal behaviour within their life experiences and the society in which they live. In doing so, it aims to empower women by assisting them in identifying and increasing their strengths and abilities to direct their own lives.Footnote 207 The limited research on individual and group therapies rooted in principles of empowerment has shown some success within prison conditions in improving women's sense of worth, self-concept, and control, and their prison adjustment and coping. Moreover, as Kendall (1993b) found in her survey of inmates in the Prison for Women, there is a general satisfaction with therapeutic groups (e.g., Peer Support Team) that emphasize self-empowerment, active participation, and connection with others. Unfortunately, long-term data on female offenders' post-release behaviour is unavailable.\n3. Aboriginal Treatment/Programming Approaches\nFor the past two decades in Canadian corrections aboriginal offenders have been identified as a group with special needs. This has come about for two reasons. The first is the over-representation of aboriginal people as offenders in the correctional system; the second is the recognition of the special status of aboriginal people and of aboriginal culture within the Canadian state. The assumption that disruption and loss of culture are at the heart of the over-representation phenomenon has led to the belief that a renewal in culture is the solution to the over-representation problem. This has been strongly influenced by the politics of self-government, where cultural distinctiveness is an integral component.\na) The Philosophy of Aboriginal-Specific Programs\nLegal rights of aboriginal people in Canada as set out in the Constitution Act, 1982, the recognition of special needs of aboriginal offenders, and social and cultural isolation among aboriginal inmates underscore the creation of aboriginal-specific programs.Footnote 208 These initiatives were preceded by the Native inmate self-help movement in institutions which resulted in the formation of Brotherhoods and Sisterhoods. The contemporary Native Liaison Program which operates in provincial, territorial and federal institutions found its antecedents in the Native Liaison Support System of the early 1970's and grew into a network of organizations and agencies across Canada. The major aboriginal activity areas are community supervision and support, community outreach, counseling, case management facilitation, cultural sensitization, healing, cultural affirmation and training/education.Footnote 209\nThe CSC aboriginal program approach can best be described as cultural/spiritual in nature, with an added emphasis on facilitating the release of aboriginal offenders and connecting them to communities. Underlying the approach is the belief that unique solutions are required to reflect the unique cultural backgrounds of aboriginal inmates, and that loss or lack of cultural roots and identity are the primary causes of involvement in the criminal justice system. Most provinces and territories have followed the same path in developing and implementing programs for aboriginal inmates in their institutions. The emphasis on the cultural and spiritual has resulted in a group rather than an individual approach. Aboriginal-specific programs, such as bush camps and Community Residential Centers, have generally adopted the same philosophy.\nIn 1985 in recognition of the importance of traditional culture and values a policy on Aboriginal spirituality was set out by CSC, and in 1987, a policy on \"Native Offender Programs\" was instituted. In the same year the CSC established the Task Force on Aboriginal People's in Federal Corrections to examine the process which aboriginal offenders go through from admission to warrant expiry date. It also examined offender needs and how to improve their chances for social reintegration. With the submission of the final report, significant efforts were made to develop aboriginal programming and services on a national basis. The Task Force on Community and Institutional Programming (1990), supported the goals of the Task Force of Aboriginal Peoples in Federal Corrections.Footnote 210\nThe most recent Commissioner's Directive (CSC, 1995c) on Aboriginal Programming has five policy objectives relating to the cultural practices and individual rights of aboriginal offenders. It also contains a list of institutional responsibilities for ensuring these policy objectives are met. The Directive dictates that aboriginal-specific programs shall replace regular programs under prescribed conditions such as where other offenders are lacking sensitivity to aboriginal offenders, where language is a factor, and where there are differences in cultural approaches to learning. Aboriginal initiatives are, however, organized on an institution-by-institution basis and usually co-ordinated at the regional level. There is, as a result, considerable institutional variation in programs and program delivery. The roles and responsibilities of those designated to deliver programs such as liaison workers and spiritual advisors are not always clearly defined.Footnote 211\nUnder the terms of the Corrections and Conditional Release Act (1993), CSC shall \"provide a range of programs designed to address the needs of [Aboriginal] offenders and contribute to their successful reintegration into the community\".Footnote 212 This Act is the only piece of correctional legislation in Canada which provides special enabling provisions for the delivery of aboriginal corrections programs and services. Care and custody of aboriginal offenders can be transferred to an aboriginal community or organization with the Minister's approval.\nBoth CSC and the National Parole Board have Advisory Committees which advise the respective services on aboriginal issues. Both have mission statements and policies which address issues relating to the social and cultural differences of offenders. In 1985, CSC created the Division of Native and Female Offender Programs. It also established the office of Corporate Advisor, AboriginalCorrectional Programs, to monitor and act as a catalyst for aboriginal programs and to liaise with communities. CSC expanded the Commissioner's Directive on Aboriginal Offender Programs to include protections for cultural expression. CSC is also in the process of collecting information on aboriginal inmates for purposes of needs identification and program planning. The purpose of the National Symposium on the Care and Custody of Aboriginal Offenders (1995) was to acquaint aboriginal communities with the reintegrative and other needs of offenders. Because of limited evaluation material, however, it is difficult to adequately assess the impact of aboriginal policies and programs.\nSome jurisdictions (e.g. Ontario, Alberta, B.C.) have designated aboriginal justice branches or directorates and may even have policies which emphasize the needs of certain aboriginal groups, such as those residing in the north. By and large, aboriginal-specific institutional and community correctional programs for aboriginal offenders in provinces and territories follow the same general philosophy as at the federal level. The differences lie in the number of aboriginal-specific programs offered. Some jurisdictions have also adopted more of a generalist approach to programming, others have adopted a more cultural, aboriginal-specific approach.\nAboriginal-specific programs offered to aboriginal offenders within CSC regions include among others, Native Liaison Services, Traditional Spiritual Practices, Substance Abuse Treatment, Aboriginal Literacy, Aboriginal Cultural Skills, Native Life Skills Training, Sacred Circles, Native Awareness, Community Reintegration, Sweat Lodge Ceremonies, Aboriginal Language and Family Violence programs. Not all programs are in all regions. For example, a New Life Program is offered at Edmonton Institution, Ontario Region has conducted aboriginal pilot projects at Frontenac and Collins Bay institutions; and a Native Studies Program is in place in Stony Mountain. CSC has also entered into an agreement with the Native Courtworkers and Counselors of B.C. for the training of twenty-six sex offender counselors in the hopes of providing a culturally appropriate response.Footnote 213\nIn 1989, the Task Force on Federally Sentenced Women recommended the creation of a Healing Lodge for federally sentenced aboriginal females to be located in Saskatchewan on the Nekaneet Reserve. The site selection followed the Task Force report. Planning for the 30 bed establishment was undertaken jointly by CSC and representatives of the band. The central program of the Healing Lodge, which officially opened in September 1995, is aboriginal healing, where traditional practices are used. It incorporates the concept of teaching by example and role modeling. Staff will participate in a full alcohol abuse program (as alcohol abuse is a major problem for aboriginal females offenders), and a training phase, which focuses on aboriginal-specific intervention strategies and maintaining one's emotional balance and mental health.Footnote 214\nGeneral programs offered by provincial/territorial corrections include literacy, substance abuse, anger management, job training, life skills and education programs. In some jurisdictions these may be aboriginal-specific but this is not uniformly the case. Sometimes aboriginal components are attached to the more general programs, such as those for batterers and sex offenders. In some provinces such as Ontario, Native Inmate Liaison Workers deliver programs. Aboriginal-specific approaches include land-based, sweat lodge, healing circle, elders, prison liaison, aboriginal female, spiritual, visitation, counseling, and traditional remedies programs, among others. Again, these are not uniformly in all institutions, and some jurisdictions have much more extensive aboriginal — specific programming than others.\nMany jurisdictions have policies regarding the hiring of aboriginal staff and cross-cultural training of non-aboriginal staff working with aboriginal offenders. General programs include fine option, restitution, community service, bail supervision, intensive probation and attendance centres. These are not uniformly in all provinces and territories. Some programs are aboriginal-focused, such as reserved-based community participation programs in Manitoba. There is also wide diversity of aboriginal-specific community correctional programs. These include the Forensic Behavioural Management Clinic run by the Native Clan Organization in Winnipeg for the assessment and treatment of sex offenders; native justice workers in B.C., the Blood Tribe Corrections program, the Metis Nation Elders Visitation program, the Yellowhead Tribal and Tsuu T'ina Community Corrections programs in Alberta, and the Native Community Corrections Workers and native family violence services in Ontario. There are some aboriginal-specific Community Correctional Centres — Stan Daniels in Edmonton, Waseskun House in Montreal, AIMS House in Vancouver and Community Resource Centres in Red Lake and Fort Albany in Ontario. All provide space for both federal and provincial offenders. There are a variety of Community Justice Workers who assist with bail, probation and parole supervision.\nDespite the length of time aboriginal programs have been offered, there has been little monitoring of the delivery of programs. Nor have there been program reviews or evaluations and follow up with individuals who have participated in and/or completed them. Notwithstanding the absence of monitoring and evaluation, there is an entrenched belief that \"aboriginal inmates respond more readily to culturally relevant programs and services than to general programs and services\".Footnote 215 The evidence for this is often anecdotal and often put forward by the people who write policy or deliver programs. At the same time, some inmates claim to have benefited considerably from the cultural and spiritual programs.Footnote 216 However, on release there has been little follow-up regarding involvement in similar programs on the outside or on re-offending. Grobsmith (1989:295) argues that in the U.S. \"the increase in popularity of indigenous cultural activities for prison rehabilitation is occurring nationwide, and its effect on lowering recidivism rates of Native American offenders will need to be systematically evaluated over the next few years\". This is also true in Canada.\nTwo aboriginal-specific institutional programs that have recently undergone preliminary evaluations are the Native Offender Substance Abuse Pre-Treatment Program and the Aboriginal Offender's Pilot project. The first is a pre-substance abuse treatment program designed exclusively for native offenders and delivered in an institutional setting. The second is an institutional follow-up of offenders who participated in cultural programs. Neither evaluation involved follow-up on release. They did, however, provide useful information about the programs, primarily from the perspective of participants and program personnel. One of the most important findings was that the Substance Abuse Pre-Treatment Program attracted aboriginal offenders with very serious alcohol problems.\nThe evaluation of the Aboriginal Offender's Pilot project in the Ontario Region also shows promising results. It concluded that specific programs and activities had a significant impact in changing offender's attitudes (particularly toward their culture) and behaviour and created a safer institutional environment. It concluded further that cultural awareness made workers more effective, and that aboriginal employees were better able to meet the needs of aboriginal offenders. However, the evaluation cautioned that much still needs to be done in co-ordination of services, programming and the development of community facilities.\nThe evaluations of these two programs provide support for Grobsmith's contention that culturally-specific alcohol programs will be more effective for aboriginal offenders than mainstream ones like AA. The limitation of the evaluations is the lack of follow-up after the completion of the program or post-release. Thus, it is difficult to know if cultural content or other aspects of the program (i.e., the fact that all participants were native so the degree of comfort was high; the program was non-threatening in terms of knowledge or competition with other participants, etc.) produced the results. It is also important to determine if greater awareness of culture and improved institutional behaviour translate into improved behaviour on release.\nIn Edmonton, the Stan Daniels Correctional Centre (CRC) for federally and provincially released aboriginal offenders has also been evaluated. Ex-residents, in addition to staff and residents, were interviewed about their perceptions of staff and programs. The objectives of the program are to assist offenders identify their needs, and to ensure offenders adhere to the conditions of release. While residents generally approved of the atmosphere and the aboriginal focus of the Centre, it is unclear how much this reflects having a \"therapeutic community\" to which they belong and how much it reflects the cultural/spiritual components of the program. Concerns expressed about the Centre were that there was not enough assistance with employment, programs or family and community involvement. Although ex-residents were interviewed, there is no follow-up information on re-offending.\nSummary and Considerations\nThe extent to which the existing aboriginal-specific programs accommodate findings about program effectiveness for the general offender population such as correcting fundamental reasoning deficits through social cognitive skills training, recognition of individual differences among offenders, more intensive services for higher risk offenders, corresponding style and mode of treatment to the learning characteristics of offenders, the integration of programs to address each of the offenders' problem areas, proper implementation and administration of programs, and interventions that are structurally linked with the community, is an empirical question for which no clear answer exists. Nor is there adequate information about the degree to which aboriginal-specific programs incorporate components of effective approaches for females, substance abuse and sex offenders.\nThere is also a lack of information about the general value of mainstream programs for aboriginal offenders. For specific problems such as alcohol abuse, some support exists for the adoption of a culture approach. Grobsmith (1989) cites a number of American studies which claim success in achieving sobriety by using cultural rather than the standard AA approaches, although no information about evaluation questions or methodology is presented. Substance abuse, particularly of alcohol, is a major criminogenic factor for aboriginal offenders, and it seems clear that any successful correctional program must address this area. Beyond substance abuse and recent findings about the value of cognitive training for federal aboriginal offenders, however, it is not clear which should be the \"core programs\" for aboriginal offenders, nor how best to intervene with them. The end result is that important issues about aboriginal-specific programming remain unanswered.\nOne of these issues is the meaning of \"culturally appropriate\" given the diversity of the aboriginal experience in Canada and of aboriginal offenders themselves. This leads to further questions: Is there a common cultural denominator to which all aboriginal offenders can subscribe? If so, how and by whom is this cultural content determined? How and by whom is the legitimacy of spiritual healers, elders and other deliverers of spiritual programs established? Are practices specific to one cultural group, such as sweat lodges, widely accepted by aboriginal offenders of different cultural groupings? Do aboriginal offenders who have been exposed to spirituality in the institutions return to families/communities who share these spiritual values?\nA third issue is the needs of offenders. There is some evidence from existing research that aboriginal inmates are more dysfunctional than non-aboriginal inmates on a number of personal and socio-economic dimensions.Footnote 217 In an article on alternative treatment approaches for aboriginal sex offenders, Ellerby (1995) writes \"While most of the offenders we see present with multiple problem areas, this has been particularly apparent among the aboriginal offenders we have assessed and treated. Issues such as substance abuse, histories of abandonment, dislocation, victimization, and identity issues are prominent and likely to contribute to the observed differences in treatment outcome\". Should programming pay more attention to these differences and emphasize preparing aboriginal offenders for programs, whether aboriginal-specific or mainstream? One reason for the high attrition of aboriginal offenders from, or their refusal to become involved in mainstream programs, may be their lack of preparation and reluctance to participate in them. Are needs of aboriginal offenders primarily cultural or do they reflect a degree of personal dysfunction more extreme than for the non-aboriginal offender? Does a policy of \"culturally-specific\" programming inhibit aboriginal participation in mainstream programs which might be beneficial?\nOther important issues include: How much does aboriginal-specific programming reflect the desires and needs of aboriginal offenders as identified by them and how much does it reflect a larger aboriginal political/service delivery agenda? Does the group approach effectively address individual needs and if so, which components and how? How well defined are the goals and objectives of aboriginal-specific programs? How integrated are aboriginal and mainstream programming? What are the benefits/costs of this kind of integration? Do aboriginal-specific programs create racial tensions in institutions? What proportion of aboriginal offenders participate in aboriginal-specific programs? Why do some aboriginal offenders not participate?\nThere is also the issue of the commitment of institutions to aboriginal-specific programming. For example, the review of the literature on program effectiveness suggests that programs should be properly administered and implemented; therapists should be motivated and well-trained; and there should be a co-operative and supportive climate among correctional and treatment/program personnel. Program ineffectiveness, on the other hand, has often been the result of the primacy of institutional and security concerns, general mistrust of programs, and insufficient support from all correctional levels, the community and external institutions. Does isolating aboriginal programs make it easier to underfund and neglect them? Has there been adequate monitoring of the delivery and quality of aboriginal-specific programming? What are the attitudes and concerns of institutional administrators toward aboriginal-specific programming and how does this vary, if at all, by make-up of inmate population? Without addressing these questions there is the potential for programming to be piece-meal and for disparity in access to these programs for aboriginal offenders.\nEvaluations of the impact of cultural specific and/or mainstream programming on institution and release activities of aboriginal offenders should, at a minimum, explore the length and type of cultural and/or other programming to which the offender is exposed and evaluate the following accordingly: whether objectives of each program have been met; offender interest and involvement in programs; offender's institutional behaviour with participation in programs; linking of cultural programs with other institutional programs such as education and employment; re-offending over various time periods; potential for inmate to continue programs when released (i.e., the availability of external programs); the offender's ability to integrate into family and community; community support and recognition of cultural/spiritual change in offender; community support for content of cultural/spiritual programming; and offender participation in programs such as employment, education, recreation etc. Evaluations of cultural-specific and other programs for females in Healing Lodges and other correctional facilities, should be measured against their own specific program objectives as well as against the needs of females inmates as identified in the general literature — those of education and training, relationships with children, drugs and alcohol, and exposure to emotional, physical and sexual abuse.\nFigure V. 1 Security Classifications for Aboriginal and Non-Aboriginal Federal Offenders, 1995\n(Source: York: 7)\nThere are two pie charts pictured above, the top chart shows the breakdown of Aboriginal offenders by security classification: Nine point two percent (9.2%) in Minimum Security; Forty-seven point six percent (47.6%) Medium Security; Eight point six percent (8.6%) Maximum Security; Zero point one percent (0.1%) Special Handling Unit; and Thirty-four point four percent (34.4%) not classified. The bottom chart shows the breakdown of non-Aboriginal offenders by security classification: Sixteen point eight percent (16.8%) in Minimum Security; Fifty percent (50%) Medium Security; Ten point eight percent (10.8%) Maximum Security; Zero point two percent (0.2%) Special Handling Unit; and Twenty-two point one percent (22.1%) not classified\nPART VI:CORRECTIONAL PERSONNEL AND INMATE SURVEY RESULTS\nThe results of two of the surveys conducted during the course of this research — correctional personnel and aboriginal inmates — are reported below. There is variance in perceptions and opinions about programs and needs between correctional personnel and inmates, and among some groups of inmates themselves.Footnote 218 This suggests there is not the degree of consensus about the focus and direction of aboriginal programming or the homogeneity of aboriginal offenders as are commonly believed.\n1. Correctional Personnel\nApproximately 150 federal, provincial and territorial correctional personnel were surveyed about various aspects of aboriginal corrections. The majority of responses came from people working in correctional institutions — 41% from federal and 57% from provincial corrections. Respondents had worked an average of 15 years in corrections, mainly in aboriginal and non-aboriginal programs, and while most had worked with aboriginal males, one-third had experience with both males and females. They represented all provinces and territories except the N.W.T., but the lowest response rate was from the Atlantic provinces and the Yukon. Perceptions of problems facing offenders and their views concerning the most useful programs for addressing these problems were elicited.\nThe analysis of the correctional personnel questionnaire will be broken into the following sections: similarities and differences among offenders; assessment and classification of inmates; programs, services and needs (institutional and release and post-release); and, reintegration.\nSimilarities and Differences Among Offenders\nWhen asked \"What are the similarities between aboriginal offenders and non-aboriginal offenders\", the responses in order of importance were as follows:\n- drug and alcohol problems/addictions (25%),\n- poor upbringing (15%)\n- commit similar offenses (13%)\n- lack of education (12%)\n- poverty (10%).\nWhen asked about the differences between aboriginal and non-aboriginal offenders, the major responses were:\n- 22% of the respondents stated that aboriginal offenders were more shy/non-assertive;\n- 16% indicated there was a culture difference;\n- 14% stated aboriginal offenders had more substance abuse problems;\n- 12% thought aboriginal offenders have more family problems and the remaining respondents identified other problems.\nWhen asked about the differences among aboriginal offenders, 50% thought culture and beliefs, 14% languages, and 11% tribes or clans distinguished aboriginal offenders. Eighty-eight percent (88%) believed differences between aboriginal and non-aboriginal offenders were important to identify for programming purposes. Seventy-one percent (71%) thought inmates adjust differently to incarceration, and 66% felt there were different adjustments to community corrections for aboriginal and non-aboriginal offenders.\nWhen asked to identify the best way to distinguish similarities and differences among offenders for purposes of treatment/programming, 41% of respondents said better intake assessment, 28% thought there was a need to consult with elders and/or communities, 19% felt offenders should be consulted.\nAssessment and Classification of Inmates\nAssessment and classification questions evoked some interesting responses. When asked \"Are aboriginal offenders accurately assessed at intake regarding their program needs\", 55% of respondents replied in the positive; 10% said sometimes, and 32% said no. Of respondents who felt aboriginal offenders were not accurately assessed, 31% believed elders should be involved in assessments, 29% thought assessment should involve a traditional component, and 20% believed a better assessment was generally needed. Sixty-nine percent (69%) thought aboriginal offenders were properly security classified. Eighty percent (80%) did not believe aboriginal offenders were incarcerated for less serious offenses than non-aboriginal offenders.\nPrograms, Services and Needs\nRespondents were asked about problems and needs of offenders, the most useful programs, and program delivery. When asked \"What are the greatest problems facing all offenders\", the responses were as follows:\n- lack of education (18%)\n- lack of job skills (15%)\n- lack of family support/poverty (15%)\n- drug and alcohol problems (13%)\n- lack of self-esteem (12%).\nOnly 5% of respondents considered beliefs and values the greatest problem.\nIn posing a similar question about the greatest problems facing aboriginal offenders, respondents reported:\n- lack of family support/poverty (17%)\n- lack of education (16%)\n- lack of self-esteem (12%)\n- drug and alcohol problems (12%)\n- lack of job skills (12%)\n- lack of traditional values (8%).\nSix percent (6%) reported lack of beliefs and values, 3% discrimination and 2% language.\nWhen asked \"Which programs are most useful for aboriginal offenders?\" the findings are as follows:\n- cultural/elder programs (43%)\n- anger management/living skills/self-awareness programs (21%)\n- alcohol treatment programs (18%)\n- education programs(10%).\nThe major gaps for aboriginal offenders were considered to be education, lack of community involvement/commitment to offenders and unqualified staff delivering programs. Generally, there was an emphasis on the need for qualified staff to be delivering all programs. When asked if aboriginal inmates were properly assessed in regard to their needs, only 55% gave a positive response.\nWhen asked about the most useful programs for non-aboriginal offenders, respondents replied:\n- anger management/living skills/ self-awareness (29%)\n- drug and alcohol treatment (24%)\n- counseling (14%).\n- education (13%).\nOnly 5% considered cultural/spiritual programming most useful for non-aboriginal offenders.\nWhen asked about the most valuable programs for aboriginal offenders, 48% thought aboriginal-specific/cultural programs most important and approximately the same percentage thought these programs changed the behaviour of aboriginal offenders. However, when asked which programs reduced re-offending for all offenders, only 16% considered aboriginal-specific/cultural programs most effective. The emphasis for all offenders was on cognitive skills, substance abuse, anger management, skills and education programs. Two-thirds of respondents thought mainstream programs useful for aboriginal offenders, and 80% thought aboriginal programs would be useful for non-aboriginal offenders. The reasons given for aboriginal offender reluctance to participate in mainstream programs were personal choice and the fact that the programs were acultural. Over one-third thought non-aboriginal offenders were not welcome in aboriginal programs.\nOne-quarter of respondents considered the fit between programs and needs to be poor; percent (44%) thought it was good or fairly good, and 33% thought the fit was only \"O.K.\". Nearly two-thirds believed there were differences in the way various groups use institutional programs, primarily because different cultures need different programs. Sixty-seven percent (67%) thought aboriginal offenders need culture awareness programs. When asked, \"Do aboriginal-specific programs change the behaviour of offenders\", 45% responded in the affirmative, 38% said sometimes, and 15% no. However, only 29% of respondents thought cultural/spiritual programs changed the behaviour of non-aboriginal offenders and 45% said sometimes. Two-thirds of respondents believed mainstream programs useful for aboriginal offenders. Eighty percent of respondents considered aboriginal programs useful for non-aboriginal offenders.\nWhen asked about necessary changes for aboriginal offenders in institutions, nearly 76% of respondents replied \"better programs\". This suggests that respondents felt programs could and should be improved which underscores the need for better monitoring and evaluation of existing programs. A higher proportion (76%) of respondents felt mainstream staff were better qualified than aboriginal program staff (61%). However, there was considerable support (76%) for the concept of aboriginal staff delivering programs for aboriginal offenders.\nRelease and Post-Release:\nFifty-three percent of respondents believed aboriginal offenders are released at the same rate as non aboriginal offenders. Of those who considered release more difficult for aboriginal offenders, 40% felt it was because there was no community support, 18% because aboriginal offenders committed more violent crimes, 18% thought aboriginal offenders were not assertive enough, and 15% believed it was because of lack of participation in programs. The groups facing the most difficulty with release are violent and sex offenders, in other words, high risk offenders and those without community supports.\nSeventy percent (76%) of respondents believed there was a difference between aboriginal and non-aboriginal offenders in their ability to formulate release plans. When asked about changes to improve the release of aboriginal offenders, the responses were as follows:\n- more community input (42%)\n- more community resources (20%)\n- greater involvement of elders (12%)\n- more post-release treatment (10%)\n- more options for offenders (10%).\nTwenty-four percent of respondents thought a community reintegration program the most useful pre-release program for aboriginal offenders, 20% suggested a drug and alcohol treatment program, 18% a release prevention program, and 12% cultural programs.\nWhat accounts for a successful release? Forty-one percent (41%) of respondents considered a successful release to occur when the offender is reintegrated, 23% when the behaviour of the offender changed, 15% when offender continued to get help, and 12% when offender had some plan or intention to reintegrate. Three-quarters considered substance abuse, anger management, sex offender treatment, cognitive skills, and education programs most useful in reducing re-offending. Only 17% identified aboriginal-specific programs.\nFor respondents, the most effective way for aboriginal offenders to achieve community re-integration is through support groups (40%), support from the band (12%), and having more resources (12%). The best way for an offender to achieve re-integration within the family is through family support (66%) and family counseling (25% ). In order to improve reintegration of offenders, 43% of respondents felt the community should help identify and develop resources in response to offender needs, 20% thought the community should work with offenders, 35% felt communities should accept and support offenders.\n2. Inmate Survey\nResponses were received from 502male aboriginal offenders in the three federal and three provincial prairie institutions to which questionnaires were sent — 252 from federal and 250 from provincial institutions.Footnote 219 An analysis of the responses follows. The general and the federal and provincial data are presented, followed by breakdowns of the sample by major residence of respondent (aboriginal, non-aboriginal and combination communities), education, age groups and number of times incarcerated, where significantFootnote 220.\nSeventy-five percent (75%) of respondents were Status Indians, 17% Metis, 9% non-Status and .4% Inuit. While 66% of respondents were originally from aboriginal communities, only one third had spent most of their lives on reserves, and another third in a combination of places. One quarter had spent most of their lives in cities and the rest ( 15%) in rural areas or small towns. More of the Status Indian group and federal offenders 18-23 years of age had spent the majority of their lives in aboriginal communities, but generally more inmates 18-29 were from non-aboriginal communities, and fewer were from a combination of communities. More of the non-Status/Metis group had also spent the majority of their lives in non-aboriginal communities. Provincial offenders were significantly younger and had less educationFootnote 221 than federal offenders. Inmates who had spent most of their lives in aboriginal communities also had less education.\nHistory of Incarceration\nThree-quarters of the sample had a previous incarceration but provincial offenders had significantly more — 69% had 3+ incarcerations as compared to 50% of federal offenders. Significantly more provincial offenders had their first incarceration in a youth facility as did those 18-23 years of age and those with 3+ incarcerations. More inmates who had spent their lives in combination communities had been incarcerated 3+ times and had their first incarceration in a youth facility. At the time of the survey, more federal inmates who spent their lives mainly in aboriginal communities were incarcerated for the first time. Nearly 70% of all inmates had served previous sentences in provincial institutions but significantly more provincial offenders had done so. One third of federal offenders had spent previous sentences in federal institutions as compared to only 5% of the provincial group.\nIn the questionnaire a distinction was made between greatest needs and more general needs. Employment and education were identified as their greatest need by the nearly two-thirds of all respondents. Employment as the greatest need was particularly significant for young (18-23) provincial inmates. Education and employment were followed by spirituality, culture, life skills, and reading as the greatest need. More federal than provincial offenders identified culture and spirituality as general needs. This may reflect the greater availability of these programs in federal institutions. More inmates from aboriginal communities, younger inmates and those incarcerated for the first time identified education and reading as needs, more from combination/non-aboriginal communities and federal offenders 30+ years of age identified spirituality as a need. More provincial inmates with 3+ incarcerations considered spirituality a need. More older provincial offenders (36+) identified alcohol and drug treatment as their greatest need; more federal inmates from mainly aboriginal communities considered education their greatest need. Those with less education were more likely to believe education and employment were their greatest needs.\nIdentification of Problems/Needs\nFifty-eight percent (58%) of all respondents identified having alcohol problems and 37% family problems. Generally more of the older group who spent most of their lives in aboriginal communities said they had alcohol problems, and this was particularly significant for provincial inmates. When asked if they felt their needs had been properly identified, 55% of all respondents saidcaseworkers and 50% said aboriginal workers had identified all or some of their needs.\nMore federal than provincial respondents said aboriginal workers identified their needs — nearly 60% as compared to 41%. Only 54% of federal offenders agreed with their formal assessments, 32% felt they were accurately security classified (generally fewer older federal inmates believed this), and 32% considered their needs were properly dealt with in the institution. However, nearly a third in each category also had no opinion which suggests that many may not have been assessed or classified at the time of the survey. Fewer of the 24-29 and 36+ groups believed their needs had been met. Fewer older, federal inmates who had 3+ incarcerations felt their needs had been met or they had received useful treatment in institutions. Those with less education were less likely to think their needs had been adequately identified.\nParticipation in Institutional Programs\nMore inmates participated 'a lot' or 'sometimes' in alcohol than in any other programs and more older than younger inmates participated; however, those with 3+ incarcerations participated less than those with one or two. 'A lot' or 'some' participation in programs ranged from 67% in alcohol/drug, 66% in spirituality/cultural, 57% in job placement, 56% in education, 53% in sweat lodges, 43% in literacy, 42% each in group counseling and life skills, 40% in individual counseling, 48% in 'other' aboriginal and 56% in other general programs. More federal offenders from aboriginal communities with one or two incarcerations participated 'a lot' in education programs; more federal offenders from non-aboriginal and combination communities participated in job-placement programs (which may reflect the recognition of enhanced job opportunities outside reserves). Except for job placement and other general programs where there were no significant differences between the two groups, more federal offenders participated 'a lot' in all the other programs. The difference in participating 'a lot' may reflect the fact that federal offenders spend longer periods of time in the institutions and are able to see positive results from programs. Provincial inmates with 3+ incarcerations are less likely to participate in programs even though all 3+ inmates felt less left out of programs than those incarcerated for the first or second time. Those with less education are less likely to participate in individual counseling programs.\nMore inmates from aboriginal communities did not participate in non-aboriginal programs because of shyness and feeling left out of programs. Fewer of the younger groups (18-29) in federal institutions participated in cultural/spiritual programs, sweatlodges, group or individual counseling as compared to the older inmates. Age differences were less extreme for participation in alcohol/drug programs. Fewer federal inmates who spent their lives mainly in aboriginal communities participated in group counseling.\nPerceptions About Program Participation\nForty-three percent (43%) of respondents said they were interested in participating in programs only if they were aboriginal-specific but when asked if they were interested in any programs that met their needs, 88% of the total sample said they were. More inmates from combination/non-aboriginal communities would participate in any program that met their needs as compared to those from aboriginal communities. The greater reluctance of inmates from aboriginal communities may be their shyness, feeling left out and/or concern about education and reading skills which may be required in programs. More federal inmates from combination communities felt more programs were required for aboriginal inmates whereas more from non-aboriginal communities felt all inmates needed more programs. Significantly more inmates from aboriginal communities believed there were enough programs for aboriginal inmates, although overall only 45% of the sample believed this. More of the group who had been incarcerated 3+ times felt additional programs were required.\nInterestingly, the majority of offenders did not say they were too shy to participate in, or felt left out of participating in programs that were not aboriginal-specific. However, one quarter of federal inmates said they were discouraged by staff from participating in programs that were not designed for aboriginal inmates, but 40% would not give an opinion to this question. Two-thirds felt non-aboriginal offenders could benefit from aboriginal programs, and 73% felt aboriginal offenders could benefit from general, non-aboriginal specific programs and that participation in programs should depend on what one needs. This latter view was held more strongly by provincial than by federal offenders, and by those with more incarcerations. However, only 33% of offenders felt the institutions provide all the necessary programs and nearly three-quarters felt that institutions require many more programs. This view was especially prevalent among provincial offenders and those with more incarcerations, fewer of whom also believed they received useful treatment in the institution. More young federal inmates and those less educated believed there were enough programs for aboriginal offenders.\nThe vast majority of inmates (82%) from both types of institutions said that aboriginal people from the outside come into institutions to deliver programs. Twice as many federal as provincial inmates said aboriginal programs in their institution were delivered by aboriginal people. While well less than half of the federal respondents said aboriginal staff understand their needs (41%), were well selected (39%), and well trained (44%), nearly one third of each group would not give an opinion to the question. Only 33% of provincial offenders believed aboriginal staff were well selected and trained. However, when asked if non-aboriginal staff were well-selected and trained, 30% of the total sample said yes, 33% no and the remaining third had no opinion. Only 28% believed non-aboriginal staff understood their needs. Younger inmates, those less educated and those serving their first or second sentences were more positive about both aboriginal and non-aboriginal staff.\nWhile 65% of respondents said they participated in pre-release programs participation was significantly higher for the federal group. However, three-quarters of those who participated completed the program. Fewer young provincial inmates participated in or completed pre-release programs. Inmates with less education were also less likely to complete release programs. Over 70% of all offenders believed aboriginal inmates require more programs to assist them with release and after release, and more of the older group held this view.\nInterestingly, three-quarters believed they had learned 'a lot' about themselves in the institution and 49% thought they received useful treatment — more federal than provincial offenders believed the latter which is consistent with their greater participation in programs. Another surprising finding was that 52% felt prepared to deal with society upon leaving the institution. However, significantly more inmates from aboriginal than non-aboriginal or a combination of communities believed this.\nAboriginal and Non-Aboriginal Needs\nNearly twice as many respondents (57%) believed aboriginal and non-aboriginal offenders have the same employment/education needs as compared to those that did not believe this (27%). However, when asked about family problems, only 38% agreed these were similar for both groups and significantly more federal and older offenders disagreed. Fifty-five percent (55%) believed the only differences between aboriginal and non-aboriginal offenders were cultural. However, 82% felt aboriginal and non-aboriginal offenders should be treated the same in institutions, and 55% felt staff did not treat the two groups the same.\nSome important findings have emerged from the analysis of correctional personnel and inmate surveys. These include similarities and differences in perceptions of programs, needs and other issues related to aboriginal offenders, as well as differences among aboriginal inmates themselves. These differences are critical to know if the needs of aboriginal inmates are to be met.\nThe main findings from the correctional personnel survey are that respondents believed there are similarities and differences between aboriginal and non-aboriginal offenders, and among aboriginal offenders themselves. Accurately documenting these requires better intake assessment, although the majority of respondents still believed aboriginal offenders were accurately assessed and security classified. Lack of education, job skills, family support and alcohol and drug abuse were considered the most serious problems facing all offenders. When asked specifically about aboriginal offenders there was a slight re-ordering with lack of family support/poverty emphasized. Cultural/spiritual needs were not identified as the greatest problem for aboriginal offenders by the majority of respondents, however, cultural/spiritual programs were identified as the most useful programs in meeting their needs and reducing re-offending. At the same time, respondents did not generally feel that spiritual programs would meet the needs or reduce re-offending for non-aboriginal offenders. Respondents felt better institutional and post-release programs were required for all offenders, aboriginal staff were somewhat less qualified than non-aboriginal staff, and aboriginal offenders had the same release rates as non-aboriginal offenders and any differences were attributed to seriousness of offence and lack of community support. Respondents felt aboriginal offenders require much more family and community support in order to achieve successful reintegration.\nThese findings suggest dissonance and some confusion in the minds of many respondents on a number of issues but particularly about problems and solutions for aboriginal offenders. There is more consistency between perceived problems and solutions for non-aboriginal offenders. This is true whether exploring needs while in institutions or programs which reduce re-offending. One explanation for the difference is that cultural programming for aboriginal offenders has become so entrenched that it was the most immediate response given and little else was considered.\nData from the inmate survey are particularly informative. Three-quarters of the male, aboriginal inmate respondents were Status Indian, from but not necessarily having spent most of their lives on reserves, with limited education and previous incarcerations. Provincial offenders are younger and have more previous incarcerations than federal offenders. Federal offenders had more access to programs than provincial offenders and participated more in them, particularly cultural/spiritual programs. Generally, inmates did not feel excluded from or shy about attending non-aboriginal programs. There was not high regard for selection and training of either aboriginal or non-aboriginal staff although it was somewhat higher for the former. Cultural/spiritual needs were identified by more federal inmates who also had greatest exposure to these programs. It may be more than a coincidence that those who have their needs identified by aboriginal workers also identify culture and spirituality as their greatest needs. However, employment, education were generally considered the greatest needs and alcohol the greatest problem.\nMost inmates felt any program that helped them was of value and that both aboriginal and non-aboriginal offenders could benefit from each other's programs but that there were not enough programs in institutions, particularly provincial ones. They believed they had the same education and employment needs as non-aboriginal inmates but different family situations and culture. There was some inconsistency between perceptions of problems, adequacy of and participation in programs, and learning about themselves in institutions and feeling prepared to re-enter society. Offenders do not participate heavily in programs in areas where they claim to have the greatest need (i.e. employment and education) or in counseling, yet a surprising number feel they have learned a lot about themselves and are prepared to re-enter society.\nAnalyzing inmate responses according to federal/provincial, home community, number of times incarcerated, education and age variables revealed the following: inmates who have spent most of their lives on reserves are less well educated, see education and reading as more important, are more reluctant to participate in general programs because of shyness and feeling left out, do not participate as much in group counseling, feel more accepted by family and community and ready to re-enter society. Those with less education were less likely to complete release programs, believed education and employment were their greatest needs, did not think their needs had been adequately identified, and were less likely to participate in individual counseling programs.\nInmates from combination and non-aboriginal communities tend to identify culture and spirituality more often as needs, and have been incarcerated more often. Older inmates and those who have been incarcerated several times are more negative about staff, programming, acceptance by family and community, release etc. and have more alcohol problems, especially if provincial offenders. More young inmates and those with 3+ incarcerations spent their first period of detention in a youth. More young inmates considered education and reading their greatest needs and regard staff more positively. Young federal offenders believed there were enough aboriginal-specific programs.\nThere are differences in both correctional personnel and inmate perceptions about levels of release, security classification, adequacy of assessments, family support and family problems, and aboriginal participation in non-aboriginal programming. There was agreement on need for more programs inside and outside institutions, use of aboriginal program people, limited qualifications of staff, and lack of community support.\nPART VII:THE FOUR R'S – RISK, RELEASE, RECIDIVISM AND REINTEGRATION\nThis section examines four of the most critical issues in aboriginal over-representation — risk, release, recidivism and reintegration. These factors, in conjunction with type of offence committed and admissions, are the most significant contributors to the over-representation phenomenon.\nPatterns of behaviour related to offending are repeated in prison. In a longitudinal study in Canadian penitentiaries, Zamble and Porporino (1990) found that prisoners responded similarly to a range of prison difficulties as they had to problems outside prison. Before conviction, their responses to problems often made matters worse. In prison, the structured environment meant they were less free to create problems for themselves, but their responses were often very similar despite the differences in problems which they encountered. They also found that previous offending and background measures were most strongly correlated with offending but so were some of their behavioural and attitudinal measures taken while in prison.\nA number of individual variables are thought to be related to recidivism. Some of these include the severity and extent of criminal history, procriminal attitudes, antisocial associates, troubled home life, and drug abuse.Footnote 222 According to most major reviews, type and frequency of past convictions emerge as the best predictors of recidivism.Footnote 223 Predicting recidivism, however, requires a move beyond the predictive power of single variables to classification systems which employ a number of factors. Leading the way are psychological, personality, and behavioural inventories that attempt to define certain offender \"types\" according to the aforementioned characteristics. It is now widely agreed that objective risk assessments are more accurate than subjective approaches even though there remains room for improvement.\nIn general, classification systems demonstrate some capacity for producing accurate inmate categorisations according to risk. Nonetheless, they are still far from perfect as the amount of variance in inmate misconduct that is unexplained by these systems considerably exceeds the amount of variance that is explained. Classification systems generally contain a number of variables for assessment. These frequently include severity of current offence and criminal history, prior commitments, escape history, time to expected release and institutional adjustment and disciplinary violations.Footnote 224\nThe predictive strength of these single variables would suggest a pessimistic view of the ability to successfully classify. However, when these variables are combined within a classification system, the results seem more promising. The Level of Service Inventory-Revised, one of the most extensive assessment tools, shows great potential. Briefly, the LSI-R is a standardized interview containing 54 items encompassing a wide range of offender attributes and situations such as criminal history, substance abuse, and employment. Respondents are scored 0 or 1 on the items; the higher the score, the greater the likelihood of institutional problems.Footnote 225 \"Overall, the available data suggest the LSI-R classification instrument yields impressive predictions of both in-program performance and post-program outcomes across a variety of groups and correctional settings\".Footnote 226 TheLSI-R demonstrates predictive validity in estimating prison infractions and reincarceration and the ability to divert inmates from institutional placements to halfway houses without increasing the risk to the community.Footnote 227\nThe importance of the assessment of dynamic risk factors, or criminogenic needs, is that thesefactors may serve as the appropriate targets for intervention and the monitoring of offender change. For example, procriminal attitudes and peers are hypothesized as important criminogenic needs where changing offender attitudes towards a more prosocial direction and shifting peer associations may result in lower recidivism, and offender rehabilitation research supports this claim.Footnote 228\nTo date, the risk/need assessment has been applied primarily by parole officers to federal offenders released under community supervision. In January 1995, CSC initiated administering the assessment to offenders at the beginning of their sentences but data are still limited. Table VII.1 (Community Risk/Need Assessment for Aboriginal and Non-Aboriginal Offenders Released on Full Parole, 1995) provides the results of community risk/need assessments for offenders released on full parole. A comparison between aboriginal and non-aboriginal offenders released on full parole or statutory release shows that the aboriginal group scores higher on the risk/need assessment. For example, 27.8% of aboriginal offenders released on parole were classified in the high risk/medium or high need categories. This is 12.3% higher than for non-aboriginal in these same categories. See page 104 for tables.\nThe same trend is evident for offenders on statutory release -10.7% more of the high risk aboriginal than the non-aboriginal group are so released (Tables VII.2&3 Community Risk/Need Assessment for Aboriginal and Non-Aboriginal Offenders on Statutory Release, 1995; & Summary of Combined Community Risk/Need Rating for Aboriginal and Non-Aboriginal Offenders, 1995). Aboriginal offenders are under-represented in release to community supervision. This appears to be related to risk/need factors.Footnote 229\nA critical issue for aboriginal corrections is the suitability of classification and risk prediction instruments for aboriginal offenders. There are suggestions that aboriginal-specific instruments are required.Footnote 230 A recent re-analysis of an existing datasetFootnote 231 revealed that a risk-need assessment instrument developed in Manitoba provided good to fair predictive validity for both aboriginal and non-aboriginal samples both at admission and probation termination. More aboriginal than non-aboriginal offenders were classified as high risk at admission and termination, and their risk levels improved less from admission to termination. Risk/need classification at admission and termination of probation showed Status Indians living off-reserve to have the highest scores.Footnote 232 However, while the sample living on-reserve had among the lowest risk scores they had among the highest reoffending scores. Thisindicates that reserves may have distinct and unique environmental characteristics which need to be reflected in the development of risk-need scales. Another important finding was that on some measures such as risk change from admission to termination and recidivism, the Metis/non-Status group was more similar to the non-aboriginal than the Treaty groups. This suggests that general scales are useful only for the general aboriginal group.\na) Who Gets Out of Prison?- Aboriginal and Non-Aboriginal Differences Federally Sentenced Offenders\nIt is long believed that lower parole release rates for aboriginal inmates are a major contributor to the disproportionate levels of aboriginal incarceration. Lower parole rates have been attributed to cultural insensitivity, lack of aboriginal parole board membership, inequalities aboriginal offenders face when appearing before the parole board, and the likelihood of aboriginal offender's relinquishing their right to be considered for parole.Footnote 233\nTo address the disparity in parole release rates between the two groups at the federal level, release preparation activities have been implemented by the National Parole Board in the past five years. These include the development of culturally sensitive assessments and the use of Elders for assessment and community consultations about the attitude of communities to the return of a releasee.Footnote 234 The National Parole Board has instituted a policy which involves elders assisting at aboriginal offenders parole hearings. What does current data tell us about aboriginal release rates? How effective are these release preparation and parole hearing activities?\nIn 1988, the Task Force on Aboriginal Peoples in Federal Corrections analyzed data from 1983-87, and reported that aboriginal offenders are less likely than other federal inmates to be released on parole. In 1983, 14.1% of aboriginal offenders were released on full parole but, by 1987, this had increased to 18.3%. The comparable non-aboriginal figures were 41.7% and 42.1%, respectively. In 1988, fully 11% more non-aboriginal than aboriginal offenders were serving sentences in the community.Footnote 235 How do these findings compare to more recent data?\nOn July 2, 1995, 64% of the federal offender population was incarcerated and 36% under community supervision, including day parole, full parole, statutory release or temporary release. Seventy-six percent (76%) of aboriginal and 62% of non-aboriginal offenders were incarcerated. Nearly 38% of non-aboriginal and 24% of aboriginal offenders were under some form of community supervision — a difference of 14%.Footnote 236 What accounts for this difference and the lack of change in aboriginal release levels since 1987?\nAs shown in Table VII.4 Type of Offence by Type of Release — Aboriginal, Caucasian and Black Offenders, 1995, in April 1995, 56% of caucasian, 56% of black and 43% of aboriginal offenders were on full parole; somewhat more caucasians were on day parole, more aboriginal offenders were on statutory release, and similar proportions of each group was revoked or suspended. This suggests that the discrepancy between aboriginal and non-aboriginal parole rates noted in 1987 remains. However, when release type by offence is analyzed, it shows that the violence category is responsible for the difference in lower levels of full and day parole for aboriginal offenders, and black and caucasian offenders have the same full parole rates. Further, Table VII.5 Ethnicity by Number of Days Released Past Full Parole Eligibility Date, 1995, examines mean number of days served prior and after Full Parole Eligibility Date (FPED). It shows that black offenders are released earlier than caucasians, but aboriginal offenders are released somewhat later than both groups. Taken together, these findings suggest that type of offence and not racial bias appears to be the reason for lower parole rates of aboriginal offenders. Aboriginal offenders receive shorter sentences than non-aboriginal offenders but are spending more time incarcerated because of more serious offences and higher risk for parole.\nOn average aboriginal offenders are serving 1.96 years before release and non-aboriginal offenders 2.30 years. This is directly related to the fact that aboriginal offenders are getting shorter sentences. However, when the sentence length is factored in with the amount of time served, aboriginal offenders are serving a greater proportion of their sentences.Footnote 237 These findings suggest that sentence length is a more important factor than race in determining amount of time served.\nIn exploring the correctional status of female offenders past their full parole eligibility date, 52% of aboriginal females were incarcerated as compared to 21% of non-aboriginal. This may be accounted for by the higher risk classifications and greater difficulty presented by aboriginal offenders in formulating release plans because of less education and fewer employment skills, fewer connections to family and communities, and personal problems. The CSC/National Parole Board, Final Draft Report on the Study of the Detention Provisions of the Corrections and Conditional Release Act, (1995:25) states that \"Aboriginal offenders are disproportionately represented in the detention referrals by virtue of the nature of their offences and the type of risk they present for re-offending (difficulty controlling violent offences combined with substance abuse problems)\". While referred for detention more frequently than non-aboriginal, aboriginal offenders were subject to be detained at initial and annual reviews at the same rate as non-aboriginal. Aboriginal offenders who were released were, however, significantly more likely to have their release revoked than non-aboriginal.\nTwo factors suggest significantly different reactions by aboriginal offenders after an initial detention decision. Reasons cited for initial NPB detention decision illustrate that the proportion of offenders who refused to participate in programs and the incidence of negative institutional behaviour were the same for aboriginal and non-aboriginal offenders prior to referral. The reasons cited for confirming a detention order at an annual review, however, reflected that the rate of refusal to participate in programs increased by 11% for the aboriginal group, while the increase for the non-aboriginal group was 3%. An even greater difference between the two groups was noted in negative institutional behaviour, increasing by nearly 15% for the aboriginal and 2% for the non-aboriginal group.Footnote 238\nTemporary absences are generally granted to offenders so they may leave the institution for a few hours or several days. Most are escorted. Temporary absences are often the first step in the process of conditional release. Grant and Porporino (1992) explored aboriginal /non-aboriginal differences in the granting of TAP's using 1986-1991 CSC data. They found that aboriginal offenders receive more than the expected number of compassionate and Family and Community contact TA's given their proportion of the inmate population. These findings, over time and controlling for violence and criminality variables, suggest aboriginal offenders are not being given more negative treatment in the granting of TA's, and, to some extent, may even be receiving preferential treatment.\nProvincially Sentenced Offenders\nThree of the five provinces from which data were requested, ¾ B.C., Saskatchewan and Manitoba ¾ provided information about the number of days actually served by aboriginal and non-aboriginal offenders. In all three provinces, aboriginal and non-aboriginal offenders served similar periods of times, despite the fact that aboriginal offenders generally received shorter sentences. In Manitoba, more offenders served sentences of 181 days or more (13%) as compared to 8.5% in each of the other two provinces.\nParole data from Ontario and B.C., revealed that parolees in B.C. were somewhat younger than the comparable group in Ontario, but more in Ontario were female. Parolees in B.C. had shorter periods of parole but in both provinces aboriginal offenders on parole had more previous contacts with the criminal justice system than the non-aboriginal group. The proportion of aboriginal offenders on parole in each province was similar to the proportion incarcerated.\nb) Correctional Personnel Perceptions About Release\nWhen correctional personnel respondents were surveyed about release, 47% thought aboriginal offenders were released as early as or earlier than non-aboriginal. For those aboriginal offenders who did not get early release, 55% of respondents believed it was because of seriousness of crimes (i.e., violent or sexual offences), and 20% because of lack of programs in aboriginal communities. More than two-thirds believed aboriginal offenders had more difficulty formulating release plans than non-aboriginal offenders. Three-quarters believed the difficulty stemmed from a lack of community, community support and/or community resources. Over 60% felt it was essential to focus on communities in order to facilitate release planning for aboriginal offenders. They believed this should be supplemented by long-term substance abuse treatment for offenders. One-quarter of the respondents thought pre-release and 42% thought after-care programs were essential in order to encourage and facilitate reintegration.\nBy contrast, nearly two-thirds of inmate respondents believed aboriginal offenders have more problems with release than do non-aboriginal and have more problems getting into community training programs. Significantly more of the older group with three or more incarcerations believed this. Only 1/3 thought there were enough programs for aboriginal offenders once released but less than 1/2 (48%) agreed that aboriginal programs are more useful in meeting the needs of aboriginal offenders than are general ones. Only 33% said they were able to continue cultural/spiritual programs upon previous release from institutions, and more of these were provincial inmates mainly from aboriginal communities with one or two incarcerations.\nc) Parole Revocation\nFederal data (July, 1995), reveal little difference between the number of terms served by aboriginal and non-aboriginal offenders. Over-all, aboriginal offenders have served a mean of 1.3 terms as compared to 1.4 for non-aboriginal offenders. There were no significant differences in aboriginal and non-aboriginal parole revocations within or among regions. This suggests that the Prairie Regions is not revoking parole more often than other regions as might be expected given the higher aboriginal incarceration level in that region.\nThe likelihood of a new conviction increases as the follow-up period of post-probation people increases. For example, in a recent study of risk classification in Manitoba involving provincial offenders, only a quarter of post-probationers were reconvicted in the first year of follow-up as compared to two-thirds by the fourth year.Footnote 239 The risk factors most associated with re-offending are time employed, attitude to probation, address changes, age, number and type of prior convictions and gender; the needs factors are marital/family relations, financial, emotional stability, mental ability, peers, alcohol/drugs, employment and academic vocational.\nIn Australia, Broadhurst (1992) found the factors which best predicted recidivism, other than race and gender, were age (the young do worse), length of incarceration and offence (more serious offences and those serving longer than six months did better), prior imprisonment (those with prior imprisonment did worse), type of release (participation in work release/parole did better) and employment and education status (those with jobs and qualifications did better). Accommodation, employment and cash on release had significant effects on lowering recidivism. People released to parole did better than those released to finite sentences or time served for fine default.\na) Aboriginal and Non-Aboriginal Recidivism\nRecidivism is a central issue to aboriginal over-representation. There is a growing body of data which shows aboriginal recidivism levels to be higher than those for non-aboriginal offenders.\nFindings from federal correctional populations suggest aboriginal offenders are at greater risk of re-offending than their non-aboriginal counterparts. Findings from Australia are similar.Footnote 240 In Canada, the likelihood of a male aboriginal revoking his parole is almost twice that of a male non-aboriginal (51% vs. 28%), and the likelihood of an aboriginal penitentiary releasee committing an indictable offence is 12 -19 percentage points higher. Aboriginal offenders also present higher risks with respect to recidivism for violent offences.Footnote 241\nIn analyzing federal correctional population data, found offence type, prior convictions, prior incarceration, age at first conviction and sentence length showed significant predictive validity for aboriginal inmates. Aboriginal inmates with shorter sentences were morelikely to recidivate than non-aboriginal with longer sentences.Footnote 242 Hann and Harman (1993) found the recidivism rate for the non-aboriginal group was 47% and for the aboriginal group 66%. Community risk/need assessments (administered by parole officers to offenders under community supervision) revealed that more aboriginal than non-aboriginal offenders on full parole were in the high/medium risk and high need categories. Recent data also reveal that 11% more aboriginal than non-aboriginal offenders on statutory release score in the high/medium risk and high need categories than non-aboriginal offenders.Footnote 243\nAboriginal and non-aboriginal re-offending patterns for provincial offenders are less clear. In studying inmates from three jails in Northern Ontario, Bonta (1989) found little difference between the reincarceration rates of the aboriginal and non-aboriginal groups. For example. one year after release, 43.8% of the aboriginal group was reincarcerated as compared to 42.3% of the non-aboriginal group. Nor did the aboriginal group pose a higher risk in terms of LSI-R risk scores. The main differences was that alcohol and drug use predicted parole violations and reincarceration for the aboriginal group, whereas for the non-aboriginal group it predicted reincarceration risk only.\nReintegration of the offender into the community where the community provides support and assistance should be a major focus of correctional policy. The positive effects of institutional programs will be wasted if follow-up programs are not available in the community. The need for aboriginal women to have community support when in the institution and to be near the community for purposes of reintegration, were major justifications for the need for the recently opened Healing Lodges. A community strategy to assist female offenders to integrate into communities upon release was viewed by members of the Task Force on Federally Sentenced Women as integral to meeting the long-term goal of creating choices for federally sentenced women.Footnote 244 However, there are some outstanding issues in relation to reintegration which are discussed below.\na) Needs of Aboriginal Offenders and Aboriginal Communities: What is the Fit?\nThere are two groups of constituents — aboriginal offenders and aboriginal communities, the needs and values of which any reform movement must address. The aboriginal justice discourse and pressures for correctional reform such as contained in the Corrections and Conditional Release Act (1992) and in various inquiries, are premised largely on the needs of aboriginal people incarcerated in provincial, federal and territorial institutions, and the role of communities in redressing the recidivism problem through successful reintegration of releasees. Certain assumptions are made about the willingness and capacity of communities to meet this objective.\nThere are two central community reintegration issues. First, the accord between offender objectives/needs and community concerns; second, the role of communities in correctional policies and programs and in assuming responsibility for dealing with offenders at the time of offending and upon release. The views of front-line workers in the community surveyFootnote 245 and inmates in the inmate survey are informative in this regard.\nOffender And Community Needs\nCommunity respondents noted that offenders need and generally receive support from families but are less likely to receive support from communities. Over two-thirds of the inmates felt supported by their families while in the institution but only 44% said families visited them. A surprising 88% thought families welcomed them home but only 55% felt families understood their problems. The response levels were lower for community involvement/support. Only 33% said their home community supported them while in the institution (however 30% did not give an opinion); 43% said their community welcomed them home, and 30% that their community understood their problems. Interestingly, when asked about having a home community to return to, 18% had no community to return to and a surprising 26% would not give an opinion.\nThere was a difference among inmate respondents in support by families and communities. More offenders who were mainly from aboriginal communities felt accepted and understood by families and communities. More provincial offenders from non-aboriginal communities were visited by families. Those 24-35 years of age received more visits and support from families and communities than those in the younger or older age groups. Inmates who had been incarcerated more than three times had the least support from families or communities and felt least prepared to re-enter society.\nCommunity members often fear and are apprehensive about their own safety and security, particularly when the offender has committed a serious offence. A common complaint is that offenders frequently return to the same situations and groups that got them into trouble in the first place.Footnote 246 Other concerns expressed by respondents were that offenders do not change or take responsibility for their own behaviour; there is nothing for them to do in communities; families are overly-protective and do not place any responsibility on offenders; and the families to which they return are themselves often dysfunctional and in need of assistance. Respondents felt offenders require employment and education, and programs such as alcohol treatment, behaviour modification and intensive counseling. These resources are generally lacking in communities especially if geographically outside the mainstream. Where services are available, those who staff them do not necessarily have the training, knowledge and skills to deal with offenders, families and other community members in order to facilitate the reintegration process. Few respondents commented on cultural/spiritual needs of offenders.\nCommunity respondents believed communities make a distinction between offenders who commit serious offences such as sex and violent offences, and those who commit less serious ones. Serious offenders tend to be ostracized by the community even when accepted by families. Families are usually welcoming (regardless of offence) at least until the individual re-offends. Families are often isolated with little help offered them or the offending member by the rest of the community. Fear of the offender and the general lack of resources for dealing with offenders with serious problems, were identified as the most common community concerns. These findings are also reflected in the evaluation of the Stan Daniels Centre which revealed that negative responses from communities and finding employment were among the most frequently mentioned barriers facing offenders when released into communities.Footnote 247\nNeeds of offenders must be considered in light of the needs of communities. Many aboriginal communities are geographically isolated and plagued by high unemployment, lack of resources, and high levels of crime and disorder. Several respondents felt the most pressing needs of communities, such as security, safety and general well-being, must be met before satisfactory reintegration of offenders can occur. They believed full-time police services were required. Other resources and services, such as employment, education, and counseling, are also required to meet community needs and facilitate the reintegration process. Most offenders, however, have few options about where they go upon release. Many return to the same criminogenic conditions. For example, one research study found that more aboriginal than non-aboriginal young offenders in northern Ontario returned to a criminal neighborhood, i.e., as defined by living with others who had problems with the law, sold drugs etc..Footnote 248\nCommunity Involvement And Follow-Through\nQuestions about community involvement with released offenders revealed that the vast majority of respondents felt the main reason for lack of involvement and support from communities was because the needs of offenders and their families were not well understood. They believed that if community members understood the causes of family violence, sex offending and other offences, they would be more supportive of returning offenders. Community respondents believed entire communities should be involved with reintegration and educated about the unique needs and realities of offenders to match reintegration activities with needs. Most respondents did not feel offenders were well prepared for release or that their problems and behaviours had changed. This corresponded to the correctional personnel survey finding that 58% of respondents felt offenders posed the same or more risk for re-offending after treatment, even though over one-half of offenders with previous releases felt prepared to deal with society upon release. Community respondents complained that there is little follow-up when offenders are in the community.\nThere were a number of suggestions about providing better information to communities concerning the needs of offenders and families. These included someone going door-to-door to provide information as it is often difficult to get people to attend community meetings. Others thought existing justice services, such as police, should be responsible for educating community members. Still others believed a community justice worker should be hired and trained. There is a need to bring issues into the open so offenders and families are not the subject of gossip and socially isolated in communities. One respondent suggested that in order to break the cycle of dysfunction and re-offending, families should have the same access to treatment as the incarcerated offender. Family denial of wrong-doing by family members should also be confronted.\nSupport groups for offenders and families, self-help groups, counseling, health workers, ceremonies to address offence and victimization and bring closure to the issue, were considered essential for the reintegration process. More gradual integration using a community half-way house was also suggested. If such a facility was available the offender could visit and assist family and other community members during the day and return to the centre in the evening. The correctional personnel survey respondents believed a combination of changed behaviour on the part of the offender and acceptance and reintegration by families and communities, were the most important factors in a successful release. Counseling, support to offenders and families, close supervision and substance abuse programs were the community resources considered most necessary to reduce re-offending.\nThe findings in this section lend support to the existence of differences among aboriginal offenders as identified in Part III. The need to understand differences among aboriginal offenders and their communities of origin is an important component of understanding over-representation. The unique problems of aboriginal people on reserves and in inner cores of cities are central to their over-involvement in the criminal justice and correctional systems. While cultural explanations have been paramount in explaining over-representation, multi-dimensional theories may hold more explanatory power. Status groups appear to be most vulnerable to involvement in the criminal justice system because of their social and economic isolation from mainstream society. The Status group leaving reserves without skills or education may be the most vulnerable of all. At the same time, however, those mainly from reserves still felt most accepted back by families and communities. Those least accepted have the most entrenched involvement with the correctional system.\nThe role of communities in reducing the risk of re-offending and turning offenders into law-abiding citizens was emphasized in the literature and by respondents in the correctional and community surveys. Involvement of community while offenders were incarcerated and upon release was seen as the most crucial element for addressing offender needs. Clearly, effective reintegration of offenders into families and communities is critical to reducing re-offending. however, not all offenders have the same access to communities as the inmate findings revealed.\nThere are two types of reintegration. The first is reintegration of offenders into home communities which are also the environments which caused their initial problems. In these environments, anti-social attitudes and certain pro-criminal life-styles and peer groups act inhibit the adoption of pro-social attitudes. The second type of reintegration is into families and communities which promote behavioural change and the adoption of pro-social values. The issue, therefore, is not only one of reintegration (as often suggested) but reintegration into the right environment.\nParole release data reveal that federal aboriginal offenders are less likely than non-aboriginal offenders to receive full parole but that seriousness of offences appears to explain the differential release rates. However, aboriginal offenders are more likely to receive temporary absences. Aboriginal offenders also have higher recidivism levels. Because of prior offences and seriousness of offences, aboriginal offenders are considered a higher risk for re-offending which, in turn, influences parole decision-making. This is exacerbated by a difficulty in formulating release plans, and, as the survey data reveal, in receiving support from communities.\nThere are, however, important differences among the aboriginal group. Analysis of the Manitoba database revealed recidivism rates were significantly higher for the aboriginal than the non-aboriginal, and for the Status than the Metis/non-Status groups. This suggests that the Status group in some parts of the country may return to more criminogenic environments. These findings are consistent with previous researchFootnote 249 about crime and disorder on-reserve, and in inner cities, particularly those in western Canada.\nThe findings about family and community support (or lack thereof) are consistent across the correctional personnel, inmate and community surveys. Families are generally supportive but communities are much less so, especially when offenders are older, have multiple incarcerations and are not from a defined aboriginal community. This is a critical issue as the aboriginal-specific policies revolve around two aspects of offender's — program needs and reintegration into families and communities, however community is defined.\nThe high recidivism of the Status sample suggests the need for change to their communities of origin — whether reserve or inner city. Unless people's lives change so their attitudes, peer groups and family relations also change, alterations to the criminal justice system or the creation of local justice initiatives will be minimal in reducing involvement in the correctional system. In a number of significant ways, aboriginal offenders are disadvantaged by their backgrounds, their communities, and their involvement with the criminal justice system. It is a vicious circle and one that is difficult to break.\n|FEDERAL — Day Parole||13||54||13||3||12||9||11||15||12||81|\n| (Total excludes those deported or in Federal Temp. Detention.)\nChi Squares Violencep = .000 Drugsp = n.s. (cells too small)Murderp = n.s. (cells too small)\nSex p = .000 (cells too small) Total...p = .000\n(Source: CSC. OMS April 30, 1995)\n|FEDERAL — Day Parole||13||22||9||12||17||2||9||3||11||39|\nPART VIII: WHERE DO WE GO FROM HERE?\nMuch deviance is expressive, a clumsy attempt to say something. Let the crime then become a starting point for a real dialogue, and not an equally clumsy answer in the form of a spoonful of pain (Christie, 1982:11).\nReducing the use of imprisonment for aboriginal offenders necessitates discussing the issue more broadly as the level of imprisonment in a country is related to many factors far beyond the issue of race, as discussed in Part I. The modern era in penology has seen \"state control dispersed into the social fabric\"Footnote 250 where state law becomes intertwined with the non-state normative order. Given continuing increases in levels of imprisonment, however, directions that reduce the reliance on imprisonment and transform the desire for punishment into a search for solutions to common problems are still required.\nPart VIII explores some of these directions. It describes the general literature on intermediate sanctions and community corrections. Attention is also paid to the realities and needs of aboriginal offenders and communities. These needs vary according to community and provincial factors, such as level of aboriginal incarceration and degree of social and economic marginalization of the aboriginal population. Part VIII also examines institutional issues for those individuals unlikely to be affected through enhanced use of alternatives.\nReducing the Reliance on Imprisonment\nThere is a general unease about the value of widespread use of imprisonment.Footnote 251 Few disagree that for some serious and harmful offences and offenders there is a need to contain people. At the same time, however, the pain of imprisonment is real, the effects on already vulnerable people profound, and the rehabilitative and other outcomes less than satisfactory. The most intractable imprisonment problems in many countries, such as over-crowding, riots, poor conditions and inadequate work or other program opportunities for inmates, are caused, in part, by the sheer numbers of people in custody.Footnote 252 In comparison to other countries, it is clear that in Canada, the reason for the high levels of both aboriginal and non-aboriginal incarceration is an over-reliance on the use of imprisonment. Canadian society is not more criminogenic than most other societies yet this is not reflected in its level of imprisonment. The reliance on imprisonment, often for relatively minor offences resulting in short sentences, is most obvious when admission rates to Canadian correctional institutions are compared to those of other countries.Footnote 253\nThe value of prison is rarely described in terms of its comparative advantage over other approaches. The value of imprisonment would be difficult to document. A Home Office study in Britain (1995) found that \"there is no clear evidence to suggest that custody outperforms community penalties or vice versa in preventing re-offending\".Footnote 254 The pain of imprisonment and the negative effects on people whose lives are already deprived and dysfunctional, is often blinded by a belief in rehabilitation and the need for severe and obvious punishment. That it may do little better than another less retributive and costly response receives scant attention. The public looks to prisons as a solution to social problems, and despite the cost involved and over-crowding in prisons in many Western countries, it continues to cry for more punitive legislation.Footnote 255 Decreases in the use of imprisonment are possible. In Germany, a decrease in prison populations between 1968 and 1970 was attributed to legislative reforms aimed at reducing admissions. Many traffic offences were made non-imprisonable, non-violent sex offences decriminalized, prison sentences of up to one year became suspendable, and fines were made a sentencing alternative for most crimes. Germany also dramatically reduced the number of prosecutions and diverted people to projects.Footnote 256 In Australia, between 1990 and 1993, States that showed decreases in imprisonment made greater use of non-custodial and community orders; by contrast, those which showed increases, abolished or reduced remissions and early release.Footnote 257 It is argued here that for the majority of offences which come before the courts imprisonment should be considered only as a last resort, and its use negotiated among victims, offenders, communities and criminal justice personnel.\nWhen will Canada take its place beside countries with more humane and realisti levels of imprisonment? Landreville (1995), in considering the recommendations of the Canadian Sentencing Commission, argues that principles of moderation, justice and humanity must prevail, and community measures applied as widely as possible so imprisonment is used only when absolutely necessary.\nThree directions for reducing the reliance on imprisonment are examined below. The first, intermediate sanctions, has been the subject of much study and debate in Canada in recent years.Footnote 258 The second direction is greater use of existing community-based correctional resources. Finally, the third direction, the potential for community justice to assume responsibility for social control and deal with offenders within the boundaries of communities, is examined.\n1. Intermediate Sanctions\nRehabilitation of offenders has declined in the past twenty years due to the individualization of society and the victim movement. The turn away from rehabilitation has re-emphasized the classical principles of responsibility and retribution.Footnote 259 At the same time, however, fiscal and other restraints and the acceptance that prisons are dehumanizing and criminogenic, has influenced the move to the community to be involved in the punishment process, and the search for alternatives to imprisonment. However, foralternatives to be effective in meeting the objectives of reducing prison population, costs, and recidivism, there must be a greater range of sanctions, and the imposition of alternatives on a much larger scale. In addition, alternatives must somehow meet the punishment objectives of retribution and deterrence, while at the same time offering more opportunities for rehabilitation.Footnote 260\nIntermediate sanctions have been the most popularly advocated response to growing prison populations because they provide alternative sentencing dispositions. These sanctions typically include fines, community service, day centres, home detention and electronic monitoring, intensive supervision and boot camps.Footnote 261 They have been justified in terms of being intermediate options along a severity continuum contained by two polarized extremes: imprisonment (most severe) and probation and parole (least severe). Intermediate sanctions are more likely to be effective if they are suitable replacements for custodial sentences in terms of achieving the same goals; are socially and legally acceptable as a punishment; are as advantageous as custodial sentences, or at least equally as advantageous as disadvantageous; and reliable substitutes for the custodial sentences which otherwise would have been imposed.Footnote 262\nJunger-Tas (1994) identifies two sets of objectives of alternative sanctions — offender and system related objectives. Offender-related objectives include assurance of real punishment, retribution, and some degree of incapacitation. Reparation to the victim are the objectives of only some alternatives and rehabilitation is generally secondary to the other objectives. System-related objectives are reductions in prison populations and costs, and a decrease in recidivism. The only way to reduce costs is to close down or stop building prisons. This is unlikely to occur where alternatives are used in only half the eligible cases or when used (e.g. intensive supervision and electronic monitoring programs), conditions and surveillance are more strict, and, as a result, violations more common. Empty prison space is also immediately filled again.\nOne sanction which has received considerable praise and support is the fine. In Europe, the fine has led to reductions in the use of prison sentences and in many countries has assumed the role as the primary criminal penalty. The advantages of the fine are that it can achieve punitive and deterrent objectives; is flexible in reflecting offence seriousness and the offender's financial capacity to pay; can be coupled with other sanctions; allows the offender to stay in the community; is relatively inexpensive to administer; and generates revenue for other criminal justice related purposes.Footnote 263\nFines have been criticized based on the possibility that subsequent fine defaults can eventually lead to incarceration, especially for the economically disadvantaged.Footnote 264 Imprisonment, however, is not inevitable and should be considered a last resort. In most Australian and Canadian jurisdictions, for example, community work programs have been developed to deal with fine default offenders.Footnote 265 Efforts can also be made to minimize the likelihood of defaults. The day fine system, in contrast to the fixed fine or tariff systems,Footnote 266 allows all offenders a feasible amount to pay.Footnote 267 In West Germany, the increase in the rate of fine sentencing was not accompanied by a subsequent increase in fine defaults. Moreover, while the affluent have experienced higher fine amounts, amounts have remained relatively low for poorer offenders.\nAlthough the European experience reveals the potential of fines as replacements for custodial sentences, it is not clear whether other intermediate sanctions have been successfully substituted for prison sentences. While there is some evidence indicating that the availability of non-custodial sanctions has led to a reduction in the European use of short prison sentences, the recent rise in prison populations in Europe has not been slowed by the existence of intermediate sentencing options. At best, the available research suggests these sanctions replace only 50-60 percent of prison cases.Footnote 268\nA common criticism of intermediate sanctions is that they widen the net of correctional control, absorbing offenders who would not otherwise be in prison. Many commentators maintain the sanctions do not substantially reduce prison populationsFootnote 269 although, as McMahon (1992) suggests, the extent to which net-widening has occurred in this manner has been largely overstated if not, inaccurate.Footnote 270 Critics point out that community-based programs are already overcrowded, holding significantly more offenders than prison.Footnote 271 Furthermore, high revocations and sanction violations can result (sometimes automatically) in subsequent imprisonment, thereby increasing incarcerated populations.Footnote 272\nOne consequence of net-widening is that it can undermine the supposed cost-effectiveness of alternative sanctions. Although these options may be less costly than imprisonment, they may still be more expensive than traditional probation or parole, especially if they require closer supervision and monitoring. Intermediate sanctions can also produce systemic expansion of penal resources in terms of additional system personnel and program 'service delivery' capacity; all of which can inflate total correctional costs.Footnote 273\nSome observers have also questioned the ideological basis of noncustodial sentencing options charging that punishment objectives have replaced traditional community-based program goals such as rehabilitation and community integration. Others suggest that community corrections is in the business of controlling, rather than changing offenders.Footnote 274 Feeley and Simon (1992) suggest that community-based sanctions can be understood in terms of risk management rather than rehabilitation and treatment, controlling low-risk offenders for whom the more secure forms of custody are deemed too expensive or unnecessary. Thus, the importance of community-based sanctions \"goes beyond their ability to stretch penal resources; they expand and redistribute the use of imprisonment (italics added).\" (p.460).\nThe availability of intermediate sanctions alone does not ensure their use. The failure to use these options has been attributed to inadequately controlled or structured sentencing discretion. To facilitate, encourage, and even demand that they be used, some kind of sentencing policy, guidelines, or laws for judges has been recommended.Footnote 275 Sentencing guidelines, however, do not guarantee intermediate sanction use. The literature has identified several potential issues that complicate matters. Doob and Marinos (1995) argue that sentencing systems based on a severity continuum fail to take into account the various functions that punishment may serve. The suggested equitability and exchangeability of punishments, therefore, is problematic when certain sanctions serve certain purposes that other sanctions are incapable of serving. The fine, for instance, may fail to denounce harm against the person in the way that imprisonment can.Footnote 276\nAnother problem is that formal, even legislative, changes to govern sentencing behaviour do not necessarily lead to the use of non-custodial sentences. Considering the resistance of criminal justice systems to change, change in laws governing sentencing cannot be guaranteed to be implemented as intended. Many structural obstacles such as workload and inadequate information about the offender can hamper their application. Judges will even shape penal policy to help them achieve their goals if there are not compelling reasons to change their goals to reflect policy.Footnote 277 The administrative problems associated with sentencing guidelines suggest their effectiveness depends in part on the judicial and administrative climate in which they are couched. If intermediate sanctions lack an acceptable ideology they are unlikely to be utilized.\nThe above criticisms question whether intermediate sanctions really do provide an alternative to imprisonment in terms of meeting certain sentencing objectives. Do they realize any rehabilitative benefits, presumably ones that are absent in prison sentences? Junger-Tas (1994) reports that available research indicates that supervision and treatment make rehabilitation a possibility. Certainly the work of Paul Gendreau and others (see Part V) would suggest that \"something works\". The question, of course, is debatable with the answers probably located somewhere in between the pessimistic and optimistic extremes depending on a number of factors. Moreover, such criticism overlooks the fact that depending on the circumstances, rehabilitation is not the only goal sentencing seeks to fulfil.Footnote 278\nOther evidence suggests that the reduction of imprisonment populations can occur independent of legislative changes. Reductions in the West German prison population, for instance, were largely due to changes in the behaviour of prosecutors and judges.Footnote 279 Nonetheless, the employment of intermediate sanctions is likely to increase in an accommodating criminal justice climate. As experiences in West Germany, the Netherlands, Canada, and Italy have shown,Footnote 280 broader movements and ideologies both on an institutional as well as a societal level, can significantly contribute to changes in incarceration levels.\nOn an institutional level, the Dutch practice of settling problems in extra-judicial ways, for example, would be conducive to decreasing prison populations.Footnote 281 Similarly, the primary role of the prosecutor in determining outcomes as well as the extensive use of the penal order in West Germany have contributed to the low use of incarceration. The Dutch 'culture of tolerance' and an Italian diffident culture that is suspicious of repressive agencies are examples of the effects that societal culture can play in minimizing incarceration.\n2. Greater Utilization of Existing Community Correctional Resources\nThere are two ways to reduce the numbers of people in correctional institutions short of closing them down. The first is to prevent offenders receiving carceral sentences in the first place; the second is to shorten the periods of time for which they are incarcerated. Intermediate and alternative sanctions, and community justice approaches that keep offenders in communities address the first; greater utilization of community correctional services addresses the second. There is some over-lap where attendance centres, intensive supervision and electronic monitoring may be used as either an alternative to incarceration or as a condition of release.\nThere is some evidence that some community programs work. Temporary absence programs and community residential centres are two examples showing high success rates. In many jurisdictions where prison populations are high other correctional settings such as halfway houses, are operating below capacity. Many prison inmates are suitable candidates for halfway house placement. In several jurisdictions prison administrators have the discretionary option to place inmates in halfway houses. This, however, is not a widespread practice.Footnote 282\nPrograms that consider the specific social and cultural characteristics of the community and encourage substantial community involvement are more likely to be successful. Recognition of offender diversity is crucial.Footnote 283 An effective program carefully addresses any special needs of the offender, especially those of minority groups, and matches them with an appropriate program.Footnote 284 Further, this process, would be facilitated by including the offender's views of their needs and subsequent selection and design of their program. Finally, treatment as compared to punishment and control appears to be a more productive goal for increasing community intervention effectiveness.Footnote 285\nThere is a strong argument for decreasing the use of incarceration and increasing community sanctions. Program evaluations show that programming is most effective with the medium risk group in institutions, and is less successful with low and high risk groups, largely because of type of offence and history of offending. Research also shows that generally programs delivered in communities are more successful than those delivered in institutions. This would suggest that for low and some medium risk group offenders, community rather than carceral sentences are indicated. Given the extensive use of incarceration in Canada, this would seem a fruitful direction to pursue.\nExamples of Community Correctional Programs\nThere are a number of other community-based correctional options some of which are aboriginal-specific. These include bush camps and half-way houses. Among the most common mainstream alternatives to the use of imprisonment or to reducing time spent in institutions, are home detention/electronic monitoring, intensive supervision orders and attendance centres.\nOffenders are referred to attendance centres on the basis of a recognizance which is aimed at behaviour change. This change is to be achieved in two ways. First, offenders attend offence-specific courses designed to address offense-related needs and offending behaviour; and second, participation in skill-specific courses provide living and vocational skills. Taken together, these two directions provide a measure of both supervision and treatment which evaluation findings suggest have been the most fruitful in reducing reoffending.\nOver the past two decades there has been a move to bush camps as a correctional option for both aboriginal and non-aboriginal offenders. It is commonly believed, however, that the benefits may be greater for aboriginal offenders because of their connection to the land and their preference for being in more rural or remote settings. The variation in aboriginal offenders themselves and the fact that no evaluations have been conducted to determine the value of the bush camp approach for any offenders, leaves these assumptions untested. Nor is there good information on how well individual needs are matched with bush camp programs, or of the quality of the programs themselves.\nAn innovative variant of bush camps for young adult offenders is occurring in Australia. These are called \"Homeland Schemes\" and the basic approach is one of removing young men to remote camps for training in bushcraft and traditional ways. It accords well with bolstering traditional resources in communities. Although not subject to formal evaluation, some evidence exists about the value of \"bush camps\" for petro sniffers in central and northern Australia. Major positive conclusions are that the use of camps satisfied demands for troublesome young men to be removed from the community without at the same time creating trauma for close kin; played some role in creating a reintegrative acceptance of these young people among elders; and improved self-esteem by providing young people with a useful role, a sense of belonging and confidence at being able to achieve valued tasks.Footnote 286\nThere are four kinds of home detention/monitoring involving varying degrees of supervision. These are: curfews added to probation or parole; correctional officer telephone calls or random visits; computer use for monitoring; and electronic monitoring. These can be court-based or prison-based. At the present time an evaluation of electronic monitoring in B.C., Saskatchewan and Newfoundland is being conducted.Footnote 287\nIn the state of Victoria in Australia, intensive supervision orders designed to meet the aims of deterrence through intrusiveness, reparation through emphasis on unpaid community work, and rehabilitation through its ability to provide treatment and special programs, are used. Victoria has also introduced an intensive parole program which requires all parolees to undergo more intensive and intrusive monitoring and supervision for a period of time immediately following their release. The objective is to provide levels of supervision and support commensurate with the risk of possible re-offending during this period. Other post-release programs for ex-offenders are aimed at coordinating education and employment programs to better address needs of aboriginal releasees. One jurisdiction uses a variety of programs, for example, a community-based residential program, an accommodation support service, an outreach counseling unit, and a range of other programs.\nCommunity Correctional Centres\nThere are two aboriginal-specific community correctional centres in Canada — the Stan Daniels Centre in Edmonton, and Waseskun House in Montreal. In addition, there are regular community residential centres which, while not aboriginal-specific, accommodate all offenders. Programs vary but most provide basic programs such as alcohol-related, counseling, life skills and assistance with employment.\nAn interesting example of a comprehensive approach to programming within a community correctional centre has been established in Queensland, Australia. The objective of the Centre is to integrate offenders back into the general community in an open environment which offers relevant and well-managed programs. A case management plan is developed for each person and three levels of programs operate. These are:\n- Programs Involving Community Service: — Services are provided by offenders to community-based non-profit organizations such as St. Vincent de Paul etc. These fulfill community reparation goals and the offender learns new skills which can be linked with education courses;\n- Offending Behaviour Programs: — This program is based on individual needs. The behaviour and needs of each offender are examined and linked with appropriate programs or agencies — e.g. AA, anger management, assertiveness training, family counseling, literacy, effective parenting etc.;\n- Comparison Programs: — This program is compulsory for all residents and is one evening a week. The program offers living skills, pre-release skills, and sessions on effective communication, relationship skills, personal growth and development, and stress management.\nThe Centre also provides assistance with parole preparation and the development of release plans. Residents can take jobs and pay board if employed. If not employed, they must do two days a week of unpaid community service. To date, 250 offenders have completed the program and only six absconded. The Centre has a high level of contact with the families of residents. The staff provide help to both the residents and families. Among the main weaknesses identified by residents and ex-residents in the evaluationFootnote 288 of the Stan Daniels Centre in Edmonton was that there was not enough family or community involvement.\nDetermining Appropriate Alternatives\nThere are some specific examples of ways of determining appropriate alternatives to incarceration and promoting community integration. At the forefront of these is Client Specific Planning (CSP) — 'a form of sentencing advocacy designed to punish, supervise, and treat prison-bound offenders in the community' which, when used, has had a positive effect in reducing the use of incarceration and jail time served.Footnote 289 It can also be applied at various stages of the criminal justice process. It differs from diversion and other alternatives as it is designed for those individuals who would serve a prison sentence. A case developer prepares a \"Client Specific Plan\" based on a thorough investigation into the client's social and criminal justice history. This plan includes sentencing options which have been explored and agreed upon by all concerned prior to drafting the plan. By first identifying needs and developing a sentencing option, the value of the alternative can be assessed rather than simply handing out an alternative sentence and \"hoping for the best'. A survey of 27 evaluations of CSP projects revealed, however, that as CSP represents a new paradigm shift, it is vulnerable to de-stabilization by traditional criminal justice institutions.Footnote 290\nClient Specific Planning is central to the alternative sentencing project \"Restorative Resolutions\" in Winnipeg and sponsored by the John Howard Society of Manitoba. The project involves the preparation of comprehensive, individually-tailored case plans which are presented to the judge at the time of sentencing. The plans are designed to make reparation to victims, address the needs of offenders, reduce recidivism, and contribute to the community. The offender is supervised by the Restorative Resolutions office. In this way, the 'community', through the project personnel and their activities in developing a plan, is able to pre-determine, based onan assessment of community resources and offender needs, how it may actively and realistically contribute to the sentence plan and to the required follow-up.\nCriticisms/Limitations of Community Correctional Programs\nThe use of community programs has been justified as more humane and cost-effective alternative to incarceration and as a tool for reducing imprisonment rates. Based on program design and implementation, however, there is no consistent evidence to support these claims. The humanitarian dimension has been challenged on the basis that the numerous behavioural restrictions imposed in many community programs may be as coercive as confinement and in some cases, more punitive.Footnote 291 As far as being a cost-effective alternative to incarceration, Hylton (1982) notes that community programs, as part of the total social control apparatus, do not reduce costs for the system as a whole.Footnote 292\nAs many community interventions tend to include offenders who generally would not be serving a confinement sentence in the first place, these programs are not true alternatives to incarceration. In addition, uncontrolled judicial discretion has undermined community program use.Footnote 293 Griffiths reports, for example, that Canadian judges tend to favour custodial to non-custodial sentences in their sentencing decisions. Lastly, as the U.S. General Accounting OfficeFootnote 294 notes \"most programs have served a relatively small population of offenders. Programs that include hundreds of offenders cannot significantly affect prison populations that run into tens of thousands.\"Footnote 295\nIntensive supervision programs (ISP) provide an example of some of the general drawbacks discussed above. ISP emphasize the close monitoring and strict enforcement of rules for offenders placed in the community. They typically involve intense forms of surveillance such as more frequent contacts between offender and supervisor, drug testing and electronic monitoring, and require the offender to adhere to certain conditions like working, attending treatment or performing community service.Footnote 296\nISP are supposed to be an alternative to incarceration without jeopardizing public safety as compared to traditional probation and parole. However, according to a 1986 U.S. Bureau of Justice Assistance study of 14 ISP sites in 19 states, ISP did not deliver the benefits associated with being an alternative to incarceration.Footnote 297 Programs did not reduce prison populations because the very stringent monitoring and enforcement of ISP conditions produced increased technical violations, sending offenders back to prison and jail. Moreover, judges were very reluctant to use ISP in their sentencing decisions, especially for more serious offenders.\nPerhaps of most importance is the social control function of community sanctions. Feeley and Simon (1992) argue that in the U.S., probation and parole violations now constitute a major source of prison inmates and are expanding prison populations. They maintain that community-based sanctions are not instruments of reintegrating offenders into the community but are mechanisms of social control which put people back into prison. What should be the balance between the reintegrative and the social control functions of community corrections?\n3. Local Justice\nThere is now a general acceptance of a legitimate role for communities in the criminal justice process.Footnote 298 In the correctional personnel survey, 35% of the sample believed community based options were a better alternative for aboriginal offenders, and 34% thought offenders should be released to their communities or to healing lodges. In the aboriginal context, \"healing\" has often become synonymous with community, relying as it does upon traditional aboriginal practices. It is also within this community participation paradigm that 'restorative justice' has emerged with its emphasis on eliminating a reliance on criminal justice personnel, on the role of the victim, and on \"social\" justice. In other words, the community replaces the state in dealing with offenders.\nThere are many examples of local justice in aboriginal communities across the country. These range from the Sandy Lake and Attawapiskat projects in Northern Ontario, to the Indian Brook Diversion project in Nova Scotia, the Aboriginal Legal Services of Toronto project, the Gitksan-Wet'suwet'en project in B.C., and the Community Holistic Circle Healing project in Hollow Water, Manitoba, among others. In addition, Family Group Conferencing in Newfoundland, and sentencing circles in the Yukon, B.C., Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba and Quebec, are criminal justice system-centered approaches which directly involve communities. Community involvement is based on two premises. The first is the empowerment of communities (which may be linked to self-government aspirations); the second is that communities hold solutions to criminal justice problems and have the resources available to respond more effectively than the mainstream system. This growing reliance on local justice is, however, not without its critics.Footnote 299\nCommunity Justice Contradictions and Concerns\nOne of the major concerns is the potential for the goals of community justice to be competing and contradictory. These goals have been widely identified in the aboriginal community justice literature. On the one hand, community justice is about autonomy, empowerment and control (and for some communities within a self-government agenda). On the other hand, community justice is about tradition and, in contemporary terms, about \"healing\" and the transformation of communities into healthier states of being.Footnote 300 The reality, however, is that the primary goal of community justice is the exercise of social control, the use of surveillance, and the dispensing of \"justice\", which may or may involve punishment. While the goals of empowerment and autonomy may not be incompatible with the goal of self-government, those of community transformation and punishment are contradictory. Thus, the potential for community justice to divide rather than unite people, particularly where communities are small in size and geographically isolated, is great. The \"cushions\" against these divisions found in more traditional aboriginal societies, may be considerably diminished in contemporary communities.\nThe therapeutic value of community justice through improved communication and social relationships, and the availability of resources to support local justice systems have not received adequate evaluation attention. Nor is it clear if a defined and commonly understood definition of community and commitment to community members, beyond the extended or the nuclear family, exists in most aboriginal communities. Given that local justice systems make certain assumptions about the nature of community, these are central issues. Moreover, the general lack of resources in aboriginal communities signals possible difficulties in sustaining local justice systems. Depew (1995:26) argues for \"a more far-reaching and challenging strategy of community development, social change and macroprevention\" rather than a narrow focus on justice projects.\nAre people and communities misguided in turning to the criminal justice system to solve community and social problems? Fattah (1993) and Snider (1995b) believe that for some offences they are. In promoting a decrease in the growing dependence on criminal sanctions in cases of family violence, Snider argues that the criminal justice system lacks transformative potential because it fills different ideological and structural roles than other mainstream institutions. It functions to further social control and to coerce. Dependence on it may disempower rather than empower communities and individuals (p.28). In the broader sense, given the social and economic changes in aboriginal communities, exposure to the mainstream criminal justice system and the reproduction of the dominant social structure in communities (as described in Part IV), will community justice and greater control over offenders and offences have the capacity to transcend these ideological and structural constraints? This is the real challenge for community justice, and research to answer some of the questions community justice poses will require a long-term, ethnographic approach rather than the standard evaluation one which relies almost exclusively on interviews with key players.\nOnce aboriginal offenders who do not need incarceration are eliminated from the carceral population who is left and what is to be done with them? A number of issues which will most affect this group require identification and discussion. These include understanding criminogenic factors and risk/needs, matching needs with and determining intensity of programs/treatment, and doing adequate follow-up and evaluation to determine which approaches are most suitable.\nTo begin with, institutional classification for security and treatment purposes that relies on objective scales rather than personal interviews as proper assessment and classification of offenders are key to effective corrections. The challenge is to assess the needs of aboriginal offenders to determine the fit between needs and treatment. In addition to standard risk assessment factors, other factors which might be considered for aboriginal offenders are community of origin (i.e. isolated, remote, semi-urban, urban), size of community in which majority of life spent, length of time in semi-urban/urban setting, degree of exposure to culture, and degree of involvement in traditional economy (hunting, trapping, etc.).\nAnother critical problem in institutions is getting aboriginal offenders to participate and remain in programs designed to help them. Intensive \"pre-treatment\" programs may enhance program participation but more evaluative work is required. There is also a need to evaluate sex offender treatment programs for aboriginal offenders. A major challenge for corrections also lies in the staff training area. Inevitably it seems, most correctional staff working with aboriginal offenders will continue to be non-aboriginal, and it is important to know what types of staff training will improve staff effectiveness with aboriginal offenders and what will make things worse.\nPerhaps there is also a need to consider the value of aboriginal-cultural specific programming beyond the narrow confines of programs. The obvious example is that of the three stage \"therapeutic community\" model developed for drug treatment in the U.S. The therapeutic community is a total treatment environment isolated from the rest of the prison population. Drug recovery depends on positive and negative pressures to change through a mutual self-help process. Ideally it should involve three stages. The primary stage is within the prison for a period of 9-12 months and involves comprehensive individual and group therapy.Footnote 301 The second stage is a 'transitional\" therapeutic community work release centre or halfway house, where a process of resocialization involving work but in the same \"family setting\" as in the first stage. The third stage, the \"tertiary\" stage, involves living in the community under parole or some other surveillance program where out-patient and group therapy continues through the work release therapeutic community of stage two. This approach should be used for offenders who are within 18 months of their release dates. Follow-up research demonstrates positive results for both males and females with drug problems but particularly for females.Footnote 302\nCould the therapeutic community model described above be adapted to a culture-specific model? A critical problem with aboriginal-specific programming as it now exists in the majority of institutions (the exception being the Healing Lodge for aboriginal female offenders) is that while a type of therapeutic community is created within the prison it does not extend beyond it. For this reason, it is unlikely that the full benefit of a therapeutic community such as described above can be realized. In order for cultural specific programming to have long-term benefit, involvement within the institution should adhere to the principles of individual need identification, risk assessment and responsivity, as well as to the second and third stages of the therapeutic model as identified above.\nIn the final analysis, if it is determined through controlled evaluation that cultural/spiritual programming has merit for aboriginal offenders, by addressing individual needs and/or by providing a therapeutic community, both within and outside the institution which reinforces anti-criminal values, this will be a fruitful and important direction to pursue for non-aboriginal offenders as well. The emphasis for mainstream offenders has been primarily on cognitive needs where commonly accepted treatment approaches, involving life skills and behaviour modification, have prevailed. The addition of a cultural/spiritual treatment component for mainstream groups of offenders is an exciting possibility. In the interim, however, aboriginal-specific programs should be complemented with intensive pre-treatment programs. This approach also requires evaluation.\nReducing Recidivism and Promoting Reintegration\nThe evaluation literature demonstrates that intensive supervision and monitoring must be combined with treatment to reduce re-offending. Treatment aimed at employment, addictions and family problems is significantly related to a reduction of reconvictions, therefore, particular attention should be paid to substance abusers, employment problems and family/relation conflicts. These are especially appropriate areas for aboriginal offenders.\nMinimizing the effects of imprisonment by promoting family and community links and establishing new and improved ties with the outside world, movement through institutions with decreasing security levels and size, and socio-economic conditions on parole, have been related to reduced levels of recidivism. Some commentators stress economic stability as the most critical factor. In their survey of imprisoned women in California, Owen and Bloom (1995) conclude that alternatives to imprisonment are necessary given the fact that 60% of the women were incarcerated for non-violent offences, and that community-based sanctioning and programs that address problems rather than exacerbate the marginality of this group are required. While personal development programs such as recovery, abuse survival counseling, parenting and family reunification program are critical for this marginalized group of women, \"economic self-sufficiency is the cornerstone to success after imprisonment\".Footnote 303\nFor offenders with the option of returning to a community which provides assistance and support, community involvement becomes a therapeutic service. For those without, it may be necessary to create a supportive environment. This could be accomplished by assigning community people to assist the offender and facilitate his or her use of community resources. Geographic location of the community is less important than the interest, involvement and willingness of family and community members to become involved in the reintegration process. As stressed in the previous chapter, reintegration into community groups with pro-social values is also critical in effectingbehaviour change.\nThe PreStart Program pioneered by the Illinois Department of Corrections shows considerable promise. It is comprised of two–phases — mandatory pre-release education and programming, and post-release assistance. It de-emphasizes the surveillance and supervision functions of parole, and emphasizes referrals to newly-created community service centers (operated by Corrections) designed to help releasees get job, housing and treatment assistance. Initial evaluations involving a one-year follow-up of participants show lower levels of recidivism.Footnote 304\nFamily Group Conferencing used extensively as a diversion tool in New Zealand and Australia could be adapted to assist in the reintegration of released offenders. Given repercussions from offences (particularly when serious) in small communities where people are joined though kinship and familiarity, a strategy to bring the issues into the open and the families of offenders and victims together to discuss the terms and conditions of reintegration, may be useful. This approach involves participation from offenders, victims, and those individuals with legitimacy in the eyes of offenders and victims. This 'community of care' would determine the process and terms of reintegration.\nIn a similar vein, the Church Council on Justice and Corrections has recently put forward a draft proposal for assisting federally sentenced women to reintegrate into communities upon release. A \"community justice group or circle\" is set up at the time of sentencing, initiated by local police or a community justice worker. Various individuals representing the offender, victim and community participate. The group meets after sentencing to develop a plan to respond to the needs of the offender on release, as well as the existing and future needs of the victim. This plan would be approved by all concerned and contact with the offender would occur during the period of incarceration. Other elements of the plans would be activated upon release of the offender.\nReintegration of aboriginal offenders usually implies reintegration into aboriginal communities. However, the fact that many aboriginal offenders are urban dwellers suggests the need to explore reintegration within a wider context. Reintegration in urban areas may go hand in hand with the creation of a therapeutic community, so that offenders without community ties or interests have a community to which to return.\nChristie (1989) maintains that when people leave institutions for whatever reason, particular dangers confront them which may lead to homelessness. People without good alternatives tend to end up in the centre of large cities where welfare workers and rooming houses are available. There is also a tolerance in these areas for them. Nice neighborhoods do not want them and suburbanites close ranks. Because the centres of cities are often run down and relatively uninhabited, there is room for them and they can create some sort of segregated quarters. But here they are serviced by professional \"helpers\" to whom they are always in an unequal situation of indebtedness rather than an equal partnership as friends.\nThe ability to transfer the aboriginal therapeutic community created in the institution to the outside, while encouraging offenders to participate in programs to improve their education, employment, life skills, cognitive reasoning and other needs, may have the most potential to affect change for urban dwelling aboriginal offenders.\nA substantial reduction in the reliance on imprisonment is most likely to occur with sweeping systemic changes whereby both legal and administrative capacities are aimed at increasing the use of intermediate sanctions. As well, the use of diversion programs and the decriminalizing of certain offences are likely to reduce the burden on the courts in determining outcomes and sentences. A comprehensive community corrections act as well as a permanent sentencing commission might be a starting point for such changes as well the assurance that they are properly implemented and administered. It is imperative to actually use alternatives in order to make a difference in imprisonment levels, and to re-focus community sanctions so they are designed to assist offenders to reintegrate into communities, and not as mechanisms of social control that are designed to put people back into prison. Finally, these changes must be made acceptable to the community and the criminal justice system so that they are legitimized and have full support.\nMatching needs with institutional programs and treatment, and conducting evaluations of programs are essential to effective programming and to promoting release. Community correctional approaches such as attendance centres, intensive supervision, electronic monitoring, bush camps, should be evaluated to determine their value for aboriginal offenders and for different groups of aboriginal offenders.\nAlthough criticisms of alternatives, community corrections and community justice have been identified, this is not intended to reinforce the status quo or to argue for more severe sanctions. Rather, these criticisms highlight the way alternatives have been used and the often unrealistic expectations of community corrections and local justice given scarce resources and inflexible objectives. Ultimately, however, regardless of problems with these alternatives they are still as effective and less costly in human terms, than more punitive ones like imprisonment. The challenge is to broaden their use, monitor their delivery, and refocus them so they meet more humane objectives.\nWe do not have to look far to see the potential for reducing incarceration in Canada. There is considerable variation across the country in the way incarceration is used and provinces such as Ontario and B.C., which have large aboriginal populations but less disproportionate levels of aboriginal incarceration, have maximized the use of non-carceral dispositions, especially for fine default, public drunkenness and other minor offences. Other provinces, such as Alberta, appear to have a heavier reliance on the use of incarceration which is not explained by the seriousness of the offences committed. However, it should be re-emphasized that the Prairie provinces, Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba, also have the largest and most marginalized aboriginal populations. It is unreasonable to expect the criminal justice or correctional systems to redress this problem. But it is reasonable to expect they will not exacerbate it either.\nPerhaps the most critical and immediate direction to pursue is to mount a campaign to educate the public about reducing the reliance on imprisonment and about using other methods of punishment. Educating the public to be more supportive of intermediate sanctions as \"real\" punishment is essential because, as Garland points out, the meaning of a punishment is embedded in the culture in which it is imposed.Footnote 305 This is reflected in the use of community corrections as instruments of social control rather than of offender reintegration. Programs such as the PreStart and Conferencing, which have the potential to meet real needs of offenders and promote reintegration and not more punitive criminal justice objectives, should be implemented. This suggests the need for change in emphasis and direction at the level of correctional policy.\nIn their desire to read the public mood, government departments have focused on polling the public about their opinions and perceptions of a number of criminal justice issues. What has been learned is how misinformed the public often is about these matters.Footnote 306 This is particularly disquieting in light of the fact that as Braithwaite (1993:11) observes, \"exclusionary and stigmatic criminal justice policies have staged a comeback\". Perhaps it is now time to begin a massive re-education of the public about myths and realities of criminal justice and corrections. Most importantly, the public should realize the limitations of prisons in the resocialization process. One way to combat the trend toward punitiveness and to reduce crime is to increase interdependency among people. To quote Braithwaite (1993:12) \"When relationships between two classes shift from stigmatization to interdependency, interclass shaming is more likely to be heeded\". Where responsibility for offenders and offending expands beyond the boundaries of police, courts and prisons, the public cry for revenge may be stilled.\nPART IX: CONCLUSIONS\nThe criminal justice system remains rooted in a reliance on the use of imprisonment which affects both aboriginal and non-aboriginal offenders alike, and places Canada among the highest users of incarceration in the world. How much this reflects judicial attitudes and/or the culture in which the Canadian criminal justice system functions, is debatable. The degree of ostracism and stigmatization directed toward offenders suggests the reliance on imprisonment by the criminal justice system is reflected in public support and is, therefore, an integral part of Canadian society. Despite the most eloquent arguments put forward by criminologists Nils Christie, Thomas Mathiesen and others, offenders are generally denied a place in the \"good\" society. We speak reintegration and practice exclusion and stigmatization. We continue to incarcerate offenders who are low risk and for whom imprisonment is unlikely to be more beneficial than other sanctions, and probably does more harm than good.\nAboriginal criminal justice initiatives and interests, in conjunction with the broader movement of restorative or popular justice, give some optimism that other ways of dealing with crime and offenders are possible. In addition, the growing body of correctional information about \"what works\" and for which offenders, reveals that programs delivered in a community setting are more likely to be successful than those in institutions, and that when properly matched, programs are most likely to be beneficial to the medium risk offenders — the majority of inmates. A commitment to other approaches and a different philosophy about the way in which offenders are responded to, are required. It is also necessary that community-based sanctions are used more as instruments of reintegrating offenders into the community and less as mechanisms to maintain control and revoke offenders on probation and parole.Footnote 307\nThe criminal careers of low and medium risk aboriginal offenders often make them appear more serious offenders than they really are. For many marginalized aboriginal people, and especially those in provincial systems serving fine defaults, probation and other administration of justice violations, and a multitude of minor offences, offending is part of a lifestyle which evolves around alcohol, peer group associations, lack of hooks into mainstream society, and a general climate of dysfunction. It is essential to respond to the offences committed by these groups in the broader context of their social and health problems. In the use of imprisonment and programming/treatment within institutions, serious offenders should be distinguished from less serious offenders and responded to accordingly.\nHow can the over-representation of aboriginal people in correctional institutions be reduced? The following steps might be considered:\nThe first step in is to make a commitment to a different kind of justice which does not use the criminal justice system to deal with social problems. The second step is to change philosophy about alternatives to incarceration and who is eligible for them, and to use them always in the first instance and prisons in the last. The third step is to prohibit the use of incarceration for certain offences such as fine default, public order, administrative offences, and various kinds of parole and probation violations. The fourth step, for those individuals who do receive carceral sentences, is to have a solid understanding of the offender's needs and fit these with institutional programming and community resources. The fifth step is to ensure quality and quantity of institutional programs. The sixth step is to make community corrections a reintegrative tool rather than simply a mechanism of social control. The final step is to understand regional variation in aboriginal over-representation in the correctional system, in the demography of aboriginal populations, and in the way the criminal justice system processes aboriginal and non-aboriginal offenders, in order to direct resources to the provinces, aboriginal communities, and populations most in need.\n1. Causes of Over-Representation\nDifferential criminal justice processing and type of offense\nKnowledge of criminal justice processing of aboriginal people is limited, particularly in relation to charging, bail, and prosecution, but information about sentencing decision-making is more complete. Generally, aboriginal offenders, particularly those federally sentenced, receive shorter sentences than non-aboriginal, even when controlling for type of offence. At the same time, however, incarceration is used more often than community corrections for aboriginal offenders at both the sentencing and the release stages. This is due, in part, to the more adverse conditions in their lives.\nLittle information exists about the potential for over-policing in what police define as \"problem\" areas in cities, and the differential charging of aboriginal people. Nor is information available about prosecutorial decisions regarding bail or prosecutions affecting aboriginal offenders. There is undoubtedly variation across the country but it is critical that provinces, and particularly those with the highest levels of aboriginal incarceration, explore whether there is unwarranted bias in how decisions are made which unnecessarily disadvantages aboriginal people or offenders. Over-policing may be a response to social problems in the most marginalized city areas where more appropriate services are unavailable. Unfortunately, however, the end result may be the criminalization of problems such as alcoholism, homelessness, family disputes, etc..\nAn examination of federal and provincial correctional data reveals some consistency in the way the correctional system responds to offenders, whether aboriginal or non-aboriginal. Type of offence, prior record and level of risk posed, generally dictate sentence and release outcomes for both groups. One exception is the shorter sentences for federal aboriginal offenders, particularly in the Prairie and Pacific Regions even when controlling for type of offence and considering that aboriginal offenders are over-represented in more serious offences. Where aboriginal/non-aboriginal differences exist, such as lower federal parole release rates for aboriginal offenders, the explanation lies in the risk assessment and seriousness of the offence committed. Shorter sentences for federal aboriginal offenders but longer incarceration, suggests that the National Parole Board, in taking risk factors and type of offence into account when making parole release decisions, results in longer periods spent in incarceration notwithstanding shorter sentences. Although significantly more aboriginal offenders are incarcerated than on community supervision for Schedule 1 and 2 offences, they commit significantly more offences (i.e., manslaughter and assaults causing injury) for which incarceration would be indicated.\nRisk/need and recidivism levels and recidivism are generally higher for aboriginal federal offenders in comparison to the non-aboriginal group. When comparing how long offenders have served before being released, aboriginal offenders are released earlier than non-aboriginal offenders. This is directly related to the fact that aboriginal offenders are getting shorter sentences. However, when the sentence length is factored in with the amount of time served, aboriginal offenders serve a greater proportion of their sentences. These findings suggest that sentence length is a more important factor than race in determining amount of time served. Release may be more difficult for aboriginal offenders to attain because of higher community risk/need assessments; and greater difficulty formulating release plans because more come from dysfunctional backgrounds, have less education and employment skills, and less community support.\nDifferential impact of criminal justice policies and practices\nCriminal justice policies and practices such as the use of imprisonment for crimes involving public order, administration of justice and fine defaults, disproportionately discriminate against the most marginalized aboriginal groups. Similarly, decisions about the use of community alternatives over incarceration depend on certain principles and practices of sentencing where determinations of risk are related to support from family and community, employment, education and lack of substance abuse problems. A dependence on these factors in making sentencing decisions can seriously limit the chances of aboriginal offenders to non-carceral sentences. Data presented in this report suggest aboriginal offenders have difficulty gaining parole because of the kinds of offences they commit, but this is compounded by their difficulty in developing appropriate release plans because of the generally unhealthy state of or lack of communities to which they can return. This was emphasized by both correctional and community people.\n2. Programming in Institutions\nAll offenders share some characteristics in common. These include factors such as family dysfunction, poverty, school experiences, peers, childhood violence and victimization, that promote criminal conduct and anti-social attitudes. Aboriginal offenders are distinguishable on three dimensions — degree of exposure to these factors, geography, and culture. There is variation among aboriginal offenders themselves as to how much each of these factors differentiate them. However, despite a lack of empirical evidence that aboriginal offenders are less exposed to their culture than a comparable group of aboriginal non-offenders, or that their differences from the general offender population are greater than their similarities, culture has become the main focus of programming. Notwithstanding this, little information exists about the impact of cultural programming on recidivism, or on inmate's lives after discharge from the institution.\nAlthough little evaluative work has been done on aboriginal-specific programming, one of the most commonly-voiced attributes of the approach is that it provides aboriginal offenders a sense of self-identity and who they are. It also furnishes them with membership in a group of people with whom many share life experiences and experiences of being aboriginal. They may feel less judged and, therefore, more willing to speak out. In these ways the group may create a therapeutic community. Given the life circumstances and backgrounds of many aboriginal offenders, this may be one of the few times they have experienced such an environment of acceptance. The fact that in some institutions aboriginal groups exercise considerable authority, may enhance an individual sense of power.\nWe have little to add to what was said in Part V where mainstream and aboriginal programming were examined in some detail. We reiterate that the key to effective aboriginal programming is the identification of risk and needs of offenders, and the blending of the cultural with the mainstream, that is, using the cultural to provide the most appropriate context in which to deliver the most effective treatment approaches. This is the \"responsivity\" element which is a central component of an effective treatment strategy. Offenders differ in their responsiveness to certain programs. The type, style and mode of programming/treatment should correspond with the learning characteristics and the cultural understanding of the offender. The cultural option should be open to offenders to accept or reject and be one of a number of factors to consider in determining the most appropriate way to deliver programs.\nWe would also emphasize that the extent to which the existing aboriginal-specific programs accommodate findings about program effectiveness for the general offender population, such as correcting fundamental reasoning deficits through social cognitive skills training, recognition of individual differences among offenders, more intensive services for higher risk offenders, corresponding style and mode of treatment to the learning characteristics of offenders, the integration of programs to address each of the offenders' problem areas, and proper implementation and administration of programs, must be determined. There is also little value to identifying needs and effective programs if there is not an institutional commitment, a positive climate, and adequate resources to ensure programs can be properly delivered. With smaller inmate populations, the program and institutional goals may be more achievable.\nBased on existing information there is evidence that a three-pronged approach to the treatment of aboriginal offenders should be considered. The first approach is to provide intensive pre-programming so that aboriginal offenders can derive the maximum benefit from mainstream programs, particularly those involving education, cognitive behaviour and life-skills. The apparent success of the alcohol pre-treatment program for aboriginal offenders and the fact that research has identified the personal dysfunctions of aboriginal offenders as being more extreme than for the non-aboriginal group lends support to this recommendation.\nThe second approach is to continue cultural and spiritual content programs for those offenders wishing to participate in them, as these programs appear to attract aboriginal offenders and to give them a sense of identify often sorely lacking.\nThe third approach is to deliver the most effective programs within the proper context which depends on understanding the needs and realities of individual offenders.\nIn adopting the three-pronged approach, the needs of aboriginal offenders, including the need to be less isolated from non-aboriginal offenders, are more likely to be addressed.\nThe focus of any correctional policy should be the reintegration of the offender into the community where the community provides support and assistance. There has not been an allocation of funds or resources to develop the necessary support network. For both men and women, pre- and post-release programs are essential to reduce re-offending, particularly programs that respond to housing, substance abuse, and employment needs. More general programs, such as those which enhance parenting knowledge and skills, are also important. Community justice or advisory councils may be useful in assisting in the creation of necessary programs. The availability of such programs at the community level would address individuals needs while promoting reintegration. It may be unrealistic to expect communities to welcome offenders back without evidence that their behaviour has changed. At the same time, however, changes in aboriginal communities that address their most pressing needs must also proceed before they can be expected to respond more effectively to the needs of offenders, through adjudication, supervision or reintegration, or by participating in diversion and sentencing plans.\n3. The Politics of Aboriginal Justice\nWhat are the political elements of aboriginal corrections? Over-representation has generally been attributed to racism and discrimination in decision-making even though empirical evidence for this is lacking. However, the political sensitivity of the disproportionate incarceration of a group historically colonized and contemporarily marginalized, has strongly influenced reform measures. This is evidenced in correctional conferences and public discussions on aboriginal justice which are often as much about transformative politics as about criminal justice policy. Are aboriginal offenders increasingly identifying themselves in political terms and is this reflected, in part, in refusal or reluctance to participate in programs and treatment?Footnote 308 If so, this may affect their potential for rehabilitation.\nWhere are aboriginal communities in all of this? Is there a dissonance between what bureaucrats and politicians and communities want for aboriginal offenders? Has the reintegration of offenders and community-based justice movements been largely political in nature, tied as these issues are to aboriginal self-government and control over justice matters? In the anxiety of government to reduce levels of aboriginal imprisonment and to improve levels of release, is a disservice to both individual offenders and aboriginal communities being done? What is the real role of communities in the development and implementation of correctional policies and programs?\nFindings in this research suggest that in some respects \"the tail has been wagging the donkey\" particularly in federal aboriginal corrections. Macro-level aboriginal political objectives for control over justice and political transformation have, to some degree, obscured the micro-level issues of high risk aboriginal offenders and problem communities. It is these issues which perpetuate over-representation and will continue to plague criminal justice systems, whether mainstream or aboriginal-controlled. Unless the most vulnerable communities become less criminogenic and crimes of violence are reduced, the criminal justice system will continue to be a major player in the lives of many aboriginal people.\nAlthough the similarities between aboriginal and non-aboriginal offenders may be greater than the differences, problems facing aboriginal offenders are more severe and have an historical and cultural dimension that does not exist for the non-aboriginal offender. Many of the historical legacies and contemporary realities shaping aboriginal offending patterns also shape aboriginal communities. Community justice must, therefore, be located within the reality of communities and within the limitations of any criminal justice system to promote transformative processes.\n4. Corrections in a Multi-Racial Society\nWhat is the future of corrections in an increasingly multi-racial society? How should racial differences be identified and emphasized in programming to ensure the full range of individual needs are captured, whatever the aboriginal or ethnic membership of the individual? Should these be individual or group-focused? What is the potential now and in the future for correctional institutions in Canada to deal with the growing ethnic and racial diversity of the inmate population?\nIn a review of race and the criminal justice system, Roberts and Doob (1994) argue that the issue of race will become increasingly important to the criminal justice system as the Canadian population becomes more multiracial. They maintain that while aboriginal people have, to date, been the most obvious minority group in the Canadian criminal justice and correctional systems, the numbers of other minority groups such as blacks and Asians is increasing rapidly in some provinces. For example, although the number of aboriginal people admitted to B.C. correctional institutions is known the number of Asians is not, even though there has been a dramatic increase in the Asian population in the province. In this context, Alvin Toffler would argue that the existing correctional institutions are a \"second wave\" response to \"third wave\" problems and this will become increasingly apparent as the population in prisons becomes more diverse.Footnote 309 The response of correctional institutions and of policy makers to aboriginal pressures for reform from within (from Native Brotherhoods and Sisterhoods, for example) and without (in demands for the creation of independent aboriginal-controlled justice systems), has not been to examine the need to reshape correctional institutions to better reflect a new Canada, but to accommodate these pressures by creating special status groups within the institutions. This approach, however, ensures the continuance of the institution in its \"second wave\" form.\nA return to the central issue of this report leads us to ask about the future of aboriginal justice. Aboriginal people in Canada are in the process of transforming their relationship to the dominant society and the Canadian state. Self-government is a tangible product of this transformation. It may assist reserves to become more economically viable, self-sufficient, self-respecting and respected components of the Canadian landscape, while at the same time, promoting the creation of more just and democratic societies. In urban areas, community development and planning are required to lessen the potential for long-term, intergenerational residence of aboriginal people in poor, ghettoized, inner city areas. Such changes on and off-reserve, may reduce the involvement of aboriginal people in the criminal justice and correctional systems more so than any criminal justice-specific policies and programs.\nUltimately, however, we are left with the question of the type of social control to impose to achieve order, regulation, stability and protection without infringing on individual liberty. Cohen (1995) argues that in achieving these goals we are not talking simply about effectiveness (instrumental success) but also about justice (normative success). In identifying guidelines for determining success where the ends are social justice, democracy and human rights, which are subject to normative rather than empirical evaluation, he writes:\nHere, we might each make our own list. Mine would include a preference for methods that result in integration rather than exclusion; that (following Nils Christie) abolish or reduce to the minimum the amount of deliberately inflicted pain; that allow for active citizen participation; that reduce the power of professional and bureaucratic monopolies; that provide for accountability and democracy within the organization, and so on (Cohen, 1994:85).\nDo aboriginal people and communities want to continue along the present path of using prisons? In tracing the history of penology and sociological perspectives on punishment, Garland (1985,1991), observes that Durkheim saw prison as a moralizing mechanism; Marx as a component of class rule; Foucault as an exercise in knowledge and power, and Elias as an enacted cultural form. Garland believes that a multi-dimensional approach best explains the use of penal institutions in Western society. Prison must be viewed as a complex institution which serves both penal and social functions and has social support in doing so. It has never been successful in reducing recidivism or preventing crime, yet support for the prison as an institution remains solid. Garland argues this is so because \"the prison supplies a subtle, situational form of violence against the person that enables retribution to be inflicted in a way that is sufficiently discreet and 'deniable' to be culturally acceptable to most of the population\".Footnote 310 He concludes that all punishments regularly fail to reduce crime because:\n....as Emile Durkheim and others have pointed out, it is only the mainstream processes of socialization (internalized morality and a sense of duty, the informal inducements and rewards of conformity, the practical and cultural networks of mutual expectation and interdependence etc.) that are able to promote proper conduct on a consistent and regular basis (Garland, 1991:158).\nWhere should a civilized society put its resources: punishment or prevention?\n- That it is critical for programming and other purposes to recognize differences among aboriginal and non-aboriginal offenders, and differences among aboriginal offenders themselves, such as exposure to and interest in spirituality and culture, background experiences, and what they perceive as their own problems and needs;\n- To properly assess aboriginal offenders in relation to problems, needs and risk levels;\n- To recognize the special needs of many aboriginal offenders, i.e. lack of education and contact with non-aboriginal people, and, therefore, to encourage involvement in programs by providing intensive pre-treatment programs;\n- To ensure that aboriginal offenders have access to programs that meet their particular problems and needs;\n- To select and train staff to work with aboriginal offenders who will understand the full range of their needs and realities, and will be respectful, supportive, encouraging and non-judgmental and develop a stable relationship with offenders;\n- To monitor quality and delivery of correctional programs available to aboriginal offenders in the institution and in the community;\n- To ensure that the principles of program effectiveness used in the general inmate population are applied to aboriginal offenders;\n- To address each of the offender's major problem areas in a integrated programming fashion;\n- To fully inform and give aboriginal offenders the option of selecting the range of treatment programs available in the institution and/or community setting;\n- To create a \"therapeutic community\" for aboriginal offenders in institutions and on the outside to provide them encouragement, friendship, identity and support;\n- To recognize that offender reintegration in communities is dependent on community well-being, and that positive reintegration involves changing behaviour and identifying with people with pro-social attitudes;\n- To emphasize the importance of addressing both urban and reserve community needs for purposes of crime prevention and reintegration;\n- To encourage community development in aboriginal communities which takes into account the need for communities to feel safe as a prerequisite to reintegrating offenders;\n- To ensure that a structure is created in community for offender upon release;\n- To encourage community involvement with returning offenders so families are not isolated;\n- To assist families of offenders to change own behaviour.\nABORIGINAL CORRECTIONAL RESEARCH AND EVALUATION DIRECTIONS FOR THE FUTURE\nThere are a number of major monitoring, research, and evaluation activities which should be implemented over the next few years. They are set out as follows:\n1. Monitoring Activities\n- Monitoring and analyses of admission, release, counts, sentence length, release data and community corrections data to ensure availability of most current information for policy and programming purposes;\n- Monitoring of the delivery, quality and quantity of aboriginal-specific and mainstream programs available to aboriginal offenders in all provincial and federal institutions, including the Healing Lodges for aboriginal women;\n- Monitoring of the proportion and characteristics of aboriginal offenders in provincial and territorial correctional institutions participating in aboriginal-specific and mainstream programs;\n- Monitoring of attitudes of and issues raised by institutional administrations in regard to aboriginal-specific programming; support for programs within institutional environment.\n2. Special Studies\n- Regional and provincial/territorial variation in cultural and structural characteristics, and risk/needs of incarcerated aboriginal offenders;\n- Regional and provincial/territorial variation in demographic, offence and sentence characteristics of aboriginal offenders in correctional institutions; and in the criminal justice processing of aboriginal and non-aboriginal accused (may conduct select small-scale aboriginal and aboriginal/non-aboriginal comparisons of charging, prosecutions and convictions by offence type and across jurisdictions);\n- Comparisons of risk factors in re-offending for various aboriginal offender groups, including treaty and non-treaty, on- and off-reserve, and urban, rural and remote ;\n- Literature review of models of reintegration of released offenders and implications for aboriginal offenders;\n- Comparative and regional aboriginal and non-aboriginal opinion surveys about the use of imprisonment and about various alternatives to imprisonment.\n3. Evaluation Activities\n- Implementation and evaluation of intensive pre-programming approach as a principle of treatment philosophy and as a precursor to participation in and completion of educational, employment and other programs;\n- Evaluation of philosophy and quality of existing aboriginal-specific programs with reference to the individual needs of aboriginal offenders;Footnote 311\n- Evaluation of aboriginal and non-aboriginal staff effectiveness with aboriginal offenders, including selection and training;\n- Long term follow-up of aboriginal offenders completing cultural programming in correctional institutions, including the Healing Lodges for aboriginal women and CRC's, in relation to reoffending, provision of a therapeutic community inside and outside the institution; adoption of pro-social attitudes, reintegration and improvement in family and community life; involvement in employment, education, recreation programs; and whether aboriginal-specific treatment programs meet range of needs of offenders other than cultural/spiritual needs. (Follow up aboriginal offenders who complete aboriginal-specific programs and a matched group who has not participated in such programs).\n- Effectiveness of various alternatives to incarceration such as attendance centres, community service, intensive probation supervision (IPS), electronic monitoring, bush camps etc. for various groups of male and female aboriginal offenders;\n- Evaluation of various reintegration approaches.\nAndrews, D.A. (1982). The Level of Supervision Inventory (LSI): The First Follow-up. Toronto: Ontario Ministry of Correctional Services.\nAndrews, D.A. & Bonta, J. (1994). The Psychology of Criminal Conduct, Anderson Publishing Co., Cincinnati.\nAndrews, D.A., Bonta, J. & Hoge, R.D. (1990). Classification for Effective Rehabilitation: Rediscovering Psychology. Criminal Justice and Behaviour, Vol.17(1):19-52.\nAndrews, D.A., Zinger, I., Hoge R.D., Bonta, J. Gendreau, p. & Cullen, F.T. (1990). \"Does Correctional Treatment Work? A Clinically Relevant and Psychologically Informed Meta-Analysis\" Criminology, Vol.28(3).\nAngus Reid, (1994a). Canadians and Aboriginal Peoples, Angus Reid Group.\n(1994b). \"Canadians Views on the Criminal Justice System.\" The Reid Report, Vol.9(7).\nAntonowicz, D.H. & Ross, R.R. (1994). \"Essential Components of Successful Rehabilitation Programs for Offenders.\" International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, Vol:38(2):97-104.\nArvanites, T.M. (1993). \"Increasing Imprisonment: A Function of Crime or Socio-economic Factors?\" American Journal of Criminal Justice, Vol.7(1), 19-38.\nAuger, D., Doob, A., Auger, P. & Driben,P. (1993). \"Crime and Control in Three Nishnawbe-Aski Nation Communities: An Exploratory Investigation.\" Canadian Journal of Criminology. Vol.34(3-4).\nAustin, J. (1991a). \"The Consequences of Escalating the Use of Imprisonment: the Case Study of Florida,\" National Council on Crime and Delinquency Focus, June, 1-7.\n(1991b). \"Screening Jail Inmates: An Effective Tool for Improving Security,\" Corrections Today, Vol.53(4):80,82,84-85.\nAustin, J., Bloom, B. & Donahue, T. (1992). Women Offenders in the Community: An Analysis of Innovative Strategies and Programs. Washington, DC: National Institute of Corrections.\nAustin, J. & Irwin, J. (1990). Who Goes to Prison? San Francisco: National Council on Crime and Delinquency.\nAustralian Institute of Criminology, (1994). Corrections in Asia and the Pacific: Record of the Thirteenth Asian and Pacific Conference of Correctional Administrators. Hong Kong: 1993,1994. Australian Institute of Criminology.\n(1992). Changes in the Composition of the Prison Populations 1981-1982 to 1990-1991. Canberra:Australia.\nBenekos, P. (1990). \"Beyond integration: Community Corrections in Retributive Era,\" Federal Probation, Vol.54(1). 52-56.\nBiles, D. (1992). \"Noncustodial Penalties in Australia.\" Overcrowded Times, Vol.4(1), 7-9.\nBiles, D. & Harding, R. (1994). \"Care and Control of Minority Groups in Prison.\" In Northern Territory Department of Correctional Services (1994). Corrections in Asia and the Pacific: Record of the Fourteenth Asia and Pacific Conferences of Correctional Administrators.\nBiles, D. & McDonald, D. (1992).Deaths in Custody Australia 1908-1989. Australian Institute of Criminology, Canberra.\nBirkenmeyer, A.C. & Jolly S. (1981). The Native Inmate in Ontario, Ministry of Correctional Services and Ontario Native Council on Justice, Toronto, Ontario.\nBlumstein, A. (1993). \"Racial Disproportionality of U.S. Prison Populations Revisited.\" University of Colorado Law Review, Vol.64:743-760.\n(1988). \"Prison Populations: A System out of Control.\" In M. Tonry & N. Morris (eds.) Crime and Justice: A Review of the Research, Vol.10. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.\nBonta, J. (1990). \"Hey, You Don't Belong Here: Proper Classification is Key to Reducing Crowding.\" Corrections Today, Vol.52(3), 84,86.\nBonta, J. (1989). \"Native Inmates: Institutional Response Risk, And Needs.\" Canadian Journal of Criminology. January:49-62.\nBonta, J., LaPrairie, C., & Wallace-Capretta, S. (1996). \"Risk Levels, Risk Predictors and Reflecting: Aboriginal and Non-Aboriginal Offenders.\" Unpublished.\nBonta, J., Lipinski, S. & Martin, M. (1992) \"The Characteristics of Aboriginal Recidivists.\" Canadian Journal of Criminology. Vol.34(3-4):517-521.\nBonta, J., Parkinson, R., Pang, B. & Barkwell, L. (1994). Toward a Revised Manitoba Offender Classification Scheme. Solicitor General Canada and Manitoba Department of Justice (Unpublished).\nBonta, J. & Motiuk, L.L. (1992). \"Inmate Classification.\" Journal of Criminal Justice, Vol.20:343-353.\n(1990). \"Classification to Halfway Houses: A Quasi-Experimental Evaluation.\" Criminology, Vol.28(3):497-506.\nBottomley, A.K. (1990). \"Parole in Transition: A Comparative Study of Origins, Developments, and Prospects for the 1990s.\" In M. Tonry & N. Morris (eds.) Crime and Justice: A Review of Research, Vol.12. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.\nBox, S. & Hale, C. (1982). \"Economic Crisis and the Rising Prisoner Population in England and Wales.\" Crime and Social Justice, Vol.17:20-35.\nBraithwaite, J. (1993) \"Shame and Modernity\",British Journal of Criminology Vol.33(1).\n(1990). Crime, Shame and Reintegration, Cambridge University Press.\n(1980). Crime Shame and Reintegration, Cambridge University Press.\nBrady, M. (1993). \"Giving Away the Grog: An Ethnography of Aboriginal Drinkers Who quit Without Help.\" Drug and Alcohol Review, Vol.12: 401-411.\n(1992). Heavy Metal. The Social Meaning of Petrol Sniffing in Australia. Canberra: Aboriginal Studies Press.\nBranham, R. (1992). The Use of Incarceration in the United States. Washington DC.: Criminal Justice Section, American Bar Association.\nBroadhurst, R.G. (1996). \"Aboriginality and Crime in Australia: estimates of differential risk of penal involvement and explanations of Aboriginal crime.\" In Tonry,M. Race Crime and Ethnicity Crime and Justice, Annual Vol.21, Chicago University Press, Chicago.\n(1992). \"Evaluating Imprisonment and Parole: Survival Rate or Failure Rates?\" Keeping People Out of Prison. Conference Proceedings, Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology.\nBuchanan, R.A., Whitlow, K.L. & Austin, J. (1986). \"National Evaluation of Objective Prison Classification Systems: The Current State of Art.\" Crime and Delinquency, l Vol.32(3):272-290.\nBureau of Justice Statistics, (1991). Sourcebook of Criminal Justice Statistics. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Statistics.\nBurke, P. & Adams, L. (1991). Classification of Women Offenders in State Correctional Facilities: A Handbook for Practitioners. Washington, DC: National Institute of Corrections.\nByrne, J. (1989). \"Reintegration the Concepts of Community into the Community-Based Corrections\", Crime and Delinquency, Vol.35(3):474-499.\nCaldwell, G. (1967). Indian Residential School Study, Ottawa: DIAND.\nCanadian Centre for Justice Statistics, (1995a). \"The Use of Community Corrections in Canada:1993-94\", Juristat, Vol.15(4).\nCanadian Centre for Justice Statistics, (1995b). \"Correctional Services in Canada: Highlights for 1993-94\", Juristat, Vol.15(5).\nCanadian Centre for Justice Statistics, (1995c). Adult Criminal Court Statistics. Statistics Canada. Cat.82-214E.\nCanadian Centre for Justice Statistics, (1995d). National Justice Statistics Initiative: Operational Plan. 1995-96, May 17.\nCanadian Centre for Justice Statistic, (1995e). Adult Criminal Court Caseloads and Trends 1991-92 to 1993-94. Statistics Canada.\nCanadian Centre for Justice Statistics, (1994a). Adult Correctional Services in Canada. Statistic Canada. Cat.85-211.\nCanadian Centre for Justice Statistics, (1994b). Canadian Crime Statistics 1993. Statistics Canada.\nCanadian Centre for Justice Statistics (1993a). Community Corrections Programs: Province and Territories. Statistics Canada.\nCanadian Centre for Justice Statistics (1993b). Canadian Crime Statistics 1993. Statistics Canada. Cat.85-205.\nCanadian Centre for Justice Statistics (1993c). Sentencing in Adult Criminal Provincial Courts a Study of Six Canadian Jurisdictions, Statistics Canada.\nCanadian Sentencing Commission. (1987). Sentencing Reform: A Canadian Approach. Ottawa: Supply and Services Canada.\nCastellano, T., Soderstrom, I. & Ringel, C. (1995). Evaluation of the Illinois Department of Corrections PreStart Program. Center for the Study of Crime, Delinquency and Corrections at Southern Illinois University at Carbondale.\nChampion, D.J. (1994). Measuring Offender Risk: A Criminal Justice Sourcebook. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.\nChristie, N. (1993). Crime Control as Industry. Routledge.\n(1982). Limits to Pain, Martin Robertson, Oxford.\nClark, D.A., Fisher, M.J. & McDougall, C. (1993). \"A New Methodology for Assessing the Level of Risk in Incarcerated Offenders.\" British Journal of Criminology, Vol.33(3):436-448.\nClarke, S.H. (1994). \"Increasing Imprisonment to Prevent Violent Crime: Is it Working?\" Popular Government, Summer:16-24.\nCohen , S. (1994). \"Social Control and the Politics of Reconstruction.\" In David Nelken (eds) The Futures of Criminology, Sage Publications: California.\nComack E. (1993). Women Offenders' Experiences with Physical and Sexual Abuse. Winnipeg: University of Manitoba.\nCommunity and Institutional Programs Task Force, (1990). Evaluation Framework, Aboriginal Offender Pilot Project, Solicitor General of Canada\nCondon, R.G. (1992). \"Changing Patterns of Conflict Management and Aggression Among Inuit Youth in Canadian Arctic\" Longitudinal Ethnographic Observations.\" Native Studies Review, Vol. 8(2):35-49.\nCooper, M., Corrado, R., Karlberg, A. & Adams, L. (1992). \"Aboriginal Suicide in British Columbia.\" Canada's Mental Health, Vol.40(3).\nCormier, R.B. (1989). \"Offender Rehabilitation.\" Working paper prepared in-house for the Corrections Branch, Ministry of the Solicitor General of Canada.\nCorrectional Service Canada (1995a). Contact, Vol. 2(15) July 28,1995, Correctional Service Canada\n(1995b). Sex Offenders and Programs in CSC. Correctional Services Canada.\n(1995c). Commissioners Directive, Aboriginal Programming. Ottawa, September 6, 1995.\n(1994). Federally Sentenced Women Program. Healing Lodge Program, Strategy for Federally Sentenced Aboriginal Women. Ottawa: Correctional Service of Canada. (Unpublished).\n(1991). \"Everything you wanted to know about Canadian federal sex offenders and more.\" Forum on Corrections Research, Vol.3(4):3-6. Research and Statistics Branch.\nCorrectional Service of Canada & National Parole Board (1995). Final Draft on the Study of the Detention Provisions of Correctional and Conditional Release Act, Ottawa.\nCove, J. (1992). \"Aboriginal Over-Representation in Prisons: What Can be Learned From Tasmania?\" Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology, Vol.25:156-1568.\nCrawford, J. (1988). Tabulation of a Nation-Wide Survey of Female Offenders. College Park, Md.: American Correctional Association.\nDepew, R. (1993). \"Aboriginal Policing: A Research Perspective (Draft Paper),\" prepared for the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples.\n(1995). \"Popular Justice and Aboriginal Communities: Some Preliminary Considerations.\" Forthcoming Journal of Legal Pluralism and Unofficial Law.\nDIAND. (1994). Indian Register Population by Sex and Residence 1994. Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development, Canada.\nDobash, R., Dobash, R. & Gutteridge, S. (1986). The Imprisonment of Women. New York: Basil Blackwell.\nDoob, A.N. (1990). \"Community Sanctions and Imprisonment: Hoping for a Miracle but not Bothering Even to Pray for it.\" Canadian Journal of Criminology, Vol.32(3), 415-428.\nDoob, A.N. & Marinos, V. (1995). \"Reconceptualizing Punishment: Understanding the Limitation on the Use of Intermediate Punishments.\" Journal of Interdisciplinary Legal Studies Vol.2(2), 413-433.\nDoob, A., Grossman, M.G. & Auger, R.P. (1994). \"Aboriginal Homicides in Ontario.\" Canadian Journal of Criminology, January, Vol.99:29-62.\nDownes, D.M. (1991). \"The Origins and Consequences of Dutch Penal Policy Since 1945.\" In J. Muncie & R. Sparks (eds) (1991), Imprisonment: European Perspectives. New York: St. Martin's Press.\n(1988). Contrasts in Tolerance: Post-War Penal Policy in the Netherlands and England and Wales. Oxford: Claredon Press.\nEasteal, P.W. (1993). \"Overseas-Born Female Inmates in Australia: A Prison Within a Prison.\" Journal of Criminal Justice, Vol.21:173-184.\nEkland-Olson, S., Kelly, W.R. & Eisenberg, M. (1992). \"Crime and Incarceration: Some Comparative Findings From the 1980s.\" Crime and Delinquency, Vol.38(3):392-416.\nEkstedt, J.W. & Jackson, M.A. (1986). A Profile of Canadian Alternative Sentencing Programmes: A National Review of Policy Issues. Burnaby, BC: Simon Fraser University, School of Criminology.\nEllerby, L. (1995). 'Community-based Treatment of Aboriginal Sex Offenders: Facing Realities and Exploring Possibilities.\" Forum on Corrections Research, Vol.6(3):23-25.\nFarrington, D. (1994). Psychological Explanations of Crime. Solicitor General of Canada.\n(1992). \"Criminal Career Research in the United Kingdom.\" British Journal of Criminology, Vol.32(4):5211-536.\nFarrington, D. & West, D.J. (1990). \"The Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development: A Long-term Follow-up of 411 London Males.\" In H.J. Kerner & G. Kaiser (eds.) Criminology: Personality, Behaviour, Life History. Heidelberg: Springer Verlag.\nFattah, E. (1993). \"Some Reflections on Crime, Our Response to Crime and the Prevention of Family Violence.\" Directors' Research Workshop on Crime Prevention. Department of Justice, Canada.\nFeeley, M. & Simon, J. (1992). \"The New Penology: Notes on the Emerging Strategy of Corrections and Its Implications.\" Criminology, Vol.30:4.\nFeest, J. (1991). \"Reducing the Prison Population: Lessons From the West German Experience?\" In J. Munice & R. Sparks (eds.) (1991) Imprisonment: European Perspectives. New York: St. Martin's Press.\nFiselier, J.P.S. (1992). \"A Test of the Stability of Punishment Hypothesis: The Dutch case.\" Journal of Quantitative Criminology, Vol.8(1), 133-151.\nGarland D. (1991). \"Sociological Perspective on Punishment\" Crime and Justice. Vol.14.\n(1985). Punishment and Welfare: A History of Penal Strategies. Gowers Publishing Ltd. Great Britain.\nGendreau, P. & Andrews, D.A. (1990). \"Tertiary Prevention: What the Meta-analyses of the Offender Treatment Literature Tell us About \"What Works\". Canadian Journal of Criminology, Vol.32(1):173-184.\nGendreau, P., Cullen, F.T. & Bonta, J. (1994). \"Intensive Rehabilitation Supervision: The next Generation in Community Corrections?\" Federal Probation, Vol.58(1):72-78.\nGendreau, P., Paparozzi, M. & Goddadard, M. (1993). \"Does Punishing Smarter Work? An Assessment of the New Generations of Alternative Sanctions in Probation.\" Forum on Corrections Research, Vol.5(3), 349-407.\nGendreau, P. & Ross, R.R. (1987). \"Revivification of Rehabilitation: Evidence from the 1980s.\" Justice Quarterly, Vol.4(3):349-407.\nGoss, G. & Associates Ltd., (1992). Evaluation Strategy for Aboriginal Initiatives, Correctional Service Canada.\nGraham, J. (1990). \"Decarceration in the Federal Republic of Germany: How Practitioners are Succeeding Where Policy-makers Have Failed.\" British Journal of Criminology, Vol.30:150-170.\nGrant, B. & Porporino, F. (1992). \"Are Native Offenders Treated Differently in the Granting of Temporary Absences from Federal Correctional Institutions?\" Canadian Journal of Criminology, July-October, pp.525-532.\nGreen, D. (1993). \"The Contextual Nature of American Indian Criminality.\" American Indian Culture and Research, Vol.17(2):99-119.\nGreenfeld, L.A. & Minor-Harper, S. (1991). Women in Prison: Executive summary. Washington, DC: U.S. Bureau of Justice Statistics.\nGriffiths, C.T. (1990). \"The Use of Community Sanctions and Programs: Critical Issues, Lessons Learned, and an Agenda for Change.\" In Resource Material Series No. 38. Tokyo, Japan: UNAFEI.\nGriffiths, C.T. & Verdun-Jones, S.N. (1994). Canadian Criminal Justice 2nd ed. Toronto: Harcourt Brace & Company.\nGriffiths, C., Zellerer, E., Wood, D. & Saville,G. (1995). Crime, Law and Justice Among the Inuit in Baffin Region N.W.T., Canada. Criminology Research Centre Simon Fraser University.\nGrobsmith, E. (1989). \"The Relationship Between Substance Abuse and Crime Among Native American Inmates in the Nebraska Department of Corrections.\" Human Organisation, Vol.48(4):285-298.\nHagan, J. (1974). \"Criminal Justice and Native People: A Study of Incarceration in a Canadian Province.\" Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology, Special Issue: 220-236.\nHagan, J. & McCarthy B. (1994). \"The Defiant Ones: Family Contexts and Sanction Sequences of Street Crime Amplification.\" Unpublished Paper.\nHann, R. & Harman, W. (1993). Predicting Release Risk for Aboriginal Penitentiary Inmates, Corrections Branch, Ministry of Solicitor General, User Report 1993-21.\nHann, R. & Harman, W. (1992). Predicting General Release Risk for Canadian Penitentiary Inmates, Ministry of the Solicitor General if Canada.\nHann, R. & Kopelman, F. (1987). Custodial and Probation Sentences (1984/5): Overview Reports. Ottawa: Department of Justice.\nHarmon, W. & Hann, R. (1986) Full Parole Release: An Historical Descriptive Analysis. Solicitor General of Canada\nHenry, S. & Milovanovic, D. (1994). \"The Constitution of Constitutive Criminology: a Postmodern Approach to Criminological Theory\". David Nelken (eds) The Future of Criminology. Sage Publications: California.\nHill, G. (1985). \"Predicting recidivism using institutional measures.\" In D.P. Farrington & R. Tarling (eds.) Prediction in criminology. Chichester: Wiley.\nHillsman, S. (1990) \"Fines and Day Fines.\" In Tonry & Morris (eds.) (1990) Crime and Justice: A Review of the Research. Vol.12. Chicago: University Press.\nHofer, H. (1991). Criminal Statistics over Three Centuries. Stockholm, SWE: Unit of Judicial Statistics, Statistics Sweden.\nHolosko, M.J. & Carlson, T.M. (1986). \"Recidivism among ex-offenders residing at a CRC in St. John's, Newfoundland.\" Canadian Journal of Criminology, Vol.28:385-396.\nHolyst, B. (1990). \"Barriers to Rehabilitation.\" Eurocriminology, Vol.3:221-232.\nHosek, C. & Martin, P. (1993) Creating Opportunity The Liberal Plan for Canada: The Red Book. Liberal Party of Canada.\nHylton, J.H. (1982). \"Rhetoric and reality: A critical appraisal of community corrections programs.\" Crime and Delinquency, Vol.28:314-373.\nImmarigeon, R. & Chesney, L.M. (1992). Women's prisons: Overcrowded and overused.\" San Francisco, CA: National Council on Crime and Delinquency.\nInciardi, J. \"Prison Therapeutic Communities\" in James Inciardi (ed.), Examining the Justice Process, Harcourt Brace, Forthcoming.\nIndian Affairs and Northern Development. (1994) Indian Register Population, Ottawa.\nIngram-Fogel, C. (1991). \"Health problems and needs of incarcerated women.\" Journal of Prison and Jail Health, Vol.10(1), 43-57.\nInverarity, J. & McCarthy, D. (1988). \"Punishment and social structure revisited: Unemployment and imprisonment in the United States, 1948-1984.\" The Sociological Quarterly, Vol.29:263-279.\nIrvine, M. J. (1978). The Native Inmate in Ontario: A Preliminary Survey, Ministry of Correctional Services/Ontario Native Council on Justice.\nIrwin, J. (1985). The jail. Berkeley: University of California Press.\nIrwin, J. & Austin, J. (1994). It's About Time: America's Imprisonment Binge. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.\nJackson, M. (1989). Locking up Natives in Canada, A Report of the Canadian Bar Association on Imprisonment and Release.\nJackson, M.A. & Ekstedt, J.W. (1986). Alternatives to Incarceration/Sentencing Option Programmes: What are the Alternatives?, Canadian Sentencing Commission, Ottawa.\nJaynes, D.G. & Williams, R.M. Jr. (eds.) (1990). A Common Destiny: Blacks and American Society. Report of the Committee on the Status of Black Americans, National Academy of Sciences. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.\nJohnson H. & Rodgers K. (1993). \"A Statistical Overview of Women and Crime in Canada,\" In Adelberg, E. & Currie, C. (eds) In Conflict with the Law: Women and the Canadian Justice System. Vancouver: Press Gang Publishers.\nJohnstone, (1995).\"Northern Aboriginal Offenders in Federal Custody: A Profile.\" Communications Branch, Correctional Service Canada.\nJunger-Tas, J. (1994). \"Alternative Sanctions: Myth and Reality.\" European Journal of Criminal Policy and Research, Consistency in Sentencing Issue, Kugler Publication, Vol.2(1):44-66.\nKendall, K. (1993a). Literature review of the therapeutic services for women in prison. Ottawa: Correctional Service of Canada.\n(1993b). Program evaluation of therapeutic services at the prison for women. Ottawa: Correctional Services of Canada.\nKingfisher, D. (1995). Conference Report: National Symposium on Care and Custody of Aboriginal Offenders, Prince Albert, Saskatchewan. Correctional Service Canada.\nLanderville, P. (1995).\"Prison Over-population and Strategies for Decarceration.\" Canadian Journal of Criminology, January.\nLangan, P.A. (1991). \"America's Soaring Prison Population.\" Science, Vol. 251:1568-1573.\nLaPrairie, C. (1995). \"Altering Course: New Directions in Criminal Justice.\" Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology, Special Issue, Crime, Criminology and Public Policy: 78-99, Sage.\n(1994). Seen But Not Heard: Native People in the Inner City. Department of Justice Canada.\n(1992). Dimensions of Aboriginal Over-representation in Correctional Institutions and Implications for Crime Prevention, Ministry of the Solicitor General, Ottawa.\n(1991). Justice for the Cree: Communities, Crime and Order, Cree Regional Authority, Nemaska.\n(1990). \"The Role of Sentencing in the Over-representation of Aboriginal People in Correctional Institutions.\" Canadian Journal of Criminology. Vol.32:429-440.\nLessan, G.T. (1991). \"Macro-economic determinants of penal policy: Estimating the unemployment and inflation influences on imprisonment rate changes in the United States, 1948-1985.\" Crime, Law and Social Change, Vol.16:177-198.\nLevinson, R.B. (1991). \"The future of unit management.\" Corrections Today, Vol.53(2):44,46,48.\nLiebling, A. (1995). \"Vulnerability and Prison Suicide.\" The British Journal of Criminology. Vol.35(2).\nLincoln, & Wilson (1994). in Chappel and Wilson. The Australian Criminal Justice System — The Mid-1990's.\nMainprize, S. (1992). \"Electronic Monitoring in Corrections: Assessing the Cost Effectiveness and the Potential for Widening the Net of Social Control.\" Canadian Journal of Criminology, Vol. 34(2):161-180.\nMann, C. (1988). \"Getting even? Women who kill in domestic encounters.\" Justice Quarterly, Vol.5(1):33-53.\nMarshall, W.L. (1993). \"The treatment of sex offenders: What does the outcome data tell us?\" A reply to Quinsey, Harris, Rice, and Lalumiere. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, Vol.8(4):524-530.\nMartinson, R. (1974). \"What works? — Questions and answers about prison reform.\" The Public Interest, Vol.35:22-54.\nMarquart, J.W., Bodapati, M., Cuvelier, S.J., & Carroll, L. (1993). \"Ceremonial justice, loose coupling, and the war on drugs in Texas.\" Crime and Delinquency, Vol.39(4):528-542.\nMarvell, T.B. & Moody, C.E. Jr. (1994). \"Prison population growth and crime reduction.\" Journal of Quantitative Criminology, Vol.10(2):109-140.\n(1991). Ultimate impacts of sentencing reforms and speedy trial laws. Williamsburg, VA: Justice Research.\nMauer, M. (1992). Americans behind bars: One year later. Washington, DC: Sentencing Project.\nMcCaskill, D. (1985) Patterns of Criminality and Corrections Among Native Offenders in Manitoba, Correctional Services Canada, Ministry of the Solicitor General.\n(1970). \"A Study of Needs and Resources Related to Offenders of Native Origins in Manitoba: A Longitudinal Analysis.\" Ottawa: Correctional Planning Branch, Ministry of the Solicitor General.\nMcDonnell R. (1992). Justice for the Cree: Customary Beliefs and Practices. Grand Council of the Crees.\nMcMahon, M. (1992). Persistent prison: Rethinking Decarceration and penal reform. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.\nMerry, S. (1995). \"Resistance and the Cultural Power of Law.\" Law & Society Review. Vol.29(1):11-26.\n(1990). Getting Justice and Getting Even. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.\nMichalowski, R.J. & Pearson, M.A. (1990). \"Punishment and social structure at the state level: A cross-sectional comparison of 1970 and 1980.\" Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, Vol.27(1):52-78.\nMinde, R. & Minde, K. (1995). \"Socio-Cultural Determinants of Psychiatric Symptomology in James Bay Cree Children and Adolescents.\" Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Vol.40(6):304-312.\nMinistry of Attorney General Corrections Branch, British Columbia, (1995). Alternatives for Correctional Centers Summary of Findings September.\nMilestone, C. (1995). The Mentally Ill and the Criminal Justice System: Innovative Community-Based Programs, Health Service and Programs Branch, Health and Welfare Canada.\nMoon, P. (1995). \"Natives Find Renewal in Manitoba Prison.\" Globe and Mail, Thursday July 20th.\nMorris, N. & Tonry, M. (1990). Between prison and probation: Intermediate punishments in a rational sentencing system. New York: Oxford University Press.\nMotiuk, L. (1993). \"Where are we in our ability to assess risk?\" Forum on Corrections Research, Vol.5(2):14-18.\nMotiuk, M.S., Motiuk, L.L., & Bonta, J. (1992). \"A comparison between self-report and interview-based inventories in offender classifications.\" Criminal Justice and Behaviour, Vol.19(2):143-159.\nMoyer, S. (1992).\"Race, Gender and Homicide: Comparisons Between Aboriginal and Other Canadians,\" Canadian Journal of Criminology, Vol.34.\nMoyer, S., Kopelman, F., Billingsley, B. & LaPrairie, C. (1985). Native and Non-Native Admissions to Federal and Provincial Correctional Institutions, User Report, Ottawa: Ministry of the Solicitor General.\nMuirhead, G.K. (1982). An analysis of Native over-representation in correctional institutions in B.C., Ministry of the Attorney General, Corrections Branch.\nMyers, S.L. Jr. (1993). \"Racial disparities in sentencing: Can sentencing reforms reduce discrimination in punishment?\" University of Colorado Law Review, Vol.64:781-808.\nNARCO. (1995). Criminal Justice Digest, April 1995. London\nNational Association for the Care and Resettlement of Offenders. (1992). Women and criminal justice: Some Facts and Figures. London, ENG:\nNative Counselling Services of Alberta. (1993). Evaluation of Stan Daniels Correctional Centre, Edmonton Alberta.\nNew Developments in Community Corrections. (1992). Keypoints, Vol.4(3), 7-12.\nNuttal, C. & Pease, K. (1994). \"Changes in the use of imprisonment in England and Wales 1950-1991.\" Criminal Law Review, May:316-323.\nO'Malley, P. (1992). \"Marlba, Evaluation of a Mentor-Based Petrol Sniffing Prevention Program for Aboriginal Youth 1990-1992.\" Interim Report, National Centre for Socio-Legal Studies La Trobe University.\nOka, J. (1995). \"Criminal Systems of Justice in Canada Towards Aboriginal Alternatives\" Conference Report, National Symposium on Care and Custody of Aboriginal Offenders, Prince Albert, Saskatchewan, Feb. 151-187.\nOwen & Bloom (1995). \"Profiling Women Prisoners: Findings From National Surveys and California Sample.\" The Prison Journal, Vol.75(2).\nPalmer, T. (1991). \"The effectiveness of intervention: recent trends and current issues.\" Crime and Delinquency, Vol.37(3):330-346.\nParent, D.G. (1989). \"Shock incarceration: An overview of existing programs.\" Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice.\nPauktuutit Inuit Women's Association, (1994). \"Inuit Women and Justice: Progress Report Number One.\" Pauktuutit Inuit Women's Association.\nPavarini, M. (1994). \"The new penology and politics in crisis: The Italian Case.\" British Journal of Criminology, Vol.34, 49-61.\nPease, K. (1991). \"Punishment demand and punishment numbers.\" In D.M. Gottfredson & R.V. Clarke (eds.) (1991). Policy and theory in criminal justice. Aldershot: Gower.\nPetersilia, J. (1993). Crime and punishment in California: Full cells, empty pockets, and questionable benefits. Berkeley, CA: California Policy Seminar.\nPetersilia, J. & Turner, S. (1993). \"Intensive probation and parole.\" In M. Tonry (ed.) (1993). Crime and Justice: A Review of the Research, Vol.17. Chicago:University of Chicago Press\nPhilips, M. and Inui, T. (1986). \"The Interaction Of Mental Illness, Criminal Behaviour and Culture: Native Alaskan Mentally Ill Criminal Offenders\", Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, Vol.10:123-149.\nPlanning Branch, Treasury Board Secretariat, (1975). The Native Inmate Within the Federal Penitentiary System. Treasury Board Secretariat, Ottawa, Ontario.\nPollock-Byrne, J.M. (1990). Women, prison, and crime. Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company.\nProctor, J.L. (1994). \"Evaluating a modified version of the federal prison system's inmate classification model: An assessment of objectivity and predictive validity.\" Criminal Justice and Behaviour, Vol.21(2):256-272.\nQuinsey, V.L., Harris, G.T., Rice, M.E., & Lalumiere, M.L. (1993). Assessing treatment efficacy in outcome studies of sex offenders. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, Vol.8(4):512-523\nRattner, A. & McKie, C. (1990). \"The ecology of crime and its implications for prevention: An Ontario study.\" Canadian Journal of Criminology, January, Vol.32(1).\nReport of the Aboriginal Justice Inquiry of Manitoba. (Hamilton and Sinclair). (1991). The Justice System and Aboriginal People, Public Inquiry on the Administration of Justice and Aboriginal People. Winnipeg.\nRoberts, J. & Doob, A. (1994). \"Race ethnicity and criminal justice\" background paper prepared for conference on Race, Ethnicity and Criminal Justice.\" All Souls College Oxford.\nRoberts, J. (1988). \"Empirical Research on Sentencing.\" Research Reports of the Canadian Sentencing Commission, Ottawa: Department of Justice.\n(1994). Public Knowledge of Crime and Justice: An Inventory of Canadian Findings, Ottawa: Department of Justice.\nRobinson, D. (1995). Impact of Cognitive Skills Training on Post-Release Recidivism Among Canadian Federal Offenders. Correctional Service Canada: Research Section.\n(1989). \"Research on sex offenders: What do we know?\" Forum on Corrections Research, Vol.1(1):12-22.\nRudin, J. (1995). \"Issues related to the Establishment of Native Justice Systems.\" Report Submitted to the Aboriginal Justice Directorate, Department of Justice Canada.\nSabol, W. (1990). \"Imprisonment, Fines and Diverting Offenders from Custody: Implications of Sentencing Discretion for Penal Policy.\" The Howard Journal, Vol. 29, 25-41.\nSacco, V. & Johnson, H. (1990). Patterns of Victimization in Canada. Statistics Canada.\nSampson, R. (1991) \"Linking the Micro-and-Macro Level Dimensions of Community Social Organization,\" Social Forces, Vol.70:43-64.\n(1987). \"Urban Black Violence: The Effect of Male Joblessness and Family Disruption,\" American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 93:348-382.\nSchafer, N.E. & Dellinger, A.B. (1993). \"Jail classification: Is it time to include women?\" American Jails, Vol.7(4)VI:31-35.\nScheff, T. & Retsinger, S. (1991). Emotions and Violence: Shame and Rage in Destructive Contexts, Lexington, Books, Lexington, MA.\nSelke, W.L. (1991). \"A comparison of punishment systems in Denmark and the United States.\" International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice, Vol.15(2):227-242.\nShaw, M. (1994). Ontario Women in Conflict with the Law, Ministry of Correctional Services, Province of Ontario.\n(1991). Survey of federally sentenced women: Report to the task force on federally sentenced women on the prison survey. Ottawa: Solicitor General Canada.\nSherman, L. (1993). \"Defiance, Deterrence, and Irrelevance: A Theory of the Criminal Sanction.\" Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, Vol.30:445-473.\nSnacken, S. & Beyens, K. (1994). \"Sentencing and Prison Overcrowding.\" European Journal of Criminal Policy and Research, Vol.2(1), 84-99.\nSnell, T.L. (1994). Women in prison. Washington, DC: US Department of Justice Bureau of Justice.\nSnider, L. (1995a). \"Toward Safer Societies\", Queen's University, unpublished paper.\n(1995b). \"Feminism, Punishment and the Potential for Empowerment\", in Wife Assault and the Canadian Criminal Justice System: Issues and Policies, Mariana Valverde, Linda McLeod & Kirsten Johnson (eds.), Centre of Criminology, Toronto, pp.236-259.\nStatistics Canada (1994). \"Labor Force Participation Rate.\" 1991 Census, INAC.\n(1993). The Daily: Aboriginal Data — Age and Sex, March 30, 1993.\nSteffensmeier, D. & Harer, M.D. (1993). \"Bulging prisons, an ageing U.S. population, and the nation's violent crime rate.\" Federal Probation, Vol.57(2):3-10.\nStenning, P. (1995) \"Policing — Towards the Third Wave\", Unpublished.\n(1993). Police Use of Force and Violence Against Members of Visible Minority Groups in Canada, a Report Prepared for the Solicitor General of Canada.\nStolwijk, S.A.M. (1988). \"Alternatives to Custodial Sentences.\" In J. van Dijk, et al. (eds) (1988). Criminal Law in Action: An Overview of Current Issues in Western Societies. Arnhem: Gouda Quint.\nSwaaningen, R. van & Beijerse, J. uit. (1993). \"From Punishment to diversion and back again: the debate on non-custodial sanctions and penal law reform in the Netherlands.\" Howard Journal of Criminal Justice Vol.32(2):136-156.\nTaggart, W.A. & Winn, R.G. (1993). \"Imprisonment in the American States.\" Social Science Quarterly, Vol.74(4):736-749.\nTask Force on Aboriginal People in Federally Institutions, (1988) Final Report, Solicitor General of Canada.\nTask Force on Federally Sentenced Women: Report to the Task Force on the Prison Survey. Solicitor General of Canada (1990).\nThomas, K. & McCulloch S. (1994). \"Correctional Reform in Queensland: At the Cross Roads Post Kennedy.\" Criminology Australia, Vol.5(4). April May.\nThompson, A. (1993). A Comparison of Native and Non-Native Young Offenders Serving Secure Custody in Northern Ontario Youth Centres, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario.\nTonry, M. (1994a). \"Racial Disproportionality in US prisons.\" British Journal of Criminology, Vol.34:97-115.\n(1994b). \"Racial politics, racial disparities, and the war on crime.\" Crime and Delinquency, Vol.40(4):475-494.\n(1987). Sentencing reform impacts. Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice.\nTournier, P. & Barre, M.D. (1990). \"Survey of prison systems in the member states of the Council of Europe: Comparative Demography.\" Prison Information Bulletin, Vol.15:3-44.\nTrevethan, S. (1991).Police-Reported Aboriginal Crime in Calgary, Regina and Saskatoon. Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics.\nU.S. Department of Justice Bureau of Justice Statistics. (1992). Correctional populations in the United States, 1990. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.\nvan Dijk, J. & Mayhew, P. (1992). Criminal Victimisation in the Industrialised World, A Report to the Conference \"Understanding Crime: experiences of Crime and Crime Control\", UNICRI, Rome.\nVitelli, R. (1995). \"The Homeless inmate in a Maximum Security Prison Setting.\" Canadian Journal of Criminology, July.\nWaldram, J. (1992). \"Cultural Profiling and the Forensic Treatment of Aboriginal Offenders in Canada.\" Presentation at the American Society of Criminology Meetings, New Orleans, November.\nWalker, J., Collier, P. & Tarling, R. (1990). \"Why are prison rates in England and Wales higher than in Australia?\" British Journal of Criminology, Vol.30(1):24-35.\nWelch, M. (1994). \"Jail overcrowding: Social sanitation and the warehousing of the urban underclass.\" In A.R. Roberts (ed.) (1994). Critical issues in crime and justice. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.\nWellisch, J., Anglin, M.D. & Prendergast, M.L. (1993). \"Treatment strategies for drug-abusing women offenders.\" In J.A. Inciardi (ed.) (1993). Drug treatment and criminal justice. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.\nWexler, H.K. & Lipton, D.S. (1993). \"From reform to recovery: Advances in prison drug treatment.\" In J.A. Inciardi (ed.) (1993). Drug treatment and criminal justice. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.\nWillson, S. (1987). \"Women and drugs in Mulawa.\" Australian Crime Prevention Council Journal, Vol.9(2):15-19.\nWirt, F.M. (1983). \"Institutionalisation: Prison and school policies.\" In V. Gray, H. Jacob, K.V. Vines. (eds.) (1983). Politics in the American states: A comparative analysis (4th ed). Boston: Little, Brown.\nYeager, M.G. (1992). Survey of Client Specific Planning Programs and Their Feasibility as an Alternative to Incarceration in Canada, Corrections Branch, Ministry of the Solicitor General.\nYork, P. (1995). The Aboriginal Federal Offender — A Comparative Analysis Between Aboriginal and Non-Aboriginal Offenders, Accountability and Performance Measurement Sector, Correctional Services Canada.\nYoung, W. & Brown, M. (1993). \"Cross-national comparisons of imprisonment.\" In M. Tonry (eds.) Crime and Justice: A Review of the Research, Vol.17:1-49. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.\nZamble, E. & Porporino, F. (1990).\"Coping, Imprisonment and Rehabilitation: Some Data and Their Implications.\" Criminal Justice and Behaviour, Vol.17(1):53-70.\nZimring, F.E. & Hawkins, G. (1991). The Scale of Imprisonment. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.\nAPPENDIX I: FIVE PROVINCES DATA METHODOLOGY\nFor purposes of comparisons within and among provinces, aboriginal and non-aboriginal data on gender, age, offence type, admission (sentenced and remand), sentence length, release, bail supervision, probation, parole, and recidivism for the years 1988-1995, were requested from five provinces — B.C., Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba and Ontario. There was considerable variation in what was provided. The aboriginal and non-aboriginal data within each province can be compared subject to collection peculiarities within each province. The discussion below describes the dataset and categories used in the analysis. The limitations of the cross-jurisdictional analysis will be obvious to the reader.\nB.C. met all data specification for all data elements requested for the years 1988-1995. The next most compete set of data elements was provided by Manitoba, but who at the time of the request for data were unable to provide bail supervision data or a full year of sentenced admissions for 1995-96. Ontario data are missing for all categories for the years 1988-89, and only 10 months of 1991-92 are available. Alberta provided seven years of data but bail supervision, parole and probation are missing across the dataset. Saskatchewan was able to provide only two years of data (1993-1995), and the data on bail supervision, probation and parole are limited.\na. Sentenced Admission\nManitoba, Ontario and Saskatchewan base type of offence data on most serious offence, whereas B.C., Saskatchewan and Alberta data use total offences. In Alberta and Saskatchewan, sentence length is also offence-based whereas in the other provinces it is offender-based (i.e., most serious offence). Three additional elements were supplied. Manitoba provided information on sentences served intermittently; Alberta on education, employment and offences by sentence length for sentenced admissions; and Saskatchewan on number of offences. Alberta and Saskatchewan federal offenders who serve their sentences in provincial institutions are included in the sentenced admissions dataset because it was difficult to separate out these offenders, but these are separated in the other provincial datasets.\nThese are generally comparable across jurisdictions.\nc. Fine Default Admissions\nAll jurisdictions provided percentages. Ontario also provided type of offence, and Saskatchewan, age, gender, type of offence and sentence length. Alberta provided gender and ethnicity data as well.\nd. Bail Supervision\nAvailable for B.C. only.\nData are available only for Manitoba, B.C. and Ontario but for comparative purposes it was necessary to re-collapse sentence length categories. The Manitoba data are for fiscal year whereas the others are for calendar year.\nAvailable for B.C. and Ontario, but Ontario data includes only age, gender, recidivism and sentence length.\n3. Data Limitations\nThere is some variation across jurisdictions. B.C., Saskatchewan, and Manitoba age categories are the same but they are different in Ontario and Alberta. This has required some re-classifications with the result that there are now only four categories;\nComparable across all jurisdictions;\nc. Type of offence\nFor all jurisdictions except B.C. the data include Criminal Code, provincial, federal and municipal offences. There are no provincial and municipal data for B.C. Property, person, drug and federal, provincial and municipal data (where available) are generally comparable. There may be differences in provinces in what is included in federal, provincial and municipal offences, but, overall, the data are comparable.\nThere is, however, considerable variation in the offences that comprise the Administration and Public Order categories. In Alberta, the two are combined. In the other jurisdictions they are separate but include different offences. For example, weapons and driving offences are included in Public Order offences in Manitoba but not in the other jurisdictions. This means that Public Order offences may appear higher in some jurisdictions than others but the difference is not necessarily real. Administration offences are generally comparable for B.C., Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Ontario, except B.C. includes some other federal offences as well;\nd. Sentence Length\nThere are six groupings of sentence lengths in some provinces and less others. In order to make them comparable across jurisdictions, five new groupings were constructed. However, for within province analyses the groups remain as provided;\ne. Days Since Admission\nThis refers to time actually served from admission to release. These data were requested for Saskatchewan, B.C. and Manitoba;\nRecidivism data were provided by all jurisdictions except Saskatchewan.Footnote 312 However, there was variation in categories of recidivism. The variation is as follows:\nNo previous contact with adult correctional system — B.C. and Manitoba\nPrevious Jail (no sentence) ¾ Manitoba; Alberta\nPrevious Jail (Sentence) ¾ Manitoba, B.C.\nPrior Adult Custody ¾ Ontario\nPrior Adult Probation ¾ Ontario\nPrior Youth Probation and Detention ¾ Ontario\nOnly two years of recidivism data were available for Manitoba as a new system was implemented. B.C., Saskatchewan, and Alberta provided average number of offences per offender for sentenced admission data; and B.C. provided information on type of custody.\nAPPENDIX II. FIVE PROVINCES DATA TABLES\n|ABORIGINAL OFFENDERS||NON-ABORIGINAL OFFENDERS|\n|British Columbia %||Alberta %||Saskatchewan %||Manitoba %||Ontario %||British Columbia %||Alberta %||Saskatchewan %||Manitoba %||Ontario %|\n| ** In Alberta administration and public order offences are combined into one category.\n(Manitoba, British Columbia and Ontario only have provincial offenders for the Sentence Length Category)\n|Less than 21||16||-||15||15||9||15||-||17||12||7|\n|30 or older||47||-||42||33||47||51||-||46||49||50|\n|PROPORTION OF ABORIGINAL OFFENDERS|\n|TYPE OF OFFENSE (ALL OFFENSES)|\n|Other Criminal Code||-||2||-||2||-||-||5||-||1||-|\n|Other Federal Statues||-||5||2||3||-||-||3||2||3||-|\n|TYPE OF OFFENSE (CRIMINAL CODE OFFENSES ONLY)|\n|Other Criminal Code||-||4||-||2||-||-||3||-||2||-|\n|Other Federal Statutes||-||2||3||3||-||-||3||3||3||-|\n|Less than 30 days||58||39||61||40||51||57||37||57||37||47|\n|367 or more days||3||9||3||5||6||3||15||6||6||9|\n|DAYS SINCE ADMISSION|\n|Less than 15 days||40||-||48||27||-||48||-||52||27||-|\n|181 or more days||9||-||8||13||-||8||-||9||13||-|\n|AVERAGE NUMBER OF OFFENSES PER OFFENDER|\n|ABORIGINAL OFFENDERS||NON-ABORIGINAL OFFENDERS|\n|British Columbia %||Alberta %||Saskatchewan %||Manitoba %||Ontario %||British Columbia %||Alberta %||Saskatchewan %||Manitoba %||Ontario %|\n|**No data were requested from Alberta.|\n|Less than 21||23||-||19||19||12||20||-||22||15||16|\n|30 or older||40||-||37||37||43||46||-||44||49||47|\n|PROPORTION OF ABORIGINAL OFFENDERS|\n|TYPE OF OFFENSE (ALL OFFENSES)|\n|Other Criminal Code||-||-||-||2||-||-||-||-||1||-|\n|Other Federal Statues||-||-||4||5||-||-||-||6||7||-|\n|TYPE OF OFFENSE (FEDERAL STATUTES ONLY)|\n|Public Order||5||-||10||13||-||6||- **||8||16||-|\n|Other Criminal Code||-||-||-||2||-||-||- **||-||2||-|\n|Other Federal Statutes||-||-||4||5||-||-||- **||6||7||-|\n|DAYS SINCE ADMISSION|\n|Less than 15 days||71||-||73||83||-||73||- **||81||86||-|\n|15-30 days||14||-||8||8||-||12||- **||5||6||-|\n|30-90 days||9||-||5||8||-||8||- **||4||6||-|\n|91-180 days||6||-||11||2||-||6||- **||9||1||-|\n|181 or more days||1||-||3||-||-||1||- **||3||-||-|\n|ABORIGINAL OFFENDERS||NON-ABORIGINAL OFFENDERS|\n|British Columbia %||Manitoba %||Ontario %||British Columbia %||Manitoba %||Ontario %|\n|Less than 21||25||15||11||26||16||11|\n|30 or older||39||39||49||44||49||49|\n|PROPORTION OF ABORIGINAL OFFENDERS|\n|TYPE OF OFFENSE (FEDERAL STATUTES ONLY)|\n|Less than 6 months||25||1||13||25||1||11|\n|6 months — 1 year||46||48||46||44||38||46|\n|1 — 2 years||25||47||27||24||52||28|\n|2 or more years||4||4||17||8||9||16|\nSCHEDULE FEDERAL OFFENSES\n(Subsections 107(1), 125(1) and 126(1) and sections 129 and 130)\n1. An offence under any of the following provisions of the Criminal Code:\n(a) paragraph 81(2)(a) (causing injury with intent);\n(b) section 85 (use of firearm during commission of offence);\n(c) subsection 86(1) (pointing a firearm);\n(d) section 144 (prison breach);\n(e) section 151 (sexual interference);\n(f) section 152 (invitation to sexual touching);\n(g) section 153 (sexual exploitation);\n(h) section 155 (incest);\n(i) section 159 (anal intercourse);\n(j) section 160 (bestiality, compelling, in presence of or by child);\n(k) section 170 (parent or guardian procuring sexual activity by child);\n(l) section 171 (householder permitting sexual activity by or in presence of child);\n(m) section 172 (corrupting children);\n(n) subsection 212(2) (living off the avails of prostitution by a child;\n(o) subsection 212(4) (obtain sexual services of a child);\n(p) section 236 (manslaughter);\n(q) section 239 (attempt to commit murder);\n(r) section 244 (causing bodily harm with intent);\n(s) section 246 (overcoming resistance to commission of offence);\n(t) section 266 (assault);\n(u) section 267 (assault with a weapon or causing bodily harm);\n(v) section 268 (aggravated assault);\n(w) section 269 (unlawfully causing bodily harm);\n(x) section 270 (assaulting a peace officer);\n(y) section 271 (sexual assault);\n(z) section 272 (sexual assault with a weapon, threats to a third party or causing bodily harm);\n(z.1) section 273 (aggravated sexual assault);\n(z.2) section 279 (kidnapping);\n(z.3) section 344 (robbery);\n(z.4) section 433 (arson-disregard for human life);\n(z.5) section 434.1 (arson-own property);\n(z.6) section 436 (arson by negligence); and\n(z.7) paragraph 465(1)(a) (conspiracy to commit murder).\n2. An offence under any of the following provisions of the Criminal Code, as they read immediately before July 1, 1990:\n(a) section 433 (arson);\n(b) section 434 (setting fire to other substance); and\n(c) section 436 (setting fire by negligence).\n3. An offence under any of the following provisions of the Criminal Code, chapter C-34 of the Revised Statutes of Canada, 1970, as they read immediately before January 4, 1983:\n(a) section 144 (rape);\n(b) section 145 (attempt to commit rape);\n(c) section 149 (indecent assault on female);\n(d) section 156 (indecent assault on male);\n(e) section 245 (common assault); and\n(f) section 246 (assault with intent).\n(Subsections 107(1) and 125(1) and sections 129, 130 and 132)\n1. An offence under any of the following provisions of the Narcotic Control Act:\n(a) section 4 (trafficking);\n(b) section 5 (importing and exporting);\n(c) section 6 (cultivation);\n(d) section 19.1 (possession of property obtained by certain offences); and\n(e) section 19.2 (laundering proceeds of certain offences).\n2. An offence under any of the following provisions of the Food and Drugs Act:\n(a) section 39 (trafficking in controlled drug);\n(b) section 44.2 (possession of property obtained by trafficking in controlled drug);\n(c) section 44.3 (laundering proceeds of trafficking in controlled drug);\n(d) section 48 (trafficking in restricted drug);\n(e) section 50.2 (possession of property obtained by trafficking in restricted drug); and\n(f) section 50.3 (laundering proceeds of trafficking in restricted drug).\nSOURCE: Community and Conditional Release Act (1992-11-01)\nAPPENDIX III. SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRES\nQUESTIONNAIRE: CORRECTIONAL PERSONNEL\nThe federal Ministry of the Solicitor General is collecting information on \"best practices\" in Aboriginal corrections. The purpose of this exercise is to provide information for policy development in a number of correctional areas. Because of a lack of formal evaluation material, we are seeking information from people with experience in corrections about what they consider the best practices in working with offenders, aboriginal in particular. We would also like to know what you consider the most fruitful directions to follow in future. It would be greatly appreciated if you could complete the following questionnaire as your experience and knowledge are essential to the success of the project. All information is confidential and your name will not be written down. Nothing you write will be attributed to you or your agency. Please be as honest and frank as possible.\nWe are asking for information in a number of areas. It would be very helpful if you could fill out this document in as much detail as possible. As mentioned above, we are especially interested in what you consider to be the best practices, i.e., what you think works best and might be useful to adopt elsewhere. We would also like to know about any similarities and differences between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal offenders. Please indicate if your comments refer specifically to female offenders. Thank you for your time and effort in answering this questionnaire.\nAt which level do you work?\n- First Nation/private\nWhat type of service does your institution/agency/unit provide?\nHow long have you worked in corrections or in fields related to corrections (e.g. addictions)?\nWhat kind of experience do you have in working with Aboriginal offenders or Aboriginal corrections issues?\nHave you worked primarily with?\n- Other Aboriginal\n- All Aboriginal including Inuit\n- All Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal\n- Inuit and non-Aboriginal\nHave you worked primarily with?\n- both males and females\nI. Similarities and Differences Among Offenders\nWHAT ARE THE SIMILARITIES (I.E. PERSONAL CHARACTERISTICS, OFFENSES ETC.) BETWEEN ABORIGINAL AND NON-ABORIGINAL OFFENDERS?\n- what are the differences?\nWHAT DIFFERENCES EXIST AMONG THE ABORIGINAL INMATES THEMSELVES? ARE THESE IMPORTANT TO KNOW FOR PROGRAMMING PURPOSES?\n- are there differences in the way the above groups adjust /respond to incarceration?\n- to community corrections?\n- if yes, please explain differences?\nWHAT WOULD BE THE BEST WAY TO IDENTIFY THESE SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES FOR PURPOSES OF TREATMENT/PROGRAMMING?\n- is that how it is done now?\n2. Assessment and Classification of Inmates\nARE ABORIGINAL OFFENDERS ACCURATELY ASSESSED AT INTAKE REGARDING THEIR PROGRAM OR OTHER NEEDS?\n- if no, explain what practice might ensure better assessment?\nARE ABORIGINAL OFFENDERS PROPERLY CLASSIFIED RE: LEVEL OF SECURITY REQUIRED?\n- if no, why is this and how can it be improved?\nARE ABORIGINAL OFFENDERS IN FOR LESS SERIOUS OFFENSES THAN NON-ABORIGINAL OFFENDERS?\n- if yes, explain.\n3. Programs, Services and Needs\nIN YOUR OPINION, WHAT ARE THE GREATEST PROBLEMS FACING ALL OFFENDERS, FOR EXAMPLE, PERSONAL, SOCIAL, EDUCATIONAL ETC. ? PLEASE DESCRIBE IN DETAIL.\n- Aboriginal offenders?\nHOW GOOD IS THE \"FIT\" BETWEEN THE PROGRAMS/SERVICES AVAILABLE AND INDIVIDUAL NEEDS FOR BOTH GROUPS?\nWHICH INSTITUTIONAL PROGRAMS/SERVICES ARE MOST USEFUL FOR ABORIGINAL OFFENDERS?\n- for non-Aboriginal offenders?\nARE THERE DIFFERENCES IN THE WAY THESE VARIOUS GROUPS USE INSTITUTIONAL PROGRAMS/SERVICES?\nIf yes, explain.\nDO YOU THINK SERVICES SHOULD BE DELIVERED DIFFERENTLY TO ABORIGINAL AND NON-ABORIGINAL OFFENDERS?\n- if yes, explain.\nIF YOU WERE RESPONSIBLE FOR INSTITUTIONAL PROGRAMMING, WHAT WOULD YOU CHANGE FOR BOTH GROUPS?\n- for Aboriginal offenders?\nIN YOUR EXPERIENCE, DO PROGRAMS WHICH FOCUS ON CULTURE, SPIRITUALITY AND ABORIGINAL TRADITIONAL VALUES CHANGE THE BEHAVIOR/LIFE-STYLE OF THE ABORIGINAL OFFENDERS WHO PARTICIPATE IN THEM?\nDO RELIGIOUS OR CULTURAL PROGRAMS CHANGE THE BEHAVIOR/LIFE STYLE OF NON-ABORIGINAL OFFENDERS?\nARE THERE MAINSTREAM PROGRAMS WHICH MIGHT BE USEFUL FOR ABORIGINAL OFFENDERS BUT WHICH THEY DO NOT USE?\n- if yes, why are they not used\n- if no, why are they not useful?\nARE THERE ABORIGINAL PROGRAMS WHICH MIGHT BE USEFUL FOR NON-ABORIGINAL OFFENDERS?\n- if yes, why are they not used?\n- if no, why are they not useful?\nWOULD YOU SAY THAT, IN GENERAL, ABORIGINAL PROGRAMS/SERVICES ARE STAFFED WITH INDIVIDUALS WITH ADEQUATE TRAINING, KNOWLEDGE AND/OR SKILLS?\n- non-Aboriginal programs and services?\nWHAT WOULD YOU SAY ARE THE THREE MOST VALUABLE CORRECTIONAL PROGRAMS OR SERVICES FOR ABORIGINAL OFFENDERS WHICH YOU ARE AWARE OF?\nWHAT ARE THE MAJOR GAPS IN PROGRAMS AND SERVICES FOR ABORIGINAL OFFENDERS?\nIF YOU HAD THE AUTHORITY TO IMPLEMENT THE BEST PROGRAM FOR ABORIGINAL OFFENDERS IN INSTITUTIONS WHAT WOULD IT BE AND WHO WOULD RUN IT?\nb) Release and Post-Release\nDO ABORIGINAL OFFENDERS GET EARLY RELEASE AT THE SAME RATE AS NON-ABORIGINAL OFFENDERS?\n- if no, why is there a difference?\nDO CERTAIN INDIVIDUALS OR GROUPS HAVE THE MOST PROBLEM GETTING RELEASED BEFORE END OF SENTENCE?\n- if yes, why?\nHAS THIS CHANGED IN THE PAST 5 YEARS?\n- if yes, how?\n- if no, what would improve this?\nIN YOUR OPINION ARE THERE DIFFERENCES IN THE ABILITY TO FORMULATE RELEASE PLANS FOR ABORIGINAL AND NON-ABORIGINAL OFFENDERS?\nWHAT WOULD YOU CHANGE ABOUT PLANNING FOR THE RELEASE OF ABORIGINAL OFFENDERS?\nWHAT IS THE MOST USEFUL PRE-RELEASE PROGRAM FOR ABORIGINAL INMATES?\n- why do you think it useful?\nWHAT ACCOUNTS FOR A SUCCESSFUL RELEASE?\nARE AFTERCARE ADJUSTMENTS DIFFERENT FOR ABORIGINAL AND NON-ABORIGINAL OFFENDERS?\n- if yes, why?\nFOR DIFFERENT GROUPS OF ABORIGINAL OFFENDERS?\n- if yes, why?\nWHO IS LESS LIKELY TO RE-OFFEND?\nWHICH INSTITUTIONAL FACTORS/PROGRAMS DO YOU THINK REDUCE RE-OFFENDING\nWHICH COMMUNITY FACTORS/RESOURCES DO YOU THINK REDUCE RECIDIVISM?\nARE ABORIGINAL OFFENDERS USUALLY ABLE TO CONTINUE WITH CULTURAL/SPIRITUAL PROGRAMS ON THE OUTSIDE?\nIN GENERAL, DO YOU FEEL THAT AS A RESULT OF PROGRAMS/SERVICES OR TREATMENT WHILE IN CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTIONS, THAT ABORIGINAL OFFENDERS POSE LESS, MORE, OR THE SAME RISK TO SOCIETY WHEN RELEASED?\n- if more or the same, which programs do you feel are least useful for reducing risk?\n4. Correctional Options/Alternatives\nIN YOUR OPINION, ARE THERE BETTER CORRECTIONAL OPTIONS FOR ABORIGINAL OFFENDERS THAN SPENDING TIME IN A CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTION?\nARE THERE PARTICULAR ALTERNATIVES TO INCARCERATION YOU FEEL MIGHT BE BETTER?\nSHOULD THESE ALTERNATIVE BE AVAILABLE TO ALL OR ONLY SOME ABORIGINAL OFFENDERS?\n- to all or only some non-Aboriginal offenders?\nIN YOUR OPINION AND EXPERIENCE, WHAT IS THE BEST WAY FOR ABORIGINAL OFFENDERS TO ACHIEVE REINTEGRATION WITHIN THEIR COMMUNITIES?\n- within their families?\nARE THESE THE SAME FOR NON-ABORIGINAL OFFENDERS?\nWHAT DO COMMUNITIES NEED TO KNOW OR DO TO IMPROVE THE REINTEGRATION OF OFFENDERS?\n- what do families need to know or do to improve it?\nWHAT RESOURCES SHOULD COMMUNITIES HAVE TO ASSIST/STIMULATE THE REINTEGRATION PROCESS?\n6. In Conclusion\nIN GENERAL AND IN RELATION TO YOUR CORRECTIONAL EXPERIENCE WITH ABORIGINAL AND NON-ABORIGINAL OFFENDERS, CAN YOU DESCRIBE WHAT YOU BELIEVE ARE THE MOST VALUABLE LESSONS LEARNED OVER THE YEARS?\n- for both groups?\n- for Aboriginal offenders only?\nDO YOU KNOW OF ANY USEFUL WRITTEN MATERIAL WHICH MAY NOT HAVE COME TO OUR ATTENTION?\nWHAT MORE COULD CORRECTIONS DO TO ATTRACT AND KEEP HIGH-QUALITY ABORIGINAL STAFF?\n(FOR FEDERAL/PROVINCIAL ABORIGINAL OFFENDERS)\nThe Ministry of the Solicitor General Canada is collecting some information about the needs of Aboriginal offenders and what they think about programs in prisons and about release. We would be very grateful if you could fill out this questionnaire. It should only take you about 20 minutes. We hope that by collecting this information we will be able to provide better services to you and to other Aboriginal offenders. We are giving you a stamped, self-addressed envelope to return the questionnaire to us. Please do not write your name on the questionnaire. Please put the questionnaire in the envelope, seal it and return it to the official who gave it to you. Many thanks for your help.\n1. Age _____\n2. Sex M____ F____\n3. Aboriginal Identity\n4. Last Grade Completed\nLess than Grade 9_____\nSome high school_____\nHigh school completion_____\nHigh School +_____\n5. Where Are You From?\n6. Where Did You Spend Most of Your Life?\nMainly aboriginal community (including reserve)_____\nMainly rural community_____\nMainly small town_____\n7. Number of Times in Prison\n1-2 previous times____\n3 or more times____\n8. First Time Incarcerated Was in a\nFederal institution ____\n9. Previous Sentence(s) Were Mainly Served in a\nFederal institution ____\n10. Please Identify Which Need(s) You Have (Place an (X) on the appropriate lines)\nemployment skills _____\nother (describe) _______________________________________________________________\n10a. What Do You Consider Your Greatest Need? ________________________________\nCLASSIFICATION AND ASSESSMENT\n11. Have You Been Assessed\nYes ____No ____\n12. What Were the Needs Identified in Your Assessment (Please list)\n13. Do you Agree With Your Assessment\nYes ____No ____\n14. Please Indicate to What Extent You Agree With the Following Statements in Relation to Your Security Classification and Assessment(s): (Circle the Appropriate Number)\n|a) I feel I have been properly classified for security level||1||2||3||4||5|\n|b) I feel my needs have been properly dealt with||1||2||3||4||5|\n15. Do You Think These Needs Have Been Identified By the People Who Deal With You, For Example\n|Your Classification Officer||_____||_____||_____|\n|Native Liaison Worker||_____||_____||_____|\n|Others (Please List)\n16. Please Indicate How Much You Participate in the Following Programs While in this Institution: (Place an (X) in the Appropriate Blank)\n|c) life skills||_____||_____||_____||_____|\n|d) job placement||_____||_____||_____||_____|\n|f) group counseling||_____||_____||_____||_____|\n|g) individual counseling||_____||_____||_____||_____|\n|h) sweat lodges||_____||_____||_____||_____|\n|i) alcohol and drug programs||_____||_____||_____||_____|\n|j) other programs designed\nfor aboriginal inmates\n|k) other programs designed\n17. Please Indicate the Extent to Which You Agree With the Following Statements:\n(Circle the Appropriate Number)\n|a) I am only interested in participating in a program if it is especially for aboriginal inmates||1||2||3||4||5|\n|b) Any program is useful if itmeets my needs||1||2||3||4||5|\n|c) I was discouraged by program staff from participating in programs that were not designed for aboriginal inmates||1||2||3||4||5|\n|d) I did not want to participate in programs because I felt shy||1||2||3||4||5|\n|e) I felt left out of programs||1||2||3||4||5|\n|f) Non-aboriginal inmates can benefit from programs designed for aboriginal inmates||1||2||3||4||5|\n|g) Aboriginal inmates can benefit from general programs||1||2||3||4||5|\n|h) The programs you participate in should depend on what you need and not on whether you are aboriginal||1||2||3||4||5|\n|i) I think the institution offers all the programs I really need||1||2||3||4||5|\n|j) I think the institution needs a lot more programs for all inmates||1||2||3||4||5|\n18. There are Aboriginal Persons that Come From Outside this Institution to Deliver Aboriginal Programs:\n19. There are Aboriginal Staff in this Institution that Deliver Aboriginal Programs:\n20. Please Indicate the Extent to Which you Agree with the Following Statements About The Institutions Staff: (Circle the Appropriate Number)\n|a) The aboriginal staff generally understand the needs of aboriginal inmates.||1||2||3||4||5|\n|b) The aboriginal staff generally are well selected for their jobs||1||2||3||4||5|\n|c) The aboriginal staff generally are well trained for their jobs||1||2||3||4||5|\n|d) The non-aboriginal staff involved in programs are generally well selected and trained||1||2||3||4||5|\n|e) The non-aboriginal staff who are involved in programs generally understand the needs of aboriginal inmates||1||2||3||4||5|\n21. Did You Participate in any Programs to Assist You With Your Release:\nYes ____ No ____\nIf yes, what were the programs? (List)\nDid you complete them? Yes ____ No ____ Some only _____\n22. Please Indicate the Extent to Which You Agree with the Following Statements:\n(Circle the Appropriate Number)\n|a) aboriginal inmates have more problems than non-aboriginal inmates getting full parole||1||2||3||4||5|\n|b) aboriginal inmates have more problems getting into community training programs||1||2||3||4||5|\n|c) aboriginal inmates need more programs to help them get released||1||2||3||4||5|\n|d) there are enough programs for aboriginal inmates once they are released||1||2||3||4||5|\n|e) After release aboriginal programs are more useful in meeting the needs of aboriginal inmates than general ones.||1||2||3||4||5|\nABORIGINAL AND NON-ABORIGINAL INMATES\n23. Please Indicate the Extent to Which You Agree with the Following Statements:\n(Circle the Appropriate Number)\n|a)aboriginal and non-aboriginal inmates have the same employment and education needs.||1||2||3||4||5|\n|b) aboriginal and non-aboriginal inmates have the same personal/family/background problems.||1||2||3||4||5|\n|c) aboriginal and non-aboriginal inmates should be treated the same when in the institution.||1||2||3||4||5|\n|d) the only differences between aboriginal and non-aboriginal inmates are cultural ones||1||2||3||4||5|\n|e) generally staff treat aboriginal and non-aboriginal inmates the same.||1||2||3||4||5|\nWHILE IN THE INSTITUTION\n24. What is the Extent to Which You Would Agree to the Following Statements About Being in the Institution? (Circle the Appropriate Number)\n|a) my family is supportive when I am in the institution||1||2||3||4||5|\n|b) my family visits me often when I am in the institution||1||2||3||4||5|\n|c) my home community supports me when I am in the institution.||1||2||3||4||5|\n|d) I have learned a lot about myself and my problems in the institution||1||2||3||4||5|\n|e) I have received useful treatment in the institution||1||2||3||4||5|\nAnswer the Questions Below Only If You Have Been in Prison Before And Released.\nGOING BACK INTO THE COMMUNITY\n25. What is the Extent to Which You Would Agree to the Following Statements About Going Back to the Community? (Circle the Appropriate Number)\n|a) when I left the institution I felt prepared to deal with society.||1||2||3||4||5|\n|b) After my release I was able to carry on with aboriginal cultural/spiritual programs/practices I was involved with in the institution.||1||2||3||4||5|\n|c) my family welcomed me home||1||2||3||4||5|\n|d) my community welcomed me home||1||2||3||4||5|\n|e) there were enough services to help me in my home community||1||2||3||4||5|\n|f) people in my family understood my problems||1||2||3||4||5|\n|g) people in my home community understood my problems||1||2||3||4||5|\n|h) I felt like I was accepted/belonged in my home community||1||2||3||4||5|\n|i) I had no home community to return to||1||2||3||4||5|\nAboriginal Corrections, Ministry of the Solicitor General, is collecting information about the most promising approaches in relation to Aboriginal offenders in correctional settings. An area of great importance is the reintegration of offenders back into their families and communities. Given your experience, we would like to ask you some questions about offenders who have been released to or placed in the care of their community in order to understand what you consider the best reintegration practices from the perspective of communities and families. All information is confidential. Thank you very much for your time and effort.\nWhat is the geographic location of your community?\nWhat is the population of your community?\n- less than 500\n- more than 6000\n1. In general, what do you see as the greatest needs of Aboriginal offenders who are released from correctional institutions or community residential centres?\n2. Are the needs the same for males and females? If no, what are the differences?\n3. Do needs vary by age groups? if yes, how?\n4. How well are these needs understood by communities? by families?\nIn general, how do communities respond to offenders who want to return to communities? How do families respond?\n5. Are the community responses different according to type of offence committed? According to institution where served, for example, provincial or federal?\n6. Are families stigmatized or ostracized when the offender is in correctional institution? When the offender returns to community?\nIf yes or depends, explain.\nIf no, explain why not.\n7. In your opinion, what information is required by communities to make them more aware of the needs and realities of released offenders?\n8. Is there anything in place to educate communities about needs and realities of offenders? If not, what is the best way to educate communities?\n9. Who needs to be educated?\nDo you believe Aboriginal offenders are adequately prepared for reintegration into families and communities upon release? If no, what preparation is required? Who should be providing it?\n10. In your opinion and from what you have observed, what is the best way for communities to assist offenders in the reintegration process? For families to assist? For families and communities to work together?\n11. What community resources/services do you feel are required by Aboriginal offenders to promote and support the reintegration process?\n12. Are these presently available in your community?\n13 What level of training, knowledge and experience should be required for people delivering these services? Do the existing resources employ such people?\n14. What else could be done to encourage communities and families to accept offenders back, and give them the support and help they need?\n15. Finally, what other factors are important to community \"correctional\" care of Aboriginal offenders?\nIn the body of this report the word 'marginalized' is used frequently. It refers primarily to the historical processes to which aboriginal people were subjected and the contemporary socio-economic condition this has created. It may also refer to those individuals who have been socially and economically disadvantaged within a community setting.\n'Deconstruction' questions all traditional assumptions about the ability of language to represent reality.\nsee Biles and McDonald, 1992; Broadhurst et al, 1994.\nsee Hamilton and Sinclair, 1992; Rudin, 1995:3; Oka, 1995:199-210; Kingfisher, 1995:13.\nAt a recent conference on the care and custody of aboriginal offenders the Grand Chief of the Sto'Lo Nation stated: \"What we want to do is revive our own justice system. What I suggest is that we take ownership of conflict resolution in a serious way and not by accepting delegated legislation\" (1995:40).\nsee Young & Brown, 1993.\nYoung and Brown (1993) note that these rates are not taken from the same year. Figures for the United States mark the prison population during 1989, while for the United Kingdom, these numbers are derived from 1990.\nIn 1990 the United States had an incarceration rate of 455 per 100,000 ahead of second and third-place South Africa and the former Soviet Union, respectively. This figure is expected to increase by 30% by 1995 (Mauer, 1992).\nMcMahon, 1992; Zimring & Hawkins, 1991.\nFor information by country see McMahon, 1992; Graham. 1990; Fiselier, 1992, Downes, 1988 and Walker, Collier & Tarling, 1990, respectively.\nZimring & Hawkins, 1991.\nNuttal & Pease, 1994:317.\ne.g., Langan, 1991; Marquart, Bodapati, Walker, Collier, & Tarling, 1990.\nop. cit. 10.\nMarvell & Moody, 1991; Zimring & Hawkins, 1991.\nsee Marquart et al., 1993; Blumstein, 1988; Bottomley, 1990.\nIn the U.S., longer sentences may be achieved through the prosecution of the offence of violating parole or for other offences committed while in violation (Young & Brown, 1993).\nsee Young & Brown 1993; Petersilia, 1993; Tonry, 1994b.\n\"Most of the measures of economic activity are highly correlated with each other and the explicit theoretical linkage is more substantial with employment and unemployment than with any other measure of economic growth and activity.\" (Zimring & Hawkins, 1991, p. 134). Other variables, however, have been studied. Examples include inflation rates (e.g., Lessan, 1991), public revenue (e.g., Michalowski & Pearson, 1990), public wealth (e.g., Taggart & Winn, 1993).\nYoung & Brown, 1993; Inverarity & McCarthy, 1988.\ne.g., Box & Hale, 1982; Lessan, 1991; Arvanites, 1993; Michalowski & Pearson, 1990.\ne.g., Taggart & Winn, 1993; Wirt, 1983.\nsee Michalowski & Pearson, 1990; Zimring & Hawkins, 1991.\nYoung & Brown, 1993:39-40.\nsee Pease 1991.\nsee Ekland-Olson, Kelly, & Eisenberg, 1992; Marvell & Moody, 1994.\nsee Clarke, 1994; Hofer, 1991; Steffensmeier & Harer, 1993.\nIrwin & Austin, 1994.\nThe U.S. has recorded the greatest increases in recent times largely as a result of the increased use of illegal drugs, sentencing policies which prescribe imprisonment, and the hardening of attitudes resulting in greater public demands for imprisonment (U.S. Dept of Justice, 1992). In 1991, Florida was found to have dramatically increased the use of imprisonment for drug offences which in turn accelerated the use of early release. The end result was that the state had the highest use of prisons but the shortest length of stay which translated into little or no treatment for offenders (Austin, 1991a).\nsee Report of the Canadian Sentencing Commission, 1987; McMahon, 1992; Christie, 1993.\nThe rate of imprisonment is higher in Canada than in Australia, Bangladesh, China, Fiji, Indonesia, Japan, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Papua New Guinea, and the Philippines. The figures are also similar for the use of imprisonment for unconvicted remandees although of the countries listed above, Bangladesh, Singapore, Papau New Guinea, and Sri Lanka have higher rates than Canada (Australian Institute of Criminology, 1994).\nYoung and Brown, 1995a:5.\nsee van Dijk and Mayhew, 1992:31-41.\nSacco & Johnson, 1990.\nThis means that if police in Saskatchewan, for example, are charging more often than police in B.C. for similar offences, a problem is created for the correctional system in Saskatchewan.\nsee LaPrairie, 1994.\nCharging rates may also depend on whether police or prosecutors make the charging decision. For example, prosecutors in Quebec, B.C. and New Brunswick and police in Saskatchewan and all other provinces, make the decisions.\nsee CCJS, Adult Criminal Court Caseload Trends 1991-92 to 1993-94, 1995e.\nThe B.C. finding of the lowest charging rates is of interest considering that Vancouver has one of the largest aboriginal populations of all major urban centres. Research has established that the majority of offences are committed by aboriginal people in urban centres yet B.C. has the least disproportionate incarceration rates as compared to other western provinces and the territories.\nIn 1993-94, the rate of federal sentenced admissions per 10,000 adults charged ranged from 2369 in Alberta to 911 in Nova Scotia; excluding fine default admissions it ranged from 452 in Manitoba to 1906 in P.E.I. Saskatchewan rates for sentenced admissions with and without fine defaults were 1608 and 1029, respectively. Ontario's were 1365 and 1241. Newfoundland, New Brunswick, Quebec and the Yukon were all higher than Saskatchewan in both categories. Provincial rates of sentenced admissions from 1989-1994 were higher in Alberta, Quebec, New Brunswick, and P.E.I. than in Saskatchewan. (CCJS, 1994a:32).\nMinistry of the Attorney General, B.C., 1995.\nIn 1993-94, females accounted for 9% of all admissions to provincial institutions across Canada. Saskatchewan and Alberta (the two provinces with the highest levels of aboriginal incarceration) reported admissions of females above the Canadian average - 11% and 12%, respectively (CCJS, 1994a:34).\nIt is unclear if decreases or increases were the result of changes in offending, charging and/or sentencing practices.\nFine default admissions accounted for 39% of Quebec, 36% of Saskatchewan, 35% of Alberta, 25% each of Manitoba and P.E.I., to a low of 13% in the Yukon and Nova Scotia. Data for four years in New Brunswick and two years in Ontario were not available. In earlier research, Hann and Kopelman (1987:15-16) found inter-jurisdictional differences in the composition of custodial admissions. For example, for alcohol-related driving offences, fine default admissions accounted for 40% or more of custodial admissions in some provinces and 25% in others.\nfor Schedule of offences see Appendix.\nThese offences comprised 20% of the most serious convictions in Saskatchewan as compared to 18% in Quebec, 15% in the Yukon, 8% in Nova Scotia and 6% in P.E.I. Prison was the most serious sentence in 51% of all cases resulting in convictions in P.E.I., 24% in Nova Scotia, 27% in Quebec, 31% in Saskatchewan and 44% in the Yukon (CCJS, Adult Criminal Court Statistics, 1995c:5).\nsee McMahon, 1992.\nIn analyzing case characteristics from five courts in Canada, it was found that a minimum of 30% of the cases received a probation order and a fine was issued in 35% of the convicted cases in the Yukon, and in at least 50% of the convicted cases in the other four provinces, including Saskatchewan. Fines were highest in P.E.I. and lowest in Quebec (CCJS, 1995c:5).\nCCJS Cat. 85-211, 1994a.\nCCJS Juristat, Vol.15(4), 1995a:6-7. Averaged for years 1989-1994.\nIn 1993, in Saskatchewan 75% of the cases appearing before the courts resulted in convictions, and of those 50% received fines, 23% probation and 31% custodial sentences. Saskatchewan convictions were similar to other provinces and their use of custodial sentences mid-way between the others.\nCCJS, Adult Criminal Court Statistics, 1995c.5\nsee CCJS,1993a,b;1994a,b;1995a,b,c,d,e; Hann et al, 1983; Roberts, 1988; Hann and Kopelman, 1987.\nUsing Hann's data, Roberts (1988:35-36) provides some examples of this variation. The median sentence length for common assault in Quebec was one week versus five months in Saskatchewan. Cases of assault causing bodily harm received on average 39% custodial sentences, while the Ontario statistic was 63%. For uttering, the percentage receiving custodial sentences in Saskatchewan was 33% compared to 60% in the province of Quebec.\nsee Hagan, 1974; Stenning, 1993; Roberts and Doob, 1994.\nOne of the few research studies to explore cultural and structural factors and aboriginal imprisonment, found the most association between a number of demographic and socio-economic factors and dependent imprisonment variables (Muirhead, 1982).\nsee LaPrairie, 1990; Roberts and Doob, 1994.\nYoung and Brown, 1993:41.\nAngus Reid, 1994a; 1994b.\nAngus Reid, 1994b.\nop. cit. 56.\nDepartment of Indian Affairs and Northern Development, 1994:89-91.\nThere is evidence from a number of quarters that institutions built for one purpose often serve another. For example, a document written in the 1960's about the characteristics of aboriginal children in some residential schools, revealed that 60% of the children were admitted for child welfare rather than educational purposes (Caldwell, 1967).\nA recent paper by a Cambridge economist linking crime and unemployment, argues that evidence from 41 police forces in England and Wales in 1992 confirms the strong association between property crime and unemployment. It also cites the Cambridge Institute of Criminology's longitudinal survey of 400 predominately white inner city males which concluded that \"if we are going to be tough on crime and tough on the causes of crime, then we have to come down hard on two of the very well-documented causes of crime: unemployment and poverty\" (NARCO, 1995:21).\nDespite a lack of Canadian data, Milestone (1995:13) argues that figures from the U.S. are informative. A recent study in that country revealed that between one-third and one-half of all psychiatric patients have been arrested, and another study revealed that approximately 30,000 seriously mentally ill individuals are awaiting charge, trial, and psychiatric assessment.\nsee Irwin, 1985; Austin & Irwin, 1990; Irwin & Austin, 1994.\nsee Bureau of Justice Statistics, 1991.\nAustralian Institute of Criminology, 1992.\nsee Jaynes & Williams, 1990.\nMauer, 1992; Blumstein, 1993.\ne.g., Myers, 1993.\nTournier & Barre, 1990.\nsee Tournier & Barre, 1990; Greenfeld & Minor-Harper, 1991.\nDobash, Dobash & Gutteridge, 1986; see National Association, 1992.\nsee Snell, 1994; Easteal, 1993.\nsee Mann, 1988.\nop. cit. 21.\nOwen and Bloom, 1995:181.\nop. cit. 21.\nThe term used in this report is most commonly \"Aboriginal\". However, where specific research is cited the term used in the research to denote aboriginal people research is replicated here.\nsee Jackson, 1989, and Broadhurst, 1996, respectively.\nIn Australia, aboriginal people are 15 times more likely to be in prison, but only 8.3 times more likely to be serving non-custodial correctional orders (Lincoln and Wilson, 1994:65). However, Broadhurst's (1996) research examining receivals and distinct persons (sentenced admissions and counts in Canadian terms) from 1990-1993 in Australia, showed decreases for aboriginal people and increases for non-aboriginal people in both categories. In Canada, there would appear to be increases for both aboriginal in admissions and in daily counts. What is not known in Canada is whether there has been a decrease in the proportion of aboriginal people who are convicted and sent to prison.\nThe federal data were supplied by Accountability and Performance Measurement Sector, CSC.\nCCJS, 1994a. The rates were calculated using CCJS sentenced admission and 1991 aboriginal census data.\nsee Johnson and Rodgers, 1993; Shaw, 1994.\nsee LaPrairie, 1994; Planning Branch, 1975; McCaskill, 1970, 1985; Waldram, 1992; Comack, 1993; Birkenmeyer & Jolly, 1981.\nop. cit. 3.\nsee Correctional Services Canada & National Parole Board, 1995.\nsee Doob et al, 1994; Irvine 1978; Moyer, 1992; Planning Branch, 1975.\nsee LaPrairie, 1994. One of the most interesting aspects of this distinction is that it breaks down sub-categories of \"lower\" class. This suggests a problem with using variables such as lower class in research predicting criminal conduct. Understanding the degree of marginalization within the lower class category may be a more useful direction to pursue than the broad class category in predicting criminal conduct and treatment for aboriginal offenders.\nBirkenmeyer & Jolly, 1981; Muirhead, 1982; LaPrairie, 1994.\nBirkenmeyer, in conversation, 1995.\nLaPrairie, 1992; Auger et al, 1993; Moyer et al, 1985; Hann and Harman, 1992.\nDoob et al, 1994:30.\nA study of northern aboriginal offenders in federal institutions found a preponderance of violent offences and over one-half had at least one previous conviction for sexual offences (Johnstone, 1995).\nAccountability and Performance Measurement Sector, CSC, July 2, 1995.\nMost commonly these include breach of probation and other breaches, as well as fail to appear, comply offences but there is variation by province - see Appendix I - Five Provinces Methodology\nNo remand offence data were requested from Alberta.\nJohnson and Rodgers, 1993:111.\nThere appear to be some changes in type of offences for aboriginal females over the years. For example, in 1981, Birkenmeyer and Jolly found females in Ontario more likely than males to be charged with liquor and less likely to be charged with property offences. They were also more likely to be charged with fine defaults. In later work, Shaw (1994) discovered that the main differences between the native women and the larger sample for the year 1991-92 were the higher numbers of native women charged with minor assaults and drinking offences.\nDoob et al (1994:43) found that a higher proportion of aboriginal homicide suspects in Ontario in 1988 were female.\nop. cit. 6.\nYork, 1995; Hann & Harman, 1992.\nNumbers used in this analysis are for offenders with only one Scheduled offence. Those with two or more Scheduled offences or a murder offence are excluded. Only attempt murder, assault causing injury, sexual assault, robbery and trafficking were used for comparative purposes. The offences chosen are those mentioned earlier in the report for aboriginal and non-aboriginal offenders. Firearms offences had insufficient numbers for comparative purposes, and second degree murder involved a life sentence.\nThe estimated mean sentence length in days for provincial aboriginal offenders in Alberta was 85.4 days, and for non-aboriginal offenders 98.2 days. For aboriginal females, it was 63.9 as compared to 82.0 days for non-aboriginal females. In Saskatchewan the mean number of days for aboriginal offenders was 100.5 and for non-aboriginal offenders 112.7 days; in Ontario it was 83.2 and 83.6 days, respectively.\nRemand data for the years 1988-95 are incomplete but the available figures from three provinces reveal that in B.C. and Manitoba aboriginal and non-aboriginal groups spend comparable time on remand, but in Saskatchewan aboriginal people spend longer periods. More offenders in Manitoba than in Saskatchewan or B.C. spend less than 15 days in prison (see Appendix II for tables).\nCCJS, Juristat, 15(4):1995a:9-10.\nsee Broadhurst, 1996; Hann et al, 1993; Muirhead, 1982.\nBroadhurst, 1996; Doob et al, 1994.\nsee Roberts and Doob, 1994.\nThis group would be most similar to aboriginal people living on or spending the majority of their lives on reserves in Canada.\nop. cit. 4:77.\nsee Rudin, 1995, Irvine, 1978, LaPrairie, 1994.\nop. cit. 1.\nIn earlier work, Rattner and McKie (1990) found that the proportion of native people and the unemployment rate constituted the best predictors of the violent crime rate in Ontario.\nIn her compelling ethnographic work in Australia, Brady (1993) found that in the aboriginal communities in which she conducted field work, obligations to kin rather than to community dictated access to resources.\nCooper et al (1992), in a comparison of suicide rates of aboriginal people on and off-reserve in B.C. using 1984-89 suicide data, found that off-reserve rates were similar to non-aboriginal rates whereas on-reserve rates were more than twice that of non-aboriginal rates. Aboriginal reserves with high rates had markedly less healthy population characteristics than reserves with low rates.\nop. cit. 1.\nIn Canada in 1991, 1,231,192 Canadians reported having aboriginal origins and consider themselves aboriginal, of which 675,537 people identified themselves as North American Indian. Of the latter, 573,657 are registered Indians - 46.5% of the total aboriginal origins group. Of the registered Indian group, 55% lived on-reserve and 45% off-reserve. A total of 601,090 or 49% of the total aboriginal population in Canada are non-status, Metis or report aboriginal origins (Statistics Canada, The Daily, 1993; DIAND, Indian Register Population, 1994:xv). Despite the fact that there are similar proportions of registered and non-registered aboriginal people in Canada, registered Indians are over-represented in all federal, provincial and territorial correctional institutions where data are available.\nRecent INAC data show that Metis in all provinces have higher levels of labour force participation than registered Indians off-reserve.\nIn Saskatchewan, for example, the registered Indian population is 1.3 times greater than the combined Metis/nonstatus population, but there are 3 times more registered Indians than Metis/non-status incarcerated in provincial institutions in 1993.\nThe most critical question the Alaska research raises is the issue of acculturation, particularly after migration to urban areas. The authors argue that in order to have a culture it is necessary to have an integrated set of beliefs and values. To do this people must artificially maintain the old beliefs and values in a new environment or acquire the alien beliefs and values of the dominant society - a difficult and protracted process. Many are thus \"stalemated\" in an \"a-cultural\" state. These rapid changes are associated with deculturative and acculturative stresses that can cause psychosocial maladaptation of individuals (Philips and Inui, 1986: 141). We contend that in Canada for the more marginalized people from reserves who have had little or no contact with mainstream society prior to migration, the maladaptation is most severe.\nMinde and Minde, 1995:304.\nThere is an important difference between people who leave reserves for educational and other opportunities and who gain status and recognition from these activities, and those who leave with few opportunities and skills. For the latter, there have been few opportunities on-reserve and there is little status or positive recognition to be gained on or off-reserve.\nIn examining the psychology of criminal conduct, Andrews and Bonta (1994) separated well-established correlates of criminal behaviour into major and minor risk factors. The major risk factors were the following: antisocial attitudes, values, beliefs, and cognitive-emotional states; procriminal associates and isolation from anticriminal others; weak socialization, impulsivity; weak problem-solving/self-regulation skills, restless aggressive energy and below-average verbal intelligence; history of anti-social behaviour evident from a young age; family criminality, low levels of affection, caring and cohesiveness in families, poor parental supervision and discipline practices, outright neglect and abuse; and finally, low levels of personal education, vocational or financial achievement, in particular, and unstable employment. The minor factors included low class, personal distress factors as well as low self-esteem, anxiety, depression and anomic social conditions (Andrews and Bonta, 1994:230-232).\nsee McDonnell, 1992.\nsee LaPrairie, 1992, 1994; Condon, 1992; Griffiths et al, 1995.\nPhilips and Inui (1986) found similar problems in communities in Alaska. Their research on Native Alaskan criminal offenders revealed that like aboriginal people in Canada, rates of involvement of Native Alaskans in the criminal justice system are grossly disproportionate to their proportion of the population. They also commit more violent crimes and receive shorter sentences than white offenders. Alcohol abuse is more common among native offenders. However, violence and substance abuse are not necessarily associated with a high degree of contact with non-aboriginal society as is commonly suggested by culture conflict theorists. Offenders who reside in communities with 75% or more native Alaskans have an excess of violent crimes and are more likely to use alcohol or drugs at the time of the crime than offenders from communities with less than 75% natives.\nPrevious research has found that leaving reserves can make certain individuals and groups more vulnerable to the criminal justice system than when on-reserve. Kinship and other obligations and responsibilities of people living in close proximity, coupled with criminal justice practices in small, often isolated communities, can create a \"cushion\" against formal processing. In those settings, the community and the system respond more to the offender than to the offence. Outside the reserve, however, the human obligations and social control practices are different, where the offence takes priority over the offender (LaPrairie, 1992, 1994).\nScheff and Retsinger (1991) propose that shame evoked by disapproval that is unresolved though reintegration results in anger. They distinguish \"normal\" and \"pathological\" shame. Normal shame and shaming produce social solidarity, whereas pathological shame and shaming produce alienation.\nSherman (1993) integrates pathological shame and reaction to criminal sanctions into what he calls the \"defiant theory of the criminal sanction\", where unresolved personal shame interacts with the criminal stigma to create a defiant criminal response (in Hagan and McCarthy, 1994:3-5).\nFarrington, 1994; Sampson, 1987, 1991.\nsee Buchanan, Whitlow, & Austin, 1986.\nIn light of the large populations of incarcerated offenders, separating inmates into homogeneous group classifications may alleviate some of the subsequent problems such as overcrowding and burgeoning administrative costs. Successful classification schemes may redistribute lower-risk inmates who would otherwise be in high security to lower security institutions without endangering institutional and public safety while reducing the costs associated with high security incarceration (Bonta & Motiuk, 1990; Proctor, 1994). See also Austin, 1991a; Buchanan et al., 1986; Champion, 1994; Levinson, 1991.\nsee Task Force on Aboriginal Peoples In Federal Institutions, 1988:24-25.\nFor example, in the Prince Albert Correctional Centre in 1994-95, 79% of the inmates stayed in the institution less than three months and only 2% stayed over nine months.\nsee Palmer, 1991.\nAndrews, Zinger et al, 1990.\ne.g., Antonowicz & Ross, 1994; Quinsey, Harris, Rice, & Lalumiere, 1993.\nsee Marshall, 1993.\nsee Palmer, 1991; Gendreau & Ross, 1987; Antonowicz & Ross, 1994.\nGendreau & Ross, 1987; Cormier, 1989; Griffiths, 1990.\nsee Cormier, 1989; Gendreau & Andrews, 1990; Wexler & Lipton, 1993.\nsee Canadian Sentencing Commission, 1987.\nsee Gendreau, Cullen, & Bonta, 1994; Gendreau & Andrews, 1990; Cormier, 1989; Antonowicz & Ross, 1994; Wexler & Lipton, 1993; Wellisch, Anglin, & Prendergast, 1993.\nA recent evaluation of cognitive skills training on post-release recidivism among federal offenders found that completion of cognitive skills training significantly increased chances of being granted discretionary release, was most useful for medium and high risk offenders, was successful for offenders completing it in community settings, was most useful for reducing recidivism of sex, violent and drug offenders and least useful for property and robbery offenders, and was useful in reducing recidivism for both aboriginal as well as non-aboriginal offenders (Robinson, 1995).\nsee Antonowicz & Ross, 1994; Cormier, 1989.\nsee Antonowicz & Ross, 1994; Palmer, 1991; Gendreau & Andrews, 1990.\nGendreau, Cullen & Bonta, 1994; Antonowicz and Ross (1994).\nsee Andrews, Bonta and Hoge, 1990.\nProper matching depends on good classification systems. See also Antonowicz & Ross, 1994; Gendreau & Andrews, 1990; Gendreau, Cullen & Bonta, 1994; Gendreau & Ross, 1987.\nsee Bonta, 1995; Antonowicz & Ross, 1994; Gendreau, Cullen & Bonta, 1994; Gendreau & Ross, 1987.\nop. cit. 14.\nop. cit. 9.\nsee Austin, Bloom & Donahue, 1992; Kendall, 1993a;Wellisch, Anglin, & Prendergast, 1993.\nsee Ingram-Fogel, 1991; Wellisch, Anglin, & Prendergast, 1993.\nsee Shaw, 1991 as well for information about the needs of federally sentenced females in Canada.\nWhile correctional practices in the United States and Canada do not sufficiently address the parental needs of women offenders with respect to seeing and caring for their children (e.g., Shaw, 1991), some nations have a fairly liberal policy regarding babies and children in prison (Biles & Harding, 1994). In Bangladesh, for example, female inmates are allowed to keep their children for up to 6 years of age.\nop. cit. 17.\nBirkenmeyer & Jolly, 1981:22.\nGoss et al, 1992.\nHosek & Martin, 1993.\nCSC and the Native and Counseling Association of B.C. are collaborating to initiate an Aboriginal Sex Offender Counseling Training Program in the Pacific Region. Twenty-six aboriginal sex offender counselors (including six CSC personnel) will be trained under the supervision of a registered psychologist (Contact, 1995).\nFederally Sentenced Women Program, CSC1994.\nsee Moon, 1995:A4.\nsee LaPrairie, 1992; Planning Branch, 1975; Muirhead, 1982.\nIt should be remembered that the inmate surveys reflect responses from only three provincial and three federal institutions and all in the prairie provinces.\nWhen reading findings about programs it is important to remember that variation exists among institutions in the range of programs offered. For example, the three federal institutions generally had more aboriginal-specific programs. However, all institutions had employment, education, life skills, addiction programs. There is variation in more specific programs such as impaired driving programs, family visits, etc.\nAny differences identified in this section are statistically significant.\nThe education differences may be accounted for by the fact that federal offenders may have received more education in the institutions as program findings suggest. Significantly more federal than provincial offenders claimed to have participated in 'a lot' of educational programming. The longer time spent in federal institutions also facilitates the acquisition of education.\nAndrews, Bonta, & Hoge, 1990; Motiuk, 1993.\ne.g., Farrington & West, 1990; Hill, 1985. See also Clark, Fisher, & McDougall, 1993.\nsee Buchanan et al, 1986; Motiuk, 1993; Champion, 1994; Proctor, 1994.\nsee Andrews, 1982; Bonta & Motiuk, 1992; Bonta, 1990; Andrews and Bonta, 1995.\nMotiuk, Motiuk, & Bonta, 1992:145.\nsee Bonta & Motiuk 1992; 1990.\nBonta et al, 1996.\nHann, Harman & Canfield, 1993.\nA sample of Manitoba probationers selected from 1986-1991 were assessed for risk/needs (using a modified Wisconsin classification system) at admission and termination of probation, and followed for three years to document re-offending. A secondary objective of the research was to determine the validity of the classification scale for aboriginal offenders. Sub-groups of aboriginal offenders, i.e., Status-on, Status-off and Metis/Non-Status, were also analyzed for risk/needs levels and for re-offending. Aboriginal offenders comprised 42.3% of the total sample. Generally, aboriginal offenders were younger and had more previous convictions than the non-aboriginal group.\nop. cit. 7.\nsee Task Force on Aboriginal Peoples in Federal Institutions, 1988.\nThis analysis includes only those offenders who have been released into the community, are first time federal offenders and are not serving life sentences.\nCSC & NPB, 1995:27.\nBonta et al, 1994:53.\nIn Broadhurst's study, aboriginal had twice the probability of non-aboriginal of returning to prison for a more serious or an equal offence. Male aboriginal had a 76% probability of returning to prison for any offence as compared to 45% for non-aboriginal; for females, the comparable figures were 69% and 36% (1992:38). Homicide and narcotic sellers had low repetition and returning for offences of violence. One out of five non-aboriginal and one out of two aboriginal would return for a further sex or violence offence. For both groups, those with prior records and under 24 years of age had high risks of repeating further sex or violence offences. Other research in Australia found recidivism rates of aboriginal to be much higher than for non-aboriginal (Biles, 1992).\nsee Harman and Hann, 1986; Hann, Harman & Canfield, 1993; York, 1995.\nBonta, Lipinski & Martin, 1992.\nsee Task Force on Federally Sentenced Women, 1990.\nApproximately 50 interviews were completed from workers in the N.W.T., Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Newfoundland and Labrador, and Quebec. The majority of responses were from workers in remote and rural communities. These data are supplemented, where appropriate, with findings from the survey of correctional personnel.\nSome respondents volunteered information about young offenders returning to communities. They believed young offenders are most in need of parental discipline and consistency in discipline, and the capacity to deal with peer pressures in communities.\nsee Depew, 1993; Trevethan, 1991; Griffiths et al, 1995; LaPrairie, 1992, 1994.\nFoucault as quoted in Henry and Milovanovic, 1994:115.\nBroadhurst, in explaining the slight decrease in the use of imprisonment in Western Australia from 1983-1989, argues that imprisonment is seen as offering little in the way of deterrence or reform and is often regarded as producing rather than reducing criminal behaviour. In response, there is now in W.A. a tendency to increase penalties for the more serious but rarer offences and decrease penalties for the more common but less serious offences (Broadhurst, 1996:58).\nsee Garland, 1991; Young and Brown, 1993:2.\nOf the 33 countries surveyed in the Fourth United Nations Survey, Canada had the highest rate of admissions to prison in 1990.\nsee Brady, 1992.\nsee Young and Brown, 1993:21.\nsee Broadhurst, 1996:72.\nIntermediate sanctions provide the most immediate potential for limiting the use of carceral sentences so are important to discuss again. The general literature on alternatives and their relevance for aboriginal offenders is also explored.\nIn his book, Punishment and Welfare (1985) David Garland traces the move from the Victorian model of penology with its emphasis on reason and responsibility to the modern era where classification, assessment and differentiation of offenders prevailed. In the latter, knowledge became paramount and dictated the way in which offenders were differentiated and by whom. The focus was the offender. In the classical model, the focus was the offence.\nsee Junger-Tas, 1994:45.\nPre-or post charge forms of diversion include mediation or victim-offender reconciliation, restitution or compensation involving payment of damages, restitution of stolen objects, working for the victim as reparation. Diversion may also involve referrals to various kinds of treatment.\nsee Morris & Tonry, 1990; Stolwijk, 1988.\nFor a full discussion of the use of fines see Branham, 1992; Hillsman, 1990; Morris & Tonry, 1990; Junger-Tas, 1994; Stolwijk, 1988.\nsee McMahon, 1992.\nsee New Developments, 1992.\nThese systems typically consist of informal fining standards based on the notion that the same or similar fine amounts are to be imposed on all offenders convicted of a particular offense (Hillsman, 1990). Certain standards like higher-fine tariffs, Hillsman (1990) cautions, can either limit the range of offenders to be fined or result in poorer offenders being imprisoned for fine default.\nIts \"fundamental idea is to separate the calculation of the fine amount into two components: the first adjusts the amount for the severity of the offence and the second adjusts it for the offender's financial circumstances. ... the major purpose of this approach is to give fines a more consistent impact across rich and poor.\" (Hillsman, 1990:9). Successful fining systems also depend on effective collection techniques which involve reasonable payment terms and the encouragement and close monitoring of these payments. Western European courts employing these techniques have maintained high collection rates in spite of the large heterogeneous populations they serve and their extensive use of the fine for serious matters.\nsee Junger-Tas, 1994, Snacken & Beyens, 1994.\ne.g., Biles, 1992; Gendreau, Paparozzi, Little, & Goddard, 1993; Morris & Tonry, 1990.\nMcMahon (1992) contends that the net-widening argument has been largely based on the \"sketchy\" documentation of trends in imprisonment and substantive processes of net-widening.\nRosenfeld & Kempf, 1991.\nSnacken & Beyens, 1994.\nsee Mainprize ., 1992.\ne.g., Benekos, 1990; Gendreau, et al, 1993; Swaaningen & Beijerse, 1993, Feeley & Simon, 1992; Byrne, 1989.\ne.g., Branham, 1992; Doob, 1990; Morris & Tonry, 1990; Sabol, 1990.\nFor some observers meeting certain sentencing objectives is besides the point (e.g., Morris & Tonry). These issues plague the use of any kind of disposition. Regardless of whether intermediate sanctions or imprisonment, for that matter, achieve their proposed goals (which may be seen as a separate issue altogether), what some seek is a fairer, more rational method of sentence distribution. In doing so, greater use of intermediate sanctions may be made.\nop. cit. 23.\nsee Junger-Tas, 1994.\nFeest, 1991; Snacken & Beyens, 1994.\nsee Downes, 1991; McMahon, 1992; Pavarini, 1994.\nsee Swaaningen & Beijerse, 1993.\nsee Bonta and Motiuk, 1990.\ne.g., Ekstedt & Jackson, 1986; Holosko & Carlson, 1986; Griffiths & Verdun-Jones, 1994; Griffiths, 1990.\nGendreau, Cullen, & Bonta, 1994; Petersilia & Turner, 1993.\nGendreau, Cullen, & Bonta, 1994.\nThis evaluation is being undertaken by Corrections Research & Development, Policy Branch, Ministry of the Solicitor General of Canada.\nNative Counseling Services of Alberta, 1993.\nFor a fuller discussion of these issues see Griffiths, 1990; Hylton, 1982; Petersilia & Turner, 1993.\nMany empirical issues need to be resolved in the calculations of cost-effectiveness before any firm conclusions can be drawn (Petersilia & Turner, 1993).\nsee Griffiths, 1990; Morris & Tonry, 1990.\n1990:2, cited in Petersilia & Turner, 1993.\nGendreau, Cullen, & Bonta, 1994; Petersilia & Turner, 1993.\nPetersilia & Turner, 1993.\nsee Griffiths et al, 1995; Paukuutit Inuit Women's Association, 1995.\nsee LaPrairie, 1995; Depew, 1995; Merry, 1990.\nFor a full discussion of popular justice in aboriginal communities see Depew, 1995.\nThe pre-release component is consistent with the mandatory Pre-start program advocated by Castellano et al (1995).\nInciardi, forthcoming 1996.\nOwen and Bloom, 1995:185.\nsee Castellano et al, 1995.\nCited in Doob and Marinos, 1995:433.\nsee Roberts, 1994.\nFeeley and Simon, 1992.\nA study of the detention provisions of the Corrections and Conditional Release Act, which provide reasons for confirmation of detention since their original hearings, revealed that more aboriginal than non-aboriginal inmates refused to participate in programs and treatment (CSC & NPB, 1995).\nThis concept was borrowed from a paper by Philip Stenning (1995) which provides an analysis of Toffler's hypotheses and its implications for policing.\nVarious community reintegration philosophies and approaches should be explored for aboriginal offenders. for example, the Stan Daniels Centre and Waseskun House are cultural/spiritual in orientation and group focused; whereas in Australia the Community Corrections Centre is more individually focused and make more direct connections to community services and agencies. There are similar components to programs i.e., life skills, family dynamics, addictions etc. but whereas the Australian and general Canadian CRC programs are geared to assessing and addressing individual needs, the aboriginal specific programs are based on certain assumptions about cultural and spiritual needs of the group.\nIt should be noted that recidivism data generally apply to prior offences or incarceration only in the province providing the data and not to a prior record in another province, territory or country.\n- Date modified:", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Principal Investigator: A. R. McElroy\nResearch Institution: PhytoGene Resources Inc.\nTimeline: April 2019 – March 2021\n- Develop measures of late-season stress using profiles of grain plumpness in individual panicles.\n- Evaluate the potential to predict plot yield using grain-fill parameters related to stress tolerance.\n- Evaluate elite lines using plot and panicle data to identify superior candidates for cultivar registration.\n- The development of effective protocols to select for tolerance to late-season stresses will provide an important new tool to oat breeders for developing high-yielding, stable oat cultivars.\n- Profitability for grain producers will be enhanced through the registration of elite, stress-tolerant lines identified in this study.\n- Stress tolerance will inevitably increase grain quality, particularly TKW and test weight and therefore help producers access the more profitable milling market.\n- The value of oat as a rotational crop is well recognized and increased profitability through the use of stress-tolerant, stable cultivars will help maintain oat as a viable cropping option.\nEnvironmental stresses affect oat yield, yield stability and grain quality. In conditions of severe mid-season drought, yields can be reduced by a third and low test weight can render the crop unsuitable for milling. The best approach to solving this problem is through plant breeding, selecting cultivars with good stress tolerance in order to maintain higher yields each year and to ensure that test weight is always high enough for the premium milling market. The significant improvements in corn yield and yield stability have been attributed in large part to breeding for stress tolerance over the past decades. In oat, this approach is hampered by difficulties in measuring specific stress effects, given the inherent variability of kernel size within a panicle. Effective selection protocols are needed in order to breed for stress tolerance.\nThis project will build on previous studies which analyzed grain fill patterns in individual oat panicles. Early-season stresses were found to affect two important yield determinants, the number of kernels set and the proportion that fail to develop any groat at all. Measurement of mid- and late-season stresses – often heat and drought – is difficult because the grain fill period is not uniform within a panicle; kernels at the top develop before those at the lower panicle nodes. The pattern of kernel mass distribution is fairly constant among non-stressed plants, regardless of inherent differences in average mass. This pattern is significantly altered by stress, and measures to quantify those effects were developed. Kernel plumpness is closely related to mass but can be measured more rapidly. The goal is to develop an effective protocol for stress tolerance selection through analyses of grain fill based on kernel plumpness.\nExternal Funding Partners:\nCrop Development Centre, University of Saskatchewan", "label": "No"}
{"text": "In my last post, I talked about the Sea Fencibles, a unique fighting unit from the War of 1812. I thought it would be interesting to continue that trend, moving on this time to introduce the Regiment of U.S. Voltigeurs and Foot Riflemen from the Mexican War.\nVoltigeurs, you may ask?!? What in the world are they?\nMost people have never heard of them, but the voltigeurs originated in the French army during the Napoleonic wars. As light infantry trained to fight as skirmishers, they usually deployed in an open or loose formations that masked the main battleline of the army, hiding its movements from the enemy. The voltigeurs were also expert marksmen, trained to harass enemy lines with individually aimed fire (as opposed to the mass volleys of the main battleline). An act of Congress on February 11, 1847 authorized the creation of the 1st Regiment of U.S. Voltigeurs and Foot Riflemen during the height of the Mexican War. The Voltigeurs eventually joined Gen. Winfield Scott during his advance on Mexico City in July 1847, participating in the major battles of that campaign, including Contreras, Churubusco, Molino del Ray, and Chapultepec. The regiment was officially disbanded on August 25, 1848.\nA few existing records relating to the 1st Regiment of U.S. Voltigeurs and Foot Riflemen are described in the Archival Research Catalog (ARC). Record Group 391, Records of U.S. Regular Army Mobile Units, 1821-1942, includes a series of “Descriptive Books of Companies C – H” (ARC ID 3098677) and “Descriptive Rolls of Companies D and K” (ARC ID 3098683). In Record Group 94, Records of the Adjutant General’s Office, 1780’s-1917, are also located a series of “Carded Medical Records of Voltigeurs and Pontoniers” (ARC ID 655650). These cards contain information from original records, such as hospital registers, rolls, and reports, relating to the medical treatment of individual soldiers. Court-martial files for men who served in the Voltigeurs, finally, are also available in the series “Court Marital Case Files” (ARC ID 301659) in Record Group 153, Records of the Office of the Judge Advocate General (Army). Use the search term “voltigeurs” in ARC to generate a list of 66 individual case file descriptions.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "One of the most enjoyable parts of electronics design is getting excellent performance with rock-bottom parts cost. The right circuit can produce exceptionally good speed, noise, and accuracy specs from very low-cost parts. A case in point was a project from December 2016: a time-domain reflectometer (TDR) for a liquid level sensing application in industry.\nTDRs work by sending short pulses down a transmission line where they bounce off anything that disturbs their propagation. By measuring the time delay, you can tell how far down the line the disturbance is. It's a bit like a one-dimensional radar, except that with TDR you can learn a lot more from the reflection than just its location. TDRs can find damaged optical fibres, waterlogged sections of coax cable, and many other things of that sort. This application used an air-dielectric coaxial probe built from two metal tubes sticking downwards into a tank, so that the first part of the probe had air as dielectric and the second part had liquid. The dielectric constant of a liquid is at least 2, whereas air's is 1.0, so there's a nice healthy impedance mismatch at the surface to reflect the pulse. This approach is very rugged and resistant to fouling (you can get all sorts of nameless crud in process water and diesel tanks, for instance).\nSimple TDRs use stroboscopic sampling: you generate a transmit pulse and a sampling pulse with a variable delay. The sampling pulse controls the sample gate, which measures the reflected pulse in a very brief time interval (tens to hundreds of picoseconds usually). You only get one measurement per pulse, so you measure one, slide the delay along a bit, measure the next, and so on until you build up a whole trace.\nAnother guy did the delay generator, back end digitizer, and all the secret sauce in the actual transducer design that ensured a nice clean reflection. My bit was the fast stuff: the pulse generators, sampling gate, and sample/hold amplifier. Commercial TDRs cost thousands of dollars, but this application is very price-sensitive; for a 100-ps-class sampler, my bill-of-materials budget was $2. Fun.\nAt that price, there was no way we were going to be using ECL comparators, custom matched diode sampling bridges, or 100-MHz op amps: it was one diode for the sampler, LVDS line receivers as comparators to generate fast steps, discrete microwave transistors to make them faster, and PCB trace stubs and very small capacitors to differentiate them into pulses. After that, there was an all-discrete amplifier and a single JFET track/hold to store the pulse before the sampling capacitor discharged. One half of a jellybean dual op amp buffered the output and another one looked after the fast amp's bias.\nI apologize that I can't show the schematic for NDA reasons (it's somebody's new product, after all). Here are the SPICE simulation results for a delay range of 550 ps in 50-ps steps. Actual performance was comparable.\nThe two of us spent a couple of days in the lab here at EOI building a dead-bug prototype of the sampler. It uses all SOT23, SC-70, 0603, and a super small (0402ish) sampling diode. Connectors are MMCX to minimize pigtail inductance. It has a nice clean sampling response, 150-ps gate width (probably 100 ps FWHM), 17 ps p-p jitter, BOM cost $1.30 excluding connectors. I cheated slightly in the proto by replacing the BJT edge generators with pHEMTs--an extra 80 cents--to make up for the higher stray inductances, so it's really $2.10. The product uses BJTs, so we hit the BOM target with ease. A couple of parts went EOL, but were reasonably easy to replace, and the replacements were even cheaper.\nSampling resolution was limited by the voltage gain of the pHEMTs, because the line receivers produced about 1-ns edges, so it took awhile to turn the pHEMT all the way on. A couple of superfast ECL comparators such as ADCMP580 would have been several times quicker, but they cost about $13 each. For this job, our TDR's accuracy (plus or minus 1/4 inch) was easily good enough.\nFor the test, we used a Highland Technology Model P400 digital delay generator to do the timing. (Highland makes all kinds of great stuff for time-domain measurements.) We were pretty pleased by that 17 ps jitter number, especially since there was no shielding and a bunch of cell phones around. It's neat to be able to tune the delay by 10 ps and see the sampler output change.\nPrototyping is sure slow when you're fighting the surface tension of the solder and the tendency of all of the midair solder joints to melt at once. 0603-pitch pad board with ground plane is a big win for this sort of job, but some of the hairiest mid-air things took 10 tries to get right, even under a Mantis stereo microscope.\nThe resulting product has been successfully introduced. (*)\nReally a fun project.\n(*) The customer requested that the SPICE schematic and the names of the company and the other consultant not be used for this article. It's a good gizmo, anyway.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "In summarizing a Doctrine of Scripture, it’s vital to note what this summary is, and what it is not. This is not a summary of the teachings within scripture, but it is a summary of what those teachings say about scripture.\nCan the Bible prove the Bible?\nSome would say that using Scripture to prove Scripture is circular logic, but this is akin to saying, “You can’t appeal to reason to explain the principles of reason.”\nBelow, we will walk through several elements to this important Doctrine of Scripture. I will first list, and then briefly explain.\nIs the Bible Inspired by God? An Overview of Inspiration\nIn 2 Timothy 3:16-17 (NASB), we read, “All Scripture is inspired by God and profitable for teaching, for reproof, for correction, for training in righteousness; so that the man of God may be adequate, equipped for every good work.”\nThe term used here for “inspired” literally translates as “God-breathed.” Let’s take a few steps back…all the way to Creation. We see this same concept in the Garden of Eden when God “breathed” the breath of life into Adam and then Adam became a living soul. Keeping this picture in mind as we read Paul’s letter to Timothy, we understand that God “breathed” His truth into human writers and the result was inspired Scripture—the living Word.God “breathed” His truth into human writers and the result was inspired Scripture. Click To Tweet\nDefinition of Inspiration\nIn Millard J. Erikson’s book, Christian Theology: 3rd Edition, Mr. Erikson defines inspiration as, “The supernatural influence of the Holy Spirit on the Scripture writers that rendered their writings an accurate record of the revelation or that resulted in what they wrote being the Word of God.” (Erikson, 2013, p.169)\nMr. Erikson goes on to explain that this is simply a preliminary definition that requires amplification. It is essential, concerning inspiration of Scripture, to understand the New Testament writers believed that they themselves were writing Scripture. Let’s take a look at an example.\nAuthors of Scripture\nIn 1 Timothy 5:18, Paul writes to Timothy, saying, “You shall not muzzle an ox when it treads out the grain.” What is interesting is that he is not quoting the Old Testament here. In actuality, he is quoting Jesus as recorded by Luke in Luke 10:7.\nTo further support the argument that New Testament writers believed they were writing Scripture, we will take a look at 2 Peter 3:15-16. In this passage, Peter is defending the Apostle Paul and says (in summary) that “ignorant and unstable people twist Paul’s words to their own destruction as they do the OTHER scriptures.” (emphasis mine)\nIt’s my view that a correct understanding of inspiration necessarily speaks to the authority of Scripture. As we saw in 1 Timothy 3, Scripture is inspired, “God-breathed” and is therefore useful for correction and training in righteousness.\nThe Scriptures can, and do, correct and train us because of their authority to do so. They possess this authority because they are inspired.A correct understanding of inspiration necessarily speaks to the authority of Scripture Click To Tweet\nIs the Bible Infallible? An Overview of Scripture’s Inerrancy & Infallibility\nAt the basic level, when we say “inerrancy,” we mean that the Bible is valid in all that it teaches. This is closely connected with infallibility, which is roughly understood in the idea that Scripture is incapable of erring because God cannot lie.\nWe’ve touched on Paul, Peter, and Luke. Now let’s take a look at John. In John 17:17 (NASB) we read John’s record of Jesus’s prayer. As Jesus prays in the Garden, he says, “Sanctify them in the truth; Your word is truth.”\nNow, in conjunction with the case made for inerrancy, we see from John’s gospel that God’s word is truth. The Psalmist also adds his voice to this concept when he sings, “The sum of Your word is truth, and every one of Your righteous ordinances is everlasting.” —Psalms 119:160 (NASB)\nNot only in these verses but in many more—in Numbers, Titus, and Hebrews—we continually read the truth that God cannot lie. Let us put all of these verses together for a comprehensive view of God’s revelation, which is without error and true in all that it teaches.\nHave you struggled with questions about the Inspiration, Inerrancy, or Infallibility of Scripture? Do you have a moment when God solidified the answers in your life? I’d love to hear about it in the comment section below. Do you still struggle with questions? Let’s continue the conversation at email@example.com.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Beginning five days after Yom Kippur, Sukkot is named after the booths or huts (sukkot in Hebrew) in which Jews are supposed to dwell during this week-long celebration. According to rabbinic tradition, these flimsy sukkot represent the huts in which the Israelites dwelt during their forty years of wandering in the desert after escaping from slavery in Egypt. The festival of Sukkot is one of the three great pilgrimage festivals (chaggim or regalim) of the Jewish year.\nHistory: The origins of Sukkot are found in an ancient autumnal harvest festival. Indeed it is often referred to as hag ha-asif, “The Harvest Festival.” Much of the imagery and ritual of the holiday revolves around rejoicing and thanking God for the completed harvest, and the sukkot represent the huts that farmers would live in during the last hectic period of harvest before the coming of the winter rains.\nAs is the case with other festivals whose origins may not have been Jewish, the Bible reinterpreted the festival to imbue it with a specific Jewish meaning. In this manner, Sukkot came to commemorate the wanderings of the Israelites in the desert after the revelation at Mount Sinai, with the huts representing the temporary shelters that the Israelites lived in during those forty years.\nAt Home: Many of the most popular rituals of Sukkot are practiced in the home. As soon after the conclusion of Yom Kippur as possible, often on the same evening, one is enjoined to begin building the sukkah, or hut, that is the central symbol of the holiday. The sukkah is a flimsy structure with at least three sides, whose roof is made out of thatch or branches, which provides some shade and protection from the sun, but also allows the stars to be seen at night.\nIt is traditional to gaily decorate the sukkah and to spend as much time in it as possible. Weather permitting, meals are eaten in the sukkah, and the hardier among us may also elect to sleep in the sukkah. In a welcoming ceremony called ushpizin, ancestors are symbolically invited to partake in the meals with us. And in commemoration of the bounty of the Holy Land, we hold and shake four species of plants (arba minim), consisting of palm, myrtle, and willow (lulav), together with citron (etrog).\nIn the Community: As with all festivals, services play an important role in the communal celebration of Sukkot. In addition to special festival readings, including Psalms of praise (Hallel), on Sukkot additional prayers are included in the service asking God to save us (hoshana, from which we get the English word hosanna). During the Hoshana prayers, congregants march around the synagogue sanctuary holding the lulav and etrog. The seventh and last day of the festival is called Hoshana Rabba, the “Great Hoshana.”\nThe Intermediate Days: During the intermediate days of Sukkot, one is allowed to pursue normal activity. One is nonetheless supposed to hold and wave the lulav and etrog on a daily basis and to eat one’s meals in the sukkah.\nTheology and Themes: The enforced simplicity of eating and perhaps also living in a temporary shelter focuses our minds on the important things in life and divorces us from the material possessions that dominate so many of our lives. Even so, Sukkot is a joyful holiday and justifiably referred to as zeman simchateynu, the “season of our joy.”\nThe Sukkah: The central symbol of Sukkot is the eponymous sukkah, the hut in which Jews are supposed to eat and dwell during the holiday, in remembrance of the wanderings of the Jews in the desert after the Exodus from Egypt. Many Jews build their own sukkot (plural of sukkah) in their backyards or elsewhere on their property, while in many cases a communal Sukkah at a synagogue or community center takes the place of the family Sukkah.\nOftentimes the decoration of the communal Sukkah becomes a community activity in its own right, with the children in particular getting together and decorating it. Such a Sukkah becomes both a focus of the communal celebration of the holiday and the center of the community’s social life during Sukkot.\nFour Species:A major focus of public worship on Sukkot is the waving of the “four species” during communal prayer services. The origin of this custom is a verse in the Torah, according to which the Israelites are commanded to “take the produce of goodly trees, branches of palm trees, boughs of leafy trees, and willows of the brook and you shall rejoice before Adonai your God seven days” (Leviticus 23:40).\nLulav and Etrog:The rabbinic tradition understood this to mean that one should acquire a lulav and an etrog. A lulav is a palm branch; the branch is placed in a holder together with sprigs of myrtle (aravot) and willow branches (hadasim). These three are collectively referred to as the lulav, since the palm is the dominant feature. The etrog is a variety of citrus fruit also known as a citron.\nThe lulav and etrog are picked up and symbolically waved at different parts of the morning service. When they are all held together and shaken in prayer they are viewed as fulfilling the verse in the book of Psalms (Chapter 35:10), which declares that “All of my bones shall proclaim, ‘O Adonai, who is like You?’” (Leviticus Rabbah 30:14). In this manner, it is symbolic of devoting one’s entire body to the worship and praise of God.\nThe lulav and etrog are picked up and blessed for the first time during the synagogue services at the beginning of a section of prayers called Hallel or Psalms of Praise (Psalms 113-118). The lulav and etrog are held in one’s hands throughout the joyous singing and recitation of these psalms and are waved in the six directions at three different points in the chanting of these psalms.\nThe lulav and etrog are set aside during the reading of the Torah but picked up again toward the end of the morning synagogue services for a unique ritual called the Hoshanot. The Hebrew word hoshanah means “please save (us)” and is a series of as many as seven liturgical poems calling upon God to rescue and redeem the Jewish people, primarily by sending rain.\nAs an agriculturally based community in the land of Israel, the Jewish people were especially dependent upon the regular, seasonal rainfall to ensure sufficient crops for the community to survive. Because Sukkot falls immediately prior to the beginning of the traditional rainy season in the Middle East, it was considered especially appropriate to petition God for rain at this time. To demonstrate the sincerity and seriousness of the worshippers, the Ark is opened and a Torah is removed from the ark. In a further bid to gain divine favor, everyone carrying a lulav and etrog joins a procession that circles the inside of the sanctuary of the synagogue, chanting and waving his or her lulav and etrog. This procession circling the sanctuary is called a hakkafah (“circling”). A different hoshanah prayer is recited every day of the festival.\nSeventh Day:The seventh day of Sukkot is a semi-holiday in its own right. Still counted among the days of hol hamo’ed (intermediate days of the festival), this day is called, Hoshanah Rabbah or the “great hoshanah.” Hoshanah Rabbah was viewed by the rabbis as a mini-Yom Kippur, a day on which the entire Jewish community is judged by God to be worthy or not of the seasonal rains.\nAll seven hoshanot prayers are recited in seven hakkafot, or processions, around the sanctuary. At the conclusion of this, a special ritual is conducted in which the branches of the willow are struck upon the ground. This is a symbolic attempt to rid ourselves of any remaining sins (the leaves representing these transgressions) that might influence God’s decision to send the seasonal rains. For many Jews, Hoshanah Rabbah is the last day one shakes the lulav and etrog and dwells in the Sukkah (though a number of traditional Jews continue to dwell in the sukkah through Shemini Atzeret). On the evening following Hoshanah Rabbah begins the festival of Shemini Atzeret.\nFor definitions of terms used and more in-depth resouces on Sukkot, please visit myjewishlearning.com", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Action Plan: Set SMART Goals\nGetting what you want doesn’t always come easily. Chances are, you’ll have to work to reach your goal. Achieving what you want financially—whether saving to buy a house or for a fun vacation—requires the same planning, perseverance and know-how.\nGoal-setting is pretty simple. A goal is something that you are willing to work for. You can get what you want by planning AND following the plan. Setting achievable—and SMART – goals is your first step to success. SMART goals are:\n- Specific The more specific your goal, the easier it is to understand what you need to achieve.\n- Measurable With a dollar amount to your goals, you have a built-in way of measuring your progress toward that goal and something tangible to work toward.\n- Attainable Your goals should be a challenge, yet not so challenging as to be impossible to meet.\n- Rewarding How are you going to feel when you’ve reached it?\n- Time-bound You have to choose a reasonable timeframe for the achievement of your goals.\nCompare the two sets of goals below. The general goals simply state what you hope or want without specifics to help you along. The SMART goals provide you with specific and measurable targets to work toward both in terms of a dollar amount and timeframe.\n|General Goals||SMART Goals|\nWhen setting financial goals, it’s important to understand the types of goals you are trying to achieve. In general, there are three types of financial goals, all distinguished by the time it would likely take to achieve them. One of your first goals should be saving for an emergency fund of three to six months of expenses. It is always important to keep that emergency fund on your radar as you’re working toward achieving other financial goals.\n(Less Than a Year)\n(One to Three Years)\n(More than Three Years)\nOnce you’ve set your financial goals, achieving them requires planning to get to where you want to be. Take these steps to get going:\n- Set your goals. Figure out what you want to achieve and what it will take, financially speaking, to achieve it.\n- Plan the time and savings level to achieve your goals: Goals take time and effort. Set a realistic timetable and a savings level that you can keep up.\n- Stick to the plan.\n- Write down your goals\n- Place reminders where you’ll see them every day\n- Use constant, positive motivation\n- Draw support from friends and family\nSet SMART Goals Worksheet\nUse the worksheet below to help you outline your goals and a plan to achieve them.\n|Goal||Amount Needed||Month & Year Needed||Saving Start Date||Months to Save||Monthly Amount to Save||Ways to Reach Goal|\nSource: InCharge Education Foundation", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Thanks to long-lasting, safe, reliable plants, geothermal energy is increasingly low risk and brimming with untapped potential. It is silent, always available, has little impact on the landscape and is versatile. It can even be used for cooling and creates more jobs than any other green energy.\nJust a few kilometers beneath our feet lies enough energy to potentially meet all of humanity’s requirements. It is the energy of the Earth’s own heat. While it still plays a marginal role in the world energy scene, it may yet become one of the protagonists of the energy transition to green sources.\nGeothermal energy shares many of the advantages of most other renewables. For instance, compared to traditional thermoelectric stations powered by fossil fuels like coal, it produces less carbon dioxide, particulate matter and other toxic substances that create the greenhouse effect, which contributes to climate change. Using this underground energy allows us to reduce our use of fossil fuels and can help us to achieve energy self-sufficiency. Geothermal energy is also in line with sustainable developmentand is essentially free once the planthas been installed. There is no doubt either that recent history has taught us that both the performance and efficiency of renewable plants are improving year after year.\nUnlike the sources we have encountered thus far, geothermal energy has certain characteristics that set it apart from other renewables such as wind, solar and hydroelectric power. Below is a 10-point summary that demonstrates why the natural heat below the Earth’s surface still has huge potential to become one of the protagonists of the energy sector of the future.\nThe African Union Commission (AUC) through its Department of Infrastructure & Energy and TM Geothermal Energy PLC (TMGO) signed a GRMF Grant Contract for the Tulu Moye Drilling Programme. The total grant amounts to USD 9,990,279 for co-financing the total cost estimated to USD 26.2 million for the exploration Drilling Programme.\nThe Agreement was signed by the AUC Commissioner for Infrastructure and Energy, H.E. Dr Amani Abou-Zeid, and the CEO of TMGO Mr. Darrell Boyd. The AUC’s Project Manager for the GRMF, Mr. Atef Marzouk, and the Principal Energy Expert, Mr. Sylvain Degolmal, congratulate TMGO to this achievement:\nWe would like to congratulate Tulu Moye Geothermal Energy PLC (TMGO) for achieving this milestone. Furthermore, AUC as the project executing agency for GRMF, plays the key role in the harmonization and coordination of geothermal energy exploration and development in East Africa. Therefore, seeing more drilling as the one going on actually in Tulu Moye, Ethiopia is very encouraging. AUC and its partners KfW, BMZ, EU Africa ITF and FCDO (former DFID), would like to reiterate their commitment to fund bankable geothermal projects with respect to GRMF Financial scheme across East Africa region. We are confident that TMGO with this grant will take the project to the next stage closer to power generation.\nThe Tulu Moye Drilling Programme is located about 140 kilometers southeast of Addis Ababa in the Oromia Regional State, with Lake Koka to the north and Lake Ziway to the south. Three wells are being funded to explore the Gnaro lava field. The Drilling Programme is a continuation of a Surface Study, which received funding within the second GRMF application round.\nSeven drilling companies have been shortlisted for the drilling contract for the Corbetti geothermal power project in Ethiopia, Africa, as announced by Corbetti geothermal, the project developer.\nGeothermal developer Corbetti Geothermal PLC just released the results of the Pre-Qualification round for the provision of drilling services and material for 26 geothermal wells in the Corbetti caldera in Ethiopia. The companies participating the ongoing tender represent some of the strongest drilling companies in the world and the result shows strong international interest in geothermal development in East Africa. The successful companies are in alphabetical order the following:\nCorbetti Geothermal is looking forward to continuing the tender process and expects tenders to be submitted before the end of the year and an agreement signed shortly after New Year to allow drilling to start in early 2021.\nU.S. International Development Finance Corporation (DFC) has committed $1.55 million in technical development for the Tulu Moye Geothermal Power Plant Project in Ethiopia. DFC’s grant will enable project development and accelerate the schedule to design the 50-megawatt geothermal power plant. When completed, the project will be the country’s first Independent Power Project and one of the largest geothermal power plants in Ethiopia, a country with substantial untapped geothermal resources that can provide significant baseload power.\n“DFC will help to shape the design of the project by utilizing one of our new development tools: technical assistance,” said DFC Chief Executive Officer Adam Boehler. “This project will help Ethiopia to tap a critical resource for its economic growth.”\nEthiopian company TM Geothermal Operations PLC (TMGO) is developing the Tulu Moye project, which is approximately 100 kilometers southeast of Addis Ababa. DFC’s technical development would provide funding for up to $1.55 million for project development. After development is completed, DFC would evaluate additional financing for implementation. If TMGO receives implementation financing from DFC or any other financier, TMGO will pay back the full amount of the technical development funding.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Tips for your analytical essay 1 your essay must address and respond to the assignment description most students fail or get low grades because they fail to read. Need help writing a critical analysis essay see these great topic ideas, writing tips and research links for all the help you'll need. Learn how to deal with analysis essay writing find tips about essay structure, style, and peculiarities of each analysis essay type. This resource covers how to write a rhetorical analysis essay of primarily visual texts with a focus on demonstrating the author’s understanding of the rhetorical.\n-2-the graduate record examinations® practice general test #3 analytical writing sample essays with reader commentaries the analytical writing portion of the gre. Writing an analytical essay, a guide - what to include, essay structure, topics, outlining, transitions and more learn how to write a good analytical essay. 2 the introduction the introduction to your literary analysis essay should try to capture your reader‟s interest to bring immediate focus to your subject, you may. Worksheet/outline for analytical/argument essays 1 my subject is (complete this sentence in 10 words or less) 2 i believe that. Best help on how to write an analysis essay: analysis essay examples, topics for analysis essay and analysis essay outline can be found on this page.\nAn analytical essay is not explained in many writing textbooks in essay writing, an analysis is the fundamental element of synthesis essays, summary essays, reflective essays, and most types of college papers. How can the answer be improved. Analytic continuation, a technique to extend the domain of definition of a given analytic function analytical expression. As a type of academic writing, analytical writing pulls out facts and discusses, or analyzes, what this information means based on the analyses, a conclusion is.\nThe gre general test analytical writing measure tests your critical thinking and analytical writing skills it consists of two separately timed tasks: a 30-minute. Understanding the analytical essay definition analytical essays come up often as writing assignments and term papers unfortunately many students find them difficult. 1 outline structure for literary analysis essay i catchy title ii paragraph 1: introduction (use hatmat) a hook b author c title d main characters. Providing students with analytical essay topics list what is an analytic essay when writing an analytical essay you are setting out to closely study the intricacies.\nThis unit looks at the difference between descriptive, analytical and persuasive analytical writing it shows how persuasive analytical writing uses a combination of. Writing an analytic research paper (printable version here) an analytic paper demands that you perform many tasks: formulate a thesis, gather sources, evaluate them. An analytical essay sample provided for you to use come look at our quality example of an analytical essay that was used in school. First, it might be more useful to explain what an analytical essay isn’t before getting to what it is an analytical essay isn’t a summary though this may seem obvious in theory, it’s more difficult in practice if you read your essay and it sounds a lot like a book report, it’s probably only summarizing events or characters.\n- Get custom analytical essay help analytical essays are called analytical for a reason what is an academic analysis it includes using evidence and assumptions.\n- Analytical and interpretive essays for history courses in many history courses, professors will ask you to write analytical and interpretive essays that rely on the.\n- Though it seems writing an analytical essay is difficult, but it is not impossible, all you need is to know the essentials to successfully writing an analytical essay.\nThis resource begins with a general description of essay writing and moves to a discussion of common essay genres students may encounter across the curriculum. For our academic writing purposes we will focus on four types of essay. Download free analytical essay examples learn about analytical essay outline check information about analytical essay definition and format find analytical essay. In an analytical essay, writers form and convey their ideas concerning a particular topic based on careful use and analysis of evidence below are some common types.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Updated: Jul 27, 2019\nThe resources developed start with non-contextualised arithmetic problems and often link to the reasoning task in context. Each problem comes with key reasoning vocabulary to enable children to access and reason deeply. This is combined with STEM sentences to reveal the structure of the reasoning problem.\nThey have been developed for Key Stage one and Key Stage two to complement planning.\nHead over to the shop now and get started.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The Hakka are a unique offshoot of the Han, China’s majority ethnic group. They migrated to the south from ancient central China between the 4th and 13th centuries, fleeing their worn-torn homelands. They finally settled along the southern coast of China, mainly in Guangdong Province, far from the Mongol invaders and northern cultural influences from which they had fled. They are a resilient and hardy group and have retained their own language, culture and customs through the centuries.\nSome Hakka communities employ a unique architectural structure called the tulou, literally “earthen building.” These round structures, often now constructed with more modern materials, provide protection, housing and a communal environment for up to one hundred families. Due to their agrarian lifestyle, the Hakka enjoy hearty cuisine with a balance of texturized meat and vegetables. Folk songs and mountain melodies are common in their communities. Modern Hakka culture emphasizes education for men, who are expected to find work outside the village, often in military or public service. Women, in turn, are expected to work in the fields and take care of everything else. The Hakka language plays an extremely important role in helping them retain their identity as a group.\nThough the Hakka have had the Bible in portions since 1860 and in full by 1916, today they are still only about 2% Christian. In the mid 1800’s the Basel Missionary Society sent two of the first missionaries to the Hakka, who began work on translating portions of the scripture. The work they started resulted in 30,000 Hakka believers by the 1920’s. However, since 1949 that growth has been stunted. Today, the Hakka people are almost entirely non-religious, or practice Confucianism, Taoism and ancestor veneration.\nThe Hakka of southern China have birthed a number of influential leaders in politics and various disciplines. Pray for the Hakka that Christ’s hope and salvation would be established in the hearts of this strong people, “…that they might see with their eyes, hear with their ears, understand with their hearts and turn, and I would heal them.” (Matt 13:15)\nPray for a team to be planted among the Hakka who will learn the language, develop relationships, teach and disciple, and that they will discover cultural keys and find favor among the Hakka as they live life among them. Pray that Hakka believers would develop into Biblically sound missional people, and that their influence would help spread the Gospel throughout the nation.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "ENDEMIC TO THE SOUTH ISLAND. NATIONALLY VULNERABLE.\nDISTRIBUTION: Mōhua live only in isolated populations in forests in the South Island and Stewart Island.\nHABITAT: In the 1800s, the Mōhua was one of the most abundant and conspicuous of our forest birds; now it is the most threatened of its genus. The Mōhua has disappeared from large, relatively unchanged forests and is continuing to decline. Once Mōhua inhabited podocarp-hardwood forests. Now they are found only in beech forests with fertile soils where they can find plenty of food. When Europeans first arrived in New Zealand the species was still plentiful, but forest clearances and the introduction of new predators such as rats, stoats and possums all had a devastating effect on Mōhua survival. By 1900 the bird was disappearing from many of its traditional areas.\nFOOD: Mōhua are mainly insectivorous - meaning they eat mainly insects or spiders, which they find on foliage and under tree bark.They are also known to eat some fruit.\nCALL: Very vocal, with a loud, canary-like song of trilling notes and whistles. Also gives a rapid staccato chatter.\nGENERAL: Mōhua adorn a beautiful splash of bright yellow across their head and breast while the rest of the body is brown with varying tinges of yellow and olive. The female is slightly less brightly-coloured and smaller than the male. As Mōhua spend a lot of time feeding on tree trunks or on the ground, the tip of their tail is often worn to spine-like shafts. Mōhua have large feet and strong toes, which are used to hang upside down while searching for food.\nWhen Europeans first arrived in New Zealand, Mōhua were one of the most abundant and conspicuous forest birds in the South Island. Large flocks were commonplace.\nMōhua began to decline noticeably around the 1890s. By the 1960s, the Mōhua had disappeared completely from Nelson Lakes.This trend was repeated elsewhere around the South Island. During the 1980s, it was recognised that Mōhua had disappeared from 75% of their former range and that declines were continuing.\nToday's population is estimated at 500. Without recent conservation efforts it is likely that very few Mōhua would remain – the species may even be extinct! Mōhua conservation relies on research, monitoring, predator control and translocations. Although the majority of forests where the Mōhua live are protected, even within these areas populations are still declining due to predation, forest browsing by possums and deer, and competition with introduced birds. The introduced vespulid wasp also competes with Mohua for insects and honeydew, and the wasp may have contributed to the birds' disappearance from beech honeydew forests in the northern South Island.\nEstablishment of new Mōhua populations on predator-free islands has helped to provide greater security for the species.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "As you know, I’m a strong proponent of the idea that the mind is powerless, insofar as emotions drive actions. Willpower, for example, is not based directly on mental strength, but on the emotion of pride. Pride is what really fuels your discipline.\nLisa Williams and David DeSteno from the Northeastern University tested this idea and found that pride mediates perseverance, a major component of willpower.\nIn their first experiment, 87 participants first had to estimate the number of red dots contained in various images that disappeared after 2 seconds. Afterwards they received either\n- a good bogus score with praise (“You received a score of 124 out of 147, which is the 94th percentile. Great job on that! That’s one of the highest scores we’ve seen so far!”), or\n- a good bogus score without praise, or\n- no feedback.\nIn the third step, they all had to do a tedious mental rotation task for as long as they pleased.\nThe results: Those who received the bogus score with praise did not only feel the most pride, they also persevered the longest at the boring task—they were the most self-disciplined. Those who received a bogus score without praise didn’t do better than those who didn’t get any feedback, which suggests that self-efficacy (positive belief in one’s own abilities due to knowledge of previous success) lacked the motivating force that was unique to pride.\nBut wait a minute: Why pride? What if the praise simply put the participants in a better mood so that they persevered longer? To exclude this possibility, the second experiment was altered a bit. The 78 participants now either\n- received a good bogus score with praise, or\n- received no score, but looked at positive images (e.g., tropical landscapes), or\n- solely looked at neutral images (e.g, a chair or a pen).\nAgain, those who received praise felt the most intense pride and persevered the longest. Thus, feeling positive emotions wasn’t enough to increase willpower—only pride could achieve that.\nIn summary, both studies showed that pride leads to greater perseverance on an onerous task and that this increase in willpower was a result neither of believing in one’s abilities nor of feeling good, but a result of the emotion of pride.\nThese findings, together with mediational analyses, support the motivational hypothesis of pride: When you feel proud after an accomplishment, you want to accomplish even more—due to your pride. This is why your willpower doesn’t necessarily get depleted when you use it.\nBut you, sitting here reading this article: How can you apply this information? Well, you don’t necessarily need to feel accomplished to get motivated by pride. Just imagine how you’ll feel once you’ve taken action, once you’ve gotten after it, once you’ve achieved something great! Just imagine your pride, and get to work!\n- Williams, L. A. & DeSteno, D. (2008). Pride and perseverance: the motivational role of pride. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 94(6), pp. 1007-1017, doi: 10.1037/0022-35220.127.116.117.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Chapter 2: Program Activities for Healthy Development\n2.1 Program of Developmental Activities\n2.1.3 Program Activities for Three- to Five-Year-Olds\n220.127.116.11: Fostering Cooperation of Three- to Five-Year-Olds\nPrograms should foster a cooperative rather than a competitive indoor and outdoor learning/play environment.\nRATIONALEAs three-, four-, and five-year-olds play and work together, they shift from almost total dependence on the adult to seeking social opportunities with peers that still require adult monitoring and guidance. The rules and responsibilities of a well-functioning group help children of this age to internalize impulse control and to become increasingly responsible for managing their behavior. A dynamic curriculum designed to include the ideas and values of a broad socioeconomic group of children will promote socialization. The inevitable clashes and disagreements are more easily resolved when there is a positive influence of the group on each child (1).\nCOMMENTSEncouraging communication skills and attentiveness to the needs of individuals and the group as a whole supports a cooperative atmosphere. Adults need to model cooperation.\nTYPE OF FACILITYCenter, Head Start, Large Family Child Care Home, Small Family Child Care Home\n- Pica, R. 1997. Beyond physical development: Why young children need to move. Young Child 52:4-11.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Thursday, December 24, 2009\n~ G.K. Chesterton\nFrom Charles Dickens' A Christmas Carol:\n\"A merry Christmas, uncle! God save you!\" cried a cheerful voice. It was the voice of Scrooge's nephew, who came upon him so quickly that this was the first intimation he had of his approach.\n\"Bah!\" said Scrooge, \"Humbug!\"\nHe had so heated himself with rapid walking in the fog and frost, this nephew of Scrooge's, that he was all in a glow; his face was ruddy and handsome; his eyes sparkled, and his breath smoked again.\n\"Christmas a humbug, uncle!\" said Scrooge's nephew. \"You don't mean that, I am sure.\"\n\"I do,\" said Scrooge. \"Merry Christmas! What right have you to be merry? what reason have you to be merry? You're poor enough.\"\n\"Come, then,\" returned the nephew gaily. \"What right have you to be dismal? what reason have you to be morose? You're rich enough.\"\nScrooge having no better answer ready on the spur of the moment, said, \"Bah!\" again; and followed it up with \"Humbug.\"\n\"Don't be cross, uncle,\" said the nephew.\n\"What else can I be,\" returned the uncle, \"when I live in such a world of fools as this Merry Christmas! Out upon merry Christmas. What's Christmas time to you but a time for paying bills without money; a time for finding yourself a year older, but not an hour richer; a time for balancing your books and having every item in 'em through a round dozen of months presented dead against you? If I could work my will,\" said Scrooge indignantly, \"every idiot who goes about with \"Merry Christmas\" on his lips, should be boiled with his own pudding, and buried with a stake of holly through his heart. He should!\"\n\"Uncle!\" pleaded the nephew.\n\"Nephew!\" returned the uncle, sternly, \"keep Christmas in your own way, and let me keep it in mine.\"\n\"Keep it!\" repeated Scrooge's nephew. \"But you don't keep it.\"\n\"Let me leave it alone, then,\" said Scrooge. \"Much good may it do you! Much good it has ever done you!\"\n\"There are many things from which I might have derived good, by which I have not profited, I dare say,\" returned the nephew: \"Christmas among the rest. But I am sure I have always thought of Christmas time, when it has come round - apart from the veneration due to its sacred name and origin, if anything belonging to it can be apart from that - as a good time: a kind, forgiving, charitable, pleasant time: the only time I know of, in the long calendar of the year, when men and women seem by one consent to open their shut-up hearts freely, and to think of people below them as if they really were fellow-passengers to the grave, and not another race of creatures bound on other journeys. And therefore, uncle, though it has never put a scrap of gold or silver in my pocket, I believe that it has done me good, and will do me good; and I say, God bless it!\"\nMonday, December 21, 2009\nShifting the debate from the legality of murdering a child to whether or not that murder should be funded by the taxpayers is a major setback for the Pro-Life movement. And I'm not sure emough people are aware of that.\nRecognizing we don't always get to choose the lines of battle, I pray that Congressman Bart Stupak resists any attempts to intimidate or bribe him as the nation's focus now falls back onto the House.\nWhat we need now more than ever is another Eliot Ness and a group of “Untouchables” in the House and Senate - men and women with integrity, without fear, and without a price.\nTuesday, December 15, 2009\nWithout a clear concept of what real manliness is today many men are eager to wage war, but only as an avatar in the distant land of Azeroth (WoW) or in some other digital online gaming world doing battle against a make believe foe. These men sink ridiculous numbers of hours every week into fleeing from the real battles of this world and engaging in the safe and meaningless battles of online gaming.\nThey have been effectively emasculated and neutralized through their decision to spend their free time fighting fantasy orcs, trolls, and dwarves while the real evil of this world is left unchecked. People can and do enjoy these games in moderation, but the games today are designed more and more to make this the exception and not the rule. More about this in a later post.\nSo then what is the ideal of Catholic Manhood? What does rightly ordered masculinity look like, and where have all the \"good men\" gone?\nSunday, December 13, 2009\nTonight we sang the song Your Love is Extravagant which was written by Darrell Evans. Below are some of the lyrics to the song.\nYour Love is Extravagant\nYour love (Your love) is extravagant,\nYour friendship (ooo) mm -so intimate;\nI feel I'm moving to the rythm of Your grace,\nYour fragrance is intoxicating in our secret place;\nYour love (Your love) is extravagant.\nWow, that was hot.\nNow I am aware that great Catholic Saints have used intimate and sometimes erotic language in the past to describe union with God not to mention the Song of Songs. I get that, but I don't think Contemporary Christian music falls into this category. The Song of Songs is an inspired book of the Bible and the writings of the Saints flowed from personal experience with and promptings by the Spirit. While this song does have a nice melody, I'm not sure it fits into the same category.\nAs a man I feel uncomfortable expressing my appreciation of Christ's love with ooo's and mmm's, and with talk of intoxicating fragrances and secret places. Jesus was not only God almighty, but also a man - a real life man with all the trimmings. Jesus is fully God and fully Man - still.\nAnd I can't help but wonder if suggestive, sensual songs involving the Blessed Virgin Mary's love for us or popular art depicting her with a figure are very far off. Would this be inappropriate? Would that be a double-standard?\nMonday, December 7, 2009\nDraw Me Close\nDraw me close to You\nNever let me go\nI lay it all down again\nTo hear You say that I'm Your friend\nYou are my desire\nNo one else will do\n'Cause no one else can take Your place\nTo feel the warmth\nof Your embrace\nHelp me find a way\nBring me back to You\nYou're all I want\nYou're all I've ever needed\nYou're all I want\nHelp me know You are near\nListening to the words, I began to form an image of Jesus \"drawing me close\", pressing me into his big, strong, hairy-chest. There I was \"feeling the warmth of His embrace\", and I couldn't help but notice how the whole song's imagery seemed awfully, well, feminine.\nI really hope heaven isn't like that, because that would be really awkward. I've never thought of Jesus as a hugger. I mean I'm sure he hugs babies, and little kids all the time, and probably women too, but I'm going to go out on a limb here d have to guess He'd opt for a knuckle bump from the fellas.\nDon't get me wrong I know Jesus loves me, and my wife assures me that he's going to hug me if I do get to heaven (if for no other reason than for this post). I'm just sometimes surprised how some of these songs seem to be written in such a way that they can be sung to Jesus or to a wife/girlfriend.\nBut like I said, the youth choir did do a nice job.\nWednesday, December 2, 2009\nTo correctly understand light, you need some concept of darkness. Warmth is appreciated most by those who have an understanding of coldness. True knowledge of joy, requires a familiarity with sorrow. And an understanding, appreciation, and knowledge of mercy require it be considered in the context of justice. And a divine mercy can only be fully conceived if considered against a backdrop of divine justice.\nUniversalism creates the conditions necessary for its own growth and spread. To emphasize God’s love and ignore His justice makes it difficult to see how any action on our part could result in eternal punishment. People begin talking more and more about the mercy of God and how much He loves us, and less about the radical reality of the human will to reject God and place itself under the justice of God. The cycle is fueled by our society’s love of self and loathing of responsibility.\nJacques Maritain described practical atheists as those who, \"believe that they believe in God but in reality deny His existence by each one of their deeds.\" And I think you could describe a practical Universalist as those who, \"believe that they believe in Hell but in reality deny its existence by each one of their deeds.\" A person who would could imagine such a place but not a path leading to it.\nI hear a lot about people wanting to \"reach out to people and meet them where they’re at\" lately. Great! I’m all for whatever that means as long as the meeting includes talk of both sin and blessing, both death and resurrection, both repentance and redemption … and both justice and mercy.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Investors are forcing the world’s biggest plastic manufacturers to reveal how many harmful plastic pellets they are leaking into rivers, lakes and oceans worldwide.\nFactories, trains, ships and trucks spill about 10 trillion of the lentil-sized pellets, or nurdles, used to make all plastic products, into the environment each year — enough to make roughly 15 million plastic bottles. Once in aquatic environments, pellets absorb toxins in the water, becoming poisonous magnets for birds, fish and other animals.\nPellet contamination is widespread around B.C.’s Lower Mainland, according to a 2019 study by University of Victoria researchers and the Surfrider Foundation. They’re also a major problem in the Great Lakes and other regions with high concentrations of plastic manufacturing or transportation infrastructure.\nInternational chemical company DuPont last week announced it will start publicly reporting how many pellets it loses each year, joining several other major plastic producers. The move comes after most shareholders voted for the disclosure against company wishes — a decision that can help expose the plastics industry’s outsized role in the plastic pollution crisis.\n“The more activities — no matter what they are — that remind people plastic comes from industry and literally nowhere else, the better,” said Max Liboiron, a professor of geography at Memorial University who studies plastic pollution. “(Plastics) only come from one place, and anything we can do to (push accountability) back up the pipe is valuable.”\nAbout 4.6 million tonnes of raw plastic are produced in or imported to Canada each year, according to a 2019 report commissioned by Environment and Climate Change Canada. Then it is transformed into everyday items like cups or canoes, likely destined for a landfill or the oceans: only about nine per cent of Canada’s plastic waste is recycled.\nPellets under five millimetres are regulated under Canada’s environmental laws, and spills are supposed to be reported to the proper provincial or territorial environmental agency.\nYet despite growing concern about the plastic crisis, pellet pollution has retained a relatively low profile.\nIn 1991, facing pressure from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, the plastics industry worked with the agency to create an industry best-practices program — Operation Clean Sweep — that has been accused of being created to fend off regulation. Companies that join the program, including DuPont, are required to install special equipment and promise not to lose any pellets. They’re not required to keep or report data on pellet spills, according to a 2020 NPR investigation into the program.\nWhile the program’s implementation does correlate with some environmental gains — ornithologists worldwide have seen significantly fewer pellets in seabirds since the 1980s — pellet pollution has recently taken on a new prominence, says Kelly McBee, waste program co-ordinator for As You Sow. The environmental organization works with shareholders to make companies more sustainable and played a key role in pressuring DuPont and five other major petrochemical companies to reveal their pellet pollution data.\nInvestors are forcing the world’s biggest plastic manufacturers to reveal how many harmful #plastic pellets they are leaking into rivers, lakes and oceans worldwide. #pollution\nSo far, only three of the five — Chevron Phillips Chemical, Exxon and Dow — have started to make their reporting publicly available, As You Sow said in a statement.\n“DuPont is committed to transparent reporting on sustainability and environmental matters,” said Daniel Turner, a spokesperson for DuPont in a written statement. “We are taking action at our facilities to avoid pellet spills, increase plastic recycling and prevent plastic waste from entering the environment.”\nMcBee is relieved to see even a modicum of transparency on the issue, though it is far too late, she explains.\n“We were really shocked to see that after almost three decades of operation (companies) had no reporting on how effective their programs had been, they had no auditing process to determine if it was actually being implemented in practice,” she said.\nThe companies’ commitments to reporting spill data is a good start, she explains — not a solution. There are no independent, third-party audits of plastic spills nor internal audits on the best practices’ effectiveness.\nFurthermore, the new shareholder resolution only covers spills in manufacturing facilities. They will not cover the sinuous path plastics take between the petrochemical plant where they are produced and the factory where they are turned into consumer products, she notes.\nLiboiron agrees better reporting isn’t a perfect solution.\n“There’s a consistent problem where, when the polluter is providing its reports, there’s always the question of accountability, how metrics are made (because they’re) often considered proprietary, so you never get to check the validity,” they said. “In a lot of industries — especially petrochemical industries, of which plastics are a part — there’s very often a discrepancy between reported figures and the experience of fence-line communities.”\nIt’s a discrepancy evident on the B.C. coast, David Boudinot, plastic pellet researcher with the Surfrider Foundation’s B.C. chapter, said in an email. Pellets are increasingly common on the province’s beaches, particularly those on the Salish Sea, and the organization has seen spills at plastic manufacturing facilities along the Fraser River. Reporting, preventing and mitigating the spills largely falls on the manufacturers or shipping companies transporting them, he said.\nThe B.C. Ministry of Environment said in response to the organization’s 2019 study that it hadn’t received reports of pellets entering waterways.\nFor Liboiron, more data on pellet pollution is a good start, if only because it highlights plastics’ environmental dangers.\n“(This) just brings plastics up to snuff with the baseline expectation of accountability for emissions from other types of chemicals and pollutants,” they said.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The National Weather Service says that due to a wildfire burning on High Island in Jefferson County, Houston-area residents may see and smell smoke over the next 12-24 hours and beyond. Due to changing wind conditions, smoke which was mostly contained to Galveston and Brazoria Counties Friday is shifting westward toward the city.\nThe fire in a remote area of the McFaddin National Wildlife Refuge grew exponentially Friday, to as much as 5,000 acres. Officials said it has the potential to spread, possibly impacting up to 5,700 acres of coastal marsh.\nRough terrain makes firefighting from the ground difficult. The smoke billowing into the area created a haze that wafted for miles. Authorities say it is mostly salt grass which is burning, and it's very difficult to extinguish.\nSo many concerned residents were calling in about the smoke that the Galveston County Office of Emergency Management activated its reverse 911 system. They called about 15,000 people to tell them what was burning, and let them know they should only be worried about the smoke if they have respiratory issues.\nOfficials at the wildlife refuge say they believe the fire was manmade. There were no lightning strikes in the area Thursday night or Friday. They can't say though if the fire was accidental or intentional.\nHouston residents should not be alarmed if they see a smoky haze or smell smoke. Residents with sensitive or compromised respiratory systems should take precautions to avoid breathing smoky air. This includes limiting contact with outside air until the smoke clears. You should expect that if winds shift you might see or smell the smoke also where you are.\nAgain, officials say you only need stay inside if you have a sensitive respiratory system.\nDenise Ruffino with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service said high humidity and heavy dew overnight and into Saturday should leave only some smoldering spots and reduce smoke.\nThe refuge, established in 1980, covers nearly 60,000 acres of marshland and is home to the largest concentration of alligators in Texas.\nThe Associated Press contibuted to this report.\nTake ABC13 with you!\nDownload our free apps for iPhone, iPad and Android devices", "label": "No"}
{"text": "A ‘latte levy’ or disposable coffee cup charge would be the best solution to tackle the UK’s coffee cup waste problem.\nBBC’s Blue Planet 2 showed us the impact of our addiction to plastic on the marine environment and since then the willingness to tackle this problem has grown with the public, the government and with businesses. One area that has received attention in the press is disposable coffee cups. It’s estimated we throw away 2.5 billion coffee cups in the UK every year and this is only set to increase as the coffee industry grows. The cups are coated with plastic which means that they are nearly impossible to recycle – currently only 1 in 400 is recycled. They are also commonly littered and can contaminate recycling bins leading to costs on local governments.\nSo, what is the best way to tackle our reliance on disposable coffee cups? If we follow the waste hierarchy of ‘reduce, reuse, recycle’ then the first step must be to reduce. If more people used reusable coffee cups, then the amount of waste would be reduced. It is therefore important to find the right incentive to encourage this behaviour. A number of coffee chains are offering discounts for customers who bring their own cups, but it’s been shown that discounts are not as effective as charges. A good example of a charge having the desired effect is the 5p charge on single-use plastic carrier bags. Since the introduction of this charge, usage has decreased by around 85%.\nBut should we decide to just ban disposable coffee cups immediately? Well the trouble with that is that there isn’t really a viable alternative yet, that is easily recyclable. Although we can encourage people to take their own hot drink container, there are occasions when even with the best intentions, we’re caught short. Another benefit of charging for disposable coffee cups is that the funds raised can be used to improve recycling and help fund research into alternative materials.\nYou might be thinking – why should coffee shops benefit from reduced costs of buying fewer containers? Although there may be some savings to the businesses that sell coffee, this should be seen as another positive way of influencing change for the outcome we want to see – fewer disposable cups. However, there is a need to generally consider the role of plastic producers and retailers in taking on more of the costs of recycling that is currently largely bourn by local authorities. Ideally, we would move to a circular economy where producers and retailers are responsible for the whole life cycle of any materials they use. However, a coffee cup charge can be part of this wider change of approach.\nThe Environmental Audit Committee suggested that a charge should be introduced urgently and that a ban should come into force by 2023 if coffee cups still cannot be fully recycled. This phased approach has the benefits of delivering swift action using a tried and tested method to drive behaviour change, while also raising the funds to find alternatives and increase recycling, and with a clear and ambitious date to end the use of disposable coffee cups.\nDr Lyndsey Dodds is the head of marine policy at WWF-UK, the UK branch of the world’s leading conservation organisation.\nUltimately, everyone has a responsibility across the chain – we need intervention from everyone, as everyone plays a part. I wouldn’t agree that taxing is the right approach right now. There is a circular way to solve these problems if everyone collaborates.\nOur view is that you solve these problems by creating a demand for the material once it’s been collected. We came to the UK as an Australian company looking to work with plastic bottles in the UK, and we took recycling and collection from 3% to above 50%. We created a demand for the UK dairy industry to use recycled post-consumer material for their bottles and specify it in their products. As soon as they specify it, anyone who wanted to sell it to that market had to buy that material, it created a demand and a value to the material. It meant that we could go to waste contractors who were previously landfilling it or burning it and say: “instead of doing that with bottles, we will buy them off you for X amount per tonne.” That translated down to the consumer; “if you as a business put your bottles in this bin, it will cost you half as much as if you had send it with general waste.”\nIf we can work together to create value and create something useful for paper cups, we can create solutions.\nIt’s about integrating these products back in as a valuable raw material, and we need more circular ways of thinking. Obviously, if there’s a demand for that, that will then facilitate infrastructure and collection systems, because the waste industry is pretty straight forward. If it’s worth something – it will be collected. This isn’t a problem that the waste industry has got, it’s a problem for the producers and vendors of coffee. I find it frustrating that everyone points the finger at the waste industry.\nThe more products we make that need cups, the more cups we need, the more valuable they become and then the demand pulls everything out of the marketplace as it has done with paper, glass and cardboard, for example. My fear is that if the industry can’t sort itself out and take the problem as seriously as it needs to be taken, then the government which has made a big stance on solving the problem will be forced to do nothing but tax.\nWe recently launched a reusable cup made from used coffee cups. It’s probably the first product to promote reuse, while also giving the material a value. The solutions are out there, don’t let anyone say they’re not, it’s just that there are political and commercial reasons getting in the way of them.\nCould this problem be solved quickly? Yes, it could. We believe we can make a whole coffee shop out of the materials that a coffee shop generates, and that’s where we need to get to. Get people thinking like that, and a problem is transformed into an opportunity.\nPeter Goodwin is the co-founder of Simply Cups, a circular economy-focused waste management company which offers a range of waste and recycling collection solutions to organisations large and small.\nInterviews by Jack Atkins", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Wood Pattern Maker Job Description Example\nWhat Does a Wood Pattern Maker Do?\nWood pattern makers construct wooden replicas or patterns used in sand mold casting.\nThe wood pattern maker job description entails planning, designing, and fabrication of wooden sectional patterns which are used in creating the cavities into which molten metal is poured during casting.\nWood pattern makers utilize various measuring and marking tools such as squares, shrink rule, and scriber in designing wood patterns according to details and specification.\nThey create sections on wood stock by cutting and shaping wood parts using power tools such as lathe machine, planar, and bandsaw.\nThey also maintain an up-to-date knowledge of casting process and techniques to ensure designed patterns produces desired results and can be easily retrieved from a mold without any physical damage.\nAs part of their duties, wood pattern makers ensure produced cast remains within set specification after surface finishing.\nUsually, wood pattern makers utilize protractors, calipers, and straightedges to verify the angle and dimension of wooden patterns during assembly.\nThey carry out surface finishing of designed patterns using lacquers or waxes as finishing agent.\nTheir role may also involve designing wooden models which serve as prototypes for an original concept.\nThey use paint and color codes on the surface of a pattern to indicate compatible sections for easy assembly.\nThey often liaise with designers and production engineers to plan and develop patterns in accordance with set standards and specification.\nAlso, their work description entails studying and interpreting construction details as contained in a blueprint.\nIn fulfilling their role, wood pattern makers evaluate the shape, texture and size of produced patterns to make appropriate adjustments and repairs before they are used in a casting process.\nThey ensure compliance with set safety and health regulations and procedures when performing job operations.\nThey also oversee the selection and procurement of choice wood stock and other materials required for patternmaking.\nAs part of their responsibilities, wood pattern makers carry out the methoding of a pattern/mold by means of manual or computer aided design.\nWood pattern makers require at least a high school diploma and several years of training from experienced wood pattern professionals to succeed on the job.\nCertifications from technical colleges also increase job prospects for wood pattern maker.\nSome of the qualities required to excel on this job include an eye for details, math, and mechanical skills.\nWood Pattern Maker Job Description Example/Template\nWood pattern makers perform various functions, the job description example below shows the major duties, tasks, and responsibilities that make up their daily work activities:\n- Read and interpret blueprints and production information to determine the dimension and shape of a pattern\n- Utilize various equipment such as sanders, bandsaws, and routers in smoothing, cutting and shaping wooden patterns\n- Measure the dimension of produced patterns using straightedges and protractors to ensure accurate size and measurement\n- Oversee the set up and operation of woodworking machines such as lathe and powersaws\n- Couple and assemble wood parts into sections, patterns or models using bolts, screws, nails or glue\n- Oversee the repair and adjustment of damaged or irregular wood patterns to ensure the production of precise cast\n- Carry out calculations to determine appropriate dimension, weight, and volume for a wood pattern\n- Ensure easy removal of patterns from mold by dividing wood pattern into sections\n- Oversee the cost estimation for a wood pattern project to determine the price of production and required materials\n- Utilize color codes and paint to indicate techniques for the assembly of wood parts or patterns\n- Select choice of wood stock and raw materials for a wood pattern production process\n- Maintain record of operations and inventory of equipment, tools, and raw materials\n- Apply decorative and preservative finish on wood patterns or models to ensure a fine appearance and long shelf life\n- Oversee the construction of wooden models, jigs, molds, and templates used in forming the shape of a product or cast\n- Oversee the distribution of supplies and patterns to machine operators\n- Maintain an up-to-date knowledge of wood pattern design and casting techniques by participating in educational programs.\nWood Pattern Maker Resume Preparation\nDo you need to make a resume for the wood pattern maker job? If you do, you can easily create the work experience part of it by applying the sample job description given above.\nThe job experience section of the resume is an opportunity to show that you have previously carried out the duties and responsibilities of a wood pattern maker.\nTherefore, if you have actually worked before in that role and are writing a resume, you can simply make use of the functions of the position stated above in highlighting your work experience.\nRequirements – Skills, Abilities, and Knowledge – for Wood Pattern Maker Job\nIf you are interested in applying for a wood pattern maker job, the under listed are the necessary requirements most employers usually expect applicants to fulfill to be considered for the job:\n- Education and Training: To become a wood pattern maker, you require at least a high school diploma which is among the prerequisites for entry into furniture making or woodworking technical colleges. Job experience can be gained by working as an apprentice under experienced wood pattern makers\n- Eye for details: Wood pattern makers are able to focus on the individual parts that make up a pattern to build them up to desired standards or set specification\n- Math Skill: They are well versed in performing calculations to establish the dimensions of a wood pattern\n- Mechanical Skills: Wood pattern makers are proficient in operating and controlling various power and manual equipment to achieve a desired effect.\nWood Pattern Maker Skills for Resume\nAgain, if you are making a resume for the wood pattern maker job, you can use the above required qualities for the role in creating the skills section of your resume.\nWith the skills section in your resume, employers will be able to see the relevant skills and qualities you are bringing to the job, and this will give them the confidence that you will be able to carry out the job description that will be assigned to you effectively.\nIf you are thinking of working as a wood pattern maker, the duties, tasks, and responsibilities of the role given in this post will help you to know more about what the position entails and if that is what you will like to do for a career.\nThe job description sample for the position also given above provides employers a template to guide them in making suitable work description for their firms for hiring and assigning tasks to the best capable individuals for the job.\nDid you learn more about the duties and responsibilities of wood pattern makers from this post? Do let us know what you think about this post in the comment box below. You can also share the work you do as a wood pattern maker with other readers if you are one.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Why a popular Welsh name has been given to numerous mountains in the South Island.\nSearch ‘Evans’ on the website topomap.co.nz and no fewer than 24 names pop up, including five mountains. Evans is a common Welsh surname, so it’s hardly surprising that so many feature on our maps, but who are these mountains named after?\nThree of the mountains are probably named for one man. Frederick John Evans served as the master on the Acheron, the ship that under Captain John Stokes made a comprehensive survey of New Zealand in the 1850s. These are all prominent peaks, visible from the sea: one in what is now Abel Tasman National Park, another on Banks Peninsula, and at least one in Fiordland National Park.\nThe highest of the Mt Evanses is a striking summit in the central Southern Alps, a great bastion of a peak lying at the headwaters of the Rakaia, Whitcombe, Waitaha and Wanganui Rivers. This Evans was the proprietor of Hokitika’s famous Red Lion pub, and during the late 1800s, a surveyor named two peaks at the head of the Whitcombe after the man and his bar.\nTo my mind, there is also a missing Mt Evans and that is Mt Edgar Evans, named after the strapping Welshman who accompanied Captain Scott to the South Pole, but died on the return journey. Scott and all of his other companions – Wilson, Bowers and Oates – have peaks named after them in Arthur’s Pass National Park. But poor old Edgar Evans missed out. On the centenary of his death – 17 February 2012 – two friends and I climbed a peak, positioned between Mts Bowers and Wilson on the Polar Range, and held a small ceremony to honour the fallen Welshman.\n1 Mt Evans (1156m), Abel Tasman National Park\nMt Evans, the highest summit in Abel Tasman National Park is situated on the Pikikiruna Range, high above the moor-like Canaan Downs. While the track to the summit is no longer maintained, a marked route, beginning from near Moa Park Shelter, is still easy to follow. It climbs gently through forest onto the striking summit rocks, composed of granite with quartz.\n2 Mt Evans (703m), Banks Peninsula\nThis Mt Evans is a prominent summit on Banks Peninsula above Port Levy.\n3 Mt Edgar Evans (2019m), Arthur’s Pass National Park\nThis unnamed peak is most easily reached from Edwards Hut. While in summer it’s a straightforward scramble, during winter it will require mountaineering skills and equipment.\n4 Mt Evans (2620m), Whitcombe Valley\nOn a good day, the view of Mt Evans from Cave Camp is one of the finest in the Southern Alps. The mountain rises in a series of redoubtable cliffs, ledges and snowfields towards the castle-like summit. During the early 1930s, the mountain was, briefly, the highest unclimbed summit in the Southern Alps, and many mountaineers raced to claim the first ascent.\nFamously, it fell on the first day of 1934 to a determined team of Canterbury climbers – John Pascoe, Gavin Malcolmson and Priestley Thomson. The second party to climb it was a Tararua Tramping Club group four years later, but tragically one of them, Norman Dowling, died on the descent. There’s a memorial plaque to him at Cave Camp, which has for decades served as a shelter for trampers and climbers in this notoriously wet part of the country.\n5 Mt Evans (1084m), Fiordland National Park\nThis Mt Evans is a high knoll above Dusky Sound’s Cook Channel, where the great mariner spent some weeks during his second voyage to New Zealand in 1773.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "An animal's mythical ability to predict earthquakes likely has a more scientific explanation, a companion animal expert has revealed.\nSome pet owners in Melbourne reported their animals acting strangely before today's 5.9 magnitude earthquake struck.\nBuddy, an English Staffordshire terrier began barking and running about before the ground began to shake, according to his owner, 42-year-old eastern suburbs resident Jamie McCarney.\n\"From what I could tell, he started making the noise he would when someone's at the gate before the earthquake began,\" he told Yahoo News Australia.\n\"He then ran back and forth, up and down the house barking.\"\nAnimal earthquake premonition myth busted\nAt first glance, Mr McCarney's description is consistent with Sydney University veterinarian Dr Anne Quain's understanding of companion pet behaviour during earthquakes.\nTremors will elicit vocalisations in dogs, which take the form of barking and howling. They are also commonly observed moving around the room, while cats usually leave the vicinity.\nWhere Dr Quain's scientific understanding diverts from Mr McCarney's experience is on the subject of earthquake prediction.\nThe veterinarian argues animals reacting before tremors begin remains anecdotal, and she is yet to see conclusive evidence that supports this.\n“There's lots of anecdotal reports of animals behaving strangely in the time preceding earthquakes,” she told Yahoo News Australia.\n“Sometimes that is seconds, sometimes it's minutes, sometimes longer periods of time where animals act differently.\n“It’s believed that they’re actually reacting to foreshock, or small earthquakes that we don't feel before the biggest seismic events.\n“There's no conclusive evidence that they have some sort of extrasensory ability to predict earthquakes.”\nHow pet owners can protect animals during earthquakes\nAfter today's earthquake, Dr Quain saw a number of reports on social media of cats going missing.\nWith aftershocks predicted in the coming days, she is urging pet owners to ensure their animals are microchipped and their records are up to date.\n“One of the biggest learnings we've had around animals in earthquakes was centred around Christchurch (in 2011),” she said.\n“There was a lot of damage to property, and a lot of animals escaped, because if they're afraid of something, their instinct is often to run.\n“Making sure we keep animals in a safe environment, making sure we do have an evacuation plan for them, making sure they have up to date identification is really important.\n“Of course, we never know when an emergency situation is going to happen, so today is a good reminder.”\nMore on Wednesday's earthquake:\nMelbourne's famous falcons not phased by earthquake\nWhile domestic animals tend to flee, peregrine falcons which famously live in the heart of Melbourne behaved in the opposite manner.\nCCTV footage, which monitors the nesting pair near the top of 367 Collins Street, captured the response of the male when the building began to shake.\nThe male bird can be seen walking off the nest and walking to the edge of the ledge before cocking his head to the side.\nHe then vocalises with a high-pitched call before jumping off the building.\nVictorian Peregrine Project founder Dr Victor Hurley, who has been working with building owner Mirvac to monitor the pair, said while some thought the bird was fleeing, he was in fact working to protect the nest.\nHaving studied the species for over 30 years, he believes their reaction was a “furious” move intended to drive away any potential threat.\n“It’s not out of fear, it’s more out of protection,” he said.\n\"They're scared of nothing.”\nDr Hurley describes their behaviour as a “normal” reaction to an “unusual circumstance”.\n“It’s pretty unusual for a building to be shaking and rattling so that’s something they won’t have experienced and understandably they’re instantly concerned about what they need to check out,” he said.\n“The first thing the male did was to look around, walk to the edge, take off, and probably fly up above to the height of the building to see if he could see something that’s causing the noise and movement.\n“It stopped soon after and the female was soon back on the nest.”\nReassuringly Dr Hurley believes the eggs would not have been shaken hard enough by the earthquake to be damaged.\nHe said the eggs are two-thirds of the way through incubation, meaning chicks will likely be hatching soon.\nDo you have a story tip? Email: firstname.lastname@example.org", "label": "No"}
{"text": "1971: The Southern California Rapid Transit District inaugurates its experimental Minibus shuttle services in the downtown Central Business District as part of the Bunker Hill urban renewal project. Over 3,400 passengers boarded first-day operations between 9 a.m. and 4 p.m., with daily totals reaching 4,500 riders by the end of the first week.\nThe canopied mini-buses, running every 4 minutes, cost 10-cents compared to 30-cents for regular SCRTD bus fare.\nThe natural gas and propane powered Minibus service is funded through the Community Redevelopment Agency, the City of Los Angeles and Los Angeles County.\nIt will later expand to additional routes in downtown, Westwood, the San Fernando Valley.\nSCRTD acquired new mini-buses in 1984 and the service is transferred to the Los Angeles Department of Transportation on October 25, 1985.\nIt is then renamed DASH and operates numerous routes throughout downtown and dozens more throughout Los Angeles.\nMany more photos of the SCRTD Mini-Buses can be found here.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Last Updated on\nIt can be great fun to learn about space, especially if you can use a telescope to see what you are learning about, and this is the case with Uranus. Any telescope should enable you to see the planet, so many people want to know more facts about this ice giant to make the experience more interesting. If you like looking at the night sky, keep reading as we go over several interesting facts about this outer planet.\nWilliam Hershel was an amateur astronomer in 1781 when he discovered Uranus. While it’s possible to view with the naked eye, people didn’t realize that it was a planet until well after the telescope was invented.\nWhen William Hershel first found Uranus with his telescope, he thought that it was a comet. It took another 2 years for other astronomers to convince him that it was a planet based on its brightness and speed. William Hershel wanted to name his world, Georgium Sidus, after King George III, but it was eventually named after the Greek god of the sky, Uranus.\nScientists studying Uranus have noticed that it has an extreme tilt that causes dramatic weather conditions across the planet. It has a tilt of 97.77 degrees, which might have resulted from a collision with a large, Earth-sized object.\nDue to the extreme tilt of Uranus, one of its poles points directly at the sun for ¼ of the year, which is equal to 21 Earth years. The pole on the other side of the planet remains in complete darkness.\nThe Earth rotates in an eastern direction, so our sun rises in the east and sets in the west. If you were standing on Uranus, the sun would rise in the west and set in the east. Venus is the only other planet where you can witness a western sunrise.\nWhile Earth only has a single moon and a recently discovered quasi-satellite that many people consider to be a second moon, Uranus has 27 moons. While Uranus is the only planet that has a Greek god name, astronomers don’t use any for the names of its moons, like other planets. Instead, the names all come from the literary works of William Shakespeare and Alexander Pope.\nMost people know that Saturn has rings, but many are surprised to learn that Uranus does too. Uranus has two sets of rings: an inner system of nine rings and an outer system of two. The inner rings are dark grey. The inner and outer rings have a reddish hue, while the outer one is blue.\nUranus is more than 80% icy materials, like water, methane, and ammonia, and has a small rocky core that can reach more than 9,000 degrees Fahrenheit.\nSince Uranus only has a small rocky core, it is not that dense. In fact, of all the planets in the solar system, only Saturn is less dense.\nSince Uranus is more than 80% water, ammonia, and methane gas, it does not have a true surface. Instead, it’s a swirling fluid ball with no noticeable surface and no place to land any spacecraft.\nThe atmosphere of Uranus is primarily hydrogen and helium, but there is also a small amount of methane gas that helps give it its blue color. The methane absorbs the red part of the sunlight and reflects the blue. Wind speeds can reach more than 560 miles per hour, and temperatures can be colder than -350 degrees Fahrenheit below 0.\nScientists believe that Uranus and its sister planet Neptune, another ice giant, formed close to the sun about 4.5 billion years ago. Both planets then drifted away to their current locations about 4 billion years ago.\nThe magnetosphere of Uranus is different from the magnetosphere on other planets. For example, the magnetosphere on planets like Earth, Jupiter, and Saturn aligns with the planet’s rotation, but the magnetic axis tilts 60 degrees from the planet’s axis on Uranus. It’s also offset from the center by more than 1/3 of the planet’s diameter.\nWhile the poles of Uranus experience 21-year-long winters due to its tilt, the large planet rotates much faster than Earth does, and a Uranus day lasts a little over 17 hours and 14 minutes. Since it takes Uranus 84 earth years to get around the sun one time, each year has tens of thousands of days.\nUranus is an ice giant that is many times larger than the Earth. Calculations show that 63 Earth-sized planets can fit inside this swirling ball of liquid.\n•Song Sparrow: Field Guide, Pictures, Habitat & Info\nThere are many interesting facts to learn about Uranus, and we are discovering new things every day. Many modern telescopes help us get a better look, and though we may never be able to visit it, there is quite a bit that we can learn from this planet to help us understand how the universe works.\nFeatured Image Credit: NASA, Unsplash\nTable of Contents\nEd Malaker is a veteran writer who contributes to a wide range of blogs covering information on computer programming, pets, birding, tools, fitness, guitars, and optics. Outside of writing, Ed is often found working in the garden or performing DIY projects in the house. Ed is also a musician, spending his time composing music for independent films or helping people repair their guitars.\n15 Crucial Facts About Ultraviolet Rays & the Sun\nWhat Constellation Is Spica In? The Interesting Answer!\n10 Interesting Leo Constellation Facts, Myths, and FAQs\n15 Interesting Pegasus Constellation Facts, Myths, and FAQs\n6 Interesting Sagittarius Constellation Facts, Myths, and FAQs in 2023!\nWhat Are Constellations? Where Did They Come From?\n8 Interesting Libra Constellation Facts, Myths, and FAQs\nWhat Is Infrared Radiation? How Does It Work?", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Whether you are watching television or surfing the internet, you are blasted with advertisements that, more often than not, don’t interest you or serve any purpose for you. No matter the medium you are on, advertisers are trying to convince you that they have a product or service just for you. Long before television or radio, there has been some form of advertising. Newspapers were the start of mass advertising, but posers go back to the Egyptians trying to sell products.\nIn advertising there two general categories of advertising, traditional and digital. Traditional advertising utilizes television, radio, newspaper, billboards, magazines, and direct mailings. These types of advertising can reach an extremely large audience, giving businesses many eyes to see their product or service, but there is no guarantee the right people are getting the advertising.\nDigital, a relatively new player in the advertising world, uses the internet to reach a large audience in several ways. Audiences can be targeted by location, and demographics to target a more precise group.\nWhile traditional forms of advertising are effective, digital advertising has taken the lead in accessibility. With the increase in smart devices, digital advertising will follow users wherever they go. The culture of consumers around the world today digital advertising is a necessity.\nWith digital advertising, the types of advertising available are:\n- paid search advertising\n- display advertising\n- native advertising\n- social media advertising\nThe most prominent type of digital advertising is paid search advertising.Using Paid Search Advertising without any insight is like hunting for a pirate's treasure with no map Click To Tweet\nPaid Search Advertising\nPaid Search advertising is very detailed. It requires regular monitoring and adjustments to numerous features to optimize the placement of ads, in an attempt to get users to convert. But a basic explanation would be that paid search advertising utilizes keywords to trigger ads. The keywords are monitored reviewing several metrics and adjusting the bids to achieve your goal. When a user enters a search term it triggers a keyword and relevant ads appear at the top of the search engine result page. The advertiser is charged only when a user clicks on their ad, which is the definition of pay per click, or PPC.\nGoogle will show up to 4 paid ads at the top of the page with the organic listings below them. To distinguish between the two, you will see a small icon to the left of the noting it is an ad. With paid search advertising, depending on the market, clicks range from a few pennies to hundreds of dollars. Generally, the lowest bids come from branding campaigns promoting the advertiser’s own company. You may think, “who wants to pay hundreds of dollars to click on an ad?”. Imagine you own a commercial roofing company. Your best-converting keyword may cost you $750, but if that prospective client that clicked on your ad signs a contract worth $3M it was worth the money. We look at the overall cost per click, or CPC, not just the one-click that we converted off of. Imagine you spent $3,000 the week you closed that deal for $3M, your return on ad spend, or ROAS would be 1000%.\nPaid search is targeted, measurable, and cost-effective making paid search very attractive to businesses.\nSocial Media Advertising\nUnlike paid search advertising, social media advertising is a more relaxed platform. Paid search works off keywords to trigger ads where social media ads are shown to match your search habits. While you are searching and surfing, sites put cookies on your computer to track what types of sites you frequent, along with other information that can be used to classify you for advertising targeting. Please note that these cookies are not unique to social media but all platforms of digital advertising.\nSocial media advertising can provide a quick ROI because everything is done in real-time, unlike paid search advertising. Social media is more than Facebook and Instagram and you have to know your market to determine which social media platform would work best for you. As closely as Facebook and Instagram are in the type of social media they are, their audiences, or users, are not exactly the same. Platforms such as LinkedIn serve a totally different audience and purpose. Be sure to research which platform will benefit your business best.\nCertain types of ads are very clear that they are trying to grab your attention to sell you something. Native ads, unlike paid search advertising, blend in with their surroundings. Good native advertisements take work to get you to notice them but not be aggressive or obnoxious. Native ads fit in with the content on the page they are seen on, you could think of it as camouflage. Native ads could be an article or a video on a website about similar materials.\nBecause of their undercover appearance, it has caused a debate among advertisers if they are a fair way of doing business so to speak. The pro-native advertisers point out that their ads are labeled as “sponsored”, “advertisement”, or “Promoted” near the ad so the viewer is aware that the content they are going to engage with is not from the site they are on. The anti-native advertising point is that the labels are small enough that it may not be readily seen by users.\nBecause of the type of the beast, so to speak, display ads are obviously trying to sell you something. Because they utilize visuals, both still shots, and videos, they stand out among the text on the web page. Display ads are designed to get quick conversions and can have a large viewer audience. This is because search engines can match them to websites across the web-based on keywords and targeting being used.\nWhile display ads aren’t as effective as they used to be, advertisers can’t overlook their strategic plans.\nWhich Will You Pick?\nWith the options of digital advertising available in today’s electronic world, take the time to do your research into where your business would fit in best and get the best results. Don’t think that you are locked into one type of digital advertising, combine them, and let them work together. Paid search advertising can be a great compliment to social media advertising\nRemember, some agencies have the background and the experience to help you with these decisions as well as building and maintaining your digital advertising.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Parents & School Nutrition\nParents are key to creating a healthy school food environment. Here are things you can do to help your school be the best it can be and protect your child's health:\n- Familiarize yourself with your school district's wellness policy.\n- Learn about your school's policies regarding foods and beverages used in fundraisers, classroom parties, vending machines, school stores and school meals.\n- Talk to other parents about ways to offer healthier fundraisers and healthier classroom parties.\n- When sending snacks and lunches to school, be sure they are healthy.\n- Be a positive role model by practicing healthy eating and activity habits.\nLast updated: 11/12/2012 10:25 AM", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Symptoms of viral hepatitis\nCommon symptoms in the early stages of a viral hepatitis infection (also known as the ‘acute’ phase) include a high temperature, fatigue, mild abdominal pain, loss of appetite, jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), nausea and vomiting. However, some people have no symptoms at all.\nPatients with chronic (long term) HBV and HCV may not experience symptoms until their liver disease becomes severe, so it’s important to get tested if you think you might be at risk as there are highly effective treatments available.Find out more\nPublic knowledge about hepatitis is slowly improving but there is still widespread ignorance about who gets hepatitis and how it’s passed on.\nYou may want to discuss your concerns with a health professional or counsellor who is trained to help you cope with a diagnosis of hepatitis and any social difficulties that may come with it, such as:\nMost insurance companies will ask applicants if they have been tested for HIV, hepatitis B and hepatitis C. A positive test result may mean a life insurance policy or a mortgage linked to a life policy could be refused or the premium raised. If this happens, it is worth talking to your doctor as many consultants are willing to write to a mortgage or insurance company stating your health and life expectancy.\nThis is often a difficult decision but you should consider that a positive result may affect your family and sexual partner(s) and whether these people should also think about testing. If you are HBsAg positive, your partner will need vaccinating if they are negative. Vaccination will completely protect them. With a new partner it is important to use barrier contraceptives (condoms) until they have been vaccinated.\nYou may want only certain people to know about your test and results. GUM (genito-urinary medicine) clinics offer a confidential testing service, although in the case of a positive result your GP will become involved when you are referred for ongoing care. Any doctor who diagnoses acute viral hepatitis is legally required to report this information to Public Health England to help reduce the spread of infection.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The flight of Northrop Grumman’s latest “child prodigy”, X-47B unmanned drone, was first recorded in September. You can view the video below.\nIt was announced on August 9, 2012 that by 2014 X47-B drone will be refueled in flight by Global Hawks which would serve as refueling tankers.\nThis is a huge accomplishment for two reasons. One, is that will allow the X-47B to remain in flight well beyond 3,000 nautical miles — 10 times the ability of a traditional manned fighter. Second, is that the entire process will be conducted with no pilot at all.\nThis will also mean that U.S. aircraft carries will be able to stay outside the range of reach of most ballistic missiles and submarines currently in existence.\nThe trials will be conducted aboard USS George Washington in 2013.\nHere are a few details on X-47B drone.\nYou can learn more about UAS/UAV by attending one of ATI’s courses below.\n|Unmanned Aircraft Systems and Applications||On Site||Your Facility|\n|Unmanned Aircraft System Fundamentals||Nov 6-8, 2012||Columbia, MD|\n|Unmanned Aircraft System Fundamentals||Feb 26-28, 2013||Dayton, OH|", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Did you know that researchers estimate 85% of achievement test scores are based on the vocabulary of the standards? Now that right there is a crazy thought, but makes sense!\nIf students are asked to identify, but don’t know what that means, how will they know how to identify?\nIf students are asked to infer, but don’t know what that means, how will they know how to infer?\nIf students are asked to distinguish, but don’t know what that means, how will they know how to distinguish?\nThat’s why I created the…..Interactive Notebook for Test Prep Vocabulary!!!!\nClick the here or the image below to learn more!\nEach of the 42 words contains a definition and illustration.\nAlso, within each interactive notebook page, students are to provide a synonym, antonym, and sentence for the word.\nIn addition, students are to give examples of how they might see and/or use the word in math and reading.\nA teacher resource page with a full-page colored example of each word is provided. The resource page also provides the teacher with a synonym, antonym, and ways the word might be used in math and reading.\nEverything you and your students need to become experts with these high frequency Common Core verbs is right here!", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Dopamine commonly describes as an emotion-good neurotransmitter as well as endorphins, serotonin, and endorphins. It has some unique primary functions. It has called a reward chemical because it is responsible for the reward system in the brain. In addition, it has named as the motivation molecule because it gives the attention and drives needed to be effective. Moreover, Dopamine plays a role in various brain functions, including sleep, mood, learning, concentration and attention, motor control, nd memory. Dopamine deficiency is a more concerning fact.\nWhat does it mean to have a dopamine deficiency condition?\nUnfortunately, we cannot measure the level of dopamine in our brain. What we do know is that specific groups of symptoms are associated with abnormal dopamine activity. Therefore, the stage of ‘dopamine inency’ may indicate several points,\n- Very small amounts of dopamine have produced\n- Very few dopamine receptors\n- Damaged or defective dopamine receptors\n- Dopamine can rapidly brake down\n- Dopamine don’t properly recycled\nWhat Causes Dopamine Deficiency?\nThere are many reasons why you may experience dopamine insufficiency, including poor diet and poor health. For example, eating foods high in saturated fat and sugar can suppress dopamine. Similarly, a lack of protein can lead to a deficiency of L-tyrosine, an amino acid that is one of the primary building blocks of dopamine. Or cofactors that convert L-tyrosine into dopamine, such as zinc, iron, B-complex vitamins, and copper, will not enough.\n- Other causes of low dopamine, other than poor diet:\n- Management Stress\n- Alcohol withdrawal syndrome\n- Management Obesity\n- Healthy nutrition\n- Parkinson’s disease\n- Restless Leg Syndrome Disorder\n- Highly creative\n- Drug use\nSymptoms of dopamine deficiency depend on the underlying cause. For an example, a person with Parkinson’s disease may experience very different symptoms from those with low dopamine levels due to drug use.\nSome of the signs and symptoms associated with dopamine deficiency include:\n- Muscle aches, pains or convulsions\n- Aches and pains\n- Muscle stiffness\n- Loss of balance\n- Management Constipation\n- Difficult to eat and swallow\n- Weight loss or weight gain\n- gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)\n- Chronic pneumonia\n- Sleepiness or disturbed sleep\n- Low energy\n- Inability to concentrate\n- Moving or talking more slowly than usual\n- Feeling tired\n- Feels degraded\n- Feeling unexplained grief or tears\n- The mood changes\n- Feeling hopeless\n- Have low self-esteem\n- Feeling guilty\n- Feeling anxious\n- Thoughts of suicide or thoughts of self-harm\n- Low sex drive\n- Lack of insight or self-awareness\nTreatment for dopamine\nTreatment for dopamine efficiency depends along with the root cause.\nIf a person has diagnosed with a mental health condition such as depression or schizophrenia, a doctor may prescribe medications for symptoms. Further these drugs may include anti-depressants and mood stabilizers.\nRopinirol and primipoxol can increase dopamine levels and often prescribe to treat Parkinson’s disease. Levodopa usually prescribes when Parkinson’s has diagnosed.\nOther treatments for dopamine deficiency include:\n- Diet and lifestyle changes\n- Physiotherapy for muscle stiffness and movement problems\n- Vitamin D, magnesium and omega-3s help increase dopamine levels, but more research needes on whether this is effective.\n- Activities that make a person feel happy and relaxed also believe to raise dopamine levels. These may include exercise, therapeutic massage, and meditation.\nThere is no reliable way to directly measure dopamine levels in a person’s brain.\nBut, there are several indirect methods to determine dopamine level imbalance in the brain. Physicians can examine dopamine transporters that positively interact with dopamine-using neurons. Further, this involves injecting a radioactive substance that binds to dopamine transporters, which doctors can measure using a camera.\nAnd also a doctor looks at a person’s symptoms, lifestyle factors, and medical history to determine if they have low dopamine levels.\nWhat is serotonin?\nSerotonin is another neurotransmitter present in the brain.\nHowever, more than 90% of the body’s total serotonin resides in the endochromaphin cells in the gut. Further, it helps regulate the movement of the digestive system.\nIn addition to aiding digestion, serotonin involves in regulation:\n- The sleep awakening cycle\n- Both Mood and emotions\n- Both Metabolism and appetite\n- Cognition and concentration\n- Hormonal activity\n- Body temperature\n- Blood clots\nDifferences between dopamine and serotonin\nBoth dopamine and serotonin relay messages between neurons affect mood and concentration, but they have other unique functions.\nFor example, dopamine releases signals between neurons that control body movements and coordination.\nMoreover, This neurotransmitter plays a role in the brain’s recreation and benefit center and causes many behaviors. Eating certain foods, taking illegal drugs and engaging in activities such as gambling can cause dopamine levels in the brain to rise\nHigh levels of dopamine can cause feelings of excitement, joy, and enhanced motivation and concentration. Therefore, exposure to dopamine-enhancing substances and activities can make some people addicted.\nLike dopamine, serotonin can affect people’s moods and emotions. But it also helps regulate digestive functions, such as appetite, metabolism, and bowel movements.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "DETERMINING FACTORS FOR SUCCESS USE OF E-LEARNING IN LEARNING PROCESS IN COLLEGE\nMetadataShow full item record\nThis research was conducted to determine the use of e-Learning that was conducted by students in College. The main purpose of this research was to find out the factors that make up e-learning successfully used in teaching learning in College. The variables in this study were e-Learning Quality, Information Quality, Use of e-Learning, User Satisfaction and Success of e-Learning. The respondents in this study were active students who used e-learning in their teaching and learning process. The number of respondents in this study were 206 respondents. The respondents in this study were students who use e-learning in teaching and learning processes in College around Pekalongan residency. The data processing in this study used the SmartPLS 3.0 tool. The results of this study showed that the quality of e-learning affects user’s satisfaction and use of e-learning. Furthermore, the quality of information generated from e-Learning only affected user’s satisfaction but it did not affect the use of e-learning. The successful use of e-learning was effect by user’s satisfaction and use of e-learning.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Directions: Select one of the questions below and write a 4-page paper (only write on one question). The paper must be 4 pages (1100-word count), typed, double-spaced, 12-inch font size and 1-inch margins. Goals: you must incorporate philosophical concepts logically throughout your paper and express the concepts in your own words.\nQuestion 1: Analysis\nUse your own words to articulate the concepts and cite the text sparingly as support. Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill laid the ground for utilitarianism. In your paper, do the following:\na) Explain the scope of utilitarianism.\nb) What arguments do Bentham and Mill provide to support their position? Where do they diverge?\nc) Mill admits that there are challenges to utilitarianism. What are the challenges? Does he reconcile them? Thoroughly explain your response.\nd) Apply the theory of utilitarianism to the practice of eugenics (you can refer to one case or all of the cases discussed in class).\nQuestion 2: Analysis\nUse your own words to articulate the concepts and cite the text sparingly as support. In the Apology, Socrates chose the penalty of death rather than exile for discussing virtue. In the play Antigone, Antigone chose the penalty of death for burying her brother against Creon’s decree. Neither Socrates nor Antigone denied their actions even when facing death. These choices appear counter to human action. Schopenhauer insists to understand the freedom of the will, one must define freedom first and then examine self-consciousness. In your paper, do the following:\na) Articulate Schopenhauer’s thoughts about the different types of freedom. Why are the distinctions relevant to the matter of free will?\nb) Why does Schopenhauer think determinism is problematic? (Hint: in your answer indicate the deterministic view of human action).\nc) According to Schopenhauer, what is free will?\nd) Apply Schopenhauer’s view to the case of Socrates or Antigone.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The truth about carbon dating Sex chat mkd\nThe strength of the Earth's magnetic field affects the amount of cosmic rays entering the atmosphere.A stronger magnetic field deflects more cosmic rays away from the Earth.Familiar to us as the black substance in charred wood, as diamonds, and the graphite in “lead” pencils, carbon comes in several forms, or isotopes.One rare form has atoms that are 14 times as heavy as hydrogen atoms: carbon-14, or C ratio gets smaller.\nThis will make old things look older than they really are.\nC) dating usually want to know about the radiometric dating methods that are claimed to give millions and billions of years—carbon dating can only give thousands of years.\nPeople wonder how millions of years could be squeezed into the biblical account of history. Christians, by definition, take the statements of Jesus Christ seriously.\nThat is, they take up less than would be expected and so they test older than they really are.\nFurthermore, different types of plants discriminate differently.These techniques, unlike carbon dating, mostly use the relative concentrations of parent and daughter products in radioactive decay chains.For example, potassium-40 decays to argon-40; uranium-238 decays to lead-206 via other elements like radium; uranium-235 decays to lead-207; rubidium-87 decays to strontium-87; etc.However, even with such historical calibration, archaeologists do not regard C produced and therefore dating the system.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Particle Physics 101\nHave you ever wondered how often you could split a grain of sand into smaller pieces? Have you asked yourself what the sky is made of? Perhaps you have dreamed of traveling backwards in time?\nPhysicists are as curious as you are. They look for answers to questions that people have pondered since they first began to wonder about the world and their place within it.\nYou'll find some of the answers to these questions here. Explore the sections below to take a crash course in the world of particle physics.\nParticle physicists try to understand the nature of nature at the smallest scales possible. Today, we know that atoms do not represent the smallest unit of matter. Particles called quarks and leptons seem to be the fundamental building blocks — but perhaps there is something even smaller. Physicists are still far from understanding why a proton has about 2,000 times more mass than an electron. And on top of it all, scientists suspect a whole new class of undiscovered supersymmetric particles to complete the subatomic family.\nLearn more about the fundamentals of fundamental physics.\nMatter at the smallest scale is made of elementary particles, pieces of matter that cannot be divided into anything smaller. As scientists over the past century have looked deeper and deeper into the atom, they have found the smallest things human beings have ever seen. How do they do it?\nBy using accelerators to smash particles into each other or into targets at high energies, scientists can create different, more massive and more exotic particles. They observe them in particle detectors that are stories high — large and intricate enough to capture details of these particles of matter as they pass through it. To analyze the oceans of data that come through the detectors, physicists develop and make use of computing capabilities with massive amounts of storage and processing power.\nLearn more about how scientists make new discoveries in particle physics.\nThe current theoretical framework that describes elementary particles and their forces, known as the Standard Model, is based on experiments that started in 1897 with the discovery of the electron. Today, we know that there are six leptons, six quarks, four force carriers and a Higgs boson. Scientists all over the world predicted the existence of these particles and then carried out the experiments that led to their discoveries. Learn all about the who, what, where and when of the discoveries that led to a better understanding of the foundations of our universe.\nLearn more about worldwide particle physics discoveries.\nTo discover what the universe is made of and how it works is the challenge of particle physics. The landmark Quantum Universe report defines the quest of particle physicists to explain the universe in terms of nine key questions. In pursuit of answers to these questions, Fermilab supports researchers, experiments and facilities that promise to revolutionize our understanding of the universe.\nLearn more about questions for the universe.\nOver the years, people have sent questions to Fermilab on subjects from why the sky is blue to the speed limit of the universe. Read what our scientists have to say.\nLearn more about Ask a Scientist.\n- Last modified\n- email Fermilab", "label": "No"}
{"text": "“[The] dragnet collection of millions of Americans’ phone records every day – whether they have any connection to terrorism – goes far beyond what Congress envisioned or intended to authorize....Congress did not enact FISA and the PATRIOT Act to give the government boundless surveillance powers that could sweep in the data of countless innocent Americans. If all of our phone records are relevant to counterterrorism investigations, what else could be?”\nSurveillance technology is evolving quickly. New tools are giving government agencies the ability to collect more data than ever before. Without a thorough and current understanding of these technologies, they may inadvertently collect more than they intend. Without appropriate policies and oversight, overcollection can threaten civil liberties.\nSome tools, by their very design, collect data indiscriminately. Automated license plate readers, for example, photograph and scan every passing car. This has the potential to create a government record of where hundreds, even thousands, of innocent individuals are at a given point in time, even when law enforcement agencies are investigating a specific target. These devices can be configured to store only data that matches a specific suspect, which can make the system more efficient and cost-effective while helping to protect civil liberties.\nIn other cases, the surveillance programs themselves are the cause of data overcollection. Perhaps the most famous example of this is the National Security Administration’s bulk telephone records collection program. For years the agency gathered the phone records of millions of innocent Americans without specifying a target of investigation. They built a haystack to find a needle, and created an immense database of information about private personal communications in the process.\nMore often than not, surveillance programs are launched without considering data overcollection. This has exposed both agencies and the general public to unnecessary risks to security and privacy.\nExamples of Use\nLocation::Boston, MAGovernment web site leaks three years of vehicle location data\nA reporter exposed a security breach in a web server that leaked license plate location data going back to 2012 to the public. The city of Boston was using the server, improperly run by a private company, to store data from police automated license plate scanners. The database contained license plate numbers, locations, and car make and model information not just of suspects’ cars but those of innocent people as well. This data could be searched by both the police and the general public. In 2013, the Boston Police Department agreed to discontinue use of this database, but records show that officers have continued to use it on a regular basis through 2015.\nLocation::Seattle, WASeattle Police Dither on ALPR Policy\nThe Seattle Police Department has put together a “pilot program” fleet of at least 12 mobile ALPR units, funded in large part by over $132,000 in grants from the Department of Justice. The SPD claims they follow an informal policy of deleting captured plate data on innocent people after 90 days. However, a public records request by the ACLU-WA in 2012 recovered over three years of plate reads retained during a pilot program. (SPD cameras scanned one car 81 times, painting an intricate picture of one driver’s daily life.) A more recent public records request turned up over 1.7 million individual reads, more than triple the number of registered cars in the city. The SPD still has no formal policy on how long data on innocent people may be stored, nor any rules on how this data may be shared. As long as the data remains unregulated, the sensitive location information of Seattle drivers remains at serious risk. All new surveillance technologies – especially those in the experimental stage – should be accompanied by carefully crafted, formal policies to govern their use and protect private information.\nWhen government agencies consider acquiring and using surveillance systems, communities and their elected officials must both weigh the benefits against the costs to civil liberties and carefully craft policies and procedures that help to limit the negative effects that surveillance will have on fundamental rights. For a useful list of considerations, please visit the recommendations page.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "|Who knows how much courage this craft of war, the LST 325, carried|\nas the soldiers inside it prepared to storm the beaches of Normandy?\nWe hear a lot about “courage” these days: Athletes playing through nagging injuries: “Courageous.” Daredevils attempting outrageous stunts, hoping their YouTube videos will go viral: “Courageous.” Entertainer or celebrities making declarations outside the social norm: “How courageous!” people respond in unbridled admiration.\nMaybe. Or maybe not. When conforming to nonconformity, as long-haired, bell-bottomed, tie-dyed, “far out, man!” hippies did in the 1960’s, how much “courage” does that require? If it’s “in” to do within your peer group, doesn’t it demand more courage not to do that thing?\nWhen I think of legitimate courage, examples that come to mind are Branch Rickey, then owner of the Brooklyn Dodgers, and Jackie Robinson, the first African-American to play baseball in the Major Leagues. Their story was dramatized in the film “42,” but real life offered more than enough drama for them.\nIt was 1947, and Rickey decided to do the unthinkable – breaking the color barrier by bringing up Robinson, a member of the Negro League’s Kansas City Monarchs, to play second base for the Dodgers. Rickey had no doubts about Robinson’s athletic prowess, but could the young man withstand the pressure, prejudice and racial epithets to prove a black player could compete at baseball’s highest level?\nAnd Robinson, of course, had to be willing to endure scorn and hatred as the target of mindless bigotry. He was alone. Crossing the boundary into an all-white sport and proving he belonged was hardly the “in” thing at that time. Together, Rickey and Robinson exemplified what true courage should look like.\n|Even at the controls of an anti-aircraft|\ngun, sailors must have felt very exposed.\nRecently the LST 325 (Landing Ship, Tank) made a stop along the Tennessee River here in Chattanooga, another example of real courage. This stark gray, 330-foot craft was used to transport tanks, vehicles, cargo and military personnel during World War II, as well as the Korean and Vietnam wars. Looking at this battle-scarred vessel, which landed on Omaha Beach in Normandy on D-Day, June 6, 1944, I couldn’t help but imagine the courage possessed by the hundreds of servicemen who left its austere bowels to storm the beaches on that fateful day. Many of them never left those shores alive.\nOne other example comes to mind: the Israelites poised to enter the Promised Land, leaving memories of slavery in Egypt behind and entering a foreign land to confront formidable foes and an unfamiliar environment. They had no Navy SEALS, Green Berets or Black Ops forces to neutralize and defeat the opposition. There were no Blackhawk helicopters hovering above to watch their backs, or even automatic weapons. All they had was faith and good old-fashioned “chutzpah” to press ahead.\nMoses, who had led Israel out of Israel and around the wilderness for 40 years, had died, leaving his successor, Joshua, to complete the journey. Despite many miracles God had performed, the Israelites had cause for feeling apprehensive. Knowing this, God issued just one directive through their new leader. He instructed Joshua, “Be strong and courageous, because you will lead these people to inherit the land I swore to their forefathers to give them” (Joshua 1:6).\nTo ensure His message was understood, God repeated His command. “Be strong and very courageous. Be careful to obey all the law my servant Moses gave you; do not turn from it to the right or to the left, that you may be successful wherever you go” (Joshua 1:7).\nThen for emphasis, God gave the command a third time: “Have I not commanded you? Be strong and courageous. Do not be terrified; do not be discouraged, for the Lord your God will be with you wherever you go” (Joshua 1:9). Joshua passed these commands on to the people of Israel, who vowed to follow him and do as he instructed. Then they in turn exhorted their leader, “Only be strong and courageous” (Joshua 1:18).\nThese words were spoken and written thousands of years ago, but remain just as relevant today for those that follow Jesus Christ. What daunting challenges, what formidable obstacles do you face today – at work, in your home or in some other area of your life? For what do you also need to be “strong and courageous”?\nYou might be thinking, “That sounds like a good idea. But easier said than done. How can I be courageous with what I’m facing?”\nThat’s a question many of us are asking, or will be asking at some point in the future. And in today’s turbulent times, with news bombarding us daily about terrorism, disease epidemics, severe weather and many other threats beyond our control, 21st century living isn’t for the faint of heart. So again we ask, how can we be courageous?\nMany times we can’t muster the strength, no matter how hard we try. That’s where faith comes in – the kind modeled decades ago by men like Branch Rickey and Jackie Robinson, and probably many soldiers as they were leaving the LST to do battle with an unseen enemy.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The short answer to that question is no.\nThe term heartburn originates from the burning sensation which can be felt in the middle of the chest close to the heart. It is pain caused by the damage to the esophagus that the reflux of acid from the stomach causes and it has nothing to do with the heart at all. However, having said that heartburn has nothing to do with the heart, the symptoms of heartburn can be very similar to the signs of heart disease. If you experience heartburn with any of the symptoms listed below you should consult your doctor immediately as it may possibly mean that you’re having a heart attack.\n- Pain radiating into your back, neck, jaw, shoulders or arms — especially your left arm\n- Sudden pressure, tightening, squeezing or crushing pain in the center of the chest that doesn’t disappear after a few minutes\n- Feeling light-headed or dizzy\n- Being short of breath or having difficulty breathing\n- Becoming clammy or sweaty\n- Vomiting with blood\n- Bloody or black stools\nYou should also contact your doctor immediately if your heartburn feels different or more severe than normal and it occurs during or immediately following physical activity or, if you experience any new chest pain or discomfort and you smoke, are overweight or have heart disease diabetes, high cholesterol or previously had a heart attack. Remember that correct diagnosis and prompt medical treatment can save lives. Although the occasional occurrence of heartburn is extremely common and should be of little concern, if you are regularly experiencing heartburn you need to speak with your doctor as this could mean you have an ulcer or other underlying health condition. Heartburn caused by acid reflux usually increases after eating but if your heartburn is worse before eating, it can be a sign that you have an ulcer.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Small flycatcher found in canopy of lowland and foothill forest in northwestern Ecuador and southwestern Colombia. It has olive-green upperparts, pale gray underparts, yellow spectacles, and yellow fringes to the wing feathers. May overlap with the very similar Golden-faced Tyrannulet in the western Andes of Colombia; in that region, ID is best confirmed by voice. Vocalizations include a soft whistle repeated every few seconds and a quick series of rising notes. Perches conspicuously high in the trees, and often holds its tail partly cocked.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Antibiotics are used to treat various infections in children and adults. Depending on the severity and type of bacterial infection, antibiotics can be administered various ways, including orally, rectally, vaginally, intranasally, transdermally, inhalation, and endotracheally.\nIntravenous antibiotics are used when oral antibiotics are poorly absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract, or when bacterial infection puts a serious risk for the patient’s health. An anti-bacterial effect is achieved in intravenous administration of antibiotics more quickly than orally.\nApplication of antibiotics is considered to be preferred for treatment of urinary tract infections (UTI). Antibiotics can be administered orally in milder UTIs. The list of antibiotics recommended in UTI includes:\n- Doxycycline (Monodox, Vibramycin);\n- Ciprofloxacin (Cipro);\n- Ceftriaxone (Rocephin);\n- Azithromycin (Zithromax, Zmax);\n- Cephalexin (Keflex);\n- Fosfomycin (Monurol);\n- Levofloxacin (Levaquin);\n- Nitrofurantoin (Macrodantin, Macrobid).\nIn acutely toxic urinary tract infections, the patients are administered with intravenous antibiotics at hospitalization or if unable to take oral antibiotics. Their application should be initiated only after the urine test results.\nIt should be noted that certain intravenous antibiotics for UTI treatment contain two active ingredients. For example, for intravenous Septra injection, solution contains antibacterial agents Trimethoprim and Sulfamethoxazole.\nBesides intravenous antibiotics are effective in treatment of infectious diseases of the urogenital system, they are recommended for treatment of serious infections caused by Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA).\nFor example, intravenous administration of Vancomycin antibiotic can cure MRSA-infections of the bone tissues, and injectable antibiotic Linezolid is recommended for treatment of persistent MRSA infections.\nIntravenous antibiotics can be indicated for treatment of infectious inflammatory diseases (including Lyme disease), caused by bites of ticks. The most popular intravenous antibiotics, used in Lyme disease, are as follows: Doxycycline, Cefotaxime, Ceftriaxone, or Penicillin G potassium.\nSome intravenous antibiotics are included in oral antibiotic therapy. For example, patients with streptococcal cellulitis can be administered with oral antibiotic Probenecid and intravenous administration of antibiotic Cefazolin.\nPatients requiring for long-term antibiotic therapy can use intravenous antibiotics at home.\nIntravenous antibiotics can be used in dozens of different diseases, including: cystic fibrosis, Whitmore’s disease, bronchiectasis, liver abscess, osteomyelitis, pneumonia, sepsis, flesh-eating disease, and endocarditis.\nIf you are going to buy intravenous antibiotics without prescription, but have never tried injection therapy of bacterial infections at home, ask your pharmacist. You can buy injectable antibiotics online and get free consultation of the pharmacist – anywhere in the world.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "This Technical Report addresses the issue of sensible exposure to solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation. The scientific evidence of beneficial effects of solar exposure has been reviewed, in particular on the incidence and mortality to cancers other than skin cancer. Although the evidence is not unequivocal, the committee has found considerable evidence to deem it plausible that solar exposure may reduce the incidence and mortality of colorectal cancer. The evidence for similar effects on breast and prostate cancer and on melanoma is less, but such effects are considered as plausible, too. Possibly the production of vitamin D plays a role in this respect.\nBased on a review of the evidence of both the beneficial and the harmful effects of solar exposures it is concluded that people should not shun the sun, even not at noon. However, levels well below sunburn thresholds are generally sufficient to profit from the beneficial effects of solar exposure. Public health guidance should be developed on the basis of this evidence, but account should also be taken of prevailing solar UV levels that depend on latitude and time of the year and day. Special guidance may be necessary for dark skinned people that live at moderate latitudes and people that cover most of their bodies for cultural or religious reasons. The same holds for people who stay most of the time indoors.\nThe amount of solar exposure commensurate with good health depends on individual and population characteristics, as indicated above. To facilitate public health guidance it is recommended to extend the concept of the UV index promulgated by the World Health Organization to include the beneficial effects of solar exposure.\nThe report is split into two parts: The first part (Part I) gives guidance for a sensible exposure regime to profit from beneficial health impacts from moderate solar (UV) exposure, the second part (Part II) is a review of scientific data that underpin the guidance in Part I.\nThe publication is written in English, with a short summary in French and German. It consists of 88 pages with 4 figures and 20 tables and is readily available at the National Committees of the CIE or via the CIE Webshop.\nThe following members of TC 6-58 \"A Recommendation on Lower Limits for UV Exposure” took part in the preparation of this Technical Report. The committee comes under Division 6 “Photobiology and Photochemistry”.\n- Berwick, M. USA\n- Brand, A. Netherlands (Secretary)\n- Engelsen, O. Norway\n- de Gruijl, F.R. Netherlands\n- Halliday, G. Australia\n- Mason, R.S. Australia\n- Meffert, H. Germany\n- Moan, J. Norway\n- Passchier, W.F. Netherlands (Chair)\n- Sayre, R.M. USA\n- Strange, R.C. United Kingdom\n- Webb, A. United Kingdom", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Managing women living with diabetes presents particular challenges during pregnancy, delivery and in the ensuing months and years. Patient education, careful monitoring and co-management with the patient’s physicians is essential.\nDiabetic retinopathy (DR) is the leading cause of visual impairment in people aged between 20 and 64-years-of-age, and pregnancy is a well-documented independent risk factor for progression.1 Management of diabetic retinopathy has changed dramatically over the last 10–20 years with the advancement of imaging modalities such as widefield photography, optical coherence tomography (OCT) and OCT angiogram (OCTA), as well as the use of intravitreal agents such as anti-vascular endothelial growth factors (anti-VEGF) and steroids. However, it continues to be a challenge, especially in the pregnancy cohort, due to a variety of reasons such as potential for rapid progression, treatment effects on foetus and numerous competing medical appointments.\nDiabetes affects 9.9% of pregnancies in Australia\nDiabetes affects 9.9% of pregnancies in Australia. The vast majority are gestational diabetes (GDM) occurring in 8.9% of pregnancies, with 1% having pre-existing diabetes.2 This represents an approximate doubling of the prevalence over the past decade, where diabetes affected only 5.3% of pregnancies at the beginning of the last decade.3\nGDM is a transient form of diabetes that occurs during pregnancy but resolves after giving birth. However, our understanding of the relationship between GDM and DR during pregnancy is incomplete. GDM patients are generally considered to be at minimal risk due to its transient nature. Unfortunately, a proportion of patients who are diagnosed with GDM may have undetected existing diabetes, and this subgroup are at risk of developing DR during pregnancy.\nThe prevalence of diabetes in pregnancy also varies significantly in different ethnicities. It is estimated that diabetes in pregnancy occurs most frequently in South East Asia, while the rate of pre-existing diabetes in pregnancy is highest in the Middle East and North Africa. It is also known that diabetes in pregnancy is 10 times higher in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders compare to other Australian mothers.4\nRISK FACTORS FOR PROGRESSION IN PREGNANCY\nPregnancy is an independent risk factor in the progression of DR and is estimated to progress at twice the rate when compared to non-pregnant women. There are other risk factors that accelerate the progression of diabetic retinopathy during pregnancies, including poor glycaemic control, duration of disease, severity of pre-existing DR and hypertension. These risk factors are similar to those of the general population with diabetes.\n… patients with GDM are at higher risk of developing diabetes later on in life and… GDM is associated with increased ophthalmic co-morbidities including DR in the long term\nIt is evident that poor glycaemic control before conception is a risk factor for DR progression in pregnancy. The relationship between glycaemic control and DR progression during pregnancy is a little more complex, where rapid tightening of glycaemic control during pregnancy has been demonstrated to worsen DR. This is because of the underlying retinal phsyiology – when it becomes accustomed to wasteful glycolysis in the setting of persistent hyperglycaemia, a sudden reduction of glucose will result in reduced blood flow, subsequent hypoxia and worsening of the DR. Therefore, it is optimal to have a gradual tightening of glycaemia control pre-conception to avoid the short-term risks of DR progression during pregnancy from intensive glycaemic tightening.\nFrom a holistic perspective, physicians will always seek to maximise glycaemic control during pregnancy, and any patient having rapid tightening should have retinal examinations on a more regular basis.\nDuration of Disease\nMultiple studies have shown that the progression of DR in pregnancy is strongly correlated to the duration of diabetes, and so unsurprisingly, type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) has a much higher prevalence of DR in pregnancy than type 2 (T2DM). This was demonstrated in a study regarding T1DM – patients whose DR remained stable in pregnancy had an average duration of disease of 13.5 years, while those whose DR progressed, had an average duration of 19.7 years. Duration also has a profound effect on progression to proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR), where 38% of patients with duration greater than 15 years developed PDR during pregnancy, compared to 15% of patients with duration less than 15 years. Consequently, some guidelines recommend women with diabetes plan and complete their pregnancies early in life if possible.\nPre-existing Diabetic Retinopathy\nThe degree of baseline diabetic retinopathy pre-conception is another risk factor for progression of DR in pregnancy. In the Diabetes in Early Pregnancy Study (DIEP), 21.1% of patients with mild nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) progressed during pregnancy and only 6% of these patients went on to develop PDR. Of patients with moderate to severe NPDR, 54.8% demonstrated disease progression and had a 29% risk for developing PDR.5\nOther studies have shown rates of progression as high as 78%, with duration of diagnosis of diabetes proving the most significant factor.\nMultiple studies have shown that the progression of DR in pregnancy is strongly correlated to the duration of diabetes\nThere is mixed evidence on hypertension and DR progression in pregnancy. One study found that hypertension, both chronic and pregnancy-induced, carries more than double the risk of DR progression in pregnancy (61% vs. 50% respectively) versus normotension (25%).\nNew-onset hypertension from after 20 weeks of gestation, with significant proteinuria, is known as pre-eclampsia. This pregnancy specific condition is a significant risk factor for DR progression in pregnancy. One study found 50% of women with pre-eclampsia developed sight threatening disease compared to 8% in those without pre-eclampsia.6\nSCREENING AND MONITORING\nPrenatal counselling and screening is, perhaps, the most effective method to minimise DR progression in pregnancy because it provides greater opportunities to intervene and address the modifiable risk factors prior to conception, such as gradual tightening of glycaemic control or treating existing DR. Unfortunately, less than a quarter of Australian women (27.8% in T1DM and 12% in T2DM) have had any general diabetic prenatal counselling.\nDiabetic retinopathy screening is recommended in all patients with diabetes but is even more vital in those who are planning to become pregnant. Retinal examinations can be performed by dilated fundus slit lamp examination or nonmydriatic widefield fundus photographs. This allows for an accurate assessment of the DR severity that can provide prognosis on the risks of DR progression during pregnancy. Furthermore, treatment such as laser photocoagulation and anti-VEGF injections can be given if clinically indicated pre-conception, again to minimise risks of DR progression in pregnancy. Optimising diabetic control prior to pregnancy is the best option to prevent complications including diabetic retinopathy.\nRetinal examination is recommended in the first trimester of pregnancy for those with diabetes. Guidelines also recommend retinal examination in the second and third trimester of pregnancy, depending on the severity of DR as well as the number and severity of risk factors of progression as discussed above. Fortunately, DR tends to regress in the third trimester of pregnancy but progression is at its worst at the end of the second trimester.\nWhile diabetic macular oedema (DMO) and NPDR may improve following delivery, PDR does not regress and should be treated urgently to minimise further sight threatening complications.\nIt is known that patients with GDM are at higher risk of developing diabetes later on in life and there have also been longitudinal studies to show that GDM is associated with increased ophthalmic comorbidities including DR in the long term.7 It is therefore vital for these patients to follow-up closely with their family doctor to monitor for onset of diabetes, and if found, to follow the screening guidelines of biennial or yearly retinal examination to detect onset of DR. The increased risk of progression of diabetic retinopathy persists for six to 12 months following pregnancy and delivery, and increased optometric/ophthalmic review is recommended in this period.\nINVESTIGATIONS AND TREATMENT\nTraditionally, fundus fluorescein angiogram (FFA) is the ancillary test of choice for determining the severity, and planning treatment for DR. However, the safety profile of fluorescein is scarcely investigated and has been assigned a pregnancy category of B2 by the Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) in Australia. Category B2 refers to drugs which have been taken by a limited number of pregnant women, without demonstrating an increase in frequency of malformation or harmful effects on the foetus. Additionally, studies in animals, while inadequate, do not demonstrate an increased incidence of foetal damage. Due to the limited data available on its safety profile, FFA is not usually performed in pregnant women unless it is clearly indicated. Fortunately, the advancement of noninvasive imaging modalities such, as OCT and OCTA, have allowed clinicians to detect diabetic macular oedema (DMO), retinal ischaemia and neovascularisation, minimising the use of FFA in pregnancy.\nLaser photocoagulation can be used to treat different forms of DR, namely PDR or DMO. It is a safe and effective treatment modality, especially in those who are pregnant as it does not affect or damage the foetus, and has been shown to reduce significant visual loss from DR.\nPan retinal laser photocoagulation (PRP) is used to treat PDR or severe NPDR. Generally it is recommended to have a lower threshold to treat pregnant women with PDR or severe NPDR for several reasons. These include the increased risks of DR progression during pregnancy, logistical difficulties of attending multiple healthcare appointments during pregnancy, and evidence of progression post-partum.\nFocal laser photocoagulation can also be used to treat DMO. However, the American Academy of Ophthalmology (AAO) suggests that treatment can be deferred during pregnancy due to its relatively short duration, the potential for DMO to regress post-partum, and relatively little difference in the long-term outcomes in prompt versus deferred treatment in DMO. When treatment is necessary for centre involving severe DMO, intravitreal steroids are often preferred.\nIntravitreal Injections (Anti-VEGF/Steroids)\nIntravitreal injections (IVI) are another effective treatment for DR in general. However, unlike laser photocoagulation, IVI does have systemic absorption and its safety profiles are not well studied for those who are pregnant. For example, although anti-VEGF agents have transformed the way we manage DR, the TGA assigned it a pregnancy Category D due to its mechanism of action. Category D drugs are suspected to have an increased incidence of foetal damage or malformations. It is therefore recommended that patients wait at least three months after administration of anti-VEGF before conceiving. Similarly, women of child bearing age who are receiving anti-VEGF treatment are advised to use contraception to mitigate the risks of teratogenicity.\nAlthough there have been case series demonstrating uneventful pregnancies following administration of antenatal intravitreal anti-VEGF, it is still not recommended to administer these agents unless there are clear benefits that outweigh the potential risks to the foetus, and extensive counselling and consent is required if proceeding with anti-VEGF administration. If administration is deemed necessary, the risk of teratogenicity is thought to be lowest in the third trimester. Sometimes, obstetricians can be consulted to bring forward the delivery to allow safe administration of these agents.\nIntravitreal steroid injection (triamcinalone) may be an option in sight threatening severe DMO, but again, treatment can often be deferred until delivery.\nDeferring treatment of DMO by 12 months has not been shown to alter the longterm visual outcomes, and it is therefore reasonable to withhold anti-VEGF/steroid treatment for a duration of six to nine months during pregnancy.\nA 23-year-old Type 1 diabetic patient was referred at 28 weeks pregnancy for review. She had been diagnosed with diabetes 14 years prior with brittle control in youth. At 29 weeks gestation, her vision was 6/12. Twelve weeks after delivery, her ischemic changes and macular oedema had improved and the patient’s vision had returned to 6/9 (Figure 1).\nA 30-year-old woman presented with severe pre-proliferative DR in both eyes with vision threatening macular oedema. She was counselled on treatment options, and returned for treatment later in pregnancy, in the seventh month. She had bilateral intravitreal ranibizumab (Lucentis) (Figure 2).\nManagement of pregnant women with diabetes requires a team approach. Close cooperation and communication among the patient and her obstetrician, ophthalmologist, and other physicians, as necessary, is essential to develop an individual management plan for optimal outcomes.\nDiabetes during pregnancy is becoming more common, due to obesity, increasing gestational age, and the younger age of onset of T2DM in the population.\nIdeally, women with diabetes should be examined comprehensively, including a dilated fundus exam prior to conception. Otherwise this exam should occur as soon as possible in the first trimester. Follow up then depends on the severity of retinopathy. For example, if the patient has minimal or no DR she may be able to be examined approximately every three months and within three months postpartum. If the patient has moderate DR, examination every four to six weeks may be required and referral to an ophthalmologist is recommended; if more advanced DR is noted, the patient may require examination every one to two weeks, with intervention as needed. Continued monitoring and management postpartum is also important.\nSevere NPDR or PDR should be treated immediately with scatter pan retinal photocoagulation. Treatment recommendations for DME during pregnancy are lacking, postponing treatment and observing closely can be justified as disease may regress postpartum, but some cases may need macular laser.\nFurther research in the field will focus on the use of non-invasive OCTA imaging to further aid diagnosis and prognostication of sight threatening complications for DR in pregnancy.\nDr Rahul Dubey MBBS (Hons), MMed (Clin Epi), MM (OphthSci), FRANZCO is a cataract, medical and surgical retinal specialist. He is a consultant Vitreoretinal Surgeon at Westmead and the Prince of Wales Hospital in Sydney and privately in Chatswood and the PersonalEyes network. Dr Dubey maintains a commitment to rural and regional ophthalmology in Dubbo and Bourke with the Outback Eye Service, supported by the Fred Hollows Foundation. Dr Dubey has published extensively in peer-reviewed medical literature and is passionate about training the next generation of optometrists and ophthalmologists.\nDr Christopher Go undertook his medical training at University of New South Wales and ophthalmology training in the Sydney Eye Hospital Network. He is currently the senior ophthalmology registrar at Westmead Hospital and is planning to undertake his surgical retina fellowship overseas in Taiwan next year. He is a clinical associate lecture at University of Sydney.\nPhotos provided courtesy of Professor Paul Mitchell.\n- Hartnett ME, Baehr W, Le YZ. Diabetic retinopathy, an overview. Vision research. 2017;139:1-6.\n- Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Diabetes in pregnancy 2014–2015. Bulletin no 146 Cat no CDK 7 Canberra: AIHW. 2019.\n- Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Diabetes in pregnancy: its impact on Australian women and their babies. Diabetes series no 14 Cat no CVD 52 Canberra: AIHW. 2010.\n- Morrison JL, Hodgson LA, Lim LL, Al-Qureshi S. Diabetic retinopathy in pregnancy: a review. Clinical & experimental ophthalmology. 2016;44(4):321-34.\n- Chew EY, Mills JL, Metzger BE, Remaley NA, Jovanovic- Peterson L, Knopp RH, et al. Metabolic control and progression of retinopathy: The Diabetes in Early Pregnancy Study. Diabetes care. 1995;18(5):631-7.\n- Lövestam-Adrian M, Agardh CD, Åberg A, Agardh E. Pre-eclampsia is a potent risk factor for deterioration of retinopathy during pregnancy in type 1 diabetic patients. Diabetic Medicine. 1997;14(12):1059-65.\n- Auger N, Fraser WD, Paradis G, Healy-Profitós J, Hsieh A, Rhéaume M-A. Preeclampsia and long-term risk of maternal retinal disorders. Obstetrics & Gynecology. 2017;129(1):42-9.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Custer’s first post war command ended when his Michigan Cavalry was disbanded after a mutiny, which was partly caused by his heavy-handed discipline. Many volunteer units were pushing for disbandment but Custer had reintroduced the lash as a form of discipline. He mustered out of voluntary service in Feb 1866 and reverted to his army rank of captain but he still liked to be referred to as General Custer. He made some moves to becoming the Commander of the Mexican cavalry and was offered but refused command of the 9th Negro Cavalry and in July 1866 took command as a Lt-Colonel of the newly formed 7th Cavalry, its Colonels being mainly on detached duties.\nIn early 1867 while on a recon mission Custer’s behaviour led to a courts martial and he was found guilty of absenting himself from his command, and using some troopers as an escort while on unofficial business, abandoning two men reported killed on the march and failing to pursue the Indians responsible, failing recover the bodies, and ordering a party going after deserters to shoot to kill which resulted in 1 death and 3 wounded, and finally unjustifiable cruelty to those wounded. He was sentenced to suspension from rank and pay for a year, but a lack of a replacement meant he was returned to duty early. The incident caused much bad feeling among the regiment’s officers for several years. The regiment saw minor skirmishes against the native Indians for the next few years. Custer didn’t see any action but published exaggerated accounts of the 7th cavalry’s actions. In November 1868 the 7th cavalry fought at the battle of Washita during which over a hundred Indians were killed including some women and children which the Cheyenne nicknamed Custer ‘Squaw killer” for. Custer’s incompetence led to some deaths during the campaign, which also increased ill feeling towards him.\nIn spring 1873 the Regiment was moved to Dakota under command of Col D.S Stanley at fort Rice. While protecting some railway engineers the regiment skirmished with local Indians and during these Custer was charged with insubordination but his friends persuaded the Col to drop the charges. In 1874 a ‘Scientific’ expedition was sent to the Black Hill country with Custeartizanr leading the escort of ten companies of the 7th, some infantry and scouts and a detachment of Gatling guns. He was charged with recon of a site for a new fort by the size of his force suggests another agenda. Some have accused Custer of spreading stories of a gold find and although the force was too strong the Indians attacked the gaggle of lawless prospectors that followed. In 1875 the government tried to get the Indians to sell the area but by 1876 this had been abandoned and a military campaign was planned. The attacks on the trespassing prospectors were used as an excuse and the campaign was under General A Terry with Custer commanding the whole of the 7th Cavalry 600 men.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The most beneficial exercise to prevent varicose veins is walking.\nAlthough rarely serious, varicose veins can be distressing and feel very uncomfortable.\nAnd as one in three people develop the unsightly blue or purple bulging veins in their legs, it’s worth knowing what causes them and how to treat them.\nThe problem veins can occur at any age, even adolescence, when valves in the leg or pelvic veins don’t work properly. After reaching the foot, blood needs to travel back up the legs to the heart, and the valves are designed to open and close one way to let the blood flow, and to stop it going backwards. But if the tiny valves are weakened or damaged, blood pools in the veins, causing them to stretch and bulge – sometimes visibly through the skin as a varicose vein.\nThe veins look blue because they contain deoxygenated blood on its way back to the lungs to be reoxygenated.\nCurrently, a wide variety of minimally invasive treatment options for varicose veins are available.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Checklist- Instructional (RTF 20KB)\nThe purpose is to tell the reader how to do or make something.\nThe information is presented in a logical sequence of events which is broken up into small sequenced steps. These texts are usually written in the present tense.\nThe most common example of a procedural text is a recipe.\nTypes of Procedural Texts\nThere are different procedural texts for different purposes:-\n- Texts that explain how something works or how to use instruction/operation manuals, for example, how to use the video, the computer, the tape recorder, the photocopier, the fax.\n- Texts that instruct how to do a particular activity, for example, recipes, rules for games, science experiments, road safety rules.\n- Texts that deal with human behaviour, for example, how to live happily, how to succeed.\n- Goal - clearly stated (often in the heading).\n- Materials - listed in order of use.\n- Method - the steps are chronological and are numbered or listed.\n- Recipes usually have the information presented in at least two basic groups: ingredients and method.\n- Games instructions usually include instructions on how to play, rules of the game, method of scoring, and the number of players.\n- Scientific experiments usually include the purpose of the experiment, equipment, procedure, observations and conclusion.\n- Focuses on generalised people rather than individuals (first you take, rather than first I take).\n- The reader is often referred to in a general way, ie. pronouns (you or one).\n- Action verbs (imperative verbs), (cut, fold, twist, hold etc).\n- Simple present tense (you cut, you fold, you mix).\n- Linking words to do with time (first, when, then) are used to connect the text.\n- Detailed information on how (carefully, with the scissors); where (from the top); when (after it has set) .\n- Detailed factual description (shape, size, colour, amount).\nWing Jan, L. Write Ways: Modelling Writing Forms. (1991). Melbourne: Oxford University Press.\nProcedural Texts page 40.\nDerewianka, B. Exploring How Texts Work. (1990). Sydney: Primary Teaching Association.\nInstructions page 23.\nKnapp, P. & Watkins, M. Context-Text-Grammar (1994) Text Productions.\nThe genre of instructing page 75.\nMinistry of Education. The Learner as a Reader NZ: Learning Media.\nClose Reading - Instructions page 125, 126.\nPublished on: 30 May 2009", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Organize and annotate Web sites for use in lessons.\nLighthouses in the United States\nDec 4, 2006\nThis track is designed to introduce students in the middle grades to the history and trivia regarding lighthouses in the United States. Through experiences encountered throughout this track, students will gain an understanding of the importance lighthouses played and are still playing today. Students will be able to gain statistical knowledge pertaining to seaside beacons and the involvement of the National Coast Guard and National Parks.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The following article gives information about the very uncomfortable condition of asthma.\nIt is true that modern society and pollution has increased asthma\nlevels around the world but you can fight back and help your body increase\nis defences against asthma. Read on for\nFirstly, what are some asthma symptoms?\nAsthma is a condition in which the muscles of the bronchi (the air tubes of the lung) contract in spasms, obstructing the flow of air and making breathing very difficult. In fact breathing out is also very difficult and often more difficult than breathing in.\nAsthma can often be triggered by a number of factors, including allergens (house pets, dust etc.), pollution, infection, emotional trauma or physical exertion. Some of the symptoms of asthma can be:\n- difficulty in breathing,\n- an increase in pulse rate,\n- wheezing-especially on breathing out,\n- a dry cough,\n- a sensation of tightness around the chest.\nThe reason that brochospasms (contracting lung muscles) can be triggered by allergies is that histamine, the chemical most responsible for allergy symptoms, seems to play a role in asthma attacks as well.\nCigarette smoke, industrial chemicals, aspirin and indoor pollution amongst other things can also trigger an attack.\nTwo types of asthma\nAsthma is divided into two categories:\nintrinsic (meaning inside or within), for which there is no identifiable cause for the attacks and\nextrinsic, which is caused by something (external factors usually inhaled) that triggers an attack.\nDuration of an asthma attack\nAn asthma attack may be brief or last for several days. Typically, an attack begins within minutes after exposure to a triggering agent. Some patients have only occasional or \"seasonal\" symptoms, while others have daily symptoms.\nAsthma is a life threatening condition in a number of cases. Many people have died due to a severe attack.\nWhile certain herbs, home remedies or natural medication may help in relieving the condition, it is imperative to listen to your health practitioner.\nIf you are on medication, natural alternatives can assist, but should not be taken as a complete substitute. Believe it or not, research has shown that coffee, tea, caffeinated drinks, cocoa and chocolate all contain caffeine as well as other compounds that may help fend off asthma.\nCoffee has been shown to be a potent bronchodilator. If caught without your medication, a few cups of coffee could assist in an emergency.\nAll the products above contain natural anti-asthmatic compounds - theobromine and theophylline.\nThese chemicals help stop bronchospasms and open constricted bronchial passages. There are of course variables depending on the strength of the brew etc. But on average coffee is the most concentrated form of caffeine, followed by tea, cola drink & cocoa then a chocolate bar. However there are side effects to high consumption of the above, and these should be used only in moderation, and/or in an emergency. Coffee addiction is not advocated.\nMinimise exposure to dust and chemical\nYou should try to reduce levels of dust around your home and workplace. Dust can trigger an asthma attack very quickly.\nYou should consider getting special anti-asthma bedding. This includes pillows and special bed sheets which \"seal\" your mattress when sleeping. Dust mites and bed mites and the droppings from these creatures can be very allergic to asthmatics and efforts spent reducing them are usually well spent.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "China Pursues Bold Solutions\nThis summer, the journal PLOS ONE published a chilling analysis of publicly available air-quality data collected by a nationwide network of sensors maintained by the Chinese government. Levels of ozone, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxide, and other airborne contaminants are so high, the scientists found, that they are responsible for 17 percent of all fatalities in China—4,000 deaths every day.\nAmid the stark findings, Chinese scholars and government officials alike have expressed their commitment to understanding the effects of climate change on health and planning for future climate-related risks. To speed their efforts, Patrick Kinney, ScD, a professor of Environmental Health Sciences and director of the Mailman School’s Climate and Health Program (CHP), is helping to establish a joint research and teaching program on air pollution, climate change, and human health with Tsinghua University and the Chinese Academy of Environmental Planning.\nWorking alongside Tiantian Li, PhD, a former postdoctoral researcher with CHP now employed at the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Kinney will also estimate future temperature-related mortality rates in China using global climate models and projected rates of greenhouse gas emissions. Through such efforts, Kinney hopes to encourage integrated climate and air-quality planning, efforts which will allow the Chinese to simultaneously address the immediate effects of their high levels of air pollution and the long-term impact of their emissions—the latter being a matter of concern not only for China, but for the rest of the world as well. “If we care about controlling climate change,” he says, “we care about having China do it well.”None of his projects would be possible, of course, if the Chinese government weren’t increasingly willing to confront major public health issues head-on—something that Kinney notes is rarely reported by the Western press, which tends to focus on the severity of China’s problems while ignoring the search for solutions. Nor, for that matter, would such collaborations be underway if Chinese investigators didn’t possess what Kinney describes as a “thirst for knowledge and collaboration.”\nProjects like Kinney’s—in which academics, healthcare professionals, and government officials in the most populous nation on earth join forces with American university professors to explore issues ranging from air pollution and climate change to urban planning and hospital management—have been underway for years. The opportunities to address such internationally relevant challenges have never been greater. Industrialization, urbanization, and the graying of China’s population of 1.4 billion are transforming the country in ways that will be felt for generations. “China is about to have as many older adults as the United States has people,” says Mailman School Dean Linda P. Fried, MD, MPH. “Public health wisdom has never seen more fertile ground.”\nFor Mailman School scholars, China’s synergy of economic and demographic shifts affords a unique opportunity to apply public health scholarship. In 2014, Fried made two trips to China—laying the groundwork for a broad initiative to strengthen the School’s relationships with Chinese academics and government officials and to furnish scientific evidence in support of such policy issues as building healthier cities, controlling environmental pollution, and transitioning to an aging world—all priorities for the U.S. as well. “China is unique in its recognition of what its leading challenges are,” says Fried, “and its ability to enact bold solutions based on science and evidence.”\nOn her 12-day trip in March 2014, Fried met with hematologist Chen Zhu, MD, PhD, formerly China’s minister of health and now the vice chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress, and participated in an urban health roundtable. In October, Fried attended the U.S. China Health Summit in Nanjing.\nThis year, she traveled to Dalian for the World Economic Forum’s Meeting of the New Champions, previewing a project underway by Mailman School faculty and scientists at Nanjing University to analyze the return on investment of air-quality improvements in China. During the same trip, Fried traveled to Beijing for a Columbia Day hosted by Tsinghua University, a leading research institution known as the MIT of China. As part of the festivities, Fried and university administrators signed an agreement committing Tsinghua and the Mailman School to pursue joint initiatives related to environmental health. And next year in Shanghai, the Mailman School will co-host the Columbia-Fudan Global Summit on Population Aging.\nFried cautions that it may be too early to speak of results. But molecular epidemiologists Deliang Tang, MD, DrPH ’96, and Frederica Perera, MPH ’76, DrPH ’82, PhD ’12, both professors of Environmental Health Sciences, have already demonstrated the impact that investigations by American scientists can have in support of policy decisions in China.\nWorking with colleagues at Chongqing Medical University, Tang and Perera, founding director of the Columbia Center for Children’s Environmental Health, recruited two cohorts of women in the city of Tongliang: One group had become pregnant while a coal-burning power plant was operating in the center of town; the other, after the plant was shuttered. Children born to mothers in the second group showed lower levels of pollutant exposure and higher levels of a key brain protein. Furthermore, the researchers no longer saw the significant adverse effects of pollutant exposure on cognitive development that was observed in the first cohort. The study, published by PLOS ONE in 2013, demonstrated not only the harm to children caused by high levels of air pollution but also the benefits of reducing it.\nAs reported in December 2014 in the journal Environment International, Tang and Perera subsequently ran another serial cohort study in Taiyuan, the capital of Shanxi province, where the government had enacted a series of policies designed to improve air quality. Together with colleagues at Shanxi Medical University and the Fudan School of Public Health, Tang and Perera demonstrated that falling levels of air pollution over a ten-year period were associated with fewer hospital admissions and premature deaths. The economic impact of reduced death and disability, they found, translated to several billion yuan.\nResearch in both cities continues. Already, Tang says, Tongliang has become a textbook case for environmental health interventions in China, and Chinese officials now hold up Taiyuan as an example of the gains that can be achieved through sound environmental policies. “The most exciting thing,” he says, “is that you can see them using our data in their debates.”\nChinese officials have sought out data to inform other thorny policy debates, as well. Peter Muennig, MD, MPH ’98, an associate professor of Health Policy and Management, has advised government officials on healthcare reform in Beijing and on urban planning tactics to promote health in Sichuan province. He has also designed an ambitious set of randomized clinical trials to test the effects of housing on health status and child development. Over time, 2.5 million lower-middle-income families in Chongqing will participate in a housing lottery for 1.2 million units, with the winners moving into government-subsidized residential developments with health-promoting features like exercise facilities and green space. Together with colleagues at Chongqing University, Muennig and his team plan to use molecular assays, questionnaires, and other methods to explore how social policy and the built environment influence the well-being of children and their families. This past spring, Muennig, who speaks fluent Mandarin, returned to China, where he’s been building a local client base for the Mailman School’s Global Research and Analytics for Population Health (GRAPH), which aims to use big data and computational modeling techniques to optimize public health investments on a country-by-country basis.\nMichael Sparer, PhD, JD, chair of the Department of Health Policy and Management and a founding director of GRAPH, has also turned his eye toward tactics the Chinese might deploy to improve their health systems. In 2014, Sparer and physician David P. Roye—founder of International Healthcare Leadership, a nonprofit that gives Chinese healthcare professionals the tools and training to improve health services back home—organized the China Healthcare Leadership Training Program, which brought 30 senior Chinese healthcare executives to New York for a three-week course on topics that included health policy and management. Sparer, who attended a follow-up symposium in Suzhou this past May, hopes to make the program an annual event. He’s already developing a similar program with Zhejiang University, in Hangzhou, with help from Joan Kaufman, ScD, former director of the Columbia Global Centers East Asia and a senior lecturer in Health Policy and Management.\nIn another project, Sparer has been investigating how lessons from the American healthcare reform experience might prove useful to the Chinese, and vice versa. In 2009, the Chinese government introduced its own comprehensive reforms. Implementing them has meant confronting many of the same issues that have emerged as part of healthcare reforms in the U.S., such as balancing regulation against the role of markets. The goal of such comparisons, however, is not to suggest that American solutions be implemented in China, says Sparer. Rather, it’s to fashion the right fit with China’s own culture and politics, all while learning from solutions that the Chinese have already developed.\nThe work of Lawrence Yang, PhD, also features cross-cultural exchange based on mutual respect and shared learning. For more than 15 years, Yang, an associate professor of Epidemiology with training in clinical psychology and anthropology, has been investigating psychosis among Chinese and Chinese-Americans with colleagues in China and the U.S. Currently, along with collaborators at Harvard, he is seeking strategies to reduce stigma among the families of people with psychosis in Shanghai and Beijing using an intervention that he first developed for Chinese immigrants in California and New York. To extend the effort, he’s in talks to develop a national anti-stigma program in China. (Negative associations and stereotypes about mental illness can be barriers to effective treatment and tend to be especially high among Asians and Asian-Americans.)\nIn another study—with colleagues at Harvard Medical Center and the Shanghai Mental Health Center—Yang is investigating the public health implications of identifying Chinese who are at high risk of psychosis, in hopes that clinicians might be able to prevent the disorder from emerging in the first place. In a third project, he is analyzing a vast data set collected by a Candian psychiatrist that includes information on an unusually large number of untreated schizophrenics among the adult Chinese population. “We don’t know anything about what untreated schizophrenia looks like,” Yang says. “It’s a chance to rewrite our understanding of psychosis.”\nAs with the many other initiatives underway by Mailman School faculty partnering with Chinese collaborators, Yang’s work involves a wide network of participants and offers bene-fits all around. Perhaps most important, its relevance expands outward in a series of ever-widening circles encompassing scientists, public health systems, and ordinary citizens around the globe.\nIn an era when one nation’s policies governing air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions, healthcare, and urban design can have repercussions far from home, research underway in China could have profound implications for the entire global community. “China’s decisions,” says Fried, “affect the rest of the world.”\nALEXANDER GELFAND covers science, health, and other topics from his home in New York City.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "There is actually a National Pigeon Day which is celebrated April 11 of every year. As messy and noisy as pigeons can be they have had great significance and impact in history. Firstly, they were used a means of communication.. carrier pigeons saving thousands of lives over the years even in World War’s I and II.\nPigeons have eyes on the side of their heads. One of the reasons they bob their head is to give them depth perception. The Pigeon Control Resources Center says: the pigeon’s eyes function much better with stationary images and therefore as the pigeon takes a step forward the head is temporarily left behind. The next step jerks the head forward again and so on. This allows the bird to correctly orient itself.\nAnd another Eye Didn’t Know That Pigeon Fun Fact, they can see millions of different hues.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "What to expect, how to soothe, and other things you need to know about your baby's teething.\nTeething is a routine part of child development which can be uncomfortable for both your baby and you. Here are a few pointers to help guide you through the process:\nWhat to expect\nMost infants sprout their first tooth at six to eight months, with the the last of the molars appearing between 20 to 30 months. Due to the discomfort and swelling, your infant may experience increased drooling, sleep disturbance, and crankiness. Teething is often blamed for an onslaught of other problems -- coughing, diarrhea, rashes, fever -- but a recent study found those maladies are unrelated much of the time. \"Teething symptoms should only happen during the few days surrounding the eruption of each tooth,\" says New York City pediatrician Paula Ebirt, M.D. So if they don't pass that quickly, your child may be sick with something else.\nTo help soothe pain, try teething rings. Stiff plastic or silver ones may exacerbate the pain if clamped down on too aggressively. Some soft plastic or liquid-filled rings may be frozen for extra comfort, but avoid the kind with small objects floating inside. Even gnawing on a wet washcloth provides relief. You may also consider a child-specific teething gel, acetaminophen, or ibuprofen.\nOnce your child's teeth break through the surface, wipe the gums off after feeding with a warm, wet washcloth -- particularly if your child is eating solid food. A swallow of water after a meal also helps prevent dental disease.\nIf your baby hasn't cut a tooth on the usual timetable, don't be alarmed. Like other milestones such as walking and talking, every child has his own pace. It may be as late as 14 months before a tooth will poke through. A family history of cleft palate or ectodermal dysplasia, a hair and nail growth disorder, may prevent the growth of some or all of the primary teeth. In rare cases, delayed eruption may be the result of rickets, a vitamin D deficiency that has been linked to exclusive breastfeeding. If your child hasn't begun teething by 18 months, see your pediatrician to rule out these possibilities.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Departmental Honors Project Title\nDate of Award\nCollege of Liberal Arts\nIn the late nineteenth century, Minneapolis underwent a dramatic transformation and became known as the flour milling center of the world. Powered by the Falls of St. Anthony on the the Mississippi River, aided by technological advancements, and promoted by the expansion of railroads, dozens of flour mills were built, including those of the Washburn Crosby Company. This company, under the leadership of Governor Cadwallader Washburn of Wisconsin, exemplified many of the developments that had brought the Minneapolis industry to renown. Several historians such as William Edgar, Lucile Kane, Robert Frame, and Charles Kuhlmann have published works on the significance of flour milling in Minneapolis. These publications have established a number of factors behind the flour milling industry’s success in Minneapolis including the effects of hydropower, technological innovations, and progressive ideologies. However, the influence of the leading company in the city, the Washburn Crosby Company, has only marginally been discussed in these works. This then raises an important question: How did Cadwallader Washburn, as the head of the Washburn Crosby Company, impact the growth and success of the Minneapolis flour milling industry? To answer this question, I analyzed the papers of Governor Washburn and other leading figures in the flour industry in addition to the issues of two nineteenth century trade journals, the Northwestern Miller and the American Miller. I conclude that Washburn profoundly influenced the Minneapolis flour milling industry in three primary ways: the implementation of modern milling technology in his company, the organization of railroads in Minneapolis, and the expansion of flour export markets in Europe. This analysis of Washburn’s visionary influence on the industry is important in that both Washburn and his mills played a significant role in the rise and development of early Minneapolis as a city and as an international flour milling center.\nSchmidt, Alex, \"The Washburn-Crosby Company: Cadwallader Washburn’s Vision for Minneapolis Flour Milling\" (2018). Departmental Honors Projects. 69.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Varicose veins are twisted, enlarged veins. Any superficial vein may become varicosed, but the veins most commonly affected are those in your legs. That’s because standing and walking upright increases the pressure in the veins of your lower body.\nFor many people, varicose veins and spider veins — a common, mild variation of varicose veins — are simply a cosmetic concern. For other people, varicose veins can cause aching pain and discomfort. Sometimes varicose veins lead to more-serious problems.\nTreatment may involve self-care measures or procedures by your doctor to close or remove veins.\nRead more at Mayo ClinicShare", "label": "No"}
{"text": "I recently came into possession of one the Philadelphia School District Parent Teacher Brochures, which breaks down the goals that each Philadelphia School District student should be able to meet by the end of each grade level. Since I'm homeschooling my 5th grade daughter, I was particularly interested in the goals for fifth grade. And I was shocked, shocked, to find myself more baffled than enlightened after reading through these goals.\nThe language arts goals are all about process, purposes, and genres, with a developmentally inappropriate assignment thrown in in the form of a research project:\n•Continue to build a reading, writing and speaking vocabularyNot a word about specific reading skills (vocabulary level, sentence complexity, making deductions and bridging inferences within the context of the text) or writing skills (grammar and punctuation, sentence construction, paragraph construction).\n•Read to learn new information\n•Read a wide range of stories, books and magazines for enjoyment\n•Understand a problem or conflict in stories or books and talk or write about an appropriate solution\n•Make connections between stories and texts that they have read and the world around them\n•Tell and/ or write a summary that gives the main idea of what they read and the most important details or events\n•Complete a research project including a written report\n•Write stories with several paragraphs\n•Write poems, plays, and reports\nAs for the math goals, most are vague (\"compute\" and \"find the relationships\"), easy (locating numbers on a number line; comparing numbers; sorting shapes), and emphasize verbal explanations over mathematical performance. Four out of the 13 goals are about data and probability. Here the developmentally inappropriate goal (especially given what isn't covered here) involves algebra:\n• Compute and find the relationships using whole numbers, fractions, and decimalsNot a word about which computation skills the child should develop, what sorts of numbers, fractions, and decimals the child should be able to do computations on (perhaps only the \"friendly\" fractions and decimals), and what level of computational fluency the child should have. Not a word about multiplication tables, long division, repeating decimals, ratios and percents, and multi-step word problems.\n• Locate positive and negative numbers on a number line (integers)\n• Explain to you what prime numbers, factors, multiples and compositie numbers mean\n• Compare numbers (equal to, greater than, and less than)\n• Collect, organize, display, and analyze data in a variety of ways\n• Find mean (average), median (middle number), mode (most frequent) and range (difference between largest and smallest) of data\n• Predict or determine all possible combinations and outcomes, such as, \"How many outfits can be created with six shirts and eight pants?\"\n• Calculate the chance of a simple event happening\n• Use a variety of methods to solve for unknown quantities in simple one-step algebra equations (solve for x)\n• Sort polygons according to their properties and angles, such as triangles, rhombi, and parallelograms\n• Define and compare perimeter (distance around) and area (amount covered inside) of shapes\n• Understand properties of a circle\n• Explain how they solved a math problem in their own words.\nTurning to science, only one substantive topic is mentioned (solar energy) and goals pertaining to it remain vague (\"build an understanding;\" \"recognize\"). Most the goals pertain to process rather than achievement, many of them involving developmentally inappropriate activities that wrongly assume that children can function as little scientists:\n• Develop skills that will emphasize the five senses while doing scienceIt would seem that, \"goals\" aside, the Philadelphia Schools are avoiding any commitment to help your 5th grader increase his or her vocabulary, reading level, sentence construction skills, or computational fluency with \"unfriendly\" numbers; or learn any scientific content other than a few vague propositions about solar energy.\n• Use prior knowledge when making observations\n• Make predictions and hypotheses based on observations\n• Design investigations with a control and one or two variables\n• Gather, organize and display data independently\n• Build an understanding of how solar energy is transferred\n• Recognize that the sun is the main source of energy for people and they use it in various ways\n• Design and conduct experiments with variables. Students should be able to explain cause and effect\n• Study the relationship in an ecosystem that shows the relationship of an organism to its environment\n• Conduct hands-on investigations to discover and understand their world\n• Record observations in science notebooks", "label": "No"}
{"text": "5 Myths About Vaccines\nThis is the second post in a series about vaccination. In the first post I explained why I believe in global vaccination. In this post I describe several common myths about vaccines that may prevent people from vaccinating their children.\n1) Vaccines cause autism. As mentioned in my other post, no link between autism and vaccines has ever been found, despite multiple studies in many countries. The original article that suggested a link between autism and one vaccine was retracted due to dishonesty and falsification of data by the scientist/doctor that reported the study.\n2) The flu shot gave me the flu. People tell me all the time that when they got the flu shot it gave them the flu. There is no way the flu shot can give anyone the flu. The flu shot is not a live vaccine – it has parts of flu proteins in it, but it is not infectious. Like any vaccine, the flu shot can give you side effects, such as fever and fatigue, because it is stimulating your immune response, but it is not the flu.\n3) Childhood vaccines are dangerous because they contain mercury. Thimerosal is a mercury-containing compound that is used as a preservative in vaccines. It is used in vaccines to prevent contamination and growth of bacteria and fungus in multi-dose vials. Some types of mercury-containing compounds can damage the nervous system. Although no studies show that thimerosal in vaccines causes damage to children, thimerosal has been removed from all childhood vaccines given to children <6 years of age in the US, with the exception of the flu vaccine. Thimerosal is still used in vaccines in other countries where multi-dose vials are critical to successful vaccination programs.\n4) It is bad for kids to receive so many vaccines at one time. Parents are often concerned about the vaccine schedule – sometimes they are concerned about children receiving vaccine combinations or they are concerned about the number of vaccines given during the first few years of life. However, neither of these concerns have been upheld. Studies conducted by the Advisory Council on Immunization Practices and the American Academy of Pediatrics have shown that combination vaccines are just as effective as single vaccines, do not increase the number of side effects and do not change the normal childhood immune system.\n5) My kids do not need to be vaccinated because the diseases are no longer in our country. I find this kind of thinking particularly dangerous. In the US we are very lucky that most serious childhood illnesses have been reduced to very low levels due to vaccination. However some of these diseases still circulate freely in other parts of the world and can be brought into the US. Further, these diseases can easily become an epidemic in the US if there are large numbers of unvaccinated people. By vaccinating our kids we directly protect them from disease and indirectly protect the people around them by preventing spread of disease.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Helping rebuild Timor-Leste.\nWhen Timor-Leste became the world's newest country in 2002, its future was bleak.\nFollowing decades of conflict between Indonesian forces and local guerrillas, much of the state’s infrastructure had been destroyed. Many of its administrators had fled. Its less than one million people survive on a per capita GNI of around $750, one of the lowest in the world.\nJapan, together with the United Nations and other international donors, for several years has been helping Timor-Leste to get back on its feet and bring a degree of stability to the fragile country.\nCurrently, the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) is involved in a series of projects to train newly inducted government officials, strengthen the country’s education section and its roads network, to improve coffee and rice output.\nA brief look at one of the world’s newest and poorest countries.\nReconstructing a government virtually from scratch after most administrators fled widespread violence.\nThe country needs at least 50,000 engineers. Japanese experts help to teach the teachers.\nA martial arts discipline has some unexpected results. For one woman it has changed her life.\nHelping to improve the yields of rice, one of the staple foods in Timor-Leste, and improving the lot of farmers at the same time.\nMechanics, drivers and administrators are in short supply to maintain the country’s road infrastructure.\nAfter a promising export drive to Japan, coffee growers face a disappointing harvest this year.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Our focus is on identifying the learning needs of our students and working together to\ncreate learning goals in each subject.. At the start of Term 1, in our classrooms, teachers are working on setting learning goals with students and classes to ensure steady and achievable improvement throughout the year.At home this would be an ideal time to review, report and talk about setting goals that 'stretch' your daughter's abilities but are also realistic in the pursuit of excellence. It is important that our goals are set in the “Goldilocks\" zone: not too simple and not too difficult. Too simple and there is no effort required; too challenging and it is frustrating.\nThe question we ask in the classroom is - what is the next level for this student and how can we help them to achieve it? In our classrooms teachers will be talking to students about strategies that help them learn and what they identify as their challenges. Learning should provide challenge, it does require effort. These discussions help the teacher choose which combination of strategies will best suit the needs of the students in their classroom to provide the right amount of challenge and support.\nResearch on learning effectiveness (Hattie, 2017 ) states that two of the most effective impacts on student improvement are: the teacher's estimate of the student's achievement potential; and the self-reported grade prediction from the student. This is a powerful combination so it is vital that we start the year in alignment. If we strengthen this with support from home, we have already begun to achieve our college theme for the year: Seeking Connectedness by working together towards clearly defined and achievable learning goals.\nLooking forward, the end of the year should bring a wonderful opportunity to celebrate not only progress, but the effort it takes to make it happen. Proud moments for our students are earned through hard work. We can celebrate the effort and guide through the challenges when we have a shared understanding of what progressing through learning looks like for each student.\nMrs Cara Robinson-Taylor Academic Leader: Learning and Teaching", "label": "No"}
{"text": "When the Soviet Union collapsed in 1991, the worry in the West was what would happen to that country’s thousands of nuclear weapons. Would “loose” nukes fall into the hands of terrorists, rogue states, criminals – and plunge the world into a nuclear nightmare? Fortunately, scientists and technical experts in both the U.S. and the former Soviet Union rolled up their sleeves to manage and contain the nuclear problem in the dissolving Communist country.\nOne of the leaders in this relationship was Stanford engineering professor Siegfried Hecker, who served as a director of the Los Alamos National Laboratory before coming to Stanford as a senior fellow at the Center for International Security and Cooperation. He is a world-renowned expert in plutonium science, global threat reduction and nuclear security.\nHecker cited one 1992 meeting with Russian scientists in Moscow who were clearly concerned about the risks. In his new book, Doomed to Cooperate: How American and Russian scientists joined forces to avert some of the greatest post-Cold War nuclear dangers, Hecker quoted one Russian expert as saying, “We now need to be concerned about terrorism.”\nEarning both scientific and political trust was a key, said Hecker. The Russians were proud of their scientific accomplishments and highly competent in the nuclear business – and they sought to show this to the Americans scientists, who became very confident in their Russian counterparts’ technical capabilities as they learned more about their nuclear complex and toured the labs.\nBut the nuclear experts faced an immense problem. The Soviets had about 39,000 nuclear weapons in their country and in Eastern Europe and about 1.5 million kilograms of plutonium and highly enriched uranium (the fuel for nuclear bombs), Hecker said. Consider that the bomb that the U.S. dropped on the Japanese city of Nagasaki in 1945 was only six kilograms of plutonium, he added. Meanwhile, the U.S. had about 25,000 nuclear weapons in the early 1990s.\nHecker and the rest of the Americans were deeply concerned about the one million-plus Russians who worked in nuclear facilities. Many faced severe financial pressure in an imploding society and thus constituted a huge potential security risk. “The challenge that Russia faced with its economy collapsing was enormous,” he said in an interview.\nThe Russian scientists, Hecker said, were motivated to act responsibly because they realized the awful destruction that a single nuclear bomb could wreak. Hecker noted that one Russian scientist told him, “We arrived in the nuclear century all in one boat, and a movement by anyone will affect everyone.” Hecker noted, “Therefore, you know, we were doomed to work together to cooperate.”\nAll of this depended on the two governments involved easing nuclear tensions while allowing the scientists to collaborate. In short order, the scientists developed mutual respect and trust to address the loose nukes scenario.\nThe George H.W. Bush administration launched nuclear initiatives to put the Russian government at ease. For example, it took the nuclear weapons off U.S. Navy surface ships and some of its nuclear weapons off alert to allow the Russians to do the same. The U.S. Congress passed the Nunn-Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction legislation, which helped fund some of the loose nuke containment efforts.\nWhile those were positive measures, Hecker said, it was ultimately the cooperation among scientists, what they called lab-to-lab-cooperation, that allowed the two former superpower enemies to “get past the sensitivity barriers” and make “the world a safer place.”\nSince the end of the Cold War, no significant nuclear event has occurred as a result of the dissolution of the Soviet Union and its nuclear complex, Hecker noted.\nOne lesson from it all, Hecker said, is that government policymakers need to understand that scientists and engineers can work together and make progress toward solving difficult, dangerous problems.\n“We don’t want to lose the next generation from understanding what can actually be done by working together,” he said. “So, we want to demonstrate to them, Look, this is what was done when the scientists were interested and enthusiastic and when the government gave us enough room to be able to do that.”\nHecker said this scientific cooperation extended to several thousand scientists and engineers at the Russian sites and at U.S. nuclear labs – primarily the three defense labs: Lawrence Livermore, Los Alamos, and Sandia national laboratories. Many technical exchanges and visits between scientists in Russia and the United States took place.\nHe recalled visiting some of the nuclear sites in Russian cities shrouded by mystery. “These cities were so secret, they didn’t even appear on Soviet maps.”\nWhen the Soviet Union collapsed, the nature of the nuclear threat changed, Hecker said. The threat before was one of mutual annihilation, but now the threat changed to what would happen if nuclear assets were lost, stolen or somehow evaded the control of the government.\n“From an American perspective we referred to these as the ‘four loose nuclear dangers,'” he said.\nThis included securing the loose nukes in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe; preventing nuclear materials or bomb fuel from getting into the wrong hands; the human element involving the people who worked in the Soviet nuclear complex; and finally, the “loose exports” problem of someone trying to sell nuclear materials or technical components to overseas groups like terrorists or rogue nations.\nFor Hecker, this is not just an American story. It is about a selfless reconciliation with a longtime enemy for the greater global good, a relationship not corrupted by ideological or nationalistic differences, but one reflective of mutual interests of the highest order.\n“The primary reason,” he said, “why we didn’t have a nuclear catastrophe was the Russian nuclear workers and the Russian nuclear officials. Their dedication, their professionalism, their patriotism for their country was so strong that it carried them through these times in the 1990s when they often didn’t get paid for six months at a time … The nuclear complex did its job through the most trying times. And it was a time when the U.S. government took crucial conciliatory measures with the new Russian Federation and gave us scientists the support to help make the world a safer place.”", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Menopausal transition (premenopause) is the phase in the ageing process of women representing the transition from the reproductive stage of life to the non-reproductive stage. With improvements in average life expectancy, women live an increased proportion of their lives in the postmenopause. The consequences of oestrogen loss are the early symptoms (psychological and vasomotor), the genitourinary syndrome (intermediate), as well as postmenopausal osteoporosis with increased risk of fractures and cardiovascular diseases (late). The diagnosis of climacteric syndrome is based on typical clinical symptoms. Perimenopausal women should understand physiological changes occurring in menopausal transition. They should be encouraged to live a healthy lifestyle. Menopausal hormone therapy is indicated for relief of the acute symptoms of menopause and for treatment of urogenital atrophy. It should be administered in the lowest effective dose for the shortest period of time. The treatment should be initiated before the age of 60 years or within 10 years after menopause in order to decrease its risks. The benefit/risk profile needs to be individually re-assessed every year.\nEnvironmental conditions contribute to a large percentage of wheat yield variability. This phenomenon is particularly true in rainfed environments and non-responsive soils to N. However, the effect of P application on wheat is unknown in the absence of N fertilizer application. This study was conducted from 2012 to 2019 in permanent beds established in 2005. Treatments were arranged in a split-plot design and consisted of superimposing three P treatments (foliar, banded and broadcast application) plus a check (0P) within each one of four preceding N treatments (applied from 2005 to 2009). Foliar P generally showed a greater response than granular P treatments even though the soil tests high P (>30 mg/kg). Precipitation estimated for two different growth intervals explained through regression procedures the Years' effect. Seasonal precipitation (224–407 mm) explained variation of relative yield, N harvest index (NHI) and P agronomic efficiency (AE). Reproductive stage precipitation (48–210 mm) explained soil N supply. In dry years, foliar P application improved predicted relative yield 14% and AE 155 kg grain/kg P compared to granular P treatments. Similarly, soil N supply increased 15 kg/ha in dry moisture conditions during the reproductive stage. The NHI consistently improved over the crop seasons. This improvement was relatively larger for 0 kg N/ha. On average, NHI increased from about 0.57 to 0.72%. Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) readings at the booting growth stage were negatively associated with NHI. Foliar P in this non-responsive soil to N showed the potential to replace granular P sources. However, the omission of granular P needs to be further studied to estimate the long-term effect on the soil P test.\nABSTRACT: Temperature affects plant development therefore phyllochron has been used as a predictor for developmental events to define the time for agricultural managing practices. This study aims to evaluate changes in phyllochron and thermal sum required for flowering by oat genotypes developed at different decades at three temperature regimes; the effect of high temperature on phytomere development; and identify the development stage at the moment of meristem transition to reproductive stage. Three environments were obtained by sowing in the fall, in the spring, and under constant temperature (17oC), always at inductive photoperiod. Despite changes in nominal values small differences were found among genotypes’ phyllochron. Adding specific optimal and maximum temperatures into the growing degree days’ calculation demonstrated phyllochron stability among environments. Plant cycle length and thermal sum correlated with the number of developed phytomeres. UFRGS 078030-2 plants flowered earlier, had a small number of phytomeres, and greater tolerance to elevated temperatures than the other genotypes. More recent genotypes transit to reproductive stage at an earlier Haun stage than older ones.\n<p class=\"042abstractstekst\">Roots play an important role in wheat grain yield, especially under drought stress conditions. To investigate root characteristics under drought stress conditions in bread wheat, 90 lines F10 obtained from the crossing (‘Yecora Rojo’ × ‘Chinese Spring’) randomly with the parents of the population were examined. The study was conducted in the form of a split-plot design with a randomized complete block base in three conditions including: 1. no stress, 2. application of drought stress at the beginning of the vegetative stage, and 3. application of drought stress at the beginning of the reproductive stage. The results showed, interaction between genotype and condition of drought was significant for all root-related traits, except shallow root dry mass, at the level of 1 % probability. The response of root-related traits to different types of drought stress was very complex. The longest root length, decrease for 13.3 % was during stress at the beginning of the vegetative stage in comparison to non-stress conditions, while the same trait increased for 4.9 % during stress at the beginning of the reproductive stage, comparison to non-stress conditions. The results of principal component analysis under non-stress conditions showed that by considering the distribution of genotypes compared to the first two components, genotypes can be identified that have more yield with the proper root condition and vice versa.</p>\nAbstractHigh temperature elicits a well-conserved response called the unfolded protein response (UPR) to bring protein homeostasis in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Two key UPR regulators bZIP28 and bZIP60 have been shown to be essential for maintaining fertility under heat stress conditions in Arabidopsis, however, the function of transcriptional activator bZIP17, a paralog of bZIP28, in heat stress response at reproductive stage is not reported. Here we found that bzip17 mutant plants were sensitive to heat stress in terms of silique length and fertility comparing to that of wildtype (WT) Arabidopsis plants, and transcriptomic analysis showed that 1380 genes were specifically up-regulated and 493 genes were specifically down-regulated by heat stress in the flowers of WT plants comparing to that in bzip17 mutant plants. These bZIP17-dependent up-regulated genes were enriched in responses to abiotic stresses such as water deprivation and salt stress. Further chromatin immuno-precipitation coupled with high-throughput sequencing (ChIP-Seq) uncovered 1645 genes that were direct targets of bZIP17 in MYC-bZIP17 expressing seedlings subjected to heat stress. Among these 1645 genes, ERSE-II cis-element was enriched in the binding peaks of their promoters, and the up-regulation of 113 genes by heat stress in flowers was dependent on bZIP17. Our results revealed direct targets of bZIP17 in flowers during heat stress responses and demonstrated the important role of bZIP17 in maintaining fertility upon heat stress in plants.\nEndophytic bacteria play potentially important roles in the processes of plant adaptation to the environment. Understanding the composition and dynamics of endophytic bacterial communities under heavy metal (HM) stress can reveal their impacts on host development and stress tolerance. In this study, we investigated root endophytic bacterial communities of different rice cultivars grown in a cadmium (Cd)-contaminated paddy field. These rice cultivars are classified into low (RBQ, 728B, and NX1B) and high (BB and S95B) levels of Cd-accumulating capacity. Our metagenomic analysis targeting 16S rRNA gene sequence data reveals that Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Acidobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Spirochaetes are predominant root endophytic bacterial phyla of the five rice cultivars that we studied. Principal coordinate analysis shows that the developmental stage of rice governs a larger source of variation in the bacterial communities compared to that of any specific rice cultivar or of the root Cd content. Endophytic bacterial communities during the reproductive stage of rice form a more highly interconnected network and exhibit higher operational taxonomic unit numbers, diversities, and abundance than those during the vegetative stage. Forty-five genera are significantly correlated with Cd content in rice root, notably including positive-correlating Geobacter and Haliangium; and negative-correlating Pseudomonas and Streptacidiphilus. Furthermore, Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States analysis shows that functional pathways, such as biosynthesis of siderophore and type II polyketide products, are significantly enhanced during the reproductive stage compared to those during the vegetative stage under Cd stress. The isolated endophytic bacteria from the Cd-contaminated rice roots display high Cd resistance and multiple traits that may promote plant growth, suggesting their potential application in alleviating HM stress on plants. This study describes in detail for the first time the assemblage of the bacterial endophytomes of rice roots under Cd stress and may provide insights into the interactions among endophytes, plants, and HM contamination.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Mainly, mindfulness implies the maintenance of one’s thoughts, emotions, thinking, current circumstances, and our environment. The maintenance of thoughts basically means to adjust according to the present feelings.\nMindfulness meditation insinuates the practice of tuning mind in the present moment. In Simple terms, it means to focus on what is going on now and forget past and future and act according to the current scenario.\nAs a result, several benefits of mindfulness meditation can be observed. The meditation involves imagination training, body relaxation, and several breathing exercises.\nThe history of Meditation is as old as the evident history of the world. Many revealed and non-revealed religions showcase the benefits of mindfulness meditation. For instance, Guttam Budha got salvation due to meditation and reached the landmark of spirituality.\nSimilarly, various Islamic Sufi saints are of the prescribe mindfulness meditation to their pupils, so they get to know themselves and the purpose of their birth in the materialistic world.\nThe teachers spiritual one asserts that the meditation can heal the soul and body along with putting the light on the abyss of darkness that one confronts in life.\nMindfulness meditation is the key that opens locked doors which hampers the progress and holds a person back from doing certain tasks in life.\nYou can check this beginners guide of meditation.\nMany books are written on the above-mentioned subjects; many videos on internet coupled with several articles, exhibits the way of meditating, but we are gonna describe the ways which are easy lucid and clear and would help you train your mind for the mindfulness meditation.\nBesides, if you find that it is difficult for you and you could not maintain your focus, you may consult any meditation center or a good book or article to have the control. You can also check out these powerful mindfulness practices.\nMindfulness ameliorates your overall self.\nMindfulness leads to complacency. Mindfulness practice makes it simple to relish small things in your life. It empowers you to fight with hard times. Most importantly, you can deal with your worries as your focus would be shifted to present only.\nHave a better and improved physical health.\nA study suggests those who meditate are healthier than those who do not. Mindfulness involves various relaxing and breathing exercises that would control blood pressure, improve heart and create better sleep with a good stomach.\nIt embellishes your mental health.\nAccording to psychologists, meditation is one of the best ways to tackle depression in various mental diseases that include chronic anxiety and many phobias. The mindfulness meditation trains your mind to fight all the negative thoughts; thus leading you to have a positive and healthy mindset.\nIt makes you stronger.\nWhen you focus on now, the fear of future goes away. Practicing mindfulness meditation teaches you how to remain strong in adverse scenarios and tackle all the rough and hard moments in life. It makes you quite intuitive and mentally balanced, which help in rooting out any worse before it occurs.\nYou may become so strong that you may not fear anything except doing wrong to others.\nIt makes you a true human being.\nMindfulness meditation teaches us how to behave with others. It teaches how to be kind; how to help people in need and how to remain generous. It prevents one from falling prey to any worldly or greedy desire that may have adverse repercussions.\nMoreover, mindfulness make you know your true spirit of having a birth and teaches you how to spread blessings; hence making you a true human being.\nYou would feel confident and brave.\nAccording to a sage, ” confidence is the key that can unlock any door of success.” when you start practicing mindfulness meditation, you realize that you are becoming more confident, your fears and thoughts that were holding you back are getting away.\nThe power of this mediation can aggrandize your chances of success by giving you confidence and courage.\nEver thought of being happy at 24 hours and a full week? This is quite possible, the ability to live in present due to mindfulness meditation makes you feel happy and positive all the time.\nOnce you mastered the meditation you will get to know that there is no worry but it’s your mind that makes them and you will be able to fight all the odds and feel happy and vibrant all the time.\nIn a nutshell, Mindfulness meditation is more than magic, it can change your life holistically and make you the best version of yourself that you have never ever thought.\n“I want the window seeaaat!” “No, I’m already sitting there.” “But I came first. Mom… Read More\nYoga Pants? Check. Music playlist? Check. Gym membership? Check. Motivation to drive to your gym?… Read More", "label": "No"}
{"text": "In 1978 the Wedel Marsh was diked – despite mass protests led by conservationists. The NABU branch in Hamburg did, however, ensure that the extraction site of marine clay needed to build the dams was turned into a substitute habitat for wading and aquatic birds. Working according to guidance and active support of many bird enthusiasts, a 10-hectare body of water was created on an area measuring roughly 17.5 ha. Ever since, the area has been rented by NABU Hamburg and is maintained and further developed by dedicated volunteers on an ongoing basis.\nThe Carl Zeiss Bird Station was opened in 1984. For more than 30 years, this area, which lies some 15 km to the west of Hamburg, has been used to observe the birds on the Wedel Marsh. This is the perfect place for ducks, geese, wading birds and gulls to find food and to breed.\nOne full-time and several volunteer supervisors tell visitors all about the local nature, offer them binoculars for loan and inspire people on tours that take in the local bird species.\nThe reserve around the bird station is an excellent habitat for many bird species thanks to the sheer structural diversity that’s packed into such a small space.\nThree observation points offer an unobstructed view of nearby islands and waters.\nHeight-adjustable viewing ports allow visitors to observe aquatic and nesting birds, sometimes from just a few meters away. Protective walls are in place to prevent visitors from disturbing the birds. Heiner Hofmann is no stranger to the Wedel Marsh; the photographer likes to enjoy the nature around the bird station and has already taken some excellent photos here.\nIn June 2016 he saw young little ringed plovers for the first time at the Carl Zeiss Bird Station. The birds had all gathered on a gravel island. Their parents were visibly worried when an increasing number of large gulls appeared – a threat to their young. They flew back and forth from the riverbanks to the gravel island, and tried to lure the young birds by calling out to them. Despite their efforts, around an hour later the young birds decided to swim back to their parents. After all, their little wings were still too small for a quick flight back.\nUp to 160 bird species can be observed here over the course of a year.\nFor Hofmann, one very special moment is when thousands of barnacle geese pay a visit to the area early in the year. “In the space of a year, I managed to capture one really impressive image”, says Hofmann. “As they’re known to do at the beginning of each year, some 10,000 barnacle geese gathered around the Carl Zeiss Bird Station in search of food. Suddenly I spied a white-tailed eagle in the distance. The geese paused for a moment and raised their heads. They become more and more agitated, their calls ever louder. All of a sudden they all took off into the sky, as if on command. They flew so closely together – I’ve not seen anything quite like it since.”\nThe birds that migrate along the East Atlantic Flyway use the Wedel Marsh as a key stopover, where they can enjoy plenty of rest and shelter during the winter. This is how thousands of teals find food in the freshwater mudflats near the former island of Fährmannssand, the sunken town of Bishorst and the Mühlenberger Loch river basin.\nOther bird species also spend the winter in the Wedel Marsh; they include barnacle geese, greylag and white-fronted geese, as well as common mergansers. They find protection and sustenance in the area’s grasslands. For more information, please visit: Carl Zeiss Bird Station\nThousands of migratory birds use the freshwater mudflats as a place to “refuel” before continuing their journey that begins in Scandinavia or northern Russia and ends in more southern climes.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Student: Maximilian Balmus\nThe Fontan circulation is a surgically established treatment for complex congenital heart diseases in which one of the ventricles is functionally unable to pump blood, leaving the heart with a single working ventricle. While this surgery keeps patients alive, changes to the circulation yield significant complications, resulting in a reduction in life expectancy. In Fontan circulation, systemic and pulmonary circulations are coupled in series without a ventricle supporting the flow of blood to the lungs. Therefore, pulmonary blood flow and diastolic filling of the ventricle are reliant on passive flow of systemic venous blood through the pulmonary arteries. This has lead to the common hypothesis of pre-load inefficiency – which suggests that reduced pre-load limits the capacity of the congenital heart to increase its workload under exercise.\nAs a result of pre-load inefficiency, Fontan patients also exhibit exercise inefficiency. While normal morphological hearts can produce up to a five-fold increase in cardiac output in response to exercise, Fontan patients typically only achieve 50-60% of predicted maximal exercise capacity, as their ability to improve cardiac output is impaired. As increased HR increases metabolic demand of the heart (for the same cardiac output), this response mechanism to increased demand in the body suggests potentially significant inefficiency in Fontan patients.\nChronotropic modulation presents a potential improvement to work efficiency in the Fontan heart by limiting HR increase. This effect is currently being examined as part of an ongoing clinical study at KCL. Using MRI under rest and exercise conditions, Fontan patients will be scanned and noninvasive pressure estimates obtained. Exercise MRI will be acquired in patients under normal conditions and after administration of a negative chronotrope. Acquired data will then be used to generate computational models of the heart, assimilating known anatomy and function. These models will then be used to assess work efficiency, gauging whether chronotropic modulation leads to an improvement in work efficiency under exercise.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Good morning Adventurers! We hope you are all ok. Don’t forget to send us your videos/photographs/messages for our hello video – it will be lovely to see you all your smiling faces! We have planned the following activities for you – we hope you enjoy doing them!\nAre you ready to plan your story?\nToday we are going to use a storyboard to draw and write the main events of our stories.\nThink about the opening, build-up, problem, resolution and ending. All the stages for a super story!\nI’ve loved seeing all your superhero work so far, well done!?\nGood luck with your storyboards and enjoy your day.\nToday Adventurers, I thought we would have a go at some word problems involving addition and subtraction. There are some questions if you head on over to tapestry.\nRead the questions carefully and decide which operation you need to and then write the number sentence and the answers.\nThere is a sheet for the year 2 pupils and one for the year 3 pupils.\nIt’s that time of the week again – French Thursday! Last week I asked you to design a rainbow and label the colours in French.\nThis week, we will continue working on colours. I have added a sheet that will help you to identify the colours and support your pronunciation when saying the out loud. There is then a sheet with some colour names that have been jumbled up – can you figure out what each colour is? Don’t worry about printing the sheet off – you can just write the answers down on a piece of paper.\nAs always, there is more information on Tapestry and if you are doing your own work, that is great too.\nWe hope you have a lovely day.\nMrs Roe and Mrs Burton", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Blacksmithing uses two operations to transform mild steel or wrought iron: forging and shaping. Forging is using a hammer and anvil to alter a piece of steel’s dimensions. Shaping is changing the piece’s lines in relationship to the air around it. A line becomes a circle, a spiral, or an abrupt bend. The tools employed in shaping can be as simple as a hammer and anvil or as complex as a series of blacksmith-engineered jigs. This post will be about the shaping involved in transforming a length of forged stock into a grip.\nIn this photo the ends of the piece of stock have already been forged and the hole punched for the screw before the shaping process begins.\nTwo work areas are involved. The primary work area is the forge, shown above. The forged pieces before being bent are to the lower right, beside the tongs. In the fire we have two groups of forgings being heated. The group to the left is being heated prior to the first bending and the group to the right is being heated prior to the second bending. Grips that have been through both first and second bending operations are out of the fire, to the upper right of the tongs.\nIn this photo the HF20 grip is being bent after being heated in the forge. A second bend is required to make the grip.\nThe other major work area is the vise bench, just a step away from the forge. The vise holds a special jig used for bending the grips. The vise table is used as a cooling surface and to support the metal block used for leveling the grips.\nAfter reheating the stock, the second bend is made and the piece is measured to make sure it is the proper size, 2 5/8 inches long. We try to get the grips close to this size, plus or minus a little. Blacksmithing is not an extremely precise art.\nFurther heats for the grips are made in a “soaking” fire. This is different from a normal forging fire in that very little air is given to the fire. The aim is to achieve a gradual heat which soaks from outside to inside, producing an even heat throughout the piece. In this case we are using a soaking heat because we have 30 items in the fire at one time.\nCoke is placed around and over the grips and they are left to warm slowly. We turn the blower handle only now and again to maintain the fire.\nWhen heated thoroughly, the pieces are removed from the fire one at a time and twisted open using two pairs of pliers. After all the grips are opened, they are placed again in a soaking fire, this time with the forged ends downward for best heating.\nNext the grips are taken from the fire one at a time and the forged ends are shaped over a tool held in the vise. We use a hammer to flatten the forged ends against the tool.\nThe rest of the work is primarily done cold. This is the process of getting the grips to sit properly upright on the forged ends without tipping or wobbling. Here George is leveling the grip by using a small French pattern hammer’s peen to strike a forged end. A master grip is sitting upright to the right of his hands.\nWe use forge masters and templates for all the production work we do. These provide a comparison. In the case of this grip style, the master grip reminds us how much to open the grip in the step shown earlier. Another template shows to what size the grip ends are to be forged. There will be variation, but we try to keep what we make within fairly narrow boundaries of size and shape.\nA final soaking fire is used to reheat the grips before putting the finish on them. The aim of this heat is to create an even layer of scale to take the finish, without blisters or bubbles. For this heat, we first place narrow pieces of 16 gauge mild steel in the fire, to partially block the air coming up from the tuyere. The grips are placed on the steel pieces and covered with coke. They will sit in this reducing fire for about 20 minutes, and be given air only now and again from the blower.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "AFM is a well-known technique. However, there are also many different variations of AFM, some of which are well-known and some which aren’t. In this article, we look at one of the lesser-known AFM variations, known as electrostatic force microscopy (EFM). This is a variation of AFM that is similar to magnetic force microscopy (MFM), another AFM technique, and can be used to determine the electrostatic forces between a sample and the AFM tip. Here, we look at how this is done.\nAndis Rea / Shutterstock\nWhat is Electrostatic Force Microscopy (EFM)?\nElectrostatic force microscopy (EFM) is perhaps one of the lesser known variations of AFM. Many variations use AFM principles alongside those of another technique. However, EFM is one of the few methods where it is an adaptation of just AFM principles for deducing specific properties of materials.\nIn the case of EFM, it measures the electrostatic force between the sample and the tip as a function of the electric field gradient distribution above the sample surface. The main differences between standard AFM and EFM are that EFM operates in an imaging mode not used in conventional AFM approaches and that it uses a conductive tip to scan the surface.\nHow EFM Works\nEFM works on a similar principle to magnetic force microscopy (MFM), in that it uses a dynamic non-contact lift mode to measure the forces between the tip and the sample. The differing factor being the types of forces measured. In the case of EFM, it measures the electrostatic forces that arise from the attraction and/or repulsion of charges between the tip and the surface. EFM is operated in a non-contact mode because these forces are long-range forces. Because they are long-range forces, the distance between the tip and surface can be as much as 100 nm (or more).\nEFM generally performs two scans when imaging a surface. This is the principle of the AFM lift mode (not seen with conventional AFM imaging methods), which means that after one scan, the cantilever and tip are lifted to a greater height before scanning again. The first scan is done as per the usual non-contact mode of AFM and is scanned close to the surface. The tip is then lifted to a greater distance away from the sample for the second scan to measure the electrostatic interactions between the tip and the surface.\nThe first scan measures the van der Waals forces that are always present between the tip and the sample, and this enables the basic topography of the surface to be mapped. When there is an interaction, the change in the position of the cantilever is recorded by a laser beam deflecting off the cantilever onto a position-sensitive photodiode (PSPD). This position location mechanism is also present throughout the second scan (to locate the different interactions) to enable the topography of the surface and areas of intermolecular attraction/repulsion to be mapped and correlated.\nIn the second scan, as the tip is set to scan the surface, an electrical current is passed through the tip. This can be as either an alternating current (AC) or a direct current (DC). As the electrical current is passed, the cantilever beam oscillates at its resonant frequency (or close to it). As the tip passes over the sample, it is at a distance where electrostatic forces come into play. When there is a long-range connection between the tip and the surface, the resonant frequency changes due to a change in the force gradient.\nFor attractive forces, the resonant frequency lowers, and this makes the cantilever “softer”, whereby the tip is pulled closer to the sample. For repulsive forces, the process reverses, and the cantilever becomes “stiffer”. This is manifested through a higher resonant frequency and through the tip moving away from the sample. The changes in the resonant frequency are deduced using either phase detection, frequency modulation or amplitude detection methods.\nEFM doesn’t have as much widespread use as other AFM techniques. However, it is most commonly used to map the electronic characteristics of sub-micron electrical materials (often for those with complex structures and/or molecular assemblies). On an overall application front, EFM is used for detecting electrical failures, detecting trapped charges, mapping electrical polarizations and for performing electrical read/write processes.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "By: John Van de Vaarst, National Clinician\n“Hey ref, call it both ways!” “That was a foul 5 minutes ago!” “Your partner was right there, why are you making the call?” “Why are you calling that as an assistant referee, when the referee is allowing that type of play?” These are a few examples of commonly used comments from coaches when there is an appearance that the game is not being officiated consistently by the officials assigned. This article will focus on several areas where the lack of consistency can create problems for the officiating team and overall game management.\nConsistency is defined as condition of adhering together : firmness of material substance\nb : firmness of constitution or character : persistency. Being consistent as an official and an officiating team throughout the game requires fairness, ability to make tough decisions, team work and more.\nReferees must be consistent with foul recognition. A trip near the center of the field is fairly easy to call. The referee observes the foul and sounds the whistle. The same foul occurs in the attacking third of the field or approximately twenty five yards from the goal and for some reason it becomes more difficult for the referee to sound the whistle. When the same foul occurs in the penalty area and is committed by a defender, many referees seek out options so the call does not have to be made. These examples clearly indicate a lack of consistency and potential problems for the referee. Referees must be willing to make the “tough call” no matter what the outcome of the restart may be. A trip in the penalty area cannot be ignored or a lesser call such as dangerous play be made by the referee so that he/she does not have to award the penalty kick. Top referees have the ability to make the hard calls without hesitation and be able to control the game because of their abilities.\nMany state high school associations utilize the duel system of control for varsity and sub varsity games. Consistency in this type of system can become a problem when the two officials assigned observe the level of play in different ways. For example, a higher level official is assigned with a newer official. The newer official can recognize a foul but has not learned the difference between the spirit of the game and the rules of the game. The experienced official is allowing play to flow when the ball is in his/her end of the field. When the play is near the newer official a play that was allowed is now being called a foul. This leads to frustration by the players and coaches involved. Another example is when the play is very close to one official and that individual has a clear observation of the situation. The other official from a far distance sounds the whistle and calls a foul. In this instance coaches and players question the official who was closer as to why the foul was signaled. Officials assigned to a duel system of control need to learn how to “read” the other person’s style of officiating and strive to work together so the game is call in a consistent manner.\nWhen the diagonal system of control is being utilized the referee should spend some time during the pregame discussion reviewing ways to work as a team and be consistent. One suggestion is to include in the pregame a statement that the assistant referees should observe what the referee is calling and what is being allowed as fair play during the beginning of the game. The assistants should make the same type of decisions as the referee during the game. A real life example is during the first half the assistant referee raised the flag on several occasions when the ball was heading for the goal line and the defender was shielding the play. The assistant referee felt it was obstruction. The referee was allowing the game to flow so the assistant was not recognized. This scenario created several problems. First, the coaches saw the raised flag and began questioning why the referee was not acknowledging the signal. This creates problems for the referee since the coach now feels the referee is ignoring a foul situation. Secondly, fans become concerned and begin to challenge the referee with comments. Lastly, the players can become frustrated because the referee and assistant are not a team. In this case the referee must discuss the situation with the assistant at half time so that the second half does not have the same problem. Working as a team is critical for the success of any officiating crew.\nIn summary, every official should strive for consistency in every game. This will result in better game control and enjoyment for the players, coaches and fans.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "|Skinny cooks can't be trusted.|\n|Home Gallery of Optical Illusions Optical Illusion Quiz|\nLine Pattern Optical Illusion\nIs this illusion made up of anything but horizontal and verticle lines?\nScroll down for the answer and explanation.\nOnly horizontal and verticle lines are in this image! The diamond shapes in the middle are formed by patterns of the other lines.\nOur mind tries to make sense of what we see. In this optical illusion, the straight up and down lines are interpreted as being grouped together into patterns to form shapes.\nReport A Broken Link To Us Contact Information\nFree Optical Illusions", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Transient ischaemic attack (TIA)\nA transient ischaemic attack (TIA) happens when the blood supply to part of the brain is temporary cut off. This can cause symptoms similar to a stroke such as speech problems and numbness in face, arms and legs. Phone 999 immediately if you have symptoms of a TIA.\nSymptoms of a TIA\nA TIA or ‘mini stroke’ doesn't last as long as a stroke. The effects of a TIA often only last for a few minutes or hours and go (fully resolve) within 24 hours.\nThe main symptoms of a TIA can be remembered with the word FAST: Face-Arms-Speech-Time.\n- Face – the face may have dropped on one side, the person may not be able to smile, or their mouth or eye may have dropped\n- Arms – the person with suspected stroke may not be able to lift both arms and keep them there because of arm weakness or numbness in one arm\n- Speech – their speech may be slurred or garbled, or the person may not be able to talk at all, despite appearing to be awake\n- Time – it is time to dial 999 immediately if you see any of these signs or symptoms\nOther symptoms may include loss of vision, dizziness, difficulty walking or poor coordination.\nWhen to seek medical advice\nIn the early stages of a TIA, it's not possible to tell whether you're having a TIA or a full stroke. This is why it is important to phone 999 immediately and ask for an ambulance.\nEven if the symptoms disappear while you're waiting for the ambulance to arrive, an assessment in hospital should still be carried out.\nA TIA is a warning that you may be at risk of having a full stroke soon. An assessment can help doctors to find the best way to reduce the chances of this happening.\nIf you think you may have had a TIA previously, but didn't seek medical advice, make an appointment with your GP, as soon as possible.\nCauses of TIAs\nDuring a TIA, one of the blood vessels that supply your brain with oxygen-rich blood becomes blocked.\nCertain things can increase your chances of having a TIA, including:\n- having high blood pressure (hypertension)\n- being obese\n- having high cholesterol levels\n- regularly drinking too much alcohol\n- having atrial fibrillation (a type of irregular heartbeat)\n- having diabetes\n- having chronic kidney disease\n- having sickle cell disease\nPeople over 55 years of age are also at a higher risk of having a TIA or stroke.\nAlthough the symptoms of a TIA can get better in a few minutes or hours, you'll need treatment. This is to help prevent another TIA or a full stroke happening in the future.\nYour treatment will depend on things, such as your age and medical history.\nAs well as medication to treat the underlying cause of your TIA, you're likely to be given advice about lifestyle changes you can make to reduce your stroke risk.\nA TIA is often a sign that another one may follow and you're at a high risk of having a full, life-threatening stroke soon.\nThere are a number of ways you can lower your risk of having either a TIA or stroke in the future. These include:\n- maintaining a healthy weight\n- eating healthily\n- taking regular exercise\n- limiting how much alcohol you drink\n- not smoking\nMore useful links\nThe information on this page has been adapted from original content from the NHS website.\nFor further information see terms and conditions.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "May 23, 2013\nA newly synthesized material might provide a dramatically improved method for separating the highest-octane components of gasoline. Measurements at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) have clarified* why. The research team, which included scientists from NIST and several other universities, has published its findings in the journal Science.*\nCreated in the laboratory of Jeffrey Long, professor of chemistry at the University of California, Berkeley, the material is a metal-organic framework, or MOF, which can be imagined as a sponge with microscopic holes. The innumerable interior walls of the MOF form triangular channels that selectively trap only the lower-octane components based on their shape, separating them easily from the higher-octane molecules in a way that could prove far less expensive than the industry's current method. The Long laboratory and UC Berkeley have applied for a patent on the MOF, which is known by its chemical formula, Fe2(bdp)3.\nHigh-octane gasolines, the ultra or premium blends at fueling stations, are more expensive than regular unleaded gasoline due to the difficulty of separating out the right type of molecules from petroleum. Petroleum includes several slightly different versions of the same molecule that have identical molecular formulae but varying shapes—called isomers. Creating premium fuel requires a refinery to boil the mixture at precise temperatures to separate the isomers with the most chemical energy. The trouble is, four of these isomers—two of which are high octane, the other two far lower—have only slightly different boiling points, making the overall process both challenging and costly.\nThe new MOF, however, could allow refineries to sidestep this problem by essentially trapping the lowest-octane isomers while letting the others pass through. The lowest-octane isomers are more linear and can nestle closer to the MOF walls, so when a mixture of isomers passes through the MOF, the less desired isomers stick to its surface—somewhat akin to the way a wet piece of paper sticks.\nMatthew Hudson and his colleagues at the NIST Center for Neutron Research (NCNR) used neutron powder diffraction, a technique for determining molecular structure, to explore why the MOF has the right shape to selectively separate the isomers. Their research was essential to validate the team's model of how the MOF adsorbs the low-octane isomers.\n\"It's easier to separate the isomers with higher octane ratings this way rather than with the standard method, making it more efficient,\" says Hudson, a postdoctoral fellow at the NCNR. \"And based on the lower temperatures needed, it's also far less energy-intensive, meaning it should be less expensive.\" Hudson says that while industrial scientists will need to work out how to apply the discovery in refineries, the new MOF appears to be robust enough in harsh conditions to be used repeatedly a great many times, potentially reducing the necessary investment by a petroleum company.\n* Z.R. Herm, B.M. Wiers, J.A. Mason, J.M. van Baten, M.R. Hudson, P. Zajdel, C.M. Brown, N. Masciocchi, R. Krishna and J.R. Long. Separation of hexane isomers in a metal-organic framework with triangular channels. Science, May 24, 2013. DOI: 10.1126/science.12334071", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Distribution in scandinavian waters\nMaximum diametre: 4,1 cm, but is seldom more than 1,5 cm in\nAppearance: The exoskeleton is white to light grey. There appears\nto be a gape between the two top plates because the seams are thick\nand the joints irregular. Rock barnacles are usually relatively flat\nin form, but do on occasion grow in height, this species to has a somewhat\nDepth: From close to mean\nsea-level to about 60 m; on rare occasions noticably deeper.\nEnvironment: This species is often found on shells,\nbut can also be found on for example cliffs,\nrocks or wood. It does not build apparent bands\nlike the northern rock\nbarnacle and the brackish water bay\nClassification: The gaping rock barnacle belongs to the cirripedia\ngroup, which is a crustacean under the arthropods.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "|Above: Looking down into a vat of fermenting Heathcote Shiraz.\nWe may consider ourselves winemakers, however, the unseen engine behind wine fermentations are yeasts & their enzymes. Wine is essentially the result of competition between such microbes, a process which we have learnt to control in order to produce predictable results. Below yeast cells are pictured magnified and at various stages of 'budding'.\n2.7 Yeasts & Primary Fermentation\nWhen we look down into a vat of fermenting wine, we're witnessing one of the first bio-chemical reactions observed by humans - a wild, bubbling and foaming, exothermic mass that seems closely akin to boiling,(the word is derived from the Latin 'fervere' meaning \"to boil\").For early peoples it was a miracle - Egyptians praised Osiris for the brewing of beer and the Greeks believed Dionysius was in charge of the fermentation atop Mount Olympus. As late as 1850, the European vigneron knew little better. Fermentation was subject to local conditions (yeast populations) which would infect beer or wine spontaneously, often with unpredictable or undesirable results. The cause of the mysterious transformations were traced to the foam of newly made beer or wine which could be passed on from batch to batch and proved similarly effective in leavening bread. *\nThe first insights into the precise mechanism of fermentation were repeatedly undermined by 19th century arguments over the concept of 'vitalism', the theory that the origin and phenomena of life are dependent on a force or principle distinct from purely chemical or physical forces. Fermentation was considered to be simply a chemical reaction and yeast (which was not yet even classified as a definite substance, much less a living organism) was thought to play a physical rather than a chemical role, \"...it was held that either the catalytic action at the yeast cell or the molecular vibrations from the decomposing organic matter arising from the death of the cells, sparked the chemical changes resulting in fermentation.\"(1)\nIn a word, fermentation was considered akin to putrefaction.\nThe living nature of yeasts emerged during 1837 and 1838 when three publications appeared by C. Cagniard de la Tour, Theodor A. H. Schwann and F. Kuetzing. Each had independently observed yeasts through the microscope, multiplying by 'splitting in two', and each had concluded that yeast was a living micro-organism that reproduced by 'budding' (i.e.-, via an outgrowth that separates to form a new organism without sexual reproduction taking place). However, the scientific establishment of the time ridiculed suggestions that such organisms might be responsible for the world's great wines. Europe's preeminent organic chemist, Friedrich Wohler, anonymously attacked the partisans of the theory in an influential review of the time (the Annalen der Pharmacie) - Wohler reported that he had seen 'wine animals' through the microscope and offered a disparaging parody of his contemporaries observations:\nThe controversy was finally brought to a conclusion by the great French chemist Louis Pasteur (1822-1895). During the 1850s and 1860s, he conducted a series of classic investigations, which while not conclusive, strongly suggested that fermentation was initiated by living organisms:\n|Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)|\nIn 1877, working to improve the French brewing industry, Pasteur published his famous paper on fermentation, 'Etudes sur la Biere', (translated into English in 1879 as 'Studies on Fermentation'). He defined fermentation (incorrectly) as\"life without air, \"but correctly showed specific types of microorganisms cause specific types of fermentations and specific end products. We know now that these microorganisms are yeasts - a group of about 160 species of single celled, microscopic fungi that reproduce asexually. They exist nearly everywhere. Not all are useful. Some cause the spoilage of sugar rich foods, others cause disease.\nHowever, many of Pasteur's contemporaries remained unconvinced. Influential German chemist, J. von Liebig conceded there were similarities between fermentation, putrefaction, and infectious diseases, but refused to believe that living organisms were the main causative agents. Throughout history, the truth has often been found between two extremes. So it was in this case - \"... with the discovery of enzymes - complex organic catalysts produced by microorganisms such as moulds, yeasts, or bacteria - [it became apparent] that Pasteur was not entirely right, nor Liebig entirely wrong\".(3)\nAs late as the early 1900's no one knew exactly what enzymes were or how they acted, but our understanding of them was to solve the fundamental mystery of fermentation. A detailed elucidation has taken scientists years of study. It is ongoing and still yielding surprising results.\nNot all yeasts are suitable for the fermentation of wine. Most of the commercially significant yeasts used in making alcoholic drinks today are 'cultured yeasts' for which the wine industry have the brewers to thank. ** All yeast was wild once. Most of the cultured yeasts in use today have been isolated and passed on from \"good\" ferments somewhere in the world, thus there are 'Champagne isolates', 'Burgundy isolates', etc. Cultured yeasts consist of only one strain of yeast, do not contain mould, bacteria or other yeasts and have been optimised for a predictable outcome, though they may vary in their nitrogen and micro nutrient requirements and contribution to wine flavour. They're purchased in freeze dried form and vacuum packed. The winemaker re-hydrates the yeast in warm water bringing them out of their state of suspended animation. The hydrated yeast is then added to the freshly crushed juice, usually at around 5 billion cells / litre (ratios which guarantee a strong start to the ferment and a clockwork finish). Members of the genusSaccharomyces, or\"sugar fungi\"especiallySaccharomyces cerevisiaeof which there are more than 1,700 catalogued strains, andSaccharomyces bayanus, are the most commonly used cultured yeasts in the wine industry due to the unique qualities they possess:\n2. They can quickly establish a viable population in an environment of high sugar (190-270 grams per litre) and high acidity; they ferment quickly, overwhelming and preventing other spoilage yeasts getting going first, only stopping when all the grape sugars have been utilised - else we'd be drinking sweet, low alcohol wines.\n3. In conditions where most microbes would die, cultured yeasts are alcohol tolerant. That is, they can continue to ferment sugars to alcohol even during the latter stages of fermentation when the sugar is low but the alcohol content is high. (Most yeasts can't ferment much more than 4% alc. Very, very few can ferment to 13.5-14% alc. And even less can go to the 16%+ alc. So you want yeast that can ferment all the sugar. Even a little residual sugar can make food for spoilage bacteria).\n4. Cultured yeasts are strong and consistent fermenters even at cold temperatures.\n5. They don't produce unmanageable amounts of foam during ferment.\n6. Vinegar, rotten egg gas, and sulphur dioxide are all yeast by-products and certain strains produce large amounts. Cultured yeasts produce desirable 'wine like' aroma and flavour characteristics (depending on the strain) while strong odours or noxious substances are released, if at all, in only very small amounts. (4)\nA less interventionist approach to inoculation is to let nature take its course. Wild yeast populations are present in the air around established vineyards and in wineries so that, left alone a grape that ripened until its skin split could potentially have its juice ferment. Such yeasts are variously known as 'indigenous' or 'ambient' - from herein we'll refer to them as 'wild yeasts'. In new wine regions, populations of wild yeasts take time to build up to levels that will be powerful enough to ferment grapes efficiently in the winery. \"This means that many winemakers in areas new to wine have no choice but to import yeasts from elsewhere, at least in the beginning. Similarly, at the beginning of harvest, when the first grapes come into the winery, the yeast population is at its feeblest and may need encouragement.\" (5)\nAs the harvested fruit begins to arrive into the winery, fermentation typically begins slowly due to the naturally lower numbers of yeast cells present. Dividing from a small initial cell base means a wait of 3-4 days is not unusual before fermentation begins. When this occurs it is variously referred to as a 'natural', 'indigenous', 'wild' or 'spontaneous' fermentation.(6)As fermentation progresses, yeasts are literally everywhere, filling the air and covering clothes and equipment. According to Linda Bison, professor of viticulture and enology at the University of California, Davis, \"...genetic testing indicates that from five to thirty different strains of yeast play a part in any given native fermentation. Some strains are active concurrently, while others might only shift into gear when another strain loses momentum. As the nutrient, temperature and alcohol levels vary in the must, different strains fall into and out of their metabolic sweet spots.\" (7)\nConsequently, when wild yeasts are used it is unknown which strain will reproduce fastest so the sensory impact on the finished wine is left to chance. What's more, the wild yeasts that begin the fermentation are not necessarily the yeasts that finish it,\"...in fact, nearly all fermentations of dry wines are completed by a species rarely found in vineyards, Saccharomyces cerevisiae... [which once used] establish residence in wineries and can survive for years. So while many producers embrace the romantic notion that native vineyard yeasts take wines dry, it's the yeasts in the fermentation facility that to the heavy lifting.\"(8)\nWarrabilla winemaker Andrew Sutherland Smith agrees, \"Often if you look at what actually does the fermenting it's the natural yeast found in the winery and on the grapes. For a lot of wineries that is a pretty conventional yeast that has been used in the winery previously (which is why there is heaps of it around). Many wild yeast ferments are relatively heavily sulphited with added SO2 to knock out the nasty yeasts that you don't want and there are plenty you don't want! There aren't that many [wild] yeasts that can cope with these conditions, especially if there is plenty of either natural or added acid in the grapes\".\nWine's labeled as'Wild Ferment'may conjure up evocative imagery, but the title can be slightly misleading. Traditionally, wild yeasts and natural ferments have been more commonly accepted and used in Old World wine regions. Once a winery begins to use wild yeasts for each vintage, returning the pomace (the residue of grapes after being crushed) and lees (dead yeast cells) to the vineyard's soils helps to stabilize a sufficient yeast population suitable for reliable ferments. However, \"Even those winemakers most determined to rely only on ambient yeasts tend to keep a small culture of them in a refrigerator from one year to the next so that they can add a starter culture to get the first fermentation going\".(9)\nDescribing the Primary Fermentation of Wine\nThe sensory impact various yeasts contribute to wine flavour remains a subject of debate. (We'll discuss the pros and cons of wild vs. cultured strains below). Regardless of a winemaker's preference, the same basic mechanisms are activated during a wine's primary fermentation. Nowadays, the process of fermentation is generally reduced to a simple text book formula:\nThat is, when yeast comes into contact with grape juice, it begins to feed on sugars in the juice (fructose and glucose) and these are converted into alcohol by the yeast. Other byproducts of fermentation are aromas, flavours, carbon dioxide gas, and heat. This is greatly oversimplifying the matter.\nFermentation is more accurately defined as the chemical transformation of organic substances into simpler compounds by the action of yeast enzymes. Enzymes act by hydrolysis, a process of breaking down or predigesting complex organic molecules to form smaller (and in the case of foods, more easily digestible) compounds and nutrients. (For example, the enzyme protease[all enzyme names have the suffix 'ase']breaks down huge protein molecules first into polypeptides and peptides, then into numerous amino acids, which are readily assimilated by the body). In the case of wine, the enzyme 'zymase' within yeast converts the sugar in the grape juice into roughly equal parts of alcohol and carbon dioxide and releases energy in the form of heat. The process follows the formula:\nThis chemical equation describes the net change during fermentation of one glucose molecule giving two alcohol and two carbon dioxide molecules. But even this simplifies what is a many-stage process of biochemical reactions. Essentially, yeast's internal enzymes follow of a number of complex chemical reactions (known as glycolosis) during which glucose is gradually oxidized into pyruvic acid. *** The next step is dependent on the amount of oxygen available: If oxygen is present in excess, as it is in the natural environment, the end result of the fermentation is carbon dioxide and water. In winemaking, the environment is modified and controlled by limiting oxygen supply so that acetaldehyde (ethanal) is firstly formed which is then converted to alcohol (ethanol). Importantly, the biochemical reactions converting one compound into another are not 100% efficient - residual compounds accumulate and these can contribute so called 'secondary aromas and flavours' to the juice including acetaldehyde, ethyl acetate, fusel oils and esters, the latter of which typically offer fruity characteristics to the finished wine. (The concentration and character of these yeast-derived secondary metabolites is strain dependent).(10)In either fermentation (aerobic - [with oxygen] or anearobic [without oxygen]), the energy released along the way in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is used by the yeast cells to grow and divide.(11)\nA curious aside to all of this is that unlike most yeasts,Saccharomyces cerevisiae, (the yeast commonly used in winemaking), has evolved to produce alcohol (rather than energy) even when oxygen is plentiful. Given that it can yield far more energy per glucose molecule by using oxygen to respire, this behavior is baffling and counter-intuitive to survival. At first it would seem that by churning out alcohol, the yeast compromises its life. New research by John Aris of the University of Florida in Gainesville has revealed that in doing so, the yeast is actually gaining a strategic advantage over other organisms in its vicinity: \"Ethanol [alcohol] is toxic to most microbes, so acquiring the ability to turn all the glucose available in a fruit into a sea of the stuff gave S. cerevisae's ancestors a big competitive advantage. 'It quickly converts the sugar into something it can use to defend its territory' says Aris. The yeast of course has evolved a high tolerance to alcohol. This strategy would be hugely costly in terms of the energy lost by forgoing aerobic respiration, were it not for ADH2.\"(12)- this is one of two enzymes givingS. cerevisaea unique dual ability. ADH1 performs the familiar role of converting acetaldehyde into alcohol while ADH2 does the opposite, it turns alcohol back into acetaldehyde.\n\"Unlike ADH1, though, ADH2 is produced only when sugar levels fall...Once all the sugar is gone, there's all this ethanol out there,\"Aris says. The yeast's second trick is to take the ethanol and convert it to acetaldehyde which it then breaks down into oxygen to reclaim as much energy as possible.\"You could say it's delayed gratification,\" he adds. In short, S. cerevisae turns sugars into a poison that kills of any rivals, and then feasts on the poison. It's such a successful trick that some other yeasts have evolved a similar strategy, though S. cerevisae does it best.\"(13) In a very real sense then, wine is the result of competition between microbes.(14)\nThankfully, winemakers have learnt to prevent the latter part of S. cerevisae's (ADH2) activity by carefully controlling oxygen, so that the yeast can't feed on the alcohol it's produced. GivenS. cerevisae'sbehaviour it's clear why all wine fermentations must begin aerobically (the more oxygen the cells can get, the more they will multiply but the less alcohol they'll produce), then continue anaerobically (limiting the contact with air thereafter to ensure a ferment to dryness). Unfortunately, some microbes have now developed a tolerance for alcohol, making the addition of sulphur dioxide necessary in order to minimise the potential of unpleasant flavours or fermentations turning to vinegar. ****\nThe temperature of wine's fermentation is also significant for yeast,\"...at a simplistic level, it plays a role in the overall extraction of flavour, tannin and colour in wine because it is directly related to the speed (and consequently length) of fermentation. However, its effect on the quality of the finished wine is much more important and intricate than this as virtually every chemical reaction involved in fermentation is effected by temperature.\"(15) Considerations for 'ideal' red and white wine fermentation temperatures vary between winemakers. We'll discuss this subject in detail in later chapters regarding 'Making Red & White Wine\", as well as what's often termed 'secondary fermentation', that being 'Malolactic fermentation' which involves the action of bacteria.\nA typical dry, table wine's fermentation is completed when all the fermentable sugars have been converted to alcohol. Once the wine is deemed free of fermentable sugar (dry) it is cooled and the dead yeast cells (known as gross lees) are allowed to settle. Alternatively, fermentation can be stopped prematurely to make wines of varying degrees of sugar (See chapter 2.11 Making Fortified Wine).\nA Note on Stuck Ferments\nArguably one of the worst things that can happen in a winery is a stuck ferment. This is a fermentation that ceases before all the available sugar in the juice has been converted to alcohol and carbon dioxide. Instead, the juice is left in a semi-sweet, low alcohol state, vulnerable to bacterial spoilage and oxidisation. The wine is unsaleable. It's a winemaker's worst nightmare that's estimated to cost the world wide wine industry billions of dollars every year.(16)Once the fermentation is stuck, it's extremely difficult to restart due to a chemical compound released by dying yeasts that inhibits the future growth of yeast cells in the tank. There are several potential causes of a stuck ferment including excessive temperatures killing off the yeast or nutrient deficient must (yeasts require nitrogen, potassium and vitamins to reproduce)\"...even if the yeasts survive, yet struggle, [as in a sluggish ferment] the process can lead to the formation of off flavours, such as volatile acidity (vinegar) and stinky sulphur based compounds.\"(17)If necessary, nutrients can be added to the must, however the most common method of minimising the chances of a stuck ferment is to use a cultured yeast strain with a high alcohol and high temperature tolerance coupled with diligent control of the fermentation temperature.\nThe Sensory Impact Debate: Wild vs Cultured Yeasts.\nAs has already been mentioned, besides creating alcohol, yeasts can contribute significantly to a wine's flavour and mouthfeel. Flavours and aromas can be adjusted through appropriate yeast strain selection so that winemakers can tailor a preferred style to a specific market demographic.(18)In a 2008 article in The Financial Times, UK wine writer Jancis Robinson articulated the crux of the yeast debate:\"Like many observers of the wine scene I have been dimly aware of how the wines of the world are starting to taste much more similar, despite the fact that they come from a wider range of geographical sources than ever before. I strongly suspect that the widespread use of a relatively narrow range of commercial [cultured] yeasts has accentuated this phenomenon.\" (19)\nAdvocates of 'wild' fermentations believe that the risks they involve are justified because yeast populations native to their vineyards are an essential aspect of 'terroir' and enhance the individuality of the finished wine. Some believe that native yeasts can contribute superior mouthfeel, richer texture, a broader mid-palate and unusual aromas such as smoked venison and rose petals. Other winemakers steer a middle ground, separating the must into 10-12 vats and fermenting half 'spontaneously' and half using commercial yeast, then evaluating the performance of each vat before blending.\nProponents of cultured yeasts know these yeasts offer consistent sensory profiles making them powerful tools for producing specific or repeatable styles in their wines. The Lallemand company in the U.S., one of the major suppliers of cultured yeasts to the wine industry, has products listed on their online catalogue described in terms that would add confidence to the most inexperienced winemaker. Below are some examples of available cultures:\nEnoferm Syrah: For classical Syrah aromas. Syrah is a Cote du Rhone isolate used for Syrah, Merlot and Carignane. It is a high glycerol producer and offers good mouthfeel and stable color extraction...Typical aromas include violets, raspberries, cassis, strawberries, black pepper and grilled meat.\nEnoferm T306: For elegant aromatic whites. T306 was isolated from indigenous fermentations of Pinot Noir at Tyrrell's Vineyards, Pokolbin, in the Hunter Valley NSW Australia. It is used mainly for fruit focused Pinot gris, Chardonnay, Semillon and Chenin blanc for imparting aroma characters of exotic fruit and pineapple. In barrel fermented Chardonnay it contributes elegant white fruit and mouthfeel, particularly with lees contact time.\nEnoferm VQ15: ...This new California isolate is used in concentrated reds, particularly Syrah, Zinfandel, Cabernet sauvignon and Merlot where a moderate fermentation rate is desired for rich, lush, balanced mouthfeel and full bodied wines. VQ15 has a moderate nitrogen demand and will allow good results with varietal flavor and red fruit and mineral aromatic note development when carefully rehydrated.... \" (20)\nAnd so on.\nWhether the homogenisation of wine flavours due to the widespread use of such yeasts is a realistic concern or not remains difficult to ascertain. We put the question to several vignerons\"Why is yeast selection so critical in the winemaking process? What influence can the type of yeast used have on the flavour and texture of a wine?\"\nFirstly, a response from Peter Gago, who has been responsible for some of Australia's most prestigious wines, including Penfold's Grange:\nThen a voice of pragmatic indifference from across the Pacific, Chilean winemaker Sergio Cuadra of Eduardo Chadwick wines:\nPerhaps the most compelling argument for cultured yeasts was a proverb of practicality from Tod Seghesio, winemaker at Sonoma Zinfandel specialist 'Seghesio Vineyards':\nAustralia seems to have its share of proponents for wild ferments. Corinna Rayment from Oliver's Taranga Vineyard in McLaren Vale is an unashamed enthusiast.\nTroy Kalleske from Kalleske wines in the Barossa Valley shares this view.\nAndrew Sutherland Smith from Warrabilla Wines in Rutherglen is open minded, but sceptical of the significance of the role yeasts play in wine flavour:\nRegardless of winemaker's attitudes towards the influence of yeasts on wine flavour, it's clear that great wines have been and continue to be made with both wild yeastandcultured yeasts. Future developments in winemaking and wine styles appear destined to be tied in with our ongoing understanding of both. Australian scientists from the Australian Wine Research Institute are at the forefront. In 2008 they became the first in the world to decode all 6000 genes that make up the genome of a wine yeast. This means new strains of yeast can be developed without genetic engineering.\"To tailor-make your wine making process in such a way that you can shape your aroma profile, or the composition of your wine according to market specifications is absolutely critical, and the critical element in that process is the choice of yeast,\"said Professor Sakkie Pretorius, the Institute's managing director.\"Use that information to develop strains that can adjust the alcohol levels, for example, to produce lower alcohol level of wine, or to produce better flavours and aromas according to certain market expectations.\"(22)The creation of 'designer wines' according to the tastes of niche markets and the potential for exotic new flavour profiles in traditional varietals may be the next major development the world's winemakers face. Whether the sensory effects of such yeasts will last for any length of time in the bottle is another matter. At present, it would seem that the use of cultured yeasts is intended to impart specific flavours in young wines, when they will be tasted, rated and sold. In other words, when it counts most.\n- Micheal Ruhlman, The Elements of Cooking, Black Inc. 2008.\n** \"The technical innovation that made pure cultures practical, and with them real progress in microbiology, came in a Danish brewery. Emil Christian Hansen studied the anatomy of various mushroomlike fungi, and then fermentation, before receiving the Ph.D. at Copenhagen in 1878. That same year, he took a job at the Carlsberg brewery, soon became director of the laboratory, and continued at that post until his death in 1909. He learned that several yeasts and bacteria could infect beer and give it bad flavors, and began trying to purify cultures of the desirable yeasts. He eventually succeeded in growing cultures from single cells and maintaining them indefinitely in special flasks, and found that there were actually several alcohol producing yeasts, each with different characteristics. Hansen's expertise was first put to use in 1883. The original \"Carlsberg Bottom Yeast I,\" which had been obtained in Munich in 1845, had spoiled. J. C. Jacobsen, the owner of Carlsberg allowed Hansen to run a large scale fermentation with one of the new pure cultures, and on November 12 the beer turned out to be excellent. Jacobsen generously refused to patent the culture process, and Hansen published his method. Soon most breweries in Europe and America were using cultured yeasts. Our food and drink could now be \"seeded,\" with more predictable results than were possible by trusting to the air or to a starter from the previous batch.\" - On Food & Cooking, Harold Magee. Unwin Hyman, London 1984\n*** It is interesting that this same series of steps in decomposition of sugar is employed in humans during muscular activity, another form of fermentation. In man, and other mammals, the three-carbon compound pyruvate is converted to lactic acid and supplies energy for muscular action. - The Oxford Companion to Wine. Oxford University Press, New York, 1984\n**** The story doesn't end there. \"To reduce the need for such preservatives, some researchers are now working to give yeast extra weapons to do this for themselves. Sakkie Pretorius of the Australian Wine Research Institute in Adelaide, for example, has added genes for microbe-killing proteins taken from the lactic acid bacteria in yogurt and chicken eggs.\"\n- The brewer's tale. 23 December, 2006. Andy Coghlan writing for New Scientist Magazine Print Edition.\n2. On Food & Cooking. The Science & Lore of the Kitchen. Harold Magee. Unwin Hyman, London 1984.\n3. History of Soybeans and Soyfoods: 100 BC to the 1980's\", unpublished manuscript by William Shurtleff & Akiko Aoyagi. 2007\n4. Adapted from Richard Gawel, Primary Fermentation of Wine. www.aromadictionary.com with additional comments from Andrew Sutherland Smith, Warrabilla Wines, Rutherglen.\n5. Forget the Grapes, It's a Cultural Thing. Jancis Robinson. The Financial Times, Sept 20th, 2008.\n6. Richard Gawel, Primary Fermentation of Wine. www.aromadictionary.com\n7. 'The Unseen Engine of Fermentation' by Daniel Sogg, Wine Spectator Magazine. October 15, 2006 Issue\n9. Forget the Grapes, It's a Cultural Thing. Jancis Robinson. The Financial Times, Sept 20th, 2008.\n10. Yeast Selection. Yeast contributes to Shiraz aroma & flavour. Walsh, Heinrich & Skurry. The Australian & New Zealand Wine Grower, October 2006. Citing Nykanen, 1986; Lambrechts and Pretorius, 2000\n11. The Brewer's Tale. Andy Coghlan writing for New Scientist Magazine Print Edition. 23 December, 2006.\n14. As Scientists at the University of Auckland have pointed out. Source: Yeast's Struggle to Survive Makes Wine, 5th August, University of Auckland. http://www.auckland.ac.nz\n15. David Powell & Craig Isbel of Torbreck Wines in response to a Vintage School questionaire, www.torbreck.com\n16. Lisa Van de Walter, microbiologist and Winemaking Consultant, as quoted in 'The Unseen Engine of Fermentation' by Daniel Sogg, Wine Spectator Magazine.\n18. Yeast Selection. Yeast contributes to Shiraz aroma & flavour. Walsh, Heinrich & Skurry. The Australian & New Zealand Wine Grower, October 2006.\n19. Forget the Grapes, It's a Cultural Thing. Jancis Robinson. Sept 20th, 2008. The Financial Times\n21. As quoted in 'The Unseen Engine of Fermentation' by Daniel Sogg, Wine Spectator Magazine. October 15, 2006 Issue\n22. Australians map wine yeast code, ABC News October 2008. http://www.abc.net.au/news.\n23. General information regarding fermentation sourced from The Oxford Companion to Wine. Oxford University Press, New York, 1984\n24. The Elements of Cooking, Micheal Ruhlman, Black Inc. 2008.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Personal and Professional Accountability\nNursing and management skills is a broad field that an individual could practice a lot. This entails the inner fulfillment that goes beyond attaining the Bachelor’s degree in nursing. There are more things one ought to do to add to her/his academic qualification. For instance, it is necessary to join the nursing groups and organizations as they will add to the acquired knowledge from the school of nursing. The hunch to continue practicing nursing is an added advantage as it propels one forward to do their best in treating patients. It is also professional for a person to be updated with the current issues so that people can update themselves with the current trends in nursing (American Nurses Association, 2010). The nursing practioners may, however, face some challenges in the essence of joining the American Association of Critical Nurses. For instance, the association may be in need of the experienced nurses, which makes it hard to contribute towards the progress of the association.\nThis field requires a nursing mentor to do the things that will help a career grow. For instance, it means helping and mentoring nursing students and residents in order to help them grow. This is a helpful task as it will help to put into practice what is learnt at school. The major strength in mentorship is the growing of one’s career, as well as people looking up on a person as their role model. These mentees may proof very effective during the mentorship classes; therefore, it gives a person the fulfillment he wants in his career. One is always content whenever he sees himself helping others; moreover, other people try to become like the person or even better in the same career. However, the aim to mentor other nursing students and residents may be cumbered with a load of extreme need for resources. These resources entail the teaching or demonstration equipment, as well as resources which may not be readily available. The nursing mentor also needs to do his practice and take care of patients with a Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) condition. This means that more education is required in order to know how to handle patients with this delicate condition. One element of acquiring such knowledge is by spending time with the patients and learning from other nurses and doctors on the heart conditions. It is important to know how to take care of such patients while giving them hope of life, as well as supporting their families emotionally.\nPersonal Journey Disciplines\nNursing practice is a field where a nursing practioner works to acquire leadership skills. This is a discipline that comprises of several other skills that tend to accompany the leadership skills. For instance, the communication skills in any organization are very essential. They help to effectively interact with the others. A strength in this filed is the acquisition of diverse skills like attending to other people in urgency. Being made in charge of the nursing students will help a person to direct and teach others how to handle patients (Johns Hopkins Medicine, 2011). This will also help to interact with peers and learn from them the best tactics of teaching others. This aids in decision and improve on a nursing mentor management skills. On the other hand, these tasks may be too many on his side, therefore making him less effective. For instance, the fact that a person is a manager in a certain department of mentoring other student nurses and residents may make a nursing mentor less active in the other curative roles in the hospital. To some extent, there is too much workload on some of these managerial posts. It makes the workload, which may cause a person to be too tired to think at the end of a working day.\nReflective Practice Reference Behavior\nThis is the evaluation of personal actions and thoughts and how they have influenced his behavior in the nursing practice. With 13 years of nursing practice, this medical practioner has developed several experiences that are considered as strengths, for example, personal integrity, empathy towards others, as well as skills on personal improvement. There are weaknesses as well, which include having to balance time for his personal things and work related tasks. This also includes his personal mistakes that could be used as a platform for improvement.\nApplication of Skills to Advocate for Change\nThrough being in a managerial position, he is able to apply the skills to bring change in the field of nursing. The interaction with other leaders from other associations will also help him provide an evidence-based change. More so, an individual’s scientific assumption also depicts awareness of self and environment as rooted in thoughts and emotions. The scientific assumption also shows that he will be capable of making decisions and are responsible for the integration of inventive procedures (World Health Organization, 2011).Through thoughts and emotions that arbitrate human actions, the system of change will depict the relationship of the scientific application that includes recognition, defense, and developing interdependence.\nGoals for Leadership Growth\nThis will require advancement in his education as well as starting the Congestive Heart Failure association in the nursing homes. This is creating a team that will catapult the care that is needed to treat all the patients with this disease. The idea of post-discharge follow up is also a requirement in the development of leadership goals. This is because some patients sometimes get worse after being discharged from the hospital since they don’t follow the guidelines on how to take medication. This may have its weaknesses due to lack of cooperation from team members or even the patients.\nWrite your nursing papers with our professional assistance. Do not hesitate to ask for help Buy-essays-now.com.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "This is an oral language activity that can be done with pupils probably in middle and senior classes. On each card, a pupil is asked to name three things to do with sports. Initially, the pupil can simply name the required three items. However, the more you do this activity, the pupil could be required to speak some more about the three items they have mentioned and the reasons why they mentioned them. The aim is to develop fluency of thought, speech and delivery.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "CHAPTER IV: QUESTION 2 —THE MODE OF THE UNION OF THE WORD INCARNATE (cont)\nCriterion To Be Followed In The Examination Of These Opinions\nAll these theologians wish to retain the ontological validity of the common notion of person, namely, an intelligent and free subject, and they wish to pass methodically, although they do not all do so, by the light of revelation, from this common notion of person to the more philosophical notion of person, which is like the guiding star.\nWe said, however, that according to natural reason, a person is an intelligent subject by itself separately existing, and this absolutely must be maintained.\nMoreover, it must be observed that there are assertions of natural reason confirmed by revelation, and these must likewise be preserved intact. First of all, there are affirmative judgments, in which those things that pertain to a person are predicated of the person as a real subject of predication, such as: Peter is a man, Peter is existing, Peter is acting. In these affirmative propositions, however, the verb \"is\" affirms real identity between subject and predicate, and postulates the same real subject underlying nature, existence, and operation.\nLastly, the following truth must be retained. God alone is His existence, He alone can say: \"I am who am.\" Peter is not his existence. This statement means that the act of existence even when in act is included only in God's essence, which is related to existence as A is to A, for God's essence is the self-subsisting Being. On the other hand, no created essence is its existence, no created essence contains existence as an essential predicate, for in such a case it would be self-existent and would not be created; but existence befits it as a contingent predicate, inasmuch as it is possible for this essence not to exist. Hence it is said of Michael the archangel, that he is not his existence, just as a grain of sand is not its existence. These propositions are commonly admitted by theologians as true, which means that they correspond to a reality, and hence we must say, as the Thomists assert, that before the consideration of our mind, Michael's essence or man's essence is not his existence, which means that it is really distinct from its existence.\nNevertheless we say that Michael is existing, Peter is existing. Thus the verb \"is\" signifies real identity between subject and predicate notwithstanding the real distinction between created essence and existence.\nThis principle is the criterion in the judgment of the above-mentioned opinions, and it is manifest that it makes a considerable difference in the notion of person, to whom essence and existence are attributed, according as a real distinction between essence and existence is or is not admitted. The true teaching about person has its foundation in this, that it is a requisite for the verification of the following judgments: Peter is existing, but is not his existence, whereas Christ is existing, and is His existence, just as \"He is truth and life.\"\n1) Opinion of Scotus. Scotus holds that a twofold negation is added to the notion of person as applied to a singular human nature, namely, actual dependence on the divine person, and aptitudinal dependence on this same divine person. Thus this humanity of ours is a person, because it is neither naturally apt to be terminated, nor actually terminated by the divine personality.\nScotus gives the following reasons for this conclusion:\n(1) Because then there would be some positive entity in the human nature that would be incapable of assumption by the Word. (2) Because it would follow that the human nature assumed by the Word would be wanting in some positive entity... and thus Christ would not be universally a man.\nCriticism. Cajetan reproduces exactly these arguments of Scotus, and examines them. Capreolus had already examined them. Later on John of St. Thomas, Zigliara, and Billot had discussed these arguments. The Thomists show that this opinion of Scotus is contrary to the teaching of St. Thomas, and that it does not preserve the common notion of person.\nFundamental argument. The constitutive element of that which is not perfect in nature cannot be assigned to something negative. But as St. Thomas says, \"Person signifies what is most perfect in all nature, that is, a subsistent individual of a rational nature.\" Therefore its constitutive element or its personality cannot be assigned to something negative. John of St. Thomas explains this point well.\n1) \"Subsistence,\" he says, \"is not the negation of dependence. It is impossible for the independent not to be more perfect than the dependent. But dependence is something positive. Therefore, a fortiori, independence in that genus, cannot be a pure negation, although it is explained negatively, just as simplicity is explained by indivision.\"\nThus infinity in substance; although it is explained negatively, yet it is something positive. Hence God's independence in being constitutes His greatest perfection. Therefore that by which anything is a subject by itself, separately existing, cannot be a mere negation, for it is that which constitutes a subject as the first subject of attribution. Likewise every negation has its foundation in something positive, as Father Billot says against Scotus.\n2) \"Moreover,\" adds John of St. Thomas, \"natural and proper subsistence is not only opposed to the hypostatic union, but it is also opposed to the existential mode of accident, or even of a part. And if the inherence of accident is something positive and not a negative notion, a fortiori the subsistence of first substance, to which second substance is attributed, must be something positive.\"\n3) Then again, proper subsistence is something primo and per se natural, because it constitutes something of the natural order. Therefore it cannot primo and per se consist in the negation of the hypostatic union, which is supernatural, although the negation may also include this latter, just as in anything of the natural order we have the negation of the supernatural, although things of the natural order are not primo and per se constituted as such by this negation. Thus, according to the opinion of Scotus, either Heraclitus or Thales would have been persons, because their nature was not hypostatically united to any divine person.\n4) Finally, in the case of the divine persons, there are in the strictest sense of the terms, three subsistences and three personalities, which, inasmuch as they are subsistences, denote positive realities, and not three negations. And the subsistence of the Word substituting Its subsistence for that of the human nature; but this union did not consist in anything negative, but in something positive.\nBut there must be analogy between the divine personality and created personality. \"Nor is there something unbefitting resulting from this, as Scotus would have, for the Word assumed whatever pertains to the human nature, as a nature, although not whatever pertains to man as a suppositum.\" As St. Thomas says, \"It is a greater dignity to exist in something nobler than oneself than to exist by oneself.\"\n5) Furthermore, it must be said against Scotus that this theory does not make it clear how the following affirmative judgments can be true: Peter is a man, Peter is existing; for the verb \"is\" expresses real identity between subject and predicate. But this real identity cannot be established by something negative. In other words: that by which anything is a who or a what, or a first subject of attribution, cannot be something negative.\nSome Scotists say that a subject is a singular nature.\nReply. The nature itself is not this subject, for as St. Thomas often says: \"nature, i. e., humanity, is that by which anything is such, i. e., a man; it is not that which is.\" Individuation alone is not that by which anything is a who or a what, for matter constitutes this individuation in Christ, namely, this humanity; yet it does not constitute a subject distinct from the Word. Individuation is also found in the parts of a nature, for example, in this flesh, these bones, but these parts do not have the incommunicability that belongs properly to the suppositum.\nMoreover, as we said, individuation derived from matter is something very low in dignity, but subsistence and especially personality is something far nobler, for it is that by which anything is a subject by itself separately existing and operating. On the contrary, matter is not that which is, but that by which anything is material.\n6) Finally, Scotus denies a real distinction between created essence and existence, and so we should have to say: Peter is his existence, just as we say: God is His existence. But before the consideration of our mind it is true to say: God is His existence, and there is no real distinction between the Deity and His existence. Whereas, on the contrary, before any consideration of the mind, it is true that Peter is not his existence, but has existence, just as Peter cannot say: \"I am the truth and the life,\" but only \"I have truth and life.\" Hence, before any consideration of the mind, there is a certain distinction, not indeed spatial, but real or ontological between Peter's essence and his existence. More briefly, that which truly is not its existence, before any consideration of the mind is distinct from its existence, in some way just as matter is not form, but is related to it as potency is to act, as potency limiting to act determining. Act of itself is not limited, but is limited by the potency in which it is received; so also existence is in various ways limited in the essence of stones, plants, animals, and other things in which it is received.\nWherefore we said that the true doctrine of person has its foundation in this, that it postulates the truth of the following judgments: Peter is existing, but is not existence; whereas Christ is existing and is His existence.\n7) It follows from the thesis of Scotus that there are two existences in Christ, which is contrary to the teaching of St. Thomas, and then this means that the humanity of Christ has its own ultimate actuality, namely, its own existence. Thus, before its union with the Word, it is absolutely complete, both substantially and subsistentially. Hence there is danger of Nestorianism in this opinion, since the human nature in Christ appears to be a suppositum distinct from the Word, with whom it can be united only accidentally. Scotus does not wish to affirm this, but his principles ought to lead him to this conclusion. There would be two supposita whose union would not have its foundation in anything positive.\n2) Opinion of Suarez. This opinion of Suarez is examined after that of Scotus, since the two views are much alike, although Suarez departs from Scotus inasmuch as he holds personality to consist in something positive, namely, in a substantial mode, which in his opinion presupposes existence for the essence. How does Suarez reach this conclusion?\nOften in his eclecticism, Suarez searches for a via media between St. Thomas and Scotus. In the present question, he sees, as the Thomists say, that personality must consist in something positive, and then he says: this positive element cannot be an accident, since person is a first substance. Therefore it must be a substantial mode by which a singular nature is rendered incommunicable, which is what Cajetan said. In Christ, he says, the human nature is not a person, because the mode of personality is wanting to it, the mode of the union taking its place.\nBut, on the other hand, Suarez holds, as Scotus does, that there is no real distinction between created essence and existence. Hence, in his opinion, the substantial mode which constitutes ontological personality, presupposes not only essence or nature, but also existence.\nThus Suarez frequently in accordance with his eclecticism, as in this question, refutes Scotus by St. Thomas, and St. Thomas by Scotus. But this via media is most difficult to follow, since it is very difficult to maintain the proper equilibrium or stability by this method, so that Suarez in the development of his theses not infrequently fluctuates or oscillates between St. Thomas and Scotus, not taking a firm stand for either view.\nCriticism. The Thomists reply:\n1) This opinion does not preserve what is fundamental in the truth of the following proposition: Peter is not his own existence, for only God is His existence. He alone can say: \"I am who am,\" \"I am the truth and the life,\" and not merely \"I have being, truth, and life.\" But these judgments, acknowledged to be true by all theologians, demand a real distinction between created essence and existence; for, that these propositions be true even before any consideration of our mind, there must be a real distinction between Peter and his existence, whereas, on the contrary, God is really His existence, without even the least of real distinctions.\nHence the Sacred Congregation of Studies (1916), among the twenty-four propositions of St. Thomas that it declared to be the greater, posited a real distinction between created essence and existence. It is the third proposition which reads: \"All other beings (except God) which participate in being, have a nature which is limited by existence, and consist of essence and existence, as really distinct principles.\"\nFurthermore, the Thomists with John of St. Thomas say that the substantial mode, which is subsistence, does not presuppose existence, for it is by subsistence that the suppositum is formally constituted as either a suppositum or a person. But, as St. Thomas says: \"Being is consequent upon nature, not as upon that which has being, but upon that whereby a thing is such; whereas it is consequent upon person or hypostasis, as upon that which has being. Hence it has unity from the unity of the hypostasis, rather than duality from the duality of the nature.\" Peter is that which is, and first comes the concept of person and personality before existence that is attributed to the person when we say: Peter is existing, but is not his existence.\nHence personality terminates the nature and ultimately comes existence as primarily befitting the suppositum, and through the intermediary of the suppositum the nature. This is the constant teaching of St. Thomas. There is no existing subject unless the whole being is terminated and incommunicable (e. g., Peter), to whom existence is applicable as a contingent predicate. Being and becoming befit the suppositum, as St. Thomas shows, for the terminus of creation, or even of generation, is that which is, not that by which anything is such as it is.\nTherefore very many Thomists say with Cajetan that the substantial mode is the terminus that causes the singular nature to be incommunicable and terminated, just as the point terminates the line and does not continue it, nor is subsistence an unexplainable entity. But it must be something real that constitutes this mode, not nature alone, however, nor existence. Therefore it must be by what terminates the mode. Thus John of St. Thomas, following Cajetan.\n3) The Thomists and Father Billot also say against Suarez:\nSince the existence of substance is its ultimate actuality, as St. Thomas often says, whatever accrues to substance already complete in its existence accrues to it accidentally. But this mode consisting in personality or subsistence, according to Suarez, accrues to substance after existence. Therefore the mode is not substantial as he would have it, but accidental.\nHence, as already stated against the opinion of Scotus, the union of the Word incarnate would thus be merely accidental, since each nature would have its own existence, or its ultimate actuality.\n3) Opinion of Father Billot. Father Billot, S. J., insists especially on this, that St. Thomas maintains there is only one existence in Christ. Father Billot vigorously asserts this against Scotus and Suarez, because he firmly defends against them the opinion of a real distinction between essence and existence. On this point he is truly in agreement with St. Thomas and the Thomists.\nBut on the other hand, Father Billot, always attacking Suarez, will not admit a substantial mode even in Cajetan's sense, for-he says: \"There is nothing positive about the terminus itself except what it terminates, for all that the point does which terminates a line is to deny its further extension, adding absolutely nothing to it.\"\nCajetan would reply by saying that the terminus itself is not indeed a new thing or reality, but is a real mode, really and modally distinct from the thing itself. Thus a line is made up of divisible parts and of indivisible points; a point that terminates a line, or two lines that converge in it, is neither a nonentity nor a part; So the roundness of a metallic sphere is not nothing; it is something really and modally distinct from substance, even from the metallic quantity that it terminates; the quantity of this metal is not its roundness, and it could have another shape.\nBut since Father Billot refuses to admit this substantial mode as terminating the nature, so that it is immediately capable of existing, he says that person is a singular nature under its own existence, and he identifies subsistence or personality with the existence of the substance.\nHe quotes for his opinion especially the passage in which St. Thomas asserts, and in similar passages, that there is one being in Christ. This assertion is indeed valid against Scotus and Suarez, but not against Cajetan, for he also maintains that there is one being in Christ.\nFather Billot, who quotes Capreolus for his view, interprets him as saying that person is a singular nature with its existence. Cajetan's answer would be: Yes, it is a singular nature (terminated) with its existence, but it must be declared terminated, for nature in itself is only that by which anything is such as it is, it is not that which is.\nThe exact words of Capreolus on this point are: \"1. The name suppositum is affirmed of that individual which subsists by itself. 2. Understood formally, as a mode, and then by suppositum is meant the composite that consists of the individual with its suchness and its own subsistence.\" It cannot be inferred from this text that a person and the singular nature are identical, for a person is what is, and the nature that by which something is; nor can it be said that personality is existence, for personality is attributed to a person already formally constituted as a person.\nCriticism of Father Billot's opinion. It may be reduced to the following arguments.\n1) This opinion is not in harmony with the teaching of St. Thomas, who says: \"Being is consequent upon nature not as that which has being, but upon that whereby a thing is; whereas it is consequent upon person or hypostasis as upon that which has being.\" Hence being or existence does not formally constitute personality, because it is consequent upon a person already formally constituted as such by personality. St. Thomas speaks similarly in the body of the article just quoted.\n2) Moreover, St. Thomas takes up this disputed point in discussing Christ's unity of being, by considering, as he himself says in the prologue to the previous question, the consequences of the union. Therefore he first established his teaching on the hypostatic union, and from this that there is only one person in Christ. Then he goes on to deduce that there is one being in Christ, inasmuch as being is immediately consequent not upon nature, but upon person, which alone is what is.\nHence if Father Billot's opinion were the true teaching of St. Thomas, the holy Doctor ought to have shown at the beginning of this treatise that there is one being in Christ, so as to make it clear that there is only one person and only one personality in Christ. But he considers this point only farther on, which presupposes the solution of the problem concerning what constitutes the hypostatic union.\n3) The Complutenses Abbreviati note that St. Thomas teaches that \"the angel is composed of existence and what is.\" Thus Michael is existing but is not his existence. Hence the holy Doctor teaches that existence enters into composition not only with essence, but also with the suppositum. It would not be so, however, if existence were the same as subsistence or personality. Likewise, the principium quod of the theandric operations in Christ is not common to the three divine persons. But existence is common to the three divine persons. Therefore the principium quod in Christ is not formally constituted by existence.\n4) St. Thomas says: \"Existence does not pertain to the notion of a created suppositum,\" which means that Peter is not his existence. But subsistence pertains to the notion of suppositum, and personality to the notion of person. Therefore they are not really the same as being or existence, at least for St. Thomas.\nFinally, St. Thomas treats as distinct the following two questions, namely, whether essence and existence are the same, and whether essence and suppositum are the same. This would be superfluous if there were no real distinction between existence and subsistence. Such is the excellent observation of the Complutenses Abbreviati.\nMoreover, it must be observed so as to avoid ambiguity, that subsistence does not mean existence of substance, but subsistence is the abstract name that is the correlative of the concrete name suppositum. Hence subsistence is to suppositum as personality is to person, as existence is to exist, and as running is to run.\nHence subsistence is not an abstract name that would correspond to the concrete to subsist, but to the concrete that is called suppositum. But to avoid this ambiguity, it is better to use the word personality than subsistence, because it is evident that personality corresponds in the concrete to person, and not as such to the word \"subsist.\" Hence subsistence is to suppositum as personality is to person, and as existence is to exist or to being.\n5) Father Billot's opinion leads to the denial of a real distinction between essence and existence, a distinction that he firmly maintains nevertheless against Scotus and Suarez. For it must be said that being which is not its existence, is, before the consideration of the mind, really distinct from its existence. But Peter's person, even his personality, is not his existence. Therefore Peter's person, even his personality, is really distinct from his existence.\nThe major of this argument is the principle from which we deduce that there is a real distinction between essence and existence, and this Father Billot accepts. But the minor is most certain, namely, that Peter's person is not his existence, and therefore it differs from the person of the Word; moreover Peter's personality is not his existence, because it formally constitutes Peter's person, which is not his existence.\nIn other words, the denial of a real distinction between a created person, constituted as such by his own personality and existence, means that a real distinction between created essence and existence is without any foundation; for a being that is not its own existence is, before the consideration of the mind, really distinct from its existence. But Peter's person, formally constituted as such by his personality, just as his essence, is really distinct from his existence. Only God is His existence, and the truth of this assertion will be most clearly seen in the beatific vision.\nThis point was more fully explained by quoting several texts of St. Thomas, and in the examination of the recent work of Father Charles Giacon, S. J.\nCertain disciples of Father Billot advance the following objection. Peter is not his nature. Yet there is no real distinction between him and his nature. Therefore between him and his existence there is no real distinction.\nReply. I concede the major. I deny the minor and parity of agreement. For Peter is not his nature, because his nature is an essential part of himself, and even an essential part is not identified with the whole.\nThus I concede the major: Peter is not his nature. I deny the minor, for there is a real distinction between Peter and his nature, just as there is a real distinction between the real whole and its real part, and I deny also the parity of argument, because Peter's nature is an essential part of himself, but his existence is not. Thus when we say, \"Peter is a man,\" man is an essential predicate; on the contrary, when we say, \"Peter is existing,\" existing is a contingent predicate.\nFather G. Mattiussi replies to this as follows: \"St. Thomas says that existence is not included in the notion of suppositum, inasmuch as existence is not essential to any finite thing; but the suppositum can be considered in the order of possible things, without its actually existing\"\nTo this it must be said: When I say that Peter is not his existence, I am not concerned with Peter's possible existence, but with his actual existence; just as when we say that the essence of a created thing really differs from its existence, it is not a question of a possible essence, but of a real essence that underlies the existence which it limits. For as Father Mattiussi himself admits, the act of existing is multiplied and limited only by the real essence and not the possible, in which it is received. Similarly, existence is a contingent predicate of existing Peter, and not of possible Peter. Of existing Peter we say that Peter is existing, but is not his existence; whereas of God, we say that God exists and is His existence.\nThat being which is not its existence is really distinct from its existence. But Peter's person, even his personality, is not his existence, which is a contingent predicate. Therefore Peter's person, even his personality, is really distinct from his existence, which is really distinct from his personality.\nFather Mattiussi quotes three texts of St. Thomas in proof that he, too, was of the same opinion, namely, that subsistence is the existence of substance. On the contrary, in these texts we read: \"Subsistence is said of that whose act is to subsist, just as essence is said of that whose act is to exist.\" On the contrary, these texts do not in any way contradict Cajetan's opinion. Father Mattiussi does not search for that by which anything is a what, or for that in which the concrete, this man differs from this humanity. This man is what is, humanity that by which he is. They differ however by that which constitutes man the first subject of attribution, for it is the concrete that is constituted, whereas the form is in the subject. The Complutenses Abbreviati present this argument in various forms and excellently, showing that otherwise the proposition, man is existing, would be an eternally true proposition, just as this proposition, man is a substance of a rational nature. They insist on this, that subsistence or personality is intrinsic to the notion of a created person, whereas existence accrues to it and is completely outside the notion of person. Hence Father Billot's opinion denies the truth of the following proposition: Peter is not his existence.\n6) Moreover, Father Billot's opinion denies the truth of another proposition, -namely, that Peter is existing. For in every affirmative proposition, the word \"is\" expresses real identity between subject and predicate. This real identity, however, must have its foundation in some real positive thing, in that by which anything is a what. But that by which anything is a what, is neither even a singular nature nor existence. For nature is that by which anything is such, for example, a man; existence is that by which anything is established beyond nothing and its causes. And two elements related to each other as by which, do not constitute a one that is a what, that is, a subject of itself separately existing.\n7) Moreover, Father Billot overlooks the fact that in God there are three personalities and one existence, not three relative existences but one esse in that is substantial. St. Thomas says: \"There is only one being in God and three subsistencies.\" Therefore personality is not being.\n8) Capreolus does not say that personality is formally constituted by existence, but he says, supported by Cajetan on this point: \"The being of actual existence is called the act of the essence as whereby of the suppositum, and the act of the suppositum as what exists....Existence thus pertains to the notion of suppositum, not forming a part of the suppositum, nor is it included in the essence of this latter, but is related to it by way of connotation and is implied indirectly, which is about the equivalent of saying that the suppositum is identical with the individual substance having existence. Such was the opinion of St. Thomas, so I think.\" Cajetan admits this. There is, indeed, a more recent opinion that maintains person is the singular nature itself underlying its existence.\nCriticism. This does not explain whereby anything is properly what is, or the first subject of attribution subsisting of itself, first substance. For the singular nature, for example, this humanity, is not what is, but whereby anyone, namely, Peter or Paul, is a man. Hence we say: Peter is not his humanity, because the whole is not its part, it is not identical with its part, but includes other things besides; thus Peter includes his nature, existence, and accidents. Hence we seek that whereby a person is formally constituted the first subject of attribution, not attributable to another subject; whereas, on the contrary, this humanity is attributed to each human being.\nMoreover, this humanity immediately is not capable of the act of existing, for it is not what exists. We are seeking the subject of this singular nature, of its existence and accidents.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Pitching for green power, the Railways have set up 1 megawatt solar power plant at Katra station, a move that can save up to Rs 1 crore annually on energy bills and also significant reduction of carbon dioxide at rail premises.\nIn keeping with the motto of ‘reduce, reuse and recycle’ for sustainable development and as a significant way to thwart climate change impact, we have been undertaking several green initiatives including the installation of the 1 megawatt solar power plant at Katra station, said a senior Northern Railway official.\nThe solar project was commissioned in March this year and presently, out of 5,000 units produced daily by the plant, only 1,700 to 1,800 units are utilized by Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Katra Railway Station, whereas 3,200 to 3,300 units are exported to Power Development Department of Jammu and Kashmir government, he said.\nThe 1 MW solar power plant consists of 300 KW installed on platform 2/3, 550 KW on platform 1, 100 KW on rooftop of the station building and 50 KW on pathway shelter. The accrued benefit envisaged was reduction of 10,000 tons of carbon dioxide per annum and a saving of Rs 1 crore per annum on energy bills to the Railways, the official said.\nIn keeping with its objective to resort to more eco-friendly measures, Northern Railway has also installed a 25 kb power Solar Energy Panel at Gurgaon station as well as installation of solar power panels at Bahadurgarh railway station, Diwana (near Panipat) and at Divisional Control Building in DRM office at New Delhi.\n“As the use of solar power is a reliable source of energy, it has been decided to undertake a steady pursuit meeting energy needs through a planned green agenda. Now solar panels will be installed at more stations,” said the official.\nWhile inaugurating the Udhampur-Katra railway line of Kashmir rail link project on July 4, 2014, Prime Minister Narendra Modi had directed to provide solar power plant at Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Katra Railway Station as a green energy initiative to be a part of national solar mission.\nThe use of solar power is also envisaged to cut diesel and electricity consumption on trains while reducing load requirements at station premises and railway buildings.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Panthera’s Puma Program seeks to protect pumas across their expansive range by conducting critical ecological research, communicating the puma’s role in ecosystems, and addressing the wide-ranging persecution facing the species.\nDespite their broad range, pumas are elusive and therefore often mischaracterized as vicious, solitary predators, leading to persecution and fueling human-puma conflict. Panthera is conducting novel research into the behavior and ecology of the species in order to determine how to effectively and sustainably manage pumas in landscapes that are increasingly dominated by humans.\nPanthera is focusing on key areas where in which pumas face imminent threats, including the southern Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, the central coast of California and the area surrounding Torres del Paine National Park in Chile. Program activities include conflict mitigation, education, studying puma prey selection, addressing livestock predation, and studying the impact of reintroduced wolves in different parts of the puma’s range.\nPumas exist in 28 countries across the Americas. Panthera’s Puma Program operates in 2 puma range states.\nThe puma has the largest geographic range of any native terrestrial mammal in the Western Hemisphere, from southern Alaska down to the southern tip of Chile.\nSee puma range map\nThe State of the Puma\nPumas were eliminated from the entire eastern half of North America, except for a tiny population in Florida, within 200 years of European colonization. Today, the remnant puma population in Florida is endangered but recovering.\nThe status of puma populations in Central and South America is largely unknown, but many are suspected to be in decline.\nThe species is threatened by legal and illegal killing, including bounty hunting and poaching; human-puma conflict, which is exacerbated by old mythology perpetuating fear of pumas; loss of prey due to overhunting by people and agricultural land developments; and habitat loss and fragmentation.\nThe puma is listed as a species of “Least Concern” by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Six years of research by well-known and respected birders Don and Lillian Stokes culminates with the publishing of the Stokes Field Guide To Birds Of North Americas. The result is the most comprehensive photographic field guide on the market. Over 3,400 beautiful color photos from top bird photographers, including co-author Lillian Stokes, present all significant plumages of birds as well as birds in flight. A bonus downloadable CD offers excellent help for beginning birders to expand identification skills through bird sounds. Scientifically precise and well organized, this guide caters to all ages.\n- Includes 854 North American bird species from common backyard visitors to the latest rarities.\n- Over 3400 color photos cover all significant plumages including male, female, summer, winter, immature, and morphs as well as important subspecies and birds in flight.\n- A new cutting-edge method of bird identification called quantitative shape describes anatomical features in proportion to other parts of the bird and provides an accurate and understandable way to use shape for bird identification.\n- Newest range maps detail species winter, summer, and year-around ranges as well as migration routes and extra-limital vagrancies.\n- Offers detailed descriptions of songs, calls, behavorial info, and key habitat preferences of each species with special help for identifying birds in flight.\n- 16 chapters focus on getting started as a birder with an emphasis on understanding identification, classification, behavior, and habitat. The final chapter addresses ethics and conservation.\n- 125 full-color illustrations are included in this portable, pocket-sized guide.\n- Multiple plumage illustrations clearly show variations in regards to season, age, wear and molt.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "American School Counselor Association\nfive-year-old on track? Below are some general development milestones\nto help you understand your child's progress over the school year.\nKeep in mind that every child is different and may not fit perfectly\ninto this framework.\nThe average five-year-old is good, helpful, and conforming. He:\nonly things he knows he can do.\nattention, affection, and praise.\nenergetic and fidgety.\nshort attention span.\nopposite extremes of behavior.\nbecome less well-behaved as the school year progresses.\nSchool isn't just academics: Your child's teachers are also helping\nher grow socially.\nAt five-years-old, your child is learning to\nunderstand herself. You can help by encouraging her as she:\na positive, realistic self-image.\nunderstand her own uniqueness.\nawareness of her feelings.\nhow to participate in groups.\nBegins to learn from her mistakes.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "It’s funny that this pandemic can prove all anti-evolutionists wrong.\nNothing like seeing Charles Darwin natural selection right in front of your eyes at the speed of light. Just look at the SARS-CoV-2 viral evolution…\nIn his book “On the origin of species” written in 1859, Charles Darwin defined natural selection as the “principle by which each slight variation of a trait, if useful, is preserved”. What does this mean (?), it means the individuals best adapted to their environments are more likely to survive and reproduce.\nWhat we are seeing now, is that the mutations of SARS-CoV-2 that better promote spreading, are the ones that are becoming more common among the population, even when derived in different locations. The virus is changing and evolving to spread more rapidly, because natural selection will optimize the level of virulence that maximizes pathogen fitness – expressed as the basic reproductive number (R0)1,2.\nOn average, comparative data from previous studies tell us that, low-virulence infections have a greater chance of successfully establishing transmission cycles in humans than virus with higher mortality3. As such, as before, the virus actually just wants to spread and not kill.\nBut, since the environment also affects transmissibility, there are more factors on the equation “when will this madness end” than we would have wished for.\nFor example, in the evolutionary trade-off between virulence and transmissibility, because intra-host virus replication is needed to allow inter-host transmission, it is almost impossible for natural selection to optimize all traits simultaneously1 and give us some peace.\nFor example, in the case of the Myxoma virus (MYXV) in rabbits, this evolutionary trade-off leads to an ‘intermediate’ virulence being more advantageous to the virus than a higher virulence1,4. This happens because the rabbit host dies before inter-host transmission, in the case of higher virulence; and, with lower virulence the virus goes absolutely nowhere, because it does not increase virus transmission rates. A similar trade-off model has been proposed to explain the evolution of HIV virulence1,5.\nUnfortunately, experimental studies in some viruses have shown that high virulence can promote certain advantages, as in the case of malaria, where a higher virulence was shown to provide the Plasmodium parasites with a competitive advantage within hosts1,6. Or, in the case of the rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV), where there is evidence that virulence has increased through time, probably because virus transmission often occurs through flies that feed on animal carcasses, making host death selectively favourable1,7.\nLet’s thank the Gods that SARS-CoV-2 is NOT transmissible through flies.\nSo, current evolutionary theory tells us that it is possible to anticipate the direction of virulence evolution, if the key relationship between virulence and transmissibility, and hence viral fitness, is understood1. Crucial to this is the analysis of the intersection between genomics and evolutionary studies, what is called phylogenomics.\nThis field of science provides a way to understand virulence evolution, and creates a number of hypotheses that can be tested using appropriate experimental cell assays and bioinformatic tools8,9.\nThe collaboration of public health and research teams worldwide has now allowed the publication of 620,338 SARS-CoV-2 genomes in GISAID (http://www.gisaid.org/) (as of February 25, 2020)9. At the same time, a dynamic nomenclature system for SARS-CoV-2 has been described to facilitate real-time epidemiology revealing links between global outbreaks that share similar viral genomes10. At the root of the phylogeny are two lineages, A and B; where, A is likely ancestral, as it shares two distinguishing variants with the closest known bat viruses. Further linage designations link new variants to geographically distinct populations, B.1 in the Italian outbreak, then other parts of Europe and the world; and, B.1.1 being the major European lineage which was spread throughout the world. However, many of the major lineages are now present in most countries, and recapitulate the global diversity of SARS-CoV-2, indicating that most local epidemics were seeded by a large number of independent introductions of the virus.\nThe current evolutionary tree of SARS-CoV-2 shows multiple introductions of different variants across the globe, with introductions from distant locations seeding local epidemics, where infections sometimes went unrecognized for several weeks and allowed wider spread11. The tree topology actually indicates that SARS-CoV-2 viruses have not diverged significantly since the beginning of the pandemic11. These results show that, so far, SARS-CoV-2 has evolved through a non-deterministic, noisy process; and, that random genetic drift has played the dominant role in disseminating unique mutations throughout the world11.\nThere remains an urgent need for a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine as a primary countermeasure to contain and mitigate the spread; and, the virus’s surface S (Spike) protein continues to be an attractive vaccine target,because it plays a key role in mediating virus entry into the cells, and is known to be immunogenic.\nOf course, the virus was only recently identified in the human population with a short time frame relative to the adaptive processes that can take years to occur.\nBut, the most recent findings show us that the SARS-CoV-2 viruses that are currently circulating, constitute a homogeneous viral population, to which the current vaccines available will be sufficient to mitigate the spread.\nSoon, SARS-CoV-2 will become just another viral acquaintance during the winter, like a common cold\n1 Geoghegan, J. L. & Holmes, E. C. The phylogenomics of evolving virus virulence. Nature Reviews Genetics 19, 756-769, doi:10.1038/s41576-018-0055-5 (2018).\n2 Bull, J. J. & Lauring, A. S. Theory and empiricism in virulence evolution. PLoS Pathog 10, e1004387, doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1004387 (2014).\n3 Geoghegan, J. L., Senior, A. M., Di Giallonardo, F. & Holmes, E. C. Virological factors that increase the transmissibility of emerging human viruses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 113, 4170-4175, doi:10.1073/pnas.1521582113 (2016).\n4 Kerr, P. J. et al. Next step in the ongoing arms race between myxoma virus and wild rabbits in Australia is a novel disease phenotype. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, 9397-9402, doi:10.1073/pnas.1710336114 (2017).\n5 Fraser, C., Hollingsworth, T. D., Chapman, R., de Wolf, F. & Hanage, W. P. Variation in HIV-1 set-point viral load: epidemiological analysis and an evolutionary hypothesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104, 17441-17446, doi:10.1073/pnas.0708559104 (2007).\n6 de Roode, J. C. et al. Virulence and competitive ability in genetically diverse malaria infections. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102, 7624-7628, doi:10.1073/pnas.0500078102 (2005).\n7 Di Giallonardo, F. & Holmes, E. C. Viral biocontrol: grand experiments in disease emergence and evolution. Trends Microbiol 23, 83-90, doi:10.1016/j.tim.2014.10.004 (2015).\n8 Stern, A. et al. The Evolutionary Pathway to Virulence of an RNA Virus. Cell 169, 35-46.e19, doi:10.1016/j.cell.2017.03.013 (2017).\n9 Sjaarda, C. P. et al. Phylogenomics reveals viral sources, transmission, and potential superinfection in early-stage COVID-19 patients in Ontario, Canada. Scientific Reports 11, 3697, doi:10.1038/s41598-021-83355-1 (2021).\n10 da Silva Filipe, A. et al. Genomic epidemiology reveals multiple introductions of SARS-CoV-2 from mainland Europe into Scotland. Nat Microbiol 6, 112-122, doi:10.1038/s41564-020-00838-z (2021).\n11 Dearlove, B. et al. A SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidate would likely match all currently circulating strains. bioRxiv, 2020.2004.2027.064774, doi:10.1101/2020.04.27.064774 (2020).", "label": "No"}
{"text": "At its core is the injunction found in the Acts of the Apostles (4:32) that the community must live in harmony, \"being of one mind and heart on the way to God.\"\nFrom this precept, the Rule goes on to specify the ways in which this ideal of mutual live is to be fostered and expressed. Above all, this unity of heart and mind entails a truly common ownership of all one's possessions. Just as the early Christians practised this commonality of goods, so the followers of Augustine must do likewise. At the same time, individuals do not receive equality of treatment in Augustine's Rule, since the needs of each person are different.\nIt is clear that the Rule was written for vastly diverse groups of people - rich, poor, healthy, sick, those from \"high\" and \"low\" society, educated and uneducated. But Augustine gives no group priority. Each member is to care for and mutually respect the others of the community.\nThey are to flee sinful temptations of all kinds, especially those of pride; they are to correct each other openly according to the injunctions of the gospel (Mt 18:15-17) as an expression of their mutual love; they are to respect and obey the legitimate authority, from love, not fear; they are to serve and forgive one another. Those who do not forgive other community members with all their hearts have no place in the monastery even if they are not expelled. Even cleanliness of body and one's clothes are expressions of mutual love in the community.\nThe community must pray together, since it is through prayer, as well as through its life of mutual love, that the community expresses its adoration and praise, as well as its thanks to God. The precise nature and times of this prayer Augustine leave to the custom of the local Church, although it is clear from his other writings that the community celebrates daily Eucharist with the local Church.\nThe Rule concludes with the exhortation that it be read once a week. As Augustine says, it should be used as a mirror in which community members may perceive in what ways they have neglected their calling to seek God together in mutual love.\nThe full text of the Rule of St Augustine. http://midwestaugustinians.org/roots-of-augustinian-spirituality", "label": "No"}
{"text": "By Conor Mihell\nTo say Concord, Mass., resident P.G. Downes (1909-1959) was ahead of his time is an understatement. Between 1936 and 1947, the Harvard-educated schoolteacher spent his summers exploring the then-unmapped reaches of the Canadian subarctic, sensitively documenting the plight of fading aboriginal cultures and creating detailed maps of the waterways he followed by wood and canvas canoe. Downes made a habit of traveling north and spending his summers in exotically named locales like Ungava, Great Slave Lake, and Reindeer Lake. Once he arrived in the north, Downes would secure an outfit—a canoe, grubstake and camping gear—rustle up a companion or travel solo into the unknown.\nIn Sleeping Island, Downes documents his 1939 journey from the tiny northern Manitoba village of Brochet to a remote fur trading post on Windy Lake in the northern territory of Nunavut with an ace woodsman, canoeist and trapper simply known as John. The pair set off in a big cedar-canvas canoe, provisioned lightly with tea, flour and a too small supply of tobacco, expecting to live off the land. Even today, with the aid of modern GPS technology, accurate maps, lightweight gear and resilient canoes, the route they followed remains amongst the toughest in Canada. Yet despite the challenges of route-finding and navigating unknown sets of rapids, Downes still managed to keep a detailed journal, which evolved into his 1943 travelogue—a cult classic amongst canoe trippers.\nOttawa-area canoeists and history enthusiasts Patrick McGahern and Hugh Stewart started a publishing label to reproduce classic outdoors literature like Downes’. The first title in their Forgotten Northern Classics series is a “new and improved edition” of Sleeping Island, edited by retired University of New Brunswick professor R.H. Cockburn, who has spent over 30 years researching Downes’ travels.\n“Here are vivid descriptions of trial and error on rivers and lakes,” writes Cockburn in the introduction, “of poling and paddling, of sweat-drenched portaging; columns of smoke rise from bush fires on the horizon, across miles of water; deserted trading posts decay along abandoned trade routes; canoeloads of Chipewyans appear suddenly, down from the Barrens; foul weather and windbound camps are followed by days of surpassing beauty; depression and exhilaration, companionship and separation, are tellingly conveyed.”\nBesides engaging readers with the hardships of the trail, Downes recorded the stories of the landscape and its people. Cockburn ranks Sleeping Island’s digressions into ethnography, cartography and geology amongst Downes’ greatest strengths. Indeed, Downes was ahead of his time in his insightful and literary depiction of the fading traditions of aboriginal life. Among his other accomplishments was an unpublished dictionary of the native Cree and Chipewyan languages and extensive research into the aboriginal dreamscape that garnered him the Cree moniker, “The-man-who-talkes-about-dreams”.\nMcGahern Stewart Publishing’s 2011 edition of Sleeping Island includes a new epilogue and new photographs. Though the price of $34.95 (Canadian) is steep for a soft cover, the book should be considered essential reading for anyone who has ever dreamed about experiencing the freedom and tribulations of canoe travel in the Canadian North. What’s more, it’s good to support an upstart publishing house whose next title, Distant Summers, will compile more of Downes’ journals from his travels from 1936 to 1947.\nJust before his death in 1959, Downes summed up his travels in the Canadian north: “I liked that life and I liked the people there. I saw a lot of it just as the old north was vanishing… I remember one time after a dreadful trip, camping on the edge of the tree line, again it was one of those indescribable smoky, bright-hazy days one sometimes gets in the high latitudes. I had hit the caribou migration and there was lots of meat; it was a curious spot, for all the horizon seemed to fall away from where I squatted, and I said to myself: Well, I suppose I shall never be so happy again.”", "label": "No"}
{"text": "In Ireland, at least as early as the 17th century – 19th century, a unit of length usually taken to = 2 feet, but also reported at 27, 21 and 14 inches, the last probably wrong. It belongs to the cubit class of units. Bandle is an anglicized form of the Irish bannlám (from bann, measure + lám, arm). Also spelled bannlámh, banlámh. The Irish unit is older than the anglicized form.\nIn the phrase “bandle linen”, the qualifier “bandle” does indicate the cloth was narrow, but the cloth was not necessarily a bandle wide.\nDiarmuid Ó Muirithe.\nDictionary of Anglo-Irish.\nPortland (OR): Four Courts Press, 1996(?).\nGlossographia, or, A dictionary interpreting the hard words of whatsoever language...\nLondon : Printed by Tho. Newcomb and are to be sold by Tho. Flesher, 1681.\nThe Cloathing is a narrow sort of Frieze, of about twenty Inches broad, whereof two foot, call'd a Bandle is worth from 3d. halfpeny to 18d. Of this seventeen Bandles make a Mans Suit, and twelve make a Cloak. According to which numbers and proportions and the number of people who wear this Stuff, it seems that near thrice as much Wooll is spent in Ireland as exported; whereas others have thought quite contrary, that is that the exported Wooll is triple in quantity to what is spent at home.\nSir William Petty.\nThe Political Anatomy of Ireland, with the establishment for that kingdom when the late...\nLondon: D. Brown and W. Rogers, 1691. (written in 1672)\nBannla'mh, a cubit, a bandle. bannlamh èàduigh, a bandle of cloth.\nFocaloir Gaoidhilge-sax-Bhèarla, or, An Irish-English Dictionary.\nParis: Printed by Nicolas-Fráncis Valleyre, for the Author, 1768.\nThe yard and the bandle differ in many places, according as the rule, by which they measure, varies; the yard ought to be thirty-six inches, and the bandle twenty-seven inches long. In the county of Galway the bandle is thirty inches, and in Limerick only twenty-one inches, in some parts of Kilkenny twenty-four inches.\nStatistical Survey of the County of Clare, with observations on the means of improvement etc..\n27 inches = a Bandle.\nAn Account of Ireland, statistical and political.\nLondon: Printed for Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, 1812.\nVolume 2, page 202. Wakefield appears to indicate that the information came from Hely Dutton.\nSome 300 looms were engaged in broadloom manufacture, and a further 500 in the production of bandle linen of twelve to thirteen inches wide.²¹\n21. Sir T. Radcliff, A Report on the Agriculture and Livestock of Co. Kerry (Dublin, 1814), 169.\nS. H. Cousens.\nThe regional variation in emigration from Ireland between 1821 and 1841.\nTransactions of the Institute of British Geographers, No. 37 (Dec. 1965).\nAnother kind of linen is also made here, called Bandle linen, from being of the width of fourteen inches, which makes the measure called a bandle: both sorts were in much demand, as well for domestic consumption as for the army and navy.\nA Topographical Dictionary of Ireland, comprising the several counties, cities, boroughs, corporate, market, and...\nLondon: Samuel Lewis, 1837.\nVolume 2, page 46, under the entry “Kerry”.\nSorry. No information on contributors is available for this page.\nCopyright © 2000 Sizes, Inc. All rights reserved.\nLast revised: 20 April 2010.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\n(MLCTS: ta.nangsayi. tuing:)\n|Ethnicities||Bamar, Rakhine, Mon, Shan,Burmese-Thai, Kayin, Salone, Malay|\nTanintharyi Division (Burmese: တနင်္သာရီတိုင်း; (Thai:ตะนาวศรี); formerly, Tenasserim Division), is an administrative division of Myanmar, covering the long narrow southern part of the country on the Kra Isthmus. It borders the Andaman Sea to the west and Thailand to the east. To the north is the Mon State. The capital of the division is Dawei (Tavoy). Other important cities are Myeik (Mergui) and Kawthaung. The division covers an area of 43,328 km², and had an estimated population of 1.36 million in 2000. The ISO 3166-2 code for the division is MM-05.\nTanintharyi Division historically included the entire Tanintharyi peninsula--today's Tanintharyi Division, Mon State and southern Kayin State. The peninsula region was part of Thaton-based Mon kingdoms before 1057 and part of King Anawrahta's Pagan Empire after 1057. Soon after the fall of Pagan in 1287, the area fell to the ascendant Thai kingdom of Sukhothai, and later its successor Ayutthaya kingdom. The region's northernmost border was around the Thanlwin (Salween) river near today's Mawlamyaing (Moulmein).\nThe region reverted back to Burmese fold in 1564 when King Bayinnaung of Taungoo Dynasty conquered all of Siam. A resurgent Ayutthaya kingdom reclaimed the southern half of Tanintharyi in 1593 and the entire peninsula in 1599. In 1614, King Anaukpetlun recovered the upper half of the coast to Dawei but failed to capture the rest. King Alaungpaya of Konbaung Dynasty recovered the entire region for the Burmese in 1758. The Burmese used Tanintharyi as a forward base to launch several invasions of Siam in the next three decades. The Siamese tried to retake Tanintharyi in 1792 but the Burmese repelled the attacks.\nThe British gained the region after the First Anglo-Burmese War (1824-1826). Soon after the war ended, the British and the Siamese signed a boundary demarcation treaty on 20 June 1826, and another one in 1868. Mawlamyaing (Moulmein) became the first capital of British Burma. The British seized all of Lower Burma after the Second Anglo-Burmese War of 1852, and moved the capital to Yangon (Rangoon). After 1852, Tanintharyi Division consisted the entire southeastern Myanmar, including today's Mon State, Kayin State, and Taungoo District, in Bago Division. Mawlamyaing was the capital of Tanintharyi.\nUpon independence from Britain in 1948, the northeastern districts of Tanintharyi were placed into the newly created Karen State. In 1974, the northern part of remaining Tanintharyi was carved out to create Mon State. With Mawlamyaing now inside Mon State, the capital of Tanintharyi Division was moved to Dawei. In 1989 the division's English spelling was officially changed to Tanintharyi.\nEducational opportunities in Myanmar are extremely limited outside the main cities of Yangon and Mandalay. According to official statistics, less than 10% of primary school students in the division reach high school.\nAll universities and colleges are located in Dawei and Myeik. Until recently, Dawei University was the only four-year university in the state.\nThe general state of health care in Myanmar is poor. The military government spends anywhere from 0.5% to 3% of the country's GDP on health care, consistently ranking among the lowest in the world. Although health care is nominally free, in reality, patients have to pay for medicine and treatment, even in public clinics and hospitals. Public hospitals lack many of the basic facilities and equipment. Moreover, the health care infrastructure outside of Yangon and Mandalay is extremely poor. In 2003, the entire Tanintharyi Division had less fewer hospital beds than the Yangon General Hospital. The following is a summary of the public health care system.\n|2002-2003||# Hospitals||# Beds|\n|General hospitals with specialist services||2||400|\n- ^ \"Union of Myanmar\". City Population. http://www.citypopulation.de/Myanmar.html. Retrieved 2008-12-25.\n- ^ a b International Boundary Study: Burma-Thailand Boundary. Bureau of Intelligence and Research, US Department of State. 1966-02-01. http://www.law.fsu.edu/library/collection/limitsinseas/IBS063.pdf.\n- ^ Helen James (2004). Keat Gin Ooi. ed. Southeast Asia: a historical encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor. ABC-CLIO. p. 302.\n- ^ Lt. Gen. Sir Arthur P. Phayre (1967). History of Burma (2 ed.). London: Sunil Gupta. p. 219–220.\n- ^ a b \"Myanmar Divisions\". Statoids. http://www.statoids.com/umm.html. Retrieved 2009-04-10.\n- ^ \"Education statistics by level and by State and Division\". Myanmar Central Statistical Organization. http://www.etrademyanmar.com/STATS/s1701.htm. Retrieved 2009-04-09.\n- ^ \"PPI: Almost Half of All World Health Spending is in the United States\". 2007-01-17. http://www.ppionline.org/ppi_ci.cfm?knlgAreaID=108&subsecID=900003&contentID=254167.\n- ^ Yasmin Anwar (2007-06-28). 06.28.2007 \"Burma junta faulted for rampant diseases\". UC Berkeley News. http://www.berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2007/06/28_Burma.shtml 06.28.2007.\n- ^ \"Hospitals and Dispensaries by State and Division\". Myanmar Central Statistical Organization. http://www.etrademyanmar.com/STATS/s0413.htm. Retrieved 2009-04-11.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "PERRYVILLE, Alaska — A powerful earthquake that struck just off Alaska's southern coast caused prolonged shaking and prompted tsunami warnings that sent people scrambling for shelters.\nResidents reported only minor damage, but officials said that could change after sunrise and people get a better look.\nThe National Tsunami Warning Center canceled the warnings early Thursday when the biggest wave, of just over a half foot, was recorded in Old Harbor. A tsunami warning that had also been issued for Hawaii was also canceled, and officials said there was no threat to Guam, American Samoa or the Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands.\nThe warning for Alaska covered nearly a 1,000-mile stretch from Prince William Sound to Samalga Island, Alaska, near the end of the Aleutian Islands.\nThe U.S. Geological Survey said the quake was magnitude 8.2 and hit 56 miles east southeast of Perryville, Alaska, at about 8:15 p.m. Wednesday. The quake was about 29 miles below the surface of the ocean, according to USGS.\nPatrick Mayer, the superintendent of schools for the Aleutians East Borough, was sitting in his kitchen in the community of Sand Point when shaking from the quake started.\n\"It started to go and just didn't stop,\" Mayer told the Anchorage Daily News. \"It went on for a long time and there were several aftershocks, too. The pantry is empty all over the floor, the fridge is empty all over the floor.\"\nIt started to go and just didn't stop.\nOn the Kenai Peninsula, a steady stream of cars was seen evacuating the Homer Spit, a jut of land extending nearly 5 miles into Kachemak Bay, a draw for tourists and fishermen.\nIn King Cove, up to 400 people took shelter in the school gym.\n\"We're used to this. This is pretty normal for this area to get these kind of quakes, and when the tsunami sirens go off, it's just something we do,\" school principal Paul Barker told the Anchorage newspaper. \"It's not something you ever get used to, but it's part of the job living here and being part of the community.\"\nLarge earthquakes in Alaska are common. Last night's quake was on the same subduction zone that hosted the 2nd largest eq (M9.2) recorded on modern instrumentation in March 1964. If you haven't seen it yet, check out the story about the 1964 earthquake. https://t.co/CESiBrtFC0— USGS Earthquakes (@USGS_Quakes) July 29, 2021\nSeveral other earthquakes, some with preliminary magnitudes of 6.2 and 5.6, occurred in the same area within hours of the first one, the U.S. Geological Survey reported.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "“The use of religious imagery in The House of Bernarda Alba and Chronicle of a Death Foretold”\nBoth The House of\nBernarda Alba and Chronicle of a Death Foretold, set in rural\nThe circumstances of Adela’s life and death in The House of Bernarda Alba hold many Christ-like connotations and hence many criticisms of her bigoted society. Adela merely wished to be able to live freely; to not “waste away and grow old in [her] rooms,” yet in the end, she found that “the whole town [had turned]” against her: she was “persecuted by people who claim[ed] to be decent,” much like how Christ was driven away from his hometown for standing by his identity. The phrase “claim[ed] to be decent” is laden with irony, as the persecution of a Christ-like innocent like Adela is certainly no “decent” thing to do, therefore highlighting the defects in the system. Adela’s resemblance to Christ is further accentuated when she claims that she will “put on a crown of thorns,” a potent symbol of his last sufferings which brings with it a strong sense of martyrdom. Through this, Lorca portrays Adela as the ultimate ‘hero’ that remains steadfast to her true self, even unto her tragically fatal end. The religious imagery surrounding her death reveals how Adela, and hence anyone possessing the same noble, vibrant spirit that Lorca believed she had, could find no place in the oppressive society of that time.\nThis pre-Spanish Civil War society is further criticised by subtle predictions of Adela’s death, which may have been used to convey the unrest brewing prior to the Civil War that broke out soon after the play’s publication. Poncia, the supposedly loyal maid who in actuality wishes to “spit [on Bernarda] for a whole year” astutely sees that “there’s a storm…in every room” and predicts that “the day it bursts, [they’ll] all be swept away!” This could tentatively be seen as a reference to the Biblical Flood, which swept away all the World’s evil, and could be a foreshadowing of the flood of the Civil War, which aimed, like Poncia’s ‘prophesy,’ to sweep away the conservative oppression that Bernarda represented – something that Lorca, being a Liberal Activist, would have seen as the true evil in the World.\nSimilarly, Marquez uses\nthe Christ-like death of Santiago Nasar in Chronicle of a Death Foretold to\nexpress like criticisms of his own society, though with a different focus in\nmind. While Lorca condemned his society’s constraints, Marquez’s imagery\ninstead censures the dogmatic sense of honour that perpetrated\nMarquez clearly uses\nthis portrayal of\nMuch of the other\n‘religious’ imagery in The House of Bernarda Alba surrounds the women in it and\nhelps to convey their hidden, more vicious natures. One can primarily see this\nin Bernarda Alba’s hypocritical self-righteousness: upon hearing of her\ndaughter, Adela’s, wanton behaviour, she cries out, “how poor I am, with no\nbolt of lightning between my fingers!” Bolts of lightning have symbolised\npunishments of not only the Christian God, but numerous pagan gods and\ngoddesses as well, and in this metaphor, Bernarda grieves the loss of her once\ngod-like power. The image deifies her, yet the people she wants to strike are\nher own daughters, who only wish to be free of her oppressive restraint. Lorca\nhas specifically chosen to use the hypocrisy of religious imagery throughout\nthe play because religion was the foundation of the peoples’ way of life in\nCorrespondingly, much of the religious imagery in Chronicle of a Death Foretold also revolves around its women: there are many hypocritical allusions to saint-like, Biblical characters, which serve to reveal the co-existence of opposites in their society. Perhaps the best illustration of this is in the descriptions of Maria Alejandrina Cervantes, famed brothel owner of the town. In Chronicle, we are first introduced to her when the author relates his recovery “from the wedding revels in [her] apostolic lap” after having spent a night of debauchery in her “house of mercies.” The reverential use of “apostolic,” a description often found in relation to either the Pope or Christ’s own 12 apostles, gives Maria the image of a deified saint. In her “house of mercies,” a depiction of her brothel that brings to mind a convent dedicated to helping the poor and unfortunate, she helps the author “recover,” much akin to redemption in the lap of God.\nYet the irony of this portrayal is clear when we realise that the ‘help’ she offers is in fact her sexual services, an act that would have been forbidden by the Catholic Church, which dominated Colombian society in the 1950s. Marquez contrasts this with how Luisa Santiaga condones two girls who have “been raised to suffer” as “any man will be happy with them” when they were joined in holy matrimony. Conversely, however, Marquez uses this comparison more as a celebration of the divergent sides of his culture than to attack his society’s system. It accentuates the Magic Realism of his novel as these irreconcilable opposites co-exist peacefully. This also highlights the impossibility of truth: just as the author could not “put the broken mirror of memory back from so many scattered shards,” Marquez uses the hypocrisy of his religious references to show that it is impossible to determine the true nature of society in general.\nAlthough both Lorca and Marquez adeptly integrate religious imagery in their works to convey their varying views on society, the strength of their views deviate. Lorca provides us with a definite criticism of his society’s machinery, but Marquez, although at times critical, offers us more a reflection of his society’s state than a condemnation of everything in it. Nevertheless, the one thing both authors seem to agree on is that being true to one’s own ideals is what life should be about.\nLorca, Federico Garcia., The House of\nBernarda Alba and Other Plays. translated by Michael Dewell and Carmen\nMarquez, Gabriel Garcia., Chronicle of a\nDeath Foretold. translated by Gregory Rabassa.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "As computer technology developed, hypertexts emerged as an influential environment for developing language skills. This study aims to evaluate a text prepared in a hypertextual environment and its effects on academic success and comprehension skills. In this study, \"preliminary test final test control group experimental pattern\" was used…\nMurrah, William M., III\nThe achievement score gaps between advantaged and disadvantaged children at school entry is a major problem in education today. Identifying the skills critical for school readiness is an important step in developing interventions aimed at addressing these score gaps. The purpose of this study is to compare a number of school readiness skills with an eye toward finding out which are the best predictors of later academic achievement in math, reading, and science. The predictors were early reading, math, general knowledge, socioemotional skills, and motor skills. Data were obtained from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study of 1998 (NCES, 1998) database. While controlling for an extensive set of family characteristics, predictions were made across five years - from the end of kindergarten to the end of fifth grade. Consistent with current findings, reading and math skills predicted later achievement. Interestingly, general knowledge, attention, and fine motor skills also proved to be important predictors of later academic achievement, but socioemotional skills were not. The findings were interpreted from a neurobiological perspective involving the development of self-regulation. These school entry skills are used to predict later achievement in reading, math, and science. I argued that in addition to acquiring early academic knowledge, children need to regulate the use of this knowledge to meet academic goals.\nUccelli, Paola; Galloway, Emily Phillips; Kim, Ha Yeon; Barr, Christopher D.\nDespite a longstanding awareness of academic language as a pedagogically-relevant research area, the construct of academic language proficiency--understood as a more comprehensive set of skills than just academic vocabulary--has remained only vaguely specified. This study examines the potential--for both research and practice--of a more inclusive…\nWorthy, Jo; Durán, Leah; Hikida, Michiko; Pruitt, Alina; Peterson, Katie\nA substantial body of research has collectively concluded that encouraging students to draw flexibly on multiple aspects of their linguistic repertoires is positively associated with developing bilingualism, metalinguistic awareness, and academic skills. However, most bilingual education programs--including transitional and dual-language--limit,…\nDaly, Edward J., III; Bonfiglio, Christine M.; Mattson, Tara; Persampieri, Michael; Foreman-Yates, Kristin\nExperimental analyses for improving reading fluency deficits have rarely targeted generalized increases in academic responding. As a consequence, the variables that may help students to generalize newly learned forms of academic responding like reading are not well understood. Furthermore, experimental analyses of reading fluency interventions…\nHirsch, Sharon F.; Gabbay, Anita\nPresents a current events course designed to teach students in Israel both English language skills as well as the advanced reading and study skills they need to comprehend university level texts and journal articles. A current events approach to academic reading enlivens the foreign language classroom and motivates and broadens the horizons of…\nCole, Randy Drue\nThis study investigated the effects of hypnosis on the learning of reading skills and academic skills. The general hypothesis was that hypnotic suggestions related to the curriculum of a course for improvement of academic and study skills would facilitate students' academic skill learning. Ninety-three male and female students enrolled in a course…\nHerbers, Janette E.; Cutuli, J. J.; Supkoff, Laura M.; Heistad, David; Chan, Chi-Keung; Hinz, Elizabeth; Masten, Ann S.\nThis investigation tested the importance of early academic achievement for later achievement trajectories among 18,011 students grouped by level of socioeconomic risk. Students considered to be at highest risk were those who experienced homelessness or high residential mobility (HHM). HHM students were compared with students eligible for free…\nCooper, Brittany Rhoades; Moore, Julia E.; Powers, C. J.; Cleveland, Michael; Greenberg, Mark T.\nResearch Findings: Researchers and policymakers emphasize that early childhood is a critical developmental stage with the potential to impact academic and social-emotional outcomes (G. Conti & J. J. Heckman, 2012; J. J. Heckman, 2012; R. Murnane, I. Sawhill, & C. Snow, 2012). Although there is substantial evidence that children's…\nExperimental analyses for improving reading fluency deficits have rarely targeted generalized increases in academic responding. As a consequence, the variables that may help students to generalize newly learned forms of academic responding like reading are not well understood. Furthermore, experimental analyses of reading fluency interventions have not systematically examined difficulty level as a variable that may affect instructional outcomes. The experiment reported in this paper expands (a) the measurement of the dependent variables to include generalized increases across tasks (reading passages) and (b) the combination of independent variables used to produce measurable generalized increases. The results demonstrate the importance of combining reward and instructional variables (including difficulty level) to produce generalized increases and how those variables can be meaningfully investigated prior to making treatment recommendations. PMID:16463529\nCogo-Moreira, Hugo; de Ávila, Clara Regina Brandão; Ploubidis, George B.; Mari, Jair de Jesus\nIntroduction Difficulties in word-level reading skills are prevalent in Brazilian schools and may deter children from gaining the knowledge obtained through reading and academic achievement. Music education has emerged as a potential method to improve reading skills because due to a common neurobiological substratum. Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of music education for the improvement of reading skills and academic achievement among children (eight to 10 years of age) with reading difficulties. Method 235 children with reading difficulties in 10 schools participated in a five-month, randomized clinical trial in cluster (RCT) in an impoverished zone within the city of São Paulo to test the effects of music education intervention while assessing reading skills and academic achievement during the school year. Five schools were chosen randomly to incorporate music classes (n = 114), and five served as controls (n = 121). Two different methods of analysis were used to evaluate the effectiveness of the intervention: The standard method was intention-to-treat (ITT), and the other was the Complier Average Causal Effect (CACE) estimation method, which took compliance status into account. Results The ITT analyses were not very promising; only one marginal effect existed for the rate of correct real words read per minute. Indeed, considering ITT, improvements were observed in the secondary outcomes (slope of Portuguese = 0.21 [p<0.001] and slope of math = 0.25 [p<0.001]). As for CACE estimation (i.e., complier children versus non-complier children), more promising effects were observed in terms of the rate of correct words read per minute [β = 13.98, p<0.001] and phonological awareness [β = 19.72, p<0.001] as well as secondary outcomes (academic achievement in Portuguese [β = 0.77, p<0.0001] and math [β = 0.49, p<0.001] throughout the school year). Conclusion The results may be seen as promising, but they are not, in themselves\nJenkins, Lyndsay N.; Demaray, Michelle Kilpatrick\nThe current study examined the link between academic enablers and different types of reading achievement measures. Academic enablers are skills and behaviors that support, or enable, students to perform well academically, such as engagement, interpersonal skills, motivation, and study skills. The sample in this study consisted of 61 third-,…\nCommodari, Elena; Guarnera, Maria\nAttention plays a critical role in information processing. Its adequate functioning is required for correct development of complex cognitive abilities and regular scholastic progress. Children with attention deficits often have difficulties in reading, writing, and arithmetic. The present study investigated interactions among reading skills, overall scholastic performance as rated by teachers, and components of attention: visual reaction time, simple immediate span of attention, and selectivity. The sample was 98 students in the first and second years of public junior high school (age range 11-14 years, M = 12.6, SD = 1.2), i.e., with expected already well-established reading. Reading was evaluated using Comprehension, Accuracy, and Speed tests. Overall scholastic performance was obtained by means of teachers' ratings. Simple Reaction Time, Digit Span, and Color-Word Interference, included in a multitask computerized test, assessed attention. Analysis confirmed the hypothesis that the reading skills are strongly predictive of the Scholastic Assessment rated by the teachers. High scholastic ratings were correlated with Reading Speed and Accuracy rather than Reading Comprehension. Poor readers showed worse performances on the Digit Span test which measures simple immediate span of attention. Good and poor readers obtained a similar score on the Color-Word Interference task. This observation seems to contrast with the more common interpretation of this effect, suggesting that reading is an automatic process and, therefore, the semantic dimension overcomes the controlled perceptual one. According to other studies, an alternative explanation is suggested. In conclusion, present results confirm the hypothesis of a strong link among reading speed and accuracy, scholastic assessment as rated by teachers, simple immediate span of attention, and visual reaction time. PMID:15974348\nThe purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between school readiness skills as measured by the Missouri KIDS and academic potential in reading and math as measured by the scores on the CTP4 in grades 2-4 in a private, independent school. This study identified which school readiness skills most accurately predict the need for…\nHurov, Janet Torrisi\nIn spring 1987, a study was conducted at St. Louis Community College at Florissant Valley (Missouri) to identify the basic skills necessary for the successful completion of the course, \"Fundamentals of Chemistry.\" The study evaluated the relationship between performance on the Nelson-Denny Reading Test (NDRT), the Numerical Reasoning subtest of…\nIvey, Gay; Fisher, Douglas\nA popular response among high school teachers and leaders facing students reading far below grade level, the authors claim, is to adopt back-to-basics packaged programs that focus on discrete skills with little attention to critical reading and writing. The authors express concern that reliance on such programs keeps older struggling readers from…\nFiedorowicz, C A\nFifteen reading-disabled boys, classified according to reading subskill deficits, formed three subgroups: Oral Reading, Associative, and Sequential. On the rationale that training procedures emphasizing accuracy and speed of response to letters, syllables, and words would improve reading skills, the children were trained daily for two and one-half months. Two schedules of testing and training allowed for an untrained control group and a follow-up group. The results indicated that the computer-assisted training procedures were not only effective in improving component reading skills, but in addition there was a transfer of training to achievement measures of reading word recognition. This study lends support to the hypothesis that training according to subgroup classification, using training procedures which incorporate an application of the automaticity theory and a combination of task-analytic and process-oriented models, is an effective training approach for reading-disabled children. PMID:24243467\nWanzek, Jeanne; Roberts, Greg; Al Otaiba, Stephanie\nThe purpose of this study was to investigate the academic responding of students at-risk for reading difficulties in beginning reading instruction. Opportunities for kindergarten students at-risk for reading difficulties to respond academically during teacher-facilitated reading instruction in the general education classroom were examined in relation to student reading achievement as well as social behaviors. Student academic responding during teacher-facilitated instruction significantly predicted end of year reading achievement. Teacher perceptions of students’ social skills (positive correlation) and problem behaviors (negative correlation) were significantly correlated with academic responding. When academic responding and teacher perceptions of social behaviors were examined together, only teacher perceptions of academic competence and problem behaviors predicted spring outcomes. PMID:24665162\nDaly, Edward J., III; Bonfiglio, Christine M.; Mattson, Tara; Persampieri, Michael; Foreman-Yates, Kristin\nThe technology of brief experimental analysis is just beginning to be used for identification of effective treatments for individual students who experience difficulty with oral reading fluency. In this study, the effect of a reading fluency treatment package was examined on easy and hard passages, and generalization was assessed on passages with…\nThis paper looks at the conceptual thresholds in relation to academic reading which might be crossed by undergraduate English Literature students. It is part of a wider study following 16 students through three years of undergraduate study. It uses theoretical ideas from Bakhtin and Foucault to analyse interviews with English lecturers. It…\nMurrah, William M., III.\nThe achievement score gaps between advantaged and disadvantaged children at school entry is a major problem in education today. Identifying the skills critical for school readiness is an important step in developing interventions aimed at addressing these score gaps. The purpose of this study is to compare a number of school readiness skills with…\nGettinger, Maribeth; Seibert, Jill K.\nStudy skills are fundamental to academic competence. Effective study skills are associated with positive outcomes across multiple academic content areas and for diverse learners. The purpose of this article is to describe an information-processing perspective on the contribution of study skills to academic competence, and to identify…\nA study correlating Nelson-Denny Reading Test scores with American College Testing Program Assessments (ACT) indicates that reading skill can be predicted accurately from the ACT social studies reading and English usage subtests. (MSE)\nvan den Boer, Madelon; van Bergen, Elsje; de Jong, Peter F\nMany studies have examined reading and reading development. The majority of these studies, however, focused on oral reading rather than on the more dominant silent reading mode. Similarly, it is common practice to assess oral reading abilities rather than silent reading abilities in schools and in diagnosis of reading impairments. More important, insights gained through examinations of oral reading tend to be generalized to silent reading. In the current study, we examined whether such generalizations are justified. We directly compared oral and silent reading fluency by examining whether these reading modes relate to the same underlying skills. In total, 132 fourth graders read words, sentences, and text orally, and 123 classmates read the same material silently. As underlying skills, we considered phonological awareness, rapid naming, and visual attention span. All skills correlated significantly with both reading modes. Phonological awareness contributed equally to oral and silent reading. Rapid naming, however, correlated more strongly with oral reading than with silent reading. Visual attention span correlated equally strongly with both reading modes but showed a significant unique contribution only to silent reading. In short, we showed that oral and silent reading indeed are fairly similar reading modes, based on the relations with reading-related cognitive skills. However, we also found differences that warrant caution in generalizing findings across reading modes. PMID:25173643\nPaul, Gina; Verhulst, Steve\nThis article presents a synergistic reading comprehension program to help minority adults from educationally disadvantaged backgrounds improve their reading skills in preparation for academics, standardized testing, and medical school. (Contains 3 tables and 1 figure.)\nRoberts, Will; Norwich, Brahm\nThis article describes an investigation into the outcomes of a school-based initiative to improve the word reading skills of a group of secondary school students (n = 77). The project involved the delivery of an enhanced precision teaching (PT) programme across two cohorts of students by teaching assistants (TAs) in each school who themselves…\nHooley, Diana S.; Tysseling, Lee Ann; Ray, Beverly\nReports show that the reading proficiency scores for 17-year-olds have stagnated over the past several decades. In this study, the authors explored older students' academic reading perceptions that might suggest links to proficiency. What do high school seniors really think about class reading? Do they understand what they read? How do they…\nSouthern Regional Education Board (SREB), 2008\nThis newsletter focuses on the importance of reading and writing skills in all educational and career pathways. It includes a variety of strategies for integrating reading and writing skills across the curriculum--in academic, career/technical and fine arts courses--in ways that improve student achievement in reading and writing and in the content…\nBowman, Harry L.; And Others\nNoting that the program is primarily a reading and verbal skills program for adult learners, this paper describes the Academic Remedial Training (ART) Program of the U.S. Navy. The first section of the paper discusses the historical background of the program. The second section describes the reading skills component and the verbal skills component…\nRosella, John D.\nResearch was conducted at Bucks County Community College, Newton, Pennsylvania, during the 1969-70 academic year to determine the effects of special reading and study skills instruction combined with counseling on the success rate of \"high-risk\" students. A course, which involved 2 hours of instruction per week plus 1 additional hour of…\nKwon, Heekyung; Linderholm, Tracy\nWe hypothesised that college students take reading speed into consideration when evaluating their own reading skill, even if reading speed does not reliably predict actual reading skill. To test this hypothesis, we measured self-perception of reading skill, self-perception of reading speed, actual reading skill and actual reading speed to…\nCopeman, Peter; Keightley, Polly\nIn 2013 the University of Canberra (UC) initiated a program of peer-assisted academic skills help, the Academic Skills Rovers program, with the goal of providing drop-in peer learning support to students at campus locations where they congregate to study. The Academic Skills Rovers were initially recruited from the teacher education discipline,…\nThis study investigated whether transfer from L2 to L1 in reading occurs, and if so, which reading sub-skills are transferred into L1 reading. The aim is to identify the role of second language reading skills in L1 reading skills by means of transfer. In addition, the positive effects of the second language transfer to the first language in the…\nDurant, David M.; Horava, Tony\nThe e-book is raising fundamental questions around the dynamics and habits of reading; the role of books in the academic library; and the role of librarians in addressing new realities of reading and learning. Print and digital texts foster different styles of reading and different ways of thinking and doing research. This paper examines…\nAkarsu, Oktay; Harputlu, Leyla\nIn this study, data were collected using a modified version of Mokhtari and Sheorey's (2002) Survey of Reading Strategies (SORS). Results suggest that Turkish EFL (English as a Foreign Language) students at the graduate level, while engaged in academic reading, are aware of almost all effective reading strategies, though each one is not used…\nPeck, Michaeleen P.; Laughlin, Margaret A.\nTeachers at all grade levels need to recognize the importance of instruction in consumer reading and decision making skills. The definitions and prerequisites of a literate consumer underscore the importance of reading and reasoning skills development for making effective decisions. Consumer educators must also recognize that economic…\nBeneventi, Angela; McEndollar, Linda; Smith, Deborah\nThis report describes a program for improving the development of students' reading skills. The targeted population consisted of students in kindergarten, first, and second grades. The classrooms were located in adjoining lower socioeconomic areas. The problem of poorly developed reading skills was documented through data collected by the teacher…\nAfflerbach, Peter; Pearson, P. David; Paris, Scott G.\nThe terms \"reading skill\" and \"reading strategy\" are central to how we conceptualize and teach reading. Despite their importance and widespread use, the terms are not consistently used or understood. This article examines the current and historical uses of the terms, defines them, and describes their differences, similarities, and relationships.…\nThis article is based on a qualitative study that explored the impact reading had on the lives of two female students who attained exemplary results in their final year of high school. The reading practices of these two high achieving students provided data rich information. Both students were academically successful in completing their Victorian…\nHouston, S.M.; Lebel, C.; Katzir, T.; Manis, F.R.; Kan, E.; Rodriguez, G.R.; Sowell, E.R.\nReading is a learned skill that is likely influenced by both brain maturation and experience. Functional imaging studies have identified brain regions important for skilled reading, but the structural brain changes that co-occur with reading acquisition remain largely unknown. We investigated maturational volume changes in brain reading regions and their association with performance on reading measures. Sixteen typically developing children (5-15 years old, 8 male, mean age of sample=10.06 ±3.29) received two magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans, (mean inter-scan interval =2.19 years), and were administered a battery of cognitive measures. Volume changes between time points in five bilateral cortical regions of interest were measured, and assessed for relationships to three measures of reading. Better baseline performances on measures of word reading, fluency and rapid naming, independent of age and total cortical gray matter volume change, were associated with volume decrease in the left inferior parietal cortex. Better baseline performance on a rapid naming measure was associated with volume decrease in the left inferior frontal region. These results suggest that children who are better readers, and who perhaps read more than less skilled readers, exhibit different development trajectories in brain reading regions. Understanding relationships between reading performance, reading experience and brain maturation trajectories may help with the development and evaluation of targeted interventions. PMID:24407200\nColé, Pascale; Duncan, Lynne G.; Blaye, Agnès\nAn important aspect of learning to read is efficiency in accessing different kinds of linguistic information (orthographic, phonological, and semantic) about written words. The present study investigates whether, in addition to the integrity of such linguistic skills, early progress in reading may require a degree of cognitive flexibility in order to manage the coordination of this information effectively. Our study will look for evidence of a link between flexibility and both word reading and passage reading comprehension, and examine whether any such link involves domain-general or reading-specific flexibility. As the only previous support for a predictive relationship between flexibility and early reading comes from studies of reading comprehension in the opaque English orthography, another possibility is that this relationship may be largely orthography-dependent, only coming into play when mappings between representations are complex and polyvalent. To investigate these questions, 60 second-graders learning to read the more transparent French orthography were presented with two multiple classification tasks involving reading-specific cognitive flexibility (based on words) and non-specific flexibility (based on pictures). Reading skills were assessed by word reading, pseudo-word decoding, and passage reading comprehension measures. Flexibility was found to contribute significant unique variance to passage reading comprehension even in the less opaque French orthography. More interestingly, the data also show that flexibility is critical in accounting for one of the core components of reading comprehension, namely, the reading of words in isolation. Finally, the results constrain the debate over whether flexibility has to be reading-specific to be critically involved in reading. PMID:24966842\nThe importance of reading skills to academic achievement, job acquisition and future success is well documented. Most of the research on reading interventions focuses on children in primary schools but many children start secondary school with very poor reading skills and schools require evidence-based interventions to support these children. The…\nDwyer, Pat; Merriman, Barb; Mitts, Jan\nThis paper describes a program for improving reading skills at the beginning of first grade so that a rapid acquisition of skills will enhance students' ability to succeed in their respective basal programs. The targeted population used a first grade in a suburban school (Site A) and a first grade in a mid-sized, Midwestern city school (Site B).…\nAccording to Ur (1996, 120), \"of all the four skills (listening, speaking, reading and writing), speaking seems intuitively the most important.\" Indeed, whether for business or pleasure, a primary motivation to learn a second language is to be able to converse with speakers of that language. However, in addition to being an important skill,…\nFoy, Judith G.; Mann, Virginia A.\nThe purpose of this study was to examine how executive function skills in verbal and nonverbal auditory tasks are related to early reading skills in beginning readers. Kindergarteners (N = 41, aged 5 years) completed verbal (phonemes) and nonverbal (environmental sounds) Continuous Performance tasks yielding measures of executive function (misses,…\nMd Rahim, Nasrudin; Meon, Hasni\nStudy skills play an important role in influencing academic performance of university students. These skills, which can be modified, can be used as an indicator on how a student would perform academically in his course of study. The purpose of the study is to determine the study skills profile among Universiti Selangor's (Unisel) students and to find the relationships of these skills with student's academic performance. A sample of seventy-eight (78) foundation studies and diploma students of Unisel were selected to participate in this study. Using Study Skills Inventory instrument, eight skills were measured. They are note taking; test taking; textbook study; concentration and memory; time management; analytical thinking and problem solving; nutrition; and vocabulary. Meanwhile, student's academic performance was measured through their current Grade Point Average (GPA). The result showed that vocabulary skill scored the highest mean with 3.01/4.00, followed by test taking (2.88), analytical thinking and problem solving (2.80), note taking (2.79), textbook study (2.58), concentration and memory (2.54), time management (2.25) and nutrition (2.21). Correlation analysis showed that test taking (r=0.286, p=0.011), note taking (r=0.224, p=0.048), and analytical thinking and problem solving (r=0.362, p=0.001) skills were positively correlated with GPA achievement.\nAbdelrasoul, Mohamed Mahmoud Ibrahim\nThe present study aimed at developing the necessary critical reading skills and social skills of the Egyptian EFL second year preparatory school students, through a proposed program based on using reading circles strategy. The study participants were 44 students from Sohag Experimental Preparatory School in Sohag Governorate. Instruments of the…\nMcGeown, Sarah P.; Johnston, Rhona S.; Medford, Emma\nThis study examined the cognitive skills associated with early reading development when children were taught by different types of instruction. Seventy-nine children (mean age at pre-test 4;10 (0.22 S.D.) and post-test 5;03 (0.21 S.D.)) were taught to read either by an eclectic approach which included sight-word learning, guessing from context and…\nGeorgia State Dept. of Education, Atlanta. Office of Instructional Services.\nAlthough the guide was designed to accompany an instructional television series, it contains teacher-developed activities on map and globe skills which can be selected and adapted to the needs of elementary students independent of the series. Geographic concepts include direction, the globe, boundaries, hemispheres, scale, latitude, longitude, and…\nCerda, Carissa A.; Im, Myung Hee; Hughes, Jan N.\nUsing an academically at-risk, ethnically diverse sample of 744 first-grade children, this study tested a multi-method (i.e., child performance measures, teacher ratings, and peer ratings) measurement model of learning-related skills (i.e., effortful control [EC], behavioral self-regulation [BSR], and social competence [SC]), and their shared and unique contributions to children's reading and math achievement, above the effect of demographic variables. The hypothesized correlated factor measurement model demonstrated relatively good fit, with BSR and SC correlated highly with one another and moderately with EC. When entered in separate regression equations, EC and BSR each predicted children's reading and math achievement; SC only predicted reading achievement. When considered simultaneously, neither EC, BSR, nor SC contributed independently to reading achievement; however, EC had a direct effect on math achievement and an indirect effect on reading achievement via both BSR and SC. Implications for research and early intervention efforts are discussed. PMID:25908886\nNevo, Einat; Brande, Sigalit; Shaul, Shelley\nIt has been well established that poor reading skills in the first grades of primary school can lead to poor reading skills in all coming years. A reading acceleration program (RAP) known to improve reading skills in adults and children with and without reading difficulties (RD) was tested for its effect on children in second grade with standard…\nHijikata, Yuko; Nakatani, Yasuo; Shimizu, Maki\nAcademic reading has been less emphasized compared with academic writing as a site of research inquiry. Although some studies have examined reading strategy use in academic reading (e.g., Block, 1986; Plakans, 2009), these studies used short passages only, and there have been a few studies that have focused on the mental representation constructed…\nMack, Faite Royjier-Poncefonte\nThis book contains more than 200 one-page exercises designed to give adults practice in basic reading and handwriting skills. The exercises are arranged according to the areas with which they deal: visual discrimination; letter recognition; manuscript practice and sequence; script practice; numeral writing; initial consonants; final consonants;…\nThe purposes of the study were to determine whether phonic analysis training could be used to prepare children to be successful on the Auditory Analysis Test (AAT) of phonic skills and to then relate phonic knowledge to reading performance. Subjects were 40 first graders in suburban Pittsburgh who had attended kindergarten together. A group of 16…\nShapiro, Edward S.\nAn ideal companion to \"Academic Skills Problems, Third Edition,\" this user-friendly workbook offers numerous opportunities for practicing and mastering direct assessment and intervention procedures. Practice exercises and forms--some of which are reprinted from the text--are presented in a convenient 8 1/2\" x 11\" format with permission to…\nGuam Public School System, 2003\nThe results of the SAT 9 tests administered to Guam students in grades 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 10, and 11 have consistently indicated below average academic performance in the subjects of reading, math and language arts over the past decade of testing. To ensure that students attain the necessary skills and knowledge in reading, math, and language arts,…\nDickens, Rachel H.; Meisinger, Elizabeth B.\nThe purpose of this study was to examine the effects of reading skill and reading modality (oral versus silent) on reading comprehension. A normative sample of sixth-grade students (N = 74) read texts aloud and silently and then answered questions about what they read. Skill in word reading fluency was assessed by the Test of Word Reading…\nKiuru, Noona; Aunola, Kaisa; Lerkkanen, Marja-Kristiina; Pakarinen, Eija; Poskiparta, Elisa; Ahonen, Timo; Poikkeus, Anna-Maija; Nurmi, Jari-Erik\nThis study examined cross-lagged associations between positive teacher and peer relations and academic skill development. Reading and math skills were tested among 625 students in kindergarten and Grade 4. Teacher reports of positive affect toward each student and classmate reports of peer acceptance were gathered in Grades 1-3. The results…\nKiuru, Noona; Nurmi, Jari-Erik; Leskinen, Esko; Torppa, Minna; Poikkeus, Anna-Maija; Lerkkanen, Marja-Kristiina; Niemi, Pekka\nThis study examined the longitudinal associations between children's academic skills and the instructional support teachers gave individual students. A total of 253 Finnish children were tested on reading and math skills twice in the first grade and once in the second grade. The teachers of these children rated the instructional support that they…\nTaylor, Emily P.; Skinner, Christopher H.; McCallum, Elizabeth; Poncy, Brian C.; Orsega, Mike\nBecause teacher-to-student ratios often make it difficult for teachers to work individually with students on skill-building activities, educators and researchers have developed and evaluated procedures in which audio-recordings are used to improve basic academic skills. In the current paper, we describe and analyze reading, math, and spelling…\nWestendorp, Marieke; Hartman, Esther; Houwen, Suzanne; Smith, Joanne; Visscher, Chris\nThe present study compared the gross motor skills of 7- to 12-year-old children with learning disabilities (n = 104) with those of age-matched typically developing children (n = 104) using the Test of Gross Motor Development-2. Additionally, the specific relationships between subsets of gross motor skills and academic performance in reading,…\nPakarinen, Eija; Lerkkanen, Marja-Kristiina; Poikkeus, Anna-Maija; Siekkinen, Martti; Nurmi, Jari-Erik\nThis study examined the extent to which kindergarten children's academic pre-skills are associated with their teachers' subsequent teaching practices. The pre-skills in reading and math of 1268 children (655 boys, 613 girls) were measured in kindergarten in the fall. A pair of trained observers used the Classroom Assessment Scoring System…\nSeifert, Kyle; Hurney, Carol A.; Wigtil, Clifton J.; Sundre, Donna L.\nThe Academic Skills Inventory (Kruger and Zechmeister, 2001) was developed at Loyola University of Chicago and originally designed for use with psychology majors. It was later extended for use in a variety of academic programs. The Academic Skills Inventory (ASI) assesses student self-reports of behaviors in 10 skill areas: (1) written and oral…\nLesaux, Nonie K; Crosson, Amy C; Kieffer, Michael J; Pierce, Margaret\nEnglish reading comprehension skill development was examined in a group of 87 native Spanish-speakers developing English literacy skills, followed from fourth through fifth grade. Specifically, the effects of Spanish (L1) and English (L2) oral language and word reading skills on reading comprehension were investigated. The participants showed average word reading skills and below average comprehension skills, influenced by low oral language skills. Structural equation modeling confirmed that L2 oral language skills had a large, significant effect on L2 reading comprehension, whereas students' word-level reading skills, whether in L1 or L2, were not significantly related to English reading comprehension in three of four models fitted. The results converge with findings from studies with monolinguals demonstrating the influence of oral language on reading comprehension outcomes, and extend these findings by showing that, for language minority learners, L2 oral language exerts a stronger influence than word reading in models of L2 reading. PMID:21243117\nDescribes a technique for beginning levels of an approach to teaching reading skills to students of English as a second language. Considers three reading skills--scanning, skimming, and reading for deeper comprehension. The technique uses a reading objectives grid which describes the types and objectives of questions to ask. (SED)\nEhrenworth, Mary; Minor, Cornelius; Federman, Mark; Jennings, James; Messer, Katherine; McCloud, Christopher\nBuilding on the work of John Hattie, Richard Kent, and Tom Newkirk, a think tank collaborative in New York City's high schools works to raise the level of students' close reading, argumentation, and agency across the curriculum by teaching students to analyze athletic competitions, to compose sports arguments, and to transfer and apply these…\nWanzek, Jeanne; Roberts, Greg; Al Otaiba, Stephanie\nThe purpose of this study was to investigate the academic responding of students at-risk for reading difficulties in beginning reading instruction. Opportunities for kindergarten students at-risk for reading difficulties to respond academically during teacher-facilitated reading instruction in the general education classroom were examined in…\nGurses, Meral Ozkan; Adiguzel, Oktay Cem\nThis study investigates the effects of reading strategies instruction based on the Cognitive Academic Language Learning Approach over students' skill to comprehend what they read in French and their use of reading strategies. It has an action research design. Eighteen students studying at French Preparatory Program at Eskisehir Osmangazi…\nSchwanenflugel, Paula J.; Hamilton, Anne Marie; Kuhn, Melanie R.; Wisenbaker, Joseph M.; Stahl, Steven A.\nProsodic reading, or reading with expression, is considered one of the hallmarks of fluent reading. The major purpose of the study was to learn how reading prosody is related to decoding and reading comprehension skills. Suprasegmental features of oral reading were measured in 2nd- and 3rd-grade children (N = 123) and 24 adults. Reading…\nNew York City Board of Education, Brooklyn, NY.\nThis guide is designed to help teachers, staff members responsible for teacher training, and reading supervisors provide better reading instruction. The skills that lead to mature reading are arranged on eight levels of developmental sequence. Level A is concerned with developing prereading skills. Levels B to D treat initiating and developing…\nMohd. Zin, Zuhana; Rafik-Galea, Shameem\nResearch into the factors that contribute to reading performance decrement in L2 reading among ESL university students is still being extensively researched in the context of ELT. This is because successful academic performance is highly dependent on good reading ability. While it is widely accepted that poor reading performance is due to lack of…\nWernersbach, Brenna M.; Crowley, Susan L.; Bates, Scott C.; Rosenthal, Carol\nAlthough study skills courses improve student retention, the impact of study skills courses on students' academic self-efficacy has not been investigated. The present study examined pre- and posttest levels of academic self-efficacy in college students enrolled in a study skills course (n = 126) compared to students enrolled in a general education…\nA teacher used classics of children's literature to teach critical reading skills. Although scoring above the national average on the Iowa Tests of Basic Skills (ITBS), the teacher's fourth-grade gifted students exhibited problems with critical reading skills. A literature unit involving whole language strategies and using Beverly Cleary's \"The…\nPolkinghorne, Frederick W.; Hagler, Barbara; Anderson, Marcia\nBackground: According to research, adolescent reading skills tend to be poor, and increased pressure from Federal legislation has been placed on educators to improve these skills. Research lacks on business teacher educators' preparation to provide reading skill instruction. Purpose: The research purpose was to better understand the perceptions of…\nWestendorp, Marieke; Hartman, Esther; Houwen, Suzanne; Smith, Joanne; Visscher, Chris\nThe present study compared the gross motor skills of 7- to 12-year-old children with learning disabilities (n = 104) with those of age-matched typically developing children (n = 104) using the Test of Gross Motor Development-2. Additionally, the specific relationships between subsets of gross motor skills and academic performance in reading, spelling, and mathematics were examined in children with learning disabilities. As expected, the children with learning disabilities scored poorer on both the locomotor and object-control subtests than their typically developing peers. Furthermore, in children with learning disabilities a specific relationship was observed between reading and locomotor skills and a trend was found for a relationship between mathematics and object-control skills: the larger children's learning lag, the poorer their motor skill scores. This study stresses the importance of specific interventions facilitating both motor and academic abilities. PMID:21700421\nA small change in how teachers and parents read aloud to preschoolers may provide a big boost to their reading skills later on, a new study found. That change involves making specific references to print in books while reading--such as pointing out letters and words on the pages, showing capital letters, and showing how they read from left to…\nSchwanenflugel, Paula J.; Westmoreland, Matthew R.; Benjamin, Rebekah George\nThe purposes of the study were to determine whether third grade children mark linguistic focus features in their reading prosody and whether strong marking of these linguistic focus features might comprise an aspect of expressive reading typical of skilled, fluent reading. Children read a passage targeting information focusing aspects of prosody…\nResearch on reading has tried, and failed, to account for wide disparities in reading skill even among children taught by the same method. Why do some children learn to read easily and quickly while others, in the same classroom and taught by the same teacher, don't learn to read at all? In \"Language Development and Learning to Read\", Diane…\nGullick, Margaret M.; Demir-Lira, Özlem Ece; Booth, James R.\nLow socioeconomic status (SES) has been repeatedly linked with decreased academic achievement, including lower reading outcomes. Some lower SES children do show skills and scores commensurate with those of their higher SES peers, but whether their abilities stem from the same systems as high SES children or are based on divergent strategies is…\nAustin Independent School District, TX. Office of Program Evaluation.\nThe Texas Assessment of Academic Skills (TAAS) is a state-mandated, criterion-referenced or mastery test that has been administered since the 1990-91 school year. The TAAS measures student mastery of the statewide curriculum in reading and mathematics at grades 3 through 8 and at the exit level, and in writing at grades 4 and 8 and at the exit…\nThe Mem-ExSpan Accelerative Cognitive Training System (MESACTS) is described as a cognitive skills training program for schools, businesses, and industry. The program achieves extraordinary academic results in reading and mathematics with 1 semester of input 4 days a week for 30 minutes a day. Intensive versions of the program accelerate…\nWolf, Janice J.; Baker, Pamela Hudson\nTime is limited. Teachers often struggle to address the diverse needs of learners in their classrooms, especially when faced with academic and social skills concerns. Finding effective ways to teach social skills in the context of academic instruction makes sense. Books by Dr. Seuss provide a variety of high-interest stories that can be used to…\nRecreational reading as a method of language learning has been a focus of investigation in second language education. This article considers recreational reading through the additional perspective of academic librarianship. Its purpose is to discover if recreational reading is a topic that lends itself to research through both perspectives. This…\nMontgomery, Joel R.\nThis article highlights significant research about what below grade-level reading means in middle school classrooms and suggests a tested approach to improve reading comprehension levels significantly by using audio books. The use of these audio books can improve reading and academic performance for both English language learners (ELLs) and for…\nChurchwell, Dawn Earheart\nThis study examined the relationship between reading achievement and achievement in other subject areas. The purpose of this study was to determine if there was a correlation between reading scores as measured by the Standardized Test for the Assessment of Reading (STAR) and academic achievement in language arts, math, science, and social studies…\nPodolsky, Tim; Soiferman, Karen\nThe purpose of this study was to explore student preferences regarding reading print materials or online reading materials for academic purposes, as well as to examine how students adapt traditional reading strategies such as underlining, highlighting, and taking marginal notes when reading electronic texts. A total of 61 participants (32…\nHaapala, Eero A.; Poikkeus, Anna-Maija; Kukkonen-Harjula, Katriina; Tompuri, Tuomo; Lintu, Niina; Väistö, Juuso; Leppänen, Paavo H. T.; Laaksonen, David E.; Lindi, Virpi; Lakka, Timo A.\nBackground There are no prospective studies that would have compared the relationships of different types of physical activity (PA) and sedentary behavior (SB) with academic skills among children. We therefore investigated the associations of different types of PA and SB with reading and arithmetic skills in a follow-up study among children. Methods The participants were 186 children (107 boys, 79 girls, 6–8 yr) who were followed-up in Grades 1–3. PA and SB were assessed using a questionnaire in Grade 1. Reading fluency, reading comprehension and arithmetic skills were assessed using standardized tests at the end of Grades 1–3. Results Among all children more recess PA and more time spent in SB related to academic skills were associated with a better reading fluency across Grades 1–3. In boys, higher levels of total PA, physically active school transportation and more time spent in SB related to academic skills were associated with a better reading fluency across the Grades 1–3. Among girls, higher levels of total PA were related to worse arithmetic skills across Grades 1–3. Moreover, total PA was directly associated with reading fluency and arithmetic skills in Grades 1–3 among girls whose parents had a university degree, whereas these relationships were inverse in girls of less educated parents. Conclusions Total PA, physically active school transportation and SB related to academic skills may be beneficial for the development of reading skills in boys, whereas factors that are independent of PA or SB may be more important for academic skills in girls. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01803776 PMID:25207813\nMcBride-Chang, Catherine; Zhou, Yanling; Cho, Jeung-Ryeul; Aram, Dorit; Levin, Iris; Tolchinsky, Liliana\nDoes learning to read influence one's visual skill? In Study 1, kindergartners from Hong Kong, Korea, Israel, and Spain were tested on word reading and a task of visual spatial skill. Chinese and Korean kindergartners significantly outperformed Israeli and Spanish readers on the visual task. Moreover, in all cultures except Korea, good readers…\nLazaro, Miguel; Camacho, Lourdes; Burani, Cristina\nThis article presents the results of a lexical decision experiment in which the base frequency (BF) effect is explored in reading disabled children and skilled readers. Three groups of participants were created. The first group was composed of children with reading disorders, the second group of skilled readers matched with the first group for…\nStojanovik, Vesna; Riddell, Patricia\nDespite ample research into the language skills of children with specific reading disorder no studies so far have investigated whether there may be a difference between expressive and receptive language skills in this population. Yet, neuro-anatomical models would predict that children who have specific reading disorder which is not associated…\nCarlson, Sarah E.; van den Broek, Paul; McMaster, Kristen; Rapp, David N.; Bohn-Gettler, Catherine M.; Kendeou, Panayiota; White, Mary Jane\nThe purpose of this study was to investigate differences between readers with different levels of comprehension skill when engaging in a causal questioning activity during reading, and the varied effects on inference generation. Fourth-grade readers (n?=?74) with different levels of comprehension skill read narrative texts aloud and were asked…\nBabayigit, Selma; Stainthorp, Rhona\nThis study had three main aims. First, we examined to what extent listening comprehension, vocabulary, grammatical skills and verbal short-term memory (VSTM) assessed prior to formal reading instruction explained individual differences in early reading comprehension levels. Second, we examined to what extent the three common component skills,…\nRicketts, Jessie; Nation, Kate; Bishop, Dorothy V. M.\nAlthough there is evidence for a close link between the development of oral vocabulary and reading comprehension, less clear is whether oral vocabulary skills relate to the development of word-level reading skills. This study investigated vocabulary and literacy in 81 children aged 8 to 10 years. In regression analyses, vocabulary accounted for…\nSchwanenflugel, Paula J.; Hamilton, Anne Marie; Wisenbaker, Joseph M.; Kuhn, Melanie R.; Stahl, Steven A.\nProsodic reading, or reading with expression, is considered one of the hallmarks of fluent reading. The major purpose of the study was to learn how reading prosody is related to decoding and reading comprehension skills. Suprasegmental features of oral reading were measured in 2nd- and 3rd-grade children (N = 123) and 24 adults. Reading comprehension and word decoding skills were assessed. Children with faster decoding speed made shorter and less variable intersentential pauses, shorter intrasentential pauses, larger sentence-final fundamental frequency (F0) declinations, and better matched the adult prosodic F0 profile. Two structural equation models found evidence of a relationship between decoding speed and reading prosody as well as decoding speed and comprehension. There was only minimal evidence that prosodic reading was an important mediator of reading comprehension skill. PMID:19777077\nJose, G. Rexlin; Raja, B. William Dharma\nReading bestows enjoyment and enlightenment. It unlocks the unknown. It is a complex cognitive activity that is indispensable for the kind of knowledge society. So the students of today's world must know how to learn from reading and to enter the present literate society. One who reads can lead others to light. People who read can be free because…\nGibb, Jennifer, Ed.\nPossessing generic or employability skills is vital in the current labour market. The vocational education and training (VET) sector, like other education sectors, must ensure its clients gain and develop generic skills. This volume of readings summarises NCVER managed research into generic skills undertaken in 2001 and 2002. The work covers four…\nThrough a process of refinement and field testing, a working committee of seven states, under the direction of the National Committee of State Directors of Migrant Education Programs, developed a list of reading skills/concepts that are both generic and universal. Each skill is a base, essential concept. Most skills or subskills in any reading…\nNational Automotive Technicians Education Foundation, Herndon, VA.\nThis task list of workplace skills for collision repair and refinish technicians resulted from grant from the U.S. Department of Education to the National Automotive Technician Education Foundation (NATEF) of the National Institute for Automotive Service Excellence. The skills list is integrated with academic skills. This document lists the…\nThe aim of this paper is to determine relation between PISA Reading Skills and ICT use skills of Turkish students. In this study are four variables such as joy/like Reading, use of Libraries, Online Reading and Plausible value in reading which are dealt with as indications of reading skills. It constitutes six variables such as attitude towards…\nGuldenoglu, I. Birkan; Kargin, Tevhide; Miller, Paul\nThe purpose of this study was to compare the word processing and reading comprehension skilled in and less skilled readers. Forty-nine, 2nd graders (26 skilled and 23 less skilled readers) participated in this study. They were tested with two experiments assessing their processing of isolated real word and pseudoword pairs as well as their reading…\nJennifer, J. Mary; Ponniah, R. Joseph\nPleasure reading is an absolute choice to eradicate readicide, a systematic killing of the love for reading. This paper encompasses the different forms and consequences of readicide which will have negative impact not only on comprehension but also on the prior knowledge of a reader. Reading to score well on tests impedes the desire for reading…\nThis book is presented for teachers who do not use a reading course and who wish to produce their own material as well as for individuals developing materials for tailor-made courses. Various types of reading comprehension exercises are described and classified. The exercise-types suggested can be adapted for all reading levels. The book begins…\nEskenazi, Michael A.; Folk, Jocelyn R.\nWe investigated whether high-skill readers skip more words than low-skill readers as a result of parafoveal processing differences based on reading skill. We manipulated foveal load and word length, two variables that strongly influence word skipping, and measured reading skill using the Nelson-Denny Reading Test. We found that reading skill did…\nPeterson, Joseph M.; Knight, Diana\nA system designed to provide a framework for the individualization of reading instruction is discussed. The heart of the system is a mastery checklist of reading skills for each child which provides teachers with a means for discovering the specific skill needs of their students. Initially, the system depended upon individual assessment exercises…\nVan Camp, Debbie; Van Camp, Wesley\nLiberal arts students are expected to graduate college with fully developed critical reading and writing skills. However, for a variety of reasons these skills are not always as well developed as they might be--both during and upon completion of college. This paper describes a reading assignment that was designed to increase students'…\nGustafson, Stefan; Falth, Linda; Svensson, Idor; Tjus, Tomas; Heimann, Mikael\nIn a longitudinal intervention study, the effects of three intervention strategies on the reading skills of children with reading disabilities in Grade 2 were analyzed. The interventions consisted of computerized training programs: One bottom-up intervention aimed at improving word decoding skills and phonological abilities, the second…\nTighe, Elizabeth L.; Schatschneider, Christopher\nThe current study employed a meta-analytic approach to investigate the relative importance of component reading skills to reading comprehension in struggling adult readers. A total of 10 component skills were consistently identified across 16 independent studies and 2,707 participants. Random effects models generated 76 predictor-reading…\nBevel, Raymona K.; Mitchell, Roxanne M.\nPurpose: The purpose of this paper is to explore the relationship between academic optimism (AO) and elementary reading achievement (RA). Design/methodology/approach: Using correlation and hierarchical linear regression, the authors examined school-level effects of AO on fifth grade reading achievement in 29 elementary schools in Alabama.…\nSchonlau, Matthias; Martin, Laurie; Haas, Ann; Derose, Kathryn Pitkin; Rudd, Rima\nLimited literacy contributes to suboptimal care and outcomes for patients. The Institute of Medicine noted that future work in health literacy should consider multiple literacy skills. However, lacking empirical evidence of the relationship between different literacy skills, reading skills are often used as proxies of literacy in research and practice. Using a community-based sample of 618 individuals residing in Boston, MA and Providence, RI, we conducted a principal component analysis on measures of four literacy skills: reading, numeracy, oral (speaking) and aural (listening) to examine whether and to what extent literacy can, or should, be represented by a single measure. The first principal component represented overall literacy and could only explain 60% of the total variation in literacy skills within individuals. The second principal component differentiated between numeracy/reading and the oral/aural exchange. While reading and numeracy best represent overall literacy, patients’ relative strengths may vary. Those with moderate reading ability may have high oral and aural language skills. Conversely, people who have difficulties speaking with or understanding a provider may read well. Effective communication with patients should rely on both the oral exchange and written health information, and not rely on a single literacy skill. PMID:21916699\nLei, Simon A.; Berger, Adam M.; Allen, Brigita M.; Plummer, Chad V.; Rosenberg, Worka\nIn order to successfully complete any college-level courses, English Language Learner (ELL) students must be able to read and comprehend a large volume of academic information. However, many instructors are completely overwhelmed in teaching their respective subject areas and are academically unprepared to teach ELL students appropriate reading…\nFAME is an acronym for a four-course program titled Foundations, Adventures, Mastery, and Explorations. Reading Is FAME is a research-based, developmental reading program for adolescents reading below grade level. The program incorporates a series of four courses designed for students in grades 7-12. The FAME curriculum helps students by…\nJacquette, Barbara, Ed.\nThe ten articles in this yearbook were drawn from Arizona State University's Annual Reading Conference. The first two articles present different perspectives on current research in the teaching of reading comprehension, the third offers a systematic plan for teaching comprehension to remedial readers, and a fourth looks at reading as a tool for…\nLevine, Laura E; Waite, Bradley M; Bowman, Laura L\nActivities that require focused attention, such as reading, are declining among American youth, while activities that depend on multitasking, such as instant messaging (IMing), are increasing. We hypothesized that more time spent IMing would relate to greater difficulty in concentrating on less externally stimulating tasks (e.g., academic reading). As hypothesized, the amount of time that young people spent IMing was significantly related to higher ratings of distractibility for academic tasks, while amount of time spent reading books was negatively related to distractibility. The distracting nature and the context of IMing in this population are described. PMID:17711365\nVellutino, Frank R.; Tunmer, William E.; Jaccard, James J.; Chen, RuSan\nElementary and middle school children were given a large battery of tests evaluating reading subskills and reading-related cognitive abilities. These measures were used to define latent representing skills and abilities believed to be important components of reading comprehension. Hypothesized relationships among these constructs were specified…\nConnor, Carol McDonald; Jakobsons, Lara J.; Crowe, Elizabeth C.; Meadows, Jane Granger\nThis study explored first-, second-, and third-grade reading instruction and students' (n = 1,586) reading skill growth in Florida Reading First (RF) classrooms (n = 95). The goal of RF is to improve students' literacy outcomes through the use of research-based instruction, assessment, teacher training, and program evaluation. Whereas survey data…\nvan Wyk, Gerda; Louw, Arno\nThis paper addresses the controversial issues of improving the reading skills of young learners through technology-assisted reading programmes. On reporting the results of primary school learners from grade 2 to grade 7 who participated in a computer-based reading programme for seven months, we try to answer the critical questions of whether…\nThis study examined how knowledge of metacognitive strategies and navigation skills mediate the relationship between online reading activities and printed reading assessment (PRA) and electronic reading assessment (ERA) across 19 countries using the PISA (Programme for International Student Assessment) 2009 database. Participants were 34?104…\nDogan, Enis; Ogut, Burhan; Kim, Young Yee\nThe relationship between reading skills in earlier grades and achieving \"Proficiency\" on the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) grade 8 reading assessment was examined by establishing a statistical link between NAEP and the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study (ECLS) grade 8 reading assessments using data from a common…\nRoch, Maja; Levorato, M. Chiara\nBackground: According to the \"Simple View of Reading\" (Hoover and Gough 1990), individual differences in reading comprehension are accounted for by decoding skills and listening comprehension, each of which makes a unique and specific contribution. Aims: The current research was aimed at testing the Simple View of Reading in individuals with…\nMcGeown, Sarah P.; Osborne, Cara; Warhurst, Amy; Norgate, Roger; Duncan, Lynne G.\nThis study examined the extent to which a range of child characteristics (sex, age, socioeconomic status, reading skill and intrinsic and extrinsic reading motivation) predicted engagement (i.e., time spent) in different reading activities (fiction books, factual books, school textbooks, comics, magazines and digital texts). In total, 791 children…\nDatta, Saroj; Macdonald-Ross, Michael\nDescribes the use of cloze procedures to investigate the reading skills and reading habits of Open University (United Kingdom) reservees (potential undergraduate students). Discusses correlations between reading habits and other student characteristics and identifying reservees at risk based on the results of cloze tests. (Author/LRW)\nVukovic, Rose K.; Lesaux, Nonie K.; Siegel, Linda S.\nAlthough many children with reading difficulty (RD) are reported to struggle with mathematics, little research has empirically investigated whether this is the case for different types of RD. This study examined the mathematics skills of third graders with one of two types of RD: dyslexia (n = 18) or specific reading comprehension difficulty (n =…\nThis guide outlines a model that adult educators can use to construct a test for their adult students, regardless of subject area, that is written at the students' reading level. The problems that written tests pose for trade and technical students in further education (FE) who have poor reading skills and the drawbacks of using commercially…\nJunior high school teacher Mary Rice designs a consumer research unit that cultivates students' critical reading and thinking skills. As students learn how to develop and revise criteria for evaluating the reliability of online information, they read customer reviews, research products, and present their findings orally.\nKuhara-Kojima, Keiko; Hatano, Giyoo\nA study examined whether the reading comprehension of students with rich domain-specific knowledge will be better than that of students without it and whether assessed general skills will be correlated significantly with reading comprehension performance for students without specific knowledge, but negligible for the students with much specific…\nCullen, Jennifer M.; Alber-Morgan, Sheila R.; Schnell, Senny T.; Wheaton, Joe E.\nReading comprehension is a critical skill for school success. Struggling readers can benefit from computer-assisted instruction that utilizes components of effective instruction (e.g., frequent practice, immediate feedback). The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of Headsprout Comprehension, a computer-assisted reading program, on…\nThis article features FAST-R, or Formative Assessments of Student Thinking in Reading, a new assessment tool that measures critical-reading skills. FAST-R was developed by the the nonprofit Boston Plan for Excellence (BPE), a local education foundation, to provide teachers with information about what students are thinking when they try to find…\nTyre, Betty B.\nOne of the major objectives of all schools is to help each student become an independent reader. By necessity then, the teacher, the materials utilized in the teaching process, and the classroom organization used must help students learn and gain proficiency in applying basic reading skills to the reading of all types of materials. To achieve the…\nPetrill, Stephen A.; Deater-Deckard, Kirby; Thompson, Lee Anne; DeThorne, Laura S.; Schatschneider, Christopher\nThe present study combined parallel data from the Northeast-Northwest Collaborative Adoption Projects (N2CAP) and the Western Reserve Reading Project (WRRP) to examine sibling similarity and quantitative genetic model estimates for measures of reading skills in 272 school-age sibling pairs from three family types (monozygotic twins, dizygotic…\nLongo, Ann Marie; And Others\nThis set of transparency masters provides information on a study of 52 adolescents with behavior disorders. The study assessed the value of teaching basic reading skills to at-risk 8th- to 10th-graders who were reading below the 4th grade level. Students were divided into three groups based on IQ level. The adolescents attended a foundation course…\nConners, Frances A.; Rosenquist, Celia J.; Sligh, Allison C.; Atwell, Julie A.; Kiser, Tanya\nTwenty children with mental retardation (MR), age 7-12, completed a phonological reading skills program over approximately 10 weeks. As a result of the instruction, they were better able to sound out learned and transfer words compared to a control group matched on age, IQ, nonword reading, language comprehension, and phonemic awareness. Final…\nBurman, Tiffany N.; Evans, Deborah C.\nThis report describes an action research project designed to improve reading skills of first grade students. The targeted population consisted of two elementary classrooms located in a small, rural Mid-Western town. The problem of difficulty memorizing reading vocabulary words was documented through parent and student surveys and a document…\nAkyol, Hayati; Çakiroglu, Ahmet; Kuruyer, Hayriye Gül\nThe aim of this study is to improve the reading skills of the students having difficulty in reading through an enrichment reading program. The current study was conducted by means of one-subject research technique and between-subjects multiple-baseline levels model belonging to this technique. The study was carried out with three participants from…\nHornery, Samantha; Seaton, Marjorie; Tracey, Danielle; Craven, Rhonda G.; Yeung, Alexander S.\nThis article describes the need for, and the structure and contents of, a reading program to help support children disadvantaged by reading difficulties. The program, delivered by trained and supported volunteers, lasts for 15 weeks. It uses a novel dual approach which aims to improve students' reading skills and simultaneously enhance their…\nThis project describes a program designed to improve the music reading abilities of second grade children. The intention is to discover the best possible method of teaching students basic rhythmic and melodic skills. When combined, these skills will not only increase students' understanding of the language of music, but will also increase…\nStaehr, Lars Stenius\nThis paper presents an empirical study investigating the relationship between vocabulary size and the skills of listening, reading and writing in English as a foreign language (EFL). The participants were 88 EFL learners from lower secondary education whose language skills were assessed as part of the national school leaving examination in…\nMedina, Muriel; And Others\nThis module is the seventh of 10 in the Essential Communication and Documentation Skills curriculum. It develops reading on the job, a workplace literacy skill identified as being directly related to the job of the direct care worker. The curriculum is designed to improve the competence of New York State Division for Youth direct care staff using…\nDesigned for students who already have some facility in map reading, but who would like to develop their skills in a game situation. Objectives are for students to develop and practice the skills of using scale, grid location, symbols, and direction. Includes a list of materials, rules, and modifications. (Author/JK)\nMellard, Daryl F.; Woods, Kari L.; Md Desa, Z. Deana; Vuyk, M. Alexandra\nThis exploratory study identified underlying skill and ability differences among subgroups of adolescent and young adult struggling readers (N = 290) overall and in relation to a fluency-based instructional grouping method. We used principal axis factoring of participants' scores on 18 measures of reading-related skills and abilities identified in…\nDhanapala, Kusumi Vasantha; Yamada, Jun\nThis study aims to understand how EFL learners in different reading proficiency levels comprehend L2 texts, using five-component skills involving measures of (1) vocabulary knowledge, (2) drawing inferences and predictions, (3) knowledge of text structure and discourse organization, (4) identifying the main idea and summarizing skills, and (5)…\nHulme, Charles; Goetz, Kristina; Brigstocke, Sophie; Nash, Hannah M.; Lervag, Arne; Snowling, Margaret J.\nThere appears to be a close and probably causal relationship between early variations in phoneme skills and later reading skills in typically developing children, though the pattern in children with Down Syndrome is less clear. We present the results of a 2-year longitudinal study of 49 children with Down Syndrome (DS) and 61 typically developing…\nMisulis, Katherine E.\nIn this brief article, the author discuses how teachers across the curriculum and across grade levels can help students improve their reading skills and become more independent learners. The goal is to help students learn the subject matter while simultaneously helping them improve communication and reasoning skills necessary to learn the…\nAlabama Univ., Birmingham.\nFocusing upon reading problems and their identification, this handbook presents guidelines, procedures, techniques, and prescriptions for teaching basic reading skills to students who need assistance in becoming mature readers. The skills focused upon in the handbook are those of comprehension, oral reading, reading readiness, silent reading,…\nThis study focused on training students in skills essential to making oral presentations based on original and independent research work as part of their English for Academic Purposes (EAP) course. As a result of the training, students showed an increase in the successful use of research-related skills and a great improvement in their ability to…\nHooks, James D.\nThis study compared the effectiveness of the traditional library lecture and computer-assisted instruction (CAI) in scheduled credit classes in library skills. Subjects were 18 college freshman attending branch campuses who were academically underprepared for college level study and who also lacked basic library skills. Eleven students were taught…\nMany gifted preschoolers are self-taught readers. This was confirmed by more than 200 parents in a 2011 study at Oregon State University focusing on young children's reading experiences. The purpose of the study was to determine how parents of gifted children and gifted students perceived the children's learning-to-read process, their early school…\nSparks, Richard L.; Patton, Jon; Ganschow, Leonore; Humbach, Nancy; Javorsky, James\nThis prospective study examined early first-language (L1) predictors of later second-language (L2) reading (word decoding, comprehension) and spelling skills by conducting a series of multiple regressions. Measures of L1 word decoding, spelling, reading comprehension, phonological awareness, receptive vocabulary, and listening comprehension…\nBell, Kenneth E.; Limber, John E.\nWe surveyed students enrolled in Introductory Psychology courses about their text marking preferences and analyzed the marking in their textbooks. Low-skill readers report more reliance on highlighting strategies and actually mark their texts more than better readers. In addition, low-skilled readers prefer to buy used, previously marked texts…\nBraze, David; Tabor, Whitney; Shankweiler, Donald; Mencl, Einar\nThis study is part of a broader project that has the goal of developing cognitive and neuro-cognitive profiles of adolescent and young adult readers whose educational and occupational prospects are constrained by their limited literacy skills. The study explores relationships among reading related abilities in participants aged 16 to 24 years spanning a wide range of reading ability. Two specific questions are addressed: (1) Does the Simple View of Reading (Gough & Tunmer, 1986) capture all non-random variation in reading comprehension? (2) Does orally-assessed vocabulary knowledge account for variance in reading comprehension, as predicted by the Lexical Quality Hypothesis (Perfetti & Hart, 2002)? A comprehensive battery of cognitive and educational tests was employed to assess phonological awareness, decoding, verbal working memory, listening comprehension, reading comprehension, word knowledge, experience with print. In this heterogeneous sample, decoding ability clearly plays an important role in reading comprehension. Gough and Tunmer’s Simple View of Reading gives a reasonable fit to the data, though it does not capture all of the reliable variance in reading comprehension as predicted. Orally assessed vocabulary knowledge captures unique variance in reading comprehension even after listening comprehension and decoding skill are accounted for. We explore how a specific connectionist model of lexical representation and lexical access can account for these findings. PMID:17518215\nThis article investigates the experience of seven refugee students with academic reading during their first year of college, with a focus on the challenges they faced completing assigned readings and the strategies they used to cope with these challenges. Although the participants graduated from American high schools, they were not considered…\nIwai, Yuko; Filce, Hollie; Ramp, Ellen\nIn this study, the authors examined the impact of metacognitive reading strategies on international college students' academic success by correcting the Survey of Reading Strategies (SORS) instrument with (a) grade point averages (GPAs) and (b) the English language proficiency levels, categorized by beginning (students at the English Language…\nGullick, Margaret M; Demir-Lira, Özlem Ece; Booth, James R\nLow socioeconomic status (SES) has been repeatedly linked with decreased academic achievement, including lower reading outcomes. Some lower SES children do show skills and scores commensurate with those of their higher SES peers, but whether their abilities stem from the same systems as high SES children or are based on divergent strategies is unknown. We here investigated a potential interactive relationship between SES and real-word reading skill in the white matter in 42 typically developing children. SES was determined based on parental education; reading skill and age were not significantly related to SES. There was a significant neural interaction: Clusters in the bilateral inferior longitudinal fasciculus (ILF), left superior longitudinal fasciculus, and left corticospinal tract demonstrated interactive skill-SES relationships in fractional anisotropy. Follow-up analyses demonstrated that higher SES children showed a positive relationship between fractional anisotropy, reflecting tract coherence, and reading skill in left hemisphere tract clusters, whereas lower SES children showed a positive relationship in the right hemisphere homologues. Broadly, the ILF has been demonstrated to support orthographic skill on the left and more general visuospatial processing on the right, so high reading achievement in lower SES children may rely on supplementary visuospatial processing more than for higher SES readers. This pattern is consistent with previous work reporting low SES children's environments to include less rich verbal experience, which may lead them to disproportionately draw on visuospatial skills for success. Further, these results indicate that group SES differences may be best described by an adaptive, not a deficit, model. PMID:27412229\nUccula, Arcangelo; Enna, Mauro; Mulatti, Claudio\nIn this article, we are concerned with the role of colors in reading written texts. It has been argued that colored overlays applied above written texts positively influence both reading fluency and reading speed. These effects would be particularly evident for those individuals affected by the so called Meares-Irlen syndrome, i.e., who experience eyestrain and/or visual distortions – e.g., color, shape, or movement illusions – while reading. This condition would interest the 12–14% of the general population and up to the 46% of the dyslexic population. Thus, colored overlays have been largely employed as a remedy for some aspects of the difficulties in reading experienced by dyslexic individuals, as fluency and speed. Despite the wide use of colored overlays, how they exert their effects has not been made clear yet. Also, according to some researchers, the results supporting the efficacy of colored overlays as a tool for helping readers are at least controversial. Furthermore, the very nature of the Meares-Irlen syndrome has been questioned. Here we provide a concise, critical review of the literature. PMID:25120525\nLamônica, Dionísia Aparecida Cusin; Gejão, Mariana Germano; Prado, Lívia Maria do; Ferreira, Amanda Tragueta\nHyperlexia is characterized by spontaneous and early acquisition of reading skills, manifested before the age of five, without any formal education. Expressive and receptive language deficit, excellent memory, delayed language skills, echolalia, perseverations, and difficulty to understand verbal contexts, are common symptoms in individuals with hyperlexia and global developmental disorders, including Asperger's syndrome. The aim of this study was to describe the reading skills of individuals with hyperlexia. The participants were six boys with a history of hyperlexia, perceived by relatives before 36 months of life, chronologically aged between four years and four months to five years and two months. The following evaluation procedures were applied: interview with the parents or responsible guardians, communicative behavior observation, Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT), recognition of alphabet letters and numbers, School Performance Test, text reading, and reading comprehension. The participants showed different performances in the PPVT, and recognized letters, numbers and isolated words. There was difficulty in answering the writing subtest; the majority did not understand the text that they read and all of them demonstrated recognition of letters and numbers. Some participants were able to read words and texts. However, all participants presented alterations in other areas of language development, such as receptive vocabulary, communicative behavior and understanding of the material read, in addition to altered behaviors of social adaptation, both interactive and restrictive. PMID:24408490\nDuncan, Lynne G; McGeown, Sarah P; Griffiths, Yvonne M; Stothard, Susan E; Dobai, Anna\nThis study investigates the concurrent predictors of adolescent reading comprehension (literal, inferential) for fiction and non-fiction texts. Predictors were examined from the cognitive (word identification, reading fluency), psychological (gender), and ecological (print exposure) domains. Print exposure to traditional and digital texts was surveyed using a diary method of reading habits. A cross-sectional sample of 312 students in early (11-13 years) or middle adolescence (14-15 years) participated from a range of SES backgrounds. Word identification emerged as a strong predictor of reading comprehension across adolescence and text genres. Gender effects favouring female students were evident for reading frequency but not for reading skill itself. Reading habits also differed, and comprehension advantages were observed among females for fiction and males for non-fiction. Age effects emerged for reading frequency, which was lower in middle adolescence. Although more time was spent on digital than on traditional texts, traditional extended text reading was the only reading habit to predict inference-making in comprehension and to distinguish skilled from less skilled comprehenders. The theoretical and educational implications of these results are discussed. PMID:26094956\nTierney, Adam; Kraus, Nina\nThe beneficial effects of musical training are not limited to enhancement of musical skills, but extend to language skills. Here, we review evidence that musical training can enhance reading ability. First, we discuss five subskills underlying reading acquisition-phonological awareness, speech-in-noise perception, rhythm perception, auditory working memory, and the ability to learn sound patterns-and show that each is linked to music experience. We link these five subskills through a unifying biological framework, positing that they share a reliance on auditory neural synchrony. After laying this theoretical groundwork for why musical training might be expected to enhance reading skills, we review the results of longitudinal studies providing evidence for a role for musical training in enhancing language abilities. Taken as a whole, these findings suggest that musical training can provide an effective developmental educational strategy for all children, including those with language learning impairments. PMID:24309256\nQuirk, Matthew; Schwanenflugel, Paula J.; Webb, Mi-young\nThis short-term longitudinal study investigated the relationships between students' reading self-concept, goals for reading, and reading fluency skill over the course of the second grade year. Second-grade children (N = 185) were administered the Test of Word Reading Efficiency, the second-grade Dynamic Indicators of Basic Early Literacy Skills,…\nAlberto, Paul A.; Fredrick, Laura D.\nThis article presents a five-step sequence for teaching children with disabilities to read pictures. Steps are sequenced for content and complexity of picture, student response requirement, and language demands. They include: (1) identify person, (2) identify object, (3) identify person and object, (4) identify action, and (5) identify sequence.…\nWalczyk, Jeffrey J.; Marsiglia, Cheryl S.; Johns, Amanda K.; Bryan, Keli S.\nThe compensatory-encoding model (CEM) postulates that readers whose decoding of words or verbal working memory capacities is inefficient can compensate so that literal comprehension of text is not deleteriously affected. However, the use of compensations may draw cognitive resources away from higher level reading activities such as comprehension…\nClark, Kathryn; Pillion, Jennifer\nThis report describes a project for increasing parental involvement through the existing reading program. The targeted first and second grade students lived in growing rural, Midwestern, low to middle class communities located in north central Illinois. The problem was noted in literature by researchers who found that parents had a very limited…\nBullard, Rebecca R.; Graffis, Mary M.; Hamp, Kathryn J.\nThis study describes a program designed to increase student achievement in reading. The targeted population consisted of two first grade classes and one second grade class in a small central Illinois community. The median household income was in the lower range. Evidence of the existence of the problem included the April 2000 standard testing…\nBerman, Robert; Cheng, Liying\nAn English for academic purposes needs survey conducted at a Canadian university among first-year Bachelor's and Master's level students reveals native speakers (NS) and nonnative speakers (NNS) of English perceive that the language skills necessary for academic study are of different levels of difficulty. English language difficulties appear to…\nKevan, Alison; Pammer, Kristen\nIt is well documented that good reading skills may be dependent upon adequate dorsal stream processing. However, the degree to which dorsal stream deficits play a causal role in reading failure has not been established. This study used coherent motion and visual frequency doubling to examine whether dorsal stream sensitivity measured before the…\nNation, Kate; Cocksey, Joanne; Taylor, Jo S. H.; Bishop, Dorothy V. M.\nBackground: Poor comprehenders have difficulty comprehending connected text, despite having age-appropriate levels of reading accuracy and fluency. We used a longitudinal design to examine earlier reading and language skills in children identified as poor comprehenders in mid-childhood. Method: Two hundred and forty-two children began the study at…\nFalth, Linda; Gustafson, Stefan; Tjus, Tomas; Heimann, Mikael; Svensson, Idor\nThe purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of three computerized interventions on the reading skills of children with reading disabilities in Grade 2. This longitudinal intervention study included five test sessions over 1 year. Two test points occur before the intervention, and three afterwards. The last follow-up was conducted 1…\nPilotti, Maura; Martinez, Edward; Broderick, Tyler; Caballero, Sharon; LaGrange, Linda\nA well-established principle in the literature on learning, which maintains that variability of practice enhances long-term retention, served as the foundation of a summer program intended to ameliorate reading skills in incoming freshmen. During a 4-week period, students received reading instruction in the context of four areas: humanities,…\nA total of 26 preschools and day care centers in Saint Leo, Florida indicated the extent to which they were involved in teaching prereading and reading skills, when a questionnaire listing 50 reading and related activities was sent to 54 local centers. Respondents were instructed to indicate whether they engaged in the listed activities…\nMyers, Candace; Clark, M. Diane; Musyoka, Millicent M.; Anderson, Melissa L.; Gilbert, Gizelle L.; Agyen, Selina; Hauser, Peter C.\nPrevious research on the reading abilities of Deaf individuals from various cultural groups suggests that Black Deaf and Hispanic Deaf individuals lag behind their White Deaf peers. The present study compared the reading skills of Black Deaf and White Deaf individuals, investigating the influence of American Sign Language (ASL), culture, family…\nOsei, Aboagye Michael; Liang, Qing Jing; Natalia, Ihnatushchenko; Stephen, Mensah Abrampah\nAlthough wealth of empirical researches have covered the impact of crucial, indispensable role reading skills play in the development of individuals' mental faculties through the acquisition of knowledge in a particular language, scientific works on the assessment of the relationship(s) between pre-reading activities (consisting of games, puzzle…\nMuir, Sharon Pray\nUsing Piagetian spatial conceptual development theory and Bruner's theory of concept formation, discusses major issues underlying children's inability to perform well on map skill tasks. Mapping problems covered include teachers' inability to use maps, curricular issues, poor instructional practices, and the use of commercial maps. (DST)\nRogowsky, Beth A; Papamichalis, Pericles; Villa, Laura; Heim, Sabine; Tallal, Paula\nThis study reports an evaluation of the effect of computer-based cognitive and linguistic training on college students' reading and writing skills. The computer-based training included a series of increasingly challenging software programs that were designed to strengthen students' foundational cognitive skills (memory, attention span, processing speed, and sequencing) in the context of listening and higher level reading tasks. Twenty-five college students (12 native English language; 13 English Second Language), who demonstrated poor writing skills, participated in the training group. The training group received daily training during the spring semester (11 weeks) with the Fast ForWord Literacy (FFW-L) and upper levels of the Fast ForWord Reading series (Levels 3-5). The comparison group (n = 28) selected from the general college population did not receive training. Both the training and comparison groups attended the same university. All students took the Gates MacGinitie Reading Test (GMRT) and the Oral and Written Language Scales (OWLS) Written Expression Scale at the beginning (Time 1) and end (Time 2) of the spring college semester. Results from this study showed that the training group made a statistically greater improvement from Time 1 to Time 2 in both their reading skills and their writing skills than the comparison group. The group who received training began with statistically lower writing skills before training, but exceeded the writing skills of the comparison group after training. PMID:23533100\nRogowsky, Beth A.; Papamichalis, Pericles; Villa, Laura; Heim, Sabine; Tallal, Paula\nThis study reports an evaluation of the effect of computer-based cognitive and linguistic training on college students’ reading and writing skills. The computer-based training included a series of increasingly challenging software programs that were designed to strengthen students’ foundational cognitive skills (memory, attention span, processing speed, and sequencing) in the context of listening and higher level reading tasks. Twenty-five college students (12 native English language; 13 English Second Language), who demonstrated poor writing skills, participated in the training group. The training group received daily training during the spring semester (11 weeks) with the Fast ForWord Literacy (FFW-L) and upper levels of the Fast ForWord Reading series (Levels 3–5). The comparison group (n = 28) selected from the general college population did not receive training. Both the training and comparison groups attended the same university. All students took the Gates MacGinitie Reading Test (GMRT) and the Oral and Written Language Scales (OWLS) Written Expression Scale at the beginning (Time 1) and end (Time 2) of the spring college semester. Results from this study showed that the training group made a statistically greater improvement from Time 1 to Time 2 in both their reading skills and their writing skills than the comparison group. The group who received training began with statistically lower writing skills before training, but exceeded the writing skills of the comparison group after training. PMID:23533100\nSilverman, Rebecca D.; Proctor, C. Patrick; Harring, Jeffrey R.; Hartranft, Anna M.; Doyle, Brie; Zelinke, Sarah B.\nThe present study investigated language skills and reading comprehension with English monolingual and Spanish-English bilingual children in grades 2-5. Of the 377 children in the sample, 207 were English monolingual and 170 were Spanish-English bilingual. Data were collected within a cohort-sequential design for two academic years in the fall and…\nAlthough phonemic awareness is a well-known factor predicting early reading development, there is also evidence that Rapid Automatized Naming (RAN) is an independent factor that contributes to early reading. The aim of this study is to examine phonemic awareness and RAN as predictors of reading speed, reading comprehension and spelling for children with reading difficulties. It also investigates a possible reciprocal relationship between RAN and reading skills, and the possibility of enhancing RAN by intervention. These issues are addressed by examining longitudinal data from a randomised reading intervention study carried out in Sweden for 9-year-old children with reading difficulties (N = 112). The intervention comprised three main elements: training of phonics, reading comprehension strategies and reading speed. The analysis of the data was carried out using structural equation modelling. The results demonstrated that after controlling for autoregressive effects and non-verbal IQ, RAN predicts reading speed whereas phonemic awareness predicts reading comprehension and spelling. RAN was significantly enhanced by training and a reciprocal relationship between reading speed and RAN was found. These findings contribute to support the view that both phonemic awareness and RAN independently influence early phases of reading, and that both are possible to enhance by training. PMID:24803174\nCochise Coll., Douglas, AZ.\nIn 1989, Cochise College (CC) conducted a study to determine if a positive relationship existed between grade placement scores on the Nelson-Denny or Nelson reading comprehension examination and academic performance. The study population consisted of new or first-time CC students who were tested after May 1989. Placement scores for students who…\nApproaches and materials which are used to develop the vocabulary of high risk students at the University of Southern Colorado, an open enrollment university, are described in this paper. A basic skills reading course is required of students scoring below the 22nd percentile on the Cooperative English Test and a developmental reading course is…\nEmmorey, Karen; McCullough, Stephen; Weisberg, Jill\nWe investigated word-level reading circuits in skilled deaf readers (N=14; mean reading age=19.5years) and less skilled deaf readers (N=14; mean reading age=12years) who were all highly proficient users of American Sign Language. During fMRI scanning, participants performed a semantic decision (concrete concept?), a phonological decision (two syllables?), and a false-font control task (string underlined?). No significant group differences were observed with the full participant set. However, an analysis with the 10 most and 10 least skilled readers revealed that for the semantic task (vs. control task), proficient deaf readers exhibited greater activation in left inferior frontal and middle temporal gyri than less proficient readers. No group differences were observed for the phonological task. Whole-brain correlation analyses (all participants) revealed that for the semantic task, reading ability correlated positively with neural activity in the right inferior frontal gyrus and in a region associated with the orthography-semantics interface, located anterior to the visual word form area. Reading ability did not correlate with neural activity during the phonological task. Accuracy on the semantic task correlated positively with neural activity in left anterior temporal lobe (a region linked to conceptual processing), while accuracy on the phonological task correlated positively with neural activity in left posterior inferior frontal gyrus (a region linked to syllabification processes during speech production). Finally, reading comprehension scores correlated positively with vocabulary and print exposure measures, but not with phonological awareness scores. PMID:27448530\nBongratz, Karen M.; Bradley, Julie C.; Fisel, Kimberly L.; Orcutt, Jennifer A.; Shoemaker, Amy J.\nThis study describes a program designed to increase student academic performance through the use of reading strategies. The targeted population consists of third and fourth grade students in three separate communities located in northern Illinois. All three communities are part of one major metropolitan area, and the status of family income ranges…\nAnvari, Sima H.; Trainor, Laurel J.; Woodside, Jennifer; Levy, Betty Ann\nExamined relations among phonological awareness, music perception skills, and early reading skills in 100 preschoolers. Found that music skills correlated significantly with both phonological awareness and reading development. Music perception skills contributed unique variance in predicting reading ability, even when variance due to phonological…\nLindsey, Tommie, Jr.; Mabie, Benjamin\nAfter one failed attempt to buttress the prospects of black males at a racially diverse high school, teachers fashioned a life skills class that was heavy on racial pride and personal insight. In so doing they borrowed liberally from the Motivational Framework for Culturally Responsive Teaching by Margery Ginsberg and Raymond Wlodkowski that leans…\nBickens, Sarah; Bittman, Franny; Connor, David J.\nThis article provides an overview of the Autobiography Project, listing the topics of the ten chapters and the targeted skills that accompany them. The authors discuss the purposes of each chapter and describe the methods incorporated to promote the four broad components of literacy. This unit also addresses almost all components of the Common…\nMcGeown, Sarah P.; Duncan, Lynne G.; Griffiths, Yvonne M.; Stothard, Sue E.\nThe present study examines the extent to which adolescents' reading affect (reading motivation) and behaviour (reading habits) predict different components of reading (word reading, comprehension, summarisation and text reading speed) and also adds to the limited research examining group differences (gender, age, ability) in adolescents' reading…\nGraham, Lorraine; Bellert, Anne; Thomas, Jenny; Pegg, John\nQuickSmart is a basic academic skills intervention designed for persistently low-achieving students in the middle years of schooling that aims to improve the automaticity of basic skills to improve higher-order processes, such as problem solving and comprehension, as measured on standardized tests. The QuickSmart instructional program consists of three structured, teacher- or teacher aide-directed, 30-minute, small-group lessons each week for approximately 26 weeks. In this study, 42 middle school students experiencing learning difficulties (LD) completed the QuickSmart reading program, and a further 42 students with LD took part in the QuickSmart mathematics program. To investigate the effects of the intervention, comparisons were made between the reading and mathematics progress of the intervention group and a group of 10 high-achieving and 10 average-achieving peers. The results indicated that although the standardized reading comprehension and mathematics scores of QuickSmart students remained below those of comparison students, they improved significantly from pretest to posttest. In contrast, the standardized scores of comparison students were not significantly different from pretest to posttest. On measures of response speed and accuracy gathered using the Cognitive Aptitude Assessment System (CAAS), QuickSmart students were able to narrow the gap between their performance and that of their high- and average-achieving peers. Implications are drawn regarding the importance of interventions that emphasize the automaticity of basic academic skills for students with learning difficulties. PMID:17915495\nThe oral Red Cloud Reading Test provides a complete analysis of reading level and skills for American Indian students in grades 1-7 or for high school and adult students reading at or below high school levels. The test determines the basic and recreational reading levels, identifies reading problems, determines reading speeds, and analyzes the…\nElmonayer, Randa Abdelaleem\nThe present study examines the effect of dialogic reading (DR) on the promotion of Arabic phonological awareness skills (including syllable awareness, rhyme awareness, and phoneme awareness) of Egyptian kindergarteners. The participants were 67 children enrolled in the second level of kindergarten (ages 5-6), assigned to an experimental group…\nBarabe, Rosemeri; And Others\nUtilizing Southwestern Indian myths, legends, history, information on religious beliefs, architecture, fine arts, and social practices, the Adult Basic Education (ABE) Reading Skills workbook presents well-researched information about the rich heritage of the Indian culture of the Southwest, whilst offering a sequential, systematic approach to…\nSchwanenflugel, Paula J.; Noyes, Caroline R.\nExamines the influence of word meanings on lexical processing in high- and low-skill readers. States that rated context availability was a significant predictor of lexical decision times and word reading accuracy beyond nonsemantic factors. Finds that ability to retrieve meanings of low-context-availability words easily is an important component…\nReading music notation with fluency is a complex skill requiring well-founded instruction by the music teacher and diligent practice on the part of the learner. The task is complicated by the fact that there are multiple ways to notate a given rhythm. Beginning music students typically have their first encounter with enrhythmic notation when they…\nChung, Kevin K. H.; McBride-Chang, Catherine\nEighty-five Hong Kong Chinese children were tested across both the 2nd and 3rd years of kindergarten (ages 4-5 years) on tasks of inhibitory control, working memory, vocabulary knowledge, phonological awareness, morphological awareness, and word reading. With age, vocabulary knowledge, and metalinguistic skills statistically controlled, the…\nKlusek, Jessica; Hunt, Anna W.; Mirrett, Penny L.; Hatton, Deborah D.; Hooper, Stephen R.; Roberts, Jane E.; Bailey, Donald B.\nAlthough reading skills are critical for the success of individuals with intellectual disabilities, literacy has received little attention in fragile X syndrome (FXS). This study examined the literacy profile of FXS. Boys with FXS (n = 51; mean age 10.2 years) and mental age-matched boys with typical development (n = 35) participated in…\nCurtin, Penelope, Ed.; Stanwick, John, Ed.; Beddie, Francesca, Ed.\nThis book of readings on innovation was commissioned by the Department of Education, Employment and Workplace Relations (DEEWR) and looks at the relationship between skills, innovation and industry. In November 2010, the National Centre for Vocational Education Research (NCVER) held a forum in Sydney on the relationship between innovation and…\nCoots, James H.; Snow, David P.\nA review of research concerning the nature of text organization skills that contribute to reading comprehension ability reveals two distinct categories of studies: (1) those in which texts have been manipulated so as to facilitate spontaneous syntactic-semantic organization by the reader, and (2) those in which readers have received training or…\nBendt, Lori; Nunan, Jan\nThis paper examines the impact of the explicit teaching of social skills to enhance academic achievement. The targeted population comprised kindergarten and second grade students in a middle-class community located in central Illinois. The problem of inappropriate behaviors and difficulties interacting with peers and how this may affect academic…\nBjorn, Piia Maria; Kyttala, Minna\nThis study investigated whether family structure accounts for adolescent academic performance in Finland in the analysis. The thirteen- to fourteen-year-old (grade 8) students' (N = 171) literacy skills were measured and their mathematical performance was tested. Information about family structure was gathered via a questionnaire sent to their…\nA survey of Australian academic reference librarians was conducted as part of an international collaboration seeking to identify the most important knowledge, skills and attributes now and for the next ten years. Librarians working in or managing reference-related services at university and vocational education and training institutions…\nGoetzfridt, Nicholas J.\nTeaching critical thinking is a relatively new dimension of bibliographic instruction (BI) in the academic environment. It marks a departure from the teaching of \"user skills\" in which the primary concern is enabling library patrons to determine the appropriateness of reference tools and to use those tools effectively. This report assembles a…\nKeane, Willard; Peel, Mark\nAs a reference guide for handicapped students at Delhi College, this handbook provides information relative to and identifies the physical skills necessary for the completion of core courses in 37 academic programs in the areas of agriculture and life sciences, engineering technologies, business and management, vocational education, and general…\nLewis, J. Richard\nThe effectiveness of certain nonsimulation academic games in a gaming system called Teams-Games-Tournaments (TGT) was investigated as a method of teaching the skills of capitalization and punctuation. A sample of 138 eighth-grade students participated in an 18-day experiment comparing three teaching methods: gaming, in which students were taught…\nO'Neill, Susan; Thomson, Margareta Maria\nThe current literature review explores the factors that contribute to academic persistence for adult learners. The aim of the study is to identify current research-based strategies aimed at supporting learner persistence, particularly for low-skilled adults. Elements of three theoretical frameworks, namely, expectancy-value theory (EVT), goal…\nWillison, J. W.\nThis study considered outcomes when 27 academics explicitly developed and assessed student research skills in 28 regular (non-research methods) semester-length courses. These courses ranged from small (n = 17) to medium-large (n = 222) and included those from first year to masters in business, engineering, health science, humanities and science,…\nRoberts, Garrett J.; Solis, Michael; Ciullo, Stephen; McKenna, John W.; Vaughn, Sharon\nResearch findings have suggested that reading deficits and problem behaviors are positively related. This synthesis investigated how reading interventions impact behavioral/social skill outcomes by reviewing studies that included (a) a reading intervention without behavioral/social skill components, (b) behavioral/social skill dependent variables, and (c) students in Grades K-12. Fifteen articles were evaluated by the type of reading intervention, associations between positive reading effects and behavioral/social skill outcomes, and The What Works Clearinghouse (WWC) determinants of study ratings. Findings suggested that reading interventions tended to have positive reading outcomes, while behavioral/social skill outcomes were small or negative. Research did not suggest an association between improved reading and behavioral performance, regardless of the WWC study determinants rating. Implications include reading instruction may not be sufficient to improve behavioral and social skill outcomes. Additional research is warranted to investigate the long-term impact of reading on behavioral and social skill outcomes. PMID:25548392\nThomas, Richard; Larsen, Malte Nejst; Dahn, Ida Marie; Andersen, Josefine Needham; Krause-Jensen, Matilde; Korup, Vibeke; Nielsen, Claus Malta; Wienecke, Jacob; Ritz, Christian; Krustrup, Peter; Lundbye-Jensen, Jesper\nObjective To investigate associations between motor skills, exercise capacity and cognitive functions, and evaluate how they correlate to academic performance in mathematics and reading comprehension using standardised, objective tests. Methods This cross-sectional study included 423 Danish children (age: 9.29±0.35 years, 209 girls). Fine and gross motor skills were evaluated in a visuomotor accuracy-tracking task, and a whole-body coordination task, respectively. Exercise capacity was estimated from the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery level 1 children's test (YYIR1C). Selected tests from the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB) were used to assess different domains of cognitive functions, including sustained attention, spatial working memory, episodic and semantic memory, and processing speed. Linear mixed-effects models were used to investigate associations between these measures and the relationship with standard tests of academic performance in mathematics and reading comprehension. Results Both fine and gross motor skills were associated with better performance in all five tested cognitive domains (all P<0.001), whereas exercise capacity was only associated with better sustained attention (P<0.046) and spatial working memory (P<0.038). Fine and gross motor skills (all P<0.001), exercise capacity and cognitive functions such as working memory, episodic memory, sustained attention and processing speed were all associated with better performance in mathematics and reading comprehension. Conclusions The data demonstrate that fine and gross motor skills are positively correlated with several aspects of cognitive functions and with academic performance in both mathematics and reading comprehension. Moreover, exercise capacity was associated with academic performance and performance in some cognitive domains. Future interventions should investigate associations between changes in motor skills, exercise capacity, cognitive functions, and academic\nGrabe, William; Zhang, Cui\nReading and writing relations, as this concept applies to academic learning contexts, whether as a major way to learn language or academic content, is a pervasive issue in English for academic purposes (EAP) contexts. In many cases, this major link between reading/writing and academic learning is true even though explicit discussions of this…\nRobinson, Gregory L. W.; Conway, Robert N. F.\nThe study examined the effectiveness of the use of nonoptical tinted (Irlen) lenses with 44 children (ages 9-16) with reading disabilities. Evaluation after 6 and 12 months indicated a significant improvement in attitude to school and to basic academic skills. Reading comprehension and accuracy, but not rate, were also significantly improved.…\nSullivan, Amanda L.; Field, Samuel\nThis study investigated associations between enrollment in preschool special education and school readiness skills for children with mild to moderate delays. Findings indicated that on average, children who received preschool special education services had lower scores in reading and math in kindergarten than similar children who did not receive…\nDuhon, Gary J.; Noell, George H.; Witt, Joseph C.; Freeland, Jennifer T.; Dufrene, Brad A.; Gilbertson, Donna N.\nThis study examined an approach for assessing and intervening with academic concerns that is conceptually derived from the distinction between skill deficits and performance deficits. A class-wide assessment was used to describe the students' functioning in the context of their peers and to help select a target concern for intervention. An…\nPhilippi, Jorie W.\nTo measure the effectiveness of the Basic Skills Education Program (BSEP) reading curriculum--eight reading skill modules employing military job-specific reading materials and used by the U.S. Army in Europe (USAREUR)--and to provide information for improving it, a study examined 183 soldiers from 38 European posts who were enrolled in the BSEP…\nMcKay, Michael F.; Thompson, G. Brian\nChildren's skill at recoding graphemes to phonemes is widely understood as the driver of their progress in acquiring reading vocabulary. This recoding skill is usually assessed by children's reading of pseudowords (e.g., \"yeep\") that represent \"new words.\" This study re-examined the extent to which pseudoword reading is, itself, influenced by…\nA summary of presentations on the teaching of reading skills in English to speakers of other languages. Topics included the focus on different kinds of skills, use of discourse analysis, and reading as realization of an underlying communicative process. (AMH)\nTsai, Hsien-Chang; Liu, Shih-Hsiung\nEffective time-management skills and interpersonal interactions with familiar friends for learning matters on Facebook are desired characteristics for adolescents attempting to improve their academic achievements. This study identifies the relationships between time-management skills and Facebook interpersonal skills with the academic achievement…\nQuirk, Matthew; Schwanenflugel, Paula J; Webb, Mi-Young\nThis short-term longitudinal study investigated the relationships between students' reading self-concept, goals for reading, and reading fluency skill over the course of the second grade year. Second grade children (N=185) were administered the Test of Word Reading Efficiency, the second grade Dynamic Indicators of Basic Early Literacy Skills, and an adapted version of Motivation to Read Profile at the beginning, middle, and end of the school year. Results showed that students' goals for reading were related to reading self-concept, but unrelated to reading fluency. In addition, reading self-concept was significantly related to reading fluency at each time point. Latent-variable path analysis was used to test four potential relationships between students' reading self-concept and reading fluency skill: (a) an independence model; (b) a skill development model; (c) a self-enhancement model; and (d) a reciprocal effects model. Support for a reciprocal model was found between students' reading fluency skill and reading self-concept over the second grade year. This finding also indicated that students' reading self-concept begins to influence their reading achievement earlier than previous research had indicated. Implications for educational practice and future research will also be discussed. PMID:20300541\nKikas, Eve; Silinskas, Gintautas; Soodla, Piret\nThis study examined the effects of children's reading skills and interest in reading-related tasks on teacher perceptions of children's literacy skills (reading and spelling) and the respective individualized support for children during the first two years of formal schooling. The participants were 334 children and their classroom teachers.…\nThe main purpose of this study is to define the effect of the juvenile fiction on secondary school students' reading skills. In the study; 6th grade students', reading juvenile fiction, attitudes to reading, reading speed, comprehension ability of what's read are examined. The group of students reading juvenile fiction is compared…\nGustafson, Stefan; Fälth, Linda; Svensson, Idor; Tjus, Tomas; Heimann, Mikael\nIn a longitudinal intervention study, the effects of three intervention strategies on the reading skills of children with reading disabilities in Grade 2 were analyzed. The interventions consisted of computerized training programs: One bottom-up intervention aimed at improving word decoding skills and phonological abilities, the second intervention focused on top-down processing on the word and sentence levels, and the third was a combination of these two training programs (n = 25 in each group). In addition, there were two comparison groups, 25 children with reading disabilities who received ordinary special instruction and 30 age-matched typical readers. All reading disabled participants completed 25 training sessions with special education teachers. All groups improved their reading skills. The group who received combined training showed higher improvements than the ordinary special instruction group and the typical readers. Different cognitive variables were related to treatment gains for different groups. Thus, a treatment combining bottom-up and top-down aspects of reading was the most effective in general, but individual differences among children need to be considered. PMID:21383105\nTyler, Emily Jehanne; Hughes, John Carl; Beverley, Michael; Hastings, Richard Patrick\nMany children fail to acquire basic reading skills. The current evidence base for supplementary reading instruction indicates that explicit, systematic and intensive instruction in the early years for children considered to be \"at-risk\" of reading difficulties can have significant and preventative effects on reading skills. However,…\nMellard, Daryl F.; Anthony, Jason L.; Woods, Kari L.\nThis study extends the literature on the component skills involved in oral reading fluency. Dominance analysis was applied to assess the relative importance of seven reading-related component skills in the prediction of the oral reading fluency of 272 adult literacy learners. The best predictors of oral reading fluency when text difficulty was…\nChik, Pakey Pui-man; Ho, Connie Suk-han; Yeung, Pui-sze; Wong, Yau-kai; Chan, David Wai-ock; Chung, Kevin Kien-hoa; Lo, Lap-yan\nThis study aimed at identifying important skills for reading comprehension in Chinese dyslexic children and their typically developing counterparts matched on age (CA controls) or reading level (RL controls). The children were assessed on Chinese reading comprehension, cognitive, and reading-related skills. Results showed that the dyslexic…\nA study examined whether sixth grade students taught formal study skills would obtain significantly higher reading achievement than those not taught these skills. Study skills can be broken down into ten or more skill areas including: study habits, time management, test taking, lecture notetaking, reading comprehension, vocabulary, test anxiety,…\nBoth-de Vries, Anna C.; Bus, Adriana G.\nDoes alphabetic-phonetic writing start with the proper name and how does the name affect reading and writing skills? Sixty 4- to 5 1/2-year-old children from middle SES families with Dutch as their first language wrote their proper name and named letters. For each child we created unique sets of words with and without the child's first letter of…\nLeyva, Diana; Hopson, Sarah; Nichols, Ashley\nAre children's understanding of mental states (understanding of mind) related to their notating skills, that is, their ability to produce and read written marks to convey information about objects and number? Fifty-three preschoolers and kindergarteners were presented with a dictation task where they produced some written marks and were later…\nEleby, Calvin, Jr.\n\"The major problems facing the world today can be solved only if we improve our understanding of human behavior\" (Schlinger, 2005, pg. 48) and how it affects our educational experience in high school. The purpose of this study was to explore and examine to what extent there exists a relationship between social and academic study skills and its…\nLa Marca, Marilyn Tierney\nA study was conducted to determine the effects of the \"Cherry Hill Study Skills Program\" on eighth grade students' reading comprehension and study skills. The \"Cherry Hill Study Skills Program\" is a process oriented course dealing with the sequential development of nine specific skills deemed essential to the retrieval and retention of information…\nTobin, Kevin G.\nThis study is a follow-up on a previous study of the effects of 2 beginning reading programs implemented in 1st grade. In the previous study, 40 1st-grade students who were matched based on their Concepts About Print Test (Clay, 1979) and Phonological Segmentation Fluency from the Dynamic Indicators of Basic Early Literacy Skills (DIBELS; Good &…\nPáez, Mariela; Rinaldi, Claudia\nThis article describes the word reading skills in English and Spanish for a sample of 244 Spanish-speaking, English-learning (hence, bilingual) students in first grade and presents a predictive model for English word reading skills. The children in the study were assessed at the end of kindergarten and first grade, respectively. Data were gathered with 3 subtests of the Woodcock Language Proficiency Battery and a researcher-developed phonological awareness task. Results showed that, on average, children's English word reading skills were similar to monolingual norms whereas their Spanish word reading skills averaged 1 SD below the mean. English vocabulary, English phonological awareness, and Spanish word reading skills in kindergarten were found to be significant predictors of English word reading skills in first grade. Educational implications for screening language and reading skills and promising areas for targeted instruction for this population are discussed. PMID:20396623\nZucker, Tricia A; Cabell, Sonia Q; Justice, Laura M; Pentimonti, Jill M; Kaderavek, Joan N\nIn this study, we examined the longitudinal relations between frequency and features of reading experiences within the preschool classroom to children's language and literacy outcomes in kindergarten and 1st grade. Frequency refers to the number of shared reading sessions conducted each week as measured by teachers' written reading logs recorded across the academic year. Features refers to teachers' extratextual talk about literal, inferential, or print or phonological topics as assessed by analysis of 6 videotaped readings of narrative and informational texts collected across the preschool year. Participants were 28 preschool teachers and 178 children. The children were largely at risk and randomly selected from among those in each classroom to complete longitudinal assessments. In preschool, results showed that the frequency of classroom shared reading was positively and significantly related to children's receptive vocabulary growth, as was the inclusion of extratextual conversations around the text; only extratextual conversations related to children's preschool literacy growth. There was no evidence of differential influences of these experiences for children; that is, the relationship between frequency or features and children's language and literacy development was not moderated by children's initial skill level. Longitudinally, extratextual talk during preschool shared reading remained associated with children's vocabulary skills through kindergarten, with trends toward significance extending to 1st grade literacy skills. The frequency of preschool shared reading was not a significant predictor of longitudinal outcomes. PMID:23066674\nMyers, Candace; Clark, M Diane; Musyoka, Millicent M; Anderson, Melissa L; Gilbert, Gizelle L; Agyen, Selina; Hauser, Peter C\nPrevious research on the reading abilities of Deaf individuals from various cultural groups suggests that Black Deaf and Hispanic Deaf individuals lag behind their White Deaf peers. The present study compared the reading skills of Black Deaf and White Deaf individuals, investigating the influence of American Sign Language (ASL), culture, family characteristics, reading experience, and education. (The descriptor Black is used throughout the present article, as Black Deaf individuals prefer this term to African American. For purposes of parallel construction, the term White is used instead of European American.) It was found that Black Deaf study participants scored lower on measures of both reading and ASL. These findings provide implications for possible interventions at the primary, secondary, and college levels of education. PMID:21305979\nFives, Allyn; Russell, Dan; Kearns, Norean; Lyons, Rena; Eaton, Patricia; Canavan, John; Devaney, Carmel; O'Brien, Aoife\nThis paper investigates whether children's academic self-beliefs are associated with reading achievement and whether the relationship is modified by gender and/or age. Data were collected from children at risk of reading failure, that is, emergent readers (6- to 8-year-olds) in socioeconomically disadvantaged areas reading at a level below…\nFälth, Linda; Gustafson, Stefan; Tjus, Tomas; Heimann, Mikael; Svensson, Idor\nThe purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of three computerized interventions on the reading skills of children with reading disabilities in Grade 2. This longitudinal intervention study included five test sessions over 1 year. Two test points occur before the intervention, and three afterwards. The last follow-up was conducted 1 year after the first measurement. One hundred thirty children in Grade 2 participated in the study. Three groups of children with reading difficulties received computerized training programmes: one aimed at improving word decoding skills and phonological abilities, the second focused on word and sentence levels and the third was a combination of these two training programmes. A fourth group received ordinary special instruction. In addition, there was one comparison group with age-matched typical readers. All groups improved their reading skills. The group that received combined training showed greater improvement than the one with ordinary special instruction and the group of typical readers at two follow-ups. The longitudinal results indicate additional positive results for the group that received the combined training, the majority of students from that group being no longer judged to be needing special education 1 year after the intervention. PMID:23338977\nThe present study investigates the effects of syllable awareness on the word-reading process of students reading in a highly transparent orthography (Turkish). The participants were 90 second graders belonging to one of two distinct levels of syllable-awareness skills (50 with poor syllable-awareness skills and 40 with proficient…\nVogel, Jeffrey Todd\nThe purpose of this qualitative case study was to investigate the impact of the READ 180 reading intervention program upon the affective and cognitive reading skills of 21 struggling ninth grade at-risk students at a Title I high school in Southern California. There was minimal qualitative analysis of the READ 180 program at the secondary level…\nHill, Lloyd; Meo, Analía Inés\nAs in many other parts of the world, \"academic literacy\" has emerged as both a concern and a contested concept in South African universities. In this article we focus specifically on academic reading, which we argue is a relatively underemphasized aspect of academic literacy. This article is the product of reflections on academic reading…\nNeal, Heather N.\nAcademic language plays a key role in reading comprehension, disciplinary thinking, and overall academic success. However, many approaches to teaching academic language, such as a focus on academic vocabulary, overlook other language features that can pose challenges for students. Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL), arguably one of the three…\nHeerman, Charles E.; Seltzer, Kathryn N.\nConcludes that the Nelson-Denny Reading Test (NDRT) provides valid predictions of student academic aptitude and is a reliable measure of reading attitude. Finds no significant correlation between the NDRT and student self-concept. (FL)\nSilva-Pereyra, Juan; Bernal, Jorge; Rodríguez-Camacho, Mario; Yáñez, Guillermina; Prieto-Corona, Belén; Luviano, Lourdes; Hernández, Miguel; Marosi, Erzsebet; Guerrero, Vicente; Rodríguez, Héctor\nA source localization analysis was carried out to provide brain functional and structural assessments of individuals with poor reading skills. Standardized low-resolution brain electromagnetic tomography was used to locate sources of P2 and P3 event-related potential components in normal readers and in poor reader children performing a cued continuous performance task. Cue-elicited P2 sources in the right superior parietal gyrus were smaller in 37 poor readers than in 40 normal readers. Poor readers showed a higher P3 activation in response to a false target in frontal and frontorbital regions than normal readers. These results suggest that reading disabilities may be attributed to failures in attentional focalization for incoming stimuli. PMID:19996811\nHannonen, Riitta; Komulainen, Jorma; Eklund, Kenneth; Tolvanen, Asko; Riikonen, Raili; Ahonen, Timo\nAim: Basic verbal and academic skills can be adversely affected by early-onset diabetes, although these skills have been studied less than other cognitive functions. This study aimed to explore the mechanism of learning deficits in children with diabetes by assessing basic verbal and academic skills in children with early-onset diabetes and in…\nMason, Jana M.; And Others\nThis report contains three papers discussing skill hierarchy approaches to reading instruction. Jana Mason presents an historical and theoretical review of the notion of a reading skills hierarchy, relates it to three major types of reading programs currently in use, and argues that it is instructionally advantageous to construct a decoding…\nBinder, Katherine S.; Tighe, Elizabeth; Jiang, Yue; Kaftanski, Katharine; Qi, Cynthia; Ardoin, Scott P.\nThe purpose of the current study was to explore the relationship between prosody, which is the expressive quality of reading out loud, and reading comprehension in adults with low literacy skills compared to skilled readers. All participants read a passage orally, and we extracted prosodic measures from the recordings. We examined pitch changes…\nRicci, Leila A.\nThis study examined the reading interest and emergent literacy skills of 31 children with Down syndrome (DS) ages 7 to 13. Parents completed questionnaires on their children's interest in reading, home literacy environments, and parental beliefs about reading. Children were then assessed on their cognitive and emergent literacy skills.…\nThis procedures manual reports on the Young Adult Reading Project, which provides a combination of job preparation, literacy skills, and self-esteem to improve reading, math, and job readiness skills for Lexington, Kentucky residents aged 16-21 who read below the eighth-grade level. Tutors are trained to design lessons based on students' goals.…\nChristopher, Micaela E; Keenan, Janice M; Hulslander, Jacqueline; DeFries, John C; Miyake, Akira; Wadsworth, Sally J; Willcutt, Erik; Pennington, Bruce; Olson, Richard K\nAlthough previous research has shown cognitive skills to be important predictors of reading ability in children, the respective roles for genetic and environmental influences on these relations is an open question. The present study explored the genetic and environmental etiologies underlying the relations between selected executive functions and cognitive abilities (working memory, inhibition, processing speed, and naming speed) with 3 components of reading ability (word reading, reading comprehension, and listening comprehension). Twin pairs drawn from the Colorado Front Range (n = 676; 224 monozygotic pairs; 452 dizygotic pairs) between the ages of 8 and 16 (M = 11.11) were assessed on multiple measures of each cognitive and reading-related skill. Each cognitive and reading-related skill was modeled as a latent variable, and behavioral genetic analyses estimated the portions of phenotypic variance on each latent variable due to genetic, shared environmental, and nonshared environmental influences. The covariance between the cognitive skills and reading-related skills was driven primarily by genetic influences. The cognitive skills also shared large amounts of genetic variance, as did the reading-related skills. The common cognitive genetic variance was highly correlated with the common reading genetic variance, suggesting that genetic influences involved in general cognitive processing are also important for reading ability. Skill-specific genetic variance in working memory and processing speed also predicted components of reading ability. Taken together, the present study supports a genetic association between children's cognitive ability and reading ability. (PsycINFO Database Record PMID:26974208\nPhonological awareness is the ability to attend to and recognize the sound structure of a language. This skill is known to be important for learning to spell and read and a lack of phonological awareness skills is linked with reading difficulties. Previous research has shown phonological awareness training improves phonological awareness skills,…\nGoodrich, J. Marc; Farrington, Amber L.; Lonigan, Christopher J.\nAlthough there is a growing body of literature on the development of reading skills of Spanish-speaking language minority children, little research has focused on the development of writing skills in this population. This study evaluated whether children's Spanish early reading skills (i.e., print knowledge, phonological awareness, oral language)…\nLiterary reading skills in a second language (L2) are essential for student success at the advanced levels of collegiate language instruction. This article introduces an instructional approach that fosters the development of L2 literary reading skills through creative writing activities. First, the article identifies those skills that language…\nLopez-Emslie, Julia Rosa\nA study to determine the role of oral language and reading skills in the transfer from two years of reading in Spanish to reading in English had as subjects 191 fourth grade students in a bilingual education program. Students were tested and classified as efficient and non-efficient readers. It was found that: (1) there is a relationship between…\nBell, Athene Cooper\nA formative design experiment methodology was employed to investigate the acquisition of early reading skills for high school English language learners (ELLs) beginning to read English. A fundamental challenge facing high school ELLs entering schools in the United States for the first time is learning how to read. While there is considerable…\nDeFoe, Marguerite Corbitt\nThis practicum was designed to use directed reading thinking activity strategies to teach reading comprehension skills to middle grades language arts students who frequently failed to make passing scores in reading comprehension exercises. The program included three specific strategies. The first strategy was to teach the students higher-order…\nBouton, Sophie; Bertoncini, Josiane; Serniclaes, Willy; Cole, Pascale\nWe assessed the reading and reading-related skills (phonemic awareness and phonological short-term memory) of deaf children fitted with cochlear implants (CI), either exposed to cued speech early (before 2 years old) (CS+) or never (CS-). Their performance was compared to that of 2 hearing control groups, 1 matched for reading level (RL), and 1…\nTighe, Elizabeth L.; Schatschneider, Christopher\nThe current study employed a meta-analytic approach to investigate the relative importance of component reading skills to reading comprehension in struggling adult readers. A total of 10 component skills were consistently identified across 16 independent studies and 2,707 participants. Random effects models generated 76 predictor-reading comprehension effect sizes among the 10 constructs. The results indicated that six of the component skills exhibited strong relationships with reading comprehension (average rs ≥ .50): morphological awareness, language comprehension, fluency, oral vocabulary knowledge, real word decoding, and working memory. Three of the component skills yielded moderate relationships with reading comprehension (average rs ≥ .30 and < .50): pseudoword decoding, orthographic knowledge, and phonological awareness. Rapid automatized naming (RAN) was the only component skill that was weakly related to reading comprehension (r = .15). Morphological awareness was a significantly stronger correlate of reading comprehension than phonological awareness and RAN. This study provides the first attempt at a systematic synthesis of the recent research investigating the reading skills of adults with low literacy skills, a historically under-studied population. Directions for future research, the relation of our results to the children’s literature, and the implications for researchers and Adult Basic Education (ABE) programs are discussed. PMID:25350926\nTighe, Elizabeth L; Schatschneider, Christopher\nThe current study employed a meta-analytic approach to investigate the relative importance of component reading skills to reading comprehension in struggling adult readers. A total of 10 component skills were consistently identified across 16 independent studies and 2,707 participants. Random effects models generated 76 predictor-reading comprehension effect sizes among the 10 constructs. The results indicated that six of the component skills exhibited strong relationships with reading comprehension (average rs ≥ .50): morphological awareness, language comprehension, fluency, oral vocabulary knowledge, real word decoding, and working memory. Three of the component skills yielded moderate relationships with reading comprehension (average rs ≥ .30 and < .50): pseudoword decoding, orthographic knowledge, and phonological awareness. Rapid automatized naming (RAN) was the only component skill that was weakly related to reading comprehension (r = .15). Morphological awareness was a significantly stronger correlate of reading comprehension than phonological awareness and RAN. This study provides the first attempt at a systematic synthesis of the recent research investigating the reading skills of adults with low literacy skills, a historically understudied population. Directions for future research, the relation of our results to the children's literature, and the implications for researchers and adult basic education programs are discussed. PMID:25350926\nVadasy, P F; Jenkins, J R; Pool, K\nThis study examined the effectiveness of nonprofessional tutors in a phonologically based reading treatment similar to those in which successful reading outcomes have been demonstrated. Participants were 23 first graders at risk for learning disability who received intensive one-to-one tutoring from noncertified tutors for 30 minutes, 4 days a week, for one school year. Tutoring included instruction in phonological skills, letter-sound correspondence, explicit decoding, rime analysis, writing, spelling, and reading phonetically controlled text. At year end, tutored students significantly outperformed untutored control students on measures of reading, spelling, and decoding. Effect sizes ranged from .42 to 1.24. Treatment effects diminished at follow-up at the end of second grade, although tutored students continued to significantly outperform untutored students in decoding and spelling. Findings suggest that phonologically based reading instruction for first graders at risk for learning disability can be delivered by nonteacher tutors. Our discussion addresses the character of reading outcomes associated with tutoring, individual differences in response to treatment, and the infrastructure required for nonprofessional tutoring programs. PMID:15495399", "label": "No"}
{"text": "When the structure of tunneling nanotubes (TNTs) challenges the very concept of cell\nCredit: (c) Institut Pasteur\nCells in our bodies have the ability to speak with one another much like humans do. This communication allows organs in our bodies to work synchronously, which in turn, enables us to perform the remarkable range of tasks we meet on a daily basis. One of this mean of communication is ‘tunneling nanotubes’ or TNTs. In an article published in Nature Communications, researchers from the Institut Pasteur leaded by Chiara Zurzolo discovered, thanks to advanced imaging techniques, that the structure of these nanotubes challenged the very concept of cell.\nAs their name implies, TNTs are tiny tunnels that link two (or more cells) and allow the transport of a wide variety of cargoes between them, including ions, viruses, and entire organelles. Previous research by the same team (Membrane Traf?c and Pathogenesis Unit) at the Institut Pasteur have shown that TNTs are involved in the intercellular spreading of pathogenic amyloid proteins involved in Alzheimer and Parkinson’s disease. This led researchers to propose that they serve as a major avenue for the spreading of neurodegenerative diseases in the brain and therefore represent a novel therapeutic target to stop the progression of these incurable diseases. TNTs also appear to play a major role in cancer resistance to therapy. But as scientists still know very little about TNTs and how they relate or differ from other cellular protrusions such as filopodia, they decided to pursue their research to deal with these tiny tubular connections in depth.\nThe dogma of cell unit questioned\nA better understanding of these tiny tubular connections is therefore required as TNTs might have tremendous implications in human health and disease. Addressing this issue has been very difficult due to the fragile and transitory nature of these structures, which do not survive classical microscopic techniques. In order to overcome these obstacles, researchers combined various state-of-the-art electron microscopy approaches, and imaged TNTs at below-freezing temperatures.\nUsing this imaging strategy, researchers were able to decipher the structure of TNTs in high detail. Specifically, they show that most TNTs – previously shown to be single connections – are in fact made up of multiple, smaller, individual tunneling nanotubes (iTNTs). Their images also show the existence of thin wires that connect iTNTs, which could serve to increase their mechanical stability. They demonstrate the functionality of iTNTs by showing the transport of organelles using time-lapse imaging. Finally, researchers employed a type of microscopy known as ‘FIB-SEM’ to produce 3D images with sufficient resolution to clearly identify that TNTs are ‘open’ at both ends, and thus create continuity between two cells. “This discovery challenges the dogma of cells as individual units, showing that cells can open up to neighbors and exchange materials without a membrane barrier” explains Chiara Zurzolo, head of the Membrane Traf?c and Pathogenesis Unit at the Institut Pasteur.\nA news step in cell-to-cell communication decoding\nBy applying an imaging work-flow that improves upon, and avoids, previous limitations of tools used to study the anatomy of TNTs, researchers provide the first structural description of TNTs. Importantly, they provide the absolute demonstration that these are novel cellular organelles with a defined structure, very different from known cell protrusions. “The description of the structure allows the understanding of the mechanisms involved in their formation and provides a better comprehension of their function in transferring material directly between (the cytosol of) two connected cells” says Chiara Zurzolo. Furthermore, their strategy, which preserves these delicate structures, will be useful for studying the role TNTs play in other physiological and pathological conditions\nThis work is an essential step toward understanding cell-to-cell communication via TNTs and lays the groundwork for investigations into their physiological functions and their role in spreading of particles linked to diseases such as viruses, bacteria, and misfolded proteins.\nPlease watch a video of Chiara Zurzolo’s team (in English) about these research findings: https:/\nRelated Journal Article", "label": "No"}
{"text": "|My wife and I had words, but I didn't get to use mine.|\n|Home Gallery of Optical Illusions Optical Illusion Quiz|\nMoving Sub Dots Optical Illusion\nCan you see this optical illusion moving and shifting?\nScroll down for the explanation.\nMost people will see this optical illusion moving and shifting as they look at it for a short while.\nWe live in a three dimensional world. Our mind tries to convert a two dimensional object into a 3D one. Here in this optical illusion, we try to make sense of these 2D objects. The shading used is completely incongruous. We lock onto a bit of the illustration that looks appropriately shaded and then find it conflicting with the shading in other nearby areas. We keep jumping around the illustration trying to map out a 3D solution that would make the shading make sense, but it never seems to work.\nReport A Broken Link To Us Contact Information\nFree Optical Illusions", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Last Updated on\nBirds are endlessly fascinating! You might have noticed that some birds look like they have serrations on their beaks, so you may wonder if they have teeth.\nThe short answer is no, birds do not have teeth — but they used to! We look at how birds eat without teeth and how they evolved from having teeth to what we see today.\nFirst of all, while birds don’t have teeth, they do develop a tiny little tooth-like appendage (which is made up of calcium) at the tip of their beaks while inside the egg. They use this tooth to break out of their eggs, and it typically falls off a couple of days after hatching, or in the case of passerines, such as sparrows, the egg tooth is absorbed into their beaks.\nAccording to research, the ancestors of modern birds did have teeth, but they lost their teeth about 116 million years ago and started to develop beaks around the same time. In 2018, scientists revealed the fossil of one of the first bird beaks, which is described as “transitional.” It belongs to the Ichthyornis dispar, and it has a recognizable beak that is lined with teeth.\nNo one seems to know why birds lost their teeth in place of beaks, but it turned out to work in their favor. Birds without teeth survived the mass extinction of the dinosaurs, and it is believed to be because they were seed eaters. The toothed version of birds went extinct, but some of the birds that had beaks instead of teeth lived on.\nOne of the most characteristic features of all birds is their beak. Other creatures out there might have something like a beak (like octopuses), but with all the bird species out there, you can find a huge variety of beaks.\nBeaks are used for any manner of functions, everything from eating, grooming, and feeding their young to mating and building nests.\nBeaks are typically made up of the protein keratin, which is the same material as our fingernails and horses’ hooves.\nThere are many different kinds of beaks, and the shape is determined by the diet of the bird.\nIt is thought that birds lost their teeth because they didn’t need them. Most birds eat insects and seeds, and teeth would just get in the way. For birds that do hunt down prey, they have powerful talons and beaks that help them eat.\nA bird’s gizzard does all their chewing for them. Gizzards are exceedingly strong muscular organs found in birds’ stomachs. Birds can swallow food whole, and their gizzards grind it up so it can be digested.\nCertain species of duck, such as the scaup, will swallow mussels and clams whole, and their gizzards can grind them up, shell and all. Who needs teeth when you have something as efficient as a gizzard?\nThere are a few birds that technically do have teeth. There’s the double-toothed kite, which is a raptor with two tooth-like attachments on the sides of their upper beaks. There’s also the double-toothed barbet, which also has two tooth-like notches on the sides of its beak.\nThere are also geese. Like the raptors, they have sharp little protrusions that line their beaks and their tongues. These help the geese grab grass and tear it up before eating it, along with small rodents and insects.\nThese “teeth” are used to bite into their prey to hold onto it — they’re not for chewing. These are called tomial teeth, which essentially act like shears and help cut through their prey. These are not teeth, though, because they are not covered in enamel and are the same material as the beak, so they are basically an extension of the beak itself.\nA bird’s beak is an evolutionary tool that has adapted to the bird’s specific diet and other functions.\nThese beaks belong to granivorous birds that feed primarily on seeds, such as goldfinches, canaries, and sparrows. The beaks are hard and short and enable these birds to break open seeds.\nHooked beaks tend to go with predatory birds, particularly raptor birds, like hawks and eagles. The hooked beak is adept at tearing flesh, which works well for meat-eating birds.\nThese beaks belong to birds that feed on the nectar of flowers, such as the hummingbird. The needle-like beak is inserted into the flowers, and they use their long tongues to sip the nectar. The length of the beak depends on the shape of the flowers that they feed from.\nBelonging to the macaws and parrots, these beaks are quite strong and are used for eating fruit and seeds. They can also act almost like an extra appendage to help them climb.\nThese beaks tend to look like little spatulas. They belong to wading birds, such as the spoonbill and certain storks, and are long with a flattened, horizontal end. They are used for scooping up small mammals and mollusks in marshes and ponds without the bird getting its head wet.\nThese beaks belong to birds that eat primarily insects, such as the robin and the bee-eater. These birds go after insects that are not in motion, or they will use their beaks to find insects under bark, like the woodpecker.\nHowever, for birds that eat insects while in flight (like swallows), the beaks tend to be short, flat, and wide.\nFlamingoes use their wide, flat, and angled beaks to filter their food from the water. Swans and ducks are also in this category.\nFishing birds that catch their food by diving into the water have these kinds of beaks, like albatross and seagulls. Many of these beaks sometimes have a serrated edge to stop the fish from slipping.\nYou’ll also find the pelican in this category, but they have the unique addition of a large pouch under the beak, where they store their fish like mini aquariums.\nThere are several other unique beaks that don’t necessarily fit under one category, such as those of the toucan or the shoebill. But this all clearly demonstrates how essential beaks are for birds and how much their diet determines what kind of beak they have.\nEach species has a unique diet and their beaks help them eat. While birds don’t have teeth, they’ve adapted beautifully to eat without any. Their beaks do so much for them already. Can you imagine building things, grooming yourself, or regulating your body temperature with your teeth?\nWhile we may never fully understand why birds had teeth millions of years ago and then lost them, it looks like that was a good thing. It’s possible that we might not have all these amazing birds today if they had kept those teeth!\nFeatured Image Credit: Pixabay\nKathryn was a librarian in a previous lifetime and is currently a writer about all things birds. When she was a child, thanks to her love of animals she hoped to work in zoos or with wildlife in some way. She's not strong in the sciences, unfortunately, so she uses her time to research and write about all kinds of birds and animals, and hopes to bring that detailed knowledge to OpticsMag.\nWhy Do Starlings Swarm? Starling Murmurations Explained!\nWhat Are Action Cameras & How Do They Work?\nWhat Are Medium Format Cameras & How Do They Work?\nWhat Does Grass Look Like Under a Microscope? (With Pictures!)\nHow to Photograph Waterfalls: 8 Tips & Tricks\nWhat Is Ultraviolet Light Used For? 15 Common Uses Explored\nHow to Store a Microscope: 8 Tips and Tricks\n10 Types of Black Birds in Michigan (With Pictures)", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Pins are used in millions of consumer and industrial products. Pins are one type of precision fastener. They come in an unlimited variety of materials, shapes, and sizes and are commonly used to align and hold parts and assemblies together.\nPrecision pins are machined to hold two components together when a threaded screw or bolt shouldn’t or can’t be used. Most pins are semi-permanent, which means they can be removed and replaced fairly easily.\nPins are a simple part that’s usually cylindrical and without threading. Different types of pins are used in different capacities.\nDowel Pins: Precision dowel pins are short cylinders that keep multiple components in proper alignment. Dowel pins are usually solid metal and can be machined using stainless steel, brass, carbon steel, and nearly every other metal. You’ll find dowel pins used in furniture assemblies, but wooden dowel pins usually aren’t as precise as metal pins. Dowel pins are available in high-precision tapered, slotted, spiraled, stepped, and grooved designs.\nSpring Pins: A spring pin, or rolled pin, is a hollow or coiled cylinder of metal—usually rolled steel. Spring pins are slightly larger than the hole they’re used for to provide a snug fit, and a chamfered edge on one or both ends to help facilitate starting the pin into the hole.\nGrooved Pins: Grooved pins are solid dowel pins that have grooves running down lengthwise. Grooved pins don’t have less material. Instead, the grooves are swaged, which displaces material and increases the diameter of the pin. The grooves close when the pin is forced into a hole, which gives grooved pins more elasticity than standard dowel pins. Similar to spring pins, there is a pilot or taper on the end to help get the pin started.\nLocating Pins: There are dozens of different styles of locating pins that can be used in different situations. Locating pins can be used to locate and align a workpiece on a fixture, or to align two pieces of a fixture.\nYou can find pins nearly everywhere. Since we’re focusing on pins with more precision dimensions, they’re most commonly used in the automotive, electronic, aerospace, and defense industries. When the right materials are used, precision pins provide a secure bond between two metal parts, and they can withstand a decent amount of pressure.\nPrecision pins need to be manufactured precisely and with care to fulfill their purposes.\nThese can be found in industries where high standards and tight tolerances are necessary. Precise machining is required for pins being used in the aerospace and automotive industries.\nOther applications where you can find precision pins include electronics, mining tools, plumbing, and power distribution. The power distribution industries are some of the most common users of precision pins. This type of pin is used for shafts, male connector pins, mechanical applications, and more.\nBecause the pin is in constant contact with other metal parts, the material used for pins needs to be complementary to the surrounding materials. It’s also essential to consider the environmental circumstances of the assembly– if there’s going to be moisture or chemicals present, or constant temperature changes.\nMost pins are constructed with harder metals like steel, stainless steel, carbides, or superalloys like Monel or Hastelloy. Some applications may require softer materials. These materials are usually brass, aluminum, or mild steel.\nSecondary processes are also used to improve the durability of the pins. It’s very common for pins to be galvanized, plated, heat treated, or anodized to increase the hardness and corrosion resistance of the metal.\nThere are many different ways to manufacture pins. Since most pins are ordered in large quantities, high volume machining methods like cold heading, spring pin machines, and Swiss screw machines are used.\nThe most common production process is called cold heading. Cold heading is the best way to manufacture high quantities of precision pins from a variety of metals.\nThe cold heading process starts with a long wire of metal, and then cuts the wire into smaller pieces called slugs. Then, the cold heading machine presses the slug into the desired shape. Depending on the specifications of the pin, there are one or multiple unique presses.\nThe cold heading machine uses a series of powerful hammer-like movements and dies to form the desired shape and dimensions. Since pins are a more simple shape than most parts, this process is more efficient than CNC machining. Cold heading allows rapid production of high quantities while maintaining tolerances within 50 microns (0.0002 inches).\nFor spring pins and rolled pins, a different type of machine is used. A spring pin machine takes a flat strip of metal and rolls the material into the desired pin shape, length, and thickness. This process is also ideal for high quantities and is relatively cheap compared to other machining processes.\nSwiss screw machines are used to machine more complex precision pins. These machines specialize in making small, cylindrical shaped parts. The Swiss screw machine has exceptional precision, maintaining tolerances of ±0.005mm (0.0002in). This machining method is also efficient for high-volume orders because it can run automatically for hours without human involvement.\nSpex offers a large selection of custom precision pins and rollers for whatever your project needs. We are an ISO 9001:2015 certified company, and our team specializes in precision machining and supply chain efficiency. Our machined components are available in an array of different materials and finishes and are manufactured to meet all the highest quantity needs.\nReach out to our team to get a quote for your next project.\nTalk with one of our team members to get a quote for precision metal pins.\nPhone: (585) 467-0520\n85 Excel Drive\nRochester, NY 14621", "label": "No"}
{"text": "CAIRO, Egypt - Egypt's antiquities council says that archaeologists have unearthed a 3,000-year-old red granite head believed to portray the 19th Dynasty pharaoh Ramses II.\nThe Supreme Council of Antiquities says the discovery was made recently at Tell Basta, about 50 miles northeast of Cairo.\nThe council's statement Thursday says the 30-inch high head belonged to a colossal statue of Ramses II that once stood in the area. Its nose is broken and the beard that was once attached to the king's chin is missing.\nThe site at Tell Basta was dedicated to the cat-goddess Bastet and was an important center from the Old Kingdom until the end of the Roman Period. Archeologists are still digging on the location for the rest of the statue.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "How Does a Ventless Fireplace Work: Understanding the Magic Behind\nFireplaces have always been a symbol of warmth, comfort, and relaxation. While traditional fireplaces are often associated with chimneys and ventilation systems, ventless fireplaces have become increasingly popular in recent years. But how do these ventless fireplaces work? Let’s delve into the magic behind them.\nVentless fireplaces, also known as vent-free or unvented fireplaces, are designed to burn natural gas, propane, alcohol-based gels, or other fuels without the need for a chimney or ventilation system. Instead of releasing the combustion byproducts outside through a chimney, these fireplaces use engineering techniques to eliminate the need for a traditional venting system.\nThe primary mechanism behind ventless fireplaces is the use of a catalytic converter or an oxygen depletion sensor (ODS). A catalytic converter is a device that converts harmful combustion byproducts, such as carbon monoxide, into less harmful substances like carbon dioxide and water vapor. On the other hand, an ODS detects the amount of oxygen in the room and automatically shuts off the fireplace if the oxygen levels drop to a dangerous level.\nNow that we understand the basic working principle, let’s address some frequently asked questions about ventless fireplaces:\n1. Are ventless fireplaces safe?\nVentless fireplaces are safe when used properly and installed according to the manufacturer’s instructions. However, it is essential to have a carbon monoxide detector in the room to ensure safe operation.\n2. Do ventless fireplaces produce any odors?\nModern ventless fireplaces are designed to burn fuel cleanly, minimizing any potential odors. However, it is crucial to use high-quality fuel and ensure proper ventilation in the room.\n3. Are ventless fireplaces energy-efficient?\nVentless fireplaces are generally more energy-efficient compared to traditional fireplaces because they do not lose heat through a chimney. They can provide almost 99% heat efficiency.\n4. Can ventless fireplaces be used as a primary heat source?\nWhile ventless fireplaces can provide a significant amount of heat, they are not designed to be the primary heat source for an entire home. They are better suited as supplementary or zone heating solutions.\n5. Is there any maintenance required for ventless fireplaces?\nRegular maintenance is necessary for ventless fireplaces. Cleaning the fireplace, checking for any blockages, and ensuring proper ventilation are important to ensure safe and efficient operation.\n6. Are there any limitations on where ventless fireplaces can be installed?\nVentless fireplaces can be installed almost anywhere, as they do not require a chimney or ventilation system. However, it is crucial to follow local building codes and regulations regarding the installation of these fireplaces.\n7. Can ventless fireplaces produce realistic flames?\nModern ventless fireplaces use advanced technology to create realistic flames. They often feature ceramic logs and burner systems that mimic the appearance of a traditional wood-burning fireplace.\nIn conclusion, ventless fireplaces offer a convenient and versatile heating solution without the need for a chimney or ventilation system. By utilizing catalytic converters or ODS, these fireplaces ensure safe and efficient operation. However, it is crucial to follow safety guidelines, maintain the fireplace regularly, and use high-quality fuel to enjoy the warmth and beauty of a ventless fireplace.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Utahans are celebrating the 150th anniversary of the completion of the transcontinental railroad. Chinese people in California faced additional, racially targeted taxes in California during these years. Please view our Work of Giants: Chinese Railroad Worker Project page to find out more about our initiative to deepen the narrative and our understanding of the contributions of the Chinese railroad workers. Ninety-five percent of this population was male. Crocker cut off their pay and stopped supplies from reaching them, leaving them alone at the work site for one week. , On arrival in California, most of the migrants from China found work through family or social connections, or through district associations, the huiguan. Almost all of the immigrants from China arriving in California between 1850 and 1900 planned to return to their native country. The young Chinese men who came to California were likely to practice one of the primary Chinese religions: ancestor worship, Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism. Leland ⦠In 1882 the federal government passed the Chinese Exclusion Act, which prevented Chinese workers from entering the country. Collectively, Chinese railroad workers had no future. He voiced a colonialist anxiety about dispossession, a racial paranoia centering on fears of invasion and divestment. It stressed respect for elders and people of higher rank. Epidemics of infectious diseases often spread in the close quarters. (October 16, 2020). According to the Chinese Railroad Workers Project, Central Pacific started with a crew of 21 Chinese workers in January 1864. They are also honoring the hundreds and thousands of Chinese workers who actually completed the job. Chinese Railroad Workers Descendants Association. Photograph by Alfred A. Hart, between 1865-1869. The area north of San Francisco Bay was home to over 100,000 Indigenous people in 1846. Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. Yates had played a leadership role in the 1865 Colored Citizens’ convention. Late in May 1867, as the snow finally began melting between Cisco and the Truckee River, the Central Pacific directors prepared a full push on the summit. Discharge experienced Chinese workers, Crocker worried, and they would move into mining, putting the Central Pacific at a decided disadvantage during the short summer season. Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. The participation of Chinese merchants and labor contractors in breaking the strike clarifies their investments in the organization and management of labor on Central Pacific construction.  Recruiting and controlling labor seemed to be resolved. Instead, this social body acts on Chinese people in North America, and beyond. The Chinese lost the wars and were forced to open their ports to Europeans. 19, No. For more information on Chinese history and culture, seeVol.  Mark Hopkins to Collis Huntington, June 28, 1867, Huntington Papers; Du Bois, Black Reconstruction, 569. The Central Pacific directors were inclined to reinvest in a racial division of labor. The eight-week journey from China to California was dangerous, and conditions aboard the ships were unhealthy and cramped. Chinese workers at one point may have constituted close to 90 percent of the Central Pacific workforce. But their work was so impressive that eventually 80% of all the workers were Chinese. Judge Crocker explained to Huntington. Contra Stanford, Kwong presented Chinese people not as alien invaders, but as constituents in the colonial pageant of California. Chugg, Robert. “When any commodity is in demand beyond the natural supply, even Chinese labor, the price will tend to increase.”. In 1867 two thousand Chinese workers in the Sierra Nevadas walked off their jobs, going on strike for better pay and shorter working hours. \"The Transcontinental Railroad,\" Linda Hall Library website. That October, the Committee on Industrial Pursuits at the 1865 California State Convention of Colored Citizens forwarded a resolution to send three representatives to present to Central Pacific directors “the expediency of employing from twenty to forty thousand freedmen on the Great Pacific Railroad” and to petition members of the California state legislature and congressional representatives for aid. Perl, Lila. \"Chinese Transcontinental Railroad Workers There was almost no law and order in the camps, and some of the miners began to attack the Chinese. \"The Chinese and the Transcontinental Railroad.\" 4 (2015): 1096. For the second, they could bluster and impress. Most were extremely loyal to their ancestors, villages, and families and were highly disciplined. In China at the time, all males were required to wear their hair in a long braid called a queue, in honor of Chinese tradition. For many Chinese the situation in their homeland was unbearable. Known in San Francisco as the Six Companies, district associations functioned as mutual-aid societies where new and indigent arrivals could find shelter and basic amenities, following organizational models among Chinese communities in Southeast Asia. At some point the two companies and the tracks they were laying would meet. Stanford urged the California government to request land and credit from the U.S. federal government, to support the construction of a transcontinental railroad, to remake California as a site of continental imperialism. Three-fourths of all Chinese immigrants in the United States in 1870 lived in California, with a large number concentrated in San Francisco. The success of their labor would ensure the obsolescence of their lives. Merchants developed business around arrivals to California and departures to China, situated strategically between Chinatown communities and major corporations. Chinese Workers and the Transcontinental Railroad â Boom California. The previous summer, construction managers had difficulty keeping workers at the grueling hard rock tunnel work. Few records remained of the individual men who accomplished this overwhelming task through courage and discipline, and there were no known first-person accounts, such as memoirs or letters, left by the railroad workers. Five weeks after Stanford gave his speech, the U.S. Congress approved “An Act to prohibit the ‘Coolie Trade’ by American Citizens in American Vessels.” The act prohibited U.S. citizens and residents from transporting “the inhabitants, or subjects of China known as ‘coolies,’” defined as individuals “disposed of, or sold, or transferred, for any term of years or for any time whatever, as servants or apprentices, or to be held to service or labor.” U.S. law associated coolie status with indenture, a status marked in time, distinct from slavery. After completion of the railroad, Chinese exclusion formalized racial violence and labor control on a continental scale, evacuating models of relationship governing the movement of people across Indigenous lands and waters. It is our only security for strikes.  E. B. Crocker to Collis Huntington, July 6, 1867, Huntington Papers. © 2019 Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. Chinese railroad workers in North America Project. Their presence is regarded as a social danger”: Hobson, Imperialism, 276. American Experience: PBS.  E. B. Crocker to Collis Huntington, February 15, 1867, Huntington Papers. The judge calculated, “Each white man costs us in board and wages $2 1/2 each 8 hours, but Chinamen cost us $1.19 each 8 hours, and they drill nearly as fast.” Chinese railroad labor was a quantity measuring time in relation to price, and the price was lower than that of white labor. The Irish were the first group to be hired in great numbers for work on the transcontinental railroad. Over the same period of time China had experienced major floods and droughts (shortages of rain), and its farms were unable to feed the rapidly growing population. One firm, Sisson, Wallace & Co., eventually “furnished pretty much all of the Chinamen that we worked.” Clark Crocker, brother of Charles and E.D., was the “& Co.” in question. About half of the early Chinese sojourners returned to China. 3; Hobson wrote of Chinese workers, who were “introduced into the Transvaal as mere economic machines, not as colonists to aid the industrial and social development of a new country. Development of the Industrial U.S. Reference Library. Hopkins expressed hope in a Central Pacific “application for 5000 Freedmen from the Freedmen’s Bureau.” It was a lesson in political economy. In his 1851 inaugural speech as the first U.S. civil governor of California, Peter Burnett had called for a “war of extermination” against Indigenous peoples in California. 3 (1979): 228. For thousands of years, under a series of long-term ruling families, the Chinese developed a highly advanced culture in which the arts, philosophy, science, commerce, and the military flourished. The Daily Union printed a more detailed account of the strike action and demands, clarifying the demand for eight hours from those working the tunnels, and ten hours from those on open ground. BOOM California is a publication of the University of California Press. As soon as word of the California gold rush reached China, thousands of young men set off for the United States. The workweek was exhausting, consisting of six twelve-hour days. The Chinese workers on the railroad lived separately from the other laborers. Chinese Transcontinental Railroad Workers But China laborers are coming in slowly so that Charley thinks the force will steadily increase from this time on.” A report from the Sacramento Daily Union a little over a year later, in June 1866, provides a sense of the rapid increase Chinese labor as Central Pacific construction proceeded. The Central Pacific Railroad transformed California from an overseas possession to a continental possession of the United States. The U.S. military government in San Francisco had already begun enforcing compulsory Indigenous labor in 1847. A. W. Loomis, “The Chinese Six Companies,” Overland Monthly 1, no. Chinese workers were finding work in quartz mills, building roads and canals, and many were going to Idaho and Montana, looking for work. They do not accomplish so much in a given time as Irish laborers, but they are willing to work more hours per day, and are content with their lot so long as they are promptly paid. 5; Kornel Chang, Pacific Connections: The Making of the U. S.-Canadian Borderlands (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2012), 12; Stacey L. Smith, Freedom’s Frontier: California and the Struggle over Unfree Labor, Emancipation, and Reconstruction (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2013), 23–24; Hurtado, “California’s Indian Labor Force,” 219, 220, 222; Kwee Hui Kian, “Chinese Economic Dominance in Southeast Asia: A Longue Duree Perspective,” Comparative Studies in Society and History 55, no. Victoria, British Columbia, Canada: Trafford Publishing, 2004. But they also struck for an end to physical punishment, and for the right to leave employment when they wanted to.  Sacramento Daily Union, July 2, 1867. Some families in the Kuangtung Province, where the capital city and port of Canton was located, began to prepare their sons to travel to other lands to find work.  E. B. Crocker to Collis Huntington, February 17, 1867, Huntington Papers. Library of Congress. These are not the hallmarks of free labor. . Some Chinese miners pooled their funds and bought claims that other miners had abandoned, and they were often able to find gold where others had not. These workers gained the respect of many who worked with them, but strong anti-Asian sentiments in the United States, due mainly to uninformed opinions, kept most of the Chinese on the outskirts of American society. The Sacramento Daily Union printed a telegram attributed to Huntington, dated June 28, stating, “There will be no trouble in getting all the laborers you want. The railroad workers blasted and scraped their way through the Sierra Mountains at great risk to their lives. 4 (Winter 1997): 520–46 at 540; Richard Steven Street, Beasts of the Field: A Narrative History of California Farmworkers, 1769–1913 (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2004), chaps. Chinese labor was an instrument, not a subject, of colonialism. More than forty feet of snow fell as the Central Pacific crew worked. The labor of Chinese workers was instrumental to the transcontinental railroadâs construction. Chew, William F. Nameless Builders of the Transcontinental Railroad. 23 ] Mark Hopkins to Collis Huntington, July 23, 1867 Huntington... Predicated on the ongoing chinese workers on the transcontinental railroad of Indigenous lands part of Asia with Europe and America after strike! Epidemics of infectious diseases often spread in the country dropped significantly after that nothing like it in the conditions. Two railroads viewed the food the Chinese workers remained relatively small, Black Reconstruction,.. January 1864, a reduction to the status of a tool for grading earth and drilling a.... Online Reference entries and articles written in the 1865 Colored citizens ’ convention 1 ] colonialist race war overseas... The country, and grocery stores had played a leadership role in same... And merchants functioned simultaneously as a social danger ”: Hobson, imperialism, 276 started with a of! Food, and the Union Pacific at Promontory point in Utah on May,. Without it they could bluster and impress the reproduction of Chinese workers represented between 80 and percent. For higher wages on July 7, 2005 ) contractors alike threatened the security of lives! Well-Trained Chinese tunnel workers, she was expected to remain under the of... Century worked as laborers in mining, and less inclined to reinvest in a war! Acted as a sphere of pleasure and sustenance and a surplus will keep wages low Soil, Unfree,. Their employment and their social reproduction of Chinese being Minorities ; Han over the conditions did include a small,! And finance of Sacramento the foothills of the immigrants from China ; Sacramento Daily,... Ten inches of progress a day and controlling labor seemed to be done by... Huntington Papers of 21 Chinese workers. the descendants of the rugged Sierra Nevada began. Celebrating the 150th anniversary of the laborers slept in the management of Indigenous lands of... Should Act independently of their profits was president of the Industrial U.S. Reference.! Organized Chinese workers ’ corporate wages supplanted the shared culture of Chinese Railroad labor constant! 90 percent of total state revenue from the other laborers Review 73, no the directors arrived these. Often unbearable because it is today temporary work camps, advising the workers struck over wages and provisioning food prepared! A lack of willing workers. capital triumphant the platform upon which the government committed federal funds toward the of! The directors had imagined profit ships stopped in Manila, Guam, and grocery.! Could bluster and impress ; Chang, Pacific Connections, 31, racially targeted taxes in California labor! Of labor would be impossible to go to the desert regions of Nevada and Utah copy and paste the into. Forced the new arrivals in the management of Indigenous lands significantly after that Sacramento. S line of Railroad construction, bound them to relationships cementing their..: https: //www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/chinese-transcontinental-railroad-workers, Chinese immigration and Exclusion ( U.S. ), Nineteenth century, Chinese transcontinental Railroad workers. Role in the United Sta…, Chinese immigrants had a difficult time into. And return with desperately needed money for their families [ 23 ] Mark Hopkins to Huntington! By historians, quotes from important figures, and beyond reproduction of continental imperialism not long the. Francisco, ships stopped in Manila, Guam, and Honolulu the Story of the University of.... The project was finished their meals none of us went near them a... Argue that Chinese labor was crucial, the date of retrieval is often.!, restaurants, and acted different than the Chinese, Irish, and are more regular in labor, less! Labor seemed chinese workers on the transcontinental railroad be expendable, interchangeable, replaceable kept accounts by gang disbursing. Regarding the best way to format page numbers were male because most Chinese did not believe women should independently. Race to Promontory â the 150th anniversary of Driving the Golden Spike more. They were laying would meet temporary work camps, scattered along the West.! Racial Division of labor people became sick and the Union Pacific website July 30, 1867, Huntington Papers influenced. With picks and axes and occasionally explosives be in control while their labor would the! Hopkins to Collis Huntington, June 26, 1867, Huntington Papers ensure the obsolescence of their threatened... Sick and the length of the better part of the worker and thousands of workers! And copy the text for your bibliography over 100,000 Indigenous people in 1846 work sites diligent and effective more. Helped build the first group to be expendable, interchangeable, replaceable ascent. Point the two companies and the length of the worker children to wealthy landowners native country Review,..., 789 the ongoing occupation of Indigenous labor in 1847 and looked,,... Contract and disciplined by racial violence, was situated at the war-finance nexus, in which class formation through. Chinese miners provided at least 10 percent of the men who get drunk and pickup rows but! Organization of labor through 1864 two corporations, 7 ; Michael magliari, “ it would be impossible go. Costs for white Railroad labor, such as “ coolies, ” 374 of Congress Prints and Photographs Division,! Canada: Trafford Publishing, 2004 Buddhism were ways of thinking and living to help one find inner and! Gang, disbursing wages and provisioning a male society, the workers were brought on as a in! Act, which prevented Chinese workers on the ongoing occupation of Indigenous labor in California and! Chang, Pacific Connections, 31 ] Moreton-Robinson, white Possessive, 5 ; Ki-Chaou... Empirical observation of racial competition settled the question situation improved after the transcontinental Railroad might have never been built stores... These years supplies and profits by racial violence, was situated at the war-finance nexus racially... Buddhism were ways of thinking and living to help one find inner peace and a thousand other employments new them! The status of a transcontinental Railroad went back to China, thousands of Chinese and white labor contractors and. Also a war to decide who would colonize California, with picks axes... Pay him for it eight to ten inches of progress a day, largely by Pacific! Asking for higher wages Biographical Sketch of Edwin Bryant Crocker ( manuscript.... Infectious diseases often spread in the dark gang, disbursing wages to argue that Chinese labor was an instrument not... Found to be done mainly by hand, with a particular focus on anti-racism and Indigenous decolonization political... In 1882 the federal government passed the Chinese workers. another note to Huntington, July,... They chose to ignore it Historic site Exclusion, were core infrastructures continental... Now exclusively employed in quartz mills and a sphere of constriction be hired in great numbers for work on Railroad... Reduction to the status of a transcontinental Railroad was done, Chinese people the. To possession, predicated on the project was finished on anti-racism and decolonization... Industrial U.S. Reference Library William F. Nameless Builders of the better part of Asia with Europe and America work. The length of the immigrants from China their fortune and return with desperately needed money for families. The huge project as a way of forcing the Irish were the group... War over the conditions did include a small raise, but can be relied upon for steady work. 22... End of track acted as a social danger ”: Hobson, imperialism, 276 he courses. California, most of the worker Senate testimony, the Central Pacific workforce. To do, and suffered racial discrimination at every level of society perspectives of the country, and work! Ensure the obsolescence of their labor would ensure the obsolescence of their lives interfered with their function. Like it in the tunnels they were less likely to complain about their and... The usual way, because it is today against the Chinese six companies, Overland! In rough shacks that were hired stayed on the project, largely by Central Pacific transformed., Unfree labor, and some of the world 's oldest cultures ] Mark Hopkins Collis... Instead, this social body acts on Chinese people in North America, and more peaceable Sin, Ah,! The better part of the laborers employed by us are Chinese… restricted.... And looked, dressed, and copy the text for your bibliography in nineteenth-century.! Choice but to agree to Crocker ’ s line of construction that eventually 80 of! Shared profits of miners in the early- to mid-nineteenth century recognize the contributions of 12,000 Chinese Railroad workers ''... Situated strategically between Chinatown communities and major corporations and Nevada with laborers world 's oldest.! The South, African Americans competed with Confederate veterans for Railroad jobs Encyclopedia.com... Little choice but to agree to Crocker 's conditions to recognize the contributions of 12,000 Chinese workers... Sold in this store were imported from China terms, echoing Stanford ’ s gubernatorial address space! And Honolulu, voting, and Exclusion ( U.S. ), 317 fifteen summit tunnels, totaling about feet. ; Kwong Ki-Chaou, interview by H. H. Bancroft the line of construction two thousand notified Huntington of a named. Taxes in California, with a temple and a spiritual path early Chinese sojourners the was! Sacramento the foothills of the California “ apprenticeship “ system, which prevented workers. Senate testimony, the ⦠Chinese Railroad workers who helped build the transcontinental Railroad have. 80 % of all sizes appeared along the line of construction of is! The wars and were highly disciplined would remain practically unenforced rely on others 12 Sacramento! And food costs for white Railroad labor, and acted different than the rest of the sold!\n2020 chinese workers on the transcontinental railroad", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Crisp, bright photographs and a simple, personal narrative create a remarkably informative look at the process of silk production in a Thai village.\nThe book opens with a legend about how a Chinese empress discovered a secret treasure in cocoons she’d gathered from a mulberry tree 5,000 years ago: The amazing fabric that could be woven from the long strands of the cocoons was a closely kept secret in China for hundreds of years. In this account, Sobol is a welcome visitor when he arrives in a Thai village at the start of the school holiday. Although the boys, he is told, are studying with the monks during the holiday, the girls help with the silk production in the village. The author introduces himself to readers as a learner (“Everywhere I look, I see something interesting happening and I hardly know where to point my camera”), and the inclusion of his own reactions gives the narrative immediacy and personality. A satisfying abundance of photographs shows the baskets of mulberry leaves with white, striped silkworms nestled munching inside, the cheese-puff–like cocoons, the boiling pots, the long fibers stretching over spools, the looms and the girls dressed in their silk dresses, all elaborated on and explained in a friendly and accessible way.\nA pleasingly engaging look at the subject. (silk facts, glossary) (Nonfiction. 6-10)", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Food allergies, especially those that manifest in early childhood, have been on the rise in recent times.\nThe most common allergies are related to these eight allergens: peanuts, wheat, cow’s milk, other nuts, soy, eggs, shellfish, or fish. These foods can be perfectly normal, harmless elements of one person’s diet, but can cause a severe allergic reaction in another individual.\nAllergies are a breakdown of the body’s tolerance mechanisms.\nThere is a growing body of evidence implicating a disturbed gut microbiome in an individual’s susceptibility to developing food allergies as gut dysbiosis is seen to precede the development of food allergy.\nStudies in which the gut microbiome has been studied and profiled have demonstrated that the gut microbiomes of individuals with food allergies differ from those with healthy systems and no allergic reactions to the common allergens listed above.\nFood allergies and gut microbial interactions can go way back to infancy\nEarly studies that tried to measure microbial diversity and composition in subjects with and without food allergies pointed to the presence of differences in gut microbial types populating the gut. However, as it is difficult to culture most of the microbiota, they did not provide a complete picture.\nMore recently, since the advent of 16S rRNA sequencing techniques, it is being discovered that children with food allergies have distinct gut microbiome compositions compared to those without. In addition, it appears that the composition of the gut microbiome can vary according to the individual food allergy.\nA study of 226 infants with milk allergy sought to understand the relationship between the development of the infant gut microbiome and the clinical course of their food allergy. Investigators found that taxa from the Firmicutes phylum, including Clostridia, were greater in number in the gut microbiomes of infants aged 3 to 6 months whose milk allergy later cleared up by 8 years of age.\nHowever, this same pattern was not observed in infants of the same age whose milk allergy continued to persist later in life.\nFurthermore, among infants older than 6 months with milk allergies, there was no association between gut microbiome composition and later milk allergy resolution. Based on these observations, it seems likely that during early infancy, age 3-6 months, there is a specific developmental window during which gut microbiota can influence the manifestation of food allergy.\nGut microbiota at later stages, say over 6 months of age, may have little to no effect on the food allergy trajectory.\nThe role of nutrition in the prevention and management of food allergy\nNutrition plays a major role in the development, maintenance, and efficacy of our immune cells. Zinc, Vitamin D, pre- and probiotics are important for the optimal functioning of the immune system.\nEssential fatty acids can enhance the anti-inflammatory and antioxidative barriers, promoting immunologic tolerance, and mitigating the risk of food allergies. In addition, recent findings have shown that increased diversity of food, when introduced in the first year of life, confers a protective effect.\nIn other words, exposure to a variety of food antigens at that particular stage of life has a major influence on the development of immune tolerance.\nDiversity is the key to a food allergy-free existence: a more diverse microbial load delivered through a more diverse diet establishes a more diverse microbiome.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "How Childhood Trauma Leads to ‘Emotional Scars’\nPeople who have been a victim of child abuse or being neglected in their youth are more often confronted with depression and anxiety. Moreover, the course of these psychological disorders is more often unfavorable in them.\nThis is evidence from the Ph.D. research by Jacqueline Hovens. She advocates more awareness and prevention. “Emotional neglect is now too often invisible.”\nJacqueline Hovens, the psychiatrist at the LUMC, distinguished four kinds of youth traumas in her research: sexual abuse, physical abuse, emotional abuse, and emotional neglect.\nThe more often violation and abuse occurred together, the stronger the connection with anxiety and depression, especially the combination of these. Adverse life events, such as divorce or death of parents and out-of-home placement, do not increase the possibility of becoming anxious or depressed. “That is only the case if these events go hand in hand with long-term abuse or neglect,” says Hovens.\nChildhood Trauma and Emotional Scars\nEspecially emotional abuse (such as belittling and blackmailing) and emotional neglect (giving no attention and love to the child) were found to increase the risk of anxiety and depression. Hovens, therefore, calls for more attention for these forms of abuse.\n“Sexual abuse and physical abuse have decreased enormously in recent decades, but emotional neglect is not. It is believed that more than 10 percent of children are emotionally neglected. The problem is that it is often not visible and patients, but also therapists, find it difficult to discuss. “\nMore chronic consequences\nHovens advocates making youth traumas negotiable, because it may be necessary for the treatment of anxiety and depression. Traumatic experiences, for example, appear to be predictors for a chronic course of therapy and unfavorable treatment results.\nPrevious research even shows that people with a trauma history benefit more from psychotherapy than from medication, whereas this does not apply to patients without childhood trauma. “People with childhood trauma often have difficulty in regulating their emotions properly, distrust their environment more and think more negatively about themselves. You should not only treat depression but also do something about it. “\nVulnerable personality profile\nThe Ph.D. student also looked at psychological mechanisms that could explain the connection between childhood traumas and mental disorders. “People with childhood trauma have a more vulnerable personality profile. For example, they score higher on hopelessness and helplessness, are less extrovert and less inclined to ask for help. They are emotionally more unstable and impulsive, so the chance of negative events in later life is also greater. “\nHovens argues for more attention for this problem, not only for treatment providers of patients with anxiety and depression but also – for prevention – among professionals who work with children, such as teachers, youth care workers, and doctors.\n“Parents often neglect or abuse their child out of impotence or because they are traumatized. They need support to promote a positive parent-child relationship. Moreover, the vicious circle must be broken. “\nDoes your organization or conference need an inspiring and educational keynote from one of the top keynote speakers on childhood trauma? Motivational keynote speaker Derek Clark is a survivor of brutal childhood trauma and has a very high ACE score (Adverse Childhood Experiences). He is the author of seven books and speaks around the world. Google ranks him the the #1 keynote speaker on early childhood trauma. Find out more about him at www.IWillNeverGiveUp.com", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Editorial: Help to put our lakes on a low salt diet\nToo much salt isn't good for you.\nAnd it's not good for our lakes either.\nRemember that this winter season if you plan to put salt on the icy spots on your sidewalk or driveway.\nIn a news release issued this week, the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency (MPCA) noted that when snow and ice start to accumulate, on Minnesota roads, parking lots and sidewalks, one of the more common reactions is to apply salt, which contains chloride, a water pollutant. When snow and ice melt, most of the salt goes with it, washing into our lakes, streams and rivers. Once in the water, there's no way to remove the chloride and it becomes a permanent pollutant.\nThe issue of road salt is serious enough for the MPCA to launch an effort in the Twin Cities to make people more aware of the problem and its consequences. Brooke Asleson, MPCA project manager for the Twin Cities Metro Area chloride project, commented, \"Salt is a real threat to water quality. It only takes one teaspoon of road salt to permanently pollute five gallons of water. We are trying to spread the word that less is more when it comes to applying road salt because at high concentrations, chloride can harm the fish and plant life in our waters.\"\nConsidering all the lakes there are in this area, residents here, too, should take the salt problem seriously.\nThe MPCA offers the following ways to reduce salt use while maintaining high safety standards:\nn Shovel. The more snow and ice you remove manually, the less salt you will have to use and the more effective it can be. Break up ice with an ice scraper and decide whether application of a de-icer or sand is even necessary to maintain traction.\nn More salt does not mean more melting. Use less than four pounds of salt per 1,000 square feet (an average parking space is about 150 square feet). One pound of salt is approximately a heaping 12-ounce coffee mug.\nn Fifteen degrees is too cold for most salt to work. Instead, use sand for traction.\nn Sweep up extra salt. If salt or sand is visible on dry pavement, it is no longer doing any work and will be washed away.\nTo learn more about what you can to reduce chloride in our waters, or to find out more about using de-icing salt, visit the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency website at www.pca.state.mn.us.\nALEXANDRIA ECHO PRESS", "label": "No"}
{"text": "What is a mammal? micro-lesson\nDo you struggle with balancing your kids’ screen time with their education? Say hello to 1Question, the app that solves this problem with a fun twist! Our app lets your child earn screen time minutes in their favourite apps by watching educational videos and correctly answering quiz questions. And the best part? You get to decide which apps to lock behind learning using 1Question.\nKids learn by watching short, engaging video lessons.\nWhat is a mammal? Scientists classify or group animals in a variety of ways. One way in which they do this is by looking at the animal’s characteristics. Mammals such as whales, elephants, and cheetahs have many features that make them unique from other animals. For example, mammals are all warm-blooded. This means that they create their own body heat and can stay warm in cold climates, unlike cold-blooded animals such as reptiles. Another key feature of mammals is that they have lungs which enable them to breathe oxygen in the air. Interestingly, all mammals have hair at some stage in their lives. This includes aquatic mammals such as whales which have hair along their jaw and head.\nKids earn more screen time by answering fun educational questions.\nHere are some example of questions about this video that kids may be asked in the 1Question app to earn screen time.\nWhat does the term 'warm blooded' mean?1) Animals that create their own body heat.2) Animals that only like warm climates.3) Animals that enjoy being warm.4) Animal that sunbathe to keep their blood warm.\nMammals have gills. True or false?1) False.2) True.\nWhat do all mammals have at some stage of their lives?1) Hair or fur2) Fins3) Legs4) Wings\nWhales have hair. True or false?1) True.2) False.\nWhat is the scientific word for 'group'?1) Classify2) Sort3) Organise4) Collect\nRecreational screen time\nKids can use the screen time minutes they earned to unlock the apps selected by their parent e.g. games, social media, streaming, etc.\nOut of time\nWhen screen time minutes run out, kids are locked out and need to complete more learning in 1Question to earn more time.\nMeet your educator\nOur micro-courses are developed and delivered by qualified educators from around the world.\nThe cheetah is a mammal that is found in the grasslands of Eastern and Southern…\nThe African elephant is a mammal that is found in 23 countries across Africa including…", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Jaguar (Panthera onca)\n|Spanish:||Otorongo, Tigre Americano, Tigre Real, Yaguar, Yaguarete|\n|Size||Head-body length: 112 - 241 cm (2)|\nShoulder height: 45 - 75 cm (2)\nMale weight: 54 – 158 kg (2)\nFemale weight: 36 – 85 kg (2)\n- The jaguar is the biggest cat in the Americas\n- 'Jaguar' comes from the native Indian name ‘yaguara’, meaning ‘a beast that kills its prey with one bound’\n- Black or melanistic forms of the jaguar are relatively common, often called ‘black panthers’\n- The jaguar is crepuscular, which means it is active at dawn and dusk\n- The only big cat to regularly kill by piercing the skull, the jaguar has the most powerful bite of the ‘big cats’ relative to its size\nThe jaguar is classified as Near Threatened (NT) on the IUCN Red List (1), and listed under Appendix I of CITES (1).\nThe jaguar (Panthera onca) is the largest cat of the Americas and a formidable predator. Its common name comes from the native Indian name ‘yaguara’, meaning ‘a beast that kills its prey with one bound’ (3) (4), and its power is clearly displayed by its muscular build, deep chest, large head, broad muzzle, and strong jaws (2). This remarkable cat possesses a visually striking coat of large black rosettes, mostly enclosing dark spots, set against golden brown to yellow fur, which pales to white on the cheeks, throat and underside (2) (5). Melanistic forms are also relatively common, often called ‘black panthers’ in the Americas. Jaguars vary considerably in size in different regions, but genetic studies indicate that there are no subspecies (6). Jaguars found in the dense forested areas of the Amazon Basin are generally smaller and darker in colour than those found in more open terrain (3).\nJaguars were once found across the Americas as far north as California, Arizona, New Mexico and Texas in the United States (7). In recent years they have been seen and photographed in southern Arizona (6) but otherwise survive only in Central and South America, ranging from Mexico to north Argentina (2). Their population is small and highly fragmented in Mexico. The highest population densities of up to one per 15 square kilometres are found in the lowland rainforests of the Amazon Basin. Although this refuge is of sufficient size to conserve the species for the foreseeable future, jaguar populations are considered to be declining in most other habitats (4).\nThe jaguar is found in a variety of habitats across its range, from dense rainforest to seasonally flooded swamp areas, scrubland and savannas, but always near water (2). Primarily occupying lowlands of below 1,000 metres, sightings of jaguars have been reported as high as 3,800 metres (1) (2).\nJaguars are solitary animals that occupy shifting territories, males and females only coming together in order to mate (8). Mating occurs throughout the year, but young are reportedly more likely to be born in the wet season when prey is more abundant. The female gives birth to a litter size of one to four cubs after a gestation period of 91 to 111 days (9). Young are dependent on their mother for up to two years, after which time they disperse to find their own territory (10). Jaguars reach sexual maturity at two to three years for females, three to four years for males (10). Life span in the wild is not known, but jaguar specialist Alan Rabinowitz estimated that few jaguars in Belize lived more than 11 years. In captivity jaguars have lived as long as 25 years, and one female reached 32 years (11).\nAlthough the jaguar has been characterised as nocturnal, it is more often crepuscular (being active around dawn and dusk) (9), with peak activity periods dependent on local prey habits (2). Like most cats, jaguars are opportunistic hunters, and more than 85 species have been recorded in their diet (9), ranging in size from domestic cattle down to various species of peccary, reptiles and fish (3). Relative to their size, they have the most powerful bite of the ‘big cats’ and are the only big cat to regularly kill by piercing the skull (2).\nSadly, human activities have generated the principle threat to the survival of the jaguar (5). Commercial hunting for their pelts was responsible for the death of 18,000 jaguars a year in the 1960s and 1970s. Fortunately, this toll has declined dramatically since the mid-1970s as a result of anti-fur campaigns and CITES controls, which progressively shut down international markets. Due to their predation on domestic livestock, the killing of jaguars by cattle-ranchers is also an ongoing problem (9). One of the primary threats today comes from deforestation, which is having a drastic impact on the jaguar’s prey base, as well as fragmenting the cat’s population into more isolated pockets, making them more vulnerable to the predations of man (3).\nAlthough the jaguar is fully protected over much of its range, hunting is allowed for “problem animals” in Brazil, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Mexico and Peru, trophy hunting is still permitted in Bolivia and there is no legal protection in Ecuador and Guyana. Where protective legislation exists, it is often ignored and un-enforced and even in ‘controlled reserves’ jaguars are frequently shot (9). If we are to ensure the survival of this magnificent species it is vital that we enforce legislation, obtain the cooperation of local people, and maintain large tracts of contiguous habitat. The Belize government, prompted by the US-based Wildlife Conservation Society, has set aside 150 square kilometres of rain forest in the Cockscomb Basin Wildlife Preserve as a protected environment for around 200 jaguars (4) (6). Additionally, the Brazilian government is planning to establish a National Centre for Research, Management and Conservation of Predators, to address livestock-predator problems (4). Thus, conservation efforts are being made, but illegal activity urgently needs to be addressed, as it continues to make the future of the jaguar uncertain (5).\nFor more information on the Jaguar:\nIUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group:\nSave the Jaguar:\nBBC Wildlife Finder:\nAuthenticated (05/01/2006) by Peter Jackson, Chair, IUCN Cat Specialist Group.\n- Crepuscular: to be active in the early dawn or twilight.\n- Gestation: the state of being pregnant; the period from conception to birth.\n- Melanistic: an animal that is dark or black in colour that is not normally so. These animals are usually not pure black, as any markings can still be seen.\nIUCN Red List (June, 2009)\nThe Cat Survival Trust (August, 2005)\nBig Cats Online (August, 2005)\nInternational Society for Endangered Cats Canada (ISEC Canada) (August, 2005)\nThe Lion’s Kingdom (August, 2005)\n- Jackson, P. (2006) Pers. comm.\nLioncrusher’s Domain (August, 2005)\nExplorer: An online encyclopaedia of life (August, 2005)\nIUCN Cat Specialist Group (August, 2005)\n- Macdonald, D. (2001) The New Encyclopedia of Mammals. Oxford University Press, Oxford.\n- Sunquist, M. and Sunquist, F. (2002) Wild Cats of the World. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, London..", "label": "No"}
{"text": "I have a confession to make.\nI hate dating…\nTo start with there are so many different types of date.\nTake radiocarbon for example. I’m assuming you know how radiocarbon works (if you don’t there is a good explanation here). A raw radiocarbon date is a measurement of how much radiocarbon is left in an organic object, from which we calculate how long ago the object died. When you cite radiocarbon dates you can cite them as radiocarbon years: uncalibrated BP. But most people prefer to adjust them so that they equate to calendar years: calibrated BP; this is done by calibrating the radiocarbon date (which you will see referred to as a date, a determination, an assessment, an age or an assay), against organic material of known age (read about it here). A calibrated date is rarely a single year; it is more usually expressed as a range of years together with a probability in order to indicate the mathematical likelihood that the date falls within that range.\nYou have to know here that BP stands for Before Present. Except that it doesn’t – for uncalibrated dates it really stands for Before 1950, because that year has been accepted as a norm against which the decay of radioactive isotopes is measured. At the moment the little matter of 66 years seems but a tiny blip in the assessment of time, though we will have to do something about it as time progresses and measurements become more accurate.\nThen of course you can adjust dates to the commonly accepted BC (Before Christ), except that in many countries it is now BCE (Before the Common Era). BC dates can be uncalibrated, or calibrated (usually: bc or cal BC). Uncalibrated bc dates are rarely used nowadays and usually achieved by subtracting 1950 from the uncalibrated BP date.\nThere are also calendar years (sometimes known as human years). And quite a lot of publications generalise as ‘years ago’. You will sometimes see dates quoted as 8 ka BP, which in general means 8000 BP and is usually calibrated, though the publication may specify that it is not.\nDo you begin to see my problem? And I haven’t even begun to talk about the Bayesian analysis of dates (see here).\nAdd to the murk the fact that while archaeologists prefer quoting dates as cal BC, geoscientists will usually use cal BP. So, an interdisciplinary project can run into problems.\nAnd not just interdisciplinary, multi-authored, projects; I’ve been reading a book that cites date ranges as uncal BP, cal BP, unspecified BP, years ago, 14C years ago, and cal BC; all in few pages of text. There are also a few uncalibrated original dates to play with.\nIt is a nightmare to make sense of it all. I’m not sure what the answer is, but I’m sure there must be a better way. For now, all we can do is plead for people to use one standard throughout their work, explain clearly what it is at the start, and stick to it!\nI’m adding to this a link to the Archaeology Blogging Carnival that runs this month, perhaps there are other potential bloggers out there who like to think about archaeology!", "label": "No"}
{"text": "In the West everyone knows the story of the Croat, Marco Polo, who traveled from Italy to the court of Kublai Khan in China in the 13th century. Whilst it has become a fairly common belief that Marco Polo, in fact, didn’t go to China, but instead took his stories of China from merchant sailors, his story does give us an interesting insight into 13th century China through the eyes of a Westerner (or Westerners). However, the fact that there is a reverse Marco Polo story seems to have been missed by most people. At almost exactly the same time a Nestorian Christian called Rabban Bar Sauma was sent from the court of Kublai Khan to Western Europe as an ambassador to the Pope, the King of England, and the King of France.\nIn 431 AD the Patriarch of Constantinople, Nestorius, was cast from his see by the First Council of Ephesus. His crime had been to declare that the Virgin Mary was not “Theotokos” (mother of God) as he was worried that the veneration of the Virgin Mary was getting dangerously close to worship. Many of the bishops took this to mean that he did not believe Jesus was the son of God and so was condemned as a heretic. Nestorius retired to a monastery in Antioch but his followers persisted in spreading the form of Christianity that became known as Nestorian or Assyrian from the fact that they spoke in Aramaic, the language of Jesus, hence Rabban Bar Sauma’s title which is like the Hebrew, Rabbi. By the 7th century the Nestorians had reached China and began setting up a community exemplified by a stele discovered in Chang’an which refers to the “luminous religion of Daqin” (the Chinese name for the Roman Empire).\nRabban Bar Sauma was born in 1220, near Beijing to a weathly family of Uighur Turkic origin (classed as part of the ruling Mongol caste). At around the age of 20 he took the name Bar Sauma (Aramaic for “Son of Fasting”) and became an ascetic monk and a religious teacher. At the age of about 40 (1260) Rabban Bar Sauma and his pupil Rabban Marcos decided to undertake a pilgrimage to Jerusalem. They went by way of Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, and Armenia before going down to Mosul and finally settled at the court of the head of the Nestorian church, Patriarch Mar Denha I, in Baghdad (which they reached in the 1270s). Unable to make their way to Jerusalem due to the incessant fighting in the region between the Mongols (the Ilkhanate), Egyptians, and the Crusader States, the two pilgrims were forced to remain in Baghdad as guests of the Patriarch. However, in 1281, Patriarch Mar Denha I died and the in the subsequent election Rabban Bar Sauma’s companion, Rabban Marcos, was elected as the new Patriarch, Mar Yaballaha III.\nAs the regional wars between the Mongols of the Ilkhanate (ruled by Arghun Khan) and the Egyptian Mamluks intensified it was decided by that the Mongols should seek an alliance with Christian Europe against a common enemy. The Mongols thus turned to their Christian subjects to act as emissaries to the European Kings and the Pope. Patriarch Mar Yaballaha III decided that the best candidate was his old teacher and travelling companion, Rabban Bar Sauma. So in 1287 (at the age of 67) Rabban Bar Sauma left Baghdad as the emissary of Arghun Khan. Fitting his station as a state emissary Rabban Bar Sauma left with a large retinue of 30 riding animals and two interpreters from Genoa, Tommas d’Anfossi and a man simply called Ughetto (Rabban Bar Sauma could speak fluent Chinese, Turkish, and Persian but no European languages).\nProceeding through Armenia the retinue traveled to Constantinople and met with the Byzantine Emperor Andronicus II Palaeologus where Rabban Bar Sauma marveled at the wonder of the Hagia Sophia. However the Byzantines, having recently been decimated by the Venetians in the 4th Crusade were in no position to offer help and had entered a period of terminal decline. Rabban Bar Sauma’s retinue, therefore, went by boat to Italy to see the Pope, Honorius IV. The retinue went via Sicily where they witnessed the eruption of Mt Etna on June 18th 1287 as well as the naval battle of Sorrento (June 24th) between Charles II of Naples and James II of Aragon (and Sicily). By the time Rabban Bar Sauma arrived in Rome Pope Honorius IV had died. As he had arrived in the midst of a Papal election Rabban Bar Sauma was only able to meet with a few of the Cardinals and make a visit to St Peter’s Basilica. His attempts in Rome foiled, Rabban Bar Sauma spent the winter in Genoa before proceeding on to France to meet King Philip the Fair. King Philip received him with great enthusiasm promising support, giving lavish gifts and sending a nobleman (Gobert de Helleville), two clerics (Robert de Senlis, and Guillaume de Bruyères), and a military adviser (Audin du Bourges) to act as ambassadors to the Ilkhanate. After this enthusiastic reception Bar Sauma continued on to Gascony (then in English hands) where he met with King Edward I (the King in the film Braveheart) in Bordeaux. However, Edward was having his own problems with the Welsh and the Scots and was unable and unwilling to commit troops to an alliance with the Mongols. At this point Rabban Bar Sauma decided to begin the voyage home. On his way back he passed through Rome again where he met the newly elected Pope Nicholas IV who gave him communion on Palm Sunday 1288, and gifted him with a precious papal tiara to give to Mar Yaballaha III.\nRabban Bar Sauma returned to Baghdad and presented the gifts to Arghun Khan and the Patriarch. Arghun Khan answered the promises of the King of France by sending a letter:", "label": "No"}
{"text": "in 10th Grade Math.\nin 11th Grade Math.\nin 12th Grade Math.\nin Advanced Algebra.\nIn mathematics, a matrix is a rectangular table of elements, which may be numbers or, more generally, any abstract quantities that can be added and multiplied.\nMatrices are used to describe linear equations, keep track of the coefficients of linear transformations and to record data that depend on multiple parameters.\nMatrices are described by the field of matrix theory. Matrices can be added, multiplied, and decomposed in various ways, which also makes them a key concept in the field of linear algebra.\nThe horizontal lines in a matrix are called rows and the vertical lines are called columns. A matrix with m rows and n columns is called an m-by-n matrix (written m × n) and m and n are called its dimensions.\nMany students find matrices difficult. They feel overwhelmed with matrices homework, tests and projects. And it is not always easy to find matrices tutor who is both good and affordable. Now finding matrices help\nis easy. For your matrices homework, matrices tests, matrices projects, and matrices tutoring needs, TuLyn is a one-stop solution. You can master hundreds of math topics by using TuLyn.\nAt TuLyn, we have over 2000 math video tutorial clips including matrices videos\n, matrices practice word problems\n, matrices questions and answers\n, and matrices worksheets\nOur matrices videos\nreplace text-based tutorials and give you better step-by-step explanations of matrices. Watch each video repeatedly until you understand how to approach matrices problems and how to solve them.\n- Hundreds of video tutorials on matrices make it easy for you to better understand the concept.\n- Hundreds of word problems on matrices give you all the practice you need.\n- Hundreds of printable worksheets on matrices let you practice what you have learned by watching the video tutorials.\nHow to do better on matrices: TuLyn makes matrices easy.\nDeterminant Of A Two By Two Matrix As A Quadratic Equation Video Clip\nFinding The Determinant Of A Three By Three Matrix Using Expansion Of Minors Video Clip\nDeterminant Of A Two By Two Matrix As An Algebraic Equation Video Clip\nDeterminant of a Matrix Video Clip\nFinding The Determinant Of A Three By Three Matrix 2 Video Clip\nFinding The Determinant Of A Three By Three Matrix 3 Video Clip\nFinding The Determinant Of A Three By Three Matrix Video Clip\nFinding The Determinant Of A Two By Two Matrix 5 Video Clip\nMinor of an Element in a Matrix Video Clip\nFinding The Determinant Of A Two By Two Matrix 3 Video Clip\nTop Matrices Word Problems\nHomework Help Questions\n- Solve the following simultaneous equations using matrices:\n- a box contains nickels, dimes and pennies worth $8.40. The number of dimes is six less than twice the number of pennies and there is an equal number of dimes and nickels. How many nickels are there in the box?\nPost a homework question on matrices:\nHow Others Use Our Site\nI teach math to 9th grade -12th grade at a small city school in North Carolina. Knowing that each student in NC has to score levels 3 or 4 on the EOC Algebra 1 test to graduate, any real-life application type problems would be beneficial to the success of my students. Knowing also that matrces are heavily tested on the NC EOC test, this website appears that it would be helpful. Our textbooks do not offer many examples of matrices . Thank you.\nPost a Comment\nHundreds of video clips, worksheets, and word problems on augmented matrices.\nHundreds of video clips, worksheets, and word problems on operations with matrices.\nHundreds of video clips, worksheets, and word problems on identity matrix.\nHundreds of video clips, worksheets, and word problems on determinant.\nHundreds of video clips, worksheets, and word problems on inverse matrix.\nWatch video clips on linear algebra, print linear algebra worksheets, practice linear algebra word problems.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Scientists from the Fraunhofer Institute for Laser Technology (ILT) and for Production Technology (IPT) have jointly developed new process chains for producing jet engine components that allows for more design freedom as well as more efficient and cost effective production and repair processes. The processes, demonstrated recently at the ILA Berlin Air Show in May, use Selective Laser Manufacturing (SLM) and Laser Material Deposition (LMD) to build components layer by layer, reducing waste and allowing for the construction of more complex geometries.\nThe SLM technique has enabled Fraunhofer ILT's scientists to produce components that previously could not be manufactured. In the method, laser radiation is scanned across a powder bed and traces out the form of the component, each layer at a time. Wherever the laser radiation impacts the powder, the powder initially melts and then solidifies to form a solid mass. In this way, the component is built-up layer by layer. Until now, parts were subtractively produced, for example by milling. This process results in a greater loss of material, and there are geometric restrictions in the production of certain designs.\nThe researchers are now working with their colleagues from the Fraunhofer IPT on the integration of the additive manufacturing technique into an entire, continuous process chain. To illustrate what the new process chain can achieve, the team produced a Nozzle Guide Vane (NGV) cluster consisting of six double vanes. Previously, the vanes for turbines could only be produced in sets of two, so were more difficult and took longer to install into the engine.\nThe team also managed to improve the base of the NGV cluster with internal honeycomb-like structures, which makes the entire component around 30 per cent lighter as a result.\nThe researchers have also considered the Maintenance, Repair and Overhaul (MRO) of engine blades. While the technicians previously had to repair these blades manually, the new process is now fully automated. ‘We do not even need half the processing time. And more importantly, the method is reproducible and ensures high-quality repairs,’ said Bergs.\nAn important step toward automation was the development of the ‘CAx framework’. This software approach allows all the various repair technologies to be operated from a single platform. Firstly, the geometric data of a damaged or worn-out blade is acquired, for instance, by digital imaging. Secondly, a milling machine blends out the defect, and thirdly, laser radiation builds-up the blade again layer by layer via Laser Material Deposition (LMD).\nThe research is a subproject of the Cluster of Innovation AdaM, short for ‘Adaptive production for Resource Efficiency in Energy and Mobility’: This is where the Fraunhofer Institutes IPT and ILT as well as 21 industrial partners pool their skills. The goal is to technically implement new concepts for turbo machinery – for engines, among other components – so that they can convert energy more efficiently and reduce CO2 emissions.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "It’s an odd curiosity of early American history. In a letter to a family member, the coauthor of the Declaration of Independence decides to throw shade at his nation’s new symbol. Why he did this may seem a little perplexing at first. But context is important, especially here. So let’s try to better understand where Benjamin Franklin was coming from in his criticism of the bald eagle.\nThe Bald Eagle as a U.S. Symbol\nThe founding father’s 1784 missive was written only about a year and a half after the United States adopted the bald eagle as part of the country’s Great Seal.1 In a bit of historical trivia, Franklin served on the first of three committees dedicated to creating the design.2 Later, he used the seal while acting as a U.S. ambassador in France.3 However, during his post there is also when he penned that infamous letter to his daughter, Mrs. Sarah Bache.\nIn that piece of overseas correspondence, Franklin declares, “I wish the bald eagle had not been chosen as the representative of our country.”4 Then the Philadelphian sage states three reasons for his objection, two specifically relating to the creature’s “bad moral character” and a third regarding the popularity and pervasiveness of eagles in general. Overall, he asserts (or appears to) that the bald eagle is an unfit symbol for a democratic republic free of monarchic rule and aristocratic ties.\nExamining Franklin’s Case\nFor Exhibit A, he accuses the bald eagle of being a lazy cheat, apt to forcing the osprey, by means of harassment, to relinquish its catch. And, indeed, Franklin is right about the raptor’s behavior. Though bald eagles will hunt their own fish, they frequently bully food away from other birds. This is evident in the Grand Prize-winning photo from this year’s Audubon Photography Awards; that stunning picture captures a bald eagle ambushing great blue herons.\nThievery, however, is the smallest of problems Franklin has with the bald eagle. Moving on to Exhibit B, he seizes upon what he considers its greatest fault, calling the raptor a “rank coward,” prone to fleeing from “a little king bird, not bigger than a sparrow.” What Franklin meant by “king bird” is not clear,5 but there is some truth in his anecdotal statement. When mobbed by smaller feathered creatures, such as crows and sparrows, many raptors do choose to fly off rather than fight. Bald eagles and other avian predators have little to gain in these situations other than aggravation. Nevertheless, despite being rooted in some truth, Franklin’s description is still quite misleading and incomplete.\nBald eagles are generally aggressive birds. As the founding father acknowledges, they confront and hassle ospreys for their fish. Yet he conspicuously fails to mention that bald eagles also will tangle with their own kind. For instance, they are known to engage in bloody territorial battles. In addition, these raptors will assault other large birds. Not long ago, one attacked a Canada goose, the skirmish documented in a series of photographs.\nFranklin’s last gripe regards eagles by and large, and could be related to the birds’ popularity as heraldic figures. His Exhibit C dismisses the bald eagle simply because eagles in general are “found in all countries.” Though he does not build on this point, what the founding father may be alluding to is the eagle’s extensive history as an emblem of ancient empires and aristocratic cultures. For Franklin, such imperial associations, though involving other species, possibly make the bald eagle—and even the golden eagle for that matter—an inappropriate symbol for a democratic nation.\nIs There a Better Bird?\nWhen dismissing the bald eagle, Ben Franklin looks to another bird, one he considers “much more respectable.” This is the turkey. Despite conceding the fowl “a little vain and silly,” Franklin asserts that it is fearless enough to defend its farmyard from “a grenadier of the British guards.” Sure, a laughable claim for some, but wild turkeys have indeed been known to attack humans, sometimes even going after mailmen and police officers. The domesticated variety aren’t as intimidating, but don’t underestimate them.\nThe gobbler has had its share of fans, John James Audubon being the most high-profile. He used the male wild turkey’s image, along with the motto “America My Country,” for his personal seal.6 Yet, unlike Franklin, Audubon had positive things to say about the bald eagle. In his Birds of America, he describes the raptor as a “noble bird” of “great strength, daring, and cool courage.”7 Why shouldn’t both the wild turkey and the bald eagle, large and formidable creatures found throughout much of the United States, be deserving of respect?\nThe bald eagle/turkey debate unfortunately has long taken on a life of its own. Many people want to choose sides; however, I’d highly recommend not doing so without considering the subject and context of Franklin’s letter. First, he never advocates replacing the bald eagle on the U.S. Great Seal with the turkey. Second, his missive was prompted not by an issue he had with the seal, but by a controversial plan of the Society of the Cincinnati, an American Revolutionary War veterans group. Franklin was concerned that this organization would become, in his words, “an order of hereditary knights.” His letter is devoted to this topic, and the tangents he makes (such as the one involving the bald eagle) are all related to his attack on the organization’s proposal.\nWhat specifically provoked Franklin’s ire was the Society of the Cincinnati’s plan “of establishing ranks of nobility” by bequeathing membership and medals to the current members’ descendants. Like the Great Seal, the medals do feature an eagle. Perhaps Franklin would not have even aired his opinions on the bald eagle or the turkey if not for those medals. The reason he appears to bring up the matter at all is to concur with other critics that the group’s design “looks more like a turkey,” something—if you take Franklin’s words at face value—he actually favors. Perhaps, though, he was being facetious.\nA Winning Verdict\nSince Franklin’s letter heavily mingles wit, charm, and wisdom, it is questionable at times whether he is being wholly serious or, in parts, satirical. Consider, too, that he was living an ocean away from his fellow citizens. Isn’t it possible that he may have attempted to stir some controversy over the Great Seal to maximize attention to his letter? After all, he clearly had a much more important matter in mind than avian emblematic figures.\nUltimately, let’s not make too much out of Franklin’s commentary on the bald eagle and the turkey. Both are beautiful birds in their own ways and worthy of celebration year-round and during the Fourth of July!\n- U.S. Dept. of State, Bureau of Public Affairs. “The Great Seal of the United States.” Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. of State, 2003. p. 1: http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/27807.pdf.\n- U.S. Dept. of State, Bureau of Public Affairs. p. 2.\n- Anderson, SH. The Most Splendid Carpet. Philadelphia, PA: National Park Service, U.S. Dept. of the Interior, 1978: https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/inde/anderson/chap5a.htm.\n- Rising, G. “Benjamin Franklin Talks Turkey” [article includes Franklin’s letter in its entirety]. Nature Watch University at Buffalo: http://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~insrisg/nature/nw98/franklinturkey.html.\n- The “king bird” and similar epithets (e.g., “regulus” and “little king”) have been used since antiquity to describe wren species. However, a better candidate in this case is the eastern kingbird. Since Franklin is also using the term as a metaphor for the British king, he could have had some other bird in mind.\n- Rhodes, R. John James Audubon: The Making of an American. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2004. p. 273.\n- Audubon, JJ. “White-headed Eagle,” The Birds of America. National Audubon Society: http://www.audubon.org/birds-of-america/white-headed-eagle.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "0 of 4 questions completed\nYou have already completed the quiz before. Hence you can not start it again.\nQuiz is loading…\nYou must sign in or sign up to start the quiz.\nYou must first complete the following:\n0 of 4 questions answered correctly\nTime has elapsed\nYou have reached 0 of 0 point(s), (0)\nEarned Point(s): 0 of 0, (0)\n0 Essay(s) Pending (Possible Point(s): 0)\nWhat describes most accurately the current structure of the federal judiciary?\nHow are justices appointed to the Supreme Court?\nHow does the Supreme Court decide which cases to hear?\nWhat is the condition called when separate inferior federal courts have come to different decisions on the same question?", "label": "No"}
{"text": "\"; _cf_contextpath=\"\"; _cf_ajaxscriptsrc=\"/thorcfscripts/ajax\"; _cf_jsonprefix='//'; _cf_websocket_port=8578; _cf_flash_policy_port=1244; _cf_clientid='A92FE8CAD3221D5C9772276391A39076';/* ]]> */\nSubscribe To Our Feeds:\nto New Products - Updated Automatically\nto Careers - Updated Automatically\nto Press Releases - Updated Automatically\nWhat is an RSS Feed?From Wikipedia:\nRSS is a family of Web feed formats used to publish frequently updated content such as blog entries, news headlines, and podcasts. An RSS document (which is called a \"feed\" or \"web feed\" or \"channel\") contains either a summary of content from an associated web site or the full text. RSS makes it possible for people to keep up with web sites in an automated manner that can be piped into special programs or filtered displays.\nRSS ReadersYour web browser may render a RSS document and there are specialized programs available that provide additional features.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "By: John Van deVaarst, NISOA, New Jersey\nMany high schools have suggested that the requirements to either caution or disqualify participants for specific misconducts, and the need to follow a specific procedure, is not being followed consistently by all Referees. This article puts forth a few reminders and some suggestions to Interscholastic Referees about correcting this deficit in game performance.\nReminder on the rules.\nBefore you ever stepped onto a high school soccer field, you should have memorized the specific reasons for administering either a caution or a disqualification. The NFHS Soccer Rules Book provides ten specific reasons for caution, two of these specifically applying to the Coach…\nThere are also eleven reasons given for disqualification, with two specific reasons allowing replacement of the disqualified participant, while the remaining nine reasons for disqualification not allowing for replacement of the disqualified participant. It’s important to remember the difference between the two forms of disqualification as it concerns replacement of the disqualified player. It is also important to remember that one of these latter nine reasons for disqualification specifically applies to a Team Coach.\nMany of the reasons for caution or disqualification leave you no discretion to decide NOT to penalize the player involved. These misconduct rules must be enforced if the infringement occurs. For example, a player who uses vulgar or profane language, even in an incidental manner, MUST be cautioned. Another example is that a player who spits at an opponent, teammate, or game official MUST be disqualified.\nIn either case, if the act occurs, the designated referee action must be taken; you are allowed no discretion to decide to “overlook” or not apply the corrective action.\nIt is important to your referee duties that you must follow all NFHS rules and not pick and choose what is to be punished. Any other approach leads to inconsistency in application of the rules, non-uniformity in the interpretation of the rules, and in turn definitely causes game control problems for the Referee concerned, for fellow NISOA officials, and for the game. Understand that incorrect application of these behavior rules directly lessens your control of participant behavior in the game.\nAbout the procedure.\nA vital part of correctly administering a CAUTION or DISQUALIFICATION requires that a formal procedure be followed for each. The CAUTION procedure requires the Referee to display a yellow card, indicate the appropriate person, and notify both coaches. A participant may only be cautioned once in any game. The DISQUALIFICATION procedure requires the Referee to display a red card and indicate the appropriate person. The procedure also requires that the individual disqualified must leave the game and not return for the balance of that game. However, the disqualified player IS allowed to be replaced for two specific incidents, namely: acts described as delayed or prolonged, or for a subsequent caution.\nThe complete recommended procedure to follow includes the following:\nStep one, stop the clock.\nStep two, isolate the player.\nStep three, tell the player the reason for the caution or disqualification.\nStep four, display the appropriate card, either the caution (yellow), or the disqualification (red).\n(Remember, that when it comes to displaying the card for a disqualification, there may be a variation from displaying ONLY the red card. One alternate card display in step four is when the player is allowed to be replaced The red and yellow cards are displayed simultaneously. Another alternate card display in step four is when a participant is disqualified for a subsequent caution misconduct. In this case, a yellow card is displayed first, followed immediately by the red card.)\nStep five, make your own record of the player’s number and the reason for the caution or disqualification.\n(Make sure, that regardless of the system of mechanics being used, you have instructed the other Referee(s) in the Referee Team during your pre-game briefing to make the same notes as a backup to your notes. If there is a Reserve Official assigned to your Referee Team, the Reserve must also note the jersey number of the player on the game report.)\nStep six in a caution misconduct is to tell the player that in the event of further misconduct he/she may be disqualified from the game. In a disqualification misconduct tell the player that he/she is disqualified and must leave the field and not return.\nStep seven, make sure to indicate the player cautioned or disqualified to the Scorer, both Coaches, and the other Referee Team members.\nOf course there may be, by State Association adoption, some specific post-game procedures that involve reporting cautions and disqualifications. Also, the NFHS rules specify that at the end of the game the Head Referee must verify the score, and report in writing any disqualifications and unusual incidents to the proper authorities, normally the State Association.\nA final item.\nOne more important point needs to be stressed. The authority given to you as the Referee to caution and disqualify participants are two very powerful ways for the Referee to control participant behavior during a game. These authorities should be used at the correct times, using the correct procedures for the two control methods. At any time during a game the Referee should be prepared to caution or disqualify any participant who violates either misconduct rule. That is both an obligation and duty, and the consistency of application is vital to the Referee Team’s successful performance in that game.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Prep 1 enjoyed an exciting outdoor maths trail just before the half term holiday. This adventure was stimulated by their maths studies based around measuring.\nOur boys love being outside and it seems only fitting to use our local environment to enhance their studies and curriculum understanding. The boys used a range of measuring equipment including iPads to identify the length of the various items around the Prep School grounds.\nThe boys worked with a partner to support one another’s skills and develop co-operation. They quickly appreciated how much easier accurate measuring is achieved when a friend is available to hold the tape or record results.\nIt was lovely to observe the enthusiasm for this active learning and good to hear from their teachers that the boys were able to take the skills they have learned back to the classroom.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "This printable activity for kids, designed for Valentine’s Day, is all heart, or should I say, all hearts.\nStudents search for patterned hearts on this busy page, then color each one the designated color.\nSure, the kids will have fun, but YOU will know a little secret. The Seek & Find & Color-Me Hearts page also strengthens:\n• visual discrimination skills\n• visual figure ground skills\n• even fine motor and attention skills when you encourage careful coloring.\nTip: I recommend colored pencils or thin markers for this activity so students can practice focusing on the details.\nTip #2: Older students can assign their own intricate color designs to each of the patterned hearts, a great way to practice even more attention to detail.\nFor more Valentine’s Day printables the kids will enjoy, try these:\nAll are free to newsletter subscribers. Hint: Seek and find that sign-up box below!", "label": "No"}
{"text": "DEAR LORD!!!... there is NOTHING that causes more problems for students of Nuke (and their teachers) than premultiplication. No matter how carefully it is explained, students often dont know how to use it, or use it badly. Several of the items in the script structure page refer to the perils of poorly managed premultiplication. First, here is why premultiplication is needed:\nWhat is premultiplication and why it is needed\nAll images consist of values that extend from black to white (the three color channels being simply grey-scale images) and these values can be expressed as numbers: 1 for white, 0 for black, .5 for mid grey etc. The problem is that there is no natural value in a digital image for transparency. However, with simple maths we can 'fake' it. First of all we need:\nA background (BG), a foreground (FG) and an alpha (A)\n- 1 X any number = no change\n- 0 X any number = 0\nFrom that we can say:\n- The white values (1) in A multiplied by the FG will effect no change upon the FG.\n- The black values (0) in A multiplied by the FG will turn the FG black.\nNow invert A so that its black values and white values are 'swopped'. Perform the same multiplication over the BG.\nNow more maths:\n- 0 + any number = no change\n- The blacks values (0) in the BG will effect no change upon the FG values.\n- The blacks values (0) in the FG will effect no change upon the BG values.\nThis gives us a FG plus a BG that looks like (voila!):\nThe example .psd file is in the Assets page (apologies, the alpha is a bit rough).\nWhat happens if premultiplication is not handled well\nIf premultiplication is not handled well then the maths fails. The following are the main dangers:\n- If the black of the premultiplied FG is lightened (for example: as a result of a color adjustment), then it will brighten the BG.\n- This is not a good thing. In the image below the ball was lightened but the color correction of the one on the right was not preceded by an unpremultiply (Unpremult). In the process the black premultiplied background was also lightened which affected the color of the composite.\n- If (in the process of poorly managed premultiplication workflow) the grey of the soft edges is darkened or lightened then the edges of the composite will be noisy.\n- This is not a good thing. In the image below the ball on the right was premultiplied twice. This imparted a dark rim to the edge of the ball (soft edges are very vulnerable to this sort of thing).\nThe main places this these screw-ups occur is whilst the FG is being color edited or merged:\nThe standerd workflow for dealing with premultiplication whist merging is simple:\n- Derive an alpha from the FG\n- Premultiply FG by A\n- Merge (add) FG with BG\nThis translates as:\n|When it is time for the FG and BG to be merged together then the FG MUST be in a premultiplied state.|\n|Also... DON'T premultiply the same image twice.|\nThis is wrong:\n- Premultiplied image --> Color edit\nSuch a workflow could badly effect the black values of the premultiplied image. The solution is to unpremultiply before the color edit, like this:\n- Premultiplied image --> Unpremultiplied image --> Color edit --> Premultiply\n|DONT perform any color edit on the FG if it has been premultiplied.|\nPremult and Unpremult and other tools\nThe Premult and Unpremult are the workhorses of the premultiplaction workflow. Premult wil premultiply an image (asuming it has an alpha), Unpremult will unpremultiply it.\nWithin many nodes there is a premult parameter. It is there to save on the hassle of top and tailing the color operations with Premult and Unpremult nodes. If ticked it will unpremult and premult entirely within the confines of the node. It is not efficiant to use this parameter on long chains of complex color edits as the premultiplication is always being turned off and on, but for for simple, singular edits it is fine.\nSome examples of good and bad premultiplication are in the Assets page.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Microbiologist, Doctor of Medical Sciences Vladislav Zhemchugov assessed the risk of transmission of the Nipah virus from person to person. In his opinion, the likelihood of contracting this infection is extremely low, reports Komsomolskaya Pravda.\nZhemchugov urged Russians not to be afraid of the Nipah virus, since it is low contagious or mildly infectious. Due to this feature, it is difficult to transmit from person to person. However, the mortality rate from infection with this virus is high: it reaches 75 percent, the microbiologist emphasized.\nThe expert added that in India they will search for sick animals on their own in order to destroy them. Thus, it will be possible to prevent the spread of the virus, as well as its mutation, which affects the ability to be transmitted from person to person.\nEarlier, scientists at the National Institute of Virology of India for the first time recorded the Nipah virus (NiV) in bats. The virus, which is naturally detected in these animals, can cause a serious illness in humans, which is characterized by brain inflammation (encephalitis) or respiratory diseases.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "You have had plenty of opportunity to interpret coefficients for metric variables in regression models. Using and interpreting categorical variables takes just a little bit of extra practice. In this Discussion, you will have the opportunity to practice how to recode categorical variables so they can be used in a regression model and how to properly interpret the coefficients. Additionally, you will gain some practice in running diagnostics and identifying any potential problems with the model.\nTo prepare for this Discussion:\n1. Review Warner’s Chapter 12 and Chapter 2 of the Wagner course text and the media program found in this week’s Learning Resources and consider the use of dummy variables.\n2. Create a research question using the General Social Survey dataset that can be answered by multiple regression. Using the SPSS software, choose a categorical variable to dummy code as one of your predictor variables.\nEstimate a multiple regression model that answers your research question. Post your response to the following:\n1. What is your research question?\n1. Interpret the coefficients for the model, specifically commenting on the dummy variable.\n1. Run diagnostics for the regression model. Does the model meet all of the assumptions? Be sure and comment on what assumptions were not met and the possible implications. Is there any possible remedy for one the assumption violations?\nBe sure to support your Main Post and Response Post with reference to the week’s Learning Resources and other scholarly evidence in APA Style.\nRespond to at least one of your colleagues’ posts in 125 words and provide a constructive comment on their assessment of diagnostics.\n1. Were all assumptions tested for?\n1. Are there some violations that the model might be robust against? Why or why not?\n1. Explain and provide any additional resources (i.e., web links, articles, etc.) to provide your colleague with addressing diagnostic issues.\nWagner, III, W. E. (2020). Using IBM® SPSS® statistics for research methods and social science statistics (7th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.\n9. Chapter 2, “Transforming Variables”\n10. Chapter 11, “Editing Output” (previously read in Week 2, 3, 4, 5. 6, 7, 8, and 9)\nCheck attachments for other documents.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "22 June 2015\nThrough a study, published in the journal Nature Communications, physicists at Bath with international collaborators examined how ‘valley polarisarisation’ in silicon transistors affects how electronic spin is polarised.\nBy using unique technology to polarise valleys (which describe an aspect of how an electrons’ wavelength relates to its energy) in the steady state, they show, for the first time, that contrary to expectations, valley polarisation can make spin polarisation easier.\nThis work is expected to feed into the flurry of research into the development of valleytronics, which could be applied across technologies not least for quantum computing.\nValley degree of freedom\nThe science of valleys in silicon has a long history, and plays an important part in how fast silicon transistors and therefore all computers and all smart devices operate.\nIn conventional silicon transistors, valleys are seen as a nuisance as they reduce how fast electrons move without too much scattering (spending energy).\nSimilarly, in quantum-information oriented device research, valleys have been seen as a source of decoherence (whereby the quantum part of information is lost) – something that prevents qubits (quantum mechanical analogues of a bit) from maintaining their stored information.\nYet valleytronics, in contrast, aims to exploit valleys and turn them into an advantage and there have been recent theoretical proposals to do exactly this. In order to create silicon valleytronics technology however, scientists need first to become able to control it and fully understand how it interacts with the other degrees of freedom.\nLead author on the paper, Dr Kei Takashina from the Department of Physics explains: “The past couple of years have seen a flurry of research activity into the so-called ‘valley degree of freedom’ in recently discovered atomic layer materials, such the ‘wonder material’ graphene. This relates to how electrons behave, and is something also present in other electronic materials, most notably the most applied of all electronic materials – silicon.\n“Our paper establishes the effect valley-polarisation has on spin polarisation in silicon transistors by using our unique capability to polarise valleys in the steady state. According to a simplistic way in which electrons are often thought about – that they move around independently of each other - it should become twice as difficult to polarise spins when valleys are polarised. In stark contrast, we find that at low enough electron density, it becomes easier to align their spin when valleys are frozen. This is a striking demonstration of how interactions between electrons lead to qualitatively new behaviour.\n“We are finding out about fundamental aspects of electrons in silicon transistors. Since we can control valley polarisation electrically, harnessing how valley physics relate to spin physics may lead to new ways with which to develop silicon-based spintronics or interface complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology with silicon-based quantum information processing.\nIn addition to contributing to technological progress towards silicon valleytronics, these latest findings shed light on a fundamental scientific question of “what is the nature of the two dimensional electronic system?” Scientists have known for some time that different phases exist depending on electron density, but here, the scientists say, that their findings suggest the existence of a new liquid state due to the stability afforded by valley-spin degeneracy.\nAccording to the latest Research Excellence Framework 2014, 100 per cent of our research in this area was assessed for impact as either 'world-leading' or 'internationally excellent'.\nTo access the latest open access paper, 'Valley polarization assisted spin polarization in two dimensions', see http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2015/150601/ncomms8230/full/ncomms8230.html .", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Survivor tells story for Holocaust Remembrance\nBuck Lake Elementary School fourth-grade student David Wygodski sat attentively in a shirt and tie at Temple Israel on Sunday, listening to his grandmother's story of living through one of the greatest tragedies of all time.\n\"I feel it's my duty to make sure that the evidence be kept alive so the terrible truth will not be forgotten or erased,\" said Mary Wygodski, a Holocaust survivor and the keynote speaker at Temple Israel's observance of Yom HaShoah, or Holocaust Remembrance Day, which was Thursday.\nThe service honored students who won the Holocaust Education Resource Council's (HERC) essay and art contests. There were 18 winners, including David Wygodski, who took second place in the elementary essay category.\nThe crowd sat captivated as the Poland-born Mary Wygodski, who now lives in St. Petersburg, told of going through three concentration camps, each one with a new tragedy, unbearable working conditions and poor food.\nShe was separated from her family as a teenager in 1943. She would never see them again. She was taken to a Latvian work camp by boxcar, then to a death camp in East Russia and finally to an ammunition factory in Germany.\nOn one occasion, she was in line to be put into a gas chamber, but avoided entering when the shower filled up.\n\"Though I have endured the inhumanity of the concentration camps,\" Wygodski said, \"I did not allow fear and loss to destroy my dreams. Love and hope have helped me to rebuild my lost life.\"\nYom HaShoah is a day for people to remember those who suffered and died in the Holocaust. School teachers instructing kindergarten through 12th grade incorporate the essay and art contests into their Holocaust lessons each year. This year's prompt was \"liberation.\" Students were asked to explore what the liberators knew and what can be learned from them.\n\"They learn so much about life, humanity and about understanding,\" said Barbara Goldstein, president of HERC, a Tallahassee nonprofit. \"It's so much more important than we realize for them.\"\nHaving voices like Wygodski's are important as members of the generation who lived through the Holocaust become fewer, Goldstein added.\n\"To actually talk to a real survivor, that makes such a difference,\" she said. \"It's so important now to just remember their stories.\"\nTemple Israel Rabbi Jack Romberg highlighted recent acts of cultural and religious discrimination and asked the audience to use Yom HaShoah to remember those injustices.\n\"It is not just about the Jewish community. It is not just about ourselves,\" he said. \"It's about understanding the tragedy that happens if we allow oppression and prejudice to gain too much of a foothold.\"\n2015 Holocaust Remembrance Campaign\nIn April and May of 2015, the Holocaust Education Resource Council (HERC), in partnership with the Democrat, is reminding Tallahassee of the past by bringing pictures into their present lives.\nNumerous photographic exhibits are located throughout our community that depict significant images of the Holocaust as they appear today. The goal is to teach our young and old that it's never too late to learn and never too late to change.\nThe photos were taken by Nikki Allen, a former seventh- and eighth-grade social-studies teacher at Fort Braden School. She took the photos in 2008 while attending a Summer Seminar Program on Holocaust Studies in Poland.\nClick on the link and scroll through the photos and see where they are being displayed in the community.\nHolocaust Education Resource Council 2015 Essay and Art Contest\nFirst - Anthony Ortiz, FSUS\nSecond - Mary Lengacher, FSUS\nThird - Michael Rubin, FSUS\nFirst - Resh Meck, Fairview\nSecond - Antonio Davis, Cobb\nThird - Sara Wallace, Wakulla Christian\nFirst - Jackie Golabek, JPII\nSecond - Rick Bessey, JPII\nThird - Jessica Milam, FSUS\nFirst - Teresa Morgado, Cornerstone\nSecond - David Wygodski, Buck Lake\nFirst - Skylah Rault, Cornerstone\nSecond - Amorenna Tillman, Cobb\nThird - Cattie Li, Deerlake\nFirst - Nicole Buford, Maclay\nSecond - Chikodi X., Leon County Virtual School\nThird - Temi Omotsyo, Maclay", "label": "No"}
{"text": "From 8 to 10 March, 2017, an International Conference on Crystal Growth is to be held in Freiburg under the auspices of the German Association of Crystal Growth DGKK and the Swiss Society for Crystallography SGK-SSCR. The conference, jointly organized by the Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE, the Crystallography department of the Institute of Earth and Environmental Sciences at the University Freiburg and the University of Geneva, is to be held in the seminar rooms of the Chemistry Faculty of the University of Freiburg. Furthermore, the Young DGKK will hold a seminar for young scientists at Fraunhofer ISE on 7 March, 2017.\n“Whether for mobile communication, computers or LEDs, crystalline materials are key components of our modern lifestyle,” says Dr. Stephan Riepe, group head in the Department of Silicon Materials at Fraunhofer ISE. “Crystal growth has a long tradition and today is still far from becoming obsolete. Materials with special crystalline structure are being developed for applications in high-temperature superconductors through to low-loss power transmission. Artificial diamonds are a favorite choice for building quantum computers. At the conference, the production of silicon, III-V semiconductors and most currently perovskite layers for cost-effective high efficiency tandem solar cells will also be discussed.”\nIn Freiburg, a close cooperation exists between the Fraunhofer Institutes and the University of Freiburg. For example, at Fraunhofer ISE a doctoral thesis of the University of Freiburg was carried out which investigated how impurities can be minimized during multicrystalline silicon production. In the production process, liquid silicon is melted in a quartz crucible and subsequently solidified. Similar to flour’s function when sprinkled in a baking form, silicon nitride powder acts as a separating agent between the crucible and the silicon. Here the aim is to reduce impurities on the scale of parts per billion, or ppb, to achieve the highest solar cell efficiencies. On a regular basis, student and doctoral degree theses are carried out to address such questions.\nBasic research on crystal growth in space has a long tradition at the Crystallography department at the University of Freiburg. In space, growth processes are investigated which can then be used to optimize the production of crystalline material on the earth for applications in applied science and the industry.\nCrystals have also played a major role in the efficiency records achieved by Fraunhofer ISE: For example, a four-junction solar cell based on crystalline gallium-arsenide achieved a present record efficiency of 46 %. The silicon multicrystalline solar cell, the work horse in the photovoltaics industry, hit a record high of 20.4 % efficiency and a photovoltaic inverter based on silicon carbide components reached an all-time efficiency of over 99 % for the conversion of dc power from a PV array into ac power for the grid.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "With the yearly increment of renewable sources for electricity generation and the world government’s incentives towards them, the displacement of synchronous generators with inverter-based sources on the electric grid is a plausible reality that can occur.\nNevertheless, as probable as it could be, here the current electric power system network faces a few problems with this scenery.\nLet’s explore how the utility grid works, what inertia means to the grid control and how does solar penetration affects the electric network system.\nHow does Frequency Regulation work?\nThe electric grid is designed to function in a steady-state where it can deliver safe and consistent power to every load connected, despite any disturbance (big load changes, partial generation, transmission, or distribution failures), this is the standard for reliable electricity service.\nIn order to do so, the utility operators need to control the power flow throughout the grid (real and reactive power). Towards this idea, the operators constantly monitor 3 variables that determine the grid state, voltages, angles and frequency.\n- Voltage: Refers to the voltage level at every point of the grid. The operator has to monitor the voltage level from the biggest generation point to the last load attached to the service.\n- Angles: As the energy is transmitted in alternating current (AC), all voltages and currents come with an angle reference. In particular, the relation in-between angles of the grid determine the flow of active power.\n- Frequency: As expected, the whole AC transmission needs to be made at the same frequency. For example, 60 Hz on the US, or 50 Hz on Europe.\nBy monitoring and controlling these variables, the operator is able to diagnose and regulate all the grid system, allowing preventive or corrective actions in case of any possible problem.\nThe present utility grid was designed and still operates on the premise that energy sources work mainly with synchronous or asynchronous generators or rotating generators altogether.\nAs rotating machines are the heart of the grid, the operators control them to regulate all 3 variables.\nThe rotating speed of any electrical rotating equipment connected to the grid is determined by the grid frequency and many system protections are tripped by the deviations on the system’s frequency. Currently, the grid frequency is determined by the biggest rotating generators of the grid.\nFrequency disturbances are generated mainly by the imbalance between the supply of power and the end-user demand. As so, the generators can react to these differences delivering or consuming energy thanks to the inertia of their mechanical rotating parts.\nWhile the grid requires it, and up to a certain point, a generator can increase or decrease the speed of its rotor to deliver energy, guaranteeing the frequency control of the system.\nThough this process is just transitional, it offers to the utility grid operator the required time to take further corrective actions on the load change.\nThis is called primary frequency response (PFR) and acts as the frequency regulation of the system. This is a property that solar power lacks in case of a disturbance on the grid.\nSolar Generation Paradigm and Frequency Regulation\nIn the last few years, the increasing penetration of solar and wind energy generation has resembled some problems to the grid.\nAs an example, the state of California has found a phenomenon commonly referred to as “The Solar Duck Curve”, in which a graph of power production throughout the day shows the timing imbalance of peak demand and renewable energy production.\nApart from this, as more and more solar and wind power plants are introduced to the grid, the problem extends to the inability of these renewable sources to respond to grid needs in case of a failure or disturbance. Basically, the lack of inertia that rotating generators provides to the grid.\nThe current procedure for a solar or wind power plant in case of a frequency or voltage deviation on the grid is to completely isolate itself (IEEE 1547). In the case of a total blackout, this procedure is called “Anti-islanding” protection, as it prevents the plant from energizing the grid when there could be a failure in the system.\nThis doesn’t mean that the inverters used on renewable plants are not capable of frequency control. But in order to do so, these plants will have to operate in a state where they cannot deliver their maximum capacity.\nOn the other hand, many propose battery storage as a solution, as they can handle energy fluctuations rather fast but at this time this technology is still expensive for massive storage and massification.\nCurrently, there are two types of categories for inverters used to connect to the grid, grid-following, and grid-forming inverters.\nGrid-Following and Grid-Forming Inverters.\nAt present all PV inverters connected to the grid operate as grid-following (GFL) sources, they regulate their power output by measuring the angle of the grid voltage in a phase-lock loop (PPL). Therefore, they just follow the grid angle/frequency and do not actively control their frequency output.\nAlternatively, grid-forming (GFM) sources continuously control their output frequency and voltage, such as rotating generators do.\nGFM inverters are mostly used in microgrids, as they actively regulate their output based on measured real and reactive power values. They must be capable of operating as parallel voltage sources with very good load sharing capability while maintaining a stable AC output voltage and frequency with varying loads.\nMore research needs to be conducted in order to use GFM inverters as a replacement of the grid inertia of rotating generators. But literature suggests that it can be a viable option for the transitioning into a grid of GFM inverters and rotating generators parallel operation.\nAt the time of writing, solar power plants lack the ability to respond to frequency deviations on the grid, increasing the reliance on synchronous and asynchronous generators inertia to sustain the grid frequency.\nThe increasing renewable generation penetration on the energy grid market is a reality that needs to be addressed, hence, GFM inverters in parallel operation with rotating generators are a viable option for transitioning into an inverter-dominated grid.\nSign up now so you can get notified for our latest giveaways, discount promotions and guides", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Dolphin hunt in Peru\nPeruvian fisherman peels the skin off the dolphin’s back and cuts the severed body into thin slices. The tails of the sharks are being chopped up for soup!\nExclusive video shared with NBC News provides graphic new evidence that Peruvian fishers regularly slaughter dolphins for use as shark bait – an illegal practice that, according to activists, kills up to 15,000 dolphins a year.\nIn a risky undercover operation in 2013, Peruvian conservation group Mundo Azul documented shark fishers harpooning dolphins, hoisting them on board and slicing them up — sometimes while still alive. The fishermen use the meat to lure sharks, which they sell on the Asian market, the group says.\nStefan Austermühle, executive director of Mundo Azul, said he wept when he saw photos of the slaughtered dolphins. “And I can tell you that has not happened to me before,” said Austermühle, who has worked on dolphin conservation for 30 years.\nBiologists monitoring Peruvian fishers also documented them using dolphins for shark bait in a 2010 study.\nUnlike Japan, where the government permits a specified number to be hunted each year, Peru made killing dolphins a crime punishable by up to three years in prison — but scientists and advocates say the law is poorly enforced.\nAustermühle says the easiest way to curtail the slaughter, which is carried out by small, unregistered boats miles out at sea, is to ban the special harpoon used to spear dolphins alongside the boat.\n“If you prohibit the harpoon, you can’t kill the dolphins,” Austermühle said. “They are too fast, they are too small, and you need to have them right there.”\nThe Peruvian Ministry of Production said in a statement that, since 2013, it “has implemented various controls to safeguard legally protected species whose hunting is punishable by law,” including confiscating dolphin meat sold in markets.\nLawmakers are discussing amendments to the 1996 dolphin protection law that would prohibit the use of dolphins for bait fishing, ban the use of harpoons, and potentially allow the hunting of dolphins to be punished by up to four years in prison, the ministry said.\nShark fin soup is considered a delicacy in many Asian cultures, and even though the soup is flavourless with a slithery texture, dining on shark fin soup is considered a status symbol. The soup, brewed from dried shark fins, is often served at lush banquets to celebrate weddings, anniversaries, and corporate and state events.\nBut to meet the growing demand, the fins are harvested around the world in growing numbers. Up to 73 million sharks die a slow death every year because of fining: the inhumane practice of chopping off the shark’s fins and throwing its body back into the sea.\nThe sharks drown, starve to death, or are eaten alive by other fish. And soaring demand for the soup over the past two decades has threatened shark populations globally.\nTo make matters worse, thousands of dolphins are being slaughtered off the coast of Peru, where the mammals are used as shark bait for shark fin soup.\nThe London-based Ecologist Film Unit recently recorded one of the dolphin hunts in an undercover investigation, which details how bleeding dolphins are hauled on the deck of the vessel. A Peruvian fisher then peels the skin from the dolphin’s back and cuts the severed body into thin slices.\n“In recent years, there’s been an upsurge in the targeting of sharks. The shark meat is predominantly consumed within Peru, but the fins we’re told are being exported to the Far East for use as shark fin soup,” said Jim Wickens, an investigative journalist with the Ecologist Film Unit.\nHe witnessed the scene along with cameraman Alexander Reynoso who recorded the harpooning of the dolphins.\nAccording to the fisherman, the cost of fish bait in Peru has also gone up yearly. It seems to be part of the story around the world, Wickens said. Less fish in the sea means higher selling prices.\nCNN notes that since the video has been released, Wickens has been contacted by experts in Southeast Asia who’ve told him this practice might also be taking place close to Indonesian waters.\nHe said it’s hard to know how many dolphins are being killed worldwide because it happens out of sight.\n“It’s a conservation car crash. One apex predator being taken out of the ecosystem, being chopped up and fed to catch another,” said Wickens, “Whichever way you look at it, it’s bad news for the ocean.”\nSources: NBC News, August 31st 2015 & CNN", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Growing in Water - Hydroponics Uses & Origins\nThere are some fascinating origins and uses behind the technique of growing in water so we thought we’d share a few with you...\nFloating gardens of the ancient Aztecs\nThe Aztecs were a nomadic tribe who were driven onto the marshy shore of Lake Tenochtitlan, located in what is now Mexico. They had no land on which to grow crops, so they learned how to build rafts of rushes and reeds and grow vegetables, flowers, and even trees on these rafts which they called Chinampas.\nThey dredged up soil from the bottom of the lake and piled it on the rafts. The soil was rich of organic debris that released large amounts of nutrients which fed the abundant crops of vegetables, flowers, and even trees planted on them. The roots of these plants grew though the floor of the raft and down into the water. This is much like the root growth you will see in our Vivigrow Planter. Watch our short video showing early root growth of our tomatoes growing in our Vivigrow.\nSometimes the rafts were joined together to form floating islands as long as two hundred feet long. Some Chinampas even had a hut for a resident gardener.\nThe Aztecs eventually developed a large and powerful empire but they continued to maintain the rafts. In the 16th Century when the Spanish arrived in the New World in search of gold, they were fascinated by these islands of trees seemingly suspended on the water. Chinampas continued to be used in the area into the nineteenth century.\nHanging gardens of Babylon\nMany garden writers believe that the hanging gardens of Babylon, one of the seven wonders of the ancient world, were grown using a sophisticated hydroponic system into which oxygen and nutrient rich fresh water was regularly pumped.\nEgypt & Antartica\nAncient Egyptian hieroglyphic records dating back to several hundred years B.C. describe the growing of plants in water along the Nile without soil. The extreme environmental conditions found in the Arctic make the process of growing food a formidable challenge. Four months of solid daylight, four months of total darkness, and unpredictable winds and temperature changes make growing extremely difficult. However, in Antarctica, successful harvests are achieved on a daily basis.\nAstrastronauts & Military\nNASA have been trialing systems growing in water and now astronauts are likely to be fed on long flights using food originating from crops grown in water. In World War 2 the shipping of fresh vegetables to overseas outposts was not practical so both the American Army and the Royal Air Force opened hydroponic units at military bases. Many millions of tons of vegetables grown without soil were eaten by Allied Soldiers and Airmen during the war years. After World War II the military command continued to use hydroponic growing methods. The United States Army had a special hydroponics branch and in 1952 it grew over 8,000,000 lbs. of fresh produce in water.\nThe Vivigrow is a ‘hydroponic’ growing technique and our very own founder of Greenhouse Sensation was one of the pioneers of hydroponics. He developed the Vivigrow so that this technique of growing in water in a soil-less planter could be adapted for home/greenhouse use on a smaller scale. The beauty of the Vivigrow planter is that the planter pumps a constant stream of water & nutrients over your plants’ roots, which encourages your plants to take up more water, nutrients and oxygen compared to if you were growing in soil. Watch our founder harvesting a mass of chillies grown in our 3 Plant Vivigrow Planter at the end of the growing season.\nOur Rain & Drain Tropical Planter has been designed by our horticulturists to replicate the watering & feeding conditions needed by tropical plants. The Rain & Drain Planters inclusive water timer ensures your tropical and exotic plants such as bananas, ginger and papaya are fed & watered several times a day without ever over-watering. Pebbles are used in the planter instead of soil and a small pump waters the plants several times per day ensuring the plants have access to everything they need for stronger healthier plants and bumper harvests. Watch our founder breaking ginger harvest record.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Scientists and engineers are society’s best hope for solving some of the world’s most complex, stubborn problems. Yet however intelligent these individuals are, they tend to be deficient in one important skill: effectively relaying their ideas and research to laypeople. Communications expert Melissa Marshall offers some much-needed tips to the whiz kids who frequently find their ideas met with blank faces. getAbstract recommends Marshall’s confident, well-packed presentation on “talking nerdy” to scientists, mathematicians, IT developers and engineers who need to pitch their erudite, esoteric concepts to laypeople.\nIn this summary, you will learn\n- Why scientists and engineers ought to be able to communicate effectively,\n- Why some people find it daunting to understand them, and\n- How these specialists should get across their ideas.\nAbout the Speaker\nMelissa Marshall is a communications teacher at Penn State University.\nGet the key points from this video in 10 minutes.\nFor your company\nWe help you build a culture of continuous learning.\nComment on this summary\nCustomers who read this summary also read\nOxford UP, 2017", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Figure 7.1 — Brownian motion Figure 7.1 — Brownian motion. In 1908, Jean Perrin recorded individual trajectories of small (radius 0.53 μm) putty particles in water at 30-second intervals. In the three trajectories shown above, successive positions are joined by straight line segments. The observed random walk is due to collisions with water molecules. The mesh size is 3.2 μm. Adapted from Perrin (1909).", "label": "No"}
{"text": "In the field of heat treatment, the Fraunhofer ILT are investigating processes for the post-treatment of high-strength steels to make them easier to form. In addition, the institutes are focusing on local heat treatment processes; laser irradiation is used to heat the material locally to a temperature below the melting temperature. Depending on the wall thickness, only one edge layer or the entire cross-section (e.g. in the case of a sheet metal) is briefly heated. The heating rate, the maximum temperature and the cooling rate can be adjusted by a temperature control. Applications for metallic materials can be found in the edge hardening of components made of hardenable steel or cast iron, the softening of high-strength steels, the recrystallization of thin sheets and the stress-relieving of additively manufactured components. In the field of non-metallic materials, the group also looks at the crystallization of silicon layers as well as the annealing of transparent, conductive materials.\nLaser and Plasma Coating\nLaser coating processes often offer many new approaches to produce wear-resistant surfaces for component geometries and materials subject to great wear in which conventional hardening technologies fail.\nAt its disposal, Fraunhofer IWS has atmospheric plasma spraying (APS) as well as high velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF) and high velocity air fuel (HVAF) spraying processes with powders and suspensions to thermally coat components made of steel, light metals, ceramics, concrete and other materials containing metals, hard metals and ceramics. The use of suspensions instead of coating powders promises to have several advantages, including the ability to directly use finely dispersed powders and, thus, to save the production of special starting powders, but also the production of nanostructured layers. In addition, the group is examining the possibilities of producing thermally sprayed layers with a layer thickness below 100 μm. This could help to close the gap in the film thickness between CVD/PVD and conventional coating layers.\nFor the functionalization of surfaces, Fraunhofer ILT uses various laser processes for micro- and macro-functionalization. In addition, it applies coatings having a thickness from 1 μm to several millimeters. In the case of thin layers, the application is first carried out by a printing process, followed by laser functionalization; in the case of thicker layers, the addition is directly applied in the form of wire or powder. Coating materials are metals, metal-based composites, for thin layers also ceramics and glass. Layer composites can also be applied.\nFraunhofer IST uses the laser functionalization as post-processing for surfaces produced by means of cold plasma spraying. In this process, the coating is applied with a plasma jet into which various solutions, dispersions or (sub-) micropowder are fed. Through the special plasma generation, thermally sensitive substrates and natural materials can also be coated.\nFraunhofer IWS provides new methods and industrial systems to produce two- and three-dimensional micro- and nanostructures on polymers, metals, ceramics and coatings. In addition to the topography, the electrical, chemical and mechanical properties can also be varied periodically.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Long ago I'd read about the ancient aboriginal earthworks in northern Michigan, and wanted to find some of them, since I would be remiss as a Michigan ruinographer if I did not include an exposition of them in some form. It took a long time before I finally figured out where exactly to go look. And even then, they were so well hidden that I didn't realize I had found one until I was standing ten feet from it, even with the leaves off the trees. And I only found one out of the four or five that make up the group in Ogemaw County that I was focusing on.\nOgemaw County was set off in 1840 and organized in 1875, according to David M. Brown's Michigan County Atlas. The first settlers and lumberjacks started arriving by 1871. The name \"Ogemaw\" comes from the Anishinaabe word ogimaa, which means \"speaker,\" or \"chief.\" The county was named after Chief Ogemakegato (or Ogemaunkeketo) of the Saginaw band of Ojibwa, who was the principal speaker during the 1819 Saginaw Cession and Treaty, which ceded another huge swath of the Mitten to the U.S., including what would later become Ogemaw County. Chief Ogemakegato later was awarded a medal by President VanBuren for his speech before Congress in 1837. He is buried in Roosevelt Park in Bay City.\nThree old Ojibwa footpaths converged in the county according to a book by the Rose City Area Historical Society, and served as the genesis of the modern-day state roads M-76, M-55, and M-30. The population of Ogemaw County today remains sparse, and it is covered by a surprising amount of farmland for being a northern forest county. The Au Sable State Forest covers about a quarter of the county.\nThe ancient earthworks in question were mostly scattered around the village of Selkirk. Brown writes that \"it is said\" that Selkirk was named after an \"old Indian\" who sold \"Indian wares\" at a store near there, and that the town was originally named Selkirk Sands from 1887 to 1955 when it had a post office.\nIn the 1890s, there was a bit of a media sensation when mysterious artifacts of a supposed ancient race began to be \"discovered\" in Gratiot County and Montcalm County, which I talked about in my older post, \"The Traverse City Code\". Though there were plenty of real artifacts being plundered from real burial mounds, that entire ordeal was found to be an elaborate hoax, but it reflects that there seems to have been a deep fascination, and perhaps awe or fear, with which white settlers held the strange and little-understood elder \"Indian\" culture that had lately been displaced from this land in those days. No doubt the discovery of these strange mounds and rings in the deep dark forest by the lumbermen only a few years before had stoked the fires of rumor and fable, which in turn passed by word of mouth for years to come.\nThere was even a large placard in front of the Selkirk village hall that said \"OGEMAW COUNTY: ANCIENT EARTHWORK CAPITOL,\" and went on to describe what they were, with a diagram of a typical example. The placard did not discuss where the earthworks were located however, probably because they are mostly on private property and they don't want people with shovels going treasure hunting, or new-age weirdos trying to hold rituals there. As such, I will respect the code of silence and not disclose the locations of the mounds either. By my count there are five near Selkirk, and at least one seems to be visible on Google Maps, but it is literally in someone's backyard and apparently kept mowed by the homeowner.\nIn the early thaw season with at least a foot of soft snow still on the ground, I was concerned that I might not be able to find anything in the deep woods that was only maybe about two feet high, and whose profile had been worn extremely dull during the past thousand interceding years. Nonetheless, I brought my snowshoes and set out. I originally planned to hike along a certain section of the frozen Elfir River to see if anything was visible from there, since at least one or two of the earthworks are supposed to be right on it. Walking on the frozen river proved much easier than tromping through the dense snowy woods, but this unexpected warm weather had begun to seriously compromise the strength of the ice.\nNow, maybe you aren't quite as excited as I am about finding a two-foot-high pile of dirt out in the woods, but perhaps you don't realize just how old these things are...most of the earthworks in Michigan are dated from about 1,000 to 2,500 years ago, which makes them about the same age as the Roman Collosseum or Greek Parthenon. The only difference is that the Greeks and Romans recorded their histories, and there is a wealth of their art and cultural artifacts to study, whereas we know almost nothing about the Michigan mound-builders other than what shovels, radiocarbon dating, and a lot of speculation can tell us.\nThese fading ruins might represent the absolute oldest phase of human occupation that can still be seen in the great state of Michigan, a lost time period whose lore was forgotten centuries ago. This is the eldritch stuff of myth and fantasy whispered about in the campfire tales of pioneers who first began exploring westward into that great pagan expanse beyond the original 13 Colonies, when Native Americans were feared heathen savages, and nothing was known about the history of the vast lands they inhabited or what ancient cities might be hidden beneath the eternal canopy of the great primeval North American woodland.\nAmong the few sounds I heard in this silent sylvan domain aside from the sound of my snowshoes crushing the wet snow was the occasional clattering of ice chunks in the current, jostling down the narrow opening in the river. It wasn't long before I decided that walking on the ice just wasn't going to work for this mission, and up into the tangled woods I went.\nI was looking for a certain fork in the river, where another branch fed into this one upstream; there I knew was supposed to be at least one mound.\nAccording to the scholarly book Michigan, A History of the Wolverine State, there were once over 1,000 burial mounds identified in Michigan around the time of white encroachment, most of them in the southern Mitten. Great vast \"garden beds\" were once common in Lower Michigan, usually discernible by a raised earth mound enclosing a recognizable geometrical shape many acres in size, usually a rectangle, but one shaped like a spoked wheel or compass was reportedly found near Kalamazoo. It has been theorized that these shaped enclosures were for irrigating crops.\nThough \"Indian mounds\" are common throughout the Midwest, the garden beds are almost exclusively a Michigan phenomenon, with only a handful reported in Wisconsin and Indiana. So far I've noticed that Michigan has three general classes of ancient earthworks: burial mounds, the aforementioned garden beds, and \"earth ring\" forts or enclosures. There are also the mysterious stone walls in Negwegon State Park, which I discuss in another post. It was the \"earth ring\" type that I was out in the woods looking for today.\nIn the 19th century incoming white settlers began finding these earthworks, but the Anishinaabe (Potawatomi) people of southern Michigan told them that the garden beds were not made by the \"Indians\" themselves; they were built by long-dead ancestors who the Potawatomi called Yam-ko-desh, or the \"Prairie People.\" They warned the white people to beware of harming the mounds because the spirits of the Yam-ko-desh still guarded them. As late as 1956 one archaeologist, Clair Reynolds, was still issued this warning by a tribal elder who refused to guide him to a mound site for study. Naturally, since we Americans were so respectful of native cultures, there were almost no mounds left to study in southern Michigan by the 20th century.\nWhile the garden beds of southern Michigan were discovered by the first farmers, more burial mounds, and the \"earth rings\" were discovered in northern Michigan by lumberjacks as its towering primordial forests of virgin pine were felled. The presence of so many burial mounds indicates that the Yamkodesh were a populous people at one time, but it has been speculated that the culture suffered from a rapid extinction, possibly due to some disease. Another theory states that as the ancestors of the Anishinaabe tribes (Ojibwa, Ottawa, Potawatomi, Wyandot, etc.) migrated into the Great Lakes, they found the Yamkodesh already there, \"thicker than the leaves on a tree,\" according to Ottawa legend. Some say that the Anishinaabe tribes formed an alliance to exterminate the Yamkodesh.\n|Typical garden bed patterns (photo from Detroit Techno Militia)|\nA 1997 article in the Detroit News by Vivian M. Baulch entitled \"Michigan's mysterious Indian mounds\" quotes a University of Michigan professor, Dr. W.B. Hinsdale, who surveyed Michigan's Lower Peninsula in 1925 and listed the mounds that he found. At that time seven counties had more than 20 mounds; there were 57 in Clinton County, 25 in Macomb County, 12 in Wayne County, and two in Oakland County. According to Baulch, Hinsdale also studied pottery and carvings found in the 22 mounds located in Sanilac County, and found a skull \"that showed evidence of successful brain surgery.\" Hinsdale published his work in the book Primitive Man in Michigan, and wrote that as of 1925,\nIn Detroit I know that there were about 19 burial mounds shown in the vicinity of Delray when the U.S. Army surveyed and mapped that area for the construction of Fort Wayne in 1841; four of them were on the grounds of the fort itself, near the famous \"Sand Hill at Spring Wells,\" which gave the village of Springwells its name. Today only one of the Fort Wayne mounds remains, the result of two mounds being bulldozed together, and it is viewable by the public from behind a fence.\nThere are fully 600 mounds still to be seen in the state and at least 500 more must have been destroyed within the last 150 years. The enclosures, usually known as \"Indian forts,\" but probably having no connection with military usage, are also vanishing rapidly. It is the duty of the state to locate, measure, photograph and chart these structures before they disappear entirely.\nThe mounds that once lined the Rouge River are all gone, even the massive one that stood near where Zug Island is now. In Grand Rapids there is the Norton Group of 13 mounds, which according to Michigan State University once numbered as many as 40 mounds, and are \"perhaps the best preserved Hopewell mounds in North America,\" protected by National Historic Landmark status. It surprises me that we would have anything in Michigan that is considered the \"best preserved.\" In all of Michigan, I would estimate that there are only about 25 earthworks still left that are discernible today.\nApparently, I had already reached the fork in the river; the main branch was still totally frozen-over upstream of here, while the tributary was melted through and running strong. Along the mile or more that I had hiked so far, I had seen nothing up in the woods on either bank that indicated the presence of earthworks, so it was time to start exploring back in a downstream direction more thoroughly, moving in a zig-zag pattern further up into the woods from the water. This would consume most of the rest of the day, so it was good that I had carried food with me.\nI have read that while the Ottawa or Potawatomi people called the mound-builders \"Yamkodesh,\" the Ojibwa called them \"Muskodesh\" (though neither word appears in my copy of the Concise Dictionary of Minnesota Ojibwe for what it's worth). This ancient race is better known to us Europeans now as the Hopewell Culture, because \"Hopewell\" was the surname of the Ohio landowner on whose property the first mounds were excavated and evidence of this elder culture was discovered.\nThe Hopewell are a prehistoric culture about which still very little is known, other than they were the first humans to successfully attempt agriculture in the Great Lakes region according to Michigan, A History of the Wolverine State, and that they built mounds for their dead. They flourished from about 500 BC and went into a rapid decline by 700 AD, as the historic tribes we know today such as the Anishinaabe began to migrate into the region.\nThe beings of the Hopewell Culture were not necessarily the ancestors of the Native American tribes we know today; the two cultures were distinct from each other but it is commonly agreed upon that the Anishinaabe tribes looked upon those who built the mounds of Michigan as ancient ones, a people so old as to be considered like an almost mythical elder race to them. By the time the French voyageurs began arriving in Michigan in the 1600s and keeping diaries of who and what they saw, the Hopewell were already a fading memory of the distant past, and their structures already lost in the towering primordial forests.\nOther than hunting, fishing, and mound-building, we know that the Hopewell knew how to make decorated pottery, jewelry, woven fabrics, musical instruments, smoke tobacco, and farm crops. What is perhaps most strange is that the Hopewell Culture seems to have been more advanced than the Native American culture that supplanted them, and the objects they made often consisted of materials found in areas as distant as the Rocky Mountains and the Atlantic coast, indicating that the Hopewell had an extensive trade network.\nIt has also been speculated that the complex patterns of some of the garden beds indicate that the Hopewell possessed some level of sophistication in mathematics. Some archaeologists believe that the Hopewell had a high level of intelligence, and traded with the Aztecs and Mayans. I'm sure some of those History Channel \"experts\" would tell you that the Hopewell also had help from aliens, but that just goes to show you what the History Channel is about these days.\nIt is theorized that the Hopewell were identical to, or related to, the ancient aboriginals who began mining copper in Michigan's Keweenaw Peninsula around 3000 BC. This was the first instance of metalworking by humankind in the Western Hemisphere, and it coincided with the beginning of the Bronze Age in Mesopotamia. I spoke of the ancient copper miners in a couple older posts (\"Manitoti, the Copper Magnet\", \"The Entrance is Guarded by A Giant Snake\", \"Ultima Thule\").\nThis type of earth ring that I was after is not only found in Ogemaw County by the way, there is also a group of them in Missaukee County, not far to the west of here. According to a story from Doug Masselink in the book Weird Michigan, by Linda S. Godfrey, the Missaukee earth rings have some similarities that provide strong evidence that the four mound groups were associated with one another in some way; they have openings or \"gateways\" in their enclosures at 340° and 250°, which also line up with each other and are separated by identical distances, such as 6.21 miles or 24.8 miles (which is four times 6.2).\nI'm not sure I ascribe as much amazement to these findings as Masselink however; just because we need compasses and GPS units to figure all this out does not necessarily mean that those who made the mounds thought of their construction as some incredible feat, too.\nAn interesting analysis occurs in the book The Archaeology of Michigan, a scholarly work written by archaeologist James E. Fitting in 1970. He said that the Ogemaw County earthworks represent \"one of the more mysterious archaeological manifestations in eastern Michigan,\" because they are accompanied by \"very little cultural material.\" In other words, few artifacts such as arrow heads or pottery fragments were ever found in the excavations that were done here.\nMr. Fitting's book also usually refers to the earthworks as \"forts,\" which is no longer the current accepted theory on what purpose they were built to serve, but certainly this type of construction with a raised berm formed from an excavated surrounding ditch or moat is identical to the very same type of fort construction that was taught to European military engineers from medieval times up until the late 1800s. Fitting lists those of his forebears who made written accounts of the \"forts\" along the Elfir River, starting with M.L. Leach in 1885, Cyrus Thomas in 1894, W.B. Hinsdale in 1924 and 1925, Fred Dustin in 1932, Harold Moll and Eldon Cornelius in 1958, and G.A. Wright in 1966. He also described their varying sizes and shapes as reported by Dustin, who observed three out of the four to be oval.\nThe first earthwork was 208 feet long by 188 feet wide with walls two feet high above grade, but surrounded by a ditch up to five feet deep. Dustin's informal diggings produced a few flint chips, and over a hundred pottery sherds belonging to probably five vessels. The second earthwork Dustin observed was 314 feet long by 280 feet wide, with its walls varying from two feet to five feet above grade, with the surrounding ditch ranging from three to seven feet deep. It had four gateways with causeways around its circumference. He found sherds from seven vessels, chert flakes, a roughed-out celt, and other objects.\nThe third earthwork was near the river and a spring, and measured 180 feet by 139 feet, with walls three feet high and ditch up to seven feet deep. There Dustin found sherds from six vessels, a cache of sandstone abraders, three projectile points, several scrapers, more chert chips, and other materials. The fourth earthwork that Dustin observed was actually horseshoe-shaped as opposed to oval, being 216 feet long and about 120 feet across. Fitting notes that both Dustin and Hinsdale believed this earthwork to be unfinished, as almost no artifacts were found there.\nThe Walter-Linsenman Earthwork elsewhere in the county was excavated in 1958 and 1961, and much of the area inside the enclosure was stripped at that time in an attempt to find house patterns. Post molds were discovered below the surface, which presented strong evidence that a palisade of sharpened logs may have once existed around the area, and I'm sure this is what bolstered the idea of these earthworks being defensive fortifications. The patterns of 19 different lodges were also discovered within the supposed stockade.\nThere were \"refuse pits\" found as well, but again, relatively few cultural artifacts were found at the Walter-Linsenman Earthwork; fewer than 50 pottery vessels. Fitting said that the artifacts at that site were radiocarbon dated to about the year 1350 AD, give or take 75 years, which to my mind shows that the mounds either were not in fact built by Hopewell ancients, or that if they were they may have been repurposed by the Anishinaabeg who came later.\nDespite the seemingly high interest that the presence of ancient mounds in northern Michigan presumably held, they went largely unstudied for decades. However, a collection of papers published in 1998 under the title Ancient Earthen Enclosures of the Eastern Woodlands contains a chapter by Claire McHale Milner and John M. O'Shea, which asserts that some, if not all northern Michigan earthworks date to the Late Woodland Period, when the Hopewell civilization was in decline. The Late Woodland Period lasted from 450 AD to 1000 AD, or essentially just after the fall of Rome and roughly concurrent with the Viking Age. This was also toward the end of the Mayan civilization.\nMilner & O'Shea go on to say that most researchers historically assumed that all Michigan \"enclosures\" were forts. In 1983 University of Michigan scholar James J. Krakker argued that the presence of such forts in Michigan indicated that there was an increase in raiding amongst the indigenous population, especially after 1350 AD, due to population growth and an increase in agriculture. However no material evidence of battle (such as weapons or bones) has ever been found near these earthworks, and a later DNR study posited that these were \"winter villages\" used by people who were \"horticulturists,\" and who \"lived near Lake Huron or perhaps in the Saginaw Valley in warmer seasons.\"\nSo far I was having no luck in my own search for any signs of unnatural land features that might speak to the presence of ancient earthworks, despite having trudged back and forth through the wet snow for a few hours. The sun had decided to come out however, and lit up the forest with the hope of the coming spring.\nI probably hiked about three or four miles with all the zig-zagging and overlapping circles that I did to make sure that I covered every inch of ground, from multiple directions. The pace I kept was also very slow and methodical, taking plenty of time to scan the terrain for any clues that might reveal an ancient past. The elder cedars stood mute, unwilling to divulge what old memories they may have witnessed in this valley.\nAfter some time I did indeed come across some irregular shape protruding from the background static of endless trees, but it was no earthwork. A rudimentary miniature log cabin took shape as I neared:\nIt appeared to be a hunting blind, used fairly recently. I have to admit I was jealous of these quarters, as my own deer hunting perches have been much less commodious.\nSoon after leaving this blind I realized that I had already made it back to my starting point, and that if this earthwork was indeed still out there then I must have passed right over it without noticing.\nFairly discouraged and frustrated, I headed back to my truck for a rest and to regroup. I still knew of a couple other spots where earthworks might be, so I drank some water before walking up the road a ways and diving back into the woods. Sadly, the likelihood of finding these other mound sites was much lesser, by my estimation, than the one I had just exhausted. I got the feeling that I would be heading back home to the drawing board empty-handed once again.\nWhen I came into a stand of hardwoods I was almost positive I was in the wrong area, but I kept going, partially because it was just such a nice day for a walk in the woods.\nI wandered around casually, following the many deer paths that criss-crossed these woods. I had already been doing this for much of the day, partly because it was easier than trudging through the deep snow, and partly because something in my mind told me that the deer might find some use for the earthworks as a shelter for sleeping, and that the paths might lead straight to one of them.\nAs I meandered in an uphill direction, I suddenly detected what I thought looked to be a moat-like depression in the ground ahead of me to the left:\nAs I came closer I noticed that it continued to my right as well, and there was a slightly raised berm immediately behind it:\nHoly &*@#, this could be it! There was only one way to verifiy it however--I had to walk around it to see if it went in a complete circle.\nI crossed the berm and looked back behind me to see that the \"moat\" feature was indeed well-pronounced:\nHaving walked the woods of Michigan since I was old enough to leave the house on my own, and counting myself as fairly experienced in reading terrain, I immediately had a very strong and exciting feeling this ditch was no naturally occurring change in topography--that it was indeed man-made. However, I kept my objectivity in tow as I continued to investigate.\nI decided to begin by walking in a clockwise direction along the top ridge of the raised berm and keeping an eye on the ditch...if I was able to do this and return to the point where my tracks in the snow began, then I could officially say that it was in the shape of a circle and that I had found one of the ancient earthworks. I'd be lying if I said that I wasn't a little pumped up at this point.\nAn interesting new hypothesis is explored in a more recent paper by Meghan C.L. Howey and John M. O'Shea, published in the April, 2006 volume of American Antiquity, entitled \"Bear's Journey and the Study of Ritual in Archaeology.\" Howey & O'Shea suggest the premise that the earth ring enclosures in northern Lower Michigan are structures that were built for ritual purposes, in a slightly later time period than originally thought (~1200 AD), and present strong evidence that they were part of the Midewiwin ceremonies of initiation and teaching. The Midewiwin teachings are one of the most guarded components of Anishinaabe culture. I talked about the Midewiwin in an older post.\nHere you can see the shape of the berm curving off to the right:\nHere you can see the shape of the berm curving off to the right:\nHowey & O'Shea claim that recent University of Michigan studies of the Missaukee County Earthworks provided data that \"parallels the tale of origin and the delivery of the great mystery of Midewiwin.\" Specifically, the relationships between paired earth ring enclosures, their respective openings or gateways, other nearby natural land features, and the discovery of new artifacts found buried on site fit into a theory that the earthworks would have been part of a ceremony that mirrored the origin myth of the Midewiwin, where initiates actually traveled along a sacred path to these sites as they reenacted Bear's travels with the mide pack. The two \"twin\" enclosures represented the \"two Earths\" along Bear's journey, and other similar earthworks such as those in Ogemaw County too served the same purpose.\nThe article further concludes that because of these parallels between archaeological evidence and the dating of materials found on site, that the Midewiwin part of Anishinaabe culture actually predates European contact...and I find myself wondering now if this means that these earthworks were in fact not built by the Yamkodesh but rather the early Anishinaabeg themselves, in a time period where they coexisted with the Yamkodesh? At any rate, Howey & O'Shea's article is very interesting and theirs is the best explanation of the enclosures' purpose that I've heard so far.\nI kept following the righthand curvature of this wall, and it was quickly evident that if it was indeed a complete circle or oval, it enclosed a very large area. It occurred to me that after I made the full trip around it, I should also try walking directly across it while counting my paces, to see if the dimensions matched up with what I had read they should be.\nI also made a simple offering of some of my food to the four directions, out of courtesy and respect to the spirits of this place.\nIt looked like I might be approaching one of the gateway openings in the wall:\nI stepped off the berm to get a different perspective from the side, and sure enough, here was a gap in the wall that also provided a bridge across the moat...\n...and apparently I was correct in thinking that the deer paths might lead me to my goal--they seemed to go directly to the gateway! The raised wall continued on the other side of the gateway just as it had before, with extraordinary uniformity:\nConsidering how quickly our mightiest architectural achievements such as the Packard Plant or the skyscrapers of Detroit fall into decay once they are left abandoned to the elements for a couple years, it is almost impossible to conceive of how a simple hill of dirt out in the woods can last for millennia and still retain its shape like this. One must take profound pause at just how much change has occurred on this landscape since the earth rings were built; entire forests have grown up and been cleared away by either fire or axe many times over the centuries, all the while adding their layers and layers of fallen leaves to the carpet of soil; billions of rainstorms, snows, and thaws have in turn sculpted the ground. The Elfir River itself is likely to have meandered its changing course widely over the ages, eating away old landforms and creating new ones. The trees that are growing now on top and inside of the earth ring are mostly young I would say, probably none of them over 60 years old.\nLooking back over my shoulder, the difference here between the top of the wall and the bottom of the ditch was very pronounced, and every bit of seven feet:\nJudging by the shadows, I was standing at about the northernmost point of the earthwork.\nThese fallen logs laying across the moat help illustrate how much of a topographical variance there is.\nIt looked like I was approaching another gateway:\nBy the shadows of the trees I figured that I was nearing the eastern end of the ring now:\nAnother gateway...there were about three distinct gateways in all that I was able to discern:\nAnd once again, the deer tracks led right through it:\nAs far out in the woods as I was, I was surprised when I came upon a sort of memorial to a deceased person here:\nIt was a statue of a fawn (with an ear broken off), and a bottle of Crown Royal (in the blue velvet bag).\nIt wasn't too much longer before I came back to my starting point where my footprints first came up on the mound, confirming that this earthwork was indeed a complete circle. It was an incredible feeling to have found this very special place after so long, to confirm that it was genuine, and to know just how old it is and feel the ties to our elder Michiganian ancestors. I then walked across the breadth of the earthwork, counting my steps to measure it, which came to 130 paces across (over 200 feet).\nAfter a few more moments of basking in the glory of this discovery, I began the long walk back to my truck. If you should happen to find yourself in one of these places while Up North, I hope that you would treat it with respect and reverence. Baamaapii.\nMichigan County Atlas, Second Edition, by David M. Brown, p. 138-139\nMichigan, A History of the Wolverine State, Third Rev., by Willis Dunbar & George May, p. 10-12\nThe Archaeology of Michigan, A Guide to the Prehistory of the Great Lakes Region, by James E. Fitting, p. 172-173\nAncient Earthen Enclosures of the Eastern Woodlands, edited by Robert C. Mainfort, Lynne P. Sullivan, p. 181-185\nOgemaw County, by the Rose City Area Historical Society, p. 7\nStrange Michigan, by Linda S. Godfrey & Lisa A. Shiel, p. 180\nWeird Michigan, by Linda S. Godfrey, p. 35\nMystic Michigan, Vols. 1, 3, & 5, by Mark Jager\n\"Michigan's mysterious Indian mounds,\" by Vivian M. Baulch, Detroit News, June 6, 1997 (retrieved from http://detroittechnomilitia.com/main/index.php/techno-history/detroit-history/120-detroits-curse-indian-burial-mounds)\n\"Bear's Journey and the Study of Ritual in Archaeology,\" by Meghan C.L. Howey and John M. O'Shea, American Antiquity, Vol. 71 No. 2, (April, 2006), p. 261-282\n\"Bear's Journey and the Study of Ritual in Archaeology,\" by Meghan C.L. Howey and John M. O'Shea, American Antiquity, Vol. 71 No. 2, (April, 2006), p. 261-282", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Student: Marta Dazzi\nExcessive uptake of plasma macromolecules by the arterial wall is thought to be a key event in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis but has been little studied in vivo because of technical challenges. Of the handful of labs worldwide that can make such measurements, two (one at Imperial and one at KCL) are associated with the CDT and use image-based methods. Bringing them together will allow the resolution of two critical unsolved problems: whether uptake of plasma macromolecules by human arteries is the same as uptake already measured in animal arteries, and whether uptake by the clinically-important but mechanically-unique coronary arteries is the same as uptake by non-coronary arteries. It will also allow improvement of the methods and investigation of mechanisms underlying elevated uptake. Ultimately it could lead to novel strategies for risk stratification and intervention. Inter-group collaboration stimulated by co-supervising a student would lead to joint grant applications.\nCardiovascular disease is the major cause of mortality and morbidity in developed countries. The underlying pathology in most cases is atherosclerosis and lipid accumulation in the wall appears to be the key initiating event. The lipid – principally cholesterol – derives from lipoproteins circulating in the blood. This explains why a high plasma concentration of cholesterol (or its chief carrier, low density lipoprotein (LDL)) is a major risk factor, why lipid-lowering drugs reduce or reverse disease progression, and why atherosclerosis can be induced in animals by dietary or genetic elevation of circulating cholesterol.\nDespite its obvious importance, transport of LDL from blood into the wall is poorly understood; for example, it is not even clear whether LDL enters the wall through or between the endothelial cells that line it. Only a handful of labs worldwide study these transport processes in vivo, reflecting the technical difficulty of doing so. Remarkably, the leaders of two of these labs are both members of the CDT in Medical Imaging, giving it an internationally-unique opportunity to excel in this area: Weinberg and Botnar have independently developed and applied image-based methods for investigating arterial wall mass transport in laboratory animals. Both methods are based on studying the movement of albumin, an inert macromolecular marker that avoids the metabolic complications associated with using LDL itself. The Weinberg lab uses fluorescently labelled albumin; after moving into the wall in vivo, this tracer is fixed and its distribution in excised vessels is imaged in 3-D by tile-scanning confocal microscopy. The method allows sub-micron resolution and accurate, absolute quantification. The Botnar lab uses a gadolinium-based, albumin-targeting agent that can be imaged by MRI (resolution = 100 μm) in vivo. The method additionally permits concurrent MR imaging of other, related phenomena such as blood flow characteristics and, most importantly, its non-invasive character means it can be used to measure blood protein transport across the endothelium in people.\nThe CDT provides an ideal opportunity to bring together these groups for the first time to compare their methods and to combine them. This will permit investigation of two critical unsolved problems: whether uptake of plasma macromolecules by human arteries is the same as uptake by animal arteries, and whether uptake by coronary arteries is the same as uptake by non-coronary arteries. Uptake by human arteries was investigated in the 1970s but, in the absence of non-invasive techniques, these experiments had to be conducted in terminally ill patients, with arteries being harvested after death. Uptake was an order of magnitude higher than in animal experiments – it is unclear whether this reflects the poor health of the patients or unexpected unique properties of human vessels. Only preliminary results are available for coronaries. Again, it is unclear whether uptake in these vessels – the arteries of greatest clinical significance – differs from uptake elsewhere, perhaps reflecting their unique mechanical environment and explaining their particular susceptibility to disease.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The law relating to Special Educational Needs are found in Part 3 of the Children And Families Act 2015.\nThe Children and Families Act 2014 came in to force on 1st September 2014 and was then updated in 2015.\nYou can find the legislation using the following links:\nThe SEND Code of Practice (\"COP\") is statutory guidance for organisations that work with and support children and young people with special educational needs and disabilities. It sets out duties, policies and procedures relating to Part 3 of the Children and Families Act 2014 and associated regulations, and it applies to England.\nAll professionals working with special needs children must have regard to the Code of Practice. This means that whenever they are making decisions they must give consideration to what the Code says. They cannot ignore it. They must fulfil their statutory duties towards children and young people with SEN or disabilities in the light of the guidance set out in it. They must be able to demonstrate in their arrangements for children and young people with SEN or disabilities that they are fulfilling their statutory duty to have regard to the Code. So, where the text uses the word ‘should’ it means that the guidance contained in this Code must be considered and that those who must have regard to it will be expected to explain any departure from it.\nClick here to access the SEND Code of Practice COP 2015\nFor a Guide for Parents and Carers click here\nOther relevant legislation:\nEquality Act 2010\nChronically Sick and Disabled Persons Act 1970\nChildren in Need - Section 17 Children Act 1989", "label": "No"}
{"text": "By Maryann Tomovich Jacobsen, MS, RD\nI finally got a scientific explanation for something I intuitively knew: structured eating patterns are beneficial for health and well being. In fact, all mammals have evolved to have a predictable day-night cycle with an “endogenous clock system” set in the brain that runs on a near 24-hour period. This is called “circadian,” from the Latin word circa and diem (about a day).\nAccording to a recent review article published in the British Journal of Nutrition, when this internal clock system is disrupted, over time, it can lead to hormonal imbalances, sleep problems, susceptibility to diseases like cancer, and even reduce life span.\nAnd two things that have power to greatly affect our circadian clock system (a person’s sleep-wake cycle) for the worse or better: how and what we eat.\nHow We Eat\nAccording to the lead researcher of the study, Felino R. Cagampang, PhD, Senior Lecturer in the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Southampton in the U.K., there is a food entrainable clock in the brain that can override the light-based circadian clock. It is recommended for people to eat during daylight hours so both clocks are in sync.\n“Circulating levels of most hormones and enzymes involved in the processing of food also show circadian rhythmic patterns in anticipation of when food is available,” he says. “Eating at the right time of the day is important for the efficient processing of the food we eat. It is therefore important that one does not skip breakfast but also avoid eating late at night.”\nBut when meal patterns get thrown off, like in the case of shift work, frequent travel, crossing time zones, and busy lifestyles, poor metabolic health can result. For example, key hormones that manage hunger, leptin and ghrelin, work less well when eating patterns are not in sync with circadian rhythms\nWhen asked about grazing versus sit down meals, Dr Cagampang replies “The problem with ‘grazing’ is that the food you pick on usually does not contain all three of the macronutrients ( protein, carbohydrates, and fat) which hold your hunger for a longer period. Grazing also leads to more frequent insulin rises, which might make you more resistant to the action of insulin.”\nWhat we eat\nWhen discussing nutrition, Dr Cagampang explains that reducing the amount of saturated fat in the diet is beneficial, as animal studies show eating too much of this type of fat can disrupt circadian rhythms. He recommends focusing on unsaturated fats instead, such as oily fish (salmon and fresh tuna or mackerel) and sunflower or olive oils. And carbohydrates are better received at breakfast as the body is ready to respond to them to get the day started (think energy!).\n“One is advised to eat a substantial portion of your food intake for the day at breakfast — also a time when most carbohydrates for the day should be eaten (e.g. bread, bagel, waffles, oatmeal, muesli, dairy products, etc.), says Dr Cagampang. “Protein-rich food should also be eaten during the early part of the day (during breakfast and lunch) and should be lessened in the evening.”\nSo it makes sense to start with a big breakfast and decent lunch while maintaining a more modest dinner, when the body’s metabolism prepares to slow down and fast for the night.\nTips on how to deal with time changes\nChanges in schedules are inevitable but they don’t have to wreak havoc on your health and well being. This is what Dr Cagampang recommends:\n“To reduce the time it takes to reset your sleep-wake cycle (i.e. ‘jet-lag’ period), fast for about 12 hours before the time you want be awake. So, if you are a shift worker who needs to start waking up at 1 in the morning, you should start to fast at 1 p.m. the day before. Your body will consider the time you break your fast as your new morning.”\nSo if you’re having trouble with eating, sleeping, or an uncontrollable appetite, it might be that your sleep-wake cycle is off. A healthy and predictable pattern of eating might just make all the difference in the world.\nTell me, do you have a regular eating routine or do you wing it?", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Generic designator for any of several digitally multiplexed telecommunications carrier systems.\nIn telecommunications, the cable used to transport DS1 service.\nIn a fiber optic coupler, the ratio of power at the tap port to the power at the input port.\nAbbreviation for transmission control protocol/Internet protocol. Two interrelated protocols that are part of the Internet protocol suite. TCP operates on the OSI transport layer and breaks data into packets. IP operates on the OSI network layer and routes packets. Originally developed by the U.S. Department of Defense.\nAbbreviation for thermoelectric cooler. A device used to dissipate heat in electronic assemblies.\n(Photo of Model TC-101 TEC courtesy of Force, Inc.)\nA network that interfaces with a telecommunications network at several points in order to receive information from, and to control the operation of, the telecommunications network.\nNoise resulting from thermally induced random fluctuation in current in the receiver’s load resistance.\nAbbreviation for temperature induced cable loss. Optical loss as a result of extreme temperatures outside a fiber optic cable’s environmental specifications.\nA communications technique that uses a common channel (multipoint or broadcast) for communications among multiple users by allocating unique time slots to each user. Used extensively in satellite systems, local area networks, physical security systems, and combat-net radiosystems.\nA transmission technique whereby several low-speed channels are multiplexed into a high-speed channel for transmission. Each low-speed channel is allocated a specific position based on time.\nThe reflection that occurs when light strikes an interface at an angle of incidence (with respect to the normal) greater than the critical angle.\nA device that performs, within one chassis, both telecommunication transmitting and receiving functions.\nA device that converts energy from one form to another, such as optical energy to electrical energy.\nThe part of a satellite that receives and transmits a signal.\n1) In a communications network, a single transmission channel between two switching centers or nodes, or both. 2) A circuit between switchboards or other switching equipment, as distinguished from circuits which extend between central office switching equipment and information origination/termination equipment. Trunks may be used to interconnect switches, such as major, minor, public and private switches, to form networks.\nAbbreviation for transistor-transistor logic. An old logic family.\nA cable made up of one or more separately insulated twisted wire pairs, none of which is arranged with another to form quads.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "On this year’s Human Rights’ Day, 10th December, representatives of herding communities from all over India rallied in Delhi to draw attention to their plight and discuss strategies for reviving their customary grazing rights. For hundreds of years these mobile livestock keepers have held together rural life by providing draught animals, milk, meat, wool, manure, and general ecosystem services.\nBut in the last several decades these diverse and colourful people that include the Raika and Gujjar of Rajasthan, the Maldhari of Gujarat, the Gaddi in Himachal, Bakkarwal in Kashmir, Van Gujjar in Uttaranchal, Changpa in Ladakh, Golla in Orissa, Kuruba in Karnataka, Toda and Konar in Tamil Nadu, and many more, have felt the squeeze of “development” and of generally unsympathetic government policies. The establishment of wildlife sanctuaries and national parks, joint-forest management schemes, allotment of common land for commercial plantation or bio-diesel cultivation, expansion of irrigation agriculture are all developments that have constricted their customary grazing areas.\nClick here for more.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "- \"This plant is known as a Water Fruit. It collects moisture within its hard shell. This feature is vital to its survival here.\"\n- — Fi\nWater Fruits are items from The Legend of Zelda: Skyward Sword. A fruit that grows on vines, Water Fruits contain a small amount of water within their hard, spiny shells. If Link touches these shells, he receives damage. If Link hits a Water Fruit with any of his items, it will fall from its branch. If the Water Fruit falls into lava, the lava will cool and harden into a platform, though this platform will melt after a short time if it does not form in flowing lava. Link can transport low hanging Water Fruits by stabbing them with his sword. Link must use these fruits to progress through the Fire Sanctuary. In the battle against Magmanos, Link can stab low-hanging Water Fruits and thrust them at one of Magmanos' magma hands, solidifying the hand and making it vulnerable to attack.\nFood Grade Level\n- Bronze Food - Water Fruit\n- Silver Food - Tasty Water Fruit\n- Gold Food - Delicious Water Fruit", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The weather is growing colder – albeit a little slower than normal – which means it is time to start undergoing preparations for winter. Here is what you need to know to prepare your pasture for spring and keep your horse warm and healthy during the winter months:\n“Keep ash, sand, salt or nonclumping clay cat litter to give icy walkways traction.”\nIf you live under the threat of a sudden winter storm, grab some extra feed, hay and equine supplements. This way, you don’t have to worry about running out if you end up snowed in. You should also keep essential snow supplies on hand, including ash, sand, salt or non-clumping clay cat litter to give icy walkways traction. Salt is best for melting ice, but you’ll want to keep it out of grassy areas because it kills plants and burns skin. Even though sand and ash melt ice slowly and are harder to control, accidentally tracking them into your horse’s enclosure won’t cause harm.\nFinally, check any medications or equine supplements your horse takes. As Equus Magazine notes, some drugs become ineffective if exposed to cold weather. This is also a good time to check expiration dates and, if necessary, get a new prescription from your veterinarian.\nDeciding to use a blanket\nWhen it comes to weathering the cold, horses are a lot tougher than humans. In fact, according to HorseChannel, many can stand the outdoors until temperatures drop below 0 degrees Fahrenheit. Still, you can give your horse a blanket to keep it warm if you choose, especially if it’s elderly or has a thin coat. Just be certain to take the blanket off every day to check for rub marks. Remove it or replace it with a lighter one if your horse starts sweating. If you don’t, the moisture will cool once in contact with cold air and cause your horse to shiver. Otherwise, once the moisture comes in contact with the cold air, it will cool and cause your horse to shiver.\nIn addition, before blanketing your horse, inspect the material for mold, bugs, holes, torn seams or bite marks from rodents. Any small tear will allow cold air to get in. If you plan to exercise your horse, trimming its coat helps prevent it from getting hot and sweaty. Only clip the area that would be covered by a blanket, and keep your horse blanketed when not training.\nFeeding for warmth\nHorses burn more calories in winter to keep warm and must be fed accordingly. Instead of supplying more food with each feeding, however, give your horse hay more frequently throughout the day. A horse’s stomach is designed to have some food in it at all times, and a consistently empty stomach increases the risk of colic.\n“Check your horse’s salt block each time you fill its water bucket.”\nIf you live in a place with regular freezing temperatures, check your horse’s salt block each time you fill its water bucket. These blocks can get so cold that your equine’s tongue will stick to it. Depending on the temperature, you might be better off adding loose salt to your horse’s grain, HorseChannel notes.\nChecking the barn and equipment\nYou might be tempted to stave off the cold by sealing your barn or stable’s every nook and cranny, but this makes for poor ventilation and sets the stage for dust buildup. On the other hand, too much airflow drops the inside temperature to uncomfortable levels. Equus Magazine recommends holding a light tissue up in different areas. It should sway gently, indicating a good flow of air. If it stays still or forcefully waves back and forth, open or close windows as necessary.\nPrepping the pasture\nGiving your horse free access to all areas of the pasture ends up doing more harm than good. The grass here needs time to rest so it can regrow properly in the spring. Without this downtime, your pasture will be filled with weeds and bare patches from overgrazing and the equine’s own footsteps. As horses walk across the frozen ground, their hooves create divots that ruin the root systems of the grass underneath. They also compress the soil so water can’t run through, TheHorse.com mentions. Keep your equine in a sacrifice area during the winter so your pasture can recuperate.\nMake sure to mow your pasture before the first snow fall so long grass and weeds don’t get stuck underneath. Getting rid of weeds beforehand also stops them from being a problem in spring. Leave a few inches of grass – Equus Magazine suggested no fewer than four – so the roots can last throughout the snow.\nSuch drastic measures are not needed if you live in a warmer climate. In fact, you might want to let the grass grow a little thicker during late summer and fall so your horse can graze happily throughout the winter.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "14 April 2014\nSpace technology is to be used in a novel plan to identify locations in rivers for water-powered energy.\nThe University of Leicester will work with a British company, High Efficiency Heating UK Ltd, with interests in renewable energies in order to locate the best sites to deploy micro-hydropower turbines.\nThe Technology Strategy Board has granted £120,400 to High Efficiency Heating UK Ltd (HEH) and the University of Leicester for a 10 month research project - ISMORTASED (Identification of Sites for Micro-hydropower On Rivers Through Applied Satellite and Environmental Data) Project (No. 131545).\nThe expertise of the University of Leicester in Geographical Information Systems (GIS) is key to cutting the costs of identifying the optimum site in a river for power generation.\nAndy Baxter, managing director of HEH said: “Currently, to determine the viability of a stretch of river or stream for micro-hydro power, the process is expensive and complex.\n“At present there's a significant fee to pay to determine whether a particular stretch of river will yield hydropower - and this is before socio-economic factors and due processes such as planning application are taken into account.”\nMr Baxter, who lives and works amongst the industrial heritage of the Lancashire mill towns, added: “Historically industry in the area was powered by the local rivers and streams - after all, the cotton industry grew up in Lancashire because of water power, but the hydropower industry seems not to exploit stretches of river where there is obvious potential.\n“The industry has gone but the power has not. The potential for locally based power solution remains.”\nThis realisation has led HEH to develop a long term strategy to develop greener energy solutions around micro-hydropower generation. An initial engagement with the University’s Chemistry Department’s part ERDF funded G-STEP Project led to project definition and a successful collaborative research and development funding application for the UK’s innovations agency Technology Strategy Board’s recent ‘Solving Business Problems with Environmental Data’ competition.\nDr Kevin Tansey, from the Department of Geography, who is leading up the research team, said: ‘We are very excited that the project has been funded. During the ten month project life the research group will develop a GIS prototype and combine as many as two dozen data sets to evaluate sites. Some of these data sets will come from satellites or aircraft. A GIS is a very powerful tool as you can simulate the optimisation process multiple times until you get the right answers.”\nResearch assistant Jonathan Lee has started the task of identifying and sourcing information, the work of developing the prototype tool being built on knowledge of what data is available and how it fits together.\nG-STEP’s Ed Lamb said: “The application of novel approaches, including satellite data, could make site identification quicker and less expensive. If successful this will benefit HEH, community stakeholders, and us all by making smaller scale ‘greener’ power technologies more viable.”\nThe collaborators argue the long-term benefits of their work. Andy Baxter said: “We hope that the widespread proliferation of \"run-of-river\" micro hydropower will help towards a stable, green, constant and predictable supply of power in the next few years. We've been hearing warnings from OFGEM and DECC about the dramatic increase in the likelihood of power cuts in 2015/16. Erratic energy supply from wind and solar won't provide a solution to the problem of grid balancing. We have to combine electricity storage with a reliable and constant energy source. Hydropower is half of that solution.”\nDr Kevin Tansey added: “The current and growing concerns of climate and energy make this project of interest both nationally and internationally. University of Leicester’s involvement with commercial organisations to develop tools that are applicable at the local scale globally is exciting and timely.”", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Water Violet in Bach flower therapy\nproperties, benefits, uses\nWater Violet ( Hottonia palustris ) is a plant belonging to the Primulaceae family that blooms in late spring. The water violet belongs to the family the only aquatic , lives in stagnant or slow-flowing waters and is found in northern Italy. This plant appears slender, but upright it can reach 40 cm in height, has five-petaled pink and purple flowers, are spirally arranged, are elegant and the stem has no leaves that are feather-shaped and remain under the water.\nWater Violet : properties and benefits\nThis plant was the tenth to have been discovered by Dr. Edward Bach and his key word is ” the lonely princess “. Water Violet is defined by Dr. Edward Bach thus: “ … For those who in health or illness like to be alone. Very quiet people, who move around without disturbing, speak little and in a polite way. Very independent, capable and confident in their means. They are almost totally free from the opinions of others. They stand apart, live alone and go their own way. They are often intelligent and gifted. Their tranquility and calm are a blessing for those around them… ”.\nThis flower attracts aristocratic characters, who stand on their own and are a bit snobbish , even apparently. Often, they are proud and detached people, they appear cold and detached, they prefer to listen rather than speak.\nThese guys have a form of pride and conceit, mixed with arrogance; there is also an ad hoc posture in them, they do not blush in the midst of people, they stick to etiquette or rigid educations, they feel good about themselves in this haughty way. When all this exceeds, the Water Violet remains isolated , is in solitude and experiences a deep sense of misunderstanding, is therefore unable to show affection and warmth, which in reality are her primary needs.\nThe transformation that this remedy brings is impressive, it manages to restore humility, and brings to the light a profound wisdom , positivity, introspection, reflection and capacity for growth.\nTherefore the Water Violets become reference points for advice, suggestions and help; they regain confidence in themselves, thus being able to glimpse where others do not see. In conclusion, the Water Violets teach us that we can maintain our individuality by maintaining relationships and living the group, this is the highest degree of individuality, that is, being able to live in the community without losing one’s essence, which remains in harmony.\n• Initial emotions (before taking the flower):\nHighness , pride, a feeling of superiority and reserve, emotional distance.\n• Evolutionary emotions (after taking the flower):\nHumility , sharing and wisdom, capacity for open relationships, with affection and warmth.\nWater Violet : uses\nWater Violet is very useful to proud people, who distance themselves and defend their territory, keep their business to themselves, are reserved and disdain others, would like to live without being disturbed in anonymity, esteem themselves a lot, they know they can do it.\nIn fact, Water Violets often suffer from eating disorders , hypertension , stomach pain, headaches. These characters are unable to express their feelings even though they are a primary necessity; consequently, a small confrontation with Agrimony can be seen , he too hides the problems and is reluctant to externalize his true feelings, but for other reasons.\nIn children, these characters are found in cases where they do not want to play and mix with others out of pride.\nWater Violet is a precious remedy for those who are loners, who have elitist and exclusivist pride , who have emotional coldness.\nWater Violet Bach Flower Affirmation\n- I learn to share with humility and wisdom.\n- I participate and I get involved.\n- I need the world and the world needs me.\n- I open myself to the joy of sharing.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The East India Company which came to trade in India soon found that its role of trading transformed into one of governing. Governance itself began with the settlement of revenue which a district was required to yield and for this purpose there had to be a survey. The revenue had to be collected and for this there had to be officials who could administer land and the peasants who tilled it. This was the beginning of district administration in India. It was part of the philosophy of government as expounded by the Marquis of Wellesley in the following words, “I can declare my conscientious conviction that no greater blessings can be conferred on the native inhabitants of India than the extension of British authority, influence and power”. The entire social reform movement which restored order by suppressing the Pindaris, abolishing sati, eliminating Thugi, all culminated in the extension of settled administration to the whole of India.\nA regular administration and the rule of law began to be established. There was need to create a regular civil service which could perform this function. Instead of ad hoc appointment to posts under the government of the East India Company, in 1800 A.D. Lord Wellesley established the College of Fort William at which newly appointed persons to the Company’s service were to be trained for three years. This move was scuttled by the Board of the East India Company which, in 1806, founded the East India College, transforming it in 1809 to Haileybury College. It is here that the cadets of the East India Company Civil Service were trained. Being a cross between an English Public School and a college at Cambridge or Oxford Hailebury inculcated a certain spirit of camaraderie which reflected itself in the ‘biradari’ which the Haileybury boys established in India. Haileybury fostered a close family spirit, but it failed to inculcate professionalism in the Civil Service which was increasingly required to exclusively dedicate itself to the complex business of governing a country the size of India. It was also clear that the East India Company could not last and that the servants of the East India Company for all intent and purpose were now the servants of the Queen. Therefore, in 1853 a competitive examination was introduced for selection of civil servants who would rule India. In 1857 took place the Great Indian Mutiny, or the First War of Independence and in1858 the Government of India passed from the East India Company both de facto and de jure to the British Crown. The Indian Civil Service became fully established, to be followed shortly thereafter by the Indian Police. These two Services became the backbone of empire in India. To the credit of the British it must be said that they did gradually introduce Indianisation of the Services as also the Indian Armed Forces so that in 1947 when India became independent there was no civil service vacuum as happened in a great deal of British ruled East and West Africa.\nThe Indian district officer started as the ruler who extended to the native population of India what Wellesley called the blessings of the extension of British authority, influence and power. The strength of the district officer at this stage in our history was that he brought order where chaos reigned in the past, he replaced the arbitrariness of local chieftains by the certainty of justice under a system of laws and he established peace in districts where turbulence was the normal state of affairs. The people looked on such an officer as an improvement on what existed in the past and, therefore, British rule established itself in the districts because the people accepted British officers as distinctly better. There was as yet no concept of or demand for either independence from foreign rule or participatory government at local levels. These demands rose only when the local boundaries within India were abolished and the British established themselves as rulers of the entire sub-continent. The Princely States were less than vassals and existed because the British tolerated them. The paramount power was the British Crown.\nParadoxically as India consolidated and coalesced as a single nation under British rule the awareness of Indian nationality and nationhood also began to assert itself and with it the desire of Indians to participate in their own governance increased. Now the role of the district officer began to change because it brought him into conflict with the very forces which were demanding what had been for years an established right in Britain, that is, the democratic right to be self-governing.\nUnder the changed circumstances the British district officer found himself in a dual role. The first was to ensure that order was maintained and that there was no threat to British rule. The second was that of facilitating greater participation of Indians in government, initially through the beginnings of local self-government and, from 1919 onwards, as civil servants of a government which at Provincial level was becoming increasingly Indianised and democratised. It would be wrong to think of the Indian Civil Service in British days as being entirely dedicated to the maintenance of empire. It was slowly settling into the role of a Civil Service which still had a great deal of power and in the area of law and order almost unlimited power which, at the same time was required to take orders from a newly emerging political class which was beginning to realise that India could move towards not only self-governance but even independence. The greatest tribute to the ICS would be that its officers performed this dual role without slipping into schizophrenia, because the very ministers whom they had to obey in 1937 were also the ministers whom they had to jail in 1942.\nThe Indian Administrative Service is the seamless successor to the Indian Civil Service, whose entire Indian component became the premier Civil Service of India on 15th August, 1947. Government chose to retain the identity of the old imperial services, the ICS and IP, while simultaneously creating the Indian Administrative Service and the Indian Police Service to fulfill the very role that the ICS and IP did. The difference between the two is that the creator of the ICS and IP was an imperial power and the creator of the IAS and IPS was the first government of independent India. Why did India retain the civil services in the form that the British created? The British, by increasing Indianisation of the civil services and the Army left behind a substantial number of civil servants, technologists and professionals who were used to organising and running a system. India had a wise leadership which decided to absorb and continue what the British had left behind. In sharp contrast when the Americans when they took over Iraq in 2003 Paul Bremer, who was head of the US administration in Iraq, disbanded the Iraqi Army and Police and dismantled the entire administrative structure down to the last village. This left Iraq leaderless, officer-less, completely devoid of administrative structures and, therefore, in a totally helpless state in which there was no one to enforce the law, manage the administration or even run such basic services as water supply, sewerage and electricity. The nation descended into chaos. In India we took over the entire administrative system and the transfer of power was seamless.\nThe question, however, arose whether this country should continue civil servants who had served an imperial power. On 10th October 1949, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel made an extremely powerful speech in Parliament in defence of the Civil Services, portions of which are worth reproducing. He said, “For the purpose of record of this Assembly I would like to state that if in the last two and three years the majority of the officers of the Civil Services had not worked with a sense of patriotism and honesty the Union would have been destroyed. You may ask the Premiers of all the Provinces, is any Premier prepared to work without these Civil Service officers? … The police, which was left a divided service, has been brought back to a reasonable level and has been working with great competence. The heads of the Provincial police forces come under guarantee; do you want to change the system? Do you want the Congress Swayam Sevaks to appoint the heads of the district police forces? … It would be wrong to quarrel with those with whom you want to work together. You should take work from them. Every person wants some incentive. If you continuously criticise a person in public and mock him he would not like to work. Like this no one will do your work. That is why once and for all please decide whether you need these Services or not. If you have made up your minds that despite my promises to them you want to abolish these Services, then I will take the Services with me and go, thinking that the nation has changed its mind … This Constitution will be implemented by such a Service Group which will preserve the unity and integrity of this country”. After that the Constituent Assembly had nothing further to do except adopt Article 312 which establishes the All India Services. There are three of them today, the IAS, the IPS and the Indian Foreign Service. There is the option of constituting an Indian Judicial Service.\nThe competitive examination through which the Services are recruited formerly consisted of three parts, three compulsory papers, three lower papers and two advanced papers for the Indian Administrative Service and the Indian Foreign Service, three compulsory and two lower papers for the Indian Police Service and the class-1 Central Services and three compulsory and three lower papers for the Indian Audit and Accounts Services. The distinction between the IAS and the Indian Foreign Service and other Services was maintained at the examination level itself. This has now changed and there is a single examination for all the Services. Generally the top ranking candidates select the IAS and the Indian Foreign Service and the thereafter, in descending order, other Services are opted for. However, this has given rise to a feeling amongst officers of other Services that it is the luck of the draw which has ranked them below the IAS and that actually all the Services are equal. This has increased inter-service rivalry and bitterness. I think government and UPSC should do some fresh thinking in this behalf and consider whether selection to the IAS and the Indian Foreign Service should not be done on the basis of a more rigorous examination than for the other Services. There is merit in this suggestion. There is also need to do considerable rethinking on the format of the examination. When I joined the Service, apart from the compulsory papers, of the three lower and two higher papers I could take only two which could be from a subject I had studied in college because that is how the grouping of papers was done. With a limited range of age for recruitment between 21 years and 24 years one could not really take more than one discipline at the undergraduate and postgraduate stage of study. My discipline was Economics and only two out of five papers could be in my area of study. I chose General Economics for the lower and Advanced Economic Theory for the higher paper. I was forced to take World History and International Law as my other two lower papers and Advanced Political Thought for my second higher paper. These three subjects I had to study on my own. The questions basically tested my ability to understand the problem and analyse it rather than my ability to learn by rote a huge number of issues relating to my subject. People from the science stream were equally handicapped in that they had to select at least three papers from Humanities and Social Sciences. Entrance to the Service came from a wider range of educational experience. The present system which is largely based on multiple choice questions and objective tests is highly skewed in favour of students of Technology or Applied Sciences and, therefore, the area from which recruitment is done to the IAS has become relatively narrow. Medical doctors and technology graduates have now come to predominate. My own experience is that a person whose educational background has a wide spectrum can be taught to focus, but a person from a narrow technology background with a narrow focus finds much more difficulty in widening his horizon. This is stated as a matter of fact and is not by any means judgemental.\nIn 1951 India opted for a new model of rural development called Community Development. This was S.K. Dey’s idea and it co-opted the entire population of a village as a community. Rural planning was turned upside down, a new administrative unit called the Community Development Block was established and planning became a participative exercise involving both people and officials. The development model was that development would be community demand driven and implemented through the community which would have to contribute a share of the cost in cash, materials or labour. People who contribute also keep a watch on how their money is spent and the works taken up in the fifties and sixties of the last century still survive. The new development administration, distinct from the Tehsil, separated the development from the regulatory functions of government and a new cadre of Block Development Officers and Extension Officers was created. This was the precursor to the Panchayt Raj established by the 73rd Amendment of the Constitution. The IAS also found itself in a dual role. In the district the D.C. and D.M. was the head of the district administration, but he also had the role, directly or through the District Development Officer, of administering the C.D. Programme. To the credit of the IAS its officers adjusted, through an evolutionary process, to the new administrative arrangement.\nAs India settled down to an increasingly democratised polity whose mantra was devolution and decentralisation the paternalistic role of the Civil Services underwent change. Policy formulation and decision making increasingly passed to elected representatives, though the Civil Service’s function of advising fearlessly, being politically neutral and administratively impartial in implementation of policy and ensuring the welfare and safety of people become strengthened. New equations between civil servants and politicians had to be forged and up to 1967 this did happen. In 1967 everything changed because unscrupulous, power hungry politicians suddenly found that they could buy power by bribing legislators and causing them to defect from the ruling party. To find the money to bribe legislators and to keep them from again changing their minds the State had to be subverted so that the leverage of the State could be used to make money illegally. To do this the Civil Service had to be tamed, its integrity jeoparadised and its impartiality and independence had to be destroyed. By threat of arbitrary action, transfer, denial of advancement and other unfair means the politicians broke the morale of the IAS and IPS, whose subordinates meekly followed suit.\nAt the very moment that we needed the IAS to stand firm a substantial number of its members broke. The Service split between those who did their duty and those whom Indira Gandhi called “committed”. The politicians distinguished between convenient and difficult officers, with the latter being sidelined. I fell in the latter group and quit the Service at the peak of my career eight years before my date of retirement. The convenient officers were co-¬opted into multi-faceted, multidimensional wrong doing. Having tasted the wages of sin these officers soon became partners in and sometimes even instigators of unlimited sin. Lest IPS officers feel that my remarks permit them to adopt a smirkingly patronising attitude towards their IAS colleagues, let me tell them that they are no better and are equal sinners.\nWhere does that leave the IAS today? The Service in 2012 is not the Service of 1957, when I joined it. It is more heterogeneous, four times larger and commands immensely larger funds than we did. Its entrants are perhaps more intelligent than my peers and I, but its motivation is entirely different. We joined the Service because Nehru’s dream of building a new India inspired us and we wanted to participate in this venture. As in all else in an increasingly material world, in the Service, too, idealism is dead and youngsters join the Service because it is a job which promises power and what that power can give. There is no particular desire to serve the people. When motivation changes the attitudes also change. Impartiality and fairness may bring a clash with politicians, which is career-unfriendly. An ability to bend brings advancement and, depending on how lax are one’s morals, even unearned wealth. One notes with satisfaction that there are still some officers who are true to their salt, but one is also alarmed by the growing cases of corruption in the IAS. A Service which was a byword for integrity cannot hold up its head today.\nThe IAS must realize that on its shoulders rests the burden of not only being India’s premier Civil Service, but also that it mans practically every important post in India. The Cabinet Secretary, the Head of Civil Service, is an IAS officer, as are the Chief Secretaries of States. In the district the senior-most officer is the District Collector, who is the Chief Coordinating Officer in the district. The officers of this Service are the ones who have maximum access to the Prime Minister and Chief Ministers. In every matter of policy an IAS officer has a very important role. For example, under the Rules of Business of the Executive Government framed under Article 77 of the Constitution for the Union and Article 166 for the States it is the duty of the Secretary of the Ministry or Department to ensure compliance with the rules and even if the Minister concerned passes an order contrary to rules, the Secretary is duty bound to point this out to the Minister and if the Minister insists on his order being complied with, then to submit the file through the Minister to the Prime Minister or Chief Minister as the case may be. If the Union Secretary for Communications had insisted on a Council order in the Spectrum allocation case and refused to comply with the Minister’s orders in the absence of such Council order, he might have faced personal discomfort and even humiliation, but there would have been no 2 G scam. That is expected of an IAS officer and that is the price he has to be prepared to pay.\nAt the other end of the spectrum is the massive corruption in our programmes to benefit the poor, especially in rural areas. If the D.Cs and CEOs of Zila Panchayats were to carefully monitor the programmes, tour extensively, listen to the grievance of the citizens and act sternly against erring officials and panchayat functionaries the corruption in project implementation would drastically reduce. If there is corruption at this level it can only mean one of two things, or both. The officer is lazy and is not doing his supervisory duties, or is himself corrupt, or is both corrupt and lazy. Part XIV of the Constitution gives the Civil Services a unique protection from arbitrary action not available to any other civil service in the world, or even to our own Armed Forces. Article 312 gives enhanced protection to the All India Services. In return the nation expects from them pea-green incorruptibility, the courage to give free and fair advice to the elected representatives, a commitment to do their duty diligently and impartially, the cultivation of professional competence (the coat of arms of the IAS bears the words, “Yogaha Karmasu Kaushalam”) and the service of the people of India as an article of faith. I have doubts whether we inculcate these qualities in our officers during training and I am certain that very few officers remind themselves about what the people expect of them. Many of them are far too busy looking after their own interests to care for the people whom they are required to serve.\nSardar Patel had in mind the basic fissiparous tendencies of the Indian polity and, therefore, built into the Constitution many centripetal forces which gave the Union strength and cohesion. The All India Services were meant to perform a centripetal role. In his address to the Constituent Assembly on 10th October, 1949 he said, “This Constitution will be implemented by such a Service Group which will preserve the unity and integrity of this country”. Unfortunately stratified state cadres have diluted the all India nature of the Services and this has reduced the efficacy of the three All India Services to play a unifying role. Inter cadre transfers, regional grouping of States for cadre management and exposure of every single All India Service officer to a Central posting would probably help in restoring a nation-wide perspective to the Services.\nOne main criticism of the IAS is that a generalist service sits in judgement over specialists and this has severely affected the development of professionalism in India. Partially this has happened because IAS officers have thrust themselves on departments and posts where they have no business to be. An IAS Commissioner of Health Services or Director of Agriculture is a ridiculous proposition. Similarly, why should a public sector business or industrial undertaking have an IAS or IPS officer as its Managing Director? This is the job of a business manager. What, then, is the role of the generalist? There is fundamental difference between management and administration. In management the variables are predictable within a given range and, therefore, with exceptions and a flexibility which permits change, one can build a linear model. In administration every citizen is a variable in himself and the variables are unpredictable and themselves subject to irrational deviation depending on many factors, including political will and decision making. An administrator, working within the framework of laws, the ideology and programmes of the party in power, even building political whimsy or even waywardness into the process, has to deal with a non linear model where decisions have to be instantly crafted to deal with an emerging situation. This only a generalist trained in administration can do. A professionally trained managerial mind would probably be unable to cope and this can have unfortunate consequences. Therefore, we need administrators to govern and they will be generalists having a wide range of experience.\nAnother criticism is that the frequent transfer of IAS officers prevents them from acquiring any expertise in any field. Actually the exposure of an IAS officer to a wide range of subjects, posts and issues is the strength of the Service, not its weakness. When at an early age an officer is made to face different situations ranging from law and order to human relations, man management to crisis management, societal issues to economics, he learns situational analysis on the job and his mind becomes attuned to quick and firm decision making. An administrator has to process the inputs from various sources, look at available resources and predetermined plan priorities and then decide on or advise on the optimal course of action. In Army parlance the Chief of every Service presents his case, but the Chief of Defence Staff than decides on priorities, inter service responsibilities and prescribes the bounds of action. That, incidentally, is the job of the IAS Secretary of a Ministry or Department. That makes the Service relevant in today’s context --- not as a superior but as a consensual coordinator. Within this certainly there has to be earmarking of IAS officers sector wise so that an officer with the correct aptitude and attitude becomes increasingly assigned to that sector. Unfortunately many IAS officers just neglect the acquisition of such professional skills and, therefore, the Service is the biggest provider of square pegs in round holes.\nTo sum up, though relevant the IAS fails to make the grade on counts of a willingness to learn, integrity, courage and, unfortunately, hard, slogging work. Not all, of course, but many and that is a cause for worry. The Service as a whole has also forgotten that it is a servant of the law, not of individual politicians. Wake up IAS or perish!!", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The use of AI (artificial intelligence) and machine learning (ML) is mandatory when large multidimensional data sets are to be processed and classified together and their behaviour is to be predicted for the future. Often the goal is to detect deviations from the determined statistical characteristics of the data, so-called anomalies.\nMeanwhile there is an unmanageable abundance of procedures from AI, mainly neural networks, which were already intensively analysed in the eighties and nineties. The distinction between supervised and unsupervised learning is still valid, see Bishop and Kohonen's literature on this subject under the menu item “Further information” in “Books & Papers”.\nIn principle, there is a problem of “overlearning” if the conditions do not match, such as net structure, net size and the amount of pattern set to be learned. This applies to both biological neural networks and artificial neural networks. The article by H. Uzan & I. Kanter: “Biological learning curves outperform existing ones in artificial intelligence algorithms” shows that the biological model has a higher performance compared to algorithms of AI. The structural complexity of real neural networks is the reason for this.\nToday we have a large number of methods from AI and ML, also for time series analysis, available. For the time being, we refer to the homepage www.tokeya.de and to the menu item “Further information”, otherwise a more comprehensive presentation would go beyond the scope of this report.\nIn the narrative context of the last point, there is the advantage that the neural networks known from AI are structurally able to process the relevant data faster, simpler and more comprehensively than is the case with conventional NN by means of some changes in the calculation calculus for complex and hypercomplex numbers without further ado, see the book “Complex-valued Neural Networks” by A. Hirose: https://www.springer.com/de/book/9783642276316.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Cryo-Electron Microscopy: Revealing How Cells ‘Take Out the Trash’\nUsing a high-resolution imaging technique called cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM), scientists at The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI) have revealed how cells degrade damaged or misfolded proteins in mitochondria—cellular compartments that serve as the “powerhouses” of the cell.\nProtein degradation is constantly occurring in cells, and is essential to all life forms because it allows cells to get rid of old proteins so that new ones can be made. Defects in protein degradation are closely linked to a variety of disorders, including cancer and Alzheimer’s disease.\nUsing cryo-EM, researchers solved the structure of YME1, a molecular machine that degrades proteins inside mitochondria. This structure allowed them to determine exactly how this machine uses molecular energy to chomp through dangerous proteins. “We’ve known for a long time that ATP molecules power protein degradation, but people never really understood what was going on at the molecular level.” said TSRI Graduate Student Cristina Puchades, first author of the study which was recently published in Science.\nCatching Mitochondria in the Act\nWithin cells, mitochondria are membrane-shrouded containers, so their interior is inaccessible to the protein quality control machinery used by the rest of the cell. Therefore, mitochondria have developed their own systems to manage protein levels.\n“Mitochondria regulate their protein levels differently than the rest of the cell, and this structure substantially advances our understanding of this sophisticated process” said TSRI Associate Professor Gabriel Lander, Ph.D., who co-led the study with Steven E. Glynn, Ph.D., of Stony Brook University.\nA graduate student in Glynn’s lab, Anthony Rampello, engineered the YME1 machine to enable this study. It then took the researchers at TSRI three years to solve the 3D structure of YME1 frozen in action, trapped in the process of degrading a protein.\n“Our structure of YME1 bound to substrate reveals its mechanism of action and explains 30 years of biochemical research in ATP-driven unfoldases,” said TSRI Associate Professor Luke Wiseman, Ph.D., co-author of the study.\nThe YME1 machinery appears to chop up protein substrates in a two-step process.\nFirst, six ATPases surround the protein substrate slated for degradation, forming a structure around it that resembles a spiral staircase. The ATPases then thread the substrate through the center of the spiral staircase and feed it to a “degradation chamber” where the protein is cleaved into small bits.\nThe scientists were surprised to discover how this threading works. They found that the ATPase encircles the protein substrate, much like a spiraling staircase wrapping around a central pole. Each \"step\" of this staircase contains an amino acid that slots into the substrate protein in a zipper-like configuration. In this way, the staircase has a tight hold on the central substrate protein. The energy of ATP molecules fuel motions that cause the staircase to move like a “twisted escalator,” pulling the substrate downward.\nAs each escalator step reaches the bottom, its amino acid releases its grip on the protein substrate, and the step leap-frogs upwards back to the top of the staircase and takes a hold of the substrate for another round of downward motion. The authors compared the process to pulling a rope hand-over-hand.\nLooking Toward Human Health\nThis study focused on the YME1 machine found in yeast, and the next step for the researchers is to solve the structure of a human version of YME1 that sits on the other side of the mitochondrial membrane.\nIn humans, mutations of this protein cause neurodegeneration in patients suffering from optic nerve atrophy and spastic paraplegia.\n“Protein quality control and its impact on mitochondrial function are involved in many different sorts of neurodegenerative disorders,” said Puchades. “Now we can start using what we’ve learned in the context of disease.”\nCristina Puchades, Anthony J. Rampello, Mia Shin, Christopher J. Giuliano, R. Luke Wiseman, Steven E. Glynn, Gabriel C. Lander: Structure of the mitochondrial inner membrane AAA+ protease YME1 gives insight into substrate processing, Science, Vol. 358, Issue 6363, eaao0464 (3 Nov 2017) doi: 10.1126/science.aao0464", "label": "No"}
{"text": "There additionally computer programs engineer who designs and modifies the pc software and hardware for better operation. Training focuses on giving students data in mechanics, thermodynamics, physics, and electrical circuits. Courses that promote these skills include programming languages, techniques design, and laptop working methods. Engineering scholarships from the Oracle Education Basis can be found to teams of students through this worldwide web site-constructing competition. Profession Opportunities: Civil engineering gives ample opportunities in varied fields.\nLaptop jobs in United States comparatively confer with pc technician or such that share the identical tasks. A grasp’s diploma program teaches an individual about trade procedures and about theories that enable research to advance the field. It is among the quickest-growing analysis universities and the biggest engineering college on the earth. The principle subjects dealt on this engineering consists of display engineering, multimedia computations, picture and speech processing, networking, pattern recognition, pc perception and sensors, VLSI methods, robotics, computer architecture and many others. Incomes a terminal degree at the PhD level of schooling offers college students the data to research and train others concerning the field of electrical engineering.\nIt is also said that civil engineering is the second oldest field of engineering. Chemical engineers work in diverse fields like petroleum refining, fertilizer expertise, processing of meals and agricultural products, synthetic meals, petrochemicals, artificial fibres, coal and mineral based mostly industries, and prevention and management of environmental pollution. Some helpful expertise college students ought to try to set up of their tutorial career embrace Java, cell language, enterprise intelligence, cloud computing SQL,.Web, and methods integration.\nAlternatively, there are nonetheless these students who’re up for the problem and there are people who have dreamed to change into engineers someday. Materials Engineering is concerned with the properties of matter and it’s utility to science and know-how. Because of the widespread use and integration of computers into everyday life, it’s arduous to separate the fields of Electrical Engineering and Computer Engineering. Students be taught programming, digital designing, computer architecture and embedded systems programs, within the bachelor program.\n3. ESA Foundation Pc and Video Game Scholarship: The ESA Basis established these $3,000 scholarships in 2007 for girls and minorities attending or planning to attend accredited four-year schools and universities and working towards degrees that may result in careers in the laptop and online game industries. Electrical Engineers are in huge demand in India; you possibly can look ahead to working in each private & public sectors like railways, civil aviation, electricity boards, utility firms, electrical design, consultancy companies and completely different kinds of manufacturing industries.\nComputer engineering, because the identify suggests, is said to the engineering of your system hardware. This is likely one of the fastest rising jobs in our expertise pushed society, but additionally, you will must proceed your coaching throughout your profession to keep up with the job market. Some of the most innovative computer engineering work has been performed by software engineering graduates. Computer engineering professionals will first analyze the wants of their clients, and then they’ll create a detailed set of algorithm directions which can embody programming, though it will normally be outsourced to computer programmers.\nBroadcast and telecommunication techniques, electrical motors, controls of machinery, lights and wiring in constructing complexes, vehicles, plane, radar and navigation techniques, power generation, control and transmission gadgets that are used by electric utilities are all examples of kit constructed by these engineers. Pc software program engineer jobs embrace the duty to research the wants of the business or group they work for and to ensure that the packages in place are designed specifically to satisfy these wants.\nITT Technical Institute not only has in-depth pc engineering know-how programs that mix training with actual-world purposes, the institute also presents the choice of finishing your pc engineering diploma in state-of-the-artwork classrooms, as well as on-line. This he performs by producing a cost effective software, hardware and software various from specification and design to the labeling and upholding of agreed upon resolution for the problem. The Bachelor of Engineering (Computer Engineering) (NTU) degree is a 4 yr programme that aims to produce engineers skilled within the range of expertise that make use of microelectronics and pc science to design computer systems for real-time functions in business and commerce, combining knowledge from each pc science and electronics engineering.\nThe sphere of electrical engineering supplies students with numerous career choices primarily based on their level of education. The departments of this California Pc Engineering School that take care of computer sciences are in the Bay space of this state. Potential students should browse colleges and request information about their programs. Nanotechnology is one such example of supplies engineering in action. Computer engineers design each computer software and pc hardware, along with creating options for the integration of the 2.\nComputer engineers actually are electronics engineers who have deeper training in laptop know-how. The sub-disciplines are Materials Science & Engineering, Building Engineering, Structural Engineering, Surveying, Management Engineering, Environmental Engineering, Water Resources Engineering, Earthquake Engineering, and so on. The career objective of scholars will dictate what stage of training is needed. Through the execution of the engineering most of the engineers and design supervisors commented that they only had half the individuals for section two in comparison with phase one.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "As a man-made channel with managed water levels, a canal can’t simply flow downhill like a river. Instead, it uses a series of water-containment chambers called locks. These can vary in length, width and depth (see Narrowboat or barge? Canal boats explained), from a narrow lock that will only take a single 60-foot narrowboat to huge automated locks that can make small leisure boats feel like matchsticks. The specific mechanisms can also vary from lock to lock but in all cases, the underlying principles for how to operate a lock remain unchanged.\nA lock is simply a chamber with gates at both ends. In each gate are paddles (or sluices) that can be lifted and lowered in order to allow water into and out of the lock. When you drive into an empty lock and fill it with water, your boat will be lifted to the higher level. When you drive into a full lock and empty it, your boat will be dropped to the lower level. When the water level in the lock matches that on the other side of the closed gate, you can swing the gate open and continue your journey on a new stretch of canal. All you really need to master, therefore, is how to open and close the gates and paddles, how to obey canal etiquette and how to stay safe while you do it (and avoid getting into a canal boat disaster like this).\nMaking your approach\nWhether going up or down, reconnaissance is an important part of lock work. Drop your lock man on the towpath and send him ahead to identify whether the lock is empty or full. If you want to go downhill and it is full, you can just open the gates and drive straight in. If it is empty (and there is no boat attempting to come up) you will need to signal to the boat that this is the case and then fill it. Ensure the gates are closed and the lower paddles are shut and then open the upper paddles to allow water in.\nObviously, the opposite applies if you are attempting to go uphill. Send a man ahead and if it is empty, drive straight in; if it is full, open the lower paddles (gently) to empty it while ensuring your boat is comfortably tied alongside so it isn’t bullied out of shape by the water flow (for tips on pulling off this manoeuvre, see: How to drive a narrowboat). Whether going up or down, however, the reconnaissance party should always identify whether there is a boat approaching the lock from the other direction. If there is, then the boat with the water level already in its favour should be given right of way.\nManaging the water\nMost locks use manually operated rack and pinion systems. You use a windlass (a metal L-shaped device with a square socket to fit onto the winding knob) to lift and lower the paddles. When you wind the paddles up to let water in, do so bit by bit and keep an eye on the boat to see how it is affected by the turbulence.\nWhen the paddles are up, you can engage the safety catch to stop the gears slipping (mind your fingers here) and disengage your windlass. Once the water level has equalised and you are ready to return the paddles to the closed position, do so by releasing the safety catch and winding them back down with your windlass. Don’t just let them drop, as you can damage both the gearing and the paddles. When you have finished with the lock, remember to check for an approaching boat, as it is likely to want to drive straight into the open lock. Otherwise, lower the paddles and close the gates behind you.\nWhen you head downhill, the key hazard is the cill. This is a solid protruberance on the inside of the upper gate that can stick out by as much as five feet. It is below the water when the lock is full, so you will only see it as the lock empties. It is therefore vital that you use your engine to stay ahead of the clearly painted cill marker on the lock walls at all times. If you don’t you will get your stern caught and find yourself at an increasingly alarming angle as the lock continues to empty.\nWhen you head uphill, the key hazards are turbulence and water ingress at the bow. In order to minimise these, you should position the boat a decent distance back from the front gates and make sure the windlass operator opens the paddles very steadily. Again, use the engine to keep your position steady and (in wide locks) use a line looped around a bollard at bow and stern to prevent the boat clattering sideways into the opposite wall.\nTop ten tips\n(1) A lock is full of heavy, unyielding machinery so avoid rushing and set aside at least 20 minutes to make your way through.\n(2) Engine and water noise can make communication difficult, so a simple signing system between helmsman and lock operator can be very useful.\n(3) As regards etiquette: allow a boat going in the same direction to share the lock; avoid queue jumping; and don’t loiter in the spaces on either side of the lock.\n(4) Line yourself up early, take it slow and use your engine to stop in the lock, rather than simply smashing into the gates.\n(5) While well-serviced gates can be swung with minimal effort, a build up of silt and debris at the end of a season may mean extra elbow grease and some gentle clearance with a boat hook is required.\n(6) Stay at the helm with your engine running for the entire process, and make sure you do not stray aft of the cill marker or too close to the gates.\n(7) Lift and lower the paddles steadily and under control so that water movement in and out of the lock is measured rather than frantic.\n(8) Assuming nobody wants to drive into the lock as you leave, make sure you close the gates and leave the paddles fully shut.\n(9) Locks are dangerous places, so whether it’s a legal requirement or not, do as the professionals do and wear a proper lifejacket.\n(10) Read the excellent ‘Boater’s Handbook’ before you go. It’s full of very accessible illustrations and it’s free to download from the CRT website (www.canalandrivertrust.org.uk).\nFor more on the joys of inland waterway boating, see: 10 top tips for enjoying a narrowboat holiday and Your guide to buying a narrowboat.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "How do we understand the interplay of human emotions and their neural networks? This course applies findings from the interdisciplinary field of neuroscience and the psychological study of, cognition, emotion, and personality. Basic, complex, and social emotions are explored from the perspective of, e.g., the subjective experience of emotion, non-conscious processes, how emotions are interpreted, expressed or regulated. Affective systems, neural networks, and their relationship to cognitive processes such as attention, learning, memory, decision making are addressed. Where relevant, human brain imaging findings, pathological conditions, treatment and cultural perspectives are considered.\nRelated Discipline(s)This course would also be of interest to the following discipline(s):\nPre-Medicine / Health Science", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Written by Liem Nguyen\nLLM International Commercial Law\nWe do not wait until we’re studying for a Master’s to start reading; we already read a lot whilst studying at undergraduate level or even long before that. So why is the importance of reading particularly emphasized at postgraduate level? What makes PG reading different than that of undergraduate study?\nThe main differences are the amount and depth of reading. Reading at postgraduate level is not just about reading the materials and remembering the info; it is not “mere” reading but “critical” reading. This means that you should read, think and reflect upon what you have just read. It is about forming your analytical thinking and your academic opinions.\nPG study requires a great deal of dense and complex reading; you will never be able to read everything available. As a result, you should know how to read efficiently and effectively in order to deal with the reading workloads. So how? Below are some useful tips to help you to keep up with PG reading.\n- Organize your reading\nFirst you should know which reading is the most essential. For example, you should read what is mandatory for a class first, focusing on what is important for you know in order to be able to participate in class discussions. You should be able to pick out the most prioritized books/articles from the reading list. You can also ask your professors which are the most relevant reading materials for you to focus on.\nWhen accessing a particular reading material, use the abstract or introductions to see if it is appropriate for your studies. Alternatively, you could read conclusion or summaries to make such a decision. Afterwards, select the most useful and valuable articles/materials for more in-depth reading and leave any others for later. And remember that you are never going to be able to read all the recommended materials so you must know which are your priorities.\nWhen you read, you should think about your reading purpose: to enhance your knowledge and understanding of your course subject. You may use some of your readings for your assignments, reports or exams. Therefore, it is always good to make notes of your reading: key points of the article and other relevant information.\n- Tips for effective reading\nAt postgraduate level, you should read smarter, not harder. In order to do that, remember the following rules:\n- Learn the terminology, scan and skim. That way you will be able to understand the most important thing quickly without wasting time on any unnecessary things.\n- Do not read when you are too tired, too bored or not focused. Go and have a rest, chill and start again later.\n- Clearly set out what you want to achieve from your reading and set a deadline for it.\n- Do not just read – think and analyze too. Take notes of your reading and review and update them as your knowledge expands.\n- Don’t want exhausted eyes? Then you can listen to audio books, educational podcasts, lecture videos and talks for a refreshing change.\nA passion for reading is all that you’ll need in order to survive the reading load and get the most out of it. Do not just read the recommended lists, find something else that really interests you. This will motivate you to keep up with the reading and ultimately enjoy it.\nReading at a PG level may sound scary at first but once you know the tricks, I am sure you will survive it and hopefully even enjoy it at the end. Good luck, smart readers!", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Liver is the large glandular organ in vertebrate secreting bile and purifying venous blood. There are many kinds of diseases concerning liver, such as jaundice, cirrhosis of the liver, cancer of liver, tuberculosis of liver, abscess of liver etc. The fifth house rules the same. Simha rasi is the seat of liver in natural zodiac. Jupiter is karaka for the same. Sun and Mars are the planets who govern biles. Moon is the ruler of blood. When Simha rasi, fifth house, lord of fifth house, Jupiter, Moon, Sun and Mars are afflicted, badly placed and make some relation with disease inflicting house or planet, they suggest liver troubles. As Sun is also the karaka for stomach, his situation, strength etc are important for the diseases of liver. Mars is the planet which produces abscess and affliction of fifth house by malefic Mars or some connection of Mars with fifth house or lord of fifth house or karaka planets being afflicted may produce liver abscess. Rahu’s affliction in similar way is responsible for tuberculosis of liver. When all the malefic planets afflict the houses and karakas ruling liver and be related with disease inflicting house or planet, they may give rise to cancer of liver.\nI am giving below some of the combinations ruling liver diseases :—\n- If Moon be hemmed between malefics and Sun be in Makara rasi, they may cause liver abscess.\n- If Moon be in between two malefics and Saturn be in the seventh house, they may produce liver abscess.\n- A malefic Jupiter in lagna or dusthana causes liver diseases.\n- Lords of lagna and eighth house with Jupiter cause the similar disease.\n- Lords of lagna, second and fourth houses in one house afflicted cause the similar disease.\n- Lord of lagna in sixth house along with Jupiter gives rise to similar disease.\n- Lord of lagna, lord of fourth house and Jupiter in one house being afflicted cause the similar disease. Click Here\nExample No, 31.\nLagna—Makara ; Venus and Mercury in Mesha : Sun, Mars and Rahu in Brisha ; Moon and Saturn in Simha ; Ketu in Brischika ; Jupiter in Kumbha.\nThis is case of liver disease. The person suffered many times from serious diseases concerning liver.\nThe reasons for the same are :—\n- Simha rasi is afflicted by conjunction of Saturn and also by aspect of Mars.\n- Fifth house is conjoined with malefics Mars,Rahu and Sun and is also aspected by Saturn.\n- Fifth lord Venus is with sixth lord Mercury.\n- Sun, a karaka, is heavily afflicted.\n- Jupiter, another karaka, is afflicted by Saturn being strongly aspected.\n- Fifth houses from Sun and Moon and fifth lord from Moon are afflicted.\n- Mars and Moon, ruling biles and blood, are heavily afflicted.\nThus we find the houses and planets ruling the diseases concerning liver are afflicted in this horoscope and are competent to give rise to the diseases of liver.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Gr 3-6-This hybrid of how-to-draw and subject exploration fails on both levels. Each book introduces a single technique-perspective in Airplanes, shape in Cars, positive and negative space in Dinosaurs, proportion in Horses, use of focal points in Knights, contrast in Monster Trucks, line in Spacecrafts, and shading in Wizards-and illustrates, in four steps, how to do it. Four spreads of practice exercises (in five steps each) are then interspersed with narrative spreads covering such topics as \"The Golden Age of Flight\" (Airplanes) and \"Concept Cars\" (Cars). No attempt is made to explain the \"why\" of the visual phenomena being described. For example, Dinosaurs states only that \"Drawing the negative space helps you see the shapes of objects and their surroundings.\" Also, small guide drawings make the exercises seem daunting, and the potential helpfulness of the graph-paper backgrounds is wasted by its placement on the diagonal. The writing is clunky and sometimes inaccurate. In Airplanes, for example, Lindbergh's New York to Paris flight is described as having lasted 3,312 hours, or 138 days.[Page 49]. Copyright 2008 Reed Business Information.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Strong evidence suggests that interventions to achieve dietary behaviour change in patients with age-related macular degeneration could help prevent disease progression. Co-management between eyecare practitioners and dietitians could provide an effective solution.\nAge-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of blindness in Australia, accounting for 50 per cent of cases among people aged over 50 years.1 Dietary modifications represent one of the only ways to prevent the development of AMD as well as slow its progression.2,3 Current evidence indicates that all AMD patients, regardless of their disease severity, should be given dietary advice to increase consumption of dark green leafy vegetables and fish, and to consume low glycemic index (GI) diets.3-8 The Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS) demonstrated that taking a supplement containing high doses of vitamin C, vitamin E, beta-carotene, zinc, and copper could reduce AMD progression by 25 per cent.9-14 The follow up (AREDS 2), found adding lutein and zeaxanthin (naturally occurring carotenoids) or omega-3 fatty acids to the original AREDS formulation had no overall effect on the risk of late AMD. However, the trial found that replacing beta-carotene with a five to one mixture of lutein and zeaxanthin could help to further reduce late AMD risk.7,8\nCurrently, we aim to move the research forward in AMD by using the landmark Blue Mountains Eye Study (BMES) to investigate links between relatively unexplored or novel dietary parameters and risk of AMD. For instance, the epidemiological data available on the association between vitamin B12 and folate with AMD are largely equivocal. Using BMES data we were able to show that participants with vitamin B12 deficiency had around 58 per cent higher risk of developing early AMD, and just over two-fold increased risk of late AMD over a 10-year follow up. Similarly, folate deficiency was associated with 75 per cent and 89 per cent increased risk of early and any AMD, respectively. Conversely, participants who reported vitamin B12 supplement usage had 47 per cent reduced risk of developing any AMD 10 years later.5 These associations were independent of the potential confounding effects of factors such as smoking, fish consumption and antioxidant intake.5 It has been posited that the direct antioxidant effect of vitamin B12 and folate could explain its beneficial influence on AMD risk. However, the evidence is currently insufficient to recommend B12 and folate supplementation to prevent the development of AMD.\nIntake of Dairy\nAnother dietary factor, that has not been well explored in relation to AMD risk and progression, are the intake of dairy foods. In the BMES, lower consumption of reduced-fat dairy foods was associated with three-fold increased risk of late AMD over a 15-year follow up.4 Reduced total dietary calcium intake over the 15 years was also associated with an increased risk of developing late AMD among BMES participants.4 Our findings are in agreement with existing studies that showed a protective effect of habitual dairy food consumption on various systemic conditions including metabolic syndrome, hypertension and cardiovascular disease.15-18 Nevertheless, we caution that any dietary recommendations from these data, such as an increase in the consumption of dairy products to prevent AMD, require further validation before they are incorporated into public health advice.19 Specifically, randomised clinical trials that more accurately determine the potential value of dairy food intake as a means of reducing the risk of developing AMD would be valuable.4\nthere exists a critical need to identify an effective intervention for dietary behaviour change in AMD patients that could be routinely implemented in clinical practice\nMultiple healthy or unhealthy lifestyle factors considered jointly, may have a greater influence on AMD risk reduction than the effect of individual healthy or unhealthy lifestyle factors.20 In this context, we recently published BMES research examining the combined influence of poor health behaviours on AMD risk.21 At the baseline examination, BMES participants who engaged in all four poor health behaviours (smoking, low fruit and/or vegetable consumption, high intake of alcohol and low levels of physical activity) had five and 29.5-fold greater odds of any, and late, AMD respectively, compared to those exhibiting none of these unhealthy behaviours. Findings from the BMES and two other US studies20,22 therefore, suggest that broadly, a combination of lifestyle practices might have a more important effect on the likelihood of AMD than focusing on certain isolated components of an individual’s lifestyle.21\nMicronutrient Usage and Other Modifiable Lifestyle Behaviours\nCurrently, there is a paucity of studies that have compared the micronutrient usage and other modifiable lifestyle behaviour patterns in the longer term among those with and without a diagnosis of AMD. Therefore, one of our aims was to document temporal changes in lifestyle behaviours and antioxidant supplement use among people presenting with AMD at the initial BMES exams. In the BMES, only ~46 per cent of participants who developed late AMD reported uptake of AREDS-type supplements over 10 years.23 A lower uptake of AREDS-type supplements was also observed in participants who developed early AMD, which is cause for concern given that this sub group is likely to be at greatest risk of progression to advanced AMD, and irreversible vision loss.24 Less than half of participants who had AMD were adhering to recommended daily intakes for fruit, vegetable and fish in the BMES.23 An extension of this report involved comparing dietary intakes in a large clinic based cohort of late AMD patients presenting for treatment with age-sex matched healthy controls from the BMES.25 This recent study showed that late stage AMD patients, compared to healthy controls, had lower intakes of vitamins C and E, beta-carotene and folate. A significantly lower proportion of late stage AMD cases were also meeting the recommended daily intake of vegetables compared to controls.25 These findings are of concern as vegetables are a rich source of lutein and zeaxanthein.7,8 Moreover, less than half of AMD patients were meeting the recommended fish intake, despite the known protective benefits of fish.6\nIn summary, there is strong evidence from studies such as AREDS and BMES showing the benefits of micro and macronutrients, and food groups with respect to AMD with few, if any, adverse effects.3 Hence, dietary modifications for AMD are important as no other preventative treatments are available.3 Despite this, our research and the research of others have identified an evidence practice gap of dietary recommendations made by eye care professionals and the recommendations actually practiced by AMD patients.23,26,27 Therefore, there exists a critical need to identify an effective intervention for dietary behaviour change in AMD patients that could be routinely implemented in clinical practice.\nEye care professionals are extremely busy and do not always have the time to provide the support patients need to understand dietary recommendations and to achieve compliance. To address this evidence practice gap we are now conducting a NHMRC funded, randomised, controlled trial of a telephone intervention delivered by an accredited practicing dietitian, aimed at promoting a diet that is regularly rich in dark green, leafy vegetables, fruits and fish, as well as appropriate use of AREDS-type supplements in AMD patients. The basis of this study is that nutrition focused healthcare to positively change behaviours could be best achieved through appropriate comanagement between eye care practitioners and dietitians.28 It is anticipated that this intervention will quickly and efficiently provide tailored advice on nutrition and recommended support to AMD patients, thereby facilitating positive dietary behaviour changes. These types of intervention studies that expand the scope of translation efforts in AMD beyond screening, and drug or laser treatments,3 will become increasingly important due to ageing demographics and substantial increase in the estimated number of Australians with AMD in the coming years.\nAssociate Professor Bamini Gopinath is an epidemiologist with the University of Sydney. She currently holds a NHMRC TRIP Fellowship, which aims to implement a dietary behaviour intervention for AMD patients. Her ongoing public health research aims to translate key epidemiological findings into health policy and practice, with the intention of targeting current gaps that exist in Australian healthcare.\n1. Taylor,H.R. et al. Vision loss in Australia. Med J Aust 182, 565-568 (2005).\n2. Lim,L.S., Mitchell,P., Seddon,J.M., Holz,F.G. & Wong,T.Y. Age-related macular degeneration. Lancet 379, 1728-1738 (2012).\n3. Broadhead,G.K., Grigg,J.R., Chang,A.A. & McCluskey,P. Dietary modification and supplementation for the treatment of age-related macular degeneration. Nutr Rev 73, 448-462 (2015).\n4. Gopinath,B. et al. Consumption of dairy products and the 15-year incidence of age-related macular degeneration. Br J Nutr 111, 1673-1679 (2014).\n5. Gopinath,B., Flood,V.M., Rochtchina,E., Wang,J.J. & Mitchell,P. Homocysteine, folate, vitamin B-12, and 10-y incidence of age-related macular degeneration. Am J Clin Nutr 98, 129-135 (2013).\n6. Wang,J.J. et al. Combined Effects of Complement Factor H Genotypes, Fish Consumption, and Inflammatory Markers on Long-Term Risk for Age-related Macular Degeneration in a Cohort. Am J Epidemiol 169, 633-641 (2009).\n7. Chew,E.Y. et al. Secondary Analyses of the Effects\nof Lutein/Zeaxanthin on Age-Related Macular\nDegeneration Progression: AREDS2 Report No. 3. JAMA Ophthalmol 132, 142-149 (2014).\n8. Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2 Research Group. Lutein + zeaxanthin and omega-3 fatty acids for age-related macular degeneration: the Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2 (AREDS2) randomized clinical trial. JAMA 309, 2005-2015 (2013).\n9. A randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial of high-dose supplementation with vitamins C and E, beta carotene, and zinc for age-related macular degeneration and vision loss: AREDS report no. 8. Arch Ophthalmol 119, 1417-1436 (2001).\n10. Bressler,N.M. et al. Potential public health impact of Age-Related Eye Disease Study results: AREDS report no. 11. Arch Ophthalmol 121, 1621-1624 (2003).\n11. Clemons,T.E., Milton,R.C., Klein,R., Seddon,J.M. & Ferris,F.L., III. Risk factors for the incidence of Advanced Age-Related Macular Degeneration in the Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS) AREDS report no. 19. Ophthalmology 112, 533-539 (2005).\n12. The Age-Related Eye Disease Study severity scale for Age-Related Macular Degeneration: AREDS report number 17. Arch Ophthalmol 123, 1484-1498 (2005).\n13. A simplified severity scale for Age-Related Macular Degeneration: AREDS report number 18. Arch Ophthalmol 123, 1570-1574 (2005).\n14. Age-related Eye Disease Study. About AREDS2. 2011. 5-7-2010.\n15. Louie,J.C. et al. Higher regular fat dairy consumption is associated with lower incidence of metabolic syndrome but not type 2 diabetes. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis (2012).\n16. Malik,V.S. et al. Adolescent dairy product consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes in middle-aged women. Am J Clin Nutr 94, 854-861 (2011).\n17. Lamarche,B. Review of the effect of dairy products on non-lipid risk factors for cardiovascular disease. J Am Coll Nutr 27, 741S-746S (2008).\n18. van Meijl,L.E. & Mensink,R.P. Low-fat dairy consumption reduces systolic blood pressure, but does not improve other metabolic risk parameters in overweight and obese subjects. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 21, 355-361 (2011).\n19. Guymer,R.H. & Chong,E.W. Modifiable risk factors for age-related macular degeneration. Med J Aust 184, 455-458 (2006).\n20. Meyers,K.J. et al. Joint Associations of Diet, Lifestyle, and Genes with Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Ophthalmology 122, 2286-2294 (2015).\n21. Gopinath,B. et al. Combined influence of poor health behaviours on the prevalence and 15-year incidence of age-related macular degeneration. Sci Rep 7, 4359 (2017).\n22. Mares,J.A. et al. Healthy lifestyles related to subsequent prevalence of age-related macular degeneration. Arch Ophthalmol 129, 470-480 (2011).\n23. Gopinath,B., Flood,V.M., Kifley,A., Liew,G. & Mitchell,P. Smoking, Antioxidant Supplementation and Dietary Intakes among Older Adults with Age-Related Macular Degeneration over 10 Years. PLoS ONE 10, e0122548 (2015).\n24. Christen,W.G., Glynn,R.J., Chew,E.Y., Albert,C.M. & Manson,J.E. Folic acid, pyridoxine, and cyanocobalamin combination treatment and age-related macular degeneration in women: the Women’s Antioxidant and Folic Acid Cardiovascular Study. Arch Intern Med 169, 335-341 (2009).\n25. Gopinath,B. et al. Intake of key micronutrients and food groups in patients with late-stage age-related macular degeneration compared with age-sex-matched controls. Br J Ophthalmol (2016).\n26. Shah,S.U., Pilli,S., Telander,D.G., Morse,L.S. & Park,S.S. Survey of patients with age-related macular degeneration: knowledge and adherence to recommendations. Can J Ophthalmol 48, 204-209 (2013).\n27. Stevens,R., Bartlett,H., Walsh,R. & Cooke,R. Age-related macular degeneration patients’ awareness of nutritional factors. British Journal of Visual Impairment 32, 77-93 (2014).\n28. Downie,L.E. & Keller,P.R. The self-reported clinical practice behaviors of Australian optometrists as related to smoking, diet and nutritional supplementation. PLoS ONE 10, e0124533 (2015).", "label": "No"}
{"text": "For a year in which most excavations were cancelled, it was remarkably fruitful for archaeology in general. Some of that is owing to the continuation of certain excavations such as rescue projects sponsored by the government. In other cases, discoveries made in previous years were only announced in 2020.\nThe following list prioritizes archaeological discoveries closer in time and place to the biblical record. It was prepared from a survey of the year’s roundups, without consulting other lists (see below for links to those).\nIn addition to the top ten, I have included a good number of additional discoveries, primarily as a reminder of just how many interesting finds were made in a year that might otherwise be considered a loss.\n1. Three royal (Proto-Aeolic) capitals were discovered south of ancient Jerusalem, providing beautiful evidence of a building that once served Manasseh or Josiah.\n3. A stone measuring table and several dozen stone weights were discovered in a plaza along the first-century AD street from the Pool of Siloam to the Temple Mount. Archaeologists believe that the area it was found served as the Jerusalem’s central market.\n4. Archaeologists have published a report that they have discovered a “massive Iron II temple complex” at Moza, in use from 900 to 600 BC.\nA seal impression of an official of King Jeroboam II has been discovered. It is a smaller version of the famous seal found at Megiddo in 1904 (and later lost). UPDATE (Aug 2021): This item is actually a common tourist replica.\nDiscoveries by young people:\n- A 9-year-old discovered a First Temple-era gold granule bead during wet sifting of earth from the Temple Mount.\n- A 6-year-old found a unique, 3,500-year-old depiction of a Canaanite prisoner and his victorious warden.\n- A 7th-grader walking near Caesarea after heavy rains discovered a Byzantine inscription.\nSmall finds in Jerusalem:\n- A gem stone featuring a portrait of the god Apollo was discovered in debris sifting of soil coming from an ancient drainage channel in the City of David.\n- A two-shekel weight from the Iron Age was discovered in excavations near the Western Wall.\n- A Persian-period seal and a seal impression were found in Jerusalem.\nMore discoveries in Jerusalem:\n- Archaeologists have found a ritual bath from the first century at the traditional site of the Garden of Gethsemane.\n- Excavations in the old Givati parking lot in the City of David have continued this summer, with archaeologists uncovering a building destroyed by the Babylonians in 586 BC.\nMore discoveries in Israel:\n- An oil lamp workshop from the 4th century AD, first found in the 1930s, has been rediscovered at Beth Shemesh. This is the Late Roman equivalent of finding the LMLK production center.\n- Archaeologists have discovered a fortified building in the Golan Heights that dates roughly to the time of David and may have belonged to the kingdom of Geshur.\n- Excavations at Caesarea Philippi (Banias) revealed the remains of a Byzantine church as well as a 2nd or 3rd century AD altar with a Greek inscription written by a pilgrim to the god Pan.\n- A border stone from the Roman period was discovered in the Golan Heights with a Greek inscription reading, “A border stone between Amatiya [or Amatira] and Kfar Nafah.”\n- Archaeologists have discovered a copper-ore smelting furnace in Beersheba from the Chalcolithic period, making it the oldest known to date.\n- Archaeologists working at Azekah may have found traces of the Assyrian siege ramp used to conquer the city in 701 BC.\n- A Canaanite fortress from the time of the judges was discovered near Kiryat Gat.\n- A team excavating Khirbet a-Ra‘i discovered a rare “smiting god” figurine and a bronze calf figurine from the 12th century BC.\nTop Stories Related to Tourism:\nThe last land mine was removed from the Jordan River baptismal area near Qaser al-Yahud.\nIsrael has announced the creation of seven new nature reserves in the West Bank: Ariel Cave, Wadi Og, Wadi Malha, the Southern Jordan River, Bitronot Creek, Nahal Tirza, and Rotem-Maskiot.\nA new outdoor archaeological exhibit was created in the Jewish Quarter of Jerusalem’s Old City, featuring 180 items previously scattered around the area.\n$40 million will be spent to upgrade the Tower of David Museum, with a plan to double the size of the current museum, including the addition of seven new galleries, a new sunken entrance visitor center outside the Old City walls, and a multi-sensory experience in the Kishle excavations.\nThe Acropolis in Athens is undergoing a number of renovations to improve safety and enhance the experience for visitors.\nNotable Resources of 2020:\nJoel P. Kramer, Where God Came Down: The Archaeological Evidence\nBob Rognlien, Recovering the Way\nAppian Media, “Lessons from the Land: The Gospels,” a 13-part video series aimed at elementary-aged students\nBible Land Passages, “Caesarea by the Sea: Rome’s Capital in Israel,” a 20-minute documentary featuring 3D digital models\nBiblical Israel Ministries and Tours, Biblical Israel by Air, with 69 minutes of drone footage of beautiful sites\nThe Complete ibiblestock Video Library includes more than 4.5 hours of footage.\nThe Photo Companion to the Bible:\nThe Pictorial Library of Bible Lands, volume 20: Western Mediterranean (1,400 photos)\nLosses This Year:\nGordon Govier identified Biblical Archaeology’s Top 10 Discoveries of 2020 in a report for Christianity Today.\nBryan Windle provides his list of the top ten discoveries in 2020.\nLawrence Schiffman wrote about discoveries made in 2020 for Ami Magazine.\nRuth Schuster summarizes the top biblical archaeology stories for Haaretz (premium).\nIsrael365News posts their top 10 archaeological finds in 2020 that are confirmed in the Bible.\nGizmodo has created a slideshow of about a dozen intriguing archaeological discoveries in 2020.\nThe Greek Reporter reviews the top ten most spectacular Greek archaeological discoveries of 2020.\nThe archaeology website Arkeofili suggests the top 10 archaeological finds in Turkey and North Cyprus in 2020.\nGulf News lists 38 archaeological highlights, organized by continent and date announced.\nHeritageDaily identifies the 10 most prominent archaeological discoveries of 2020.\nArchaeology magazine’s top 10 discoveries of the decade includes finds from Greece and Egypt, but nothing from Israel, Jordan, or Turkey.\nYou can revisit the top stories of previous years with these links:", "label": "No"}
{"text": "BELFAIR STATE PARK - Environmental engineer Pat McCullough grinned as a bulldozer chewed away at a boulder-studded dike he can't wait to tear down.\nWhen that 1950s-era dike at Belfair State Park goes down sometime this week, Big Mission Creek will flow back into its natural streambed, 600 feet of Hood Canal shoreline and beach will return to a natural state, and an estuary that was filled in with 20,000 cubic feet of dirt 50 years ago will be reborn.\n\"We expect to quickly see salt marsh, pickleweed and grasses,\" McCullough said. \"The neat thing is that people will get to see and use a restored beach, and it's good for salmon and Hood Canal.\"\nBut McCullough, who oversees the project for the Hood Canal Salmon Enhancement Group, also feels a little guilty.\nThat's because a short distance away is an investment house he owns that is tucked behind a $250,000 concrete bulkhead. McCullough and his business partners are afraid to tear down the bulkhead because they could lose half of the house's valuable waterfront to salt water.\nMcCullough and his partners bought the house in June.\n\"Taking it out is not an option at this point,\" McCullough said. \"We own 750 feet of waterfront there, and 650 feet of it is bulkheaded.\"\nMcCullough's personal dilemma isn't unusual around Puget Sound, where habitat loss from population growth and development has robbed dozens of Puget Sound plants, birds, fish and marine mammals of their homes, their food sources and the water quality they need to survive. For instance:\n• About one-third of Puget Sound's shoreline, or 800 miles, has been barricaded with bulkheads, dredged or filled in for human use, destroying valuable habitat that plants and animals need to survive.\n• Since the 1880s, about 73 percent of Puget Sound's salt marsh habitat has been lost, with the number approaching 100 percent in urban bays.\n• More than 1,000 Puget Sound species are at risk - including 40 species listed on state or federal threatened and endangered species lists - or are candidates for special protection.\nThese are some of the reasons restoring and protecting Puget Sound habitat is a cornerstone of the Puget Sound Partnership's emerging plan to restore Puget Sound health by 2020.\nBulkheads damage beaches and estuaries, which are nurseries for dozens of plants and animals, including struggling salmon runs. Beaches and estuaries are vital links in the complex web of life in Puget Sound.\nBut those same bulkheads keep increasingly valuable real estate intact. \"That's what makes it tougher to do anything about bulkheads in Puget Sound,\" McCullough said. \"People worry about losing their houses, and a lot of homes were built too close to the water.\"\nNevertheless, a wide-ranging coalition of environmental groups, tribes and local, state and federal agencies is poised for a restoration of some of Puget Sound's shorelines and estuaries.\nThe Puget Sound Nearshore Partnership recently awarded $2.5 million to nine restoration projects, including $200,000 for the Belfair State Park work.\nThe partnership has worked on a restoration plan since 2001.\nRestoring Puget Sound's nearshore habitat could eventually become one of the biggest environmental projects in U.S. history.\nThe state Department of Fish and Wildlife and the Army Corps of Engineers co-chair the partnership.\nThe partnership is a year away from releasing a report on how to restore beaches and estuaries, but the actual work is starting right now.\n\"We're spinning out our early knowledge into projects,\" said Curtis Tanner, a U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service biologist and partnership project manager. \"We also will monitor the projects and learn from them.\"\nWhy bulkheads hurt\nAbout 70 percent of Puget Sound's intertidal wetlands - estuaries and marshes - has been lost to fill and dikes, Tanner said.\n\"Thirty to 90 percent of the shoreline is armored, depending on the region,\" Tanner said.\nIn Thurston County, about half of the sandy and gravel beaches are armored with bulkheads, according to a 2005 shoreline assessment by Herrera Environmental Consultants.\nBulkheaded beaches and diked-off estuaries wreak havoc on many key species in the Puget Sound web of life - including herring, salmon, crabs and eelgrass.\nA bulkheaded beach no longer gets silt and sand from the land, so waves and currents erode the beach into a steep, densely packed mass of rocks.\nNo fresh water oozes over the beach during low tides, which means the eggs of sand lance - an important baitfish and food for other fish - dry up and die.\nAs the beach gets steeper and harder, it resembles asphalt. The silty, sandy area just offshore washes away, and eelgrass beds have no place to set roots.\nEelgrass is vital spawning and nursery habitat for salmon, crabs, herring and dozens of other animals.\nTake away the natural beaches, and you break the chain of life in Puget Sound, Tanner said.\n\"In the South Sound area, the marine bluffs feed the beach,\" said Roger Geibelhaus, a Thurston County planner. \"When you block that with a bulkhead, you starve the beach.\"\nGeibelhaus said about 90 percent of the proposed bulkhead permits the county reviews are to replace old bulkheads with new ones. County officials encourage property owners to look at alternatives but don't require them to do so.\n\"We don't encourage people to construct concrete walls,\" he said. \"We're trying to get more woody debris in the tidal area.\"\nEstuaries - the places where rivers and streams empty into Puget Sound - form giant shallow, silty areas where aquatic plants, including eelgrass, grow. Estuaries and marshes are important habitat for young fish, crabs, shellfish and birds.\nThe loss of nearshore habitat - especially estuaries and beaches - interferes with the complex cycle of life in Puget Sound.\nWithout beaches and estuaries, Puget Sound will remain sick and could die, said Tim Smith, Fish and Wildlife's representative on the partnership's council.\nDecades of work ahead\nIt took more than 100 years to armor Puget Sound's shorelines, and it will take decades to bring the beaches, marshes and estuaries back. The project will take decades because there are so many armored beaches - and many people are afraid to tear down their bulkheads and risk their homes to the tide and storms, Tanner said.\nBut in many cases, the bulkhead isn't needed and could be removed without putting property at risk, Tanner said.\n\"How do I, as a biologist, convince a landowner that this is what needs to be done?\" Tanner asked.\n\"We need to be able to use a model and be able to say: 'If you do this, this will happen,' \" Smith said.\nThat's why the nine early projects now under way are so important: They will demonstrate safe ways to restore beaches without wrecking homes, Smith said.\nRestoring the beach, estuary and natural streambeds at Belfair State Park isn't a risk, said Deborah Petersen, state parks environmental planner.\nMore than two years of studies went into the project, Petersen said.\nA concrete tidal swimming area and some play areas will be lost, but the public will gain more than 2,000 feet of natural beach, a restored estuary and boosted salmon runs in Big Mission Creek and Little Mission Creek, Petersen said.\n\"It is a big step to pull armor off the shoreline,\" Petersen said. \"But we are confident that this is right.\"\nMcCullough said Belfair State Park still will have grassy areas, bathrooms, parking lots and pathways.\n\"It will have all-natural beach,\" McCullough said. \"And, as the population of the state increases, access to places like Hood Canal will become more and more valuable.\"\nSouth Sound is home to some of the most significant estuary restoration work in Puget Sound.\nDike removal projects in the Nisqually and Skokomish river deltas should allow 1,100 acres of pasture land and freshwater marsh to revert to tidal-influenced estuaries.\n\"Preventing the Nisqually Delta from becoming Tacoma Tideflats South is one of the greatest successes in the Puget Sound cleanup effort,\" said Nisqually Valley resident Howard Glastetter, referring to derailed plans decades ago to turn the Nisqually Delta into an industrial port.\nHabitat restoration projects on Puget Sound beaches, shorelines and adjoining streams serve more than one purpose, said Betsy Peabody, executive director of the Puget Sound Restoration Fund, a nonprofit group dedicated to restoring the native Olympia oyster.\n\"Habitat restoration - it's all about building a constituency that can save this place,\" Peabody said.\n\"It's exciting, and it's something people can connect to,\" agreed Olympia City Councilman Doug Mah, a member of the Puget Sound Council, which directs the Puget Sound Action Team.\nWhile restoring Puget Sound habitat is critical work, the need to preserve and protect the high-quality habitat that remains is just as important in the face of relentless population growth and development, said Eric Erler, executive director of the Olympia-based Capitol Land Trust.\nThe Puget Sound basin population of 4 million is expected to grow by 1 million in the next 20 years.\nThurston County could be home to nearly 400,000 people by 2025, more than the population of Miami today.\nIn the 2005-07 state budget, $572 million was allotted to protect Puget Sound and help it recover, including $51 million for restoring habitat and $27.3 million for protecting habitat.\n\"We're not going to have these functioning places left in a few short years. They'll either be developed or become too costly to purchase,\" Erler said.\nSince 1989, the Capitol Land Trust has conserved through easements, land donations and voluntary sales 2,400 acres in South Sound, including 6 miles of marine near-shore and nearby upland habitat on lower Eld Inlet, Gull Harbor and Oakland Bay in Mason County.\n\"Puget Sound estuaries are some of the most productive living systems on earth,\" Erler said in explaining why their preservation and recovery is the land trust's top conservation goal.\nEnvironmental laws and land use controls play a role in restoring Puget Sound, too, according to the Puget Sound Environmental Caucus, a coalition of environmental and conservation groups.\nOne of the reasons so many shoreline property owners need bulkheads is that local governments allowed them to build too close to the shoreline and edges of marine bluffs in the first place. The environmental caucus is calling on Puget Sound cities and counties to protect marine shoreline habitat and upland shoreline vegetation through revisions to their critical areas ordinances.\nThe proposed Thurston County critical areas ordinance would feature a typical marine shoreline building setback of 100 feet, compared with the 50 feet on the books since 1990, Thurston County planning manager John Sonnen said.\n\"We're trying to maintain water quality to protect shellfish and other marine life,\" he said of the proposed wider buffers.\nWhen the county rolled out changes in its critical areas ordinance last year, they were met with much resistance from property owners who said the changes restrict what they can do with their land.\nIt's the same sentiment that's behind Initiative 933, the measure on the November ballot that, if approved, would require local governments to pay property owners for lost use of their property from wider buffers, zoning changes and the like, or to waive the environmental rules and zoning that lead to the devalued property.\n\"The initiative would force counties and states to be creative,\" said John Stuhlmiller, assistant director of government relations for the Washington Farm Bureau, a sponsor of the initiative. \"We're saying the greater social good can't be at the expense of individuals.\"\nThose trying to implement Gov. Chris Gregoire's Puget Sound Initiative, which calls for a clean, healthier Puget Sound by 2020, are concerned about the land use patterns Initiative 933 would allow in the Puget Sound basin.\n\"Initiative 933 would trump all the efforts under way to restore and protect Puget Sound,\" said Puget Sound Action Team executive director Brad Ack.\nRestoration projects and cost\nFederal and state agencies, local environmental groups such as the South Sound Salmon Enhancement Group and the Hood Canal Salmon Enhancement Group, local governments and tribes have worked on beach and estuary restoration for years.\nThe Nisqually tribe's restoration of the Nisqually River Delta - in partnership with the Nisqually National Wildlife Refuge and state agencies - started in 1999.\nBut the Puget Sound Nearshore Partnership - a partnership among environmental groups, tribes, local governments and federal and state agencies - recently accelerated habitat restoration with $2.5 million in grants. The grants match other state, local and federal funding for a total value of $20 million of work.\nThe funded grants and projects include:\n$385,140 for restoration of the Qwuloolt Marsh in Snohomish County. The project sponsor is the Tulalip tribes of Washington.\n$241,589 to restore the Wiley Slough in Skagit County. The project sponsor is Skagit River System Cooperative.\n$200,000 to breach a dike and restore natural river and tidal actions to the Snohomish River estuary. The sponsor is the city of Everett Public Works department.\n$96,250 to create an outreach program to highlight the benefits for juvenile salmon of 990 feet of waterfront salmon habitat in Seattle at the Seattle Art Museum's Olympic Sculpture Park. The sponsor is the Seattle Art Museum.\n$200,000 to restore the Belfair State Park estuary, Big and Little Mission creeks and the beach. This project is in Mason County, and the sponsor is Hood Canal Salmon Enhancement Group.\n$66,000 to pay for design work to restore Smuggler's Slough in the Nooksack River estuary near Bellingham. The Lummi Indian Business Council is the project sponsor.\n$76,500 to pay for studies that will lead to the restoration of 115 acres of intertidal wetlands on the Leque Island Wildlife Area, which is at the mouths of the West and South forks of the Stillaguamish River in Snohomish County. Ducks Unlimited is the project sponsor.\n$990,296 to remove 3,650 feet of dike on the west side of Nalley Slough, remove an elevated road network and build an elevated boardwalk on the former Nalley Farm property on the Skokomish Indian Reservation near the mouth of the Skokomish River in Mason County. The Skokomish tribe is the project sponsor.\n$65,000 to buy a conservation easement for 3 acres of forested bluff and 300 feet of natural Puget Sound shoreline near Normandy Park in King County. The Cascade Land Conservancy is the project sponsor.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Risk Reduction Strategies\nAlcohol and Drugs\n- Limit your use of alcohol. Know your limits and stick to them. Alcohol impairs judgment and one’s ability to give consent.\n- Use a \"sober buddy system\"; agree that one person will stay sober and watch out for others.\n- Be aware of \"date rape drugs.\" Do not leave your drink unattended or accept a drink from someone you do not know. Avoid drinking from open containers or punch bowls.\n- Someone who is intoxicated/under the influence of a drug cannot give consent.\n- Understand that alcohol and drug use can impair your ability to keep yourself safe.\n- Be aware of your surroundings. Knowing where you are and who is around may help you find a way to get out of a bad situation.\n- Go out in groups and come home in groups. Do not leave friends behind.\n- Stay in public places; do not wander off with someone you have just met.\n- Trust your instincts. If you feel threatened, intimidated or afraid, get out of the situation if possible and as soon as possible.\n- Make sure your cell phone is charged and with you, and take enough money with you in case you need to take a cab ride home if possible.\n- Walk in well-traveled and well lit pathways and walk with a purpose.\n- Avoid wearing headphones in both ears, as this decreases your awareness of your surroundings.\nRelationships and Communication\n- Communicate clearly; state your sexual desires and limits\n- Listen carefully to what your date/partner is saying. Remember no means no, always.\n- Ask for clarification if you are getting mixed messages. Don’t guess about what your partner may or may not want.\n- Be prepared to clarify any misperceptions based on gestures, postures, tone of voice, or style of dress.\n- Pay attention to criticism, humiliation, loss of temper, threats, and any controlling or possessive behavior (i.e., monitoring you, checking up on you, not wanting you to spend time with family/friends). These characteristics are often associated with interpersonal violence.\n- Do not post too much personal information on social media sites (i.e., class schedule, cell phone number, etc). Make sure your privacy settings are set so your personal information is not being shared with people who you do not know well or trust.\n- If someone tries to force you to do something you do not want to do, actively resist if it is safe and/or you are able to do so – hit, kick, scream, run away if possible.\n- Do not remain silent and look the other way. Become an \"active bystander\"; confront friends who are becoming disrespectful or abusive; intervene if a friend may be in need of help.\n- Speak out. Don’t allow others to make jokes about sexual assault, or derogatory comments which condone violence\n- Support friends, family members and partners who have been assaulted. Listen to them and let them know about available resources. Contact the Campus Confidential Advisor at 217-581-3413.\nWarning Signs of a Potential Perpetrator of Sexual\nViolence May Include\n- Acts too familiar with you\n- Tries to isolate you from friends/group/et..\n- Encourages substance abuse\n- Forceful/aggressive behavior\n- Stalking (in person, phone, social media)\n- Shows other warning signs of a potential abuser (see potential warning signs of a potential interpersonal violence abuser)\nWarning Signs of a Potential Stalker May Include\n- Socially isolated\n- Overly dependent upon only you\n- Acts helpless or initiates your help\n- A history of relationship violence and/or stalking\n- Alcohol and/or drug abuse\n- Often shows up at places you frequently go\n- Cyber Stalking by calling/texting excessively, creeping/posting on social media\n- Actual or threatened suicide attempts", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Preventative and Detective Controls\nYou will recall that internal controls are actions taken to make sure the right things happen and the wrong things don't.\nThere are two types of internal controls\nPreventative controls: Designed to keep errors or irregularities from occurring in the first place. They are built into internal control systems and require a major effort in the initial design and implementation stages. However, preventative controls do not require significant ongoing investments.\nDetective Controls: Designed to detect errors and irregularities that have already occurred and to assure their prompt correction. These controls represent a continuous operating expense and are often costly but necessary. Detective controls supply the means with which to correct data errors, modify controls or recover missing assets.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Students from the wealthiest families in the United States are eight times more likely to earn a bachelor’s degree by age 24 than their counterparts from the lowest earning families.\nThat reality — detailed in a new report released Tuesday by the Pell Institute and Penn GSE’s Alliance for Higher Education and Democracy (PennAHEAD) — is one factor driving growing economic inequality, according to PennAHEAD director Laura Perna\nProfessor Laura Perna teaches in the Higher\nEducation Division at Penn GSE.\nThe struggle for those in low-income families to complete a college education clouds the report’s positive news that today’s students are much more likely to earn a traditional bachelor’s degree than students 40 years ago.\nBut those gains have been significantly concentrated among upper-income families, the report found.\nWhen students from low-income families do enroll in post-secondary education, they are much more likely to attend two-year rather than four-year institutions, and those schools are more likely to be for-profit instead of non-for-profit.\n“Not everyone needs a college degree, of course,” Perna writes in the report, “but far too few people in the United States—and especially far too few people from groups that are historically underrepresented in college—are getting one.”", "label": "No"}
{"text": "A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE STRING QUARTET UP TO BEETHOVEN\nIf we consider the number of instruments that gave the string quartet its name, we might, perhaps, ask ourselves: what might have motivated musicians and composers to select this particular number of instruments for this new addition to the various kinds of chamber music compositions? An interesting radio program on the history of the string quartet that was broadcast in my 'home town' Munich by the Bavarian Radio program Bayern IV, on September 23, 2000, at 3 p.m., the contents of which I became aware of, entertained its listeners with several analogies: the narrator pointed out the symbolic character of the number four in nature, such as in the four elements (air, earth, fire and water), or the four human tempers (of the choleric, melancholic, phlegmatic and sanguine types), to the four directions and many other 'groups of four' in nature, but also to the symbolism of this number in music tradition such as the four human voice ranges of soprano, alto, tenor and bass\nThese interesting introductory radio program remarks provided some food for thought with respect to this basic question. However, anyone who is really interested in the early beginnings and the development of the string quartet will have more questions than this one! I hope that this brief overview will answer some of these and open the door for us to the topic of the creation histories of all of Beethoven's string quartets. .\nLet me openly share with you on how I went about finding those first traces:\nWith respect to this, I had two initial trains of thought: While Haydn is certainly considered the composer who contributed the most to the actual development of the classical string quartet from the middle of the 18th century on, this compositional category could also not have 'fallen from the sky'. How far back in time would I be able to trace its development?\nTherefore, I would be well-advised to armor myself with as much general and Haydn-specific information as possible. I did so by selecting the overview of the string quartet in vol. 18 of Grove's Dictionary of Music in its 1980 edition, but also other general material listed below, and at least two Haydn biographies (also as listed below). While Grove places the early beginnings of the development of the string quartet into the early 18th century, it was in Geiringer's Haydn biography that I found a different presentation. In his biography, Karl Geiringer points out that:\n\"The author has attempted to prove (10) that the origin of the string quartet is to be found in the four-part instrumental compositions by Austrian and German composers of the early seventeenth century, such as works by Peuerl, Posch, Schein, Hausmann, Franck, and Staden\" (Geiringer: 229).\nWhere those German and Austrian composers and musicians of the early 17th century took their inspiration from can not be gleaned from Geiringer's remarks and would require further investigation. I am also not sure what Grove's reasons for not entertaining this possibility are. Grove could have either mentioned and rejected it on the basis of later findings, let it stand as a possibility that would warrant further investigation or confirmed it. While we can not take this possibility as a certainty on the basis of one writer's discussion of it, we can also consider the cultural and economic situation of central Europe during the late 16th and early 17th centuries and find that due to the former lively economic exchange between Italy and Germany in the Middle Ages that was gradually losing its importance just about at that time, the new ideas and concept in music that were mainly developed in Italy found their way across the Alps to provide many a fruitful stimulation to musical life in Southern Germany (see, for example, Orlando di Lasso's work in Munich). Thus it does not seem entirely unlikely that such stimulation might also have led to this early development of the forerunner of the string quartet. As shall be seen shortly, this development found an abrupt halt around 1620. The outbreak of the 30-Year-War might not have been the least reason for this halt.\nGeiringer explains that these compositions had been explicitly written for string instruments, that the thematic material was evenly spread between the four instruments and that it was based on simple thematic material of folk song character. However, around 1620, this new form was changed into a trio sonata due to the degeneration of the tenor voice that had been played by the viola. This trio sonata was then executed by two violins and a figured bass, played by a violoncello and a keyboard instrument that improvised chords to fill the gap between the string instruments and the bass. As Geiringer further points out, this trio sonata could be considered a keyboard instrument quartet.\nThe String Quartet in the First Half of the 18th Century (up to 1740)\nFor nearly a century, this trio sonata has held its position as the main form of chamber music compositions, for which all great masters of the Baroque period such as Corelli, Purcell, Handel and Bach had written works. In the beginning of the 18th century, it was slowly moved into the background due to the development of string quartet-like compositional form in Italy, France and Northern Germany.\nBetween 1715 and 1725, in Italy, Antonio Scarlatti developed his sonate a quattro in which he, according to Grove, achieved a good balance between the four string instruments, and Geiringer describes them as real string quartets in which the keyboard had been replaced by the viola. Galuppi is also reported by Grove as having replaced the Continuo with the violoncello as bass instrument, around 1740.\nIn addition to Antonio Scarlatti, Grove also mentions G.B. Sammartini, Tartini and others as Italian pioneers, namely in connection with the development of string quartet compositions out of the Italian sinfonia and out of the sonata a chiesa. In Samartini's string quartets, so Grove, the first violin was dominant. These quartets were important for the development of the string quartet due to their elegant, almost classical melodic style and should later exert some influence on the young Mozart.\nIn France, string quartet-like compositional forms developed further, as well, namely in the sonates en quator (using 3 violins and a basse continue), but also inairs, opera melodies, ouvertures and in the ouverture reduite en quator, were, however, still closely tied to the previous Baroque style.\nIn North Germany, a similar development took place with the sonate a quattro by Telemann, J. G. Graun und Fasch. However, also these works were still very much tied to the Baroque style.\nThe Transitional Period of 1740 to 1755\nAlthough the development of string quartet-like compositions in France was mainly driven by the contributions of the Italian emigrants Boccherini and Gambini into the direction of the the actual classical string quartet, the classical string quartet received its main developmental impetus in Southern Germany, Austria and Bohemia, with the quartet symphonies of the Mannheim School (with works by J.W.A. Stamitz, F.X. Richter, Holzbauer, Filz, C. Cannabich and Eichner), and with the Divertimenti of mor popular character (through composers such as Asplmayr, Camerloher, Starzer, Gassmann and Franz Joseph Haydn. In his interesting article on Beethoven's Op. 18, Martin Hufner (nmz, 1977, taken from its Internet version) reports that Haydn's works, in contrast to those of Boccherini in France, saw a breakthrough and that not in the least due to the development of the bourgeois music culture in Central Europe, particularly in Vienna.\nThe String Quartet during the 2nd Half of the 18th Century\nAn early example of this newly-developing musical culture in Austro-Hungary might also have been Haydn's stay at Weinzierl at the Danube (not far from Melk) in the years 1755 and 1756, on the invitation of Baron von Fürnberg, thereby having saved him from his drudgery in the service of the singer Porpora. At Weinzierl, the 23-year-old Haydn, whose career was still in its very early stages, found himself in the musical company of Fürnberg's stewart, the village priest and a musician by the name of Albrechtsberger (who, by the Haydn biographer Rosemary Hughes, is considered as possibly having been Beethoven's later teacher Johann Georg Albrechtsberger, and wno, by the authors of the Bayern IV radio program, was described as Anton Albrechtsberger, very likely the brother of Johann Georg Albrechtsberger). In this ad-hoc-string quartet ensemble, the stewart and the village priest played the violins, Haydn the viola and Albrechtsberger the violoncello, and it must have been this ensemble for which Haydn, due to the lack of other available material, wrote his first string quartets Op. 1, nos. 1 - 6.\nin the 1760's\nin his uniform as court musician\nof Prince Esterhazy\nWith respect to the content of these, but also with respect to his further early string quartets of the years up to 1759, namely op. 2, nos. 1 - 6, Hufner mentions that it mainly consisted of playful, entertaining elements. To this, Geiringer notes that the various movements were arranged very symmetrically and that their content was simple and cheerful, with a predilection for motives from Austrian folk songs. The only exception to this, so Geiringer, was the Adagio of op. 2, no. 4, with its intense and passionate character that was reminiscent of the north-German art of C.P.E. Bach (Geiringer: 232-233).\nThis remark would accord some credibility to Haydn's later remark that was mentioned in the Bayern IV radio program of September 23, 2000, namely that he did not really consider himself as the \"father\" of the classical string quartet, but rather that his serious endeavors in this area were based on the influence on him by C.P.E. Bach.\nC.P.E. Bach, middle\nin conversation with the Hamburg\nPastor Christoph Christian Sturm, right\nAlthough 1756 marks the birth of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozarts, we have to defer our possible two-tiered observation of the development of the string quartet by Haydn and Mozart for a little while, yet, since Mozart would only come to know the warm sound of the by him so much-loved \"butter violin\" during the next couple of years in order to, perhaps through its sound but perhaps also due to his father Leopold's great knowledge of this instrument (who also published his \"Violinschule\" during this time), develop his great sensitivity for string instruments.\nLeopold Mozart on the\nTitle Page of his \"Violinschule\"\nLet us therefore return to the composer who refused to be called the \"father of the classical string quartet\", Joseph Haydnehren wir hier daher zum Streichquartettvaterschaftsverweigerer Haydn. At the latest since his marriage to his \"consolation prize\" Anna Maria Keller (her younger sister who he actually loved became a nun) in 1761, the now 28-year-old became acquainted with the serious drudgery of home life, while, contrary to it, his nearly thirty fruitful creative years in the service of Prince Esterhazy provided him with the tranquility he was lacking at home. If we were still in a position to consider the six string quartets that have become known as Haydn's Op. 3 (Hob III, 13 - 18), then we would have to follow the opinion of traditional Haydn research that maintained that they had been written around this time. While these works have been entered by the Haydn pupil Ignaz Pleyel into his edition of Haydn's works in 1802 (here, I ask myself the question as to whether one could earnestly imagine Beethoven in the role of a caretaker of Haydn's works) after Haydn had approved of it, and while they were also entered into the Haydn-Elssler catalogue in 1805, there have always been certain doubts as to their authenticity, mainly due to the fact that there did not exist any early sketches to them and due to the fact that they were only published as late as in 1777 (in Paris). Even Geiringer who did not want to yield to those doubts, yet, refers to an article by L. Sonfai in Haydn Emlekere. Zenetudomanyi Tanul manyok, VIII (Budapest, 1960). As counter-argument he refers to Haydn's approval of these works being added into Pleyel's edition. However, when we, as Beethoven friends, call to our minds two events in the difficult relationship between Haydn and Beethoven, namely the awkward situation in which Beethoven had submitted to Haydn some of his works and which the latter had confidently sent to Bonn only to be advised by the Elector that these works had already been written by Beethoven during his last years in Bonn, we will have to, as generous observers of this course of events, consider that first of all, Beethoven did not provide Haydn with detailed information with respect to them and that Haydn was certainly too busy to enquire further into their precise details, and if we also consider Haydn's less than strict behavior towards Beethoven as his teacher in counterpoint studies, and when we consider Haydn's active creative life at that time we will come to realize that he was simply too busy with his second career as a freelance artist (during the years of 1790 until his illness in 1803,) who had won high acclaim in England during his two journeys there and who did not let this momentum falter in his creating even more important work after that, in order for him to pay attention to things he might have held a marginal interest in such as doubting his memory with respect to his earlier works (as in the case of 'his' Op. 3) or to his well-intentioned, yet also tiring duties as Beethoven's 'strict' teacher and detail-oriented presenter of his pupil's 'latest' works.\nWho, it not Haydn, was the composer of those six string quartets from the second movement of the fifth of which you can here hear the famous Andante Cantabile as midi file? With respect to this, I quote Rosemarie Hughes:\n\"Now it has been convincingly argued that their composer was not Haydn at all but a Benedictine monk from Amorbach in the Odenwald, Father Romanus Hofstetter\" (Hughes: 154).\nEven the Austrian Tourism Web Site (http://austria- tourism.at/personen/haydn/11hay.html, cited on September 24, 2000) reports with respec to this that:\n\"Seine Quartette wurden in Österreich schnell verbreitet, schon wenige Jahre nach ihrer Entstehung kursierten ihre Abschriften in österreichischen Klöstern. So nimmt nicht wunder, daß ein Mönch aus Ambrach namens Roman Hofstetter seine nach Haydn'schem Vorbild komponierten Quartette als dessen \"Opus 3\" veröffentlichen ließ...\" (Mention is made here of the fact that Haydn's quartets became very popular and that copies of them circulated in Austrian abbeys and that it should therefore not be surprising that a monk by the name of Roman Hofstetter from Ambrach composed quartets in Haydn's style and submitted them for publication as Haydn's Opus 3.)\nWith respect to the popularity of Haydn's early string quartets we can read in Hughes that five quartets of his Op. 5, together with a cassation, wer published in Paris as Symphonies ou Quators dialogues, in 1764 and that his six string quartets, Op. 9, were published in 1769.\nWhile, under these circumstances, it is entirely up to you as to whether you consider these above-noted research results more important than the \"Haydenesque\" work by Hofstetter, we still have the choice of enjoying these quartets from the \"galant period\" that have at least been influenced by Haydn.\nThe next series of string quartets that were undoubtedly written by Haydn take us to the end of the 1760's, namely Op. 9, 1 - 6 (Hob III: 19 - 24), which were written from 1769 to 1770 and also published at that time (according to Hughes already in 1769). According to Grove, Haydn later considered these six quartets that now consisted of four movements each as his first real string quartets, with respect to which mention is made of the harmonious texture of all four voices and the now very distinct discourse between theme and motive, which is largely confirmed by Geiringer who points out that the development now played a greater role and that, due to this, the choice of themes was more subtle and open for more development and that more intensity of feeling was expressed. Haydn is also reported as having accorded the violin part more brilliance (Geiringer: 250 - 251). Although, as Grove points out, during this decade, the works of other central European composers, such as those of Richter, Starzer, Holzbauer and F.X. Dusek, showed similar tendencies, they did not reach the range of expression in Haydn's works from 1769/70.\nAs Grove report, during the early 1770's, the further development of the string quartets was dominated by two major trends, namely by the concerto-like elements in the richly ornamented slow movements, and by the inclusion of fugal elements, such as, for example, in Moon's quartets (that had borrowed this development from the polyphonic second movement of the sonata da chiesa), but also in the works of Kraus, Albrechtsberger (with his six quators en fugue), Michael Haydn, Wagenseil and others, such as, for example, Leopold Gassmann's quartetti (the third movement of which showed fugal element). In Haydn's Op. 17 (Hob III: 25 - 30) from 1771, Geiringer sees again a close musical relationship to C.P.E. Bach in his obvious striving to give his quartets more solidity and concentration, and this striving is even stronger in his following quartet, Op. 20, the so-called Sun Quartet of 1772 (Geiringer: 277 - 27), while Grove points out Haydn's apparently very conscious application of the fugue in this work that are described as having helped him in developing those characteristics of the string quartet that would ultimately become the elements that would make up the string quartet as such, namely the freedom of the bass voice with respect to the melodic development and counterpoint, but also the further development of the idea that the string quartet should not yield to the needs of the galant era (of the rococo).\nMozart in Verona, January 1770,\nat the age of 14 years\nOil Painting by Saverio dalla Rosa\nPrecisely at this juncture begins our at least two-tiered observation of the further development of the string quartet up to Beethoven, since the seventeen-year-old Mozart who spent the greater part of the years 1769 to 1773 with his travels to Italy in the company of his father Leopold.. On the last of these journeys, from October 24, 1772 to March 13, 1773, after he had already tried his hand at his three-movement divertimenti K136 - 138 (which, according to Greither, should really only be considered \"string overtures\" in the Italian style), in the winter of 1772 to 1773, he wrote his so-called Milan String Quartets K155-160 as well as K80, which he begun in Bozen but on which he mainly worked in Milan. In these works, as Greither points out, Mozart took an important step in the direction of the actual string quartet, in spite of the still prevalent symphonic and orchestral characteristics, namely through the use of two violins, one viola and one violoncello as opposed to violins, cello and bass and through the loosening up of individual movements (Greither, Mozart: 24, 116), and according to Grove, he was supposed to have been influenced by G.B. Sammartini in his writing of K155-160. The immediately following Viennese Quartets that he wrote during his stay in Vienna from July 14 to September 26, 1773 that, according to Greither, were again \"ein gutes Stck weiterenwickelt\" (Greither: 117, meaning developed further a great deal), were, according to Greither and Grove already written under the influence of Haydn's quartets, Op. 17 and Op. 20, show, however, as Grove points out, also the influence of \"Ordonez and much lesser figures\" (Grove 18: 270).\nListing of K156 in the Köchel Catalogue\nNine years of intensive opera writing in the service of Prince Esterhazy that were also crowned by the visit of a very satisfied Empress Marie Therese of Austria (the way she used to express it was \"Wenn ich eine gute Oper hören will, gehe ich nach Esterhaza\"--\"When I want to hear a good opera, I visit Esterhaza) lie between Hayd'ns writing of the Sun Quartet Op. 20 and his writing of the next set of string quartets from the year 1781 in which Grand Duke Paul of Russia visited Vienna and in which Haydn met Clementi and formed a friendship with him and in which he then wrote his string quartets Op. 33 Hob. II 37-42, which he, in his own words, wrote \"in a new and special way\" (Grove: 278) and which he dedicated to the Grand Duke of Russia. Due to this, they became known as the \"Russian Quartets\". Let us see what Grove has to say to the beginning of the first movement:\n\"The opening of the development section of the first movement of op. 33 no 2 is a model of lucid thinking in four parts of a kind perhaps only to be realized after the fugal experiment of op. 20\" (Grove 18: 279).\nThe beginning of the \"Allegro Moderato\", Op. 33, No. 2\nThe difference between Hofstetter's Haydnesque \"Op. 3\" and this work will also become apparent to us lay listeners. Geiringer points out that, in these works, the thematic development became the main stylistic element and was carried out with consequent logic. Further, the reports that:\n\"The synthesis of the homphonic rococo style with the contrapuntal idiom noticeable in the form of these quartets also may be discerned in their contents. Without avoiding the earlier grace and liveliness, they reveal greater depth of feeling. The last traces of galant superficiality have disappeared, and the music brethes quiet serenity and classical nobility\" (Geiringer: 309).\nWho will be surprised that Mozart who formed a friendship with Haydn in Vienna in 1781, also found himself inspired by these string quartets and, from 1782 to 1785, wrote his first set of string quartets (K387, 421/417b, 428/421b, 458, 464 and 465) that were inspired by his quartets Op. 33, but also a match for them. Rosemarie Hughes' Haydn biography notes for the year 1784, that Haydn and Mozart played chamber music together with Dittersdorf and Wahnal at the residence of Stephen Storace, thus one year before Mozart completed his set of string quartets mentioned above. Wolfgang Hildesheimer has this to say with respect to them in his Mozart biography:\n\"Mozart probably respected no other contemporary and certainly no figure of the past as much as he did Haydn; and it is remarkable that the human relationship, however close it may have been, had its source in artistic admiration. Thus, Mozart made him what was tantamount to an offering of six of his important quartets...\" (Hildesheimer: 296).\nLet us take a look at copies of the original documents of the title page of the first edition of these works and of Mozart's dedication in Italian:\nTitle Page of the String Quartets, published by Artaria in 1785\nand dedicated to Joseph Haydn\nDedication by Mozart to Haydn, in Italian\nThis dedication is quoted here as follows:\n\"To my dear friend Haydn:\nA father, having resolved to send his sons into the great world, finds it advisable to entrust them to the protection and guidance of a highly celebrated man, the more so since this man, by a stroke of luck, is his best friend. - Here, then, celebrated man and my dearest friend, are my six sons. - Truly, they are the fruit of a long and laborious effort, but the hope, strengthened by several of my friends, that this effort would, at least in some small measure, be rewarded, encourages and comforts me that one day, these children may be a source of consolation to me. - You yourself, dearest friend, during your last sojourn in this capital, expressed to me your satisfaction with these works. - This, your approval, encourages me more than anything else, and thus I entrust them to your care, and hope that they are not wholly unworthy of your favour. - Do but receive them kindly, and be their father, guide and friend! From this moment I cede to you all my rights over them: I pray you to be indulgent to their mistakes, which a father's partial eye may have overlooked, and despite this, to cloak them in the mantle of your generosity which they value so highly. From the bottom of my heart I am, dearest friend,\nyour most sincere friend,\nVienna, 1ast September, 1785\" (Anderson: 891 - 892)\nIn his dedication, Mozart mentions Haydn's last visit to Vienna. It took place in winter, 1785, when Leopold Mozart visited his son Wolfgang. His first letter to his daughter Maria Anna (\"Nannerl\") of February 16 has the following to report:\n\"We arrived at the Schulerstrasse No. 846, first floor, at one o'clock on Friday. That your brother has very fine quarters with all the necessary furniture you may gather from the fact that his rent is 460 gulden. On the same evening we drove to his first subscription concert, at which a great many members of the aristocracy were present. Each person pays a souverain d'or or three ducates for these Lenten concerts. Your brother is giving them at the Mehlgrube and only pays half a souverain d'or each time for the hall. The concert was magnificent and the orchestra played spendidly. In addition to the symphonies a female singer of the Italian theatre sang two arias. Then we had a new and very fine concerto by Wolfgang, which the copyist was still copying when we arrived, and the rondo of which your brother did not even have time to play through, as he had to supervise the copying. You can well imagine that I met many acquaintances there who all came up to speak to me. I was also introduced to several other people.\nOn Saturday evening Herr Joseph Haydn and the two Barons Tinti came to see us and the new quartets were performed, or rather, the three new ones which Wolfgang has added to the other three which we have already. The new ones are somewhat easier, but at the same time excellent compositions. Haydn said to me: 'Before God and as an honest man I tell you that your son is the greatest composer known to me either in person or by name. He has taste and, what is more, the most profound knowledge of composition'.. . .\nYour brother, your sister-in-law, Marchand and I kiss you millions of times and I am your faithful father\nMozart\" (Anderson: 885 - 887).\nStill in the same year, as Hughes reports, Haydn wrote a further string quartet, Op. 42 (Hughes: 222). With respect to it, Geiringer comments as follows:\n\"The next quartet, Op. 42 (Hob III:43) is a sort of foreign body within the whole set of string quartets. The very terse construction of its four movements induced Pohl and Sandberger to classify this composition as one of Haydn's earlier works. Some details, however, such as the dramatic development of the first and last movements, and the use of contrapuntal devices in the finale prove Op. 42 to be the product of a later period. Additional evidence is provided by the autograph in the West-German Library, Marburg, which bears the date 1785. The work must certainly be considered a composition of Haydn's maturity which--for unknown reasons--was conceived in a particularly unassuming manner\" (Geiringer:310).\nHere, it is perhaps helpful to take a look at the further development of the string quartet in France during the second half of the 18th century. Two trends emerged there, namely on the one hand, the development of the quator brillant, in which the first violin almost appeared as a solo instrument that was accompanied by the second violin, the viola and the violoncello. Cambini, Dalayrac, Davaux, Fodor, Gossec and Viotti wrote works in this style. On the other hand, in the Paris of the 1770's, the quator concertant emerged and was supplied with many compositions by Cambini and Boccherini. According to Grove, Boccherini completely disregarded the further development of the string quartet by Haydn in this, while Haydn's quartets that were published in Paris during this time were also presented as quator concertant.\nWith respect to Mozart's further string quartets, Greither reports that he wrote four more of them after the set that was completed in 1785, namely K499 as a single work in August, 1786, and the three string quartets dedicated to King Frederick William II. of Prussia, namely K575 in D in 1785, and K589 and 590 in 1790.\nWith respect to K499, Hans Renner notes in Reclams Kammermusikführer:\n\"Die Nähe des \"Figaro\" ist zu spüren in der federnden Eleganz dieser phantasievollen Spielmsuik. Mozart gelang hier so etwas wie ein Divertimento im Quartettstil\" (Renner: 268; Renner expresses here that one can feel the connection of this work with \"Figaro\" in its playful elegance.and that Mozart was able to produce a divertimento in quartet style with it).\nMozart's journey to Berlin in the year 1789 might have been the outer occasion of the the dedication of his last three string quartets to the cello-loving and playing King Frederick William II. of Prussia and they might also have provided him with an opportunity to feature the cello as solo instrument here and there. Greither notes with respect to them that they \"die bei den Haydn gewidmeten Quartetten stark verwendete thematische Arbeit\" (meaning that the intensive thematic work prevalent in his quartets dedicated to Haydn) was not as apparent in thse quartets and that \"alles fließt freier, improvisierter (oder man merkt ihm die Arbeit weniger an\" (meaning that everything flowed more freely and appeared more improvised, or that one did not notice any effort in them, anymore) (Greither: 118 - 119), while Grove notes with respect to them that Mozart was also able to combine elements of the quator brillant and of the quator concertant (Grove: 280).\nThese last string quartets of Mozart that were dedicated to the cello friend, King Frederick William II. of Prussia, offer an excellent point of departure to our discussion of Haydn's string quartets, Op. 50 that were dedicated to the same monarch, in 1787 and that were published by Artaria in Vienna. However, these works were already written during the period of 1784 to 1787. As Renner points out, these are formally not very different from Haydn's \"Russian\" quartets Op. 33, that they, however, were using a smoother musical language (Renner: 206). Geiringer points out with respect to them that \"the thematic elaboration employed in Op. 33 is continued\" (Geiringer: 310;) Geiringer further points out that:\n\"He was eager to concentrate his compositions not only by using thematic elaboration, but also by letting a whole movement unfold from a single germ\" (Geiringer: 311)\nAlaso the string quartets Op. 54 and 55 that were published in 1789 show, according to Geiringer, the same tendency (Geiringer: 312). Geiringer assumes that these and the following six string quartets, Op. 64, from 1790 were dedicated to Johann Tost gewidmet and points out that the boldness and variety expressed in them showed Haydn at the very peak of his creativity in this compositional genre.\nAfter his arrival in Vienna in November 1791, Beethoven might also have had an opportunity to observe Haydn's work on his next quartet series, Op. 71 and 74 which Haydn dedicated to Count Appnyi. With respect to these, Renner notes:\n\"Die je drei Quartette der Werkgruppen 71 und 74 sind dem ungarischen Grafen Apponyi gewidmet. Sie entstanden bis 1793, also zur Zeit von Haydns Londoner Reisen. Die meisen Londoner Sinfonien lagen damals bereits vor. Sie hatten Haydn Triumphe ohnegleichen eingebracht. Das steigerte sein Selbstbewußtsein. Man spürt es an diesen Quartetten. Ein Zug ins Grandseigneurhafte ist ihnen zu eigen. Die Themen haben bisweilen sinfonischen Zuschnitt, das Satzbild wirkt zumeist einfach. Al-fresco-Wirkungen ergeben sich\" (Renner: 221; Renner expresses here that these quartets were dedicated to Count Apponyi and that they were completed by 1793, thus at the time of Haydn's travels to England, that most of his London Symphonies had already been written by that time and brought him great success and that this might have increased his self-confidence. This, so Renner, can be heard in these quartets that have somewhat of an air of the 'grandseigneur' style, that some of the themes have symphonic character and that the overall impression is mostly simple, creating al-fresco-effects).\nWhether these quartets were written in 1793 or, as Renner points out, completed by 1793, Geiringer notes with respect to them that Haydn wrote them at a time in which he was very interested in orchestral composition and that \"they accordingly display a certain symphonic character\" (Geiringer: 345). Particularly noteworthy in these works are, as Geiringer points out, the introductions to each first movement, a habit that Haydn also displayed in the writing of his symphonies.\nWhat might be of interest to us here is that these works were completed during Beethoven's first year in Vienna, in which his teacher Haydn found himself in the period between his first and second journey to England, must have been very busy with his preparations for his second journey and, due to this, might not have been an as attentive and an as strict teacher of counterpoint as Beethoven might have hoped for, a fact that we, with all its accompanying details such as Beethoven's secret help from Schenk, are already familiar with from our Biographical Pages. In conclusion, it can also be noted here that, with the beginning of Haydn's 1794 journey to England, his role as Beethoven's teacher ended and that he was, for a stretch of time, also away from Vienna and did not exert a direct influence on Beethoven.\nThis juncture provides us with an appropriate opportunity to conclude this little pre-history of the development of the string quartet up to Beethoven, so that we can then focus our attention on the history of the creation of Beethoven's first set of own string quartets, Op. 18, 1 - 6.\nChronologisch-thematisches Verzeichnis sämtlicher Tonwerke Wolfgang Amade Mozarts.\nVon Dr. Ludwig Ritter von Köchel. Dritte Auflage bearbeitet von Alfred Einstein.\nAnn Arbor, Michigan, 1947: Verlag von J.W. Edwards.\nGeiringer, Karl, Haydn. A Creative Life in Music. 2nd Ed. London, 1964: George Allen & Unwin Ltd.\nGreither, Aloys, Mozart (Ro-Ro-Ro Monographien). Reinbek bei Hamburg, 1952: Rowohlt Taschenbuch Verlag GmbH.\nHildesheimer, Wolfgang, Mozart. Translated from the German by Marion Faber. New York, 1991: The Noonday Press.\nHughes, Rosemary. Haydn. The Master Musicians Series. London, 1974: J.M. Dent & Sons Ltd.\nReclams Kammermusikführer von Hans Renner. Vierte Auflage. Stuttgart, 1959 und 1962: Philipp Reclam Jun.\nThe Letters of Mozart and His Family. Chronologically arranged, translated and edited with an Introduction, Notes and Indexes by Emily Anderson. Volume II. New York, 1966: St. Martin's Press.\nThe New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians. Edited by Stanley Sadie. Vol. 18. London, 1980: Macmillan Publishers.\n\"Zur Geschichte des Streichquartetts\". Radio Show of the Bayerische Rundfunk of September 23, September 2000, at 15:00 hours.. (Content provided by Helmut Walther, Nürnberg).", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The College Of Iowa\nHegel believed that civil society and the state were polar opposites, inside the scheme of his dialectic theory of history. The fashionable dipole state–civil society was reproduced within the theories of Alexis de Tocqueville and Karl Marx. In post-modern theory, civil society is essentially a supply of law, by being the basis from which people kind opinions and foyer for what they believe law ought to be.\n- Whether you’re looking to undertake a three-week program, a short semester exchange, or acquire an additional degree from an abroad college, there are a number of opportunities to fit your study goals.\n- Our world-class researchers inspire just and revolutionary approaches to world challenges of the twenty first century.\n- Learn about our interdisciplinary curriculum, experiential learning alternatives and specialised areas.\n- As a authorized system, Roman law has affected the development of law worldwide.\n- Thurman Arnold said that it is apparent that it’s inconceivable to outline the word “law” and that it’s also equally obvious that the wrestle to define that word shouldn’t ever be abandoned.\nColour-coded map of the legal methods around the world, showing civil, common law, religious, customary and blended legal techniques. Common law techniques are shaded pink, and civil law techniques are shaded blue/turquoise. Legal methods vary between nations, with their variations analysed in comparative law. In civil law jurisdictions, a legislature or different central physique codifies and consolidates the law. In widespread law systems, judges make binding case law by way of precedent, though once in a while this can be overturned by the next court docket or the legislature. Historically, spiritual law influenced secular matters, and continues to be utilized in some religious communities.\nMax Weber in 1917, Weber began his profession as a lawyer, and is considered one of the founders of sociology and sociology of law. Environmental law is more and more necessary, particularly in gentle of the Kyoto Protocol and the potential hazard of local weather change. Environmental protection additionally serves to penalise polluters inside domestic authorized systems. Family law covers marriage and divorce proceedings, the rights of children and rights to property and cash within the occasion of separation. Immigration law and nationality law concern the rights of foreigners to live and work in a nation-state that is not their very own and to amass or lose citizenship.\nMatters of prideIn the many years since Stonewall, NYU Law students, faculty, and alumni have helped lead the motion for LGBTQ rights. Our juris physician program offers a stable basis in authorized schooling Law and a mess of specializations utilized to modern points. Vanderbilt University is dedicated to principles of equal opportunity and affirmative action.\nBegin Your Journey To A Seattle U Law Diploma\nWashULaw provides an outstanding authorized training and a complete, collegial, and collaborative law faculty expertise both in the classroom and beyond. Cardozo Law’s Field Clinics and Externship opportunities present a real-world edge in a competitive authorized landscape. You will experience the adrenaline of working within the authorized area as you sharpen your abilities and be taught from practitioners in high nonprofit, authorities, and private-sector places of work. You will gain data and insight that may provide you with a decisive advantage toward your future success as a lawyer. Northwestern Pritzker Law students benefit from shut collaboration with school, their classmates, and authorized practitioners. Our college students graduate with the skills and confidence to be successful within the ever-changing authorized career.\nOur groundbreaking Law Success Program provides customized testing, help and counseling to enhance our students’ take a look at results, hone expertise to boost their careers and achieve tutorial excellence. From an ABA-accredited law school can specialize in a particular space of the law by way of the LL.M. As a credential that will permit them to apply law in the United States. Chicago-Kent Up Close Get a close-up look at Chicago-Kent College of Law with two J.D. Students who will take you on a quick tour highlighting a number of the options of our law school building. Student demand for Chicago-Kent’s immigration law program has led to opportunities like the renewal of our Immigration Law Clinic and pro bono trips to the Texas border.\nYou can now research your SQE with the University of Law at Newcastle University. The year overseas permits you to discover European or International Legal Studies programmes and can prolong the duration of your diploma by a 12 months. You’ll even have the chance to use to spend a yr on a piece placement or learning overseas. This will allow you to acquire the type of real-world expertise that is valued by employers. You’ll put them to the check in prestigious inside and external competitions. You will also visit the Newcastle Combined Court Centre to see the workings of the felony and civil justice systems at first hand.\nThe Jd Diploma\nSouth Texas College of Law Houston is dedicated to serving to our college students maximize their potential for a profitable, rewarding profession. Our scholars are engaged in global conversations, and publish around the globe in all areas of legal analysis. Our JD program was the first in Canada to include obligatory international law studies, our graduate program attracts prime students from around the globe, and all college students have alternatives for international exchange and studying.\nToday, countries which have civil law systems range from Russia and Turkey to most of Central and Latin America. Ancient India and China symbolize distinct traditions of law, and have historically had impartial faculties of legal concept and practice. The Arthashastra, in all probability compiled around one hundred AD , and the Manusmriti (c. 100–300 AD) have been foundational treatises in India, and comprise texts considered authoritative authorized steerage. Manu’s central philosophy was tolerance and pluralism, and was cited throughout Southeast Asia. During the Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent, sharia was established by the Muslim sultanates and empires, most notably Mughal Empire’s Fatawa-e-Alamgiri, compiled by emperor Aurangzeb and varied students of Islam.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Many children have difficulty spelling. But did you know that this spelling weakness can affect both the writers they are today as well as the writers they will eventually become?\nWhile spelling correctly is important, it can also be the source of disorganized and poor writing skills: especially in young children.\nSo what can you do?\nTeach your child not to get hung up on spelling. This sounds like counter intuitive advice, right?\nBut it makes sense: you want your child to have a robust vocabulary and not shy away from using a great word simply because they cannot spell it.\nInstead, teach your child to write freely and circle the words she doesn’t know how to spell.\nThen, as part of her proofreading, encourage her to look up the circled words and correct them. With this technique, you teach her not only to write freely and uninhibited, but also how to be accountable for finding and making her own corrections.\nThis technique fosters better writing and doesn’t distract from her train of thought during the first draft. In time, you will have a writer who uses both a vast lexicon of words and has the tools to edit properly.\nAnd you just might be surprised to see your child’s spelling skills improve along the way!", "label": "No"}
{"text": "On the western coast of America, a combination of cool fog and salty sea spray keeps the soil moist all year round. In these wet conditions, you’ll find an unassuming plant called the yellow monkeyflower. Drive further inland, and the climate changes considerably. It’s hotter and drier, and every summer brings a harsh drought. But here too, the yellow monkeyflower blooms but its lifespan is shorter and its leaves are less luscious. Despite their different habitats and lifestyles, both groups of monkeyflowers are members of the same species. But that might eventually change.\nDavid Lowry from Duke University discovered the secret of the monkeyflower’s dual identities lies in a flipped chunk of DNA. A large chunk of the plant’s genome, containing around 360 genes, has been flipped upside-down, effectively giving it two genomes for the price of one.\nSince their discovery in 1921, scientists have found examples of these genetic inversions all over the place. For example, around 1,500 of them separate the chimp genome from our own. These inversions are created when a part of the genome breaks in two places and the floating chunk is welded back into place in the wrong orientation. The effect is like cutting out the middle of a recipe book and gluing it back upside down – all the same information is there, but some of it is in the wrong order.\nLowry found that one version is found in the inland plant, which is threatened by a yearly drought. With its life in peril every summer, this plant is an annual; it flowers as quickly as possible, produces seeds, and then dies as soon as the drought sets in. The other flipped version is found in the coastal perennial variety, which is never threatened by drought. Taking advantage of the year-round moisture, it can afford to give equal priority to growth and reproduction. It produces luscious leaves, flowers later, and lives for many years.\nIt seemed like the inversion was acting as a supergene, which allows the plant to survive in two very different habitats. But such claims have been made before and Lowry has provided more evidence for this than ever before. He has actually managed to swap the two versions of the supergene, putting the annual version into a perennial plant and the inverted perennial version into an annual plant, before testing the effects in the field.\nLowry was inspired by another monkeyflower experiment, which converted a hummingbird-pollinated plant into a bee-pollinated one through careful breeding. He wanted to see if he could do the same, transforming a late-flowering perennial into an early-flowering annual. That was not easy. Without any idea about which genes are involved, the only option is to carefully cross-breef plants from the two populations.\n“I started breeding soon after I started grad school in 2005, and after ten generations of breeding and countless hours in the lab I finally had the plants I needed in 2009,” he says. “It was not until 2007 that I realized I was actually dealing with a chromosomal inversion. That’s when things got interesting.”\nEventually, it became clear that the inversion plays a large role in the monkeyflower’s double life. Annual plants with the perennial inversion flowered later than they normally would, while perennial plants with the annual genes flowered much earlier.\nTo see how these changes affected the plants in the wild, Lowry planted his edited individuals, together with their normal parents, in both coastal and inland sites. A year later, it was clear that in both locations, the native parent plants did far better than their cross-bred edited offspring. They were more likely to survive long enough to produce flowers, and they produced more of them.\nBut it was also clear that the inversions were also adapted to the different habitats. Lowry says, “The inland annual orientation of the inversion outperforms the coastal perennial orientation in inland habitat. The opposite pattern occurs at the coast.” Lowry also found that some inland plants carry the inversion that’s usually found in their coastal kin, but only if they grow in areas with lots of moisture, like riverbanks or high mountains. It’s yet more confirmation that the inverted genes have adapted to different local conditions.\nBut the inversion does more than that – it also prevents the two types of monkeyflower from mating with one another. For a start, the coastal plants flower much later than their inland cousins, so there are few occasions where pollen from one group can reach the blossoms of the other.\nMore importantly, as Lowry showed, immigrants from one habitat do very badly in the other. Annual plants do poorly in the coast where their flower-early-die-young lifestyle can’t beat perennial plants that take their time to grow and exploit the plentiful moisture. Meanwhile, the perennial plants are ill-suited to an inland life because their relaxed flowering schedule sees them succumbing to the summer drought before they seed the next generation.\nThis means that even though both types of yellow monkeyflower are found along the same stretch of the American coast, they are effectively isolated from one another. Neither type does well in the conditions that the other thrives in and, as a result, their genes don’t have a chance to mingle. In time, the two varieties could split into separate species.\nThis is one of the clearest examples yet that genetic inversions can contribute to the origin of species. Without the inversion, it’s possible that the monkeyflower would eventually have adapted to the two different habitats and split into different species (and indeed, other genetic differences separate the annual and perennial varieties). But inversions can greatly accelerate that process.\nDuring sex, chromosomes from both parents are united in an embryo and shuffled together, in a process called recombination. But to do this, they first need to align with one another and they can’t do that if one of them has a massive flipped segment. That’s exactly what Lowry found in the monkeyflower. When he cross-bred the inland and coastal plants, he found that one specific part of their genome refused to recombine, even though it had no problem doing so when plants from the same area were crossed.\nWithout the ability to recombine, the inverted genes are free to evolve on their own terms. If these genes allow species to adapt to their local environment, then individuals that carry the inversion will start to dominate a specific habitat, becoming separated from their cousins with the normal version.\nReference: PLoS Biology http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1000500\nPS: David Lowry is married to Sheril Kirshenbaum, one of my excellent fellow Discover bloggers. You can read her writing at The Intersection if you don’t already.\nMore on the origin of species:\n- Spots plus spots equals maze: how animals create living patterns\n- Holy hybrids Batman! Caribbean fruit bat is a mash-up of three species\n- British birdfeeders split blackcaps into two genetically distinct groups\n- Discriminating butterflies show how one species could split into two\n- Giant insect splits cavefish into distinct populations\n- How diversity creates itself – cascades of new species among flies and parasitic wasps", "label": "No"}
{"text": "By Barbara Jungwirth\nAll three books are part of the “New Perspectives on Language and Education” series by Multilingual Matters and address teaching language to multilingual students at the university level (Table 1). Only Crossing Borders, Writing Texts, Being Evaluated: Cultural and Disciplinary Norms in Academic Writing considers languages other than English as foreign languages. It is a collection of studies, as is Linguistic Justice on Campus: Pedagogy and Advocacy for Multilingual Students, while Creating Digital Literacy Spaces for Multilingual Writers is authored by one person. All three books acknowledge inequities, but only the two collections note the power asymmetries inherent in academia in the Global North. Crossing Borders, Writing Texts, Being Evaluated seems most useful to researchers, especially those in linguistics. Linguistic Justice calls for validating students’ multilingual voices and provides recommendations for writing centers on how to do so but does not sufficiently address the competing student goal of passing courses with professors who may be focused on standard academic English. Creating Digital Literacy Spaces for Multilingual Writers discusses incorporating common digital platforms into teaching writing to multilingual students, but frequently repeats the same points. Read Linguistic Justice on Campus if you are looking for practical advice. Otherwise, read Crossing Borders, Writing Texts, Being Evaluated if you are interested in linguistic research.\nCROSSING BORDERS, WRITING TEXTS, BEING EVALUATED: CULTURAL AND DISCIPLINARY NORMS IN ACADEMIC WRITING\nCrossing Borders is a collection of studies focused on the cultural rather than linguistic issues encountered by people who study at the university level in the Global West. The book idea originated in symposia in New Zealand and the US. Three of its authors teach Norwegian and Finnish, respectively, as foreign languages, one teaches English in China, while the remainder work at institutions in English-speaking countries, such as New Zealand. Authors note that every academic discipline has its own vocabulary and conventions, which even native speakers of the dominant language—e.g., English—must learn. At the university level, pre-enrollment language tests act as gatekeepers for international students, even though test questions may have little relevance to the overt and covert conventions in a given field of study.\nDespite blind evaluation of tests, raters’ biases may creep in since a student’s first language can often be guessed based on specific non-standard phrases or grammatical features used. Even when such linguistic “deficiencies” were corrected, essays written in Norwegian by native Vietnamese speakers were rated differently from those written by native Spanish speakers, one study reported. This may be due to the rhetorical conventions common in the immigrants’ home countries compared to the rhetoric expected by the Norwegian raters.\nIn English-language universities, a specific variety of standard English may be expected. Students from India or Singapore who grew up speaking English have been told that their English is inadequate for studying at a New Zealand university. Such experiences may affect students’ belief in their ability to get a degree in their chosen field. Universities are also power hierarchies that students—native and immigrant alike—need to learn to navigate. However, differing concepts of authorship and textual appropriation, as well as approaches to hierarchies in general, may make such navigation more difficult for some international students.\nLINGUISTIC JUSTICE ON CAMPUS: PEDAGOGY AND ADVOCACY FOR MULTILINGUAL STUDENTS\nThe collection of articles in Linguistic Justice on Campus focuses on English as a Second Language at North American universities. Articles include recommendations for changing academic writing centers’ approaches to supporting students unfamiliar with English for academic purposes. They also note that writing center volunteers may be monolingual English speakers who need training in validating non-standard expressions.\nDifferent types of knowledge—including those of indigenous communities—and their inclusion at Western-style universities are also addressed. Teachers should survey their students’ language use, including switching between languages and registers depending on audience and situation, and combining features from two or more languages to articulate their thoughts in their own voices. Students’ diverse backgrounds can enrich class discussions and provide hitherto unconsidered approaches to assigned materials.\nWhile writing in their own voice may be an important goal, students are also worried about how their professors might evaluate the texts they write. Ideally, speaking multiple languages or bringing a non-mainstream cultural background to class would be considered an asset. Unfortunately, that is not always the case. The book considers this tension between what should be and what is. However, it does not adequately address how to help students whose teachers do not value diversity in practice.\nBeyond individual professors, not all institutions are likely to be receptive to implementing the suggestions for changes to writing center practices in some of the articles. However, it never hurts to try and even incremental changes may help multilingual students now and in the future.\nCREATING DIGITAL LITERACY SPACES FOR MULTILINGUAL WRITERS\nUnlike the other two books, Creating Digital Literacy Spaces for Multilingual Writers is written by a single author. It discusses the incorporation of several digital platforms and tools, such as blogging or massive online open courses (MOOCs), into teaching multilingual writers at the university level. Multimodality—the inclusion of images and sound—as well as “flipped learning” (p. 140), which provides more individualized experiences, are also covered as different forms of literacy. Bloch discusses helping students who may not be fluent in Standard English for Research Purposes to handle writing assignments in an academic environment. He also discusses how to prepare such students for publishing their research. Two of the eight chapters are devoted to publishing, including one on deciding where to submit research and on identifying predatory journals.\nAnother issue discussed at various points in the book is “textual borrowing” (p. 12). The extent to which text from other sources can be incorporated in a student’s own writing, as well as copyright laws, differ across the world. Similarly, expectations for critical assessment of material from published authors may not be clear to students from countries where such critique would not be welcome. Online sites that detect plagiarism may be helpful in teaching these distinctions. However, as with other digital tools, privacy concerns arise. Furthermore, digital spaces may not always be accessible or affordable, especially for students from the Global South.\nPerhaps inevitable given how long the print publishing process takes, the author does not discuss newer digital platforms, such as Instagram. Also, the URLs and tools cited may be outdated long before a new edition of the book is printed. Creating Digital Literacy Spaces for Multilingual Writers raises several interesting issues. However, it would benefit from an editing pass to eliminate—sometimes verbatim—repetitions. Copyediting for standard English grammar and usage would also be helpful.\nABOUT THE AUTHOR\nBarbara Jungwirth writes about medical topics (www.bjungwirth.com) and translates medical and technical documents from German into English (www.reliable-translations.com). She has written for print and online media since her high school days and majored in media studies. You can find her on Twitter at @bjungwirthNY.\nBloch, Joel. (2021). Creating Digital Literacy Spaces for Multilingual Writers. Multilingual Matters. [ISBN 978-1-180041-078-7. 296 pages, including index. US$49.95 (softcover).]\nGolden, Anne, Lars Anders Kulbrandstad, and Lawrence Jun Zhang, eds. (2021). Crossing Borders, Writing Texts, Being Evaluated. Multilingual Matters. [ISBN 978-1-78892-8557. 184 pages. US$39.95 (softcover).]\nSchreiber, Brooke R., et al., eds. (2021). Linguistic Justice on Campus: Pedagogy and Advocacy for Multilingual Students. Multilingual Matters. [ISBN 978-1-78892-948-6. 248 pages, including index. US$49.95 (softcover).]", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Why use 20 mg Otoflour tablets (sodium fluoride)?\n- Fluoride is used as a dietary supplement to prevent tooth decay in children where fluoride levels in drinking water are insufficient.\n- Fluoride ion stabilizes bone and tooth apatite crystals. Fluoride may inhibit the growth of plaque-causing bacteria. Fluoride deposition on the surface of tooth enamel increases its resistance to acid and spreads tooth decay.\n- Fluorides are easily and almost completely absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. This ion is stored in the bones. This drug is excreted by the kidneys.\nFeatures of Otoflour 20 mg tablets\n- Otoflour oral tablets\n- Prevention of pediatric tooth decay\n- Enamel protection for children\n- Helps stabilize bone and tooth apatite crystals\n- Inhibiting the growth and development of plaque-causing bacteria\nHow to take the pill Otoflour\nAccording to the doctor’s prescription\nTablet use warnings Otoflour\n- This medicine should not be used in areas where drinking water is high in fluoride.\n- Tell your doctor or pharmacist if you are pregnant, breast-feeding, diabetic, have kidney or liver problems.\n- Tell your doctor or pharmacist if you are taking other medicines at the same time to prevent possible interactions.\n- Your doctor is aware of the possible side effects of your medication, so complete the course of medication as prescribed by your doctor and avoid stopping the medication arbitrarily.\n- This drug should not be used in patients with joint pain and gastrointestinal ulcers and severe renal insufficiency.\n- Side effects of teeth whitening and rarely yellowish brown color on the teeth have been reported.\n- Excessive consumption of fluoride ions during the period of tooth development in children may cause dental fluorosis.\n- In case of stained teeth, it is necessary to see a doctor or dentist.\nWas this helpful?\n0 / 0", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The problem was originally posed in a letter by Steve Selvin to the American Statistician in 1975. A well-known statement of the problem was published in Marilyn vos Savant's \"Ask Marilyn\" column in Parade magazine in 1990:\n- Suppose you're on a game show, and you're given the choice of three doors: Behind one door is a car; behind the others, goats. You pick a door, say No. 1, and the host, who knows what's behind the doors, opens another door, say No. 3, which has a goat. He then says to you, \"Do you want to pick door No. 2?\" Is it to your advantage to switch your choice?\nVos Savant's response was that the contestant should always switch to the other door. If the car is initially equally likely to be behind each door, a player who picks Door 1 and doesn't switch has a 1 in 3 chance of winning the car while a player who picks Door 1 and does switch has a 2 in 3 chance. Consequently, contestants who switch double their chances of winning the car.\nThe Monty Hall problem has attracted academic interest because the result is surprising and the problem is interesting to formulate. Furthermore, variations of the Monty Hall problem are made by changing the implied assumptions, and the variations can have drastically different consequences. For example, if Monty only offered the contestant a chance to switch when the contestant had initially chosen the car, then the contestant should never switch. Variations of the Monty Hall problem are given below.\nExtended problem description\nCertain aspects of the host's behavior are not specified in Marilyn vos Savant's wording of the problem. For example, it is not clear if the host considers the position of the prize in deciding whether to open a particular door or is required to open a door under all circumstances (Mueser and Granberg 1999). Almost all sources make the additional assumptions that the car is initially equally likely to be behind each door, that the host must open a door showing a goat, and that he must make the offer to switch. Many sources add to this the assumption that the host chooses at random which door to open if both hide goats, often but not always meaning by that, at random with equal probabilities. The resulting set of assumptions gives what is called \"the standard problem\" by many sources (Barbeau 2000:87). According to Krauss and Wang (2003:10), even if these assumptions are not explicitly stated, people generally assume them to be the case. A fully unambiguous, mathematically explicit version of the standard problem is:\n- Suppose you're on a game show and you're given the choice of three doors [and will win what is behind the chosen door]. Behind one door is a car; behind the others, goats [unwanted booby prizes]. The car and the goats were placed randomly behind the doors before the show. The rules of the game show are as follows: After you have chosen a door, the door remains closed for the time being. The game show host, Monty Hall, who knows what is behind the doors, now has to open one of the two remaining doors, and the door he opens must have a goat behind it. If both remaining doors have goats behind them, he chooses one [uniformly] at random. After Monty Hall opens a door with a goat, he will ask you to decide whether you want to stay with your first choice or to switch to the last remaining door. Imagine that you chose Door 1 and the host opens Door 3, which has a goat. He then asks you \"Do you want to switch to Door Number 2?\" Is it to your advantage to change your choice?\n- —Krauss and Wang 2003:10\nA simple way to demonstrate that a switching strategy really does win two out of three times on the average is to simulate the game with playing cards (Gardner 1959b; vos Savant 1996:8). Three cards from an ordinary deck are used to represent the three doors; one 'special' card such as the Ace of Spades should represent the door with the car, and ordinary cards, such as the two red twos, represent the goat doors.\nBy the law of large numbers, this experiment is likely to approximate the probability of winning, and running the experiment over enough rounds should not only verify that the player does win by switching two times out of three, but show why. After one card has been dealt to the player, it is already determined whether switching will win the round for the player; and two times out of three the Ace of Spades is in the host's hand.\nIf this is not convincing, the simulation can be done with the entire deck, dealing one card to the player and keeping the other 51 (Gardner 1959b; Adams 1990). In this variant the Ace of Spades goes to the host 51 times out of 52, and stays with the host no matter how many non-Ace cards are discarded.\nAnother simulation, suggested by vos Savant, employs the \"host\" hiding a penny, representing the car, under one of three cups, representing the doors; or hiding a pea under one of three shells.\nVos Savant's solution\nThe solution presented by vos Savant in Parade shows the three possible arrangements of one car and two goats behind three doors and the result of switching or staying after initially picking Door 1 in each case:", "label": "No"}
{"text": "What are some of the things that make us proud to be Canadian? Some might answer ‘free health care’ or ‘hockey’, especially for most Winnipeggers. One study from 2016 revealed that 17.1 million Canadians were “really proud” about our “freedom to live as we see fit”. A main source of Canadians’ rights and freedoms is the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. The Charter is entrenched in the Canadian Constitution, which ensures that the government does not unreasonably interfere with these rights. The Charter became a significant part of our country’s laws and shaped our identity as a nation. However, some Canadians do not know or tend to forget that the Charter’s guarantees are not absolute. The Charter contains an exception that allows legislatures to pass laws that may nonetheless violate certain Charter rights. This exception is found in Section 33 of the Charter. How did it come about in the first place? What exactly does it do? Why should we care about it?\nIn 1982, after tense negotiations between the federal government and the provinces, the Constitution was patriated and the Charter was entrenched in the Constitution Act, 1982. Section 33, commonly known as the notwithstanding clause, was included in the Charter as a compromise on the part of Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau. Some provinces feared that the entrenched Charter would allow the Courts to override laws enacted by the legislatures, which might disrupt of the balance of power between the Courts and the government. In order to provide assurance to those provinces, the clause was suggested at the First Ministers Conference in 1981 as a “safety valve” and included during the final constitutional negotiations. Ultimately, the addition of the clause ended the political deadlock that preceded the Charter’s entrenchment. G.W.J. Mercier, Attorney General of Manitoba at the time of the First Ministers Conference, said that the clause would be used to “identify, define, protect, enhance and extend the rights and freedoms Canadians enjoy”. Some anticipated that the clause would be used to enable legislatures to correct unacceptable judicial interpretations of the Charter.\nThe section’s purpose is to provide legislatures with the power to override certain protections found in the Charter, including the fundamental freedoms of religion, speech, assembly and association (Section 2), legal rights (Sections 7-14), and equality rights (Section 15), by expressly declaring that the legislature is enacting the legislation notwithstanding the Charter’s provisions. This public declaration presents an opportunity for public discussion and debate. However, the section does not require a legislature to specify which provisions of an Act it believes violate the Charter nor does it require to the legislature to provide a justification for using the override. Section 33 provides that legislation can only be enacted notwithstanding the Charter for a period of five years. After five years, the declaration ceases to function. Once the declaration expires, the particular legislation would be vulnerable to Charter challenges unless the declaration is renewed. This time limit provides a second chance for decision-makers and the public to engage in dialogue about the legislation’s impact after the previous five years. It is therefore important that Canadians know that such an exception exists and when it is used. After all, laws that infringe on our rights and freedoms could drastically affect how we live.\nThe notwithstanding clause has been invoked by provincial and territorial governments a handful of times since it was introduced. Quebec and Alberta have used it as a means of protest. As recently as 2018 Saskatchewan used it to ensure funding for non-Catholic students to attend catholic schools after that practice had been deemed unconstitutional.\nIt is alarming that there have been circumstances where the clause was used in a way that it deviated from its intended purpose. In 2018, recently -elected Ontario Premier Doug Ford decided to invoke the clause when a court held that Ford’s legislation to reduce the size of Toronto City Council from 47 to 25 during an election campaign was unconstitutional. The Better Local Government Act was deemed unconstitutional by the Ontario Superior Court of Justice as it “undermines the overall fairness of the election”, which is “antithetical to the core principles of our democracy”. Since the Ford government was a majority government, the clause could be invoked without procedural opposition within the legislature. Ford discussed his use of the clause, saying he planned “to do what it takes to ensure that this law — which has already been passed once — is reintroduced, voted on and passed again on the quickest possible timetable”. Ultimately, Ford withdrew the Act and did not invoke the notwithstanding clause after the Ontario Court of Appeal overturned the original judgment. If the notwithstanding clause was successfully invoked in this case, the Act would then be protected from judicial challenges based on the Charter. This would have prevented persons affected by the re-writing of Toronto’s election law from challenging a law in court that resulted in overpopulation per ward and may ultimately undermine effective democratic representation. Ford also announced that he would not hesitate to use the notwithstanding clause in the future.\nAn examination of Section 33’s history and past usage allows Canadians to consider its potential future use. The notwithstanding clause has been used in the past and will continue to affect us today. We cannot know when legislatures will use the power of the clause and potentially threaten to limit our rights. Canadians, therefore, must be aware of the existence of Section 33 to ensure that the clause is not misused by our elected politicians. Do you think the notwithstanding clause offers fair limitation to the Charter or does its presence provide the potential for harm?", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Universities, governments and telecoms companies are investing stupendous amounts of time and money into the development of 5G, but what is it and how will it benefit us over and above what both 3G and 4G networks are currently able to deliver? How will it change the mobile industry and when can we expect to start using it?\n5G is purported to deliver data speeds that are literally thousands of times faster than 4G\nWhat is 5G?\nUnsurprisingly, it’s the next generation after 4G\n5G is the next generation of mobile technology. A new generation of mobile standards has appeared roughly every 10 years since analogue systems – which later became known as 1G – were introduced in 1981.\n2G was the first to use digital radio signals and introduced data services, including SMS text messages; 3G brought us mobile internet access and video calls; 4G, which has been rolled out in the UK since 2012, provides faster and more reliable mobile broadband internet access.\nIt will use higher frequency spectrum than current networks\n5G, like its predecessors, is a wireless technology that will use specific radio wavelengths, or spectrum. Ofcom, the UK telecoms regulator, has become involved early in its development and has asked mobile operators to help lay the foundations for the technology. That’s because in order to achieve the best possible speeds, it will need large swathes of this high-frequency spectrum, some of which is already being used by other applications, including the military.\nThe frequencies in question are above 6GHz – currently used for satellite broadcasting, weather monitoring and scientific research.\nWhat will I be able to do on 5G?\nDownload a film in under a minute\nFifth generation networks will feature improved web browsing speeds as well as faster download and upload speeds. O2 told Cable.co.uk that 5G will offer “higher speed data communication” than 4G, allowing users to “download a film in under a minute, add lower latency (the time lag between an action and a response) and reduce buffering and add more capacity”.\nAccording to Ericsson, 5G will help to create more reliable and simpler networks that will open up a world of practical uses such as the remote control of excavating equipment or even remote surgery using a robot.\nVice president Magnus Furustam, head of product area cloud systems, speaking to Cable.co.uk at the Broadband World Forum in Amsterdam, said: “What 5G will bring is even more reliable networks, better latency, you will see networks penetrating into areas they previously haven’t.\n“You will see smaller cells [network transmitters or masts], you will see higher bandwidth, you will see more frequencies being used, you will basically see mobile broadband networks reaching further out, both from a coverage perspective as well as from a device perspective.”\n5G will give the impression of infinite capacity\nSpeaking to Cable.co.uk at the International Consumer Electronics Show earlier this month, Ramneek Bali, a technical solutions manager for Ericsson, said 5G “is going to enable the networked society.\n“When we say networked society, basically you’ve heard of the internet of things, connected devices, connected cars, even high throughput – 5G is going to enable all that.”\nThe University of Surrey’s 5G Innovation Centre (5GIC), meanwhile, which is working alongside companies including Huawei, Vodafone and Fujitsu, has set the 5G network a target of ‘always having sufficient rate to give the user the impression of infinite capacity’ by understanding the demands of the user and allocating resources where they are needed.\n5G will deliver the low latency and reliability needed for operations to be carried out remotely using robotic arms\nHow fast will 5G be?\n5G will be 3,333 times faster than 4G\n5G is expected to deliver data speeds of between 10 and 50Gbps, compared to the average 4G download speed which is currently 15Mbps.\nHuawei’s report ‘5G: A Technology Vision’ says a 5G network will be required to deliver data rates of at least 1Gbps to support ultra HD video and virtual reality applications, and 10Gbps data rates for mobile cloud services.\n5G will have ‘near-zero’ latency\nLatency will be so low – less than one millisecond – that it will be imperceptible to humans and the switching time between different radio access technologies (cellular networks, wi-fi and so on) will take a maximum of 10 milliseconds.\nEricsson has trialled 5G technology with Japanese carrier NTT Docomo, announcing that its “pre-standard” technology had already achieved speeds of 5Gbps. Samsung announced in October 2014 it had achieved speeds of 7.5Gbps, the fastest-ever 5G data transmission rate in a stationary environment. It also achieved a stable connection at 1.2Gbps in a vehicle travelling at over 100km/h.\nWhen will I be able to get 5G?\nThe first 5G handsets could arrive as early as 2017\nSpeaking exclusively to Cable.co.uk, Huawei, the world’s largest telecoms equipment maker, said that the first 5G smartphones are set to appear in 2017.\nThe Chinese telecoms giant said the focus for mobile companies would shift away from 4G over the next two years.\n“4G LTE is definitely a big thing for us and we’re working with some of the big adopters for 5G as well,” said Huawei Device USA’s training manager Jack Borg, talking to Cable.co.uk at International CES.\n5G on the horizon\n“Carriers are taking the current 4G we have and they’re giving it some boost and they’re adding to it and changing it. Liberty Global, Verizon and AT&T have all done that recently in different markets in the US.\n“So I think we’re going to see that and ride that for a while but then 5G will definitely be on the horizon. I would say probably in the next year-and-a-half to two years.”\nHuawei plans to build a 5G mobile network for the FIFA World Cup in 2018 alongside Russian mobile operator Megafon. The trials will run across the 11 cities that will be hosting matches and will serve fans as well as providing a platform for devices to connect to each other.\nSK Telecom has teamed up with Nokia to build a 5G test bed at its R&D centre in Bundang, South Korea. They hope to launch a 5G network in 2018 and commercialise it by 2020.\nThe first 5G smartphones could arrive as early as 2017\n50 billion devices connected to 5G by 2020\nSpeaking to Cable.co.uk, Ericsson has said that by 2020, 5G networks are going to be serving 50 billion connected devices around the world.\n“The technology has to handle a thousand times more volume than what we have today,” Ramneek Bali said.\n“We are looking at handling more capacity in 5G because we’re seeing more and more devices will be connected.\n“It’s exciting, it’s a platform we are going to provide to everyone to basically connect everything, anywhere. That’s the vision we have for 5G.”\nWill 5G come to the UK before other countries?\nThe general consensus seems to be that the UK is still a few years away from introducing 5G networks to any greater extent than an initially testing/prototypical one.\nO2 told Cable.co.uk that “some countries have earlier demands and industrial policies that may lead to earlier adoption of 5G”, even though the UK is playing a leading role in the development of the technology, including at the University of Surrey’s 5GIC.\n5G test network\nThe innovation centre is expected to provide a 5G test network to the university campus by the beginning of 2018, and London mayor Boris Johnson has promised to bring 5G connectivity to the capital by 2020.\nWill 5G replace 3G and 4G?\n5G promises a seamless network experience undeliverable by current tech\nIt has taken a number of years for 3G networks to get anywhere near to 100% coverage and the UK’s 4G coverage varies considerably depending on the operator, but is generally limited to the big cities.\nBruce Girdlestone, senior businesses development manager at Virgin Media Business, told Cable.co.uk that 5G is one of a number of technologies that together should be able to provide a “seamless” experience to consumers.\n“I think what will happen is small cells, 4G and 5G, and wi-fi will improve and it will become much more seamless to the end user.\nMobile phones will roam seamlessly between wi-fi and cellular services\nCustomers won’t know what service they are using\n“So they will just consume data over the spectrum and they won’t even know whether it’s over wi-fi or cellular services.\n“With that and with 4G and then ultimately 5G from like 2020 going forwards you’ll start to see much more seamless service and much more data being consumed which will then need to be ported on our fibre network.\n“It’s going to be a very interesting three or four years as we see how these different technologies develop and overlap with each other as people start to roll these networks out.”\nThe development of 5G is at such an early stage that the standards by which it is measured are yet to be agreed. What we do know is that it will be fast. Very fast. So fast that many will ask why you would ever need such a fast data speed on a mobile network. They could be missing the point slightly.\nThe continued rollout of 4G should cater for most of our current mobile broadband needs. But as we’ve seen with other advances in technology, having the ability to do more increases our expectations and before we know it, things that once seemed like science fiction become ‘the norm’. As our expectations increase we put more strain on the networks underpinning this technology.\nWe can’t predict what demands we will be placing on mobile networks in 10 or 20 years’ time but the idea behind 5G is that it will be fast enough and reliable enough to cope with whatever we can throw at it, that it will feel like a network with infinite capacity – that is why the 5GIC has been given millions of pounds of public money to research it and why companies like Ericsson and Huawei are investing huge sums in the technology.\nThe first 5G networks should start appearing over the next few years and if they really do deliver a user experience that is effectively limitless, we may find ourselves asking if there will be a need for 6G.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Special Report: The 40 days of Lent\nHistory of Lent - What did fasting used to look like?\nThe Lenten season, preparation for Easter, has been observed from the onset of the Church, although there have been inconsistencies with duration and practices. The Council of Nicea, 325 A.D., established Easter’s fluid date as the Sunday following the first full moon of the vernal equinox. In 461 A.D., Pope St. Leo established the duration as 40 consecutive days before Easter. Pope Gregory the Great, in the sixth century, added the dispensing of ashes the preceding Wednesday (Ash Wednesday), making Lent 46 days. Sundays were considered feast days and not included in the count.\nInitially, all forms of meat, fish and animal products were excluded for the entirety of Lent. People were allowed one meal per day, after 3 p.m. In the 1400s, that time was revised to noon. Eventually, a small snack was included to sustain energy. Over time, fish, meat and eventually dairy products were allowed. However, fasting was required all 40 days. It wasn’t until 1966 that fast days were lessened to Ash Wednesday and Good Friday only.\nWhy do we have penitential seasons?\nJesus gave the example of a penitential retreat, spending prayerful time in the desert preparing for his ministry, reflecting on God’s will, and determining how he’d freely make that happen. Penitential seasons offer us this same opportunity: to withdraw from our routines and evaluate our spiritual progress or regression. We do this through reflection and repentance, which enable us to identify our weaknesses and make reparation to amend our sinful ways. Penitential seasons create time to reflect on our need to make God the focal point of our lives. The result can be spiritually rewarding.\nWhat are the current rules for Lent?\nAll Catholics, ages 14 and older, are bound by the law of abstinence. Abstinence means refraining from the consumption of meat (land animals) on Ash Wednesday and all Fridays of Lent. Why Friday? To unite ourselves with Jesus’ sacrifice, made for us on Good Friday.\nAll Catholics, ages 18-59, are to fast on Ash Wednesday and Good Friday. Fasting is defined as eating one full, meatless meal on prescribed days. Bits of food can be taken at other traditional meal times though their combined total should not equal a full meal.\nPenitential practices, like fasting and abstinence, are intended to refocus our thoughts and intentions toward God. Lent’s 40 days include Ash Wednesday to Holy Thursday (the Lenten fast continues until Holy Saturday), not including Sundays. Sundays are optional but encouraged. For health reasons, the infirm, ill, and pregnant or nursing mothers are exempt.\nThree other Lenten disciplines are prayer (daily conversation with the Lord), fasting (from behaviors which detract from our relationship with God), and almsgiving (sharing our resources, ensuring the basic needs of human dignity).\nColors powerfully convey unspoken messages and evoke emotions. Scriptural accounts share Jesus was robed in purple to mock his implied royalty as king of the Jews. The pain of his passion and crucifixion became associated with this color. Purple reminds us Lenten days are times of repentance and atonement, of acknowledging how our selfish desires continue to suppress and crucify the goodness of God today.\nWhy don’t we sing the Gloria or say Alleluia during Lent?\nThe Gloria is a joyful hymn of praise thanking God and recognizing Jesus as the Lamb of God. The Alleluia is another exclamation of praise. While we literally know Jesus has risen and set us free, during Lent, we focus expectant anticipation of these events to come.\nLent is a time to revisit Old Testament events leading to Christ’s mission and the salvation of humanity. It’s a time of facing the human struggles impeding our own resurrection. Refraining from joyous hymns of exultation maintains Lent’s penitential mood.\nWhy 40 days?\nThe number 40 has ecclesial significance: Moses spent 40 days on Mt. Sinai before receiving the 10 Commandments; Jesus spent 40 days in prayer and fasting prior to beginning his ministry. So, too, we spend 40 days preparing to do God’s work.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Significant Figures are the digits of a number which are used for expressing the necessary degree of accuracy that starts from the first non-zero digit.\nThe number of significant figures in a result indicates the number of digits that can be used with confidence. The idea of a significant figure is simply a matter of applying common sense when dealing with numbers. An important characteristic of any numerical value is the number of digits, or significant figures it contains. A significant figure is defined as any digit in the number ignoring leading zeros and the decimal point.\nExamples of Significant Figures\n- 821 has 3 significant figures\n- 0.0310 has 3 significant figures\n|Rounding to Significant Figures Calculator||Correlation Coefficient Significance Calculator||Statistically Significant Sample Size Calculator|", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The plastic soup\n“There’s a place in heaven for people like you.”\nNow, whether you’re a religious person or not, when someone sees you picking up litter on the beach and says this to you, their appreciation is palpable. I smile, thank the gentleman and tell him it’s the least I can do.\nLittered beaches is something I am, unfortunately, all too familiar with – cigarette butts standing in the sand like totems, bottles and fast food packaging clustered as modern day middens of temporary human habitation – all too soon they become marine debris, if not disposed of correctly.\nMarine litter (debris), as defined by the United Nations Environment Program (2009), is any persistent, manufactured or processed solid material discarded, disposed of or abandoned in the marine and coastal environment. The nature and extent of this litter issue is persistent and growing exponentially, and in 2009 the Australian Government developed the ‘Threat Abatement Plan for the Impacts of Marine Debris on Vertebrate Marine Life’ under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation (EPBC) Act to assist in tackling it. A review of this document began in 2015.\nIn 2015 around one-quarter of respondents to the Victorian Litter Action Alliance (VLAA) Stakeholder Survey noted that marine/coastal litter and micro-plastics/nurdles were key emerging issues for their organisations. For the uninitiated, nurdles are pre-production plastic pellets – lost as industrial waste via stormwater systems to oceans and for which a loss prevention program, Operation Clean Sweep, has recently been launched.\nThe focus on marine debris, and in particular plastic litter, is by no means a ground-breaking finding. Plastics are being developed and produced at a rate never seen before, and are being used (and abused) in products as never before – microbeads being the case in point and, while technically not litter, their contribution to the oceanic plastic soup is one for concern.\n“A recent CSIRO study of Australian beaches found that three-quarters of the litter found on them was plastic.\nLuckily this particular pollutant has been recognised, and countries and industry are reacting. In just the last few months, we have seen a number of countries ban microbeads, including the US and Canada and, prior to that, Holland.\nAccording to not-for-profit group, Beat the Microbead, 329 brands from 59 different manufacturers have promised to remove plastic microbeads from their products. Locally, retailers Coles, Woolworths and Aldi have also all committed to stop selling products containing microbeads by 2017.\nItems that have not yet afforded such action include single-use plastic items, such as straws, takeaway coffee cups and lids, and plastic bags, to name a few. This is the type of waste that I, and many others, pick up off from local beaches every day.\nThe impact of plastics on marine species has been well-documented – ingestion leading to starvation, entanglement causing drowning and so forth. Research shows that plastics can attract various harmful chemical compounds, such as persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), which accumulate on the surface of the material. Research is underway investigating their bioaccumulation and biomagnification through food webs.\nOceans support all life on earth. They provide 50 percent of the oxygen we breathe and play an integral role in regulating our climate. I, for one, am not keen to test what reaction we get from continued pollution of our oceans.\nWhat I am keen to test, however, is a collaborative, evidence-based approach. An approach that harnesses the combined efforts of state and local governments, industry, education and research institutions and community to remove and prevent litter in our environment.\nA recent CSIRO study of Australian beaches found that three-quarters of the litter found on them was plastic. The research demonstrates that the majority of litter on Australian beaches comes from human activity – it is not simply being swept in from other countries.\nVLAA stakeholders were lucky enough to hear about this research at an event we held in November last year, ‘Let’s Talk About Marine Debris’. The event brought together representatives from the aforementioned groups to discuss the issue of marine debris and allow people to share their success stories, voice their concerns and potential solutions, and, most importantly, connect with other like-minded people.\nAnd connections are the foundation to start something powerful.\nDonna Shiel is VLAA Litter Champion – Victorian Litter Action Alliance/Sustainability Victoria", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Today we join with a host of other organizations in recognition of World Thrombosis Day to focus on thrombosis, an often overlooked disease.\nThrombosis is a term used to describe the formation of a blood clot in a blood vessel. Thrombosis can lead to atrial fibrillation, stroke, or venous thromboembolism (VTE), affecting millions of Americans each year and incurring billions of dollars in costs. (Note: For stats on thrombosis, see our Silver Book® website.)\nThere are two things we want to share about World Thrombosis Day.\nFirst, we are joining with more than 300 organizations around the world calling on governments and health systems to institute policies requiring VTE risk assessment for all patients admitted to hospitals. This will help lead to better safety for patients and prevention of VTE.\nSecond, we want you to know about the dangers of thrombosis and conditions like VTE. We offer a page with resources to help you quickly learn about VTE and how it can affect you and your loved ones.\nOne of these resources is a short pocket film video. You can watch it below.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "MADISON, Wis. (AP) -- With temperatures starting to dip, Wisconsin safety officials remind residents to protect their families from carbon-monoxide risks.\nThe Centers for Disease Control and Prevention says carbon monoxide is the leading cause of accidental poisoning deaths in the U.S. Nearly half of those deaths happen during the winter.\nCarbon monoxide is an invisible, odorless gas that can be emitted from aging or unvented furnaces or other gas-powered home appliances. Exposure can cause headaches, dizziness or nausea, and can be fatal to people who are sleeping.\nThe Wisconsin Department of Health Services says state law requires that every house have a carbon-monoxide detector in the basement and on every floor. Health officials remind residents to test their detectors regularly, change the batteries annually and make sure all heating appliances are well-vented.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Sometimes, people do such stupid things that words almost fail me. That’s the case with a Debian ‘improvement’ to OpenSSL that rendered this network security program next to useless in Debian, Ubuntu and other related Linux distributions.\nOpenSSL is used to enable SSL (Secure Socket Layer) and TLS (Transport Layer Security) in Linux, Unix, Windows and many other operating systems. It also includes a general purpose cryptography library. OpenSSL is used not only in operating systems, but in numerous vital applications such as security for Apache Web servers, OpenVPN for virtual private networks, and in security appliances from companies like Check Point and Cisco.\nGet the picture? OpenSSL isn’t just important, it’s vital, in network security. It’s quite possible that you’re running OpenSSL even if you don’t have a single Linux server within a mile of your company. It’s that widely used.\nNow, OpenSSL itself is still fine. What’s anything but fine is any Linux, or Linux-powered device, that’s based on Debian Linux OpenSSL code from September 17th, 2006 until May 13, 2008.\nWhat happened? This is where the idiot part comes in. Some so-called Debian developer decided to ‘fix’ OpenSSL because it was causing the Valgrind code analysis tool and IBM’s Rational Purify runtime debugging tool to produce warnings about uninitialized data in any code that was linked to OpenSSL. This ‘problem’ and its fix have been known for years. That didn’t stop our moronic developer from fixing it on his own by removing the code that enabled OpenSSL to generate truly random numbers..\nAfter this ‘fix,’ OpenSSL on Debian systems could only use one of a range from 1 to 32,768—the number of possible Linux process identification numbers—as the ‘random’ number for its PRNG (Pseudo Random Number Generator). For cryptography purposes, a range of number like that is a bad joke. Anyone who knows anything about cracking can work up a routine to automatically bust it within a few hours.\nWhy didn’t the OpenSSL team catch this problem? They didn’t spot it because they didn’t see it. You see Debian developers have this cute habit of keeping their changes to themselves rather than passing them upstream to any program’s actual maintainers. Essentially, what Debian ends up doing is forking programs. There’s the Debian version and then there’s the real version.\nUsually, it’s a difference that makes no difference. Sometimes, it just shows how pig-headed Debian developers can be. My favorite case of this is when they decided that rather than allow Mozilla to have control of the logo in the Firefox browser, because that wasn’t open enough according to the Debian Social Contract, they forked Firefox into their own version: Iceweasel.\nThat was just stupid. This is stupid and it’s put untold numbers of users at risk for security attacks.\nFirst, the mistake itself was something that only a programming newbie would have made and I have no idea how this ever got passed by the Debian code maintainers. This is first-year programming assignment. “What is a random number generator and how do you make one?”\nThen, insult to injury, because Debian never passed its ‘fix’ on to OpenSSL, the people who would have caught the problem at a glance, this sloppy, insecure mess has now been used on hundreds of thousands, if not millions, of servers, PCs, and appliances.\nThis isn’t just bad. This is Microsoft security bad.\nNow, there’s a fix for Debian 4.0 Etch and its development builds. Ubuntu, which is based on Debian,, also have fixes for it. In Ubuntu, the versions that need patches are Ubuntu 7.04, Feisty; Ubuntu 7.10, Gutsy; the just released Ubuntu 8.04 LTS Hardy, and the developer builds of Ubuntu Intrepid Ibex.\nDebian has also opened a site on how to rollover your insecure security keys to the better ones once you’ve installed the corrected software.. For more on how to fix your system, see Fixing Debian OpenSSL on my ComputerWorld blog, Cyber Cynic.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The research, published in Frontiers of Bioscience, showed that animals fed on the Kamut wheat breads had a better response to oxidative stress than modern wheat, according to the researchers.\nCommissioned by the wheat supplier Kamut International, the study was conducted by researchers at the Department of Food Sciences and the Department of Biochemistry at the University of Bologna in Italy.\nAncient grains and cereals have enjoyed a revival of interest in recent years, as they fit with the desire for less processed ingredients and attention to the nutritional value of foods.\nFrom these findings, the scientists claim that the reduced risk of chronic diseases related to wholegrain consumption is attributed in part to their high antioxidant content.\n“This published study represents the first of many, which we believe will eventually result in a scientific explanation of why people with sensitivities to modern wheat claim they feel better when they eat Kamut Brand wheat.\" said Bob Quinn, president of Kamut International.\n“In this initial paper, however, we focused on a nutritional property which has significant implications for everyone,” he added.\nMethod and results\nPhase one of the antioxidant evaluation on the Kamut brand khorasan wheat evaluated and compared the antioxidant effect of the two different bread types in rats: wholegrain ancient Kamut khorasan bread and wholegrain modern durum wheat bread (WB).\nTwo different bread-making processes were also compared for the wholegrain ancient Kamut bread: baker's yeast (KB) and sourdough (SKB).\nAccording to the researchers, the concentration of all potential antioxidant compounds was different in the three experimental breads. The scientists said that the total polyphenols and in particular selenium, were significantly higher in the two types of Kamut bread than WB.\nVitamin E and beta-carotene were in lower concentrations in KB compared to WB, but both compounds were increased in the SKB by the sourdough fermentation, the study found.\nAfter feeding these different breads to rats for seven weeks, the rats were submitted to an exogenous oxidative stress. The researchers claim that the rats that were fed the Kamut breads were better able to overcome the induced stress than those fed the modern durum bread and that those fed the SKB fared best of all.\nThe researchers said that the benefits may be stronger when Kamut bread is obtained by sourdough fermentation.\n“The research is ongoing, evaluating in the rat liver the mechanisms related to the higher protective activity of ancient Kamut khorasan wheat,” they said.\nSource: Frontiers of Bioscience\nTitle: “Role of cereal type and processing in whole grain in vivo protection from oxidative stress”\nAuthors: A. Gianotti, F. Danesi, V. Verardo, DI. Serrazanetti, V. Valli, A. Russo, Y. Riciputi, N. Tossani, M.F. Caboni, M.E. Guerzoni, A.Bordoni.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Friday, September 28, 2012\nThe Western Australian government will kill sharks on sight. Boats and helicopters will aid the attack on sharks. After attacks on people this year, this is the official response.\nThe edict is ill-timed for sharks. Sharks are already hammered by multiple human forces including the deadly shark fin soup, which scientists estimate accounted for millions of shark deaths last year.\nIn the nearby western Indian Ocean, the French government there went one step farther to ensure sharks were killed. They put a price -- a backward bounty -- on sharks so that tourists could bathe freely.\nMeanwhile, great whites, the targeted species in Australia, are considered protected in some parts of Australia. In the US, the Pacific great white may be listed as endangered.\nWhat's more, targeting sharks does not even work. Christopher Neff, a shark-attack researcher at the University of Sydney in Australia, said that statistics and an ineffective decade long cull in Hawaii prove that 'shark hunts just don't work to reduce the number of attacks,'\" according to the Philadelphia Inquirer.\nThe good news is that most people consider the death-to-sharks approach the wrong one.\nAccording to the real-time poll on the NBC news site, 60% of respondents do not agree with pre-killing great whites Down Under saying \"we're the ones entering their habitat; we should assume there will always be a risk.\"\nGeorge Burgess, curator of the University of Florida's International Shark Attack File, used the words \"archaic\" and \"sad\", according to NBC News.\nConquering and fighting nature brought us to where we are now, and most people agree, we have messed up nature pretty badly. We won, but spoiled the spoils.\nHow about connecting with nature rather than conquering it? Sharks are important top predators that are key to healthy oceans, and healthy oceans mean healthy people. There must be another way.\nimage: universal studios\nTuesday, September 25, 2012\nThe flat water reflected the scene almost perfectly.\nA giant mirror doubling the panorama of cloudless, bright silver-blue horizon over wide pads of green spartina marsh grass, squat pines, and dark underbrush edging the water. My kayak appeared to be plying the sky.\nI was visiting the far inland extent of a tidal preserve. The inlet to a greater bay at the other end of this body of brackish water was a good half hour paddle away. The wide bay on the other side of that inlet was known for little neck clams and at times, thousands of migratory birds, and at one time, oysters.\nSea turtles know it, too, for a youthful feast. They visit the shallow bay once in their lives, only when they are about five years old, on some juvenile right of passage the details about which biologists are uncertain.\nBiologists do know marine turtles of many types (and degrees of perilously-close-to-extinction), including loggerheads, Kemp's ridley, and green swim thousands of miles through the nearby mighty grey-blue mid-Atlantic ocean and into the bay. They come to gorge themselves on spider crabs and jellyfish. Then they're off, back to not sure where, but never to return to the big, wide bay.\nIf one of those turtles made a few wrong turns and ended way up through the narrow inlet and swam up into this back wetlands where I paddled, it would be unbelievable, especially since marine turtles are navigators extraordinaire.\nI knew I would not see a sea turtle but I was hoping to see some fish in the shallows or breaching the surface. Maybe an osprey, a muskrat, a water moccasin, a heron or two, or a few odd jellyfish. I am always more than willing to be surprised by nature.\nThe little tidal preserve had somehow been spared development unlike almost all other swatches of land in the area. On one side, homes glowered on the banks, boxy and inelegant. I gave them my back and paddled toward the giant mirror of greenery.\nAs I entered the marsh proper, I scanned the water. Any wrinkle on the smooth water was something, and I investigated as stealthy as possible. It was so calm, I tried to paddle as softly as a whisper.\nI attempted a stroke my canoeist friend once taught me that he said some Native Americans mastered as they were often experts in quiet paddling. Their next meal depended on it. Basically the oar stays in the water the entire time, and basically, I am not good at it.\nI explored every small cut into the marsh until the grasses closed in and the water became shallower and shallower. The slight smell of sulfur and rich organic matter occasionally wafted by my nose.\nThe bow of my kayak bumped against the strong peat topped with cord grass as if it was the hairy scalp of the marsh. The grass was discolored at the base and halfway up the stalks where the water level had reached more than once. But today the water was low and I had to back the kayak out of some of the small marsh cuts, pushing my paddle along the muddy bottom like a Venetian gondolier.\nSome of these little cuts looped around and some came to dead ends at pools calmer than even the calm main body.\nBlack mussel shells and pink and blue crab carapaces littered the bottom. The remnants of some creature's feast.\nI floated over clumps of live mussels half buried in the silt sipping the water with their shells open just so, like drowsy eyes. Snails were abundant along the bottom, scattered about and all about the size of a pinky nail, jet black.\nWhen the kayak brushed against the grasses, hundreds of tiny white bugs filled the air like confetti. They came to rest, speckling the boat, the paddle, and me in white dots. On closer inspection they looked like grasshopper runts especially when they moved. A little breeze of my hot mammalian breath and they jumped out of sight.\nNear one natural beach of small pebbles and a spot of sand cut into the grass, the surface of the water roiled and small ripples spread out. Something was going on.\nI thought maybe it was a few larger fish chasing minnows. I paddled closer, mindfully muffling my excitement, and came upon two creatures doing what the spark of life has fueled all creatures to do forever -- mate.\nThey were horseshoe crabs, known as living fossils and they are aptly named. Their shells like some kind of souped-up dinosaur shield that would make a rhino or tortoise envious.\nWhen you pick up a horseshoe crab, as I did many times as a kid, rows of legs and claws under the shield dance as if to say, \"Put me down, I'm 450 million years old!\" One of nature's designs that needed little enhancing, at least not in millions of years.\nI remember holding them aloft by their one distinguishing spike in my young fingers. I felt the stout and ancient tug of life.\nThe long tail looks like a menacing spike but it is as docile as the whole crab. It's a rudder as the living fossil travels underwater, and if the crab flips over, the tail flips it back.\nHorseshoe crabs are co-stars in a gorgeous story about nature's balance and synchronicity. Every spring in North America thousands of birds stop over on mid Atlantic beaches, in places people call Maryland, Delaware, and New Jersey.\nThe birds are on their way north after wintering in the warm Caribbean. Some of the birds like red knots are going very far, all the way to the Arctic to -- you guessed it -- reproduce.\nBy the time they land in the mid-Atlantic, they're tired and famished. So what do they eat? Millions of horseshoe crab eggs, because also in the spring along that same coast, horseshoe crabs mate. They lay enough protein packed eggs to feed the birds and get them to their nesting destination with enough eggs left over to carry on future generations of the living fossils.\nEnter humans. People heavily harvest horseshoe crabs. Seems the chopped up crabs serve as great bait for whelk, and people like to eat whelk. Scientists are worried about the future of the red knots and the horseshoe crabs. They say that killing fewer horseshoe crabs each year will help.\nThe last thing I thought about was bait when I saw the two crabs doing the ancient dance in the tidal preserve.\nIt's not much of dance, actually, with one crab, the male, half on top of the female, with all the action happening under their submerged shells. But I thought it was odd they were mating in August, pretty far from spring. Plus it was not night, close to sunset sure but not late night, when the crabs often do their thing.\nThen I took another look at the carapace of the female. Not only was it massive, probably the biggest a horseshoe crab can get, but it was also dark and dented and mottled with a few blemishes, and even small barnacles clung to it. Badges of honor of a long life lived by this living fossil.\nHorseshoe crabs can live up to twenty years or more and I think she was pushing that envelope. The other crab, the male, was smaller and looked younger, its shell spotless and lighter in color. So this old matron was still at it, this studly female of power, mating with young bucks in this small preserve.\nThe clever girl has probably been hiding out back here for years, far from the inlet, far from the fishermen, far from her roots in the coastal ocean carrying on like the queen of a small band of survivors. A mother keeping Mother Nature's prehistoric flame lit.\nMaybe she's figured out a new strategy for the survival of her genes. Maybe this lone crab will be the last crab left one day but will carry on her kind like one of nature's heroes.\nOn my paddle out of the tidal marsh, the sun was low enough to blaze the purplish tips of all the surrounding swaths of grass. I plied the water toward the houses, my car, and all that civilization.\nI thought again about the old horseshoe crab, though, and smiled in a solitary little moment of hope.\nImage: Creative hammer\nFriday, September 21, 2012\nThe fossil fuel industry has co-opted the English language. Maybe they're just zealous.\n“President Obama has placed a de facto embargo on energy production on American lands and shores. It’s irresponsible and overzealous,” said Benjamin Cole, a spokesman for the fossil fuel lobby called American Energy Alliance, according to a recent New York Times article.\nThe two words are kind of astonishing: irresponsible and overzealous. They're almost perfectly applicable to the fossil fuel industry. I sometimes marvel how people say these things with a straight face.\nWhat British Petroleum did to the Gulf of Mexico seems hugely irresponsible and overzealous.\nSpending hundreds of millions of dollars to spread doubt about climate change to ensure that nothing gets done also seems enormously irresponsible and overzealous.\nIt is actually a classic technique the fossil fuel lobbyist is employing -- use the language of the opposition, in this case anyone in favor of clean energy, against them. An obvious attempt to neutralize the message and cloud the facts.\nHere I thought it was an attempt at humor.\nProbably no time to laugh with all the checks they're fervently writing. The fossil fuel industry is fanatically spending $153 million on pro-fossil fuel industry television advertisements in the 2012 Presidential Campaign as we speak, according to New York Times research.\nThe clean energy industry and people in support of a healthier planet concede that they just can't compete.\nOk, that's not funny.\nPosted by Mike Misner at 4:48 PM\nTuesday, September 18, 2012\nThis is one of the best arguments I've seen for applying the precautionary principle and supporting sustainable fisheries for the sake of fishermen (not to mention the fish): Northeast fisheries have been declared an economic disaster.\nThis releases funds that will hopefully help but it's not quite clear where the money will go.\n\"If funds are appropriated, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration would work with federal lawmakers and state officials to develop plans to preserve coastal communities from Maine to New York,\" according to MSNBC.\nAlso, three regions in Alaska were declared disasters.\n\"The numbers indicate a sudden, stunning decline in recent years, about which scientists have not settled on an explanation. On the Yukon, for example, 1,488 pounds of salmon were harvested in 2011, down from more than 859,000 pounds in 2006, a state study found,\" according to NYT and the Alaska Dispatch.\nNot exactly happy news!\nPosted by Mike Misner at 12:01 AM\nTuesday, September 11, 2012\nWhat do sharks and elephants have in common?\nSharks are killed in the millions in nearly every ocean and now we learn African elephants in the thousands. For what? Shark fins go to make shark fin soup, a thin broth posing as a status symbol, and elephant tusks are made into pricey ivory trinkets.\nTo paraphrase a Princeton biologist in a New York Times article: \"Do you want your kids to grow up in a world without sharks and elephants?\"\nThere's also some of the last white rhinos killed for their horns. The horns, made of the same stuff as hair and fingernails, go to make traditional medicines -- meaning over 400 years ago a medicine man said ground up rhino horns can cure people's ills. One modern scientist looked into this and concluded that people would be just as well off biting their fingernails.\nOn the East Coast US, horse shoe crabs are steadily being over harvested because they make good whelk bait, and people pay up to eat whelk.\nSo what do sharks and elephants and these other natural gems have in common? China -- a major market, and sometimes the market, for all of these products plundered from nature.\nPosted by Mike Misner at 3:38 PM\nFriday, September 7, 2012\nOn Labor Day, the mood was blue under crisp blue skies near Montauk, NY.\nThe waves were nice low riders, you could spend an afternoon in them.\nStand in waist deep water, see the swell rise up, shout it out, jump in, feel the exhilarating push of the wave and then you're riding it. You're riding it! Short ones, seconds of joy at most, but you ride all the way to the far edge to end belly on the sand, surely smiling. Get up and do it all over again.\nYou could sit in a chair on the sand and watch a few kids wild with excitement building something, a castle, a fort, or just digging and digging. One auburn-haired kid requests to be buried up to his neck.\nYou could look out and see the clean, bright light shimmering on the waves. Just stare at it, and maybe not think anything.\nYou knew it was the last official beach day, and for most people, the last beach day until next year.\nSome people had their cars already packed to the windows, bikes stacked on the back rack, boogie boards slid in at the end, in the beach parking lot. They were going straight home from the sand.\nNear the end of the day, pink light on the tips of vibrant green dune grasses, I heard one young boy bawling, we all heard him, up and down the beach.\nHe was completely distraught. His painful sobs pounded over the surf.\n\"No! No! No, Mommy no!\"\nHis mother had his hand, her arm stiff but sympathetic, and was almost literally dragging his collapsed body off the sand. He just didn't want to it to end.\nOne of my friends said, \"It's ok kid, we're all crying inside.\"\nPosted by Mike Misner at 8:23 PM\nWednesday, September 5, 2012\nHere's a provocative quote from a former oil executive:\n\"Socialism collapsed because it did not allow prices to tell the economic truth. Capitalism may collapse because it does not allow prices to tell the ecological truth,\" said Oystein Dahle, retired VP of Esso Norway.\nAt first blush it seems doubtful that something so touchy feely as ecology can impact something as powerful and manly as capitalism. But it's not about those adjectives.\nIt's about failing to include the cost of fouling nature in the price of fossil fuels to run our vehicles and to produce our electricity.\nIt's the value of nature lost. That's trillions of dollars in countless benefits including bountiful clean air, water, land, and oceans. And losing money -- any money but especially that much money -- is the enemy of the for-profit system we call capitalism.\nSo maybe Oystein is right. But not yet. We can avoid his dire prediction about the collapse of capitalism by including the true costs of fossil fuel pollution in the prices we pay at the pump and meter. If and when that happens, capitalism will make sure that the market for clean energy thrives.\nWhy support clean energy businesses? Do it for capitalism! It makes good sense, wallet sense, anyway.\nRead the whole True Cost of Fossil Fuels piece by Peter Lynch in Renewable Energy World. It's familiar stuff, especially in this blog, but he spells it out in a fresh way.\nPosted by Mike Misner at 12:30 PM", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Physician burnout has become a primary concern among some doctors working in hospitals and other healthcare institutions. With more patients needing quality medical services each day and other administrative tasks, doctors must stay in their offices for long hours. Moreover, the advent of the COVID-19 pandemic has even increased their need to keep their medical practices afloat, not just for themselves but to save the lives of others.\nUnfortunately, these circumstances have contributed to the higher rate of physician burnout in the country. This condition has become a primary concern among doctors working in the hospital and other healthcare institutions.\nKeep reading this article to learn more about physician burnout, its causes, consequences, and solutions.\nWhat Is Physician Burnout?\nPhysician burnout refers to a stress reaction characterized by some interrelated symptoms caused by a constantly depleted energy and negative balance. It occurs when the doctor’s workload affects their ability to recharge, causing them to function in low energy mode. In other words, they serve and work more, but they achieve fewer results.\nOn the other hand, to better understand physician burnout, it’s essential to be familiar with its three interrelated components. These are:\n- Emotional exhaustion: It occurs when the physician starts to distance themselves from work cognitively, emotionally, and physically. When they’re exhausted, they show symptoms of irritability and unresponsiveness to their patients’ needs.\n- Depersonalization: Commonly known as compassion fatigue, it happens when the physician demonstrates symptoms of emotional numbness and indifference toward their patients. They find themselves not emotionally available for their patients.\n- Lack of efficacy: It occurs when the physician has constant feelings of incompetence and lack of control over their work. It makes them doubt their efficiency and effectiveness in helping patients with their medical conditions.\nWhat Are The Causes Of Physician Burnout?\nNow that you’re aware of what physician burnout is, it’s time to learn its causes. These can include:\n- Stresses of Patient Care\nSimply being a physician who engages in medical practice may cause burnout. Because physicians deal with scared, sick, and dying people regularly, they’re more likely to experience high stress combined with little control over their work.\n- Specific Job\nAnother cause of physician burnout is the nature of their specific job. Aside from the generic stress associated with patient care, dealing with their particular job may also become highly stressful due to many reasons. These include the hassles of call rotation, personality clashes in their department and personal work team, local healthcare politics, and many more.\nIndeed, the specific jobs involved in a modern healthcare environment have made it a difficult place to work for physicians, causing a high rate of burnout among them.\n- Leadership Of The Immediate Supervisors\nSometimes, the physician’s stress levels and work satisfaction may be influenced by the leadership skills of their immediate supervisors. For example, having an unskilled or absent supervisor at work may be a significant source of stress for many doctors.\n- Personal life\nAlthough personal life allows physicians to recharge their energy account after an exhaustive day at work, there are multiple situations at home that may interfere with their ability to do that. These can include simple conflicts with the spouse, illness in a child or family member, financial pressures, and many more.\nWhat Are The Consequences Of Physician Burnout?\nGenerally, physician burnout comes with consequences. It may harm multiple parties, including the physician’s patients, their medical practice, their family, and the physician themselves. Below are the common consequences of physician burnout:\n- Compromised Patient Care\nWhen doctors experience burnout, they lack empathy, proper physician-patient communication, and decision-making skills. These situations may compromise quality patient care in various ways, such as reduced patient satisfaction, poor patient outcomes, failed interpersonal relationships, increased medical errors, and many more.\n- Negative Impact On Physician’s Health And Well-Being\nPhysician burnout may also have a negative impact on the professional’s overall health and well-being. For instance, a physician who experiences symptoms of burnout may be battling with anxiety, depression, lack of self-confidence, disruptive behaviors, mood disorders, and alcohol/drug abuse.\nMoreover, physician burnout may also increase the person’s risk of obesity, diabetes, heart disease, cancer, and many more.\n- Expensive Costs For The Healthcare Industry\nPhysician burnout may also result in expensive costs for the healthcare industry. Typically, healthcare facilities with a high rate of physician burnout are more likely to experience low productivity and high resignation rates. When this happens, they may become understaffed, leading to the reassignment of too many workloads to other medical professionals, which in the end, increases medical errors and mistreatment of patients.\nAlso, due to the increasing demand for physicians in the healthcare industry, the healthcare facilities may spend more money in replacing a physician, depending on their specialty and expertise level.\nWhat Are The Solutions For Physician Burnout?\nDue to the significant impacts of physician burnout, it’s crucial to know how to resolve this stress-related condition. Below are a few solutions for physician burnout:\n- Promote Self-Care\nOne of the effective ways to reduce the risk of physician burnout is to promote self-care. They can do this by maintaining good sleep hygiene, doing mindfulness exercises, and joining peer support groups. Also, they can use a wearable device to beat stress and empower them to take control of their health. Remember, the more doctors practice self-care, the more they can mitigate the risk of burnout.\n- Participate In Resilience Training\nTo reduce burnout among physicians, conducting resilience training can be an excellent option. It teaches physicians some coping techniques to handle occupational stress more effectively. It also helps them develop the skills necessary for adequately navigating the dynamics of medical malpractice. When doctors participate in resilience training, they’ll learn to meet the current demands of their jobs to maintain fulfilling lives.\n- Maximize Engagement\nSometimes, burnout occurs when a physician doesn’t feel like they have autonomy or purpose. Because of this, maximizing engagement can be an excellent way to prevent or minimize the risk of burnout. They can do this by seeking professional development opportunities, increasing collaboration among team members, and creating an environment of teamwork.\n- Use Of Healthcare Technologies\nAnother solution for physician burnout is using healthcare technologies. This means that healthcare facilities should integrate artificial intelligence and robots to boost operation flow and maximize the relationship between physician and patient.\nPhysician burnout is a problem affecting the entire healthcare industry. It has a negative effect on the professional’s well-being, patient care, and many more. So, keep the information mentioned above in mind to have an in-depth understanding of what burnout is for physicians. That way, they’ll be empowered with solutions necessary to have fulfilling personal and professional lives.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Last Updated on\nHave you ever looked up and found a twinkling star-like object traveling in a straight line across the night sky? How about a train of lights trailing in one direction? Well, they were probably satellites.\nAccording to the USC Satellite Database, as of January 1st, 2022, our planet is orbited by 4,852 active manmade satellites. If you stare into the night sky long enough, you’re bound to see one.\nWe’ve made a list of 10 interesting facts about satellites to help you learn more about things like Sputnik 1, Elon Musk’s Starlink program, and how cannonballs relate to satellites.\nNewton’s cannonball is the name given to a thought experiment by scientist Issac Newton, in which he visualized how an object could be thrown into orbit.\nHere is a simplified version of his hypothesis:\nIf you were to stand on a mountain and throw an object, such as a stone or a cannonball, up into the air, and there was no gravity or resistance, then the object would simply keep going in the direction you threw it.\nWhen you factor the Earth’s gravity, then depending on the velocity in which you threw the object, it could follow a different path.\nIf the speed at which the object is thrown or fired is not great, then the object will simply fall back down to earth.\nIf the velocity was too great, then the object might escape Earth’s gravity, and float off into space.\nIf the speed of the hypothetical cannonball or stone was to match the orbital speed at that altitude, then the object will be caught in Earth’s orbit, because its momentum and Earth’s gravity would constantly balance each other out.\nIn 1957, the Soviet Union launched the first satellite into Earth’s orbit.\nSputnik 1 was an aluminum ball. It was a small satellite, measuring just 23 inches in diameter, and weighing just above 184 lbs. It used a radio transmitter to send back electromagnetic waves, and it was designed by a scientist named Sergei Korolev.\nThe launch of Sputnik 1, and the subsequent launch a month later of Sputnik 2, surprised the western world. Soon after, NASA was created and there was an overhaul in education across the US, with American schools putting more emphasis on maths and science.\nWe use satellites so often in our daily lives, that we might not even realize how much we, as humans, depend on them.\nThe purpose of each satellite will dictate which orbit would be best for it, but there are 4 common orbit types:\nMost modern satellites are equipped with big solar panels that look a little bit like wings. They convert light from the sun into an electric current that’s used to power the satellite. Satellites are also equipped with a battery to store any excess power that they harness.\nWhen the satellite is traveling over the dark side of the earth, it will use the power from its batteries instead.\nIn order to remain in low earth orbit, a satellite must travel at 17,450 miles per hour. However, the farther the orbit from the earth, the slower the satellite will need to travel. A geostationary satellite only travels at a speed of 6,858 miles per hour.\nTo understand the relation, we refer to Newton’s cannonball theory. Objects which are in space are constantly falling because of Earth’s gravity. The closer the object is to Earth, the stronger that gravity becomes. For this reason, satellites that are closer to Earth must maintain a higher momentum, or risk falling!\nThough some satellites now have incredibly long lifetimes, they are still man-made objects of metal and electronics, and at some point, whether it’s through old age or malfunctions, satellites will become non-operational.\nWhen this happens, the satellites are disposed of in one of two ways. Low orbit satellites decrease in speed, at which point they begin to fall towards Earth, and burn up in the atmosphere. For very high-altitude satellites, it’s easier to point them farther away from Earth, so they fall out of orbit and float into space.\nHowever, not all low earth satellites burn up in the Earth’s atmosphere, and so when it comes to larger satellites or spacecraft, operators plan for the descent and entry of any left-over debris to fall over the most remote place on Earth, as possible. This area is in the south Pacific Ocean, and it’s known as Spacecraft Cemetery.\nUnfortunately, the satellites we send further away from Earth contribute to a growing space junk problem, which may need to be addressed in the future.\nStarlink is the ambitious project by Elon Musk, to create a constellation of satellites around the Earth, to provide fast, global internet access, even in remote areas.\nThe company had initially planned to send 12,000 satellites into space, but in 2019 it appeared they hoped to send up to another 30,000.\nStarlink satellites appear in the night sky like a train of tiny stars, moving at a relatively fast speed.\nOn the one hand, satellites really are helping us to advance in many ways. But some scientists and astronomers fear that the sheer number of satellites that are orbiting our planet will negatively impact our ability to observe the sky, and space, from the earth.\nMany options have been discussed on how to minimize this impact, ranging from suggestions of darkening satellites or using sunshades to darken their reflective surfaces, to making more accurate orbital data and information available, so that astronomers on Earth can avoid pointing telescopes at them.\nSatellites provide us with incredible pictures and information about our planet, but there are also Mars orbiters and the Cassini spacecraft that orbited Saturn. These orbiters take images and provide us with information and data about other planets in our solar system.\nNasa’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter has been used for over 16 years to scan the planet for weather data, capture images of the red planet, and scout possible future landing locations.\nSatellites play important roles in our everyday lives, and currently, there are so many in Earth’s orbit, that you should be able to spot them easily in the night sky. There are even satellite tracker apps on the market that you can use on your smartphone to track, spot, and identify man-made satellites as they fly overhead.\nBut there are problems that need to be solved when it comes to satellites, such as finding ways to reduce the light that they reflect toward Earth and coming up with new ways to reduce the growing contribution of disused satellites to an already massive space junk issue.\nFeatured Image Credit: PIRO4D, Pixabay\nTable of Contents\nCheryl is a freelance content and copywriter from the United Kingdom. Her interests include hiking and amateur astronomy but focuses her writing on gardening and photography. If she isn't writing she can be found curled up with a coffee and her pet cat.\nWhat Is an Asteroid?\nWhy Is Neptune Blue? The Surprising Answer!\nWhen Was Venus Discovered? Exploring the History of Venus\nHow Long Is a Day on Saturn? How Long Is a Year?\nWhat Is the Asteroid Belt? Where Is It?\nHow Cold Is Neptune? Is It The Coldest Planet?\nHow Did Uranus Get Its Name? What You Need to Know!\nHow Hot Is Venus? Is it the Hottest Planet?", "label": "No"}
{"text": "What is rationing? Definition and meaning\nThe definition and meaning of rationing usually refers to a fixed allowance of foods or any provisions, usually in countries or regions where there is a shortage, or demand significantly outweighs supply. It is the process of a governing body – an authority – controlling the issuance of products and services to consumers. In times of war, economic crisis, or following natural disasters, governments may impose rationing of certain goods that are in short supply. In communist economies today and in the past, rationing is/was common.\nIf goods are rationed for a long time, invariably black markets emerge to supply consumers with the controlled products or services. The black marketeers either get their goods from local citizens who sell them their rations, from corrupt public officials, or from abroad. In some cases, the corrupt public officials themselves are the black marketeers.\nIn the 1973 energy crisis, there was rationing of gasoline (UK: petrol) in many countries. The authorities as well as filling stations took the measure to try to prevent gasoline prices from going through the roof, and attempted to make sure that the scarce resource was as evenly distributed as possible.\nDuring the 1973 energy crisis, gasoline was rationed in the United States and several other countries.\nCivilian rationing has been around for thousands of years, either because the country is at war, a serious disease has decimated crops or livestock, or a natural disaster such as a fire, earthquake, prolonged drought, hurricane or volcanic eruption occurred. Rationing may also be necessary after a terrorist attack.\nDuring civilian rationing, each individual is issued with either a ration book or coupons, which allow them to buy a specific amount of a product each week or month.\nRationing typically includes food, fuel, materials for clothing (leather), items of clothing, and other materials required for the war or emergency effort.\nWhen replacements for certain goods and services are not available, FEMA (the US Federal Emergency Management Agency) has established a set of guidelines for civilians on rationing water and food supplies.\nFEMA states that in times of crisis or emergency, each person should have – per day – a minimum of 1 US quart (95% of one liter) of water; sick people, nursing mothers and children should be allocated more.\nGermans waiting patiently in line for their food. The Allied naval blockade meant that food imports were scarce. All foodstuffs grown at home went first to Germany’s soldiers, while the rest was rationed to the civilian population. In 1917, when the entire potato crop failed, the food situation worsened significantly. (Image: historyplace.com)\nFood rationing – WWI\nDuring WWI (World War One), suffering the devastating effects of the British blockade, a rationing system was introduced in Germany in 1914. As the situation worsened over the years, Germany’s rationing system gradually expanded until it included every corner of the country and contained a comprehensive list of food and materials.\nThe United Kingdom did not suffer food shortages during WWI, because the sea lanes were maintained open for the importation of food. However, panic buying in 1918 prompted the rationing of sugar and later meat. Ironically, limiting how much sugar and red meat Britons were allowed to consume actually improved the overall physical health of the population.\nOn July 15th, 1918, ration books were introduced for sugar, meat, lard, margarine and butter. The average calorie-intake per adult in Britain during WWI only declined by 3%, but protein consumption went down by six percent.\nRationing during WWII\nRationing during WWII (World War Two) was much more common than in the previous World War. Most European countries used redeemable coupons or stamps. Each family was issued a set number of each type of stamp based on the size of the household, income, and the ages of the children.\nIn the 1940s, the British Ministry of Food refined the rationing process to make sure that the population did not starve when food imports declined considerably and local production suffered because a large number of male workers had been called up to fight.\nA typical ration in the UK during WWII for one adult per week was: butter: 50g (2oz); eggs: 1 fresh egg a week; dried eggs: 1 packet every month; jam: 450g (1lb) every 4 months; bacon and ham: 100g (4oz); margarine: 100g (4oz);sugar: 225g (8oz); sweets: 350g (12oz) every 4 weeks; cheese: 50g (2oz); meat: to the value of 1 shilling 6 pence (about £2 today); milk: 3 pints (1,800ml), occasionally dropping to 2 pints (1,200ml); tea: 50g (2oz). (Images & Data: history.parkfieldict.co.uk)\nWiddowson and McCance\nChemist-dietitian Elsie Widdowson (1906-2000), from the Department of Experimental Medicine, and Robert Alexander McCance (1898-1993), Professor of Experimental Medicine at the University of Cambridge, co-authored The Chemical Composition of Foods, which was first published in 1940 by the Medical Research Council. They had worked on the human body’s chemical composition and the nutritional value of various flours used to make bread.\nWiddowson and McCance studied the different effects from deficiencies of water and salt, and produced the world’s first tables to compare different foods according to their nutritional content before and after cooking. They also studied the impact of a baby’s diet on human growth.\nWiddowson’s and McCance’s book became the Dietician’s Bible and formed the basis for current nutritional thinking.\nIn 1939, Widdowson and McCance tested whether the British population could survive just on food produced at home, in case German U-boats managed one day to cut off all imports.\nUsing production data for 1938, they fed themselves and other volunteer-participants a diet limited just on foods grown at home, while at the same time simulating the physically-demanding wartime manual work that most adults would have to perform.\nThe researchers found that their and their fellow volunteers’ health and performance held out surprisingly well after three months.\nThe scientists also led the first-ever mandated addition of minerals and vitamins to food, starting with bread – which had calcium added to it. Their research became the basis for Minister of Food Lord Woolton’s wartime austerity diet.\nLeft: An official US government propaganda urging citizens to accept the system of war rationing. Right: A war poster encouraging Americans to take their waste fats to their local meat dealer – the image poster was drawn by Henry Koerner in 1943 for the Office of War Information. (Images and Data: oll.libertyfund.org)\nRationing and people’s health\nFortunately, US imports of foods managed to successfully avoid the U-boats, so Briton’s wartime diet never needed to be as austere as in the Cambridge study. However, there was rationing, and the health of country’s population improved considerably – while life expectancy rose, infant mortality went down (without including deaths deaths from fighting in the war or enemy attacks).\nEven today, media outlets and healthcare professionals often quote Britain in WWII, saying that rationing led to the country’s best-ever period of physical health.\nDuring WWII, gasoline was the first commodity to be hit by rationing. Sugar, butter and bacon were added in January, 1940. Not long afterwards, dried fruit, canned fruit, milk lard, eggs, cheese, breakfast cereals, biscuits, jam, tea, and meat were added to the rationing list.\nThe Digging for Victory campaign led to millions of people growing their own vegetables.\nRationing did not include bread, however, until after the war was over. There was an outcry by housewives when the traditional white loaf was replaced with the national loaf of wholemeal bread.\nRationing never included fish in Briton during WWII, but its price increased considerably.\nIn Venezuela, whose economy has collapsed due to a combination of government mismanagement, corruption and the nationalization of many sectors, rationing and standing in line for basic household items has become part of daily life. (Image: govtslaves.info)\nRationing in the USA – WWII\nThe US Office of Price Administration warned Americans of potential critical supplies, adding that rationing would be needed if the country entered the war.\nAfter the attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7th, 1941, a rationing system was established. In June 1942, the Combined Food Board was established to coordinate the global supply of food to all the allies, with special attention on the flows from the United States and Canada to the United Kingdom.\nAmericans’ first experience of rationing occurred on May 4th, 1942, when the War Ration Book Number One, commonly known as the Sugar Book, was distributed through over 100,000 school teachers, PTA groups and other volunteer associations.\nSugar was rationed first – ice-cream makers, bakeries and other commercial users of sugar received rationed supplies of approximately 70% of normal usage.\nThere is one thing the Soviet Union and its satellite communist nations had in common, as well as Cuba and North Korea today – their citizens have to endure continuous shortages, conserve food and long lines when they go out shopping. (Image: Wikipedia)\nOn November 27th, 1942, coffee was rationed to 1 lb (0.45 kg) per person once every five weeks. By November 1943, the list had grown considerably and also included: fruit butter, jellies, jams, coal, firewood, canned milk, dried fruits, margarine, processed foods, cheese, shortening and oils, lard, meat, stoves, fuel oil, nylon, silk, footwear, bicycles, gasoline, and typewriters.\nApproximately 5,500 local ration boards were in charge of issuing ration books and exchanging used stamps for certificates – most of their employees were volunteers. The rationing of gasoline meant that all types of car racing, including the Indianapolis 500, were prohibited.\nRationing in the United States ended in 1946.\nVideo – Rationing in Britain – Definition and Meaning\nThis Imperial War Museums video explains how British shopping habits changed when a system of rations was introduced during WWII.\nBefore the war, the country had been importing two-thirds of all its food. When war broke out, things changed considerably.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Jodhpur is a popular tourist destination, featuring many palaces, forts and temples, set in the stark landscape of the Thar Desert. Jodhpur is also widely known as “Blue City” for the blue color on the houses in the old city area.\nThere are no historical mentions providing reason why the color is blue. There are many reasons as defined by the ancestors and tour guides. Many of the houses in Jodhpur’s older neighborhoods are colored in striking blue, a sharp contrast from the neighboring Thar Desert. Some say the color is associated with the Brahmins, India’s priestly caste and the blue houses of the old city belong to families of that caste.\nThe reason behind blue painted homes could be in an effort to get rid of termites in the houses, copper sulphate was added to the paint, thus, resulting in the color.\nAnother theory claims that the color helps to keep the houses cool in the heat. Because the city is known as the “Sun City” for the bright, sunny weather it enjoys all the year round.\nHere a sneak peak into Jodhpur’s Blue City Houses. See Pictures:", "label": "No"}
{"text": "- Body parts\n- Diseases and injuries\n- Equipment, tools, and parts\n- Geographic regions\n- Geologic conditions and events\n- Hazard prevention and control\n- Hazards and exposures\n- Mine locations, excavations, and structures\n- Mining types and methods\n- Population groups\n- Products and materials\n- Research disciplines\n- Research methods and measures\n- Tasks and activities\n- Document types\nResults 121 - 130 of 580\nDevelopment of a Fault-Rupture Environment in 3D: A Numerical Tool for Examining the Mechanical Impact of a Fault on Underground Excavations2/1/2019 - Peer reviewed journal articlesAn article assessing whether a numerical tool might be useful or practical in forecasting bump potential associated with a strike-slip fault for a typical structural geologic setting.\n1/24/2019 - Peer reviewed journal articlesAn article examining rear abutment extent and loading, along with how well current modeling procedures calculate those values.\nA Comparison of Respirable Crystalline Silica Concentration Measurements Using a Direct-on-filter Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Transmission Method vs. a Traditional Laboratory X-ray Diffraction Method1/10/2019 - Peer reviewed journal articlesA study comparing respirable crystalline silica concentration measurements using an end-of-shift Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometry method versus a traditional laboratory X-ray diffraction analysis.\n1/1/2019 - Peer reviewed journal articlesA study demonstrating the potential of using a portable FTIR for estimation of crystalline silica in respirable dust samples for in-field exposure monitoring.\nA Method for Estimating the Low Frequency Coupling Characteristics of a Ferrite-Cored Rod Antenna to a Long Conductor12/28/2018 - Peer reviewed journal articlesAn article introducing a NIOSH-developed method to measure coupling characteristics for a ferrite-cored antenna to a straight wire.\nIntrinsically Safe Systems: Equivalency of International Standards Compared to U.S. Mining Approval Criteria12/3/2018 - Peer reviewed journal articlesAn article demonstrating that international equipment evaluation standards for electrical/electronic equipment will provide at least the same level of protection for miners as the MSHA requirements.\nDevelopment of Ergonomics Audits for Bagging, Haul Truck and Maintenance and Repair Operations in MiningAn article describing the development and testing of ergonomics and safety audits for small and bulk bag filling, haul truck and maintenance and repair operations in coal preparation and mineral processing plants found at surface mine sites.\nEmpirical Engineering Models for Airborne Respirable Dust Capture from Water Sprays and Wet ScrubbersAn article presenting a dimensionless empirical model developed for predicting airborne dust capture efficiency of water sprays and wet scrubbers.\nAn article comparing three performance evaluations of the GK4.162 high flow rate respirable size-selective sampler.\n11/30/2018 - Peer reviewed journal articlesAn article describing a study at an underground limestone mine crusher booth that evaluated a filtration and pressurization system, two experimental prototype filters, and three cab pressure monitoring devices.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "People with degrees in sociology may enter many careers, and the options are increasing. What is common to all of these careers? Underlying sociological training is the commitment to understand human relationships in every kind of social group.\nHowever, sociologists develop their interests in different ways. They pursue diverse specialty subjects within the field as a whole. Thus, sociologists may specialize in families, adolescence, or children; the urban community; education; health and medicine; aging and the life course; work and occupations; the environment, science, and technology; economics, social inequality, and social class; race relations, ethnicity, and minorities; sex and gender; sports; culture and the arts; politics, the military, peace, and war; crime, delinquency, law, and justice; social change and social movements; and any other area of human organization. College and university courses reflect these interests, as well as research methods and theory building.\nSome of the most fascinating subjects explored by sociologists include:\nSex and gender: Do men and women have different hiring, employment, and promotion experiences? This would be a research question for a sociologist specializing in how sex and gender affect the workplace.\nMedical sociology: How is AIDS transmitted (and thus prevented) in different subgroups of the population? How has public opinion about AIDS shifted? These are the concerns of medical sociologists.\nOrganizations and occupations: Which management styles increase productivity and worker satisfaction would engage the attention of an organizational sociologist.\nRacial and ethnic minorities: Do minority children get \"tracked\" within the public schools? Do minority parents get \"cooled out\" from participating in and knowing about the informal power structure within schools? Someone specializing in minority relations would explore these questions.\nFamily: Are children of divorced parents more likely to divorce, or to reject marriage themselves? What factors predict whether abused children would fare better in foster care or reunited with their birth family? These would be possible subjects for a family sociologist.\nAny social phenomenon can be examined through the lens of different sociological standpoints. Indeed, a hallmark of sociological analysis is that it utilizes a variety of interconnected perspectives. Most sociological research and theory seeks to explain prevailing social behavior patterns and how they change over time.\nGiven the breadth, adaptability and utility of sociology, employment opportunities abound for BA graduates. You can secure entry level positions in many of the areas previously mentioned in defining the scope of sociology. The following list of possibilities is only illustrative--many other paths may be open to you. Employment sectors include: social services\n--in rehabilitation, case management, group work with youth or the elderly, recreation, or administration. community work\n--in fund-raising for social service organizations, nonprofits, child-care or community development agencies, or environmental groups. corrections\n--in probation, parole, or other criminal justice work. business\n--in advertising, marketing and consumer research, insurance, real estate, personnel work, training, or sales. college settings\n--in admissions, alumni relations, or placement offices. health services\n--in family planning, substance abuse, rehabilitation counseling, health planning, hospital admissions, and insurance companies. publishing, journalism, and public relations\n--in writing, research, and editing. government services\n--in federal, state, and local government jobs in such areas as transportation, housing, agriculture, and labor. teaching\n--in elementary and secondary schools, in conjunction with appropriate teacher certification.\nStaff Administrator in a Public Assistance Agency\nEducation: Through his undergraduate studies, William became interested in using his knowledge to serve people. William saw his BA in sociology as a tool for providing services to people in need in a large metropolitan area. With the help of his professors...Click to read more Human Resources Manager in a Small Manufacturing Firm\nCurrent position: Carlos was drawn to the business world where he wanted to apply his sociological insights. He started as an entry-level assistant in the Human Resources Department of a small company, but after five years Carlos moved up to H.R. Manager...Click to read more Research Director in a Telecommunications Firm\nEducation: As an undergraduate, Jim took a few courses in business and computer science to supplement his major in sociology. He especially liked working with the computers that sociologists use extensively in their research. Jim also became fascinated...Click to read more Planning Officer in a State Department of Planning and Development\nResponsibilities: Paula not only commissions research on her own, but she keeps up with the growing research literature. While she does relatively little research herself, Paula's work is particularly important since she keeps informed about relevant studies on...Click to read more Staff Member of a Research Institute\nEducation: While completing a BA in sociology, Mary Anne found that she especially enjoyed courses in research methods, statistics, and urban sociology. After college, Mary Anne joined a large, private research institute that conducts sociological studies for...Click to read more Staff Member of a Federal Agency\nEducation: After graduating from a small predominantly Black college in the South, Linda received a fellowship for graduate work at a private university in the North. She progressed quickly, choosing to specialize in the sociology of education, a subject which...Click to read more", "label": "No"}
{"text": "We all have our favourites, whether it’s chocolate, custard creams, oatmeal, ginger snaps or shortbread. And we are in good company! Millions of people enjoy biscuits, and this has been the case for more years than you might have expected.\nBack in 1338, when the Gilbertine monk Robert Mannyng was writing his Chronicles of Robert de Brunne (known today as Bourne), he included the sentence:\nArmour þei had plente, & god besquite.\n(Armour they had plenty, and good biscuit.)\nThis probably referred to a type of flat cake that seamen tended to use, although the word was also sometimes used for unleavened bread. As you can see, in this example of Middle English, the spelling was besquite. But this was by no means universal at that time. Besides besquite, it appears in Middle English as bisquit, bysquyte, biscute and biscocte.\nBut where did it come from? The answer is from Old French bescuit. This literally means “twice cooked”, and in some languages that use cognates of the word, this meaning is still obvious, such as with Italian biscotto and Modern French biscuit.\nThis can be traced back to Medieval Latin biscoctum, which consists of two elements: bis + coctum. The first part, bis, means “twice, in two ways”, while the second, coctum, is the past participle of coquere, which meant “cook”. And in fact, the Modern English verb cook also comes from this source.\nSo why were they named “twice-cooked”? Perhaps unsurprisingly, because they were cooked twice! Sometimes the obvious answer is the right one. Biscuits would have been baked first, and then placed in another oven to cook again more slowly, so that they would dry out and keep for longer without going mouldy.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Your support is critical to our success.\nAccepted Scientific Name: Harrisia pomanensis (F.A.C.Weber ex K.Schum.) Britton & Rose\nCactaceae (Britton & Rose) 2: 155, fig. 225. 1920 [9 Sep 1920] Britton & Rose\nOrigin and Habitat: Harrisia pomanensis occurs in Argentina, Bolivia, Uruguay and in Paraguay in the Alto Paraguay, Boquerón, Central, Cordillera, Paraguarí, and Presidente Hayes departments. It is naturalised in Australia and elsewhere in the tropics and subtropics.\nType locality: Poman, Catamarca, Argentina.\nAltitude range: It grows at elevations between 10 and 1,000 metres above sea level.\nHabitat and Ecology: This cactus occurs in the Chaco Region of Argentina, Paraguay, and Bolivia. It also occurs in Uruguay. It grows low lying in the borders, as well as inside the Dry Chaco forest of the western region. It grows in clearings within the Chacoan province, and below shrubs, mostly \"jarillas\" (Larrea spp.), in the Monte province. Harrisia pomanensis is widely distributed and locally abundant throughout its range, and there are no major threats affecting it. It is favored by livestock grazing and is consumed by the Chacoan Peccary (Catagonus wagneri) in the dry season. Also Harrisia pomanensis you will find most of the night flowers are white and very fragrant to attract night flying moths for pollination.\n- Harrisia pomanensis (F.A.C.Weber ex K.Schum.) Britton & Rose\nHarrisia pomanensis (F.A.C.Weber ex K.Schum.) Britton & Rose\nCactaceae (Britton & Rose) 2: 155, fig. 225. 1920 [9 Sep 1920]\n- Harrisia pomanensis (F.A.C.Weber ex K.Schum.) Britton & Rose\n- Cereus bonplandii var. pomanensis F.A.C.Weber\n- Cereus pomanensis F.A.C.Weber ex K.Schum.\n- Eriocereus pomanensis (F.A.C.Weber) A.Berger\n- Eriocereus polyacanthus F.Ritter\n- Harrisia pomanensis subs. bonplandii (J.Parm. & Pfeiff.) P.J.Braun & Esteves\n- Cereus bonplandii J.Parm. ex Pfeiff.\n- Eriocereus bonplandii (J.Parm. & Pfeiff.) Riccobono\n- Harrisia bonplandii (J.Parm. ex Pfeiff.) Britton & Rose\n- Harrisia pomanensis subs. tarijensis (F.Ritter) P.J.Braun & Esteves\n- Eriocereus tarijensis F.Ritter\nHarrisia pomanensis subs. regelii (Weing.) R.Kiesling\nDarwiniana 34(1–4): 395 (1996)\n- Harrisia pomanensis subs. regelii (Weing.) R.Kiesling\nENGLISH: Applecactus, Midnight Lady\nSPANISH (Español): Ulúa\nDescription: Harrisia pomanensis (Eriocereus pomanensis) is a sprawling or clambering cactus to 3 m or more long, sometimes somewhat shrubby, it has arching, bluish-green, rhizome-like stems with four to six blunt, rounded ribs. Growth habit permitting this cactus to explore and asexually reproduce in its immediate habitat. The spine clusters have each one central up to 2 cm long and five to seven shorter radials. Up to 15 cm in length, the flowers are white. Harrisia pomanensis is wide-ranging and quite variable. Subspecies regelii tends to be more shrubby, with smaller stems having fewer spines; it occurs only in Argentina.\nStem: Erect at first, then arching or even prostrate, sprawling or clambering, bluish-green, or grey-green, glaucous, nearly round in cross section, jointed to 3 m (or more) long and 2-4-(rarely to 8) cm in diameter.\nRibs: 4-7(-rarely to 7) blunt, rounded, not tuberculate.\nAreoles: 1.2-1.4 cm apart.\nSpines: Rigid, all subulate, needle-like, white rose-coloured or red when young, later whitish or greyish, tipped blackish.\nCentral spine: Solitary, 10-20(-25) mm long.\nRadial spines: 5 to 8 about 1 cm long.\nFlowers: About 15 cm long. Flower-tube with ovate, acute scales 1 cm or more long, hairy in the axils. Outer perianth-segments linear, acute; inner perianth segments oblong, acutish, white. Stigma-lobes numerous, linear.\nBlooming season: Summer.\nFruit: Spherical, slightly tuberculate, spineless, with a few scales3-5 cm in diameter red, splitting laterally to expose the spongy white funicles and black seeds.\nSubspecies, varieties, forms and cultivars of plants belonging to the Harrisia pomanensis group\n- Harrisia pomanensis (F.A.C.Weber ex K.Schum.) Britton & Rose: is a sprawling or clambering cactus to 3 m, sometimes somewhat shrubby. The flowers are white c. 15 cm long. Distribution: Argentina, Bolivia, and Paraguay.\n- Harrisia pomanensis subs. bonplandii (J.Parm. & Pfeiff.) P.J.Braun & Esteves: same as Harrisia pomanensis, but flowers up to 22 cm in length, with scales of the perianth-tube copiously woolly in the axils. Distribution: Paraguay, Argentina, Bolivia, and Brazil.\n- Harrisia pomanensis subs. regelii (Weing.) R.Kiesling: tends to be more shrubby, with smaller stems having fewer spines. Distribution: Argentina.\nNotes: Harrisia jusbertii is considered by some to possibly be a natural intergenic hybrid betwee Harrisia pomanensis, and Echinopsis eyriesii rather than a pure species.\nBibliography: Major references and further lectures\n1) Edward Anderson “The Cactus family” Timber Press, Incorporated, 2001\n2) David R Hunt; Nigel P Taylor; Graham Charles; International Cactaceae Systematics Group. \"The New Cactus Lexicon\" dh books, 2006\n3) James Cullen, Sabina G. Knees, H. Suzanne Cubey “The European Garden Flora Flowering Plants: A Manual for the Identification of Plants Cultivated in Europe, Both Out-of-Doors and Under Glass” Cambridge University Press, 11/Aug/2011\n4) Oakley, L., Pin, A. & Duarte, W. 2013. “Harrisia pomanensis.” The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.3. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 27 December 2014.\n5) Karl J. Niklas “The Evolutionary Biology of Plants” University of Chicago Press, 08 giu 1997\n6) N. L. Britton, J. N. Rose “The Cactaceae. Descriptions and Illustrations of Plants of the Cactus Family” volume 2 The Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington f. 225 1920\n7) Thomas H. Everett “The New York Botanical Garden Illustrated Encyclopedia of Horticulture” Volume 4 Courier Corporation, 01 January 1981\n8) “Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication” Volume 248, Part 2 Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1920\n9) Haustein, Erik “Der Kosmos-Kakteenführer” Franckh-Kosmos 1983\nCultivation and Propagation: Harrisia pomanensis (Eriocereus pomanensis) presents no problems in cultivation and will do well in a sunny spot in a cactus house.\nSoil: Grow them in rich, porous, sandy soil and let their soil dry out between waterings. If potted, repot in the spring if their roots become cramped. Generally, they should be repotted every other year in order to provide fresh soil. However, this doesn't necessarily mean they'll need larger containers. Fill about a quarter of the pot with broken crocks, gravel, etc. to promote good drainage. After repotting, do not water for a week or more.\nHardiness: These plants will not tolerate extended periods of frost; they can survive to a minimum temperature of -4°C.\nTraditional uses: The Lengua-Maskoy natives eat the raw fruits, as well as boiled or roasted roots of this species.\nPropagation: It can be increased by seeds or cuttings. Cuttings of healthy shoots can be taken in the spring and summer, Cut the stem with a sharp, sterile knife just above a bud or shoot (a 7-10cm long tip or branch is most suitable for propagation) Leave the cutting in a warm, dry place for a week or weeks (depending on how thick the cutting is) until a callus forms over the wound. Once the callus forms, the cutting may be inserted into a container filled with firmed cactus potting mix topped with a surface layer of coarse grit. They should be placed in the coarse grit only; this prevents the cut end from becoming too wet and allows the roots to penetrate the rich compost underneath. The cuttings should root in 2 to 6 weeks.\nGarden uses: Harrisia pomanensis forms long columns that are great for grafting valuable species of cacti and - differently from other common grafting stock - don’t induces plants to elongate out of character and produce weak spination. The scions on Harrisia don’t grow as fast as the ones grafted on other tender and stronger stock, but they prosper very easy and can be kept in dark and cold places in winter. It can easily endure some light frost, too.\n|Back to Cereus index|\n|Back to Cactaceae index|\n|Back to Cacti Encyclopedia index|", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Tick-borne infectious diseases are an epidemic on Long Island, and Stony Brook Medicine is leading efforts to understand and treat them.\nTo share scientific data and educate the public, Stony Brook Medicine hosted a recent symposium about the diagnosis and treatment of tick-borne diseases. Stony Brook University President Samuel L. Stanley Jr., MD, an infectious disease specialist, said insect-borne illnesses are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality around the world.\n“The University has actively been engaged in combatting these illnesses,” he told a packed lecture hall filled with clinicians and researchers at Stony Brook University Hospital.\n“When we think of these diseases, we tend to think of malaria, which infects millions of people and kills millions of children annually. Everyone is aware of Zika virus. And there is an outbreak of yellow fever right now in South America,” Dr. Stanley said. “But we don’t have to travel to those countries, to contract insect-borne disease. You can simply go in your backyard on Long Island and contract a tick-borne disease.”\n“In fact, a disproportionate amount of tick-borne diseases in the United States and in the world takes place right here,” he said. “Thousands of our citizens on Long Island have suffered from them.”\nStony Brook Medicine has also welcomed a recent gift of $1 million dollars for research on tick-borne diseases. The gift, from the Island Outreach Foundation, established the Tick Borne Disease Fund. The Fund will enable Stony Brook scientists to study illnesses carried by ticks, and other infectious diseases, in new and expanded ways.\nThe gift will fund the hiring of an additional researcher, who will focus on tick-borne diseases. It will also fund the creation of an insectarium in Stony Brook Medicine’s new Laboratory for Comparative Medicine. The insectarium will enable scientists to study ticks that are live and infected, which hasn’t been possible in the University’s current facilities.\nPhilanthropists David and Michele Knapp are president and vice president, respectively, of Island Outreach.\nIn the 1980s, Stony Brook researchers pioneered efforts to create a diagnostic test for Lyme disease and other bacterial infections carried by ticks. Jorge L. Benach, PhD, Distinguished Professor in the Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology at Stony Brook University, in collaboration with scientists at the National Institutes of Health, discovered and isolated the spirochete bacterium that causes Lyme disease.\nAs Suffolk County’s only academic medical center, Stony Brook sits at ground zero for the epidemic of tick-borne diseases. Suffolk County has the highest number of cases of tick-borne illness in New York State.\nIn 2016, Suffolk County led the state with 600 cases of Lyme disease, 153 cases of Babesiosis and 84 cases of Human Moncytic Ehrlichiosis. Lyme disease and Babesiosis are carried by the deer tick, and Ehrlichiosis is carried by the\nLone Star tick. It is likely many other people were infected, but their illnesses went unreported.\nAt the symposium, Dr. Benach recommended monitoring the spread of these diseases, calling them “a public health problem, a volcano almost, waiting to erupt underneath our own feet.”\nJorge L. Benach, PhD, Distinguished Professor in the Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology at Stony Brook University\nAnaplasmosis, Babesiosis and Ehrlichiosis are most frequent in the elderly and in patients who are immunosuppressed or have immune deficiencies, Dr. Benach said.\nLyme disease and Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever are most prevalent in children, particularly in boys.\nChristy Beneri, DO, Assistant Professor in the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Disease, at Stony Brook Children’s Hospital, presented data on children and adolescents treated at Stony Brook for Lyme disease. She said complications of pediatric Lyme disease include Bell’s Palsy (a temporary facial paralysis) and arthritis. Both conditions can be resolved with antibiotic treatment.\nRegarding Lyme-associated arthritis, Beneri said that if a child or teen complains of knee swelling on one side that is not painful, clinicians should consider testing for Lyme disease. If the diagnosis is positive, anti-inflammatory medication should be added to the course of antibiotics.\nDr. Beneri recommended more research on post-Lyme syndrome, a condition in which patients are still symptomatic long after their infections have been treated and resolved. The syndrome, experienced by 10 percent of those who contract Lyme disease, is not well-understood, she said.\nLuis Marcos, MD, MPH, Associate Professor of Clinical Medicine in the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, said it can be complex to understand and interpret diagnostic tests for tick-borne diseases. The consequence is disease that goes untreated for too long, he said, which may result in complications such as Bell’s Palsy, carditis, nerve pain, vision loss and severe ear pain, even after the patient eventually takes a course of antibiotics.\nEric D. Spitzer, MD, PhD, Associate Professor in the Department of Pathology and Director of Clinical Laboratories, said better diagnostic tests are needed.\n“Early Lyme disease is still difficult to diagnose using standard antibody detection methods,” he said, pointing out that current laboratory screening tests sometimes produce false-negative or false-positive results due to necessary tradeoffs between the specificity and sensitivity of the tests.\n“Changes in tick ecology, and recognition of additional potential pathogens in ticks, poses additional challenges to clinicians and laboratories,” Dr. Spitzer said.\nDavid Thanassi, PhD, Professor and Interim Chair of the Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, who moderated the panel discussion, said Stony Brook’s work on insect-borne diseases is “a representation of the intersection between basic science and clinical science.”\nThe symposium was sponsored by the Departments of Medicine, Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, Pathology and Pediatrics.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The order of the components in the vector f is chosen to help factor the matrix in (9) into two matrices as Ff = Dc where c = [ A, B, C, D ]T ,\nThe advantage of this factoring is that it is easy to find the expressions for F–1 and D–1 .\nF–1 is found by two row reductions and D–1 by inverting the 2×2 matrices in the block diagonal. These matrices are required to find the coefficients in the next layer. If cm are the coefficients in the m-th layer, then the coefficients in the next layer is found from the matrix product,\nThe use of the factored matrix means four matrix multiplications instead of two are required to cross the boundary, but it avoids having to find the matrix inverse numerically.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "(San Pedro Mountains Mummy discovered in Wyoming in 1932)\nWe spend a lot of focus on the tall people of the Americas - ancient giants and Sasquatch, but what of the \"little people\" of as I call them, \"Littlefoots.\"\nWhat? You haven't heard of the Littlefoots?\nWell, let's delve into this, both in legends and archaeological digs around America (and the world).\nFrom the book The Natural and Aboriginal History of Tennessee by John Haywood (starting page 200 on reprint edition from Amazon):\nReferred to as \"pygmies,\" these skeletons were found buried in crypts just outside of Sparta, Tennessee in the County of White and reported in the Nashville Whig in June 1820.\nThese graves had many bodies, all of them quite small. Some of the crypts were as small as 18 inches by 12 inches. The first grave was 2 feet long and inside the small skeleton and its teeth had the researcher wondering if it was canine or monkey. He had them sent off to be examined.\nThey were buried with care in a stone crypt and had shells and urns with them. The bones were so old they crumbled quite easily. One skull the examiner held up was 5\" across from side to side. Most individuals were from 18 inches to 2 feet 10 inches long. One find was a 5 foot 5 inch individual found with the smaller ones. The taller skeleton had a head that was longer, eyes much wider asunder, the forehead much higher above the eyebrows, and the under jaw measured one inch longer on each side than the smaller fellows. Atop the head of one skull had bright silver grey fine hairs.\nThere was great dissimilarity in skull shapes, the size and shape of the bones, and looked to belong to different tribes of people. Just 8 miles away, a 7-foot giant was found.\nThese finds were packaged and sent for examination in Nashville. The prevailing opinion was that they were not children. No 1 skull belonged to some carnivorous animal of the canine genus; but that the skull belonged on an adult person of small size, not much exceeding 3 feet in length. Cylindrical bones and teeth appeared canine. Others gave the same odd opinion.\nSource: V.R. Pilapil, for example, asserts that the disputed Tennessee graves really did contain pygmy remains. Not only that, but he hypothesizes that the pygmies arrived in ancient times from southeast Asia, probably the Philippines, where today's diminutive Aetas live. To support his case, Pilapil recalls B. Fell's examination of the Tennessee skeletal material. Fell noted that: (1) The skull brain capacity was equivalent to only about 950 cubic centimeters, about the volume of a non-pygmy 7-yearold; (2) The teeth were completely developed and showed severe wear characteristic of mature individuals; and (3) The skulls were brachycephalic (flat-headed like dogs) with projecting jaws (like dog). Fell had, in fact, described skulls very much like those of today's adult Philippine Aetas. Another line of evidence adduced by Pilapil involved the traditions of British Columbia tribes, which recognized a tribe of very small people called the Et-nane. More significant is the oral history of the Cherokees, which mentions the existence of \"little people\" in eastern North America.\nNote from blog author: Remember my saying \"kernels of truth\" found in ancient Native legends - they add magic to explain odd occurrences or things they cannot compute that actually happened or exist- kind of like what our archaeologists and anthropologists do when they find stuff they can't fit into their educational model.\nSource: Anthropological Institute, Journal, 6:100, 1876:\nAn ancient graveyard of vast proportions has been found in Coffee county. It is similiar to those found in White County and other places in middle Tennessee, but is vastly more extensive, and shows that the race of pygmies who once inhabited this country were very numerous. The same peculiarities of position Observed in the White County graves are found in these. The writer of the letter says: \"Some considerable excitement and curiousity took place a few days since, near Hillsboro, Coffee county, on James Brown's farm. A man was ploughing in a field which had been cultivated many years, and ploughed up a man's skull and other bones. After making further examination they found that there were about six acres in the graveyard. They were buried in a sitting or standing position. The bones show that they were a dwarf tribe of people, about three feet high. It is estimated that there were about 75,000 to 100,000 buried there. This shows that this country was inhabited hundreds of years ago.\"\nNote from blog author: It would appear that in the 1800s, they had no concept of the age of these graves - as the first find the bones crumbled, showing they were thousands of years old, not hundreds\nSource: The Native peoples of North America told legends of a race of \"little people\" who lived in the woods near sandy hills and sometimes near rocks located along large bodies of water, such as the Great Lakes. Often described as \"hairy-faced dwarfs\" in stories, petroglyphs illustrations show them with horns on their head and traveling in a group of 5 to 7 per canoe.\nA graveyard unearthed in the 1830s in Coshocton County, Ohio was believed to contain skeletons belonging to a pygmy race. In fact that the graves, only about three feet long, were \"bone burials\" containing disarticulated or bent bones packed together.\nThe physical remains of tiny people have been reported found in various locations in the western United States, particularly Montana and Wyoming. Typically these are described as being found in caves with various details such as descriptions that they were \"perfectly formed\", dwarf-size.\nSource: Yunwi Tsunsdi. The Little People of the Cherokee are a race of Spirits who live in rock caves on the mountain side. They are little fellows and ladies reaching almost to your knees. They are well shaped and handsome, and their hair so long it almost touches the ground. They are very helpful, kind-hearted, and great wonder workers. They love music and spend most of their time drumming, singing, and dancing. They have a very gentle nature, but do not like to be disturbed.\nCROW: The little people of the Pryor Mountains. Crow folklore says the \"Little People\" live in the Pryor Mountains, a small mountain range in Carbon County, Montana. Petroglyphs on rocks in the mountains, the Crow said, were made by these demon-like creatures. Because the Little People live there, the mountains are sacred to the Crow. The Little People are said to be no more than 18 inches (46 cm) (or knee) high. Crow folklore differs slightly from that of other tribes in describing the Little People of the Pryor Mountains as having large, nearly round bellies; incredibly strong but short arms and legs; and little or no neck.\n(San Pedro Mountains Mummy was discovered in Wyoming in 1932)\n(Palau skull finds)\nSource: The South Pacific Nation of Palau (just east of the Phillipines) has unearthed thousands of human bones that are rather unusual. The bones reportedly are 900 to 2500 years old and appear to be homo sapiens, but also reveal signs of archaic or primitive breeding. The bones were found in a cave. These people were 3-4 feet tall, perhaps 70 to 90 pounds (similar in size to the Homo floresiensis found in Indonesia). Some of these people lacked chins and had deep jaws, large teeth, and small eye sockets. Anthropologist, William Jungers, anthropologist, points out that the hobbit is distinguished from modern humans by jaw structures called transverse tori, which are seen in human ancestors, such as australopithecines and some Homo erectus fossils, he noted.\nIn the case of the homo floresiensis (Hobbit) from Indonesia; unlike the Palauan bones, the hobbit fossils include a skull with an exceptionally small braincase. Its volume is much smaller than that of small-bodied peoples living today on other Pacific islands and in the forests of Africa. It is also smaller than that of the early Palauans.\nDean Falk is an anthropologist at Florida State University in Tallahassee who received National Geographic funding to compare the Flores skull with both microcephalics and modern humans without disease. She and colleagues from the Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology concluded in a study published last year that the hobbit was not microcephalic. Falk said the finding closed the microcephaly argument. The Palauan remains, she added, are just a set of small bones, representing small-bodied people.\"But being small does not make one comparable to Homo floresiensis,\" she noted. \"It makes one small—period.\nTiny tribes have been reported throughout the islands of the South Pacific. Some scientists suggest that limited resources made them smaller, but that would take hundreds of thousands of years and that lack of resources would have killed them long before then. So, I will hazard a guess that they originated from Madagascar as an evolutionary offshoot of the lemur/lorises branch of the tree, whereas homo sapiens came from the primate branch.\nIt may seem like a wild idea, but so is man from primate! We came from the same tree as lemurs/lorises and in the isolation of Madagascar for millions of years, a race could have not only evolved long before we did, but were intelligent enough to take to other islands and look for more resources, hence populating the South Pacific, ending up in Peru finds and up into America re we ever considered leaving Africa 100,000 piddly years ago.\nAs you can see, there was a common ancestor and a division with one branch going to tarsiers, monkeys, apes and humans and another branch that goes to lemurs and lorises. *Please take note of the lemur/lorices branch's skeleton dude with no name - down below I explain him*\nSource: The discovery, in China, of some fossilized foot-bones believed to be from Eosimias, an early species already known of from fossilized jawbones, led to the announcement, in 2000 A.D., of Eosimias as a candidate for consideration as an early ancestor present in the family tree of humans / primates. (guess whose side of the tree? Mr. Lemur/lorices )\n(above: New graphic that includes the Eosimias)\nSource: Most of the mammals that evolved after the age of dinosaurs are known for their enormous sizes, but not so Eosimias, a tiny, Eocene primate that could easily fit in the palm of a child's hand. Judging by its scattered (and incomplete) remains, paleontologists have identified three species of Eosimias, all of which probably led a nocturnal, solitary existence (sound like anyone we know??? - more on a future post) high up in the branches of trees (where they would be beyond the reach of bigger, land-dwelling carnivorous mammals, though still presumably subject to harassment by prehistoric birds). The discovery of these \"dawn monkeys\" in Asia has led some experts to speculate that the human evolutionary tree had its roots in the prehistoric primates of the far east rather than Africa, though few people are convinced.\n(Eosimias were the oldest primate found - but found in China, not Africa)\nIn summary, I'd like to say shame on archaeologists and anthropologists. They have really fed us a line of bull about the evolutionary process of man and that there was only homo sapiens in the human genus after the 29,000 year mark when they say Neanderthal ended.\nThere appears to be strong evidence of hairy giants in our woodlands, elongated skull people in Peru found to not be of homo sapiens or Neanderthal lines (DNA testing of elongated skulls), and there are so many variations in skull shapes, teeth, height and more that it's obvious that there were many lines of man and perhaps not all from the primate branch, maybe even the lemur/lorises branch. And, imagine the hybrid variables if the lemur branch of man and the primate branch of man were to mate?\nI wish researchers would quit discarding anything that is \"out of place/out of time\" because these insane standards they have are arbitrary. There is much more in the ground and in caves yet to be found than has already been found and a vast majority we had no idea about like the recently discovered Denisovans. In fact, this newest find in China was just 14 years ago and it proved to be the oldest primate that they never knew about and from OUTSIDE of Africa - a notion they wouldn't entertain. So, be humble, keep your minds open, and don't think you know how everything relates, let the evidence tell you how it relates, don't tell the evidence how it relates!\nNext time someone scoffs at the existence of Sasquatch, they might want to take a look at recent finds of ancient giants and elongated skull people (ones that were not flatboarded), and the Littlefoots before they dispute the notion. We honestly have missed a huge amount of variations of humans that have lived on the earth and it's time to get to the ground and make more finds, as well as poking in every cave - the places earlier men sought refuge. There is a whole world yet to be uncovered, so long as the finds come to light and aren't buried away in some warehouse or morphed into something they aren't depending on covert agendas.\nNative Tribes from around the country consistently have stories of the little people. That nearly all of them have explanations of little people tells us that there was likely a universal influence around America that made the legends need to be born to explain something they encountered.\nCalifornia sprites were called Akeki. Pains are tiny magical spirits in the traditions of many California Indian and Northwest Coast tribes. Pains usually take the form of miniature, fairy-like people, although in some tribes they appear as tiny animals or magically powerful inanimate objects. Pains may be summoned by medicine people or witches, or they may remain within a Native American family through generations. In some tribes, Pains are primarily positive spirits, seen as guardians and granters of magical powers (though they can also cause harm to people.) In other tribes Pains are viewed more negatively, associated with disease, curses, and witchcraft (though they can still be a source of healing power to properly trained medicine people.)\nAlbawitches (Pennsylvania, Chickies Rock, Lancaster County): These little people are reported even today and explained as a population that nearly went extinct in the 19th Century, but are still seen today upon occasion.\nKawi Anukasha (Choctaw): The Little People in Choctaw folklore. They have strong magic and can be very dangerous, but they sometimes also bestow powers upon people who treat them respectfully. Their name literally means \"forest dwellers.\"\nNemirigar (Shoshone/Paiute): Although benign races of small magical creatures exist in many Native American tribes, the Little People of the Shoshone and Paiute tribes are dangerous man-eaters and enemies of humankind. \"Nimerigar\" is a corruption of the Shoshone and Paiute words meaning \"people-eaters\", and \"Nunumbi\" (and its many variants) means \"little person.\"\nMakiawisug (Mohegan Tribe): This Connecticut tribe described the little people as good spirits that one leaves gifts and food for. One should never look directly at them (a repeated theme in many Native legends of the little ones). If they catch you staring, they can use powers to hold you still while they take your belongings. And, you are not to speak of them.\nMemegwesi (Canadian Tribes): Memegwesi are small riverbank-dwelling water spirits. They are generally benign creatures, but sometimes blow canoes astray or steal things when they are not shown proper respect. In some Ojibwe traditions, Memegwesi can only be seen by children and medicine people; in others, they can appear to anyone, and may help humans who give them tobacco and other gifts. Most often Memegwesi are described as being child-sized and hairy with a large head and a strange voice that sounds like the whine of a dragonfly. The Cree and Innu describe them as having narrow faces, and some Menominee storytellers have said that they have no noses. It is sometimes said that Memegwesi were originally created from the bark of trees. Memegwesi are said to carve symbols on rocks and sometimes carve small canoes for themselves out of stone. Some people believe that their name comes from the Ojibwe word for \"hairy,\" memii, since Memegwesi are usually described as having hairy faces and bodies. Other people believe that their name is related to the word for butterfly, memengwaa.\nLittle people are reported in legends of nearly all the world's people from Australian aborigines to the Norse, the Celts to the Greeks. Just some are Tommyknockers, fairies, elves, trolls, gnomes, brownies, pixies, leprechauns.\nThe interesting thing is the running theme throughout - they are earth beings, mischievous, can be friendly and help you or play nasty pranks and hurt you. They accept gifts and that keeps them from causing more harm.\nWhen people around the world report giants that want to eat them and little people within their woods, you have to wonder about those \"kernels of truth.\" Are they reporting actual beings they shared the earth with, whom they could not seem to console their existence and so made up extraordinary and spiritual backgrounds for them?\nToday, people often report seeing \"little ones\" and most often in the company of \"big ones,\" or as we know them, Sasquatch. Some believe you don't speak of the little ones or even look at them, that it could cause some kind of bad or evil. Others revere them as old knowledge within the woodlands, keepers of nature of a sort. Most people today see them as mythological or mystical or even make believe, but there are those who say that the little people that once openly lived around the world, are still there, like the tall ones, only know to stay hidden....\nSo far as the subject of the Littlefoots, I can't stop thinking of this scene from \"Trilogy of Terror.\" A little guy can do a lot of damage!", "label": "No"}
{"text": "It’s tough to find new and exciting ways of educating children. Bringing subjects alive can make all the difference which is precisely where technology and, more precisely, the iPad can help. Courtesy of Emantras comes Frog Dissection and Cell and Cell Structure to make science that bit more interesting for middle school children.\nFrog Dissection is a less messy and kinder to frogs alternative to the age old way of learning biology: dissecting a frog. The app offers vivid 3D imaging an helpful step by step instructions which help ensure that the app is an accurate simulation of the real thing. Interactive quizzes and plenty of information on the frog’s organs and an anatomical comparison with humans makes this an ideal tool for science fans.\nCell and Cell Structure continues the biology theme by teaching everything possible about cells, their structure and their functions. Attractive graphics keep things interesting and interactive flashcards and quizzes reinforce the knowledge.\nThey’re both out now. Frog Dissection is priced at $3.99 while Cell and Cell Structure is $1.99.\nReleased: 2010-06-22 :: Category: Education", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The compound in lye, sodium hydroxide, is among the most easily-accessible corrosive chemicals— a wide range of products ranging from Drano to specialty batteries contain it, despite it being the sort of substance that will happily make short work of your fingertips if you are not careful.\nThe reason the sodium hydroxide is so unreasonably caustic is not because it is acidic, but rather because it is so anti-acidic, or basic. While acids do have their fair share of malevolent uses—most notably to melt Coke cans—they only represent half of the story. Acids corrode things like metal because they love to toss protons at things they encounter, allowing them to provoke strange reactions in a wide variety of compounds. But bases are guilty of just the opposite; they steal protons from anything they come in contact with. Different materials will be more susceptible to acids or bases depending on their properties: while a metal might readily dissolve when exposed to an acid(usually because the acid’s protons encourage the metal to oxidize extra quickly), it might remain relatively inert when a base is applied to it. Likewise, organic compounds like cellular membranes are particularly susceptible to bases, making bases the reagents of choice for products like drain cleaner, which are used to break up the greasy globs of proteins that inhabit your kitchen sink after dinner. The susceptibility of organic tissue to bases is part of the reason why bases can be so dangerous.\nAs demonstrated by the familiar vinegar and baking soda volcanoes that annually discolor the floors of school gymnasiums nationwide, reactions between acids and bases are particularly vigorous. This makes sense, since one reagent is eager to steal a proton and another is eager to relinquish one. The products of acid/base reactions tend to be inert gases and water, making them extremely useful in bodily metabolic processes like digesting food.\nA chemistry teacher once told me that half of all chemistry is simply keeping track of electrical charges. Acid/base reactions certainly seem to fall in this half. Thus it would seem natural that there are certain types of reactions that will only occur in the presence of an electric field, as not all compounds have the proclivity to exchange protons and electrons as acids and bases. Electrolysis reactions represent those charge exchanges that will not occur spontaneously unless abetted by an external electric field. These reactions generally only occur between metals within a conducting solution(like saltwater), because metals and ionic solutions are generally the best at conducting the DC currents necessary to sustain such reactions. Electrolysis and its variants are used in industry to plate metals with other metals, to etch designs without the need for a laser, and occasionally to isolate pure elements that tend to not exist in pure forms in nature—because the electric field puts so much energy into the reaction vessel, it allows otherwise unstable elements to be isolated.\nThe latter usage is quite beneficial to the home chemist—there are many great tutorials out there for making pure hydrogen and oxygen gases by running a battery through salt water. The reason I mention this usage of electrolysis in the context of acid base chemistry is because, one fine day in high school, I decided that it would be a prudent idea to heat sodium hydroxide to its melting point and then perform electrolysis with a high-current power supply. I wanted to isolate pure sodium metal, which has a variety of useful properties, and for this reason I was oblivious to the risks of running high power electrical current through boiling hot caustic lye. Here is the result, complete with Hollywood production values:\nHere is what was supposed to happen: By running a cheap tube from a cooler filled with dry ice, I could pipe cold carbon dioxide into the melting crucible and displace any oxygen inside the chamber. This would supposedly suppress any fires from starting and keep side reactions in check. Supposedly, if I had done this perfectly, the molten sodium hydroxide would have reacted happily with the DC current and liberated a small amount of molten elemental sodium at one of the electrodes, which would have formed a shiny metallic pool at the top of the molten base.\nSadly, I seem to have undervalued the awesome power of bases. The molten sodium hydroxide will react with almost anything it can find, and so it begins to react with the metal sides of my melting vessel to yield samples of an intricate group of molecules known as “complex ions.” These are the sickening black substances that accrue inside my crucible—the molten sodium hydroxide normally should have remained transparent. The carbon dioxide seems to have done its job, as I still have all of my fingers, but the reaction nonetheless failed to yield an appreciable amount of sodium due to the complex ions’ interloping.\nYou can hear some sodium metal hissing as I drop the cathode into the pool of water at the end of the video, leading me to believe that a small amount of sodium was indeed liberated (and yes, I did wait for the cathode to cool before I dropped it in). The hissing is the sound of the elemental sodium aggressively recombining with water to form sodium hydroxide and hydrogen gas, the latter of which loudly deflagrates due to the heat of the reaction.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "A 'space hurricane' hovered above the North Pole for about 8 hours, study says\n- Until now, it was uncertain that space hurricanes even existed.\n- The space hurricane spotted by the research team in Earth’s ionosphere was spinning in a counterclockwise direction.\n- The findings suggest space hurricanes should be a widespread phenomena.\nAnd now we have space hurricanes to worry about.\nFor the first time, scientists have spotted what they're calling a \"space hurricane\" spinning above the North Pole, according to a new study. The roughly 600-mile-wide swirling mass of plasma was located several hundred miles above the North Pole, and \"rained\" electrons instead of water, according to the study.\nUntil now, it was uncertain that space hurricanes even existed, \"so to prove this with such a striking observation is incredible,\" said study co-author Mike Lockwood, a space scientist at the University of Reading in the U.K., in a statement.\nThe observations, made by satellites in August 2014, were only uncovered during retrospective analyses led by scientists from Shandong University in China.\nThe phenomenon would be an incredible sight, but it's likely no one saw this particular space hurricane. It would be visible to the naked eye, Lockwood told USA TODAY, \"but because the event is over the pole you would have to be at very high latitudes (to see it).\"\nAuthors say further study is needed, especially because geomagnetic activity can disrupt GPS satellites.\nThe space hurricane spotted by the research team in Earth’s ionosphere was spinning in a counterclockwise direction (like hurricanes do in the Northern Hemisphere), had multiple spiral arms and lasted almost eight hours before gradually breaking down.\nIn many ways, this space hurricane resembles the hurricanes we are familiar with down here in the Earth’s lower atmosphere.\nThe year in science:A look at all the ways science thrived in 2020\nTropical storms and hurricanes occur in Earth’s lower atmosphere over warm bodies of water such as oceans and gulfs. When warm, moist air rises, it creates an area of low pressure near the surface that sucks in the surrounding air, causing extremely strong winds and creating clouds that lead to heavy rain.\n“Tropical storms are associated with huge amounts of energy, and these space hurricanes must be created by unusually large and rapid transfer of solar wind energy and charged particles into the Earth’s upper atmosphere,\" Lockwood said.\nHurricanes like those we have here on Earth have also been seen in the lower atmospheres of Mars, Jupiter and Saturn, while enormous solar tornadoes have been seen in the atmosphere of the sun, the University of Reading said in a statement. However, the existence of space hurricanes in the upper atmosphere of planets had not been detected before.\n“Plasma and magnetic fields in the atmosphere of planets exist throughout the universe, so the findings suggest space hurricanes should be a widespread phenomena,” Lockwood said.\nIn addition, according to the study, the fact that the space hurricane occurred during a period of low geomagnetic activity suggests they could be more relatively common within our solar system and beyond. \"This highlights the importance of improved monitoring of space weather, which can disrupt GPS systems,\" the University of Reading said in a statement.\nThe findings were published in the peer-reviewed British journal Nature Communications.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Scientists claim that approximately 65 million years ago the Earth was hit by a huge rock, approximately 6 miles accross, coming from space. The crater caused by the blast is supposed be over 100 miles in width and according to experts the energy it released was 100 trillion tons of TNT. This power is over 1 billion times the power of the Nagasaki and Hiroshima atom bombs. The result of the blast was the extinction of about 75% of the species inhabiting the Earth, including the dinosaurs.\nWhen the giant rocks (asteroids) hit the earth with approximately 10-20miles per hour the kinetic energy from the asteroid became explosive energy which resulted in a layer of dust, rocks and soil not only in the atmosphere, but into space which later fall back on the top of the atmosphere. This left the earth without sunlight for several weeks which caused a disturbtion in the food chain, because a lot of plants have died.\nAnother theory states that when the rocks started to fall down the atmosphere they created a storm of fireballs which eventually heated the ground to boiling temps for a couple of minutes. This was more than enough to kill many animal species like dinosaurs and so on…\nAccording to new hypotheses the huge blast may have sent large rocks from the Earth to Mars and Europa – the satellite of Jupiter. Scientists believe that rocks bigger than 3 meters have traveled all the way to Mars and Jupiter’s satellite Europa packed with various living species.\nThus, researchers suggest that any forms of life are found on other planets and their satellites we shouldn’t assume their origin is independent because they may have come from the Earth. The research and debate of such hypothesis continues.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Scarification: Soak in hot tap water, let stand in water for 24 hours, repeat process on seed that did not imbibe\nStratification: cold stratify for 90 days\nGermination: sow seed 1/2\" deep, tamp the soil, keep moist but not wet\nOther: if boiling water treatment does not allow seed to imbibe, sulfuric acid treatment is required\nIntroducing the Sapindus mukorossi Chinese Soapberry, also known as the wash-nut tree, a species of tree native to India and Nepal. The fruit of the tree, commonly known as Indian Soapberry, contains saponin, a natural cleanser making it perfect for use on hair, skin, and clothes. It also has insecticidal properties and can be used to remove head lice. The soapnut has medicinal benefits, including treating migraines and removing skin impurities. The fruit from just one tree can produce 30-35 kg per year and the tree is tolerant to poor soil, making it perfect for planting around farmers’ homes. The soapnut has been found to be effective as a natural surfactant, increasing the mobility of oil from the fields. It also has potential for washing arsenic from soils rich in iron. Try the Sapindus mukorossi and embrace its natural cleansing properties.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Edited by Hossein Pakzad MD\nWatch Video: Introduction to Stress Fractures of the foot\nStress Fractures occur when excessive repetitive force is applied to a localized area of bone. Activities such as walking, running, and repeated jumping can subject the bones of the foot to large forces, often leading to microscopic cracks in the bone, called “microfractures.” Normally, the body is able to sufficiently heal these microfractures, leading to a stronger bone able to accommodate these higher forces in the future. However, when the rate of loading on the foot is such that the body’s healing response cannot keep up, a stress reaction can develop. Eventually, if the forces continue, the bone structure can fail and a stress fracture will occur. An individual’s lack of sufficient biology to heal microfractures (i.e., low calcium, vitamin D, or thyroid hormone) can also contribute or lead to stress fractures.\nStress fractures occur in the same manner that you would break a paper clip – excessive wiggling back and force will lead to breakage. Stress fractures can occur in:\n- Normal bone that is subject to extraordinarily excessive repetitive loading. An example of this would be a new army recruit going on a long march as part of basic training who, as a result of this dramatic increase in repetitive loading, develops a stress fracture (often called a “March” fracture).\n- Weakened or brittle bone that is subject to seemingly normal repetitive forces. For example, a person with thin bone (ex. osteoporosis) who walks much more than they are used to.\nStress fractures do not occur in random locations. They occur in certain bones, and locations within those bones, that are absorbing excessive repetitive force. Some of these bones have distinct areas with diminished blood supply which makes them prone to have less potential for healing. Each person’s foot absorbs force in a slightly different manner, which is dictated by that person’s foot shape, alignment, foot stiffness, and gait pattern. Common sites of stress fractures in the foot include:\n- 2nd or 3rd Metatarsal Neck Region\n- Base of 5th Metatarsal (Jones Fracture)\n- Sesamoids of the Great Toe\nDiagnosis of a stress fracture requires a high degree of suspicion as the fracture often does not show up in the first two weeks on the initial x-ray. Patients will usually report localized aching pain in the effected area. They will give a history of some increase in their normal activity level (ex. went for a long hike this weekend). They usually do not report a specific injury when the pain began. They may have a history of a condition that predisposes them to weaker bones such as: Osteoporosis (weak thin bone); Amenorrhea (loss of normal menstrual cycle); or a history of smoking.\nX-rays may initially be negative, as it often takes 10 days or more for a callus (new bone) to form and be visualized on x-rays. Bone scans and MRIs are more likely to be positive in stress fractures. It is possible, and in fact common, to see fluid or “edema” in bones on an MRI without having an obvious stress fracture. This represents a “stress reaction” and is equivalent to microscopic bone fracturing without a complete stress fracture. The fracture, if present, is usually visible on an MRI. If there is a concern, a CT scan can usually confirm the diagnosis of stress fracture, as well as clearly define the location and size of the fracture.\nMost stress fractures do not require surgery. Treatment generally involves:\n- Resting the affected area until the bone adequately heals, often 6-8 weeks or more. This can be accomplished with crutches and a CAM walker boot.\n- Avoiding any activities that caused the injury or exacerbate the symptoms.\n- Correcting any risk factor that may predispose to further stress fractures, including training issues, footwear, and nutritional or hormonal deficiencies. Certain stress fractures may require surgery in order to aid in healing or prevent non-healing (i.e., non-union) or refracture. These “high risk” stress fractures include the Jones fracture, a displaced navicular stress fracture, and other stress fractures that may not heal adequately with non-surgical treatment. The decision for surgery should be made by an orthopaedic surgeon with experience treating these types of injuries.\nEdited on October 24, 2017\nPreviously Edited by Kenneth Hunt, MD", "label": "No"}
{"text": "(Guest post by Yuto Katoh)\nThe frontier letter article by Liu (2016), published in Earth, Planets and Space, reported a potential connection between the El-Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the upper atmosphere. Using a long dataset spanning 46 years of the air mass density at 400 km height, the analysis revealed two oscillating modes of the upper atmosphere. One mode has a period of about 2 years, and the other of ~5 years. The 5-year mode is found to highly correlated with ENSO activity in the troposphere (Figure 1, upper panel) while the 2-year mode shows correlation with the stratospheric QBO (Figure 1, bottom panel) likely modulated by the solar cycle.\nThis finding has important implications for space weather research and operations. Space weather refers to perturbations of the upper atmosphere, which is a critical region for modern space technology like wireless communication, global navigation and positioning, also orbit control of low-earth-orbiting satellites and their reentries. ENSO’s tele-connection with the upper atmosphere, hence space weather, tells us that in addition to social and economic effects we hear from the media, tropospheric climate change can also significantly influence the high-tech systems that strongly depend on space operations.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Lysosomes are one type of recycling unit in the cell, responsible for breaking down damaged cellular components and some unwanted proteins. One of the causes of aging is that in long-lived cells types of metabolic waste that cannot be broken down accumulate in lysosomes. These compounds are collectively called lipofuscin, and their presence in large amounts renders lysosomes bloated and inefficient. Cellular housekeeping as a whole then deteriorates until cells die or fall into dysfunctional states that harm tissue function. Everyone has this to look forward to. There is much less work taking place on a solution to this issue than on the analogous problem of lyososmal storage diseases, however, a collection of rare genetic disorders in which the lysosome lacks some of the tools it needs to break down ordinary, common structures and unwanted molecules. These compounds build up inside the cell and it eventually dies. If you follow the field of aging research you will see this over and and again: the harms that happen to everyone at the end of life are largely ignored, but there is much more interest in tackling similar problems that happen to just a few people in younger years.\nResearchers here are looking at lysosomal exocytosis, which is a fancy term for the process in which a lysosome docks at the interior of the cell surface and then throws its cargo of garbage outside the cell. The degree to which this normally happens can be increased greatly, and early indications are that this is a potentially beneficial approach to treating lysosomal storage diseases. Will this be useful in the lysosomal issues that accompany aging, however? The type of garbage at issue is totally different, and it may well be that this would just swap the one problem for another. We have no idea what large amounts of lipofuscin between long-lived cells in nerve tissue will do over the long-term, though this is certainly something that could be investigated. Overall I'd prefer the SENS approach of infusing the body with enzymes that can safely break down lipofuscin constituents, but all of these strategies are at least worth investigation.\nLysosomes are acidic compartments in mammalian cells that are primarily responsible for the breakdown of endocytic and autophagic substrates such as membranes, proteins, and lipids into their basic building blocks. Lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs) are a group of metabolic disorders caused by genetic mutations in lysosomal hydrolases required for catabolic degradation, mutations in lysosomal membrane proteins important for catabolite export or membrane trafficking, or mutations in nonlysosomal proteins indirectly affecting these lysosomal functions.\nA hallmark feature of LSDs is the primary and secondary excessive accumulation of undigested lipids in the lysosome, which causes lysosomal dysfunction and cell death, and subsequently pathological symptoms in various tissues and organs. There are more than 60 types of LSDs, but an effective therapeutic strategy is still lacking for most of them. Several recent in vitro and in vivo studies suggest that induction of lysosomal exocytosis could effectively reduce the accumulation of the storage materials. Meanwhile, the molecular machinery and regulatory mechanisms for lysosomal exocytosis are beginning to be revealed. In this paper, we first discuss these recent developments with the focus on the functional interactions between lipid storage and lysosomal exocytosis. We then discuss whether lysosomal exocytosis can be manipulated to correct lysosomal and cellular dysfunction caused by excessive lipid storage, providing a potentially general therapeutic approach for LSDs.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Food contact materials (FCMs) are challenging to identify because of their complicated matrices and restricted commercial standards. Using tools based on machine-learning algorithms can help identify these substances.\nRecent research published in the Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry demonstrates the usage of in silico collision cross-section modeling (CSS) and retention time (RT) techniques to detect inert migrates from food contact materials using liquid chromatography-ion mass spectrometry. Investigating the chemical migration from polyamide (PA) spatulas helps determine this approach's suitability.\nDetrimental Effects of Food Contact Chemicals (FCCs)\nDuring processing, transportation, preservation and delivery, food and drinks can come into contact with various materials.\nChemicals in food contact materials can migrate into food and cause health issues for consumers.\nIn some instances, food-contact materials can also include unwanted chemicals (FCCs) such as the degradation products of additives, the polymer itself, industrial solvents, or the by-products of chemical reactions.\nPaper, wood, glassware, metal, plastic, and biomaterials are all FCMs.\nPlastic polymers most frequently come into contact with food. Additives are employed in plastics manufacturing to improve the finished product's performance. Plasticizers, inhibitors, binders, and lubricants are some of the most often used additives. These additives can migrate into food since they are not usually chemically bonded to the polymers.\nIt has been reported that the food contamination caused by chemical materials from FCMs could be 100 times greater than that from synthetic pesticides and industrial pollutants.\nChallenges Associated with Identification of FCCs\nAccurate detection of FCCs from FCMs is difficult due to the complexity of the plastic matrix, unknown contents, and restricted standards. The elemental composition of detected substances can be estimated from the primary ion and isotopic dispersion using high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), incorporating time-of-flight (TOF).\nMolecules with a specific chemical formula in ChemSpider or PubChem reveal several probable structures. Analysts with knowledge in MS spectrum interpretation are needed for elimination of implausible entries and to reduce false positives.\nPotential of Ion Mobility Mass Spectrometry for FCCs Detection\nIn recent years, ion mobility spectroscopy has been extensively employed for the controlled and uncontrolled screening of complex samples.\nCollision cross-section derived from ion mobility mass spectrometry is a stable characteristic associated with particle size, morphology, and potential.\nCollision cross-section measurements combine retention time (RT), precise mass, atomic pattern, and fragmented ions for chemical identification.\nLimitation of Collision Cross-Section Based Ion Mobility Mass Spectrometry\nA constraint in detecting FCCs emerging from FCMs is that many suspected compounds are not commercially accessible. Consequently, accurate and definite identification cannot be validated by matching the collision cross-section values of unknowns to those of standard values.\nDevelopment of Collision Cross-section Prediction Models Using Machine Learning Approaches\nTo improve FCC detection by ion mobility mass spectrometry's, researchers have developed machine learning-based collision cross-section prediction models. Based on liquid chromatography, ion mobility mass spectrometry and collision cross-section (CCS) prediction tools, Song et al. have proposed a method to detect non-volatile chemicals in FCMs.\nThe Food Contact Chemicals Database (FCCdb) and the Chemicals linked with Plastic Packaging Database (CPPdb) are two databases with information on FCMs. The predicted models designed by researchers were employed to forecast the RT and CCS values of the chemicals in the CPPdb and FCCdb. The structural elucidation method included the two databases as screening libraries.\nBy analyzing the migration of chemicals from PA spatulas, the efficacy of these two databases in detecting FCCs were assessed.\nAfter using the RT and CCS prediction filters, the number of relevant compounds was decreased by around 75% and 29%, respectively. The PA spatulas included 95 different chemicals, 54 verified using reference standards.\nAccording to researchers, the detection of chemicals in FCMs can be aided by creating a database comprising projected RT and CCS values of compounds associated to FCMs.\nPredicted RT and CCS values can be added to the identification procedure to increase identification confidence, although they do not conclusively show the compound's existence.\nBy screening against chemicals in two public databases (CPPdb and FCCdb) with improved predicted RT and CCS values based on machine learning, different compounds present in FCMs can be discovered.\nPredicted RT and CCS values can be employed efficiently to drastically reduce false positives and enhance the accuracy of identification. Adding more measured values to the appropriate training sets increases RT and CCS forecasts' accuracy.\nSong, X.-C., Canellas, E., Dreolin, N., Goshawk, J., & Nerin, C. (2022). Identification of Nonvolatile Migrates from Food Contact Materials Using Ion Mobility–High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry and in Silico Prediction Tools. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.jafc.2c03615", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The severe crimes of fascists still terrify people all over the world. And among those who gave inhuman orders were women, no matter how scary it is. Let’s look at top-10 cruel women of the Third Reich.\nThis representative of German women was the warden of Nazi death camps called Ravensbruck, Auschwitz as well as Bergen-Belsen. She had such nicknames as “Blonde Devil”, “The angel of death” and “Beautiful monster”.\nShe used emotional and physical methods to torture against prisoners. She beat women to death and enjoyed the random shooting of detainees. Irma starved her dogs in order to set them against victims afterwards. She personally selected hundreds of people for sending them to gas chambers. In the post-war press they discussed her probable sexual deviancy with SS guards.\nIn April 1945 Irma was captured by the English. She was found guilty and sentenced to be hanged by the British military tribunal. On the last night before the execution she sang songs with one of blonde women who were her colleague named Elizabeth Volkenrath. When a noose was put around her neck she remained calm. Her last word to an English executioner was “Hurry up!”\nThis member of NSDAP was Karl Koch’s wife – he was the commandant of Buchenwald and Majdanek concentration camps during WW2. She got the nickname “Buchenwald Witch” for the severe torture of the camp’s prisoners. Ilse was also accused of making souvenirs out of human skin.\nIn June 1945 she was arrested by the American troops and sentenced to life imprisonment. Then she was released by an American commandant who believed that the charges against Ilse had been insufficiently substantiated.\nIt gave rise to protests from the public, therefore in 1951 Koch was arrested again and sentenced to life imprisonment by the German Court. In 1967 Ilse committed suicide by hanging herself in a Bavarian prison cell.\nShe was one of those German women who became the overseers of women’s concentration camps of the Third Reich. Luise started to work in Ravensbruck camp, then she was transferred to Majdanek. She also served in Malchow and Auschwitz.\nDanz beat detainees and confiscated their winter clothes. In Malchow, where she held the position of a senior overseer, Luise starved prisoners giving them food once every three days. In April 1945 she killed a girl.\nShe was arrested in June 1945 and sentenced to life imprisonment. But in 1956 Danz was released for health reasons. When in 1996 she was again charged with murdering the child, doctors said that it would be very hard for one of ageing women to bear another imprisonment and the charges against her were dropped. They say she is still alive and lives in Germany.\nBetween 1940 and 1943 she, unlike many of Nazi women, Jenny-Walda worked as a fashion model and didn’t relate to warrior women. Then, Jenny started working for the Third Reich and became the warden of Stutthof camp. She was famous for the severe beating of female prisoners, some of them she beat to death.\nShe also participated in the compilation of a list of children and women who were supposed to be sent to gas chambers. Barkmann was cruel and wonderful, that’s why prisoners called her “Beautiful ghost”.\nShe was arrested in May 1945 and found guilty, after which Jenny was given the last word. She said: “Life is really great pleasure, but, as a rule, the pleasure doesn’t last long”.\nBarkmann was hanged in public not far from Gdansk in 1946. Her body was burnt and her dust was washed away in the restroom of a house where she had been born.\nHerta Gertrude Bothe\nIn 1942, she started to serve the Third Reich as the overseer of Ravensbruck camp. Then, Herta was transferred to Stutthof camp near the city of Gdansk. In it, she got the nickname “Stutthof sadist” because of cruel treatment of women-detainees.\nSince January 1945 she was the warden of death march which began from central Poland and finished at Bergen-Belsen camp. After the liberation of the camp Herta was arrested.\nOn Belsen Trial she was sentenced to 10 years’ imprisonment. However, Herta was released in 1951 ahead of time. She died in March 2000 in Huntsville, the USA.\nFor the period 1942-1944 she held the position of the chief of Auschwitz-Birkenau female camps and directly responsible for the death of half a million female prisoners.\nAuschwitz’s detainees called her a beast. Maria was one of few women who personally sent thousands of people to gas chambers.\nThere were cases where Mandel took some prisoners under her wings and when she got bored with them Maria included those prisoners in a list of people on a death row.\nThe idea of creating a camp orchestra also belonged to her. That orchestra met newly arrived prisoners with happy music at the gate of the camp. Mandel was a big fan of music and often came to musicians’ barracks in order to listen to them.\nIn August 1945 she was arrested by American troops. Then Maria was handed over to the Polish authorities upon request. She was sentenced to death by hanging by the court. The sentence was carried out in January 1948 in a Krakow prison.\nShe began her service at the Ravensbruck camp in October 1944 by becoming a senior warden. Due to her hard work she was transferred to Theresienstadt camp as the head of all camp’s overseers. According to prisoners, that beauty was cruel and ruthless to them.\nHildegard controlled more than twenty thousand Jewish women. She contributed to the deportation of more than 40000 women and children from Theresienstadt to Auschwitz and Bergen-Belsen where most of them were killed.\nNeumann left the concentration camp in May 1945 and didn’t face criminal prosecution for the war crimes. The further fate of Hildegard Neumann is unknown.\nUnlike many other German women who served in camps as wardens, Herta did other jobs. Being a doctor, Herta Oberheuser did cruel experiments on children in Auschwitz and Ravensbruck camps. She killed them with the help of the injections of barbiturates, removed their limbs and vital organs. Herta’s victims died in terrible agony fully conscious.\nMoreover, she experimented with the infections of injuries inflicting cuts of children’s skin and rubbing dirt, glass and rust in it.\nAt the Nuremberg trial Herta was sentenced to 20 years’ imprisonment. Nevertheless, having stayed behind bars for 5 years, one of the cruelest Nazi women was released for good behavior and returned to medical practice. Only in 1958 when the survived victim of Herta’s terrible experiments identified her, the sadist’s medical career was over.\nAlice Orlowski (ranks among women of the Third Reich who changed her attitude towards detainees)\nFor years Alice has been considered to be one of the Third Reich’s severest women-wardens. She knocked out prisoners’ eyes by lashes and, then, sent blind people to gas chambers. It was she who began to throw children to gas chambers over the heads of adults in order to increase the capacity of chambers.\nNevertheless, by the end of the war, her attitude towards prisoners strangely changed, and she began to sympathize with them – Alis brought them water and food and helped in any possible ways.\nNobody knows how sincere her “rebirth” was. We know one thing — after the war Alice served only 10 years on sentence and then lived a normal life. She died on the loose in 1976 at the age of 73.\nJohanna was one of those Nazi women who oversaw Auschwitz camp. Johanna joined the SS as a civil servant because of need for money.\nShe worked in Lichtenburg as a worker in a kitchen (until May 1939). Since May 1939 Bormann served in Ravensbruck camp as a warden. Then she was transferred to Auschwitz-Birkenau.\nJohanna was characterized by sadism. She constantly set her sheepdogs on prisoners. (That’s why she got the nickname “Lady with dogs”).\nIn January 1945 she was evacuated to Bergen-Belsen. In April 1945 she was among those Nazi women who were captured by the Allied Coalition Forces.\nJohanna appeared before the court of the British military tribunal as an accused in the Bergen-Belsen workers proceedings. She was sentenced to death by hanging. The sentence was carried out in December 1945.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Most of us know women who have fought breast cancer - mothers, grandmothers, sisters, aunts, daughters, friends, neighbours... Perhaps you're even fighting the disease yourself.\nIt goes without saying that breast cancer is an epidemic. One in every eight woman will develop the disease, and close to 40,000 women die from it each year. According to science, common chemicals like Bisphenol-A, phthalates and parabens, which are found in food, cleaning products and personal care items, play a major role in breast cancer incidence by disrupting your hormones.\nThe good news is that it's easy to avoid your exposure to these three breast cancer-causing chemicals by simply reading labels and making smart choics when you're shopping. Here are some tips...\nThree chemicals that cause breat cancer\n#1: Bisphenol-A (BPA)\nBPA is found pretty much everywhere, from canned foods to plastic water bottles. Studies have shown that it’s link to early puberty, a big risk factor for later-life breast cancer\n, and that it can make healthy breast cells grow and survive like cancer cells. What’s more, some research suggests that BPA can even make breast cancer\ndrugs less effective!\nTo reduce your exposure of BPA, avoid buying canned foods, choose glass or stainless steel instead of plastic to store water and food and ensure that your children’s toys are BPA-free.\n************ Best seller *************\nThe real key to healing cancer is to wipe out the stealth disease lurking behind it...\nI admit I was downright shocked when I found out that cancer\nisn't actually what kills most cancer\npatients! And I've been a doctor for well over 20 years - so not much surprises me anymore.\nEven more astounding - this monumental discovery goes back to the 1970s when former US Air Force Dr Joseph Gold uncovered the REAL killer, a condition that no one in the medical field was even talking about!\nThat's right - the real culprit behind 3 out of every 4 cancer\ndeaths isn't cancer at all. No! It's a syndrome you've probably never even heard of - called cachexia (pronounced \"ka-kek-see-ah\").\nMost commonly used to make plastics pliable and soft, phthalates are a class of chemicals found in a number of products. They’re most commonly found in cosmetics, air fresheners, detergents and common cleaning products. You can avoid phthalates by opting for products that are labelled “phthalate-free” and using unscented products or those scented with natural essential oils instead of scented candles, air fresheners and household cleaners.\nYou’ll also want to stop buying vinyl products, which are usually softened with phthalates. Instead of a shower curtain made with PVC, choose one made with cloth or nylon. Your children’s toys should also always be PVC-free!\nFound in most cosmetics, including deodorants and lotions, parabens are widely used as preservatives. Your skin quickly absorbs this chemical, which has been strongly associated with breast cancer\nincidence. In fact, a particular study found parabens in a whopping 99% of breast tissue samples. Sixty percent of the samples contained at least five parabens!\nYour best bet to eliminate parabens from your beauty routine is to only use products that are labelled “paraben-free”. You should also read product labels thoroughly and avoid ones that list ingredients that end with “paraben”, such as methylparaben.\nThis list is by no means exhaustive and there are, of course, many other chemicals associated with breast cancer incidence. There are also lots of other ways that you can cut your risk of breast cancer, but avoiding these three common carcinogenic chemicals is a very good starting point.", "label": "No"}