Thermocouples are one of the most important tools that determines the accuracy of temperature measurement. The thermocouple metals used to create the sensing junction have a major impact on the accuracy, temperature sensitivity, and stability of the temperature sensing device. In this blog post, we’ll take a look at the importance of thermocouple metals in determining the accuracy of temperature measurement.
Considerations for Choosing The Right Type of Thermocouple For Your Industry!
Thermocouples are made up of two dissimilar metals which typically meet at a particular junction. This meeting point or the junction between the two metals creates a voltage that is proportional to the temperature difference between the two junctions. The most common thermocouple metals are copper and nickel that are widely used in various industries. Copper has a high thermal conductivity and a low melting point, making it ideal for use in thermocouples. Nickel has a lower thermal conductivity than copper, but a higher melting point. This property of nickel makes it ideal for use in high temperature applications.
- The accuracy of a thermocouple is determined by the material of the two metals used. Different metals have different coefficients of expansion. This means that they will expand at different rates when exposed to heat. The amount of expansion is directly proportional to the temperature change. The most accurate thermocouples are made with pure metals, such as copper and nickel. Thermocouples made with impure metals, such as stainless steel, are less accurate.
- The temperature sensitivity of a thermocouple is determined by the material of the two metals used. The most sensitive thermocouples are made with metals that have a high thermal conductivity, such as copper. Thermocouples made with metals that have a low thermal conductivity, such as nickel, are less sensitive.
- Thermocouples made with different metals can be more stable and less sensitive to temperature changes. For example, thermocouples made with constantan and chromel are often used in high-temperature applications. These metals have a lower thermal conductivity, which means they are less accurate at measuring temperature changes. However, they are much more stable and less sensitive to changes in the surrounding environment.
- The stability of a thermocouple is determined by the material of the two metals used. The most stable thermocouples are made with metals that have a high melting point.
Noble Metal Thermocouples & Their Types!
Industries working at extreme temperatures prefer using noble metal thermocouples because of their stability at higher temperatures and extreme environments, even though these are least sensitive. There are three main types of thermocouples: type B, type R, and type S.
- Type B thermocouples are made of boron and iron. They have a low thermal conductivity, which makes them ideal for use in high-temperature applications. They are also very resistant to oxidation and corrosion.
- Type R thermocouples are made of platinum and rhodium. They have a higher accuracy than type B thermocouples and are often used in precision temperature measurement applications.
- Type S thermocouples are made of silicon and silicon-germanium. They have the highest accuracy of all the thermocouple types and are often used in critical temperature measurement applications.
Most Commonly Used Base Metal Thermocouples!
Thermocouples are also classified according to the base metals used in their construction. These base metal thermocouples are most widely used in industries because of their high sensitivity to temperature changes. The most common types are Type E, Type J, Type K, and Type T.
- Type E thermocouples are made with chromel and constantan. They are the most accurate type of thermocouple and are used in many industrial applications.
- Type J thermocouples are made with iron and constantan. They are less accurate than Type E thermocouples but are still widely used.
- Type K thermocouples are made with chromel and alumel. They are less accurate than Type E thermocouples but have a wider temperature range.
- Type T thermocouples are made with copper and constantan. They are less accurate than Type E thermocouples but have a very wide temperature range.
Heatcon Sensors – The Manufacturer of All Types of High-Quality Thermocouples For Every Industry!
Thermocouples made with different metals can be used for different purposes. It is important to choose the right type of thermocouple for your application. If you are unsure which type will work best for your process, you can contact the experts at Heatcon Sensors who can certainly help you make the best selection based on your process requirements.


Search in product descriptions
The Panorama BAT range is designed for Telematics applications requiring high-speed data with M..
The Panorama BAT range is ideal for use with the Vodafone® MachineLink 4G supporting high-spee..
The Panorama DPD-GPS allows you to run 2 GPS, GLONASS, Beidou, Compass or Galileo receivers from onl..
The GPSK antenna base provides a dual function antenna solution incorporates an active GNSS antenna ..


Dräger RZ 7000
After the test device is switched on, an automatic sensor zero reset is conducted - the device is then ready to use. Through the new self-locking adaptor, the Dräger PSS BG 4 is connected to the test device securely and without additional fittings during the entire test procedure.
Through the built-in pump with aluminium handle and stainless steel shaft you can immediately produce positve pressure. After one turn of the switch the pump produces negative pressure making further switching unnecessary.
With the switch you set the pump direction and can also use the device for the leak test. By selecting flow measurement the display is automatically switched to the flow sensor and the measurement is started without additional intervention. The quick venting position allows removal of air from the device without disconnecting the Dräger PSS BG 4.
The illuminated display shows the current pressure and the pressure saved at the start and end of the test. During the leak test the timer shows the remaining test time and automatically calculates the difference between the start and end pressures. Alternatively, you can set the display up to show only current pressure and timer.
The Dräger RZ 7000 mobile test device is integrated in a compact case. The robust housing is IP54 certified against dust and splash water and is ready to use anywhere for at least 24 hours without an external power source thanks to the lithium ion battery. In addition, the configurable auto-shutoff extends the usage time. Of course, the device can also be used while being charged.
Optionally the test device can be operated in combination with the Dräger Protector Software (version 5.0 and higher), so that the test results are documented and automatic progress control of the test intervals takes place. The test records can be printed immediately or can be requested at a later time.
The testing capabilities can be extended to respiratory face masks with RP connection with the optional test head. In addition, the table mounting fixture offers secure mounting of the RZ 7000 in the workshop. To keep the device ready to use when on the road, a car charger offers power supply on the way.
The 24 month* calibration minimizes maintenance effort of the Dräger RZ 7000.
*Subject to local regulations.


Rotary evaporator’s working principle is to rotate the glass flask filled with materials under constant temperature heating, and the system connect to the negative pressure to low the boiling point, then liquid forms a film and evaporates At last it recovers the menstruum by the glass coil condenser and receiving flask. It is specially applicable for the concentration, crystallization, separation and menstruum recovery of heat sensitive materials.
Customizable -- Explosion-proof rotary evaporator uses a explosion-proof motor, that will keep reaction to be safe in the whole process. -- Adopt advanced frequency converter and electronic speed regulator to ensure the stable working of motor and improve the evaporation and recovery speed. -- Receiving flask use ball-milling port for connection to ensure the high sealing, it also can be removed easily. Using high temperature resistant, ---- corrosion resistant and long-acting precision seals to ensure the gas tightness under high temperature, high negative pressure and strong corroding conditions when it is under dynamic sealing. -- Intelligent temperature control can work with both water and oil bath, more widely used. Temperature fluctuation is only ±0.02 ℃, Evaporation is more stable and material can not be washed easily.
Shipping and Package
-- The glass parts will be wrapped with foam material,then put into the carton, all parts will be packed into wooden case finally; Customized packaging can be available. -- The damage caused by the transportation problem shall be born by the seller. -- Strict packing process to ensure the safety and completeness of the goods
Customizable We are a professional manufacturer which is specialized in designing, producing and selling. Be able to do ODM. We could do OEM business mode with customers and the packaging could be customized according to per customer’s requirement. With advanced technology and high-end equipment.we do quality control before shipping to our customers.


ECE News Story
Dagenais Speaks on Bio-Sensor Research at IPRA Conference
ECE Professor Mario Dagenais was invited to speak at the international Integrated Photonics Research and Applications (IPRA) Conference in San Diego, California, on April 12, 2005.
Dagenais spoke about his research on fiber-optic Bragg grating sensors that are used to detect DNA hybridization. The sensors detect the hybridization of DNA by measuring the change of index on the surface of the fiber. Dr. Dagenais’ research team includes Maryland Agriculture Professor William Bentley, graduate student Athanasios Chryssis, postdocs Simarjeet Singh Saini and Sang-Mae Lee, and Dr. Hyunmin Yi.
The IPRA Conference is sponsored annually by the Optical Society of America.
For more information on the IPRA conference, visit:
May 18, 2005


Vessel owners should invest in an anti-drone defence system for their ships to prevent attacks from unmanned aerial vehicles. These systems have been developed to detect when a drone is close to a vessel and where it is being controlled from.
Ovit Innovation Security demonstrated its drone early warning system at the Posidonia exhibition in Athens, Greece, last week. Ovit chief operations officer Konstantinos Drivas explained how this security system can detect incoming drones up to 7 km away.
It can track the flight path of a drone and reveal the location of the pilot within this range. “Our system can find the human factor behind the drone,” Mr Drivas said.
“A drone detection umbrella goes over the vessel and will alert if one is close to the vessel, then an owner can activate countermeasures,” he explained to Marine Electronics & Communications.
These countermeasures can include GPS jamming to disrupt the pilotage of the drone. All alerts and video capture of drone threats are automatically recorded and catalogued. These can then be exported to share with law enforcement authorities if required.
Mr Drivas explained that megayacht owners are already investing in these anti-drone systems, with each one costing around €12,000 (US$14,000).
He thinks commercial shipping should also consider drone detection systems. “Imagine that a drone could land on a tanker and the owner gets a call from the pilot who says there is explosive on the drone,” Mr Drivas asked.
“Our system can prevent that from happening and the culprit can be found.” This uses radio frequency up to 6,000 kHz to detect flying objects around a vessel.


AIMCO Pulse Tools U-Series The original U-Series pioneered the assembly market as the first commercially available pulse tool. Designed for different fastener sizes, the U-Series range consists of U-models, UX-models, and UXR-models.
The UX-T and UXR-T models provide the automatic shut-off function.
126 models from 4 - 850 Nm
Available in air and cordless models
Available in standard, tightening monitored, and controlled models


2 products found
Sercom has developed a compact measurement box for application in greenhouses and storage spaces. The temperature and humidity sensor are placed next to each other in one casing. Humidity deficit, dewpoint and energy content can be determined precisely. Measurements are done electronically, and thus little maintenance is required.
Process computer to regulate various processes for 4 departments.


A radiometer system having four channels: 5 GHz, l7 GHz, 34 GHz, all vertical polarization, and a 34 GHz sky horn, will be described. The system which is designed for collecting glaciological and oceanographic data is intended for airborne use and imaging is achieved by means of a multifrequency conically scanning antenna. Implementation of the noise-injection technique ensures the high absolute accuracy needed for oceanographic purposes. The collected data can be preprocessed in a microcomputer system and displayed in real time. Simultaneously, the data are recorded digitally on tape for more elaborate processing later, using ground facilities. In conjunction with a side looking radar which is under development at present, the radiometers are intended as the remote sensing basis for an all-weather ice reconnaissance service in the Greenland seas.
|Title of host publication||Microwave Conference, 1977. 7th European|
|Publication status||Published - 1977|
|Event||7th European Microwave Conference - Copenhagen, Denmark|
Duration: 4 Sep 1977 → 7 Sep 1977
Conference number: 7
|Conference||7th European Microwave Conference|
|Period||04/09/1977 → 07/09/1977|


A method for determining cardiac output by use of thermodilution principles and by utilizing a catheter assembly with a passageway therethrough. The catheter assembly is introduced at least into close proximity to the right heart. A small balloon tipped catheter is inserted through the passageway of the catheter assembly and is guided thereby with the balloon uninflated and with a thermistor attached thereto to the desired location. The balloon tipped end of the small catheter is passed out of the passageway through the catheter assembly into the bloodstream and the balloon is inflated so that it is flow directed away from the catheter assembly into the desired position in the heart and spaced a substantial distance from the catheter assembly. The small balloon tip catheter has a central lumen therethrough to effect the inflation and deflation of the balloon. A fluid different in temperature from the bloodstream is injected into the annular space between the passageway of the catheter assembly and the outer surface of the smaller balloon tipped catheter with the passageway through the catheter assembly forming a guideway for the fluid to direct it to the desired location and the spacing between the inflated small balloon catheter and the catheter assembly preventing interference of the flow of the fluid from the catheter assembly so that the thermistor on the balloon catheter can detect the temperature changes in the bloodstream. The thermistor output is then detected to determine the cardiac output.


A new encoding scheme was preliminary evaluated on which is applicable to bismuth germanate(BGO) detector for a high resolution positron emission tomograph(PET). The detector is composed of eight equal size, 3 mm wide BGO crystals coupled to a dual moduled square photomultiplier tube(PMT) through a pair of light guides. The light guides divide the scintillation light into either module of the dual PMT, proportional to the position of scintillation. A prototype detector was assembled and tested. The positional signal distribution was better than 5.5 mm fwhm, the energy resolution was 24% fwhm, and the timing resolution with the plastic scintillation detector was 4.9 ns fwhm.
ASJC Scopus subject areas


In the present study, the effective removal of nitrates from the water was investigated using the Nano alumina adsorbent and then the electrochemical method for the removal of nitrates using Pt anode and brass cathode were studied. Nano alumina has been used as an adsorbent to remove nitrates from aqueous solutions. The effects of contact time, adsorbent dosage and initial nitrate concentrations on the adsorption process have been investigated. The effects of pH and temperature on adsorption have been studied inorder to optimize the range. Furthermore, the electrochemical method for the removal of nitrates using a pt anode and a brass cathode has been observed to produce excellent results. The nitrate removal efficiency increases with electrolysis time in the current density range from 1 to 2 A dm-2. Maximum nitrate (NO3-) ions removal was achieved for nitrate (NO3-) ions concentrations of 200 mg/L after 90 minutes of electrolysis at a current density of 2 A dm-2. Direct nitrate reduction is possible at all nitrate concentrations and begins at a potential below 300mV vs. SCE in the cyclic voltammetry (CV) studies. From the CV and DPSV studies, we have known that electrocatalytic reduction has a direct relationship between current and electrode potential. In CV, the electrode potential was found to be below 300mV and DPSV showed that an electro-catalytic reduction occurred at a potential of 300mV. From these studies, we infer that NO3- ions are adsorbed on platinum electrode surfaces and desorbed from the surface. The adsorbed NO3- ion is converted into NO2- (Nitrite) ions on the electrode surface (this is the rate-determining step) and the NO2- ion is converted into NO, N2O, and finally into N2 gas.


All Sources -
Updated Media sources (1) About encyclopedia.com content Print Topic
X-ray fluorescence spectrometry
X-ray fluorescence spectrometry An analytical method which can be used to determine the concentration of a wide range of chemical elements, using the intensity of their fluorescent X-rays. An X-ray beam is used to excite atoms in a sample; electrons near the nucleus emit secondary or fluorescent X-rays on reversion to their original states. Short-wavelength X-rays are sorted by diffraction in a pure analysing crystal of known d-spacing (see COVALENT RADIUS). Since nλ = 2d sinθ (see BRAGG EQUATION), θ can be set to a value and radiation detected for a unique wavelength characteristic of the element being analysed. The intensity of the radiation measured, relative to a standard, is proportional to the concentration of the element. It is an important technique in the geochemical analysis of rocks.
More From encyclopedia.com
X-ray Crystallography , X-Ray Crystallography X-ray crystallography is a laboratory technique used for the study of the internal structure of crystalline materials. More spe… Sir William Henry Bragg , Sir William Henry Bragg The English physicist Sir William Henry Bragg (1862-1942) was the founder of the science of crystal-structure determination b… Gamma Rays , gamma rays Radiology , Radiology is a branch of medical science in which various forms of radiant energy are used to diagnose and treat disorders and diseases. For nearly 8… Arthur Holly Compton , Compton, Arthur Holly Compton, Arthur Holly physics. Arthur Holly Compton, who shared the Nobel Prize in physics in 1927 for his discovery of the eff… Sir William Lawrence Bragg , Bragg, Sir William Lawrence BRAGG, SIR WILLIAM LAWRENCE Bragg was the eldest son of the physicist Sir William Henry Bragg and Lady Gwendoline Bragg,…
You Might Also Like


Source - Ray Dak Lam
Time Difference of Arrival (TDoA) belongs to methods of localization based on applying the principle of multilateration. TDoA algorithm is based on defining the difference in the time spent on transmitting a signal between the tracking tag and the base station. The TDoA angle is calculated by mathematical processing. The method is characterized by high accuracy of localization and allows searching for objects within a long effective range.
Principles of TDoA technology
TDoA is applied in Real-Time Locating System (RTLS) for exact object positioning in real-time. Using this technology, employees can easily search for assets equipped with special tracking tags which can be mounted on equipment, clothes, badges, hard hats, and other objects. At specific intervals, they emit radio signals that are detected by readers (receivers) within the zone of coverage. Then these signals are directed to the server that calculates the tag location.
At least three base stations are required for effective TDoA localization functioning. One of them is considered the main one, while the others are used for getting the time difference while transmitting the signal. All sensors have to be strictly synchronized for the system to work efficiently. Synchronization is carried out via a wireless network.
Since all base stations are at different distances from a tracking tag, data reaches them at different times. Then this difference is multiplied by the speed of light in space. The obtained values form the base for multilateration that presupposes the tag coordinate detection by the X, Y, and Z-axis. The received data is used for tag location visualization on the map or for other purposes depending on the features of the mobile application.
TDoA method: pros and cons
TDoA finds wide application in developing programs for indoor navigation and positioning. The popularity of this technology among developers is due to the following advantages:
- High accuracy – TDoA is applied for calculating the location based on the UWB technology that exceeds the accuracy of other traditional methods. For instance, if Bluetooth® LE defines the location with an accuracy of up to 1 m, Ultra-Wideband detects objects with an accuracy of up to 10-30 sm. Scalability – by means of this method one can easily scale the RTLS deployment, which allows satisfying the needs of navigation in any company.
- Low signal latency – this method can simultaneously process thousands of messages, which ensures high system reliability.
TDoA method has its shortcomings as well. Thus, one of its disadvantages is the necessity to synchronize all base stations. If it isn’t done, calculations will be incorrect. Another minus is the very complicated algorithms used by the system for defining the location of objects.
TDoA and TWR: Differences
Two-Way Ranging (TWR) is one of the localization methods that, together with TDoA, is used for exact positioning. Both ways allow positioning with an accuracy of up to 30 sm. However, they have some significant differences:
- TWR refers to more exact technologies since the dependency of the velocity of light from temperature leads to some discrepancies in TDoA calculations.
- While using UWB, the server interacts with each locator. Two-way measurement of ranging needs all anchors in the system to be connected to the main anchor.
- TWR delivers notifications between devices, which leads to restricting the number of tags suitable for transmitting signals within the refresh rate range.
- TWR doesn’t require the synchronization of base stations, which makes the technology more reliable.
- The UWB tag localization requires two-way ranging the necessity to exchange nine messages, which reduces the battery life.
Every method of localization has its pluses and minuses. TWR is more reliable but the TDoA geolocation method of local positioning has a longer time of autonomous operation and is better for large premises. The choice of technology depends on the requirements of a particular client. TDoA is mainly used when a user needs a small volume of servicing work.
If you are interested in TDoA technology, please fill out the feedback form on our website or book a free online meeting.


Pulp production datacollection
- Industrial Plant
- Monitoring of the production line for cellulose fibre. The operating data for the conveyor belt drive motors must be collected and sent to the higher-level process control system.
- The current drawn by the motors is monitored with a G2II1 5A or G2II1 10A. Four to six devices are connected to a G2WDGW2 PD-DPV1 field bus module. The measured data is forwarded to the central control unit through this field bus module.
- - High fault tolerance in connection with motors controlled by frequency converters
- Flexible measurement structure
- Decentralised measurement data collection
- Central data processing
May I help you?
Can't find what you're looking for? Please don't hesitate to contact me.
This might be of interest for you
No entries found.
Bandsaw splitting machine
A bandsaw splitting machine is used where blocks and panels of rubber and PE foam are to be cut in half or into thin layers.
Mobile communications transmitter station
System faults and failures in mobile communications transmitter stations as a result of poor power supply quality (undervoltage, phase failure) should be…
Short-circuit protectionfor the manufacture ofglass laboratory flasks
The short-circuit proof Gefran thyristor controller from TELE increases the availability of plant furnaces, such as those used for the manufacture of glass…
Industrial vacuum filter cleaning
The filters in industrial vacuums become clogged after a time. The vacuum is run in alternating suction and pressure mode to clean the filter.
Automatic fan control of drying chamber
The monitoring relais E3IF500mAAC20 controls automatic start/stop of auxiliary drives.
Chip conveyor blockage
A blockage of a chip conveyor should be recognised quickly.


Product Compare (0)
Biological incubator developed to perform the incubation of self-contained biological indicators use..
Biological indicator developed for monitoring and evaluation of sterilization cycles in steam autocl..
Chemical indicator (class 4) developed for monitoring and evaluation of sterilization cycles in stea..
Emulator / Integrator Class 6 Self-adhesive. To monitor steam sterilization cycles.Indicator / chemi..
SteamPlus Sterilization Integrator (class 5 chemical indicator) developed for monitoring and evaluat..
Self-sealing envelopes for sterilization processes by saturated steam on pressure and ethylene oxide..
Packaging in rolls for steam sterilization autoclaves (paper / plastic).Produced with surgical grade..
Showing 1 to 8 of 8 (1 Pages)


INVENTIONS (none patented):
- 1980 - Electronic toy: 5-second voice recorder with backwards-speech
and varied pitch (based on 2102 RAM chips.)
- 1982 - 3D display dot-matrix printer, printout of vertical-slit
aperature plate and left/right stereo image stripes
- 1984 - Method for mechanically transmitting music & voice messages to
moving vehicles via road surface encoded patterns
- 1985 - Physics toy, "Rattle tube", based on cavitation.
- 1986 - Educational device for producing visible
electric current for physics classroom
teaching and science exhibitry use. Currently sold through Arbor Scientific
- 1988 - Active display panel
for making electric fields visible around charged objects.
- 1988 - Active electronic display panel for visualizing 2D
distributions of acoustic,
magnetic, electrostatic, optical, microwave, or ionizing radiation fields.
- 1991 - "Square
Wheels", distorted cubes and tetrahedra which have
cylindrical cross-sections and can be used as smoothly-rolling wheels.
- 1994 - Children's toy and method for inscribing arbitrary holograms
upon a plastic surface with a simple hand tool.
- 1994 - Method for reducing the data and bandwidth requirements of
computer generated holograms.


URBANA, Ohio, April 28, 2017 /PRNewswire/ -- Hughey & Phillips (H&P), a global leader in the obstruction lighting industry, is introducing the new HORIZON™ HALO™ IR Modification system. The HALO system comprises of a medium intensity mounting bracket, junction box and IR Light Source. Incandescent and Xenon-Strobe technologies produced a light source that allowed the fixture be to seen with the naked eye and NVG. With the emergence of LED based lighting systems over the past 15 years, the visible spectrum of lighting for Night Vision Goggles (NVG) has been diminished.
The HALO system is designed to operate alongside any current medium intensity LED fixture on the market. The HALO will automatically flash in sync and with the same flash duration of the LED fixture during night operation. This is achieved with a patent pending optical interface that senses the light source and mimics it flash. The HALO output is engineered to also match the brightness level of the visible LED source, so the pilot sees the same light whether operating under VFR (Visual Flight Rules) or NVG.
The HALO can be installed without the removal of the existing LED fixture. Simply loosen the four beacon bolts securing the LED fixture to its mounting plate, slide the HALO bracket between the fixture and plate, secure the beacon bolts. Once secured, wire the system with the supplied cable and connect to a 120-240VAC 50/60Hz power source. The HALO can also be remote monitored with the dry-contact alarm provided, allowing the tower owner verification that the HALO is operating normally since the IR light is not visible to the naked eye.
An added benefit of the HALO design is the capability for future upgrades if the next generation IR specifications are changed. Current LED/IR fixtures are limited to only current IR technology and provide no option to modify the fixture to the next generation of IR emitters without a complete fixture change.
"Our customers have come to rely on Hughey & Phillips to provide the next generation of cutting-edge LED obstruction lighting solutions. The new H&P HORIZON™ HALO IR System fills the need for providing pilots the most advanced IR solution for installed LED fixtures. H&P is committed to providing lighting solutions that not only meet the FAA guidelines, but also to ensure that the pilots can recognize aviation hazards visually, with the naked eye or using goggles. We're proud to add another offering to our HORIZON™ line with features and benefits customers have come to expect from H&P," said Jeff Jacobs, Director – Technical Sales for Hughey & Phillips.
About Hughey & Phillips
Hughey & Phillips is a global leader in the design and manufacturing of obstruction lighting technology. The company engineers and designs a complete line of low, medium and high intensity lighting technology solutions that provide illumination for radio, television, and communication towers; wind turbines; buildings; smokestacks; bridges; and other obstructions to aerial navigation.
To learn more, visit www.hugheyandphillips.com
SOURCE Hughey & Phillips


Satellite Imagery Technology
What is Satellite Imagery Technology?
Today’s technology provides people with many opportunities in many areas. One of these areas is satellite technologies that are increasingly developing today. Especially in recent years, satellite technologies provide fast, economical and high accuracy information on the earth. Earth can be imaged in different time intervals, different spatial and spectral resolutions with remote sensing technologies, and the satellite images obtained can be used in many studies. Thanks to geographic information systems, integration of satellite images and different location data can be made. In this way, analysis, interpretation and solution suggestions of many location-based problems can be provided.
Satellites are objects orbiting larger objects than themselves. It is divided into two as natural satellite and artificial satellite.
Satellites developed by humans and placed in orbits of planets are called artificial satellites. Sputnik 1, the first artificial satellite in history, was launched by the USSR from Earth in 1957. This initiative, initiated by the USSR, has created space wars over time, and launching satellites into space has become a show of force.
Today, there are satellites from many countries, especially the USA, China and Russia. Turkey has got 4 (TÜRKSAT 3A TÜRKSAT 4A, 4B TÜRKSAT, TÜRKSAT 5) communication and 3 (GÖKTÜRK- 1, 2 and RASAT GÖKTÜRK-) observation, total of 7 active satellites.
Observation satellites are a type of artificial satellite designed for non-military uses such as environmental monitoring, meteorology, map preparation, designed to observe from Earth orbit. Many spatial analyzes can be made thanks to the images taken from observation satellites. The images obtained from satellite observations with the first national satellite image portals, which are provided for the sharing of Geoportal project in Turkey. Images obtained from RASAT are used in cartography, disaster monitoring, agriculture, environment, urbanism and planning studies.
Each satellite offers images in different resolutions. These resolutions are divided into four groups:
- Spatial Resolution
- Spectral Resolution
- Radiometric Resolution
- Temporal Resolution
The satellite images to be used are determined according to the study purposes and the desired resolution level.
Advantages of Using Satellite Images
- Fast and cost-effective results are obtained in short time intervals
- Allows the earth to be monitored regularly
- Provides the opportunity to work in difficult-to-reach geographical areas
- Allows different studies to be carried out at the same time in the same area.
- Provides users with the opportunity to make timely decisions
- Faster solutions can be offered with artificial intelligence applications
© Copyright 2021 Ankageo. All rights reserved.


The Topcon X Family of multi-touch consoles brings innovative, industry-leading performance and ease-of-use to virtually any size or type of production farming operation.
Cloud connectivity device for connectivity with the Topcon Agriculture Platform (TAP) offering automatic data transfer and NTRIP for correction services plus much more.
Topcon offer a wide range of ECU’s to suit any operation allowing flexibility and precise application where needed.
A range of easy to use instruments that monitor various implement and/or tractor functions.
Highly accurate sensing technology provided by Topcon in an easy-to-use format to collect the most import data for your enterprise.


Purchase this article with an account.
G. Zamora, J. Morales, S. Echegaray, W. Luo, P. Soliz; A Content-Based Image Retrieval Approach for Image Quality and Alignment Evaluation. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2010;51(13):1802.
Download citation file:
© ARVO (1962-2015); The Authors (2016-present)
To create an automated system for evaluating image quality, including alignment according to ETDRS protocol.
One hundred images were selected from a database of 500 patients (1000 eyes). A reference image was selected based on a visual interpretation of acceptable alignment of ETDRS field 2. Each of the remaining 99 images was compared to the reference image using two metrics: cross-correlation and mutual information. These two metrics were compared to a calculated difference in optic disc location for each image to the reference image. A function that estimates disc alignment from either metric was calculated using polynomial curve fitting. This analysis was done in two different ways. First, it was applied to images that were not manipulated. Second, it was applied to images for which the histogram was matched to that of the standard image.
The normalized cross-correlation between images showed an inverse relationship with optic disc distance (R2=0.7) in the red channel. The mutual information metric also showed an inverse relationship with optic disc distance (R2=0.65) in the green channel with histogram equalization. Higher errors were produced by images with uneven illumination.
Finding reliable metrics to match images is essential in being able to index a set of standard images by objective measures of content. Our results show that it is feasible to build a catalog of image alignment that can be mined automatically using metrics of information content. Uses include stand alone, real time, assessment of image quality and automatic building of reference datasets.
This PDF is available to Subscribers Only


Satellite Workshop: "New & Notable in Biophysics"
Dr. Borja Ibarra
Understanding how biological molecular motors work: identification of the translocation step of a replicative DNA polymerase.
Borja Ibarra received his Ph.D. in Molecular Biology from Universidad Autónoma Madrid. He made the ‘leap’ to molecular biophysics as a postdoctoral fellow at University of California, Berkeley, where he used optical tweezers to study at single-molecule level the dynamics of molecular motors involved in DNA replication. Back in Spain, he applied the optical tweezers technology at IMDEA Nanoscience to study the physical-chemical and mechanistic principles that govern the operation of biological molecular motors at the nanoscale.


AC current sensor adopts electromagnetic isolation principle, small size, light weight, low price, fast response, high accuracy, good stability, and DIN rail installation. AC current sensor is widely used for AC current measurement of various occasions, especially for sine-wave ac current with power frequency 50Hz.
Diaphragm pressure sensor can prevent blocking of viscous liquid. The internal ASICs convert the mV signal into a standard current (4-20mA/0-20mA), voltage (0-5V/1-5V/0-10V) or RS485 signal. Pressure sensor with stainless steel sealing structure has small size, light weight, high anti-vibration and anti-shock performance, measuring range 0~35MPa/ 0~350bar/ 0~5076psi, medium temperature -40~+60℃ (-40~+140℉), for water/viscous liquid pressure measurement.
High temperature limit switch adopts one roller lever with a radius of 38mm and fully enclosed 1NO + 1NC contact switches casting from high temperature resistant material, can be used in the environment temperature 350℃ (622℉) and without being damaged by oxidation or pollution. The default rated current and voltage is 5A/220VAC. Customizable voltage is DC 0-220V and AC 0-480V. Roller lever limit switch has automatic reset function. It is usually used for the machinery operating at a low speed.
Low cost 400 ppr rotary encoder adopts stainless steel shaft, high quality, several output modes to choose, manufacturer direct sale. Incremental rotary encoder has 6mm shaft diameter and 38mm shell diameter.
M12 laser sensor for displacement/rpm measurement adopts diffuse reflection or through beam detection mode. The through beam laser sensor has the detection range of 100m, and the diffuse reflection laser sensor has 300mm detection range. High accuracy laser sensor has power supply 10-30VDC, protection class IP67, laser spot size 4mm and stainless steel detection head with thread size M12*1mm.
Micro torque sensor is a reaction torque sensor for static torque measurement. Torque sensor is made of aluminium alloy, 150%FS safety overload, -20℃~+80℃ operating temperature, low price. Reaction torque sensors have a capacity range from 0.5 Nm ~ 150 Nm and can measure both forward and reverse torque.
M8 proximity sensor can detect a variety of metals, small size, long life, cheap price, unshielded type installation, anti-interference ability, 2mm detection distance, supply voltage AC 120V, manufacturer direct sale.
Aluminum alloy rail type magnetostrictive linear displacement sensor for measuring mechanical displacement, external installation, compact structure, easy to use, good security, suitable for CNC machinery worked in large vibration.
Safety interlock switches are mainly used for locking/detecting the guard door of mechanical equipment. They have 2/3/6 groups of contacts, a magnet coil with rated voltage DC 24V and a key with optional shapes. Safety door switch has contact capacity AC-15 10A/500VAC and DC-13 4A/24VDC. Safety interlock switch with protection class IP67 has waterproof connector or circular connector to choose. Some model has a guard door lock. The cable length can be also customizable.
Analog signal isolator is composed of pluggable PCB power board and separable isolating circuit module. It can be input the loop powered sensor signal or the external powered sensor signal by the selector switch. Signal isolator is suitable for industrial field with severe signal interference. Signal isolator adopts digital calibration, automatic zero calibration, DIN rail installation way and no potentiometer, with strong input/output/power supply isolation, fast response, low-power dissipation, and good anti-interference performance.
Slot-type photoelectric sensor is also known as U-type photoelectric sensor. It's a type of through beam photoelectric sensor and easier to align through beam. Slot type photoelectric sensor can distinguish opaque objects, with power supply DC 12V-24V (6-36V), small installation space, reverse power protection.
Temperature and humidity sensor includes a capacitive humidity sensor and a digital temperature sensor, built-in one high-performance 8-bit SCM, standard one-wire interface, duct and wall mounted, all automated calibration, completely interchangeability, with excellent quality, fast response, strong anti-interference ability, high cost performance, low power consumption, long signal transmission distance above 20m.
T type thermocouple has the highest accuracy and lowest price in base metals. Sheath thermocouple have shielded thermocouple wire of common length 500mm and sheath diameter Ф3~Φ8mm, with flexibility, high pressure resistant, fast thermal response time and long operating life. T type thermocouple can directly measure the temperature of liquid, vapor, gas medium and solid surface in the range of -200~+350 ℃ in various production processes.
Aluminum alloy rail type magnetostrictive displacement sensor for measuring linear displacement, external installation, compact structure, easy to use, good security, suitable for crusher and other CNC machinery worked in large vibration.
Magnetostrictive liquid level sensor for injection machine, high precision, no temperature drift, anti-jamming performance, long life, high temperature resistance, corrosion resistance, high pressure resistant.
AC current sensor adopts electromagnetic isolation principle, small size, light weight, low price, fast response, high accuracy, good stability, 35mm/45mm/55mm hole diameter, and screws fixed installation. AC current sensor is widely used for AC current measurement of various occasions, especially for sine-wave ac current with power frequency 50Hz.
High temperature level sensor adopts separated structure and consist of 316L stainless steel gas collector, 316L stainless steel capillary tube and protection head. Water/oil/fuel tank level sensor can be used in high temperature (-40~+150℃/ -40~302℉) or corrosive liquid. The measuring range can be 0-1m/0-3m/0-5m/0-7m/0-10m/0-12m ~ 0-20m. High temperature liquid level sensor has optional output signal 0-20mA/4-20mA/0-5V/1-5V/0-10V, optional accuracy 0.5%FS or 0.3%FS and power supply DC 24V/12V.
High temperature limit switch adopts fully enclosed 1NO + 1NC contact switches, can be used in the environment temperature 350℃ (622℉). Its roller lever has the adjustable radius of 25-89mm to meet the needs of more occasions. Adjustable roller lever limit switch also has automatic reset function. The default rated current and voltage is 5A/220VAC, and other values (AC 120V/380V, DC 12V/24V/48V)can be customizable.


Date: 15 May 2021; 09:45 UT
Summary of Space Weather.
The new susspot AR2822 and AR2823 are both in decay state. The geomagnetic
conditions are quiet. The solar wind speed is increasing.
Space Weather parameters / observations;
Sunspot Number: 24
10.7cm Flux: 71 sfu
Solar wind speed: 468.5 km.s-1
Solar wind density: 6.7 protons.cm3
Bz: 1.9 nT (North)
Bt: 5.2 nT
Dst: -13 nT


Abstract: Engineering coherent systems is a central goal of quantum science and quantum information processing. Point defects in diamond known as color centers are a promising physical platform. As atom-like systems, they can exhibit excellent spin coherence and can be manipulated with light. As solid-state defects, they can be produced at high densities and incorporated into scalable devices. Diamond is a uniquely excellent host: it has a large band gap, can be synthesized with sub-ppb impurity concentrations, and can be isotopically purified to eliminate magnetic noise from nuclear spins. Specifically, the nitrogen vacancy (NV) center has been used to has been used to demonstrate basic building blocks of quantum networks and quantum computers, and has been demonstrated to be a highly sensitive, non-invasive magnetic probe capable of resolving the magnetic field of a single electron spin with nanometer spatial resolution. However, realizing the full potential of these systems requires the ability to both understand and manipulate diamond as a material. I will present two recent results that demonstrate how carefully tailoring the diamond host can dramatically improve the performance of color centers for various applications.
First, currently-known color centers either exhibit long spin coherence times or efficient, coherent optical transitions, but not both. We have developed new methods to control the diamond Fermi level in order to stabilize a new color center, the neutral charge state of the silicon vacancy (SiV) center, which exhibits both the excellent optical properties of the negatively charged SiV center and the long spin coherence times of the NV center, making it a promising candidate for applications as a single atom quantum memory for long distance quantum communication.
Second, color centers placed close to the diamond surface can have strong interactions with molecules and materials external to the diamond. However, uncontrolled surface termination and contamination can degrade the color center properties and give rise to noise that obscures the signal of interest. I will describe our recent efforts to stabilize shallow NV centers within 5 nm of the surface using new surface processing and termination techniques. These highly coherent, shallow NV centers will provide a platform for sensing and imaging down to the scale of single atoms.


HONEYWELL’S AUTOCUBE 8200 SIMPLIFIES PACKAGE MEASURING
When you need to measure objects and packages frequently and accurately, but space is at a premium, the Honeywell AutoCube 8200 can make all the difference. This fixed dimensioning system is ideal for a broad range of applications, including shipping stations, retail ship-from-store sites, or warehouse inbound stations.
This handy system is equipped with 3D depth-sensing technology thatallows it to measure any object’s dimensions rapidly and accurately.Consisting of a stand-mounted dimensioner and a USB interface that connects it to a host computing system, it is a simple yet powerful way to boost user productivity, consistency and accuracy. It boasts a significant object size range and can take measurements regardless of their orientation in mere fractions of a second.
This type of system can benefit a business in many ways, from a reduction in shipping chargebacks to improved revenue capture and optimized storage space.


UEW magnet wire is used as an insulating layer in a variety of situations. One of the most common is the use of UEW magnet wire for electrical and magnetic applications in all kinds of power supplies, electronic assemblies, vehicle motors and fans, pipe fittings, and water pumps. UEW magnet wire also has a number of industrial applications. It is highly resistant to corrosion and possesses high electrical and thermal conductivity properties. It is ideal for applications where high performance and toughness are an issue.
The material used for this insulation is often called "enameled copper" and it contains many layers of various substances fused together to form a single thin layer. The primary characteristic of this copper-based insulation material is its high melting point, making it a perfect choice for use in high heat applications. For instance, it works well in applications that require cooling systems for military vehicles or hot springs, where extreme temperatures can cause failure of machinery.
The UEW magnet wire is also used in electrical wiring, where it can prevent corrosion of expensive components by insulating them from high heat. The high temperature resistance of this insulation material also extends to the automotive industry, especially in the area of air conditioning systems and engine parts. This feature is particularly useful in areas where air conditioning systems and other expensive electrical components are placed. This feature provides a distinct advantage over traditional metallic tubing insulation because it can maintain the thermal temperature of components at a consistent level, instead of having to maintain constant temperature levels. It is also capable of withstanding higher humidity levels, such that it can be used as a barrier against moisture, salt spray and corrosion.
Copper is another popular choice for high temperature thermal magnets, especially because it has an exceptional electrical conductivity that makes it perfect for thermal energy applications. However, the most popular use for copper UEW magnet wire is for magnetic insulation. This type of insulation utilizes copper because it possesses high electrical conductivity that makes it resistant to adverse environmental factors such as moisture and salt spray. The UEW magnet insulation is also highly resistant to adverse chemical reactions and temperature fluctuations, making it one of the most effective choices in resisting adverse conditions. Another important property that makes the UEW magnet wire suitable for applications such as thermal energy insulation involves its ability to be woven into thin strips that make it easy to place around insulation bundlets, pipes and other electrical conductive materials.
Because it is composed of multiple strands of wire, it is easy to install UEW magnet wire. It is also possible to create customized wire configurations that can be tailor-made to meet specific needs. There are a number of manufacturers who offer customized magnet wires in order to meet specific electrical and thermal insulation requirements. Such companies usually take into account a number of factors when creating UEW magnet insulation products. These include the location of thermal energy distribution, the electrical and thermal insulation requirements of the application and the size and shape of the coil.
Another important factor that makes UEW magnet wire insulation more useful is its ability to provide both electrical and thermal resistance. This makes it a practical choice for applications in thermal power distribution. In addition to its ability to resist thermal changes, UEW magnet wire insulation also creates a chemical barrier that prevents corrosion. This chemical barrier provides an excellent protection from corrosive agents such as chlorine, oil and grease. As a result, this type of thermal class wire... wire offers superior protection to prevent costly maintenance costs.
Although the best quality varieties of UEW magnet wire are made from copper, the purer the copper is the more effective the insulation will be. In fact, copper alloys are used to produce UEW magnet wire insulation as well. The most common copper alloy used in UEW wire insulation applications is aluminum. However, because aluminum alloy wires are less dense than pure copper, they also have a smaller overall cross-section. This smaller overall cross-section results in an increased amount of conductivity but will make the wire more difficult to weld.
The combination of superior conductivity and chemical resistance makes aluminum an ideal building and electrical component for thermal class power distribution. It is the combination of these characteristics that makes UEW magnet wire insulation an ideal solution for applications requiring thermal class power distribution. For this application, copper wire would be a more appropriate option. However, by utilizing the durability and flexibility of aluminum, it is possible to achieve the same excellent results with a product that performs at a similar or higher level.


Present for over thirty years in the field of hydraulic hose and tubing processing, today OP can boast a wide range of products along with our exponential global service.
Among the equipment for hose processing, OP is pleased to present the BC test benches, available from 1200 to 3000 bar.
Equipped with hydraulic automatic opening, lighting signals and pneumo-hydraulic pump, we can provide the right answer to your needs for testing hoses.
These machines are provided with a lighted internal tank protected by a shock-resistant window, anti-oil net, objects-holder shelf and three sliding manifolds (90° - 45° - 180°) with 1Ž4” gas connection.
The filling capacity is 25 lts/min; the static and impulse pressure is made by means of air-oil pressure multiplier.
The bench is controlled by a PLC with touch-screen display, this allows the operator to print the odf file reports and save them on a USB.
After the testing, the emptying of the liquid is made automatically.
Many optionals are available, making the machine even more performance enhanced. These are available on request: bigger testing tank according to one’s requirements, internal washing manifold, anti-burts protections, PC and LAN connection, pressure kit starting at 10 bar, manifolds with holes for SAE flanges and adapters for different diameters and types of fittings.
On request, OP is able to provide the test benches both with special voltage and in stainless steel in order to carry out tests with water.