The development of a novel piezoelectric induced-strain actuator possessing an innovative internal amplifying structure is presented in this paper. This actuator basically consists of a metal frame and two lead zirconate titanate (PZT) piezoelectric ceramic patches. The metal frame is bent to form an open trapezoid, where its center part has a specially designed saddle-like unit and its slanting legs are attached with PZT patches. The saddle-like unit has an amplifying-lever mechanism at the corners to increase the displacement output of the whole actuator even its legs are mechanically clamped. When an electric field is applied across the thickness of the PZT patches, the patches induce deformations on the whole actuator through the piezoelectric d31 effect. The saddle-like unit can relax the constraints at the joints between the unit and the legs by stretching itself during bending. Piezoelectric finite element analysis is used to maximize the work output of displacement and blocked force of the actuator under different geometric parameters. The results are in good agreement with those obtained from quasi-static measurements, showing that the actuator has work output comparable to and larger than the existing induced-strain actuators (e.g., THUNDER) under fixed mounting conditions. Therefore, the actuator has great potential for use in various practical smart structures and integrated systems, including active-passive vibration isolation and micro-positioning.
A novel tunable mass damper (TMD) is developed using the sensitivity of transversal bending stiffness and resonance frequencies of a beam to its axial force. This smart TMD consists of a force actuator-sensor unit suspended in a rigid frame by two flexible beams coupled to the axial ends of the unit and the frame. The force actuator-sensor unit is composed of a giant magnetostrictive composite-based force actuator for producing an axial force to the beams and a pair of piezoelectric ceramic-based force sensors for generating a tuning signal. Through adjusting the magnetic field strength applied to the force actuator to change the axial force exerted on the beams, the transversal bending stiffness of the beams and hence the natural frequency of the smart TMD is tuned. In this paper, the design, fabrication, and characterized of the smart TMD is described. The measured resonance frequency of the smart TMD is 65 Hz at zero magnetic tuning field and 50 Hz at an applied magnetic field of 686 Oe. Tunability of the resonance frequency as high as 23 % is achieved with the reasonably low magnetic tuning field. The frequency response functions as measured using the force sensors agree well with those obtained using a commercial accelerometer, indicating a great possibility of directly deploying the force sensors for active or semi-active tuning or control purposes.


Sunlight and moisture damage the material, causing tens of thousands of economic losses, the UV weather resistance test chamber can reproduce the damage caused by sunlight and dew. The test chamber is tested by exposing the material to be tested to a controlled interplay of sunlight and moisture with a simultaneous increase in temperature. The test chamber uses UV fluorescent lamps to simulate sunlight and simulate the effects of moisture through condensation.
Fade Resistant Weather Ultraviolet UV Testing Equipment is used to simulate damage caused by ultraviolet light, rain, dew by exposing the tested materials is tested in controlled
high temperature alternating cycles of light and humidity. The UV lamp simulates the radiant effect of sunlight and uses condensation and spray to simulate dew and rain. It only takes a few days or a few weeks, and the UV irradiation equipment can reproduce the time that takes months or even years outdoors. Damage, die only occur, including fading, discoloration, tarnishing, chalking, cracking, tearing, wrinkling, blistering, embrittlement, strength degradation, oxidation, etc. Test results can be used to select new materials and improve existing material or evaluate changes to the material formula .
Light and weather resistance UV UV tester equipmentTechnical parameters:
High temperature: normal temperature +10~70℃; Panel measurement range: 45~80℃.
High humidity: ≥90 %RH.
Temperature variation: Variation: ±3℃; Temperature resolution: 0.1℃.
Lamp center distance: 70mm (center distance between test product and lamp tube: plate base frame test plate (adjustable up and down).
Lamp model: UVA -340 (315~400nm), UVB-313 (280~315nm) optional, 6 lamps are standard for this party.
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The CT430 is a high bandwidth and ultra-low noise integrated contact current sensor that enables high accuracy current measurements.
450 kHz, High Accuracy Current Sensor with Voltage Reference Output in Fused-Lead SOIC-6 Package
The CT455 is a high bandwidth and low noise integrated contactless current sensor that enables high accuracy current measurements.


SIMULTANEOUS ESTIMATION AND ANALYTICAL METHOD DEVELOPMENT, VALIDATION FOR THE TENELIGLIPTIN AND METFORMIN BY RP-UFLCAbstract
The study aims to develop an analytical method for the simultaneous estimation of Teneligliptin and Metformin using RP-UFLC. A simple, sensitive and accurate method was developed for Teneligliptin and Metformin using the chromatographic conditions of C18 Phenomenex Kinetex (250 mm × 4.6 mm i.e., 5 μm particle size) column in gradient elution mode with the mobile phase consisting of methanol, acetonitrile and potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate adjusted to pH 4.6 using orthophosphoric acid (40:20:40) with a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min, injection volume 10 µl and the eluent was detected at 250 nm using PDA and UV detector. The retention time of Teneligliptin and Metformin were found to be 5.2 min and 2.5 min respectively. The above method was validated concerning system suitability, linearity, precision, limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ), accuracy (recovery) and robustness according to ICH guidelines. The linearity of the above methods was found to be 2-10 µg/mL for Teneligliptin and 25-125 µg/mL for Metformin. Hence, these methods can be used for routine analysis in quality control laboratories.
R. Maruthi *, R. S. Chandan and P. Raikar
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, Karnataka, India.
28 July 2018
03 October 2018
19 November 2018
01 April 2019


Transcription of Watson Mcdaniel Entire Catalog 2015
1 control valves HB Series control Valve (with Electric Actuator). The HB control Valve with Electric Actuator is a robust user-friendly alternative to pneumatic actuators. Actuator is ideal for installations where pneumatic lines are not present. Fail-safe Mode: Super capacitors are used to drive the valve fully-closed or open in the event of power loss to the actuator. This replaces common back- ups such as springs with limited thrust or batteries with a limited life span. Fast Response Time: Fully-open or close in approximately 6 seconds making them ideal for instantaneous and semi-instantaneous water heaters. Integral Positioner: accepts 4-20 mA or 0-10 VDC control signal.
2 control . valves . HB Series control Valve (with Pneumatic Actuator). HEAT MISER. Watson Mcdaniel 's Instantaneous Hot Water Heating Systems (shown with HB control Valve). 428 Jones Boulevard Limerick Airport Business Center Pottstown PA 19464 Tel: 610-495-5131. 286. control valves control valves & control Loop Components A control Valve is one component of a control loop and relies upon other components for proper function of operation ( controller, sensor, transducer, etc.). The failure mode of the valve should be considered if the air signal controlling the actuator becomes interrupted. For example: For heating applications with steam, a Normally-Closed/Air-To Open (ATO) Valve should be selected.
3 If the air signal to the actuator is interrupted, the valve will close in a fail-safe position. For cooling applications with water, a Normally-Open/Air-To Close (ATC) should be selected. Ensure the maximum Close-off Pressure of the valve exceeds the inlet pressure. This is necessary to guarantee the valve assembly will overcome the forces generated in the valve body from the fluid pressure, allowing the valve to open and close properly and completely. The Pneumatic Actuator accepts an industry-standard air pressure range of 3 15 PSIG, which allows the valve to fully open and fully close and modulate in between. The Electric Actuator features a 6-8 second actuator time (fully-open to fully-closed), super capacitors which allow Fail-Safe operation in the event of a power loss, and an integral positioner which accepts 4-20 mA or 0-10 VDC control signal.
4 Ideal for instantaneous water heaters. control . valves . CA2000 TA901 TA987 TR890 Electronic Valve Positioner I/P Transducer Air Filter/ Electronic Temperature Regulator PID Controller Sensor control valves Page No. HB-Series 2-Way & W910TB 3-Way control valves 288-297. HB-Series 2-Way valves 288. W910TB 3-Way valves 293. HB-Series & W910TB: Capacity Charts 296. Controllers & Sensors Introduction: control Loop Operation & Components 298. TR890 Series Electronic PID Controller 302. TA901 Series Electropneumatic I/P Transducer 304. TA987 Air Filter/ Regulator (for TA901 Pneumatic control Device) 305. Electronic Temperature Sensors (RTD or Thermocouple) 306. Thermowells (for Temperature Sensors) 307.
5 287. control valves HB Series 2-Way Valve HB Series control Valve with Pneumatic Actuator Models HB Series Service Steam, Air, Water Sizes 1/2 , 3/4 , 1 , 11/2 , 2 . Connections NPT, 150# FLG, 300# FLG. Body Material 316 Stainless Steel Plug and Seat Material Stainless Steel PMA Max. Operating Pressure 720 PSIG @ 100 F. TMA Max. Operating Temperature 450 F @ 497 PSIG. Min Operating Temperature -20 F. Max Air Supply Pressure 40 PSIG. Max Ambient Temperature 280 F. Min Ambient Temperature -20 F. DESIGN PRESSURE/TEMPERATURE RATING PMA/TMA. NPT 300 PSIG @ 450 F. 150# FLG 150 PSIG @ 450 F. 300# FLG 300 PSIG @ 450 F. These control Valve feature all 316 Stainless Steel bodies and trim for use with Steam, Water, Glycol and other chemically compatible fluids.
6 The HB Series is a high performance, general service control valve designed using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). control . valves . for high control accuracy, optimized flow characteristics and extended service life. These control valves , with stainless steel bodies, are equipped with a contoured plug design to withstand the rigorous nature of steam service and are compatible with many fluids and environments. Modern manufacturing techniques and modular construction allows these stainless steel valves to be extremely cost-effective in comparison to valves with bronze, cast iron or cast steel bodies. The standard configuration has an equal percentage flow characteristic with metal-to-metal seating, spring-loaded Teflon V-ring stem packing and pneumatic actuator.
7 The HB Series is available with both pneumatic or electric actuation. Description & Operation 100. A control valve is a device capable of modulating flow at varying degrees between minimal flow and full capacity in 90. response to a signal from an external control device. The 80. valve modulates flow through movement of a valve plug in Percentage (%) of Valve Cv relation to the port(s) located within the valve body. The 70. valve plug is attached to a valve stem, which, in turn, is connected to the actuator. The actuator, which can be 60. pneumatically or electrically operated, directs the movement of the stem as dictated by the external control device. 50. 40. Options & Associated control Loop Accessories 30.
8 Electric Actuators Positioner: Pneumatic, Electro-Pneumatic or Explosion-Proof 20. PID Electronic Controllers (TR890 Series) 10. I/P converters (Model TA901). Air Filter Regulators (Air Sets-Model TA987) 0. 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%. Thermocouples RTD's Valve Valve LiftLift (%)%. Pressure Transmitters 288 Pottstown PA USA Tel: 610-495-5131. control valves HB Series 2-Way Valve HB Series control Valve with Pneumatic Actuator MATERIALS Pneumatic Actuator 14 Yoke Stainless steel 15 Lower actuator stem Stainless steel 16 Upper diaphragm case Epoxy painted steel 17 Diaphragm plate Nickel plated steel 18 Diaphragm* Nylon reinforced Neoprene 19 Lower diaphragm case Epoxy painted steel 20 Upper guide bush SS/Bronze Impregnated 21 Upper actuator stem Stainless steel 22 Nameplate Stainless steel 23 Hex nut Stainless steel 24 Stem O-ring* Viton 25 Yoke O-ring* Viton 26 Upper guide O-ring* Viton 27 Ring nut* Stainless steel 28 Diaphragm washer Stainless steel 29 Springs Stainless steel 30 Position indicator
9 Disc Stainless steel 33/34 Hex bolt & nut Grade 5 steel zinc plated Air-To-Open Actuator: 6 Actuator Springs Air-To-Close Actuator: 3 Actuator Springs Diaphragm Area = 47 in2. MATERIALS Valve Body control . valves . 1 Stem & Plug Assembly* Stem: 316 SS, Plug: 303 SS. 2 Lower Seal Bushing 303 Stainless Steel 3 Gland Nut 303 Stainless Steel 4 Stem Seal Spring* 302 Stainless Steel 5 Guide Bushing* Rulon 641. 6 Washer 303 Stainless Steel 7 V-ring Stem Seals* PTFE. 8 Body 316 Stainless Steel 10 Body Plug 316 Stainless Steel 11 Body Gasket* 303 Stainless Steel 13 Packing O-Ring PTFE. Technical Information * Available as part of a spares kit. Plug Design Contoured Flow Characteristics Equal Percentage Leakage Rating ANSI/FCI 70-2 Class IV.
10 Rangeability 50:1. Travel 3/4 . Actuator Area 47 sq. in. Body Design Rating Class 300. Primary Stem Seals PTFE Live-Loaded V-Ring Diaphragm Design Semi-Rolling Design Multi-Spring Diaphragm Action (field-reversible) Air-to-Open Air-to-Close Positioner Mounting IEC 60534-6-1 (NAMUR). Stem Wiper O-Ring 150# FLG or 300# FLG. Available Tel: 610-495-5131 Pottstown PA USA 289. control valves HB Series 2-Way Valve HB Series control Valve with Pneumatic Actuator Air-to-Close Air-to-Open (Normally Open) (Normally Closed). 10 . Air Signal Inlet Air Signal Air Signal Actuator Height Air Signal . (Inlet not shown).. Diaphragm Area = 47 in2. Actuator weight = lbs control . valves .


In plant phenotyping, there is a demand for high-throughput, non-destructive systems that can accurately analyse various plant traits by measuring features such as plant volume, leaf area, and stem length. Existing vision-based systems either focus on speed using 2D imaging, which is consequently inaccurate, or on accuracy using time-consuming 3D methods. In this paper, we present a computer-vision system for seedling phenotyping that combines best of both approaches by utilizing a fast three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction method. We developed image processing methods for the identification and segmentation of plant organs (stem and leaf) from the 3D plant model. Various measurements of plant features such as plant volume, leaf area, and stem length are estimated based on these plant segments. We evaluate the accuracy of our system by comparing the measurements of our methods with ground truth measurements obtained destructively by hand. The results indicate that the proposed system is very promising.


Make: Hewlett Packard
Model: 5890 Series II
HP 5890 dual channel gas chromatograph.
Inlet: Single capillary split/splitless and single packed inlet.
Detector: Single flame ionisation detector (FID) and single thermal conductivity detector (TCD).
Auto Sampler: Available as an optional upgrade.
Software: Available as an optional upgrade.
Fully tested with a 3 month return to base warranty. Installation options available, please contact us for details.
Warranty: All used equipment sold through Baseline Technology Ltd. comes fully tested and working with a 3 month return to base warranty, unless stated otherwise.


Date of Award
Doctor of Philosophy
Materials Science and Engineering
L. Scott Chumbley
The goal of this thesis was to determine the dependency of swept frequency eddy current (SFEC) measurements on the microstructure of the Ni-based alloy, Inconel 718 as a function of heat treatment and shot peening. This involved extensive characterization of the sample using SEM and TEM coupled with measurements and analysis of the eddy current response of the various sample conditions using SFEC data. Specific objectives included determining the eddy current response at varying depths within the sample, and this was accomplished by taking SFEC measurements in frequencies ranging from 100 kHz to 50 MHz. Conductivity profile fitting of the resulting SFEC signals was obtained by considering influencing factors (such as surface damage). The problems associated with surface roughness and near surface damage produced by shot peening were overcome by using an inversion model. Differences in signal were seen as a result of precipitation produced by heat treatment and by residual stresses induced due to the shot peening. Hardness of the material, which is related both to precipitation and shot peening, was seen to correlate with the measured SFEC signal. Surface stress measurement was carried out using XRD giving stress in the near surface regions, but not included in the calculations due to shallow depth information provided by the technique compared to SFEC. By comparing theoretical SFEC signal computed using the microstructural values (precipitate fraction) and experimental SFEC data, dependency of the SFEC signals on microstructure and residual stress was obtained.
Chandrasekar, Ramya, "Swept frequency eddy current (SFEC) measurements of Inconel 718 as a function of microstructure and residual stress" (2013). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 13348.


Features of NH3/CO2 Cascade System
- World leading SRMTEC ammonia screw compressor and CO2 screw compressor
- SVPWM frequency conversion control, reasonable distributionof the motor rotation torque, improves the energy efficiency
- Intelligent double frequency conversion control system can control the compression ratio between the two stages, to keep the system operates economically
- High efficient shell- and- plate heat exchanger has high heat exchange efficiency and compact structure
- Adopts maintaining unit
- Automatic oil return design, high pressure bypass self cycle design, safe and reliable.
- Heat recovery design makes it fully utilize the energy
- Multiple temperature zones design can meet refrigeration requirements of - 45 ℃ and - 5 ℃ at the same time
- Intelligent control system, one-key start, user-friendly interface, multilanguage option, real time monitoring and recording, remote communication, and etc. All this contributes to a convenient operation
- Safety protection system makes it operate unattendedly
- Modular design, compact structure and easy to transport and install, engineering period is short
- All screw compressor units are tested before delivery to ensure product stability.
- Only a small amount of refrigerant can meet the regular operation of the unit.
CO2 cascade system is a compound system, with CO2 as the refrigerant of low temperature stage, with other refrigerant in high temperature stage, which are two separate systems. The two stages are connected by the condensing evaporator, while the evaporator of the high temperature stage is also working as the condenser of the low temperature stage.


Review of scientific instruments vol:74 issue:1 pages:811-813
In this article, we perform a full characterization of the thermal properties of photopyroelectric detectors in a wide temperature range. Within the experimental uncertainties, the results on lithium tantalate are consistent with results from literature. The thermal properties of polyvinilydene fluoride have a complex behavior. (C) 2003 American Institute of Physics.


Barometric absolute pressure sensor BMP581 from Bosch at Rutronik
The BMP581 absolute barometer sensor from Bosch enables design flexibility and energy-efficient applications.
Bosch expands its pressure sensor product portfolio with the BMP581. The small, low-power, low-noise 24-bit sensor measures pressure absolutely as well as barometrically and is suitable for a variety of altitude tracking applications. Especially the small form factor of 2 mm x 2 mm x 0.75 mm provides a high degree of design flexibility for the development of GPS modules, drones, wearables, hearables, and IoT and industrial products. Likewise, the product is compatible with other Bosch Sensortec sensors, including the BMI270. In comparison to previous models, the sensor boasts improved performance, stability, and robustness. The Bosch BMP581 is available.
Bosch’s digital sensor covers a wide measurement range from 300 hPa to 1250 hPa. The BMP581 is suitable for high-performance applications such as fitness measurements with ±6 Pa, which corresponds to a height difference of ±50 cm, as well as an offset temperature coefficient (TCO) of 0.5 Pa / K.
Similarly, the component matches localization applications, such as in products for detecting the level of the ground during emergency calls (E-911), and also detects water levels and falls. The BMP581 features MEMS as well as SPI and I3C interfaces.
The average power consumption of the sensor is 1.3 μA @ 1 Hz pressure and temperature and 0.5 μA in low stand-by mode. Its absolute accuracy is ±30 Pa and the operating voltage is between 1.65 V and 3.6 V. In addition, the sensor impresses with a wide temperature range from -40 °C to 85 °C.


|Veröffentlichungsdatum||6. Aug. 1991|
|Eingetragen||8. Dez. 1989|
|Prioritätsdatum||8. Dez. 1989|
|Auch veröffentlicht unter||EP0504271A1, EP0504271A4, WO1991008704A1|
|Veröffentlichungsnummer||07447913, 447913, US 5036852 A, US 5036852A, US-A-5036852, US5036852 A, US5036852A|
|Erfinder||Mark L. Leishman|
|Ursprünglich Bevollmächtigter||Leishman Mark L|
|Zitat exportieren||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|
|Patentzitate (3), Referenziert von (180), Klassifizierungen (13), Juristische Ereignisse (4)|
|Externe Links: USPTO, USPTO-Zuordnung, Espacenet|
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to monitors and, more particularly, to a novel medical equipment monitor apparatus and method whereby remotely located medical equipment is continuously monitored for selected performance characteristics.
2. The Prior Art
Advances in modern healthcare, particularly the rapid technological advances being experienced almost daily in the healthcare industry, represent significant benefits to patients through improved healthcare delivery to the patient. However, these advances are accompanied by increased costs to society. Not only do these remarkable technological advances contribute to the overall cost increases in healthcare services but they also extend the period over which these costs are incurred by extending the lifespan of persons who would have otherwise died. An important aspect of the foregoing is the recent trend to move patients out of the hospital setting into less costly environments such as skilled nursing facilities in certain instances although the preferred environment is that of the home setting.
Healthcare delivery in the home on an outpatient basis not only reduces the overhead and labor costs for facilities and skilled nursing care but also places the patient in familiar surroundings in the presence of others who are emotionally attached to the patient. It is a well-known phenomena that a patient in familiar surroundings and in the presence of loved ones experiences a remarkably increased feeling of well being and a more rapid recovery. Accordingly, there is an increasing interest in moving patients, whose conditions only a decade or so ago would have mandated hospitalization, out of the hospital setting into, preferably, the home setting.
This outplacement of patients means that certain items of fairly sophisticated life support equipment must accompany the patient to the home setting. One common item of life support equipment, for example, is an oxygen delivery system that can include a source of either compressed or liquid oxygen or derive its oxygen from an oxygen concentrator. Accompanying this piece of equipment is a pulse oximeter for measuring the oxygen concentration in the blood of the patient as well as an apnea monitor, in certain instances. The equipment is generally leased and maintained by a home healthcare agency that is responsible for its proper operation.
However, in the absence of a skilled professional such as found in the hospital setting, there is no apparatus or method for continuously monitoring this equipment on a twenty-four hour basis. The home healthcare agency does send a technician into the home on a regular basis of three or four times a week, but there is no accurate monitoring of this equipment on a consistent basis. Further, equipment failure may either go unrecognized by the patient and those around him or her or be of such a nature that the reporting person may erroneously report the wrong system malfunction. It is also a well-known problem that certain equipment undergoes a gradual deterioration in its performance during use so that the loss of support to the patient is especially insidious over time.
In view of the foregoing what is needed is a medical equipment monitor apparatus and method for directly and continuously monitoring the performance of selected items of medical equipment not only to provide an appropriate alarm signal but also to record all desired parameters of the operational characteristics of the equipment. It would also be a significant advancement in the art to provide the medical equipment monitor apparatus with the capability to transmit information and alarm conditions to a remote location. Such a novel apparatus and method is disclosed and claimed herein.
This invention relates to a novel, medical equipment monitor apparatus and method whereby selected medical equipment is electronically monitored to determine its performance characteristics. The monitor is a simple computer system dedicated to monitoring one or more selected items of medical equipment. The monitor apparatus not only records the monitored parameters but also provides an alarm signal for preprogrammed alarm conditions. The monitor apparatus also has the capability to transmit this information to a preselected remote location. The items of selected medical equipment receive electrical power directly through the monitor and are also electronically coupled directly to the computer portion of the monitor so as to enable the monitor to accurately determine the operation and any alarm conditions of the medical equipment. The monitor is coupled with a telephone line so as to provide a communication link between the monitor and a central station for transmitting information about the medical equipment as well as any alarm conditions.
It is, therefore, a primary object of this invention to provide improvements in medical equipment monitors.
Another primary object of this invention is to provide improvements in the method of monitoring medical equipment.
Another object of this invention is to provide an individually programmable monitor for monitoring the operational characteristics of one or more items of medical equipment.
Another object of this invention is to provide an alarm system in the monitor so as to produce an alarm signal when the operation of the medical equipment deviates beyond the programmed limits for the medical equipment.
Another object of this invention is to provide a monitor for medical equipment whereby the monitor electronically records and transmits to a remote location over a telephone line the operational and alarm conditions of the medical equipment.
These and other objects and features of the present invention will become more readily apparent from the following description in which preferred and other embodiments of the invention have been set forth in conjunction with the accompanying drawing and appended claims.
FIG. 1 is a frontal view of the novel monitor apparatus of this invention shown in the environment of selected items of medical equipment and a patient being serviced by the medical equipment;
FIG. 2 is a perspective view of the monitor of FIG. 1 shown in the environment of a keyboard which is used for entering programming data into the monitor;
FIG. 3 is a plan view of the rear panel of the monitor of FIG. 2;
FIG. 4 is a schematic of the monitor connected to three items of medical equipment and linked by a telephone line to a computer at a remote location;
FIG. 5 is a schematic of the monitor connected to four items of medical equipment and linked by telephone lines to a first computer at a remote location and a second computer having a database; and
FIG. 6 is a chart showing the monitored parameters of oxygen concentration over a twenty-four hour period.
As a rule, any patient in the intensive care portion of a hospital is coupled directly to one or more monitors for the purpose of enabling the healthcare professionals to quickly and accurately determine certain parameters of the patient such as heart rate, oxygen saturation, pulse, and the like. Historically, these parameters are monitored for certain, predetermined alarm conditions and are also recorded so as to become a portion of the patient's permanent record. This type of monitor is well known in the art and is used extensively throughout the healthcare industry.
However, this foregoing monitor system, in effect, interfaces the patient between the medical equipment and the monitor so that if an alarm condition is encountered it is not immediately clear whether the alarm condition is directly patient related or is a secondary effect produced by failure of the medical equipment. For example, if a blood oximeter detects a lowering of the blood oxygen concentration the question is whether this signal is a result of respiratory distress unrelated to the supply of oxygen to the patient or the direct result of a failure in the oxygen supply. Accordingly, it is important for the healthcare professional to be able to determine rapidly when a potentially hazardous medical condition is determined in order to take prompt remedial action.
The present invention is designed specifically to monitor the medical equipment directly to determine its operational characteristics within certain, predetermined parameters. Operational characteristics outside these parameters are sensed as an alarm condition and this alarm condition is automatically transmitted over a telephone line to a remote location.
Illustrative of the need for this type of monitoring capability is the well-known fact that commercially available, oxygen concentrator equipment undergoes a gradual degradation in its performance characteristics over time. In particular, the inlet filter beds of the oxygen concentrator become occluded with dust during operation so that there is a long term decline in the percentage of oxygen delivered to the patient. Regrettably, this decline is so slow that no perceptible change is apparent in the patient until the patient is in noticeable distress. Unfortunately, the oxygen concentrator continues to deliver a flow of what appears to be oxygen-enriched gas but that is essentially room air with little or no oxygen enrichment without any indication of equipment failure. It is presently unknown how many patients have died prematurely as a result of this type of equipment failure.
Another issue of growing significance is the misuse of oxygen, whether too little is delivered to the patient, as discussed above, or whether too much oxygen is being delivered to the patient. Ordinarily, one thinks of oxygen as a very beneficial although benign gas so that "the more oxygen the patient received, the better." Unfortunately, there is a certain class of respiratory care patient for whom extra oxygen is a lethal gas so that it is urgent for the attending physician to be able to accurately monitor the oxygen delivered to a patient, particularly a patient at a remote location.
Other examples of medical equipment which should be subjected to precision monitoring are items such as intravenous pumps, feeding pump systems, and pain suppression systems such as automatic or patient controlled morphine delivery systems. Importantly, any of the foregoing systems are susceptible of abuse either directly by the patient or indirectly by others in the vicinity of the patient.
Referring now specifically to FIG. 2, the novel monitor apparatus of this invention is shown generally at 10 and includes a housing 12 with a front face 14 and a rear face 16 (FIG. 3). Front face 14 includes a liquid crystal display (LCD) 18, a selector switch 20 and a keyboard port 22 for a keyboard 24. A cord 23 connects keyboard 24 to keyboard port 22. LCD 18 is designed to provide a visual readout of the particular conditions being monitored by monitor 10 as selected by selector switch 20.
Selector switch 20 includes several settings such as Power Off; Set Up; Service; and Monitor. The Power Off setting is self-explanatory. The Set Up position is the mode whereby keyboard 24 is connected to keyboard port 22 by cord 23 to enable the operator (not shown) to enter the necessary data for the specific equipment being monitored by monitor 10. The internal program in monitor 10 cooperates through LCD 18 to visually provide the necessary instructions for the appropriate operation of keyboard 24. Keyboard 24 may also be used during the Service phase selected by selector switch 20 so that the desired equipment can be serviced.
Once the predetermined parameters are programmed into monitor 10 through keyboard 24 in the Set Up mode, selector switch 20 is turned to the Monitor position. Monitor 10 thereafter automatically monitors the selected medical equipment according to the predetermined parameters entered into its memory. Importantly, selector switch 20 is key-actuated by a specific key (not shown) so that only the person having possession of the specific key can alter or otherwise obtain access to monitor 10.
Referring now also to FIGS. 3 and 1, the layout of a presently preferred embodiment of rear face 16 is shown. Telephone jacks 32 and 34 interconnect monitor 10 between a telephone 30 and the household telephone jack (not shown), respectively. A male receptacle 90 receives electrical power through a power cord 92 from a conventional wall outlet (not shown). An internal buss (not shown) distributes electrical power to each of female receptacles 44, 54, 64, and 74, the function of each of which will be discussed more fully hereinafter. A pair of fuses 94 and 96 provide the necessary protection to the electronic components (not shown) inside monitor 10.
With specific reference to FIG. 1, monitor 10 is shown in the environment of a patient, indicated schematically at 80, resting on a bed 84. An oxygen source 40 supplies oxygen to patient 80 through a diffuser 48 fed by an oxygen line 46. The apparatus of oxygen source 40 and diffuser 48 is any suitable apparatus for delivering oxygen to patient 80 so that the actual equipment shown is merely illustrative. Clearly, any suitable oxygen delivery apparatus can be used for oxygen source 40.
Monitor 10 is coupled to oxygen source 40 through a monitor cord 42, and a power cord 43 each of which are connected to monitor 10 through receptacles 42 and 44, respectively, (FIG. 3). Electrical energy for oxygen source 40 is supplied through power cord 43, as described above, while monitor cord 42 directs monitoring signals form oxygen source 40 into monitor 10.
Similarly, a second item of medical equipment, in this instance a pulse oximeter 50, is coupled to monitor 10 by a monitor cord 53 interconnected at receptacle 52 (FIG. 3) and by a power cord 55 plugged into electrical receptacle 54. In this manner the operational characteristics of pulse oximeter 50 are continuously monitored by monitor 10. Pulse oximeter 50 a conventional pulse oximeter and has a sensing element 39 coupled to an ear 52 on patient 80. A cord 56 electrically interconnects sensing element 58 to pulse oximeter 50 so that the signals sensed by sensing element 58 are received by pulse oximeter 50.
A similar arrangement exists for a third item of medical equipment which is shown herein as an apnea monitor 60. Apnea monitor 60 is coupled to monitor 10 by a monitor code 63 which is plugged into receptacle 62 (FIG. 3) to enable monitor 10 to receive signals from apnea monitor 60. Power for apnea monitor 60 is delivered through a power cord 65 from an electrical receptacle 64. The sensing element (not shown) for apnea monitor 60 is coupled to patient 80 with the signals therefrom being delivered to apnea monitor 60 through cord 66.
It is important to note that all suitable items of medical equipment, whether oxygen source 40, pulse oximeter 50, or apnea monitor 60, or for that matter, any other similar item of medical equipment, each has a built in alarm system to which monitor 10 is electronically coupled. This means that monitor 10 uses the existing alarm/operational parameter system of each respective item of medical equipment to provide the necessary input to monitor 10. Accordingly, monitor 10 requires only a simple modification, if any, to adapt it to be able to suitably monitor the respective medical equipment.
A further item of convenience is a call button 70 coupled to receptacle 72 (FIG. 3) by a cord 73. Call button 70 can be selectively used by patient 80 to summon persons who can provide assistance to patient 80.
An additional receptacle 74 (FIG. 3) is provided on monitor 10 for the purpose of providing electrical power to any other selected item of equipment (not shown). This feature eliminates the need for additional wall outlets (not shown) for the purpose of supplying electrical power to a lamp, or other item requiring electrical power (not shown).
Referring now to FIG. 4, the schematic for a first, preferred embodiment of this invention is shown wherein a Monitor represents monitor 10 (FIGS. 1 and 2) and is coupled to Medical Equipment A (oxygen source 20, FIG. 1); Medical Equipment B (Pulse oximeter 50, FIG. 1); and Medical Equipment C (apnea monitor 60, FIG. 1). An Emergency Switch is coupled to the Monitor to illustrate the alarm feature of the Monitor although, clearly, the Emergency Switch is contained inside monitor 10 (FIGS. 1 and 2). The Monitor provides full twenty-four hour monitoring capability for up to three items of medical equipment in additional to the manual alarm capability provided by call button 70.
Operationally, when an alarm condition is detected by the monitor, an automatical call is made with the attached Modem through telephone 30 (FIG. 1), to the centrally located Computer and its attached Modem. This Computer is programmable to provide any desired form of response to signals received from the Monitor and has the capability to transmit instructions to an attached Printer which will print any desired amount of information. This Computer is on line all the time so as to be ready to receive incoming calls from the Monitor. Importantly, the Computer will respond to all incoming telephone messages by correctly identifying the Monitor and displaying the alarm condition. Further, from time to time the Computer will interrogate the Monitor for all information stored in the Monitor so that the information contained therein can be printed and stored in the patient's (patent 80, FIG. 1) file folder.
Monitor 10 is also programmed to dial the Computer through telephone 30 and can recognize when telephone line 33 is busy. Importantly, monitor 10 will continue dial the Computer at 15-30 second intervals until connection with the Computer. After connection has been made and all messages have been sent by monitor 10 to the Computer, monitor 10 will disconnect from telephone line 33 and continue to monitor according to its regular monitoring program.
Monitor 10 includes a battery (not shown) as a power failure safety device. This enables monitor 10 to alert the Computer to the emergency condition so that appropriate corrective measures can be implemented. Importantly, monitor 10 is programmed to wait thirty seconds prior to initiating this alarm in case the power failure is only a momentary interruption of electrical service.
Referring now to FIG. 5, a second preferred embodiment for the assembly of equipment around the Monitor (monitor 10, FIGS. 1 and 2) is shown in addition to its interconnection to other base station equipment as will be described more fully hereinafter. The Monitor is shown coupled to four items of medical equipment which are shown as Medical Equipment A, B, C, and D and can include any suitable medical equipment as discussed hereinbefore. In addition to being coupled to a base station computer system, shown herein as Computer A and Printer A, the Monitor can also be connected to a second computer system which is shown herein as Computer B, Printer B, and a Database Software. The Database Software includes such basic information as general client information and any other useful information that may be required. The Database Software is also set up in a spreadsheet format so that each parameter from the preselected medical equipment will in its own column. The Database Software is designed to enable Computer B to interrogate the Monitor on a daily basis in order to update the Database Software with the latest information.
The daily information obtained by Computer B includes such information as the minimum, maximum, and average readings for each item of medical equipment on an hourly basis. Once the data has been entered into the Database Software, a line graph can be produced through Printer B. For example, FIG. 6 represents such a line graph for the maximum, minimum and average oxygen concentration delivered by oxygen supply 40 (FIG. 1) over a twenty-four hour period.
The present invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from its spirit or essential characteristics. The described embodiments are to be considered in all respects only as illustrative and not restrictive. The scope of the invention is, therefore, indicated by the appended claims rather than by the foregoing description. All changes which come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are to be embraced within their scope.
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|WO1993018710A1 *||25. März 1993||30. Sept. 1993||Homecare Diagnostic Services||Fetal monitoring system|
|US-Klassifikation||600/301, 128/904, 379/38|
|Internationale Klassifikation||A61B5/0205, G08B25/01, A61B5/00|
|Unternehmensklassifikation||Y10S128/904, A61B5/0205, G08B25/016, A61B5/0022|
|Europäische Klassifikation||A61B5/00B, G08B25/01D, A61B5/0205|
|30. Jan. 1995||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 4
|2. März 1999||REMI||Maintenance fee reminder mailed|
|8. Aug. 1999||LAPS||Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees|
|19. Okt. 1999||FP||Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee|
Effective date: 19990806


We report a device that allows inductive-detection of electron spins in picoliter volumes. The invention is a ‘planar inverse anapole’ microresonator with a spin detection limit as low as 6 x 106 (mT√Hz)-1 (i.e. 6 x 105 (G√Hz)-1) at 10 GHz and room temperature, which is an improvement of an order of magnitude compared to previously reported microresonator designs.
We report a device that allows inductive-detection of electron spins in picoliter volumes with increased sensitivity. Microresonators used for spin detection in volume-limited samples suffer from poor quality-factors, which adversely affects sensitivity. We have exploited anapole structures with toroidal moment to diminish radiative losses from planar microresonators while simultaneously confining microwave magnetic fields to picoliter volumes. Using the Babinet principle to create a magnetic field hotspot, we have created a planar inverse anapole microresonator for inductive-detection electron magnetic resonance. High quality-factors enable facile coupling with a microwave feedline, allowing continuous wave (CW) EPR experiments that are not possible with other microresonator designs. The size of the hotspot (the active volume of the resonator) is much smaller than the overall dimensions of the microresonator. This provides scalability to microwave frequencies of > 100 GHz. Thus, the resonators can be scaled for use with multiple frequencies without sacrificing device functionality, overcoming a major limitation of other microresonator designs.
High quality-factors of the planar inverse anapole microresonators allow easy coupling to microwave feedlines. This enables easy deployment of the microresonators in existing spectrometers for routine measurements of picoliter-volume samples. The scalability of the design to frequencies > 100 GHz open the route to multifrequency EPR measurements on volume-limited samples. Lastly, the absolute sensitivity we obtain is an order of magnitude higher than other microresonator designs.


The snare drum is an enormously popular musical instrument, used by many different types and styles of music. It is played either as a single unit, with the drummer playing the head/snare, and the rest of the group playing the rest of the polyphonic drum samples. Also, many different drummers can play the snare drum, so it is versatile in this respect.
The snare drum, sometimes known as a bass drum, is a closed-back drum instrument with a hollow body, made from a number of metal strips, each attached at the front, back and sides by small cords. The head of the snare drum is made from either wood or steel, and the individual snare drums are fitted together by a series of hoops secured at both the front and back of the drum. The drum heads also have drum pads, made from either metal or plastic. The individual drums are connected by drumsticks, made from hollow bones or steel, which are moved by finger movements.
Snare drums are made in different sizes and shapes to suit different types of music. Snare drums are normally played with two drums. Two smaller snare drums are placed side-by-side, with one on top of the other. The larger drumsticks are used to hit the surface with the drumsticks, producing the "snare" sound. The snare drums are usually struck by a series of drumsticks with varying pressure.
Marching patterns for snare drums often follow a rhythmic pattern, which is known as a marching band. This type of marching band usually has two lines of four drums, arranged in a semi-circle, with each of the sides at a different time, to give the beat. Different drum beats are followed depending on where the drums are struck, and this makes the marching feel. Marching bands can be used in a number of situations, including rock concerts, marching to a live band, or as part of a dance performance.
Snare drums come in many different sizes. Most are between fifteen and sixteen inches in length. However, some larger models can be as much thirty six inches in diameter. The width of the sticks is not as important as the quality of the sticks, as these will produce a snare drum with a consistent and quality sound. The quality and size of the sticks are related to the quality of the sound produced.
Snare drums now come in two heads. A top head has two heads and a bottom head. The two heads are commonly made of steel or hollow acrylic tubes, which are covered in layers of insulating material between them, producing a dual barrier against sound. The thickness of the steel used affects how the sound travels through the tube.
The size of the hole in the snare drum is determined by how much sound is allowed to pass through it. Typically a larger hole produces a higher pitched sound than a smaller hole, but both are useful for producing the right sound for the situation. Different types of snare drums have different ways in which the holes are drilled. Some use traditional drum styles, while others use the bulldog or double-headed drill that is more prevalent on modern drums. Drums that utilize this style of drilling holes usually have a finger hole at the top for tuning or holding onto.
A snare drum can be assembled using three or more instruments. A steel guitar, bass drum, or a microphone can be added to the main body of the drum in order to play additional instruments, such as keyboards, drums, or peridot drums. This assembly process is commonly referred to as "snaring". Additional hardware such as cymbals, bells, hi hats, and other special effects can be installed on the assembled snare drum once it is complete.


A robust real-time online solar photovoltaic monitoring system is carefully designed for the solar photovoltaic energy industry via cloud computing technology broadcasting instant and exact energy harvested from installed solar photovoltaic modules onsite. Remote monitoring for both the stationary positioned and hybrid solar photovoltaic tracking modules is achieved via the web on mobiles, tablets, PCs and notebooks through installed applications. The introduction of these robust adaptive devices have significantly increased the optimisation, performance and the high concentration of energy harvested in hybrid solar photovoltaic tracking system based on the developed tracking movement models. This paper investigates the design of a robust real-time online comparative data with visual analysis for both stationary and hybrid solar photovoltaic tracking monitoring systems spanning the installation lifetime. The hybrid solar photovoltaic monitoring system consists of two main components the programmable logic control (PLC) box and the data logger connected to the router for remote access and transfer of real-time solar photovoltaic data information generated. A photovoltaic data acquisition and monitoring system has been deployed at the National Kaohsiung University, Taiwan for optimal solar photovoltaic energy harvest, forecast and sustainable solar photovoltaic management and policies to validate simulation models. The research results presented are likely to offer real experience for the future solar photovoltaic energy industry applications not only in Taiwan but also in the world.


CASTECH will attend CIOE 2019 held at Shenzhen from Sep.4th to Sep.7th. It will be our honor to have you visit our booth at 9D09 for business discussion of our crystals, optics and laser components.
CASTECH will attend The Laser World of Photonics held at Munich from June.24th to June.27th. It will be our honor to have you visit our booth at B2.354 for business discussion of our crystals, optics and laser components.
CASTECH annouces Chirped Mirror for ultra-fast laser applications
CASTECH annouces Chirped Mirrors compensating for pulse broadening effects in ultra-fast laser applications with different band widths. We also invested in new metrology instrument for precise measurement of dispersive properties of optical components and coatings.Our expert engieering team are alwa...


What Does Measurement Uncertainty Mean?
In the realm of quality control and measurement, the concept of measurement uncertainty plays a crucial role in ensuring the accuracy and reliability of data. Understanding measurement uncertainty is vital for businesses and industries that rely on precise measurements to maintain high standards of quality. This article aims to delve into the various aspects of measurement uncertainty, including its definition, importance, calculation methods, sources, impact on quality, examples, and strategies for reduction. By exploring these key areas, readers will gain a comprehensive understanding of measurement uncertainty and its significance in maintaining accuracy and reliability in measurements.
What Is Measurement Uncertainty?
Measurement uncertainty refers to the doubt or range of values associated with the result of a measurement, encompassing factors such as variation, accuracy, and precision.
It is a crucial concept in quality control as it determines the reliability and trustworthiness of measurement results. Adhering to ISO 17025 standards is essential in managing measurement uncertainty, ensuring that laboratories maintain competence in performing tests and calibrations.
The Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM) provides a comprehensive framework for error analysis, taking into account factors like sensitivity and measurement validation to accurately characterize and quantify measurement uncertainty in line with international best practices.
Why Is Measurement Uncertainty Important?
Understanding measurement uncertainty is crucial for ensuring the validity, reliability, and standardization of measurement systems, contributing to the consistency and accuracy of results.
It is important to consider the range of potential variations in measurements and the impact they may have on the overall quality control process. By acknowledging and addressing uncertainties, organizations can ensure that their measurement systems are robust and reliable.
The establishment of standardized measurement systems through proper validation processes helps in minimizing the impact of uncertainties, ultimately leading to more accurate and trustworthy results.
How Is Measurement Uncertainty Calculated?
Measurement uncertainty is calculated by considering factors such as calibration, measurement error, statistical analysis, and the precision of the measurement method used.
Calibration plays a crucial role in determining the accuracy of measurements, as it involves comparing the instrument or device against a standard reference. Sources of measurement error, including environmental conditions, human error, and equipment limitations, must be identified and minimized to improve the reliability of the measurement.
Statistical analysis helps in quantifying the uncertainty by assessing the variations and providing a measure of confidence in the results. The precision of the measurement method directly impacts the level of uncertainty, with higher precision yielding reduced uncertainty.
What Is the Formula for Measurement Uncertainty?
The formula for calculating measurement uncertainty involves assessing the contribution of factors such as measurement error, standard deviation, and establishing confidence intervals to quantify the overall uncertainty.
Measurement error refers to the variation between the measured value and the true value being measured. This can be caused by factors such as instrument calibration, environmental conditions, and human error.
Standard deviation measures the dispersion of a set of data points, providing insight into the amount of variation present. Confidence intervals help to capture the range within which the true value of a measurement is likely to lie. By considering all these factors, the formula for measurement uncertainty can effectively quantify the overall level of uncertainty in a measurement.
What Are the Sources of Measurement Uncertainty?
The sources of measurement uncertainty encompass factors such as instrumentation, environmental variables, the measurement process, variation, and potential biases that can influence the accuracy of measurements.
Instrumentation plays a pivotal role in measurement uncertainty, as the precision and calibration of the instruments directly impact the reliability of data. Environmental variables, including temperature, humidity, and air pressure, can introduce unforeseen variations, affecting the outcome of measurements. The measurement process itself, such as human errors or systematic flaws, contributes to uncertainty.
Sources of variation and bias, whether inherent to the system or introduced externally, further compound the complexity of accurate measurements.
Instrument error contributes to measurement uncertainty, encompassing factors such as systematic errors, measurement inaccuracies, the need for calibration, and the impact on accuracy and precision.
This can result in deviations of the measured values from the true values, affecting the reliability and confidence in the measurements taken. Systematic errors, stemming from consistent inaccuracies in the instrument, can lead to biases in the results obtained. Therefore, regular calibration of instruments becomes crucial to identify and correct any errors.
Measurement inaccuracies can introduce variability and influence the precision of the measurements, directly impacting the overall quality and trustworthiness of the data obtained.
Environmental factors introduce variability and potential errors in the measurement process, impacting tolerance levels, sensitivity, and contributing to the overall uncertainty in measurements.
These factors can include fluctuations in temperature, humidity, and atmospheric pressure, as well as external vibrations and electromagnetic interference. Understanding and mitigating the influence of these environmental variables is crucial in error analysis and ensuring reliable measurements.
Considering the effects of environmental factors is essential in determining the appropriate tolerance considerations to account for fluctuations. Precise measurement instruments and calibration processes are pivotal in minimizing the impact of environmental factors on measurement uncertainty.
Human error is a significant contributor to measurement uncertainty, affecting reproducibility, repeatability, and necessitating robust error analysis and quality control measures to enhance reliability.
This emphasizes the critical need for stringent quality control procedures to mitigate the impact of human error on measurement accuracy. By addressing human errors through comprehensive error analysis, organizations can enhance their data reliability and ensure consistent results.
It also underscores the importance of continually assessing and refining measurement processes to minimize the influence of human error, thus fostering a culture of precision and trustworthiness in scientific and industrial measurements.
Sampling error contributes to measurement uncertainty by introducing bias, deviation, and necessitating rigorous error analysis and the establishment of confidence intervals to manage statistical uncertainty.
This type of error in data collection occurs when a sample is not representative of the population being studied. It can lead to inaccuracies in the conclusions drawn from the data.
The impact of sampling error on measurement uncertainty is significant, as it can affect the reliability and validity of research findings. To mitigate the effects of sampling error, researchers often employ various statistical techniques, such as random sampling and stratified sampling, to minimize its influence on the measurement process.
What Is the Impact of Measurement Uncertainty on Quality?
Measurement uncertainty directly influences the accuracy of measurements, reliability of data, and the adherence to quality standards, emphasizing the criticality of measurement validation and ensuring overall reliability.
It is evident that the impact of measurement uncertainty extends beyond mere statistical variations, as it can significantly affect the decision-making process and the trustworthiness of the obtained results. This underscores the importance of thorough validation processes to mitigate the potential risks associated with measurement uncertainty and ensure consistent, high-quality outcomes.
Measurement uncertainty plays a key role in determining the overall reliability and trustworthiness of data, highlighting the necessity for stringent control measures and continuous monitoring to maintain compliance with established quality standards.
Accuracy of Measurements
Measurement uncertainty directly affects the accuracy of measurements by influencing the proximity to the true value, necessitating comprehensive error analysis, the establishment of measurement standards, and ensuring measurement assurance and conformity.
This relationship between measurement uncertainty and accuracy underscores the importance of evaluating the reliability and consistency of measurement processes. It highlights that even small variations in measurement uncertainty can lead to significant deviations from the true value, emphasizing the criticality of minimizing uncertainties. It emphasizes the need for stringent calibration procedures and the use of certified reference materials to ensure accurate measurement standards.
Measurement assurance and conformity play a pivotal role in mitigating the impact of uncertainty, thereby reinforcing the integrity and reliability of measurements.
Reliability of Data
Measurement uncertainty directly influences the reliability of data by impacting reproducibility, repeatability, necessitating robust measurement validation, and the assurance of measurement reliability.
This relationship is crucial in ensuring that the data obtained from measurements is dependable and accurate. When there is high uncertainty in measurements, it introduces variability, making it difficult to reproduce the results consistently. This can lead to doubts about the data’s reliability. Therefore, comprehensive measurement validation becomes imperative to minimize uncertainties and ensure the accuracy and consistency of the data.
It’s through addressing measurement uncertainty that the reliability and trustworthiness of the collected data can be assured, leading to more meaningful and valuable outcomes.
Compliance with Standards
Measurement uncertainty significantly impacts compliance with standards, necessitating validation, conformity, reliability, and adherence to established standardization practices to ensure regulatory and quality compliance.
This integration of validation processes, adherence to conformity, and emphasis on reliability plays a pivotal role in upholding industry standards.
Addressing measurement uncertainty and its impact on compliance demands a multifaceted approach that incorporates robust validation procedures and reliable data sources.
By aligning with established standardization practices, organizations can enhance their regulatory compliance and ensure consistent quality assurance, thereby bolstering their overall operational performance.
What Are Some Examples of Measurement Uncertainty?
Examples of measurement uncertainty are prevalent in various domains, including the measurement of length, temperature, volume, and time, where factors such as accuracy and precision play pivotal roles.
These uncertainties can be observed in the measurement of length when using tools like rulers, tape measures, or calipers. For instance, variations in temperature and pressure can affect the accuracy of length measurements.
Similarly, in temperature measurements, variations in ambient conditions, calibration of thermometers, and human error can contribute to uncertainty. When measuring volume, factors such as meniscus errors in liquid measurements and variations in container dimensions can introduce uncertainty. Variations in timekeeping devices and human reaction times can impact the precision of time measurements.
Measurement of Length
The measurement of length presents instances of uncertainty, influenced by tolerance levels, measurement errors, precision considerations, and the application of measurement standards to ensure accuracy.
This uncertainty is often connected to the precision factors in measuring instruments and the inherent limitations in achieving absolute exactness in any measurement. Tolerance levels play a critical role in determining acceptable variations within which the measured length falls. Measurement errors, whether systematic or random, further contribute to the overall uncertainty, highlighting the need for thorough error analysis and minimization.
The application of measurement standards helps in establishing a common reference point and ensures consistency in measurement techniques, aiding in reducing uncertainty and enhancing the reliability of length measurements.
Measurement of Temperature
The measurement of temperature embodies uncertainty, influenced by variability, environmental factors, the measurement process, and the sensitivity of temperature measurements in diverse conditions.
This uncertainty arises due to various factors such as the precision of the measuring instruments, calibration techniques, and human error in the data collection process. Environmental conditions like air pressure, humidity, and altitude can also impact the accuracy of temperature measurements. Variability in the materials being measured can contribute to uncertainty as well. Understanding these factors and their interplay is essential in minimizing measurement uncertainty and ensuring the reliability of temperature data in numerous applications.
Measurement of Volume
The measurement of volume exemplifies uncertainty, influenced by the accuracy of measurements, standard deviation, the need for validation, and the assurance of consistent measurement outcomes.
In the context of volume measurement, uncertainty arises due to various factors such as the precise determination of borders, irregularities in the shape of the container, and the difficulty in accurately measuring meniscus curvature, especially in small volumes. This uncertainty directly impacts the accuracy and reliability of the measured volume. Consequently, minimizing measurement uncertainty in volume assessment is crucial to ensure precise and consistent results, requiring validation procedures and stringent quality control measures to maintain the highest level of accuracy.
Measurement of Time
The measurement of time encompasses uncertainties, as indicated by the range, deviation, confidence intervals, and the pursuit of measurement reliability in temporal assessments.
These uncertainties in time measurement are inherent due to factors such as instrumentation accuracy, environmental conditions, and human error. The range of measurement uncertainty in time reflects the potential variation between successive measurements, while deviation conveys the extent to which individual measurements differ from the mean.
Confidence intervals provide insight into the level of certainty surrounding a specific time measurement, offering a range within which the true value is likely to fall. Ensuring measurement reliability involves minimizing these uncertainties through rigorous calibration, standardization, and error analysis in timekeeping devices and methodologies.
How Can Measurement Uncertainty Be Reduced?
Reducing measurement uncertainty involves meticulous error analysis, calibration procedures, the establishment of confidence intervals, comprehensive measurement validation, and adherence to standardization practices.
By systematically identifying and mitigating sources of error through thorough error analysis, the measurement uncertainty can be minimized. Calibration procedures play a crucial role in ensuring accuracy and reliability of measurement instruments, while the establishment of confidence intervals provides a measure of the range within which the true value is likely to lie.
Comprehensive measurement validation, including inter-laboratory comparisons and proficiency testing, further enhances the reliability of the measurement process. Adhering to standardized protocols and reference materials is vital for ensuring consistency and comparability of results across different laboratories and measurement systems.
Frequently Asked Questions
What does measurement uncertainty mean?
Measurement uncertainty refers to the range of possible values that a measurement could have due to errors or limitations in the measuring process. It represents the level of doubt or confidence in the accuracy of a measurement.
How is measurement uncertainty related to quality?
Measurement uncertainty is a key factor in determining the quality of a measurement. A larger uncertainty value indicates a lower quality measurement, as there is a wider range of possible values. A smaller uncertainty value indicates a higher quality measurement, as there is a smaller range of potential values.
What are some sources of measurement uncertainty?
Measurement uncertainty can arise from a variety of sources, such as instrument limitations, human error, environmental conditions, and variations in the object being measured. It is important to identify and account for these sources in order to minimize uncertainty and improve the quality of a measurement.
Can measurement uncertainty be eliminated?
No, measurement uncertainty cannot be completely eliminated, as there will always be some level of uncertainty in any measurement. However, it can be reduced through proper calibration, use of precise instruments, and careful measurement techniques.
Can measurement uncertainty be quantified?
Yes, measurement uncertainty can be quantified and expressed as a numerical value. This is typically done using statistical methods to calculate the standard deviation or confidence interval of a measurement. This helps to provide a more accurate representation of the true value.
Can you provide an example of measurement uncertainty?
Say you are measuring the weight of an object using a scale with a measurement range of 0-100 grams. The scale has a resolution of 0.1 grams, meaning it can measure to the nearest 0.1 gram. However, due to various factors such as the precision of the scale and human error, the actual weight of the object could be anywhere within a small range of 0.05 grams. This range of 0.05 grams represents the measurement uncertainty in this example.


Product Specification Personal Mini Pump
●The PMP-001 is a lightweight, portable air sampling pump equipped with a constant flowrate functionality.
●It is especially for intake in the low flowrate range.
●It can also be used for personal exposure measurements.
●It can be used as a suction pump for a variety of detector tubes.
Price Personal Mini Pump
CV. Gihon Juma Sentosa is a Distributor Company For Industrial, chemical, Instrument Laboratory, Industrial & Medical Gases, educational laboratorium. We provide chemical materials, laboratories instrument, human health instrument and specific chemical purpose items in grocery and regular needs. We are located in Medan, North Sumatera - Indonesia, providing equipment for your company or personal use.
- Alat Survey Lingkungan Hidup


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This report evaluates and compares two electrical screening tests for integrated circuits, functional and pin-to-pin, over a period of 5,000 hours of operational life testing. Of a sample of 1,000 integrated circuits, 71% were initially identified by the functional screen as high qua'lity devices as opposed to 28% by the pin-to-pin screen. In addition, only 10 devices from the sample were commonly rejected by both tests. Further analysis revealed that 18 functional unacceptable devices were classified as pin-to-pin high quality devices and that 31 pin-to-pin unacceptable devices were classified as functional high quality. In general, the number of test failures observed remained constant during the first 5,000 hours of life testing. However, in the case of the load resistor test (pin-to-pin) and the output current test (functional), the number of test failures decreased as the testing time increased. An examination of the screening data after 5,000 hours of life testing showed essentially no change in the quality distribution of the sample as measured by the functional tests. However, the pin-to-pin screen showed a significant change in the sample distribution, with a number of circuits going from the high quality grouping to the commercial grouping.


China has a vast output of squid. Squid is an essential economic aquatic animal which can be used for development and industrial production. Squid is a kind of marine product with high protein and low fat, rich in calcium, phosphorus, iron, taurine, etc. The water content of squid is about 76.2% ~ 80.0%. Squid should be frozen on board immediately after fishing. Therefore, frozen squid is the primary raw material of all kinds of squid products.
The principle of microwave thawing is to vibrate the polar molecules inside the frozen products under the radiation of electromagnetic waves, and generate heat by elastic collision and friction with the surrounding molecules.
Mr. Wang of shidao, Weihai city, mainly processes squid rings, squid shreds, and other foods. Before using the high-voltage electrostatic thawing method, the meat loss rate is up to 10%, and the color difference after thawing is significant. He wants to buy microwave equipment to replace the previous high-voltage electrostatic thawing.
The frozen squid was placed in a box of 40×20×30cm at -18℃ in the microwave working chamber of the microwave defrosting machine. The ambient temperature in the microwave working chamber was -3℃ ~ 3℃. During the microwave thawing process, the microwave thawing frequency was 915 MHz. It only takes 6 minutes to defrost with 20kw microwave defrosting equipment. After defrosting, no blood will flow out, and the meat loss rate is less than 1%. A needle thermometer can be easily inserted into the interior and measures -3℃.
This heating starts inside the material, taking advantage of the electrical properties of the material itself. When the frozen food is thawed in this way, the temperature is set slightly below the freezing point of water, that is, -4 ~ -2 ℃. At this time, the frozen products are solid-state and easy to slice, dice, or do other processing. The whole microwave working chamber can be placed in the frozen material, without the water tank’s restriction, etc. It can quickly defrost the large volume or a large number of frozen materials and improve efficiency. The defrost chamber is made of food-grade 304 stainless steel, safe and corrosion-resistant.
The 20kw microwave defrosting equipment can defrost squid over 600kg per hour, and the final defrosting temperature can be adjusted according to the customer’s requirements.
Advantages of microwave thaw: 1. Fast thaw; 2. The whole frozen products are uniform after thawing; 3. After thawing, frozen products are easy to cut without dripping; 4. Power-saving; 5. No sewage is discharged.


Greyline Instruments PSE4 Ultrasonic Sensor
Clamp-on Doppler sensor for ultrasonic flow measurements
Need Help? Call 1-800-884-4967 8:00am to 5:30pm ET
- For pipe diameters from 0.5" to 180"
- Operating Temperature: -40° to 250°F (-40° to 120°C)
- Operating Frequency: 640 Khz
- Stainless steel housing with epoxy face
- 12 ft. shielded pair coaxial cable with connecting plug
This product is an accessory for the following products:
The Greyline Instruments PSE4 is a non-intrusive, single-head ultrasonic sensor for measuring flow in any pipe material that conducts ultrasound including PVC, carbon steel, stainless steel, cast iron, fiberglass, and lined pipes. The clamp-on sensor is designed to fit on the outside of any pipe diameter 1/2" or larger.