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Standard Test Method for Determination of Contamination Level of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters in Middle Distillate and Residual Fuels Using Flow Analysis by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopyâ€”Rapid Screening Method
NORMA vydaná dňa 15.10.2021
Označenie normy: ASTM D7963-21
Dátum vydania normy: 15.10.2021
Kód tovaru: NS-1041896
Počet strán: 7
Približná hmotnosť: 21 g (0.05 libier)
Krajina: Americká technická norma
Kategória: Technické normy ASTM
biodiesel contamination, FAME, FA-FTIR, FTIR, methyl esters,, ICS Number Code 75.160.20 (Liquid fuels)
|Significance and Use|
5.1The present and growing international governmental requirements to add Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME) to diesel fuel has had the unintended side-effect of leading to potential FAME contamination of fuels in multi-fuel transport facilities such as cargo tankers and pipelines, and industry wide concerns. This has led to a requirement to measure contamination levels in diesel and other fuels to assist custody transfer issues.
5.2Analytical methods have been developed with the capability of measuring down to <5 mg/kg levels of FAME in aviation turbine fuel (AVTUR), however these are complex, and require specialized personnel and laboratory facilities. This Rapid Screening method has been developed for use in the supply chain by non-specialized personnel to cover the range of 20mg/kgto 500000mg/kg (0.002%to50%).
5.3A similar procedure, Test Method , is available for AVTUR in the range 10 mg/kg to 150mg/kg. Test Method uses the same apparatus, with a specific model developed for AVTUR.
1.1This test method specifies a rapid screening method using flow analysis by Fourier Transform Infrared (FA-FTIR) spectroscopy with partial least squares (PLS) processing for the quantitative determination of the fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) contamination of middle distillates, in the range of 20mg/kg to 1000mg/kg, and of middle distillates and residual fuels, following dilution, for levels above 0.1 %.
Note 1: describes a dilution procedure to significantly expand the measurement range above 1000 mg/kg for distillates and to enable measurement of residual oils
Note 2:This test method detects all FAME components, with peak IR absorbance at approximately 1749 cm-1 and CNote 3:Additives such as antistatic agents, antioxidants, and corrosion inhibitors are measured with the FAME by the FTIR spectrometer. However any potential interference effects of these additives are eliminated by the flow analysis processing.
Note 4:The scope of this test method does not include aviation turbine fuel which is addressed by Test Method .
1.2The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
|2. Referenced Documents|
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Software, Automation & Control :: Instrumentation, Automation & Control :: Data Recording & Transmission
March 28, 2011
Convert local flow signals for long distance transmission
GF Piping Systems Signet 8550 Meters (photo) convert the signal from a Signet flow sensor into a 4–20-mA signal for long distance transmission. Features include single or dual input/output, two optional relays for process control...
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Pt100 temperature sensor / NTC / thermistor / insertion
Pt100, NTC, thermistor
stainless steel, compact, immersion
engine, for marine applications
Max.: 120 °C (248 °F)
Min.: 0 °C (32 °F)
Stainless-steel stick-in sensor, Pt100/NTC thermistor.
Compact and robust design.
Ideal for shipbuilding, thanks to their construction and approvals.
Simple assembly with protection tube.
Connection using tab connector, cable outlet at the side.
Pressure resistance up to 40 bar.
Available in various immersion depths.
Compatible measuring transducers, limit value switches and analogue indicators available.
Design available with a Pt100 or an NTC thermistor measuring element.
Approvals: BV, DNV-GL


There are mainly several types of hollow drum materials on the market, but the basic mountains are all metal.
The best sounding is the butterfly drum in the market. The copper infiltration process makes the sound of the ethereal drum ethereal. The sound reaches an extreme bottom, and at the same time purifies the noise in the drum, making the sound of the ethereal drum more pure and moving.
The second material is an ethereal drum with added carbon steel, referred to as carbon steel ethereal drum. It uses a unique ratio of carbon and steel. The addition of carbon steel in a perfect proportion makes the structure of the ethereal drum more in line with the sounding principle, and adopts annealing and impurity removal technology. , To remove the excess impurities in the Ethereal Drum, so that the sound of the Ethereal Drum is improved to a certain extent.
The third type is titanium steel alloy material. Compared with the above two materials, the advantages may not be so obvious. The biggest feature is that the basic material is sufficient, the sound is stable, and the annealing process is also used to further purify the impurities of the empty drum, but Relatively speaking, there is still no moving music of the first two.


Safety cover protection desktop 30W laser marking machine
1.It’s adopts famous brand JPT/Raycus Fiber Laser source, the transportation rate of electricity
and optic is high, the function is stable and Maintenance-free and 100,000 hours long life time.
2.Double red dots more easy to get focus.
3.Fiber Laser Marking machine has advantages of high efficiency, convenience, no consumable
materials, innocuity, no pollution and so on.
4.Adopt all-new structure ,exquisite appearance,centralized intelligent control system. fiber laser
marking machine support full-English operating interface. Fiber laser marking machine is easy
to learn and operate.
5.Quality Taiwan meanwell power supply and Schneider AC conductor and switch
6.Best quality digital SINO-GALVO/GALVO-TECH SCANNER head.,small volume, quick speed, good
stability, performance reached the international advanced level.
7.Genuine EZCAD control program compatible with win7/win8/win10 system with USB cable;
8.Fiber laser marking machine with self-clean system , fiber laser marking machine can eliminate
the dust when it works, keep the fresh environment all the time.
9.Whole machine warrantied 2 years;
10.It can both install q-switched source and mopa laser source.
1.Fine marking on Metal and some nonmetal materials
2. black,white marking on stainless steel
3. Black marking on stainless steel and anodized aluminium by mopa source
4. Mold steel engraving
5.a bit little depth engrave
Fiber laser source:Raycus,IPG
Marking Depth:less than 1mm
Marking speed:less than 7000mm/s
Minimum line width:0.015mm
Power Requirement:less than 500w
Beam quality:M2 less than 1.5
Focus Spot diameter less than 0.01mm
Testimonials We are very satisfied with the galvo fiber laser marker which purchased from ZoeyExporting,we received it with very fast delivery,and customer service we feel comfortable,including software power,speed,frequency setting for different material,like plastic,stainless steel,etc., I like it ,Hope long-term business with them.— Mehdi


Stream Sensor Slideshow
Until recently, the high cost of building infrastructure, equipment, and maintenance meant that gauges to measure river and stream levels in Iowa were relatively rare. One of the Iowa Flood Center’s priorities has been to develop an affordable monitoring system to provide up-to-the minute data on Iowa’s streams and rivers. IFC students helped develop an electronic sensor to measure stream levels and transmit data back to the center. The sensor is placed on bridges and uses sonar to measure the distance from the water’s surface to the sensor. The information is transmitted via cell phone to a central database, and provides a time-sensitive picture of current stream levels. Click any photo below for a gallery about the stream sensor project.


X-ray diffraction (XRD) is an analytical method based on inspection of the crystalline structure of samples used in applications, such as metallurgy, mineralogy, powders, pigments, polymers, surface layers, and strain mapping. The traditional X-ray diffraction uses monochromatic X-rays which make the apparatus large and slow. ADVACAM’s spectral detectors based on Timepix3 chip with high resolution make the diffraction system fast and compact. The sample analysis can be performed 100 times faster compared to the conventional systems. Due to the fast speed of the analysis large areas of the sample can be analyzed by scanning.
Polychromatic X-ray diffraction
The polychromatic X-ray beam (instead of monochromatic) can be used with ADVACAM’s energy dispersive detectors. Polychromatic X-ray diffraction system is compact and less complex than the one with monochromatic X-ray that requires mechanically moving parts. The high-resolution spectral detector can be placed close to the sample covering a large solid angle.
The high intensity of the polychromatic X-ray beam enables a high speed of data accumulation. Broad energy range from 3 to 150 keV can be covered with the polychromatic X-ray tube. The high X-ray energies allow transmission and diffraction study of highly absorbing samples, such as stainless steel, heavy metals, and minerals. The X-ray diffraction at high energies has only been possible with large synchrotron accelerators so far. ADVACAM’s spectral detectors enable users to perform synchrotron measurements at their desks.
The example on the right shows a polychromatic diffraction image of silicon powder using a standard and spectral detector AdvaPIX TPX3. The standard detector mixes all the energies and the image is useless in identifying diffractograms in a stationary diffraction setup. The spectral detector is able to observe the rings clearly and identify multiple diffractograms. By recalculating and summing the diffractograms (1 keV energy intervals) one is able to visualize the lattice constant of the material shown on the right for the Si powder.


Milk analyzers consist of Lactoscan FARMECO, Lactoscan MCCW, Lactoscan SAP, Lactoscan S, Mastitis Indicator Paper & more.
Milk analyzers(MA) that use ultrasonic technology measure all of the major milk characteristics very precisely and quickly. Without the use of chemicals or reagents, FAT, SNF, Density, Protein, Lactose, Salts, Added water, Sample Temperature, Freezing point, Electrical conductivity *, pH* Milk scanners use ultrasonic technology to analyze milk quickly and accurately. As a result, the gadgets are small and inexpensive.
There are two types of milk testers: Master and Lactomat. All of the (MA) are pre-calibrated and ready to use, and they can test any form of raw animal milk, including cow, sheep, goat, buffalo, and horse milk, as well as UHT, pasteurized, and skimmed milk. Each milk test requires a tiny sample of 20ml and is completed in 60 seconds or 30 seconds by milk testers, depending on the type of milk analyzer selected by the client. Lactomat Rapid and Lactomat Rapid Mini MA evaluate each milk sample in approximately 18 seconds, making them the fastest ultrasonic milk testing devices on the market.
Internal memory is built into every MA. Depending on the gadget model, it can save anywhere from 50 to 500 measurements. All milk testers come with RS 232 and USB connectors, allowing them to be connected to a computer or a thermal printer. A one-year guarantee applies to all milk analyzers. It covers all manufacturing flaws that aren’t caused by poor maintenance or incorrect use. On the client’s request, each MA can be outfitted with a variety of additional functions.
Range of Measurement of All Milk Analyzers
Milk Fat _ Depending on the model our milk analyzers measure Fat between 0% and 45%
Solids-Non-Fat (SNF)_ Range of measurement is between 3% and 40%
Milk Density_ Our devices analyze milk density in the range 1000 – 1160 kg/m ³
Protein in Milk_ Most professional milk analyzers can detect protein in the scope of 2% – 15%
Lactose Analysis_ The range of most available analyzers is between 0.01% – 20%
Added Water in Milk_ All milk analyzers can detect the added water in milk in the range 0% – 70%. Appr. accuracy of the measurement is +/-3%
pH of Milk_ All milk analyzers can be equipped additionally with a pH probe and measure milk pH in the range 0 – 14


Jump to Main Content
The Raman scattering of trirutile structure MgTa₂O₆ single crystals grown by the optical floating zone method
- Xu, Dapeng, Gao, Shuohui, Liu, Wenqiang, Liu, Ying, Zhou, Qiang, Li, Liang, Cui, Tian, Yuan, Hongming
- RSC advances 2019 v.9 no.2 pp. 839-843
- Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, air, ambient temperature, crystals
- Single crystals of the trirutile structure MgTa₂O₆ were grown via an optical floating zone method in an air atmosphere. The as-grown crystals were pale yellow and transparent and the natural cleavage plane formed during the crystal growth was determined by XRD2 to be along the c-axis direction. The variations in valence were investigated by XPS (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy). The room-temperature axis-relative polarized Raman spectra of trirutile MgTa₂O₆ crystals were described. The order–disorder effect was detected via temperature-dependent Raman spectroscopy.


Experience of working in the field has taught Sabre that only the toughest and most reliable equipment should be used. The equipment Sabre offers has continued to function in extremes of climate from arctic snow and offshore wind and rain to desert sand storms and humid tropical jungle. Sabre believes that it provides the best, most up-to-date and well-maintained equipment on the market. Keeping abreast of new developments in breathing air and gas detection and operating a policy of continual improvement in its rental fleet is of the utmost importance to Sabre.
A Breathing Apparatus (BA) is an item of safety equipment which allows the wearer to work safely in an IDLH atmosphere by providing air to a sealed mask from a stored container or cylinder. The cylinder can either be carried by the user or stored at a remote location with the air being supplied via an airline. A BA typically has three main components: a high-pressure tank (e.g. 200bar to 300bar), a pressure regulator and an inhalation connection (mouthpiece, mouth mask or face mask) connected and mounted to a carrying frame. The Advanced Carrying System (ACS), has been developed after considerable research and investment. The new ACS is set to become an industry standard carrier for Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) in the marine, industrial and fire markets.
Sabre Safety offers various products and accessories relating to breathing apparatus. The products currently on offer are as follows:
- Escape supplied air including the ELSA Dash, ELSA Muster, ELSA Sprint and Sabre ELSA.
- Airline supplied air such as the Air Filter Unit (AFU), Modulair and the Sabre Flite.
- Supplied air accessories for your breathing apparatus including storage cabinets and carrying cases.
- SCBA supplied air including Advance Carrying System (ACS), Cenpaq, ProPak, Sabre Contour and Sabre Sigma 2.
Breathing Air Cascade System
Cascade systems are deployed to ensure personnel at risk from exposure to H2S have available a safe and reliable supply of breathable air. Outlet manifolds and plug-in points are located in critical areas to allow workers who may have to continue essential operations, such as emergency well control, to continue working for an extended period beyond the 30-minutes usually offered when utilising Self Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA). The use of a cascade system ensures that essential crew have breathable air available during and beyond the expected duration of the operation thus ensuring the safe completion of the work required.
Sabre Safety’s breathing air cascade systems are designed and built by us to the highest possible standards. Their performance parameters exceed all required regulations and manufacturers recommendations both in the duration available and flow-rate. This ensures the highest level of protection available to the workforce in an H2S or other toxic gas environment.
A typical cascade system would be based around the following equipment set:
containerised breathing air cascade system with high pressure air compressor for charging the air bank and SCBA cylinders, 15 x 50Litre cylinder high pressure air storage bank, high performance reducer assembly and control panel feeding multiple point outlet manifold. This equipment set can provide over sixty man-hours of air without re-charging, an essential factor since if there are toxic and/or flammable gasses in the atmosphere the compressor cannot be used.
The supporting air distribution system consists of a series of supply lines which deliver air to the essential areas on the drill site or offshore installation. Outlet manifolds and retractor reels provide plug-in points for the crew to connect instantly to the cascade system in the event of a release of toxic gas and receive a safe supply of breathing air.
Sabre Tempest – Small Footprint Cascade System
Sabre’s unique Typhoon cascade system is built to the same exacting standards as our main cascade units. The small footprint and fully independent design allows for rapid deployment on sites where space is at a premium.
Sabre Typhoon – Trailer mounted Cascade System
Ideal for onshore operations which require breathing air support. Using the same technology as the Sabre Tempest, the wheeled Typhoon cascade system is designed to be brought quickly to the worksite and personnel can be working ‘under air’ within minutes.
A gas detector is a device which detects the presence of various gases within an area, usually as part of a system to warn about gases which might be harmful to humans to your workforce.
Various types are available ranging from a simple portable single gas detector to a full fixed gas detection system covering large areas and incorporating many fixed sensors. Gas detection equipment is categorised into 4 main groups.
H2S gas detection systems and personal gas detectors are designed to provide the earliest possible warning of the presence of H2S thereby allowing the personnel at risk of exposure to take appropriate action such as donning their Self Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) to escape or to connect to the safe breathable air available from the cascade system.
The methods of gas detection Sabre currently offers are as follows:
- Personal gas detection – Portable gas detection is used to monitor the atmosphere around personnel and is worn on clothing or on a belt/harness. There are many types available from single gas detectors to four or five gas detectors. They are usually battery operated. Personal gas detectors transmit warnings via a series of audible and visible signals such as alarms and flashing lights when dangerous levels of gas vapours are detected.
- Fixed gas detection – Sabre Safety can design and install a fixed or ‘hard–wired’ gas detection system which will meet your requirements for detection of H2S or other toxic or flammable gasses.
- Area gas detection – For a temporary solution for gas detection requirement Sabre can supply rental systems designed for rapid deployment on the rig-site or offshore installation. These battery powered devices provide a high level audible and visual alarm to alert personnel to the presence of gas.
- Wireless gas detection – Wireless technology is now available for ‘zoned’ areas. This can alert control room personnel to any release of gas at a remote location and initiate evacuation plans where necessary.
- Various supporting accessories.
Breathing air compressors can fulfil any requirement from 2.9 to 145 SCFM charging rate with operating pressures up to 6000 psi. Whether your need is for a vertically configured sound attenuated compressor package to a small gasoline powered portable unit, Sabre have a product that will fit your needs. Sabre can provide:
- Atlantic 100
- Bauer Mariner 200-E
- Coltri MCH16D Diesel
- High pressure air compressor
- KAP180 20DA HU compressor
- Low pressure air compressor
- Mariner 320D compressor
- Sabre breathing air compressor
Sabre Safety’s trailer mounted and skid mounted units are suitable for extended operations in any irrespirable atmosphere be it toxic, explosive, or oxygen deficient. The systems are ideally suited for work in oil and gas exploration and production, major refinery and plant shutdown, tank cleaning and refurbishment and utilities such as water, gas, and sewage. This lightweight air mobile system can also be used for emergency response. The trailers offered include:
- Hurricane high pressure delivery breathing air system
- Tempest reduced pressure delivery breathing air system
- Typhoon reduced pressure delivery breathing air system
Whatever your needs, from BA Control Boards to Air Purity Testers, Sabre Safety can supply it. In addition to the standard products offered, Sabre can also provide the following:
- AIR-CARE breathing air purity test kit
- BA control board
- Draeger Accuro sampling pump
- Face fit testing
- Kitagawa gas detector tubes
- Sabre MARS resuscitators


AvaSpec Multichannel Fiber Optic Spectrometers
AvaSpec -USB1.1 platform
The AvaSpec USB1.1 platform Fiber Optic Spectrometers can be configured as single, dual, triple, quadruple or multi-channel instrument with up to 8 different spectrometer channels, all read out simultaneously, controlled by a master´s board microprocessor.
The simultaneous data-sampling allows fast read-out and enables monitoring of pulsed light sources with different channels looking at the same pulse.
Multi-channel spectrometers all consist of the same detector type (102, 256 or 1024 or 2048 pixels), the spectrometer channels can of course cover different wavelength ranges or have different resolution specifications. For each channel grating, wavelength range and options need to be specified.
The multi-channel spectrometers all run with one USB interface and under AvaSoft software.
Multi-channel housing can be in 9.5" desktop (for 1-4 channels) or 19" rack mount housing (1-8 channels)
AvaSpec -USB2.0 platform - maximum modularity
The new AvaSpec-USB2.0 platform offers maximum modularity for multi-channel applications. For each channel a different wavelength range, detector and integration time can be selected, without loosing the advantage of synchronization between the different channels. The AvaSpec-USB2.0 platform uses the USB2.0 bus to connect the different channels to the PC platform and supports up to 127 channels. New applications that can be realized with the AvaSpec-USB2.0 multi-channel platform:
Different integration times or averaging setting per channel, still start each scan simultaneously for all synchronized channels
Different detector types, such as UV/VIS and NIR detectors possible to cover a wide wavelength range with one spectrometer system
More than 8 channels (even up to 127 channels) can be connected through USB2 hubs.
To order a USB2.0 multi-channel, please specify the different spectrometers (-RM) and options and the housing (up to 4 channels in desktop, up to 10 channels in rack mount).


New Radar Demonstration Kits from Pasternack are Ideal for Classroom Instruction, Research & Development for the Study of Fundamental Radar Principles
Irvine, CA – Pasternack, a leading provider of RF, microwave and millimeter wave products, unveils the brand new PEM11000-KIT and PEM11002-KIT radar demonstration kits covering the popular 2.4 GHz industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) band with no special licensing required. These demonstration kits offer a convenient educational resource to study and experiment with microwave radar fundamental theory and principles making it ideal for classroom instruction and research and development projects.
Pasternack’s new radar demonstration kit is an innovative tool that can be used to study and learn about the principles of microwave radar object detection, motion detection, and determine the range of objects. Experimental radar operating modes can be selected for CW, FMSW, or Doppler. Output waveforms can be set for Single Tone, Frequency Ramp, or Sawtooth. This unique kit contains all digital and RF hardware that features a radar board that includes an integrated speaker and signal indicator to support both audio and visual feedback of received signal strength. A tunable signal filter is also included to allow for design and implementation of customized passive or active filtering.
The radar demonstration unit from Pasternack is command controlled via a downloadable graphical user interface (GUI) for Windows-based computers using the VISA protocol. The connection is made using a simple USB or Bluetooth connection. The PEM11002-KIT model comes complete with a radar board, antennas, cables, and accessories that include a mounting plate, tripod, and USB battery pack. The kit includes a detailed user guide and programming manual as well as a lesson guide.
“Pasternack’s radar demonstration kits are an ideal educational tool to use for classroom instruction and for R&D projects to investigate fundamental radar principles and applications that involve object detection and motion, and determining the range of objects,” explains Tim Galla, Active Components Product Manager at Pasternack. “The kit includes a detailed user and programming manual and lesson guide, and is available in-stock for immediate shipment”
The new PEM11000-KIT and PEM11002-KIT radar demonstration kits are in-stock and available to ship from Pasternack now. You can view all the product specifications on Pasternack’s website by visiting https://www.pasternack.com/pages/RF-Microwave-and-Millimeter-Wave-Products/radar-demonstration-kit.html. For additional inquiries, Pasternack can be contacted at +1-949-261-1920.


A new derivative of Arizona sand, ISO Medium Test Dust, is coming into use as a liquid optical particle count calibrant. ISO Medium Test Dust and optical particle counters are used to test filtering efficiency. Particle shape plays a role in both filtering and optical detection. To establish a new Standard Reference Material for the fluid power industry, NIST performed scanning electron microscopy on large numbers of medium test dust particles over the size range of 0.5 um to 50 um. Aspect ratio, longest chord to projected area diameter ratio, and circularity have been derived from the boundaries of the SEM images.


The picture above shows several peaks on the surface of niobium (Nb, #41 on the periodic table, elemental metal) that were created using a Focused Ion Beam (FIB).
The peaks are approximately 1000 nanometers (1 micron) apart. An "average" human hair is approx. 50 - 60 microns in diameter (this depends on your source.....could be anywhere from 17 to 180 microns depending on color, temperature, and courseness).
The image was made using the electron beam in the dual-beam FIB system.
Most bacteria have diameters between 200 and 2000 nanometers (0.2 to 2 microns), as compared to my 1000 nm peak to peak.


Sentinel Ultraviolet Flame Monitor
The Sentinel flame monitor reliably provides remote flame detection up to 550 feet away, durability, ease of maintenance and rapid response time. If the monitor detects the absence of a flame for an adjustable amount of time, a set of dry form C contacts are activated and the pilot re-ignition system is set into motion. Response times are markedly quicker than those of a standard thermocouple since the monitor can immediately sense the loss of flame. Since the Sentinel monitors a UV spectrum specific to hydrocarbons, solar ultraviolet rays have no effect on the monitor.


Measure- and weighing system
Cubiscan is a measuring and weighing system which enables you to determine the dimensions and weight of your products in a fast, easy and very accurate way. Cubiscan immediately creates reliable product master data for your organization.
Available directly in WMS
After measuring by the Cubiscan, your data is now immediately available to be forwarded to your Warehouse Management System. With the right dimensions and weight, the packaging choice immediately becomes a lot easier. Managing correct master data will also ensure better slotting in your warehouse.
Various versions of the Cubiscan are available. Depending on the type, the Cubiscan can measure regular and/or irregular products. This will be done with the help of ultrasonic or infrared technology.
The Cubiscan can also be equipped with a mobile cart (Cubicart) so that you can easily determine the dimensions of your products on location. You walk effortlessly with the Cubiscan through the aisles of your warehouse.


Newswise — Two South Dakota State University professors are evaluating a printable copper alloy NASA is developing for combustion chambers of next-generation rocket engines used for space travel.
Associate professor Todd Letcher and assistant professor Anamika Prasad of the Department of Mechanical Engineering are determining the material properties of a copper-based printable alloy called GRCop-42, testing samples taken from 3D parts printed using a new additive manufacturing technique.
Additive manufacturing, also commonly known as 3D printing, is different from traditional manufacturing methods in that it builds a part one layer at a time. This manufacturing technique makes it possible to cost effectively create intricate geometries, such as those needed to dissipate heat, explained Letcher, whose research focuses on 3D printing and materials characterization.
Prasad, whose research focuses on nanomechanics of engineering and biomaterials, said, “This is an excellent opportunity to utilize the equipment at the Materials Testing and Evaluation Laboratory to train our students to conduct material testing on additively manufactured materials and thereby contribute to the development of a highly-educated, skilled workforce in South Dakota.”
The agreement between NASA and SDSU is supported by a NASA Established Program to Stimulate Competitive Research, EPSCoR, Rapid Response Research grant. EPSCoR is designed to establish partnerships with government, higher education and industry to develop and improve research infrastructure in areas of importance to the NASA mission. South Dakota is one of 28 states participating in the NASA EPSCoR program.
The SDSU researchers have significant experience testing additively manufactured parts made with polymers, or plastics, but this is their first experience with evaluating parts made with copper-based alloys, Letcher explained. “The parts we are testing were manufactured using laser powder-based directed energy deposition.”
This additive manufacturing process involves injecting metal powder into a laser-heated pool of molten metal, or melt pool. The nozzle and laser optics are integrated into a build-head attached to a robot that moves in a pattern determined by a computer building one layer at a time.
The goal of NASA’s research is to evaluate new manufacturing techniques to fabricate components more rapidly, according to Paul Gradl, Senior Propulsion Engineer at the NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama. “Laser (blown) powder directed energy deposition additive manufacturing allows us to create very large-scale components with complex internal features that were not previously possible. We’re able to significantly reduce the time and the cost associated with the fabrication of channel-cooled nozzles and other critical rocket components.”
NASA has provided the GRCop-42 parts manufactured by an industry partner to the SDSU researchers with specific instructions about the types of testing that should be done to determine the mechanical properties and microstructure of the additively manufactured material, Prasad said. Small changes in manufacturing parameters can impact the microstructure and properties of the manufactured parts. Two graduate students are also working on the project.
The researchers have examined surface roughness using a laser scanning microscope, hardness using nanoindentation and residual stresses using x-ray diffraction. Using the scanning electron microscope in the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, the researchers examined the microstructure of the material. They also performed tensile testing of various material specimens.
“We are contributing to a database on the material properties of GRCop-42 manufacturing using this specific process,” Prasad said. Results from the project’s first year were presented at the 2020 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition in November 2020.
The researchers are now performing additional tests on the samples and exploring sample size and cutting methods for low-cycle fatigue testing.


13mm / 25mm
1. With the latest 12μm uncooled IR detector, SPT series can make farther and clearer images.
2. Visible imaging and thermal imaging can meet the requirement for 24/7 security monitoring.
3. Smart analysis for actions such as tripwire intrusion and area intrusion are available.
4. Support professional temperature measurement analysis tools and smart fire detecting algorithm.
5. Double explosion-proof certifications, explosion-proof standard：Ex d IIC T6 Gb/Ex tD A21 IP68 T80℃.
6. 304/316L stainless steel body design with encapsulation rating IP68.
7. ONVIF&GB28181 standard interface protocol, SDK, matched NVR and VMS client software is available.


Phoenix Contact (Middletown, PA) introduced RIFLINE Complete, a modular ice cube-style relay system with a broad range of accessories. The system is available as either completely assembled modules, which can save assembly time and labor costs, or as individual components, to create a custom solution. The complete range offers relays that can switch currents up to 16 A, and the most powerful relay can switch voltages up to 440 V. Users can implement all standard relay applications with a single product group and benefit from a uniform and consistent system. Features include:
- Push-in wire termination technology.
- Compatibility with the company’s Clipline Complete terminal block accessories for bridging, marking and testing.
- Styles ranging from ranges from universal ice cube relays and slim 6.2-mm-wide terminal-block style relays to a power relay with high switching capacity
- The complete range offers relays that can switch currents up to 16 A, and the most powerful relay can switch voltages up to 440 V.
For more information, visit www.phoenixcontact.com


Millimetre (mm)-wave’ or microwave photonics could deliver 12.5 Gigabit per second wireless communication as a follow up to 4G mobile communication. It has commercial applications not just in telecommunications (access and in-house networks) but also in instrumentation, radar, security, radio astronomy and other fields. High Gain antennas can boost the range to 1000 meters with 99% availability.
The mm-wave band is the extremely high frequency part of the radio spectrum, from 30 to 300 gigahertz (GHz), and it gets it name from having a wavelength of one to 10mm. Until now, the band has been largely undeveloped, so the new technology makes available for exploitation more of the scarce and much-in-demand spectrum.
IPHOBAC is not simply a ‘paper project’ where the technology is researched, but very much a practical exercise to develop and commercialise a new class of products with a ‘made in Europe’ label on them.
While several companies in Japan and the USA have been working on merging optical and radio frequency technologies, IPHOBAC is the world’s first fully integrated effort in the field, with a lot of different companies involved. This has resulted in the three-year project, which runs until end-2009, already having an impressive list of achievements to its name.
It recently unveiled a tiny component, a transmitter able to transmit a continuous signal not only through the entire mm-wave band but beyond. Its full range is 30 to 325GHz and even higher frequency operation is now under investigation. The first component worldwide able to deliver that range of performance, it will be used in both communications and radar systems. Other components developed by the project include 110GHz modulators, 110GHz photodetectors, 300GHz dual-mode lasers, 60GHz mode-locked lasers, and 60GHz transceivers.
The same technology has been demonstrated for access telecom networks and has delivered world record data rates of up to 12.5Gb/s over short- to medium-range wireless spans, or 1500 times the speed of upcoming 4G mobile networks.
One way in which the technology can be deployed in the relatively short term, according to Stöhr, is wirelessly supporting very fast broadband to remote areas. “You can have your fibre in the ground delivering 10Gb/s but we can deliver this by air to remote areas where there is no fibre or to bridge gaps in fibre networks,” he says.
The project is also developing systems for space applications, working with the European Space Agency. Stöhr said he could not reveal details as this has not yet been made public, save to say the systems will operate in the 100GHz band and are needed immediately.
“In just a few years time everybody will be able to see the results of the IPHOBAC project in telecommunications, in the home, in radio astronomy and in space. It is a completely new technology which will be used in many applications even medical ones where mm-wave devices to detect skin cancer are under investigation,” says Stöhr.
Brian Wang is a Futurist Thought Leader and a popular Science blogger with 1 million readers per month. His blog Nextbigfuture.com is ranked #1 Science News Blog. It covers many disruptive technology and trends including Space, Robotics, Artificial Intelligence, Medicine, Anti-aging Biotechnology, and Nanotechnology.
Known for identifying cutting edge technologies, he is currently a Co-Founder of a startup and fundraiser for high potential early-stage companies. He is the Head of Research for Allocations for deep technology investments and an Angel Investor at Space Angels.
A frequent speaker at corporations, he has been a TEDx speaker, a Singularity University speaker and guest at numerous interviews for radio and podcasts. He is open to public speaking and advising engagements.


A new market study, titled “Medical Imaging Instrumentation: Global Markets and Technologies Through 2022” has been featured on WiseGuyReports.
Due to the prevalence of chronic diseases coupled with the increasing geriatric population and number of road accidents, stronger demand for better imaging has emerged. Chronic diseases such as cancer, strokes, neurodegenerative diseases, COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), cardiovascular diseases and others require imaging of body parts for proper diagnosis of the disease. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the major diseases that lead most NCD (noncommunicable diseases) deaths are cardiovascular diseases, cancers, respiratory diseases and diabetes, accounting for more than REDACTED of all premature NCD deaths. NCDs claim 40 million deaths each year and account for approximately REDACTED of global deaths. Such high instances of chronic diseases require improved and advanced imaging technologies such as MRI, ultrasound and others. Also, the number of road accidents calls for the imaging technologies in cases of major and minor fractures. According to the World Health Organization (Switzerland), nearly 1.24 million people throughout the world die each year due to road traffic crashes that equates to ~3,400 deaths per day. Imaging instruments find huge application in casesof fractures. Factors such as prevalence of chronic diseases and an increasing geriatric population,coupled with increasing demand of 3D medical imaging equipment, are also providing traction to theglobal medical imaging instruments market.
Companies are focusing on the continuous development of products that support novel imaging technologies such as colored and 3D imaging due to their rising demand. Surging investments on technological advancements for increasing resolution and pixel capabilities, wider disease detection capabilities and more advanced software can be observed in the market. For instance, in 2017, Royal Philips (Netherlands) announced a new MRI system, MR Prodiva 1.5T, with enhanced clinical performance, workflow, and capability of 2D and 3D scans. Similarly, launched in November 2017 by NPL (National Physical Laboratory), 3D OrbiSIMS is a molecular imaging instrument used to explore potentials under cell biology and drug discovery. The imaging technologies are used across various end users including hospitals, diagnostic centers and research centers. In hospitals, the imaging instruments are used for imaging body parts in cases of chronic diseases or accidents. In diagnostic centers, the imaging instruments are widely adopted for diagnosing a particular body part or the whole body. The imaging instruments are used for molecular imaging in the research centers for drug discovery purposes. The global medical imaging instruments market is projected to rise at a CAGR of REDACTED during the forecast period of 2017-2022. By 2022, total revenue is expected to reach nearly REDACTED, with an increase of REDACTED from REDACTED in 2016.
The report provides an analysis based on each product type segment, which includes X-ray systems, magnetic resource imaging equipment/instruments, computed tomography scanners, ultrasound systems and nuclear imaging equipment/instruments.
X-ray systems held the largest market share of REDACTED in 2016 followed by ultrasound systems, MRI equipment/instruments, CT scanners and nuclear imaging equipment/instruments. By 2022, total revenue from the X-ray systems segment is expected to reach REDACTED. The nuclear imaging equipment/instruments segment is estimated to rise at the highest CAGR of REDACTED by 2022. By 2022, total revenue from the nuclear imaging equipment/instruments segment is expected to reach nearly REDACTED. The table below shows the market revenues of medical imaging instruments by product type for the forecast period 201 7-2022.
The scope of this report is broad and covers various types of products available in the medical imaging instruments market and potential application sectors across various industries. The medical imaging instruments market is broken down into product types such as X-ray systems, ultrasound devices, MRI, computed tomography and nuclear imaging. Revenue forecasts from 2017 to 2022 are given for each product type, technologies, application and end users with estimated valued derived from the revenue of manufacturers’ total revenues.
The report also includes a discussion of the major players across each regional medical imaging instrument market. It explains the major drivers and regional dynamics of the global medical imaging instruments market and current trends within the industry.
The report concludes with a special focus on the vendor landscape and includes detailed profiles of the major vendors in the global medical imaging instruments market.
Request Sample Report at https://www.wiseguyreports.com/sample-request/3593529-medical-imaging-instrumentation-global-markets-and-technologies-through-2022
– 260 data tables and 104 additional tables
– A comprehensive overview of the global market for medical imaging instruments within the healthcare industry
– Analyses of global market trends with data from 2016 and 2017, and projections of compound annual growth rates (CAGRs) through 2022
– Characterization and quantification of market potential for medical imaging instrument by product type, technology type, application industry, end-user and geographical region
– Methodological study with a trend analysis of the global market for medical imaging instrument using quantitative and qualitative approaches
– Information on major drivers and regional dynamics of the global medical imaging instrument market and current trends within the industry
– Coverage of significant patents and their allotments in each category across the United States, Japan and European region
– Identification of key market players, product portfolios, recent developments and application areas
– Examination of competitive landscape and assessment of various strategies adopted by market players to enhance their market position, including expansion, product launch, acquisition and merger, innovation, partnership and joint venture
– Detailed profiles of the major players within the medical imaging instrument market, including Bruker Corp., Cook Medical LLC, GE Healthcare, Hitachi Medical Corp., Philips Healthcare and Siemens Healthcare
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 2 Summary and Highlights
Chapter 3 Overview
Chapter 4 Medical Imaging Equipment/Instruments by Product Type
Chapter 5 Medical Imaging Equipment/Instruments by Technology
Chapter 6 Medical Imaging Equipment/Instruments by Application
Chapter 7 Medical Imaging Equipment/Instruments by End User
Chapter 8 Medical Imaging Equipment/Instruments by Region
Chapter 9 Medical Imaging Equipment/Instruments Industry Structure
Chapter 10 Patent Analysis
Wise Guy Reports is part of the Wise Guy Research Consultants Pvt. Ltd. and offers premium progressive statistical surveying, market research reports, analysis & forecast data for industries and governments around the globe.
Ph: +1-646-845-9349 (US)
Ph: +44 208 133 9349 (UK)


Saelig Company Inc. introduces its new APSIN26G 26GHz RF Signal Generator. The APSIN26G is battery-powered, ultra-stable, fast-switching and offers low noise.
This microwave signal generator has MHz frequency resolution, high power input, and covers a frequency range of 100 kHz up to 26 GHz. It also offers minimal drift, fast analog sweeps, flexible trigger capabilities, low spurious levels, high speed pulse modulation, low-distortion, and more.
“The APSIN26G includes AM, DC-coupled wideband-FM, PM, FSK and PSK, frequency chirp, and pulse modulation as standard, and all modulation modes can be combined. This allows for the generation of complex modulation signals for today’s advanced communication and location systems,” according to the company.
The APSIN26G is a reliable alternative to other high-end microwave signal generators because it is small, compact, lightweight, inexpensive, and offers an industry-leading 400us frequency switching time. It is ideal for use in production testing, service and maintenance, and signal simulation applications, as well as in aerospace and defense industries.


Corporate Web Sites
Coating Streak Detect Confirmation
MODEL 1032 BLACK MAMBA® WEB PRESS
SPLICE DETECTOR™ & DISTRIBUTION TECHNOLOGY
If you are a current user of our splice detection solutions,
whether you purchased directly with us or by way of OEM (i.e.,
sheeters, slitters, winders, etc.) you are eligible for preferred pricing
on additional units. (Please note the serial number of the unit or units
you have if
purchased via OEM).
"Where the Science of Quality Assurance is still an Art!"
Prevent Costly Repair:
The Model 1032BM Black Mamba™ Web Press Splice Detection & Distribution Technology is to detect the presence of all splices in the web of paper being processed on a high speed web press and generate output signals to notify the press print stations that a splice has been detected. The spacing tolerance between the press print heads or station is very close and there is potential to damage the print heads/station by passing a splice through the press when the press is in ready position. Detection of a splice in the web is critical to allow the system sufficient time to protect the print heads/station.
In general, the Model 1088BM Black Mamba® will:
The RKB solution is comprised of two distinct devices including a modified Model 1032B® Classic™ Splice Detector with a physical separate control & distribution cabinet. The sensor unit detects splices and outputs a pulse to indicate the defect "fault" event. The pulse is input to the Black Mamba control & distribution cabinet which combines incoming splice fault signals with a periodic time based signal ("heartbeat") and control processing circuitry. The resulting signal is output via a set of cabling and isolation circuitry to the web press electronics. The processing circuits in the Black Mamba control & distribution cabinet disables the heartbeat output if the sensor unit is not "powered on" or the splice fault signal is not connected. In addition, an option to disable the "heartbeat" independently for each output channel at field installation time is supported. In the latter case, splice fault events detected by the properly connected, powered on, and functioning sensor unit will exit each channel with or without the "heartbeat" depending on the installation specific settings.
With installations in over 130 countries worldwide, our splice detection technologies have been effectively established to ensure delivered product superiority on tens of thousands of materials, coated and non-coated such as papers, films, nonwovens, textiles, and tapes. Our splice detection technologies are installed on many types of machinery including sheeters, on and off machine coaters, extrusion laminators, supercalenders, rotogravure and flexographic printing presses, holographic processes, textile and nonwoven machinery. Low speed to high speed, RKB Splice Detectors are proven time and time again to be the leader in performance, reliability and price.
Each Black Mamba system installed provides the end users, as well as the web press manufacturer the following:
CONTACT R.K.B. TODAY:
Call us today @ 1-315-455-6636 to discuss your complete machine vision imaging application and to learn more about the industry's most diverse line of machine vision web inspection, hole detection, splice detection and control products.
Information provided herein protected - © Copyright 2007-2017 R.K.B. OPTO-ELECTRONICS, INC.


The Interchangeable sample and reagent linear racks allow easy, continuous loading
of cards, reagents and samples.
Since repetitive loading during the initial stage of root canal preparation in a clinical situation could change the properties and mechanical resistance of NiTi rotary instrument, the repetitive loading method could have a higher clinical relevance than the single continuous loading
While supporting the testing apparatus, apply smooth and continuous loading
until the dolly is removed from the substrate.
Enhances efficiency by (a) boosting productivity with consistently reliable performance; (b) minimizing reagent usage through optimized assay protocols; and (c) maximizing test throughput with continuous loading
However, the clip also needed to withstand a continuous loading
of 6,400 psi (44 MPa), thus creep failure was a concern.
LAURA[R] M with its user friendly feature of continuous loading
and very a high throughput of 600 measurements per hour allows efficient workflow in a high workload environment.
While one receiver is loading, the other is dumping material into the hopper for a continuous loading
The fully automatic Plate Wash features a conveyor belt designed for the continuous loading
"Those facilities increase their handling by about 25%." Continuous loading
of castings onto a conveyor belt will reduce the amount of handling that is performed by each worker.
Enhanced utilization reporting allows users to review continuous loading
by job group, drive and other categories to accelerate identification and optimization of underutilized assets.


Trotec presents T260 Infrared-Thermohygrometer. It has been designed and made as per the highest German quality standards.
It has a high readability display. The DP mode provides simultaneous display of the dew point and surface temperature. Once the wall temperature is approaching or is lower than the dew point temperature, the user is warned by the T260 through an alarm tone and an optical laser signal. This alert function facilitates quick investigation of surface and detection of weak spots. The user can individually configure these alert states.
Using a USB cable, T260 thermohygrometer can be connected to a PC. It provides MultiMeasure Studio Software, which is freely available in the downloads segment of uk.trotec.com. The software enables real-time transfer of T260's measured values both online and to the PC. Thus the values can be stored for analysis or reporting at a later stage. It has a continuous glass surface, which can be cleaned with ease.


MOQ : 1 Piece
|Manufacturer, Supplier, Retailer, Wholesaler
|Country of Origin
|Area of specimen to be tested
|Diameter of test specimen
|Click to view more
Preferred Buyer From
|Anywhere in India
The compressibility of rubberized cork composition sheets is determined by finding the percentage reduction in thickness of a test specimen taken from the sheet under test under a small initial load and a large final load. The percentage recovery is determined by finding the ratio between the recovery in thickness after removal of final load and the reduction in thickness under the final load, the thickness in unloaded state being measured with only the small initial load acting on the test specimen.
The Compressibility and Recovery Tester for rubberized cork composition sheets consists of an anvil, an indenter which can be moved vertically inside a guide bush to apply the initial load on the test specimen kept on the anvil, and a lever arrangement to apply the specified final load on the test specimen.
The indenter is made from steel and has a diameter of 25 mm. It also serves to apply the initial load. A dial gauge indicator is provided to measure the thickness of the test specimen at the center of the indenter.
The major load is applied with the help of a spring dynamometer acting through a lever mechanism. The spring dynamometer is moved up with the help of screw arrangement. This movement causes the load on the lever to get transmitted to the test specimen through the indenter.
The various components of the equipment are mounted on a sturdy fabricated steel base plate. The equipment is finished in dark shore blue metallic painting and bright chrome plating to give it a corrosion resistant finish.
IS 4253 (p 2) - 1980 : Specification for cork composition Sheets
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Megavoltage photon radiation therapies are widely used in modern cancer treatment. The improvement of the treatment has lead to the need of Quality Assurance (QA) devices to detect malfunctioning or human mistakes during the planning phase and treatment verification. Active electronic devices for 2D or 3D QA in external beam radiotherapy are typically based on analogue/digital mixed signal Data Acquisition Systems (DAS) which are required to have high spatial resolution, large dynamic range, high sensitivity, large numbers of channels and fast real-time capabilities. The Centre of Medical Radiation Physics (CMRP) has developed several multichannel DAS architectures based on different analogue front-ends to suit a wide range of radiotherapy applications. For the purpose of this study, two DAS, with different front-ends, have been equipped with 128 channels and tested in a clinical environment. Data show a good agreement within 1% between the two systems and the ionising chamber currently used for daily QA.


Abstract: After the units of Qingyuan Pumped-storage Power Plant are installed, separate tests of various auxiliary machines must be carried out before the operation test. The adjustment of the magnetic switch of the oil level gauge is one of the contents. The author introduced the adjustment method of the magnetic switch of the oil level gauge, analyzed some problems that appeared in the adjustment process and proposed solutions. Through adjustment, after Qingyuan Power Station is put into operation, the magnetic switch of the oil level gauge can send out an accurate alarm signal.PrefaceThe Qingyuan Pumped Storage Power Station is located in Taiping Town, Qingxin County, Qingyuan City. The total installed capacity of the power station is 1 280 MW, and 4 vertical-shaft single-stage reversible mixed flow generators with a single capacity of 320 MW (power generation conditions) are installed. After the power station is completed, it will be used as one of the backbone peak-shaving power sources to undertake tasks such as peak-shaving, valley filling, frequency modulation, emergency backup and other tasks of the Southern Power Grid. After the unit is installed, individual tests of various auxiliary machines shall be carried out before the operation test. The adjustment of the magnetic switch of the oil level gauge is one of the contents. The lower oil tank of Qingyuan Power Station has four alarm signals, namely, oil level ultra-low (LL), low (L), high (H), and ultra-high (HH). When the oil level of the oil tank changes and the oil level passes by the magnetic switch of the oil level gauge, the magnetic switch will send out a corresponding alarm signal. Whether the magnetic switch is adjusted in place is related to whether the oil level alarm signal can be accurately issued. This article introduces the adjustment method of the oil level indicator signal of Qingyuan Power Station.1 Oil level gauge pipeline structureAn auxiliary oil tank is set outside the annular foundation of the Qingyuan power station unit, and the auxiliary oil tank is connected to the lower oil tank through a connecting pipe. The oil level gauge is installed on the connecting pipe. According to the principle of the communicating device, the oil level of the oil level gauge is equal to the oil level in the lower oil tank, so that the oil level of the lower oil guide tank can be monitored by monitoring the oil level of the oil level gauge. A ball valve is installed between the oil level gauge and the connecting pipe to facilitate the disassembly and assembly of the oil level gauge during maintenance. The specific structure is shown in Figure 1.2 Structure and principle of oil level gaugeThe oil level gauge of the Qingyuan power station unit uses the Kopler BNA bypass magnetic turning column liquid level gauge. The level gauge is composed of flange, magnetic switch, bypass pipe, magnetic turning column, magnetic float, transmitter, sewage plug, etc. The specific structure is shown in Figure 2. The oil level gauge is connected with the pipeline to be tested through a flange. There is a magnetic float in the oil level gauge, which floats up and down with the oil level. In the process of floating up and down, the float drives the magnetic column level gauge to flip and trigger the magnetic switch through its own magnetic field. Magnetic turning column level gauge is turned over with different oil levels, so that it is convenient to observe the oil level height on-site. The switching value sent by the magnetic switch is sent to the monitoring terminal, and the unit can respond according to the preset logic. The transmitter outputs 4-20 mA analog quantity to the monitoring screen according to different oil level heights. The monitor screen can display the corresponding elevation according to the setting.3 Adjustment of the magnetic switch of the oil level indicator3.1 Calculate the elevation of each alarm signal magnetic switchWhen the oil level of the lower oil tank is stationary, extend the ruler into the oil tank to measure the actual distance h that the oil level exceeds the upper ring plate (measurement reference) of the lower frame, as shown in Figure 3. Read the display corresponding to the actual oil level from the monitor screen Elevation H. Find out from the drawing the distance h0 that the design oil level is higher than the measurement datum, Δh = h-h0 is the height difference between the actual oil level and the design oil level. With these data, the oil level display height on the monitoring screen corresponding to the designed oil level h0 can be calculated. H0 = H-Δh.Find out the elevation difference Δhi of each alarm signal trigger position relative to the designed oil level from the design data, and the monitor screen display elevation corresponding to each alarm trigger signal is Hi = H0 + Δhi. Refer to Table 1 for the triggering method and display elevation of the four groups of alarm signals.3.2 Confirm the magnetic switch corresponding to each alarm signalRemove the 4 sets of magnetic switches from the bypass pipe. Pick up the magnetic switch one after another, and move it up and down near the oil level against the bypass pipe (simulating oil level rise and fall), and observe which alarm signal is changing at the monitoring screen. This changing alarm signal corresponds to the magnetic switch, and a corresponding mark is made on the magnetic switch.3.3 Adjust the height of the magnetic switch corresponding to each alarm signalWhen adjusting the height of the magnetic switch, it is necessary to push the magnetic float up and down to simulate the up and down movement of the oil level in the oil tank. In the test process of Qingyuan Power Station units, two methods have been used: wire-top float and oil-driven float.3.3.1 Method of using steel wire top floatThe height adjustment of the magnetic switch is initially the use of a slender steel wire top magnetic float, as shown in Figure 4. During the test, close the ball valve between the connecting pipe and the oil level gauge, unscrew the drain plug, drain the oil in the oil level gauge, insert the thin steel wire into the oil level gauge through the drain hole, and push the float up and down. In actual operation, it was found that this method has the following problems:1) The bottom of the sewage outlet is close to the foundation, and it is difficult to insert the long steel wire into the oil level gauge;2) The top of the steel wire is easily stuck in the gap between the float and the inner wall of the bypass pipe and cannot move up and down. Therefore, in the subsequent adjustment of the unit, this method was abandoned.3.3.2 The method of using oil to drive the floatAccording to the height from low to high, adjust the four magnetic switches of super low (LL), low (L), high (H), and super high (HH) in sequence. Choose a welded pipe joint that has the same interface size as the drain plug. Put the non-threaded end of the pipe joint into the hose and tie it tightly with an iron wire. During the adjustment, screw the pipe joint with hose into the drain hole, and fill the oil level gauge with oil through the funnel and hose, as shown in Figure 5.The specific adjustment process is as follows:1) Close the ball valve between the connecting pipe and the oil level gauge, unscrew the drain plug, and drain the oil in the oil level gauge.2) Screw the pipe joint with hose into the drain hole.3) Fill the oil level gauge through the hose, and stop filling when the monitor screen shows that the oil level is near HLL.4) Put the ultra-low (LL) magnetic switch against the bypass pipe, move the hose upwards, and raise the oil level in the oil level gauge until the alarm signal disappears.5) Slowly move the hose down to lower the oil level in the oil level gauge. At the same time the ultra-low (LL) alarm is issued, record the oil level HLL' displayed on the monitoring screen.6) If the HLL' is within the range of HLL±5 mm, it means that the height of the magnetic switch has been adjusted in place, and the magnetic switch is fixed; otherwise, according to the height difference between HLL' and HLL, move the magnetic switch up or down, and then Repeat steps 4) and 5) until HLL' reaches the range of HLL±5 mm.7) Refer to steps 3) to 6) to adjust the elevation of the three magnetic switches of low (L), high (H) and super high (HH) in sequence.Using this method to adjust the height of the magnetic switch has the advantages: ①It is less affected by the installation space of the oil level gauge; ②The height control of the float is relatively simple. Subsequent unit adjustments have adopted this method.4 Problems encountered in adjustment and their treatment4.1 The magnetic turning column level gauge is out of orderThe disorder of the magnetic flip-column level gauge is shown in Figure 6(a). The magnetic flip-column level gauge that is submerged in oil is not flipped, or the magnetic flip-column that is not submerged in oil is flipped. In this case, the magnetic turning column is generally interfered by the external magnetic field, and a magnet can be used to move the magnetic turning column level gauge in one direction to drive the magnetic turning column level gauge to flip. After the magnetic turning column level gauge is turned normally, it is shown in Figure 6(b).4.2 There is no signal from the magnetic switchThere is no signal from the magnetic switch. Generally, there is an open circuit somewhere in the signal cable, or the connector at the cable connection is loose. Use a multimeter to check section by section, find the disconnected cable or loose connector, and then replace the cable or tighten the connector. If there is no problem with the cable, you can connect the cable to another magnetic switch at the oil level gauge end, or connect the cable to another module at the monitoring end, and then observe whether the alarm signal can be obtained at the monitoring screen. Through such a comparative test, confirm the damaged component and replace it.4.3 The magnetic switch signal is reversedFor example, a high (H) alarm signal should be issued when the oil level rises above the magnetic switch, and disappears when the oil level drops below the magnetic switch. If the high (H) alarm signal is sent out during the process of oil level falling and the rising process disappears, it means that the on and off values of the signal at this point are reversed, and the wiring needs to be reconnected from the correct position.4.4 Problems that should be paid attention toPay attention to keep the job site clean. Use oil to drive the float to adjust the magnetic switch. During the operation, oil may overflow. Therefore, during the operation, protective materials such as plastic film should be laid on the work site to prevent the oil from polluting the environment.5 ConclusionAfter Qingyuan Power Station is put into operation, the magnetic switch of the oil level gauge can send out an accurate alarm signal. Through the debugging of the four units of Qingyuan Power Station, the adjustment method of the oil level gauge magnetic switch has been continuously improved, and a set of successful experience has been summed up, hoping to provide a reference for the adjustment of similar oil level gauges in the power station in the future.
Post time: 21-09-21


Barcol Hardness - ASTM D2583
Barcol Hardness is a measure of the resistance of a material to penetration by a sharp steel point. Testing is performed with a Barcol Impressor. Barcol Hardness values range from 0 to 100, with 100 being the hardest. Each Barcol Hardness division represents a penetration of 0.0076 mm. Barcol hardness is often used to judge the degree of cure of thermosetting materials.


27 exhibitors found
AIXEMTEC is a specialist for optics assembly and offers tailored solutions for fully automated and for lab production environments as well as for research labs.
AMTRON GmbH develops and markets high-quality laser-diode power supplies, controllers, turnkey systems, process control solutions for laser manufacturers, system integrators, R&D.
Since 1873, our workshop provides polarization optics and lens systems meeting the highest demands. Choose from our catalogue or ask for custom optics for highest flexibility.
As a global leader in test and measurement systems for quality assurance in the glass industry cibite offers an extensive range of products, PatternLight, Sensors, Vision Software.
DIOPTIC develops quality inspection systems, develops and produces custom infrared lenses, and delivers computer-generated holograms for asphere metrology.
EPIGAP Optronic GmbH offers design, development and production for LED Chips, LEDs customized modules and photodiodes in a range from 150nm in the UV up to 2600nm in the NIR.
From development, prototyping through to series production, EUROMICRON Werkzeuge GmbH is a leading supplier for (customized) fiber optical components - Made in Germany.
As the first commercial supplier for femtosecond(fs)-laser-written Fiber Bragg Gratings worldwide, FemtoFiberTec provides FBGs, that open up completely new sensing possibilities.
Fraunhofer IOF develops innovative optical systems to control light. The service range covers the entire photonic process chain from system design to manufacturing of prototypes.
Fraunhofer ILT is one of the most important contracting R & D institutes of its sector worldwide. Its experts develop and optimize laser beam sources and laser processes.
GD Optics develops and produces state-of-the-art precision molded glass optics for highest requirements.
Hauser Optik – Precision in glass. Since 1921, the name of Hauser has been a guarantee for high quality and precision in the optical industry.
IMM Photonics has established itself as a manufacturer, distributor and service provider in the fields of laser technology, optoelectronics, fiber optics & bio photonics.
inno-spec is a manufacturer for spectroscopic measurement equipment and provides optimized solutions for any individual applications (OEM components&integrated turnkey solutions).
JCMwave offers FEM software for precise optics simulations. Applications include solar cells, nano-metrology, nanostructured fibers, plasmonics, OLED & VCSEL design, and others.
Leica Microsystems is a leading global designer and producer of innovative, high-tech, precision optical systems for the analysis of microstructures.
LightTrans offers the Fast Physical Optics design software “VirtualLab Fusion”, which provides ray and field tracing, as a basis to shorten development cycles of optical systems.
LuxFlux takes Hyperspectral Imaging from the lab to industrial and embedded applications. The LuxFlux.software package addresses customers in Pharma, MedTech, Food and Sorting.
mechOnics ag develops, manufactures and sells micro- / nano positioning devices with an innovative piezo inertial drives (slip stick motion) with very good price/performance ratio.
Micro-Hybrid offers customized electronic solutions for miniaturized sensor modules, infrared components & sensors for temperature measurement and gas analysis.
Opto is a developer and manufacturer of unique optical imaging solutions and compact micro-imaging modules for industrial and biomedical applications, with experience over 35 years.
Optocraft manufactures and develops high-quality optical measurement devices based on Shack-Hartmann wavefront technology for optics testing and laser beam characterization.
The Photonik Incubator is focused on innovative ideas in the field of optics. Ideas can proceed from lab to industrial application and form the ground for successful start-ups.
PicoLAS develops and manufactures high-quality, OEM and turnkey-ready drivers for laser diodes. PicoLAS drivers are compact, reliable, base plate cooled and efficient.
S & R Optic GmbH is an independent, privately held company, located in the north of Frankfurt, Germany. We provide top quality crystals products at affordable prices.
TEM Messtechnik GmbH offers products and customer specific developments in the field of laser control engineering and opto-electronic measurement techniques.
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Preparation, characterization and evaluation of an imidazolium ionic liquid copolymer stationary phase for mixed-mode chromatography†
A novel imidazolium ionic liquid mixed-mode stationary phase (named IBON) was successfully prepared by a controlled thiol-initiated radical polymerization method. The successful preparation of the IBON stationary phase was certified by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometry, elemental analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Meanwhile, the zeta potential showed the surface potential of the IBON stationary phase, while the results of gel permeation chromatography (GPC) demonstrated the successful control of the surface-initiated polymerization. The retention behaviour was investigated by various types of analytes, including acidic compounds, basic compounds and neutral compounds (containing polar nucleosides and bases, non-polar benzene series). Through investigating the influence of the acetonitrile content, pH of the mobile phase, buffer concentration on the retention and by employing the van't Hoff equation and linear solvation energy relationships model, it was found that the various test solutes could undergo multiple interactions with the IBON stationary phase, including hydrophobic, electrostatic, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonding, ion exchange and π–π interactions. The prepared stationary phase was employed to separate polar solutes, benzene series, and inorganic anions, and it displayed different separation characters when compared to the commercial Acclaim™ Mixed-mode WAX-1 column.


We have the capability of providing different sorts of Geotechnical survey, including grab samplers, gravity cores, CPT, Box core, vibrocore.
In hard soils or in sites where it is hard to get a sea bed gravity sample or up to the job requirements, here comes the option of using Grab sampler a simple method to get a sample of the seabed.
Seeking for the safest method of providing seabed gravity sampling. MMSS offers its valued costumers the latest method of having gravity samples without the usual risks accompanied with the traditional methods.
The operation of the gravity core we use: a pilot weight attached to the gravity core with a release mechanism, once this weight reaches the seabed it releases the gravity core straight to the bottom. No need for the free fall which causes a risk to the operators.


Milwaukee Electrode Storage Solution 230 mL
|230 mL container of electrode storage solution.
To ensure a quick response and free-flowing liquid junction, the sensing element and reference junction must not be allowed to dry out. Properly storing your pH electrode in a solution keeps the glass membrane well hydrated which maintains proper function and provides accurate readings.
Expiration dates are current from manufacturer.


Phoenix Contact’s PLUGTRAB-IQ: Intelligent surge protection ideally suited to protect level transmitters, flow meters and other measurement and control applications unique to oil and gas terminal facilities.
Phoenix Contact’s PLUGTRAB-IQ (or PT-IQ) product series is an advanced surge protection system that proactively monitors the operational and performance status of its suppression components. Unlike surge protection devices that just provide their users basic pass/fail status indication, PT-IQ products also alerts its users when its life expectancy has diminished, but before it becomes non-functional.
A yellow status indicator illuminates when the any of the protection components inside the product near their performance limit. The equipment user is alerted in advance that the affected component is still functioning at full capacity, but its life expectancy may be diminished, allowing them to schedule the replacement of the component before its protection capacity comes to its life’s end.
Component end of life is shown by a red colored status indication.
The heart of the PT-IQ’s protection system is a micro-controller that manages a network of up to 28 surge protective devices (SPD) capable of protecting up to 112 signal lines. It acts both as a power supply and an evaluation unit for all SPD status signals. The system is freely scalable, and can also be expanded to support another 28 surge protective devices by simply adding an additional controller device.
Phoenix Contact has also designed a PT-IQ product line specifically for intrinsically safe applications that can be installed directly within Ex Zone 2 locations. As with the standard PT-IQ products, all protection systems consist of a micro-controller and its surge protection modules. However, for EX Approved PT-IQ products, the controller supplies power to and supports up to ten, as opposed to 28, surge protective devices.
Thanks to the PT-IQ’s remote signaling feature, its users can inspect the system from anywhere and at any time, making their application at remote and/or unmanned equipment locations highly effectual. PT-IQ’s users can be assured that their surge protective system will be online and protecting equipment 100% of the time, even when operating in locations that are not easily or readily serviceable.


NanoTechnology In Practice
The novel properties of materials at the nanoscale offer potential for sensors with increased sensitivity to facilitate early detection of disease. Accurate diagnosis will require sensors capable of detecting multiple biomarkers at high sensitivity and specificity to minimise false positive and false negative errors.
Ongoing biomarker discovery and validation programmes, led by contributors to the Centre for NanoHealth, include analysis of prostate, bladder, oesophageal, lung, cervical and endometrial cancer.
The ability to print biologicals, at high volume and reproducibility, and to functionalise novel detector surfaces form the basis of next generation devices being developed at the Centre. Quantum dot nanoparticles, tailored to emit at different wavelengths, offer one modality for the simultaneous detection of multiple markers.
Current imaging methods have as a major goal the detection of malignant or pre-malignant cells by conventional scanning devices. The biologicals being developed for sensors could lend themselves to identifying malignant cells overexpressing the target molecule provided an adequate signal can be achieved.
For example, antibodies, presented on metal oxide nanoparticles to give high contrast signals on MRI or CT scans, would detect antigens over-expressed on malignant cells. This could be extended to molecular markers that distinguish the stage of disease and hence allow visualisation unachievable by conventional imaging.
The close proximity and collaboration between the Centre for NanoHealth and Medical Imaging facilities of ILS will ensure rapid development of this area.


Trapezoidal phase-shifting method for three-dimensional shape measurement
Optical Engineering: The Journal of SPIE
We propose a novel structured light method, namely a trapezoidal phase-shifting method, for 3-D shape measurement. This method uses three patterns coded with phase-shifted, trapezoidalshaped gray levels. The 3-D information of the object is extracted by direct calculation of an intensity ratio. Compared to traditional intensityratio-based methods, the vertical or depth resolution is six times better. Also, this new method is significantly less sensitive to the defocusing effect of the captured
... ct of the captured images, which makes large-depth 3-D shape measurement possible. If compared to sinusoidal phase-shifting methods, the resolution is similar, but the data processing speed is at least 4.5 times faster. The feasibility of this method is demonstrated in a previously developed real-time 3-D shape measurement system. The reconstructed 3-D results show similar quality to those obtained by the sinusoidal phase-shifting method. However, since the data processing speed is much faster ͑4.6 ms per frame͒, both image acquisition and 3-D reconstruction can be done in real time at a frame rate of 40 fps and a resolution of 532ϫ 500 points. This real-time capability allows us to measure dynamically changing objects, such as human faces. The potential applications of this new method include industrial inspection, reverse engineering, robotic vision, computer graphics, medical diagnosis, etc.


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We describe a nonlinear control law for tracking single, sub-diffraction limit fluorescent particles that takes advantage of the geometric properties of the spatial intensity pattern. We present simulation results for tracking a single particle based on confocal measurements to illustrate the approach. The control law converts each intensity measurement into actuator commands directly, and consequently should yield improved temporal response over existing algorithms. We consider both two- and three-dimensional tracking.


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Journals and Conferences
Delta-catenin was first identified through its interaction with Presenilin-1 and has been implicated in the regulation of dendrogenesis and cognitive function. However, the molecular mechanisms by which delta-catenin promotes dendritic morphogenesis were unclear. In this study, we demonstrated delta-catenin interaction with p190RhoGEF, and the importance of… (More)
Some simulation testing systems are on operation for express train system in Korea. These full scale systems simulate the behavior of wheel/rail at real speed up to 320km/h and made by KNR systems Inc. In this paper, the only derailment simulation system in Korea is introduced.
In this paper, we introduce the robot developed for inspection of 16” natural pipelines, applying a novel mechanism. To travel along various obstacles such as vertical pipes, elbows and branches, this system consists of several modules with articulated bodies connected by active joint modules. And the robot contains battery modules and wireless… (More)
In this paper, we present a point-of-care test equipment which can afford `flexibility', `portability' and `low cost'. Firstly, the system components which include reagent tray, dispensing module, microfluidic disk rotor and photometry scanner, and each of their functions are explained. Then, test results of some of diagnostic tests are included to show the… (More)
Application of hydraulic actuators to robotic systems has different areas where electric motor system cannot be used. High bandwidth together with high force and torque make the system smaller and faster. Some examples are introduced made by KNR systems Inc.
Vibration test of electro-hydraulic actuator is widely used in the field of industry like large dynamic system to guarantee the performance of the system. As the system is working under the high speed condition, the dynamic vibration test is required naturally. The field of relevant industry involves not only general industry but also aircraft, military,… (More)
In this paper, system identification algorithm of an electro-hydraulic system for feedforward position control method is proposed. Feedforward controller using inverse model of feedback system generates filtered signals that compensate the magnitude and phase. In this manner, the feedback system has been properly identified. We estimated the system as… (More)
Although the applications of hydraulic actuators to robotic systems has grown, it is difficult to get the customized components for the research platform. High bandwidth with higher force and torque compared to the electric motor in respect of size and weight has unique area as an actuator for robots. As the easy-getting products, the nozzle flapper type… (More)


management system purpose is to assure our processes efficacy and effectiveness.
We guarantee timely and adequate availability of:
Competent and specialized personnelPlanning, prototyping and measurements method and equipmentProduction systems, machines, equipment and instrumentsSkilled suppliersManagement methodologies and processes control
We obtained our first quality system certification in 1997. Since 2008 we are certified ISO 9001, and since 2009 we are certified ISO/TS 16949. During 2018 we carried out the transition to IATF 16949:2016 (issued by TÜV SÜD). Our certification can be downloaded from our Download Area.
Quality area machines:No.1 Optical mesurement equipment Mitutoyo QS-L 1020ZNo.1 Surface finish measurement Mitutoyo SJ-401No.1 Roundness measurement machine Mitutoyo Roundtest RA-1600No.1 Stereo inspection magnifier 6x - 10x Vision Engineering - Mantis EliteNo.1 Stereo zoom microscope with digital image capture Vision Engineering - SX-45No.1 Coating thickness measuring equipment Fischer - Deltascope MP30 E - SNo.1 Universal hardness tester Rockwell - Brinell Galileo - A200No.1 Horizontal instrument Trimos - TelsNo.1 Humid sectioning machine F.lli Casalin N200


Premier-Energo Sales Department is responsible for the supply of domestic and foreign main and accessory equipment for power objects:
- power equipment, equipment of outdoor and indoor switchgear, auxiliary equipment manufactured by GE Grid GmbH, Siemens, ABB and other Russian and foreign leading power equipment producers;
- relay protection and automation and emergency control automatics;
- power transmission lines equipment;
- cable production and current distributors;
- automatic process control system, telemetry and communication systems;
- fire alarm and automatic fire fighting systems;
- transformer equipment.
The equipment to supply is chosen in accordance with an individual Customer needs, specific features of a given object, high quality and reasonable price.
Customer benefits of equipment supply:
- choice of the best suited equipment;
- advisory services on the applied project solutions;
- logistics (equipment delivery)
- contracts accompaniment from contract signing till the object putting into operation etc.


Frequency converters are essential tools for a wide range of industries and applications. They are used to change the frequency of an AC power source, allowing users to control the speed of motors, pumps, and other equipment.
Our frequency converter tool is designed to be user-friendly and easy to use. It features a simple interface with intuitive controls, making it easy to adjust the frequency of your power source.
Our tool is also highly reliable and durable, with a robust construction that can withstand harsh industrial environments. It is also energy-efficient, helping you to reduce your energy consumption and save money on your energy bills.
In addition to its practical uses, our frequency converter tool is also extremely versatile. It can be used to control the speed of a wide range of equipment, including motors, pumps, fans, and more. It is also compatible with a variety of power sources, including single-phase and three-phase AC.
Overall, our frequency converter tool is an essential tool for any industry or application that requires precise control over the frequency of an AC power source. It is reliable, easy to use, and highly versatile, making it the perfect choice for a wide range of applications.


Accurate and user-friendlyHopper scales
Hopper scales function with the net principle and are used for actual weight registration. They cover a wide performance range and offer excellent sanitation thanks to their optimized design.
Differential scales are used as flow balancers or flow meters. Exemplary accuracy even at high capacities and good sanitation characterize the Bühler differential scales.
Bagging scales are applied for the exact weighing of a given weight. The portfolio contains net or differential bagging scales with or without weigh hoppers. Bühler bagging scales are used for various products, bag weights and performances.
Check weighers are used to check the weight of already closed bags and containers. The Bühler check scale allows an accurate measurement and is characterized by its user-friendliness as well as its compact and low-maintenance design.


This article is part of the supplement: Ninth Annual MCBIOS Conference. Dealing with the Omics Data Deluge
Calculations of relative intensities of fragment ions in the MSMS spectra of a doubly charged penta-peptide
1 Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing and Biotechnology, Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station, High Performance Computing Collaboratory, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
2 Department of Chemistry, Center for Environmental Health Sciences, HPC2 Center for Computational Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
BMC Bioinformatics 2012, 13(Suppl 15):S13 doi:10.1186/1471-2105-13-S15-S13Published: 11 September 2012
Currently, the tandem mass spectrometry (MSMS) of peptides is a dominant technique used to identify peptides and consequently proteins. The peptide fragmentation inside the mass analyzer typically offers a spectrum containing several different groups of ions. The mass to charge (m/z) values of these ions can be exactly calculated following simple rules based on the possible peptide fragmentation reactions. But the (relative) intensities of the particular ions cannot be simply predicted from the amino-acid sequence of the peptide. This study presents initial work towards developing a theoretical fundamental approach to ion intensity elucidation by utilizing quantum mechanical computations.
MSMS spectra of the doubly charged GAVLK peptide were collected on electrospray ion trap mass spectrometers using low energy modes of fragmentation. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were performed on the population of ion precursors to determine the fragment ion intensities corresponding to a Boltzmann distribution of the protonation of nitrogens in the peptide backbone amide bonds.
We were able to a) predict the y and b ions intensities order in concert with the experimental observation; b) predict relative intensities of y ions with errors not exceeding the experimental variation.
These results suggest that the GAVLK peptide fragmentation process in the ion trap mass spectrometer is predominantly driven by the thermodynamic stability of the precursor ions formed upon ionization of the sample. The computational approach presented in this manuscript successfully calculated ion intensities in the mass spectra of this doubly charged tryptic peptide, based solely on its amino acid sequence. As such, this work indicates a potential of incorporating quantum mechanical calculations into mass spectrometry based algorithms for molecular identification.


The XL4015 5A DC-DC Step Down Adjustable Power Supply Buck Module is a 180 KHz fixed frequency PWM buck (step-down) DC/DC module, capable of driving a 5A load with high efficiency, low ripple, and excellent line and load regulation.
This product is a 180 KHz fixed frequency PWM buck (step-down) DC/DC module, capable of driving a 5A load with high efficiency, low ripple, and excellent line and load regulation.
The DC/DC buck module has applications where the input voltage is higher than the output voltage, such as battery, power transformer, DIY adjustable regulated power supply, LCD Monitor and LCD TV portable instrument power supply telecom/networking equipment, 24V vehicle notebook power supply, industrial equipment buck.
This module has an adjustable output Voltage. Also works as a dedicated charger for Lithium Batteries (Li-Ion, LiPo) as it is capable of controlling voltage as well as current. Ex. 12V buck to 3.3V, 12V buck to 5V, 24V buck to 5V,24V buck to 12V, 36V buck to 24V etc.
High efficiency up to 96%
The built-in thermal shutdown function
Built-in current limit function
In-Built output short protection function
Input reverse polarity protection: None (if required, the high current diode in series with the input).


A laboratory balance is a piece of important equipment to measure the mass of an object or a substance, be it solid, liquid or tissue. In order to ensure that you get accurate and precise readings, it is necessary that you buy the right kind of laboratory balances.
Here are some tips to bear in mind before buying laboratory balances.
1.Know the Type of Balances
There are various types of weighing balances. You need to understand which one is the most suitable for your purpose – whether educational, industrial, manufacturing, medical, fitness, food testing, pharmaceutical, product research and development or veterinary. This is because balances and their use in the chemistry laboratory vary hugely. The types of weighing units such as g, kg, mg, oz and lb also determine the purchase you want to make.
- Analytical: These are highly sensitive balances when you need a highly accurate mass measurement. With a readability range between 0.1 mg to 0.01 mg, they can detect even minor increments. They need to be kept in a place with minimum disturbances. There is no doubt about analytical balance accuracy when it comes to measurements.
- Precision: When you need to measure quantities up to the exact number, precision balances are very useful. They are available in the capacity of several hundred grams up to kilograms and can measure up to one milligram.
- Microbalance: These balances are designed to make accurate measurements of small weighing objects. They can read up to a million parts of a gram. When you want to measure an object that is so light that they don’t show any weight on ordinary kitchen or postal scales, microbalances come quite handy.
2.Know the Specimens You Want to Measure
Do you want to measure light or heavy objects or both? You may buy any one or all of the balances, depending on the types of objects you want to measure in the laboratory.
3.Know the Level of Precision You Want
The level of precision you want, whether 0.05, 0.00005 and any other will also be a governing factor for purchasing the laboratory balances.
4.Know the Size of the Laboratory Balance
You may want to weigh something as small as apple and something as big as a heavy rock. The size of the pan of the laboratory balance should be able to accommodate the object you want to weigh.
5.Other Factors to Consider
- Quality of the laboratory balance
- The reputation of the buyer
- Ease of maintenance
- Product and service guarantee
Once you have taken care of these factors, you can rest assured of buying the right kind of laboratory balance.


Kollmorgen is the leading global manufacturer of motor solutions for the robotics industry. We have decades of experience and an established track record in enabling robotic innovation for the most challenging applications – surgical, collaborative, industrial, and defense. Our robotic motors are mobilizing nearly 1 million robot joints and robotic arms today. With the widest range of standard and custom robotic motors, drives, controls, gearing and actuation, Kollmorgen will partner with you to find the optimal solution that differentiates your design.
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Automated laboratory and medical systems help clinicians make accurate diagnoses and provide effective treatment. They help medical researchers find new lifesaving cures and help hospitals and clinics provide efficient care. Healthcare providers do a better job and patients receive better care when these systems are faster, more precise and more reliable.
With higher-performing, more reliable equipment, the whole healthcare system works better, benefiting everyone from patients and caregivers to hospitals and clinics – and the machine builders who serve them.
Kollmorgen has the technology and engineering knowledge to solve the toughest motion challenges. We offer the widest standard product selection, with the ability to rapidly modify products for an exact fit to meet the requirement of specific applications. We can simplify your machine by utilizing direct-drive technology, removing transmission components for greater accuracy, repeatability, reliability and a lower total cost of ownership. In addition, we can help you integrate motion systems along with optics, fluidics and pneumatics for higher performance and precision.