4M Series 5/2 5/3 Namur Solenoid Valve
4m series pneumatic Namur solenoid valves are designed for operating double-acting or single-acting spring return pneumatic actuators. They have 5 ports and 2 or 3 positions, and 4 type valve body sizes are provided. They are 4M100, 4M210, 4M310 and 4M410 etc. The port size can be from M5 to 1/2”. The Namur solenoid-operated valves can be mounted in pneumatic actuator systems. The pilot valve is supplied with manual override and connector as standard.
1) The protection grade for this series solenoid valve is IP65.
2) Different voltages are available for coils.
3) Pressure unit: 1kgf/cm2=1bar=0.1MPa=100KPa=14.5psi
4) Lead wire type is available, please remind when you order.
5) Different thread types can be offered according to the customer's requirements, e.g.: PT, NPT, etc.
|Applicable pressure range||0.15~0.85Mpa|
|Ambient and fluid temperature||-5~60°C|
|Material of body||Aluminum alloy|
|Allowable voltage range||-15%~10%|
|Insulation rate||Class F|
|Min. activate time||0.05 s|


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REFERENCE LINKING PLATFORM OF KOREA S&T JOURNALS
> Journal Vol & Issue
Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
Journal Basic Information
Journal DOI :
The Korea Society of Medical and Biological Engineering
Editor in Chief :
Volume & Issues
Volume 25, Issue 6 - Dec 2004
Volume 25, Issue 5 - Oct 2004
Volume 25, Issue 4 - Aug 2004
Volume 25, Issue 3 - Jun 2004
Volume 25, Issue 2 - Apr 2004
Volume 25, Issue 1 - Feb 2004
Selecting the target year
Development of Korean Tissue Probability Map from 3D Magnetic Resonance Images
Jung Hyun, Kim ; Jong-Min, Lee ; Uicheul, Yoon ; Hyun-Pil, Kim ; Bang Bon, Koo ; In Young, Kim ; Dong Soo, Lee ; Jun Soo, Kwon ; Sun I., Kim ;
Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research, volume 25, issue 5, 2004, Pages 323~328
The development of group-specific tissue probability maps (TPM) provides a priori knowledge for better result of cerebral tissue classification with regard to the inter-ethnic differences of inter-subject variability. We present sequential procedures of group-specific TPM and evaluate the age effects in the structural differences of TPM. We investigated 100 healthy volunteers with high resolution MRI scalming. The subjects were classified into young (60, 25.92+4.58) and old groups (40, 58.83
8.10) according to the age. To avoid any bias from random selected single subject and improve registration robustness, average atlas as target for TPM was constructed from skull-stripped whole data using linear and nonlinear registration of AIR. Each subject was segmented into binary images of gray matter, white matter, and cerebrospinal fluid using fuzzy clustering and normalized into the space of average atlas. The probability images were the means of these binary images, and contained values in the range of zero to one. A TPM of a given tissue is a spatial probability distribution representing a certain subject population. In the spatial distribution of tissue probability according to the threshold of probability, the old group exhibited enlarged ventricles and overall GM atrophy as age-specific changes, compared to the young group. Our results are generally consistent with the few published studies on age differences in the brain morphology. The more similar the morphology of the subject is to the average of the population represented by the TPM, the better the entire classification procedure should work. Therefore, we suggest that group-specific TPM should be used as a priori information for the cerebral tissue classification.
Improved Vapor Recognition in Electronic Nose (E-Nose) System by Using the Time-Profile of Sensor Array Response
Yoon Seok, Yang ;
Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research, volume 25, issue 5, 2004, Pages 329~334
The electronic nose (E-nose) recently finds its applications in medical diagnosis, specifically on detection of diabetes, pulmonary or gastrointestinal problem, or infections by examining odors in the breath or tissues with its odor characterizing ability. The odor recognition performance of E-nose can be improved by manipulating the sensor array responses of vapors in time-profile forms. The different chemical interactions between the sensor materials and the volatile organic compounds (VOC's) leave unique marks in the signal profiles giving more information than collection of the conventional piecemal features, i.e., maximum sensitivity, signal slopes, rising time. In this study, to use them in vapor recognition task conveniently, a novel time-profile method was proposed, which is adopted from digital image pattern matching. The degrees of matching between 8 different vapors were evaluated by using the proposed method. The test vapors are measured by the silicon-based gas sensor array with 16 CB-polymer composites installed in membrane structure. The results by the proposed method showed clear discrimination of vapor species than by the conventional method.
Development of Trans-Admittance Scanner (TAS) for Breast Cancer Detection
Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research, volume 25, issue 5, 2004, Pages 335~342
This paper describes a trans-admittance scanner for breast cancer detection. A FPGA-based sinusoidal waveform generator produces a constant voltage. The voltage is applied between a hand-held electrode and a scan probe placed on the breast. The scan probe contains an 8x8 array of electrodes that are kept at the ground potential. Multi-channel precision digital ammeters using the phase-sensitive demodulation technique were developed to measure the exit current from each electrode in the array. Different regions of the breast are scanned by moving the probe on the breast. We could get trans-admittance images of resistor and saline phantoms with an anomaly inside. The images provided the information on the depth and location of the anomaly. In future studies, we need to improve the accuracy through a better calibration method. We plan to test the scanner's ability to detect a cancer lesion inside the human breast.
Implementation and Evaluation of Electroglottograph System
Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research, volume 25, issue 5, 2004, Pages 343~349
Electroglottograph(EGG) is a signal recorded from the vocal cord vibration by measuring electrical impedance across the vocal folds through the neck skin. The purpose of this study was to develop EGG system and to evaluate possibility for the application on speech analysis and laryngeal disease diagnosis. EGG system was composed of two pairs of ring electrodes, tuned amplifier, phase sensitive detector, low pass filter, and auto-gain controller. It was designed to extract electric impedance after detecting by amplitude modulation method with 2.7MHz carrier signal. Extracted signals were transmitted through line-in of PC sound card, sampled and quantized. Closed Quotient(CQ), Speed Quotient(SQ), Speed Index(SI), fundamental frequency of vocal cord vibration(F0), pitch variability of vocal fold vibration (Jitter), and peak-to-peak amplitude variability of vocal fold vibration(Shimmer) were analyzed as EGG parameters. Experimental results were as follows: the faster vocal fold vibration, the higher values in CQ parameter and the lower values in SQ and SI parameters. EGG and speech signals had the same fundamental frequency. CQ, SQ, and SI were significantly different between normal subjects and patients with laryngeal cancer. These results suggest that it is possible to implement portable EGG system to monitor the function of vocal cord and to test functional changes of the glottis.
Unequal Distance Sampling Technique to Design Velocity-Type Respiratory Air Flow Transducer
Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research, volume 25, issue 5, 2004, Pages 351~359
Velocity-type repisratory air flow transducer measures dynamic pressure converted from air velocity based on the we1l-known Bernoulli's principle. It requires multiple velocity sampling holes on the flow plane. Measurement error theoretica1ly estimated by computer simulation was demonstrated to significantly reduce by unequally locating the velocity sampling holes. The flow plane was divided into multiple equi-area rings and the sampling holes were located on the circles also equally dividing each ring's area, which decreased measurement error down to 1/5 of the simple equi-radius ring division method. Also, less than 1 ％ relative error was estimated with 4 or more sampling holes. The present technique was less sensitive by <1/2 to the velocity profile change compared to the euqi-radius sampling. Therefore, the present unequal distance velocity sampling technique should be of great use to design the structure of the velocity-type respiratory air flow transducer.
Numerical Analysis on Stress Distribution of Vertebra and Stability of Intervertebral Fusion Cage with Change of Spike Shape
Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research, volume 25, issue 5, 2004, Pages 361~367
The axial compressive strength, relative 3-D stability and osteoconductive shape design of an intervertebral fusion cage are important biomechanical factors for successful intervertebral fusion. Changes in the stress distribution of the vertebral end plate and in cage stability due to changes in the spike shape of a newly contrived box-shaped fusion cage are investigated. In this investigation, the initial contact of the cage's spikes with the end plate and the penetration of the cage's spikes into the end plate are considered. The finite element analysis is conducted to study the effects of the cage's spike height, tip width and angle on the stress distribution of the vertebral end plate, and the micromigration of the cage in the A-P direction. The stress distribution in the end plate is examined when a normal load of 1700N is applied to the vertebra after inserting 2 cages. The micromigration of the cage is examined when a pull out load of l00N is applied in the A-P direction. The analysis results reveal that the spike tip width significantly influences the stress concentration in the end plate, but the spike height and angle do not significantly influence the stress distribution in the end plate touching the cage's spikes. In addition, the analysis results show that the micromigration of the cage can be reduced by adjusting the spike angle and spike arrangement in the A-P direction. This study proposes the optimal shape of an intervertebral fusion cage, which promotes bone fusion, reduces the stress concentration in a vertebral end plate, and increases mechanical stability.
Design of a Noise Generator for Tinnitus Retraining Therapy Using Auditory Model
Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research, volume 25, issue 5, 2004, Pages 369~376
The tinnitus retraining therapy(TRT) is an effective method for treating tinnitus patients. This therapy use the white noise to stimulate auditory cells for a wide frequency range. In this paper, the small white noise generator using the thermal noise is proposed. And frequency response controller which can compensate the frequency response changed by the human outer and middle ear system is proposed. We can know that proposed system is more proper type on a purpose of the tinnitus retraining therapy comparing with conventional white noise generator.
Muscle Fatigue Analysis by Median Frequency and Wavelet Transform During Lumbar Extension Exercises
Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research, volume 25, issue 5, 2004, Pages 377~382
In the present study, thirteen healthy volunteers performed lumbar extension exercises at 48
/s, loaded by 40, 50, 60kg(about 44, 55, 66％ of maximum voluntary contraction). During the whole period of exercises, electromyographic(EMG) signal was measured in the erector spinae muscle in order to determine muscle fatigue. Using the wavelet transform, EMG signal was separated by various frequency ranges in the time-frequency domain, and muscle fatigue was analyzed, comparing with the results based on the median frequency(MDF). MDF shifted toward the lower frequency ranges with the muscle fatigue, showing a single characteristic frequency. On the other hand, wavelet transform of EMG signals resulted in increased power amplitude in lower frequency ranges(0-125Hz), and decreased power amplitude in higher frequency ranges(375-468Hz). This study reveals that the muscle fatigue during dynamic movement is explained better by wavelet analysis.
Surface Reaction Products of CP- Ti and Ti-25wt％Pd Castings Used for Dental Application
Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research, volume 25, issue 5, 2004, Pages 383~389
A commercially pure Ti(CP-Ti) and Ti-25wt％Pd alloy for dental applications were cast into a phosphate-bonded Al
investment mold and the surface of the casting specimens were investigated by means of SEM/EDS, XRD and XPS. The addition of 25wt％Pd in CP-Ti showed a moderate mold reaction owing to the considerable lowering of melting point. XRD analysis of the investment after burn-out treatment revealed that it consisted essentially of
The mold reaction products were Ti
in case of CP-Ti casting and Ti
x/ in case of Ti-25wt％ Pd casting.
Real-Time 3D Ultrasound Imaging Method Using a Cross Array Based on Synthetic Aperture Focusing: I. Spherical Wave Transmission Approach
Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research, volume 25, issue 5, 2004, Pages 391~401
3D imaging systems using 2D phased arrays have a large number of active channels, compelling to use a very expensive and bulky beamforming hardware, and suffer from low volume rate because, in principle, at least one ultrasound transmit-receive event is necessary to construct each scanline. A high speed 3D imaging method using a cross array proposed previously to solve the above limitations can implement fast scanning and dynamic focusing in the lateral direction but suffer from low resolution except at the fixed transmit focusing along the elevational direction. To overcome these limitations, we propose a new real-time volumetric imaging method using a cross array based on the synthetic aperture technique. In the proposed method, ultrasound wave is transmitted successively using each elements of an 1D transmit array transducer, one at a time, which is placed along the elevational direction and for each firing, the returning pulse echoes are received using all elements of an 1D receive array transducer placed along the lateral direction. On receive, by employing the conventional dynamic focusing and synthetic aperture method along lateral and elevational directions, respectively, ultrasound waves can be focused effectively at all imaging points. In addition, in the proposed method, a volume of interest consisting of any required number of slice images, can be constructed with the same number of transmit-receive steps as the total number of transmit array elements. Computer simulation results show that the proposed method can provide the same and greatly improved resolutions in the lateral and elevational directions, respectively, compared with the 3D imaging method using a cross array based on the conventional fixed focusing. In the accompanying paper, we will also propose a new real-time 3D imaging method using a cross array for improving transmit power and elevational spatial resolution, which uses linear wave fronts on transmit.
Real-Time 3D Ultrasound Imaging Method Using a Cross Array Based on Synthetic Aperture Focusing: II. Linear Wave Front Transmission Approach
Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research, volume 25, issue 5, 2004, Pages 403~414
In the accompanying paper, we proposed a real. time volumetric imaging method using a cross array based on receive dynamic focusing and synthetic aperture focusing along lateral and elevational directions, respetively. But synthetic aperture methods using spherical waves are subject to beam spreading with increasing depth due to the wave diffraction phenomenon. Moreover, since the proposed method uses only one element for each transmission, it has a limited transmit power. To overcome these limitations, we propose a new real. time volumetric imaging method using cross arrays based on synthetic aperture technique with linear wave fronts. In the proposed method, linear wave fronts having different angles on the horizontal plane is transmitted successively from all transmit array elements. On receive, by employing the conventional dynamic focusing and synthetic aperture methods along lateral and elevational directions, respectively, ultrasound waves can be focused effectively at all imaging points. Mathematical analysis and computer simulation results show that the proposed method can provide uniform elevational resolution over a large depth of field. Especially, since the new method can construct a volume image with a limited number of transmit receive events using a full transmit aperture, it is suitable for real-time 3D imaging with high transmit power and volume rate.
The CDA-based System Design and Implementation for the Exchange of ECG Reports Between Heterogeneous Systems
Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research, volume 25, issue 5, 2004, Pages 415~419
As the medical environment field has been facilitated by the rapid development of the information technologies and ubiquitous healthcare service based on network, the exchange of medical information between hospitals become more and more important. However, although most electrocardiograph vendors have provided digital modalities and their ECG data management systems, these were proprietary and not compatible with each other due to multiplicity of vendor specific formats and lack of open ECG data standards. Therefore, we aim to design and develop the ECG management system for archiving, saving, searching, viewing and transferring ECG data and the diagnostic reports. And the system is based on Clinical Document Architecture (CDA) developed by HL7 and DICOM Waveform Standard for the exchange of the structured diagnostic reports and the transfer of ECG data.
Computer Aided Diagnosis System for Evaluation of Mechanical Artificial Valve
Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research, volume 25, issue 5, 2004, Pages 421~430
Clinically, it is almost impossible for a physician to distinguish subtle changes of frequency spectrum by using a stethoscope alone especially in the early stage of thrombus formation. Considering that reliability of mechanical valve is paramount because the failure might end up with patient death, early detection of valve thrombus using noninvasive technique is important. Thus the study was designed to provide a tool for early noninvasive detection of valve thrombus by observing shift of frequency spectrum of acoustic signals with computer aid diagnosis system. A thrombus model was constructed on commercialized mechanical valves using polyurethane or silicon. Polyurethane coating was made on the valve surface, and silicon coating on the sewing ring of the valve. To simulate pannus formation, which is fibrous tissue overgrowth obstructing the valve orifice, the degree of silicone coating on the sewing ring varied from 20％, 40％, 60％ of orifice obstruction. In experiment system, acoustic signals from the valve were measured using microphone and amplifier. The microphone was attached to a coupler to remove environmental noise. Acoustic signals were sampled by an AID converter, frequency spectrum was obtained by the algorithm of spectral analysis. To quantitatively distinguish the frequency peak of the normal valve from that of the thrombosed valves, analysis using a neural network was employed. A return map was applied to evaluate continuous monitoring of valve motion cycle. The in-vivo data also obtained from animals with mechanical valves in circulatory devices as well as patients with mechanical valve replacement for 1 year or longer before. Each spectrum wave showed a primary and secondary peak. The secondary peak showed changes according to the thrombus model. In the mock as well as the animal study, both spectral analysis and 3-layer neural network could differentiate the normal valves from thrombosed valves. In the human study, one of 10 patients showed shift of frequency spectrum, however the presence of valve thrombus was yet to be determined. Conclusively, acoustic signal measurement can be of suggestive as a noninvasive diagnostic tool in early detection of mechanical valve thrombosis.


A watch-like device “could revolutionise blood pressure monitoring”, BBC News has reported. According to the website, the monitor can be used to measure pressure in the wrist, which can then be used to estimate pressure in the aorta, the largest artery in the body.
Although news coverage has focussed on the wrist-worn monitor, the research devised a technique to combine blood pressure readings from the wrist and upper-arm to estimate central aortic systolic pressure (CASP). This measure of pressure in the aorta is thought to be a better way of predicting heart problems than traditional measures of blood pressure, such as using an inflatable cuff around the bicep.
A device to measure blood pressure at the wrist is not new, and the method does not replace the traditional approach of using a cuff on the upper arm. However, the researchers’ method for combining the two results to estimate CASP appears to have some merit, and may filter into medical care.
The study was carried out by researchers from the University of Leicester, the National Institute for Health Research, Gleneagles Medical Centre in Singapore and Healthstats International in Singapore. The study was financially supported by the Leicester National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Unit in Cardiovascular Diseases. The study was published in the peer-reviewed Journal of the American College of Cardiology.
Blood pressure has been measured through a blood vessel in the upper arm – the brachial artery – for many years. However, there is a current debate about whether the blood pressure measured in the arm accurately represents the corresponding pressure in the aorta, the large blood vessel that carries oxygenated blood away from the heart. Recent evidence suggests that central aortic systolic pressure (CASP), the pressure exerted as blood is pumped out of the heart and into the aorta, is a better predictor of structural damage to the heart and blood vessels.
In this study, researchers tested a mathematical algorithm to determine whether it could accurately estimate CASP using measurements of pressure in the radial artery at the wrist. The brachial artery in the upper arm divides at around the elbow, and the radial artery is one of the main branches of this, supplying blood to the forearm, wrist and hand.
The best way to measure CASP is to insert a pressure sensor into the aorta, but this is invasive and is usually only done when people undergo a procedure known as cardiac catheterisation. The procedure involves making an incision into the groin or upper arm to gain access to the arterial system, then feeding a guide wire and sheath through the arterial system so that a tiny pressure sensor can be positioned into the aorta or heart.
There are other ways to estimate CASP, such as reading the pressure in the radial artery and applying mathematical functions, called generalised transfer functions. Although this method is widely used, the application of generalised transfer functions has been criticised. In this study, researchers explored a different mathematical model to estimate CASP from the radial pressure.
This study had three separate parts, each involving a different group of participants. In the first, the researchers tested some key mathematical properties of their model. In the second, they compared their new way of estimating CASP with a well-known, accepted mathematical method. In the final part, they compared their non-invasive estimates of CASP with measures taken with cardiac catheterisation in people undergoing surgery.
The researchers tested the application of a mathematical approach called the n-point moving average. This is commonly used in other fields of study to help filter data and find underlying trends.
With each beat, the heart contracts and relaxes, resulting in fluctuations in blood pressure over short periods of time. In their first experiment, the researchers needed to determine how many tiny measurements of radial pressure their model would need to make within the cycle of a heartbeat. They enrolled 217 volunteers to help with this aspect of their model development.
In the second study, they used blood pressure readings taken as part of a large study that ran in Leicester over the course of five years. From this, they had 5,349 individual blood pressure readings to validate their new approach to calculating the central aortic pressure.
The final part of the experiment included 20 adults undergoing routine diagnostic cardiac catheterisation at the Gleneagles Medical Centre in Singapore. Their CASP was measured near the aortic valve directly in the heart. At the same time, a device was attached to their wrists to measure the radial pressure and a device was placed over the bicep of the same arm to measure the brachial pressure. The researchers were able to compare the measures of CASP from their model with the direct CASP measures in real time for up to three minutes.
The researchers determined the best structure for their model in the first group of volunteers. This structure led to estimates of CASP that closely approximated those derived through the more standard CASP estimation models. The accuracy of their estimates was not affected by age, gender, presence of diabetes or hypertension treatment in the participants.
In the invasive blood pressure experiment, brachial blood pressure (the standard measure in the upper arm) overestimated blood pressure compared to direct measurement of pressure in the aorta. There was strong correlation and agreement between direct measures of CASP and those estimated by the researchers’ mathematical model.
The researchers concluded that their study demonstrates that a “simple moving average method” can be applied to brachial blood pressure measured across the wrist to estimate CASP.
This complex study involved the application of mathematical approaches to derive a measure of CASP from both radial artery pressure and brachial artery pressure. The researchers have developed a mathematical algorithm that appears to accurately predict CASP.
In commenting that a sensor strapped to the wrist that can “measure the pressure in the aorta”, The Independent misunderstood the mechanics of measures of radial pressure. The researchers measured pressure at both the wrist and at the upper arm and used mathematical approaches to convert them into an estimate of the pressure in the aorta.
The HealthSTATS sensor mentioned in news coverage is not the first device of its kind, and there are several monitors which can be strapped to the wrist to measure radial pressure. However, it seems that the study’s technique of combining it with a traditional upper-arm cuff reading to create an estimate of CASP has some merit. The researchers make it very clear that this technology does not replace the traditional inflatable cuff, and that both methods are needed.
Past research suggests that CASP is a better marker of cardiovascular problems than upper-arm blood pressure readings. As such, more accurate measures of it, such as that allowed through this new approach, are likely to play a growing role in clinical practice.


PTFE tubing extrusion machine
is to extrude PTFE/UHMWPE Tubes. It is designed using latest technology, fully reliable and easy to operate for customers. Performance in terms of production and working hour capacity is competitive to other machines. Low maintenance is required , giving high production in market.
1.Vertical Ram Extruder for PTFE Tubes
2.Ram extruding machine for PTFE Tubes.
3.Using for Pre-sintering PTFE material.
4.Suit for new PTFE material or Recycle PTFE material.
5. Adjustable Heating zone: 5 zone area
6. Long service life through solid workmanship and use of high quality components.
7. Measurement transducer like pressure, force and ram speed for permanent control of the extrusion process and extrusion speed.
8. Measuring and controlling system for constant extruder speed
9. Low space requirement through vertical construction
10.Operating through touch screen and recording of the extrusion process parameters
Benefits:Save time and money, good advantage price offer to customers.Intelligent and easy-to-use operations.Small workplace
required due to its compact design and electricity saving machine.Super quality output and the physical properties is adjustable.Precise temperature control, reaches + -1 degree.Long- life, with modern technology and optimized design.


Sony's Trimaster EL PVM-2551MD is a 25" Full-HD monitor for the medical industry. It uses the same panel used in Sony's professional HD monitors (such as the recently announced BVM-F250). The panel is the first OLED panel to get an FDA approval for use in surgery.
The PVM-2551MD is now shipping worldwide.
25" Full-HD OLED


If you’re not familiar with an Instrument Choice rain gauge, they generally consist of a clear acrylic or glass cylinder with graduations in inches, centimetres, and millimetres. You can mount these gauges on deck rails, fences, and even the ground. Before you install one, be sure to choose a location that is easy to empty and free from obstructions. Below are some common types of rain gauges.
Standard Rain gauge
There are many different types of rain gauges on the market. The standard non-recording rain gauge has four main components. First, a 24″ measuring stick is placed through the orifice in the collector funnel. It should extend to the bottom of the measuring tube and then be removed. The liquid collected in the measuring tube will wet the measuring stick. It then is used to calculate the amount of rain or snowfall. A rain gauge should be level to ensure that it is accurate.
In addition to determining the total amount of rainfall, the measurement of snowfall should also be taken. The number of snowfalls is calculated based on the water equivalent. Therefore, snow depth is not considered in recording the amount of precipitation. If the snow has been shovelled in the winter months, the snow depth does not count. If you’re concerned about a possible leak in your rain gauge, you can replace the snow-bearing port with a standard rain gauge.
A standard rain gauge will measure the amount of rainfall that falls on the ground. The amount of water that falls on the ground is recorded in m3 or mm. The accuracy of a rain gauge is usually defined as one per cent of the actual amount of precipitation. To calculate this, divide the total amount of rainfall by the amount of resolution of the rain gauge. Then divide the difference between the measured and real amount. If the difference is smaller, the rain gauge is likely to be less accurate.
Tipping bucket rain gauge
The Casella Tipping bucket rain gauge is a durable, dependable, and robust rain gauge for any location. It is designed to be a standalone sensor or integrate with an existing logging system. It has an aluminium alloy funnel with a 400cm2 aperture and a built-in spirit level to accurately measure rainfall amounts. The Casella Tipping bucket rain gauge is easy to deploy, and its minimal maintenance ensures reliable operation and long-term durability.
The Tipping bucket rain gauge’s mechanism automatically tipping action is triggered when a single mm of rain has been collected. A magnet then passes over a sealed reed switch, which counts as a contact closure. As a result, the Tipping bucket rain gauge is highly accurate – typically, its measurement error is less than 1% at 0 to 3.6 inches per hour and +3% above that level. The Instrument Choice rain gauge also comes with a 10-meter cable and a bounce-free reed contact.
A stainless steel rain gauge is a standard for measuring precipitation, and it meets environmental and hydrological testing standards. Its internal tipping bucket structure provides high accuracy across a wide range of rainfall intensities. There are two types of stainless steel tipping bucket rain gauge: an all-stainless steel model and a semi-stainless steel one. The latter is also made of ABS plastic. While all three types of tipping bucket rain gauges are accurate, they are not as reliable as stainless steel ones.
Acoustic rain gauge
An acoustic rain gauge is an instrument that uses sound to measure rainfall intensity. Raindrops make different sounds depending on their size, speed, and frequency. The instrument measures these differences and calculates how much rain has fallen in an area. Meteorologists and hydrologists use the rain gauge to predict the rainy season, large construction projects, and cropping patterns. The device also has a variety of applications, including weather forecasting and flood monitoring.
The current database was developed after recording rain on five days in different locations. The database contains seven rainfall levels and considers the effects of external variable noise. The sound detector was checked continuously to ensure that dirt did not accumulate in the pan, and audio-video recording was used to verify the database. This data was analyzed over multiple days to ensure the accuracy and consistency of the device. Acoustic rain gauges are also ideal for precision agriculture because they reduce the risk of aquaplaning and other road accidents.
The Mark project uses a network of 20 rain gauges located throughout Nebraska, including the Western Nebraska Irrigation Project and the Testing Ag Performance Solutions field in North Platte. Its goal is to validate the technology and demonstrate its value for the agricultural community in local rainfall data. The Instrument Choice rain gauge is also sensitive enough to distinguish between rain and hail without using a manual rain gauge. Instead, you can install the gauge on a post or wall. The cylinder is fastened to the post by an exclusive bracket.


Capturing the Dynamics of Antiferromagnetic Ordering with Ultrafast Electron Diffraction
Martin Centurion (Physics)
This project aims at exploring ultrafast changes in magnetic properties of materials on the nanometer and sub-nanometer scale, using ultrafast electron diffraction (UED). The project focuses on investigating the antiferromagnetic phase transition in Chromium, but could be extended to other magnetic materials if the initial set of experiments is successful. The new capabilities are important for exploring the switching properties of materials, and to develop a fundamental understanding of magnetic ordering phase transitions.
We are planning to explore the antiferromagnetic phase transition by impulsively heating the materials with a femtosecond laser pulse and capturing the magnetic order with UED as the antiferromagnetism disappears above the transition temperature, and then as the magnetic order reappears as the sample cools down. The unique ability to probe samples at the sub-Angstrom level with the femtosecond resolution of UED brings a new dimension which is currently not available in the MRSEC.
Electron diffraction pattern of a single crystal Chromium sample.


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Society has benefited tremendously from the development and utilization of mechanical devices which are implanted inside the body and are used to replace bones and joints, increase blood flow, and even measure blood chemistry. To further enhance the performance of these devices, the application of thin films to the external surfaces is an ongoing research and development interest at many companies. Engineers have a choice of a variety of technologies to apply these liquid coatings to these often complex surfaces ranging from vacuum technology to direct liquid application. The decision on what technology to use is a function of the liquid precursor used, the mechanism of coating formation and the geometry of the object to be coated. A critical quality and process control criterion is the consistency of the coating on the surface. Fluid delivery technology can play an important part in maintaining coating consistency. Pumps and liquid flow controllers are technologies being used today. For vapor coating processes, liquid vaporization technology is a critical link in the fluid delivery system. New flow and vaporization technology is available that can be applied to fluid delivery to improve the application of medical device coatings.


We have selected some commons questions that often get asked in emails by website visitors.
Can you track the exact location of a package?
Yes. This is possible when a GPS package tracking device is included with the package. The device will provide its exact location using GPS satellites (or alternatives such as GLONASS, Galileo) combined with a data communication channel to the software application server – so you can then track its exact location inside a GPS tracking dashboard.
How do I track a package on Google Maps?
Following on from the above question, a GPS tracking dashboard will be built around mapping data, including Google Maps. You can see an example on these youtube videos.
Does USPS have GPS tracking?
No. At the moment we are not aware of the United States Postal Service using official GPS tracking technology.
Can you track a shipping container?
Yes. There are container tracking devices that can be fitted to a standard shipping container or reefer to enable it to be tracked. There are multiple types of technology available depending upon the requirements as to where the shipping container should be tracked – within a port; over land or over ocean.
How do I track a vessel location?
Large vessels have a transceiver onboard called a AIS (automatic identification system) which communicates with coastline AIS base stations. Vessels can be tracked using services such as marinetraffic.com and vesselfinder.com
What is the smallest GPS tracking device available?
The smallest GPS tracking devices tend to be highly specialised and customised devices that use RF technologies instead of ceullar modems, they also have very low battery capacity.
How can I track a car without GPS?
Unless you are law enforcement – when you can track a car using number plate recognition for example – it isn’t possible to track a car without GPS technology.
Can GPS work without Internet?
Yes. GPS is a technology that doesnt need the internet to work – in fact GPS was operational long before the internet became widely available.
Can GPS work without SIM card?
Yes. GPS is a one-way radio technology that sends signals to a GPS receiver. It does not require a SIM card, however, a GPS tracker may require a simcard if the user want realtime, live tracking information.
How long does a GPS tracker battery last?
This varies based on 2 key factors as well as some environmental factors. The key key factors are 1) battery size – more battery capacity allows for a longer GPS tracker operating time. 2) transmission frequency – GPS trackers can be set to report location at different intervals, more frequent updates will use more battery. Lastly, environmental factors can effect how long a GPS tracker battery will last. These factors include: mobile network signal strength; GPS satellite signal reception and even the ambient temperature around the GPS tracker.


|Publication number||US3833269 A|
|Publication date||Sep 3, 1974|
|Filing date||Dec 21, 1972|
|Priority date||Dec 23, 1971|
|Publication number||US 3833269 A, US 3833269A, US-A-3833269, US3833269 A, US3833269A|
|Inventors||Riesenberg K, Schwerin I, Trui J|
|Original Assignee||Bosch Gmbh Robert|
|Export Citation||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|
|Patent Citations (3), Referenced by (16), Classifications (19)|
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet|
United States Patent Trui et al. Sept. 3, 1974 FLUID OPERATED SAFETY BRAKE 3,682,514 8/1972 Oberthiir 303/61 x SYSTEM 3,702,713 11/1972 Oberthilr 303/21 F  Inventors: Josef Trui, Bissingen; Klaus-Otto e *i Inge ZZ-ZiZ/iZZZTZZ-Zififi 35$? Schwenn, Moglmgen', all of A A h 18 Germany orney, gent, or zrm- 1c ae r1 er  Assignee: Robert Bosch GmbH, Stuttgart,  ABSTRACT Germany A fluidoperated brake system is controlled by two  Filed 1972 main valves operated by two electromagnetic valves,  Appl. NO; 317,359 which are controlled by an electronic control device I responding to signals of a sensor which senses a locked condition of the brake, requiring relieving of  Forelgn Apphcat'on Pnomy a the pressure of the brake actuating means through a Dec. 23, 1971 Germany 2164094 discharge conduit opened one of the main valves If Aug. 31, 1972 Germany 2242745 the discharge conduit is opened due to a malfunction 1 when braking is required, the wheel is not braked at U-S. F, A A safety control valve is provided is oper- [5 Ilrt. ated pressure under the control of one of the Fleld of Search 61-63, electromagnetic valves to close the discharge conduit 303/6849; 188/181 when not closed by the respective main valve due to 3 malfunction of the respective electromagnetic valve,  References Clted so that a braking force is assured.
UNITED STATE ATENT S P g S 9 Claims, 4 Drawing Figures 3,449,019 6/1969 Walker 303/21 F 7 TIME INDICATING DEVICE SENSOR i so s1 s2 & INDICATING LAMP 4 54a 1 x sdss gig s 1 3 zees 'ifi 5l' 16 6 52 l 53. & 14a 5 H 3 0 22' \ig I ll 1,, 1 11 d. i 3 ll o R A 37 I 25 l 5 I 11 3L- 35' 43' 3 2a 18 23 so I LIL 1;,
PATENTED 3 974 SHEET 2 0F 4 Fig. 2
1 FLUID OPERATED SAFETY BRAKE SYSTEM BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to a safety arrangement for a fluid operated brake system which is controlled by electronic means having sensors for sensing the braking and locked position of the brake of a motor car. The
' brake system includes two fluid operated main valves,
and two corresponding electromagnetic valves which control the flow of operating fluid to the main valves. In a brake system of this type, there is the problem that in the event of failure of one of the electromagnetic valves, or due to sticking of a main valve, the connection between the brake valve and the brake actuating cylinder cannot be obtained, or that the connection between the cylinder of the brake actuating means and a discharge conduit is not closed, so that the brake pressure cannot rise in the brake cylinder of the brake actuating means, which would result in complete failure of the respective brake.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION It is one object of the invention to assure a reliable operation of a brake system of this type, even if one of the valves fails.
Another object of the invention is to provide a fluid operated safety brake system which remains ready for a braking operation even if after the. reduction of the brake pressure for preventing locking of the brake, the brake pressure rises again, and if a non-functioning or jammed valve interrupts the communication between the brake operating valve and the brake actuating cylinder, or if the connection between the brake cylinder and the discharge conduit remains open.
With these objects in view, an embodiment of theinvention provides at least one of the main valves with a safety control valve with a piston and a closure member which opens and closes a stationary valve seat. The control piston is subjected to pressure at at least one piston face, and is biased by a spring which holds the safety control valve in an inoperative normal position, but whose spring force is overcome by pressure acting on the control piston to close a discharge conduit when at least one of the valves fails. I
It is advantageous to provide a throttle valve for the cylinder of the control valve, which operates in such a manner that during filling of the cylinder, the throttle valve is effective, and that during emptying of the cylinder the throttle valve is ineffective so that unnecessarily fast operation of the safety control valve is prevented.
It is also advantageous to provide limit switches operated by the safety control valve and by at least one of the main valves, by which the operation of the safety valve can be electrically monitored. In this manner, it is possible to check before a drive, or at predetermined time intervals during inspections of the apparatus, the function of the apparatus.
It is also advantageous to provide a double seat valve mechanically operated by the piston of the main valve, and provided in a connecting conduit opening into the cylinder of the safety control valve so that the latter performs its function when the main valve fails. In this manner, a reliable brake effect can be obtained not only upon failure of an electromagnetic control valve controlling a main valve, but also upon jamming of a main valve.
Generally speaking, a safety brake system according to the invention comprises brake actuating means, which may include a brake cylinder whose pistons are connected with a brake, and operating means, such as a foot pedal operating a piston in a cylinder connected with the brake cylinder through two pressure operated main valves. One of the main valves has a discharge conduit,and the main valves'have a first position connecting the brake operating means with the brake actuating means while the main valve closes the discharge conduit, and a second position opening the discharge conduit for relieving the brake actuating means, while disconnecting the brake operating means and brake actuating means. Two electromagnetic valves are provided for controlling the flow of pressure fluid to the main valve for moving the main valves between the first and second positions. At least one safety control valve is biased to a normal position opening the discharge conduit for relieving the brake actuating means through the main valves and the discharge conduit when one main valve is placed in the second position by one of the electromagnetic valves.
At least the electromagnetic valve which controls the supply of pressure fluid to the control valve means, closes the control valve means and thereby the discharge conduit when one of the main valves fails to close the discharge conduit, which may be due to a malfunction of the respective electromagnetic valve.
The novel features which are considered as characteristic for the invention are set forth in particular in the appended claims. The invention itself, however, both as to its construction and its method of operation, together with additional objects and advantages thereof, will be best understood from the following description of specific embodiments when read in connection with the accompanying drawing.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING FIG. 1 is partly a schematic sectional view, and partly a diagrammatic view illustrating conduits for a fluid and electric connections, and illustrating a first embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic sectional view illustrating a second embodiment of the invention with a modified safety control valve;
FIG. 3 is a schematic sectional view illustrating a third embodiment of the invention in which both main valves are associated with safety control valves; and
FIG. 4 is a schematic sectional view illustrating a.
fourth embodiment of the invention in which the piston of one of the main cylinders can operate the safety control valve.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Referring first to FIG. 1, the apparatus includes a main valve unit 1 which is connected into a conduit 4, 5 which connects a brake operating valve 2 with a foot pedal 2a, with a brake cylinder 3 by which the brake of a wheel is actuated. An electronic control means 3' is provided and receives signals from a sensor 2' which senses the condition of the wheel on which the brake actuating means 3 act. The electronic control means 3' is connected with electromagnets 6 and 7 of electromagnetic valves 6 and 7 which control the flow of pressure fluid to the cylinder chambers l2 and 13 formed by main pistons 20 and 21 of main valves 18 and 19. The electromagnetic valves 6 and 7 have armatures 8 and 9 secured to valve members 10 and 11 which control the flow of fluid, such as air, between the cylinder chambers 12 and 13 and either a source of compressed air 14, or discharge means 16 and 17. In the illustrated position, the source of compressed air 14 is connected to a conduit 14a with a conduit 14b, closed by the valve member 10, while the cylinder chamber 12 is connected with a cylinder chamber 54a of a safety control valve 51 whose other cylinder chamber 54b on the,
other side of a control piston 54, is connected by conduit 55 with the cylinder chamber 13 of the main valve 19. When the valve members 10-and 11 are shifted by the electromagnets 6 and 7 the connections between cylinder chambers 12 and 13 and the discharge means 16 and 17 is interrupted.
The main valves 18 and 19 have movable main pistons 20 and 21 located'in a cylinder bore 22, 23 and being biased by springs 24, 25. Each mainv valve piston 20, 21 has a main valve member 26, 27, and piston portions 28, 29 and-30, 31 at the ends. Pistonportions 28 and 30 bound the cylinder chambers 12 and 13, while the pistons portions 29 and 31 form cylinder chambers 29a and 31a which communicate with the atmosphere through openings 29b and 31b. The inner annular faces 29, 31' are subjected to the pressure of the brake conduit 4 which opens into a conduit 32 which communicates with an annular space 23 surrounding main piston 20, and through another conduit 33a with a throttle 33 through a bore 50 with an annular space 23 surrounding the main piston 21.
The main valve 18 has only one valve seat 34 which can be opened and closed for connecting and disconnecting the brake conduits 4 and through conduits 35 and 32 and the annular space 23. The second main valve 19 has two valve seats 36 and 37 located on opposite sides of the valve portion'27 of main piston 21. Together with the valve portion 27, the valve seat 36 controls the connection between the channels 35, 38 with the annular space 23,.while valve seat 37 controls a connection of channel 38 with a main discharge con duit 39.
Valve seat 34, and valve seats 36,- 37 are respectively located in annular chambers 40 and 41 in which the valve portions 26 and 27 are movable. The annular chambers 40 and 41 areconnected with each other by the connecting conduit 38. The annular chamber 41 of the second main-valve 19 is connected by a throttle bore 42 with the working chamber 43 of a pressure responsive inductive sensor 44 which is secured to the housing of the valve unit 1, and has a feeler element in the form of a membrane 43'.
The main valves 18 and 19 are pressure relieved due to a combination of sealing means 45 and 46 and 45 and 46, respectively, with bushings 47 and 48 provided with openings 49 and 50 for the pressure fluid. The two main valves 18 and 19 are connected in series sovthat the throttle passage 33 is upstream of the second main valve 19.
The safety control valve 51 is provided between the valve members and 1 1 of the electromagnetic valves 6 and 7, as explained above. The safety control valve 51 includes a closure member 52, operated by piston 54 which is biased by spring 57, and cooperating with a valve seat 53 surrounding the discharge conduit 39 of main valve 19. The control piston 54 is secured to the closure member 52, and has two annular faces of the same area. The upper cylinder chamber 54b is connected by conduit 55 with the electromagnetic valve 1 1, while the lower cylinder chamber 54a is connected by conduit 56 with an electromagnetic valve 6. Spring 57 maintains the closure member 52 in a normal open position, as illustrated, in which the discharge conduit 39 is connected by a conduit 51b to a discharge outlet 510.
The electronic means 3' has a schematically indicated time measuring device 60, a sensor 61 with an indicating lamp 62, and connections with the electromagnets 6 and 7';
The apparatus illustrated in FIG. 1 operates as follows:
During operation of the motor car provided with the safety brake system of the invention, all parts of the valve unit 1 are in the position illustrated in FIG. 1. When the brake valve 2 is operated by pressure on the foot pedal 2a, pressure fluid, such as air, flows from the brake conduit 4 through annular space 23, annular space 40, valves 26/34, and conduit 35 into brake conduit 5 to the brake actuating cylinder 3 so that the brake, not shown, is operated and the car is braked.
If the brake force is so high that the braked wheel, not shown, is locked, which may cause skidding, sensors 2 senses this condition, and the electronic means 3' effects the energization of electromagnets 6 and 7' so that the electromagnetic valves 6 and 7 are operated and thearmatures 8 and 9 move the valve members 10 and 11 to their respective other position so that the brake pressure, which has just caused locking acts through annular space 40, conduit 38, annular space 41, and throttle 42 on the membrane 43' so that a pulse is generated which is supplied to the electronic control means 3' which stores a signal indicating the locking of the brake, and the pressure which caused locking of the brake.
Sincethe valve members 10 and 11 of the electromagnetic means 6 and 7 are shifted, the cylinder chambers 12 and 13 of the main valves 18 and 19 are subject to air pressure from the source of compressed air 14 through conduits 14a, 14b, and the piston portions 28 and 30 move downward with main pistons 20 and 21 so that the valves 26/34 and 27/36 close. Valve 26/34 interrupts the connection between brake conduits 4 and 5 so that no further pressure increase can take place in the brake actuating cylinder 3. At the same time, the brake conduit 5 is connected by channel 38, annular space 41, the open valve 27/37, discharge conduit 39, chamber 51a, and conduit 51b with the discharge means 510 so that the pressure in the brake actuating cylinder 3 drops so that the wheel is no longer locked, and is accelerated.
The sensor 2 senses the beginning rotation of the wheel, and operates the electronic control means 3' to operate the electromagnets 6 and 7' so that the electromagnetic valves 6 and 7 and the main valves 18 and 19 are returned to the normal position shown in FIG. 1, the main pistons 20 and 21 being displaced by the springs 24, 25.
The brake conduits 4 and 5 are now again connected through the main valve 18, and pressure develops in the brake cylinder 3 which, however, is lower than the pressure which had caused locking of the wheel. Due to the storing of the locking pressure in the electronic control means 3 by means of the sensor 44, the stored locking pressure can be compared with the actual pressure, and the latter controlled to be almost as high as the locking pressure, but not so high as to cause locking of the brake.
The electromagnet 6' of the electromagnetic valve 6 is again operated under the control of the electronic control means 3', and the valve 26/34 is again closed. A pressure rise can only take place through the valve 27/36, upstream of which, the throttle 33 is located. Consequently, the pressure rises slowly, but since the throttle pressure fluid has initially a very high pressure, the brake actuating cylinder exerts a comparatively great pressure on the wheel,.the brake distance is shortening, and the hysteresis of the brake is overcome.
In the event that within a time controlled by the time measuring means 60 of the electronic control means3', the locking pressure has not been obtained, the electromagnet 6 of the electromagnetic valve 6 is switched off. Faster pressure rise up to the locking pressure takes place. If the locking pressure is reached before the expiration of a predetermined time period, the electromagnetic valves 6 and 7 are operated, and the brake is again released.
If during the first disconnection of the electromagnetic valves 6 and 7, the armature 9 with the valve member 11 sticks and fails, the second main valve 19 remains open which means that the brake actuating cylinder 3 is connected with the atmosphere, so that no braking pressure can develop and the wheel is no longer braked, and the change from a locked wheel to a freely rotating wheel causes a dangerous condition.
This danger is avoided in accordance with the invention since in the event of failure of the electromagnet 7', pressure air from the force of compressed air 14 acts through conduits 14a, 14b, and 55 in the cylinder chamber 54b, while the other cylinder chamber 54a is disconnected by the valve member from the pressure source 14. Consequently, the valve member .52 moves downward against the action of the spring 57, and closes the valve seat 53 and thereby the discharge conduit 39 so that no air can escape from the brake conduit 5, irrespective of the fact that the valve 27/37 has not closed due to failure of the electromagnetic valve 7. Consequently, pressure develops in the brake actuating cylinder 3, and at a certain predetermined pressure, electromagnet 6" is operated by the electronic control means 3' so thatthe pressure rise is throttled by throttle 33.
Since the electromagnetic valve 6 causes the flow of pressure fluid to the cylinder chamber 51a of the control valve 51, the pressure in chamber 54b is overcome, and safety control valve 51 opens since valve member 52 moves away from the seat 53. Since the open safety control valve 51 permits escaping of pressure fluid from discharge conduit 39, the pressure drops in the brake actuating cylinder 3, and the electromagnet 6' is again disconnected. The cylinder chamber 51a is relieved, and piston 54 moves downward. The shifting of piston 54 with valve member 52 takes place in a rapid sequence substantially at the pressure obtained after the first pressure drop. The rapid movements of the control valve 51 can be sensed by a sensor 61 controlling a warning lamp 52 in the electronic means 3'.
FIG. 2 illustrates a safety brake system according to the invention in which the safety control valve 65 is modified as compared with the embodiment of FIG. 1.
' The safety control valve 65 has a cylinder chamber 66 which receives fluid from a source 14 of compressed air through the electromagnetic valve 7, 11 through a throttle check valve 67. A valve portion 69 is secured to the piston 68 and cooperates with an inlet seat 70 and an outlet seat 71'. The operation of the apparatus shown in FIG. 2 corresponds to the operation of the apparatus of FIG. 1. During braking by pressure on the foot pedal 2a, pressure fluid flows from conduit 4 and 32 through the open main valve 19 and 18, and through conduits 35, 5 to the brake actuating cylinder 3. Some brake fluid also flows through the throttle 72 into the brake actuating cylinder 3.
When a wheel is almost locked, and the sensor 2' responds, first only the electromagnetic valve 7 is shifted by the electronic control means 3', shown in FIG. 1. Pressure air from the source 14 of compressed air enters the cylinder chamber 13, and the main piston 21 moves downward so that the valve portion 27 closes the seat 36 and thereby the brake conduits 4, 32. In this position, the brake cylinder 3 is connected by the open main valve 18 and connected over the open seat 37 of the main valve 19 with the atmosphere through discharge conduits 39, 39a and discharge means 390. Brake cylinder 3 is thus relieved of pressure. After a certain rapid pressure drop, electronic control means 3' ,causes the closing of the circuit of the electromagnetic valve 6, so that the main valve 18 is shifted, and the pressure reduction in brake cylinder 3 takes place less rapidly through the throttle 72. During the shifting of the electromagnetic valve 7, the cylinder chamber 66 of the safety control valve 65 receives pressure fluid through the throttle check valve 67, but this pressure has no effect if the electromagnetic valve 7 returns at a predetermined speed to its initial position so that the downstream main valve 19 effects communication with the brakes conduits. This is due to the fact that the pressure fluid upstream of the control piston 68 will be rapidly discharged through the large flow cross section of the throttle check valve 37 during the following shifting.
If due to sticking or jamming of the armature of the electromagnetic valve 7, the main valve 19 has not been shifted back after about I second, the pressure rise in the cylinder space 66 and acting on the control piston 68 that the force of spring 57 is overcome, and the outlet valve 69/71 closes, while the inlet valve 69/70 opens.
The brake pressure fluid can now flow from brake valve 2 through a conduit 77 through the improperly open main valve 19, and through the open main valve 18 to the brake actuating cylinder 3 so that further braking of the car is assured.
It is advantageous that in accordance with the invention, also the operation of the safety control valve 65 is checked. For this purpose, the control piston 68 carries a rod 73 cooperating with a limit switch 74 which causes indication of the piston movement at the electronic control means 3 so that it can be deter mined whether the safety control valve 65 operates properly. The piston 21 of the main valve 19 also carries a rod 75 cooperating'with an end switch 76, which is connected with the electronic control means 3 for indicating whether the main valve 19 properly operates. In this manner, it is possible to check the safety braking system before start of a drive, or at every inspection, to determine whether the safety control valve 65 and the main valve 19 operate properly.
A further advantage of the arrangement of FIG. 2 resides in that the main valve and the safety control valve can be checked with a minimum of switches, only two switches being required.
In the embodiment of FIG. 3, the main valve 19' is modified, and has only one valve seat 41 cooperating with the valve portion 27. Two safety control valves are used, the safety control valve 51 corresponding to the safety control valve 51 described with reference to FIG. 1, and being associated with the discharge conduit 39 of the main valve 19'. The other safety control valve 80'assures the function of the main valve 18 with respect to the failure of one of the two electromagnetic control valves 6 or 7. In addition to the connecting conduits described with reference to FIG. 1, the cylinder chamber 12 of the main valve 18 is connected by a conduit 81 and a throttle check valve 67 with a cylinder chamber 85 under a control piston 82 of the safety control valve 80, which is biased in the opposite direction by spring 57. A valve portion 83 secured to piston 82 cooperates with a stationary valve seat 84 and forms therewith the inlet valve 83/84 which is held by a spring 57 in a normal closed position.
The safety control valves 51 and 80 operate as follows:
In the event that the main valve 19' does not operate properly due to a failure of theelectromagnetic valve 7, valve member 52 closes valve seat 53 and thereby discharge conduit 39, as described with reference to FIG. 1, so that the braking operation'takes place as described. If due to a failure of the electromagnetic valve 6, the main valve 18 sticks in the closed position, the throttle pressure rise of the fluid in chamber 85 has the effect that the inlet valve 83/84 opens so that the pressure fluid from brake valve 2 flows through valve 83/84, the annular space 81, and through a slanted channel 86, shown schematically in broken lines, to the brake cylinder 3 to obtain the braking effect. The control piston of each safety control valves 51 and 80 is mechanically coupled with a limit switch 74 and 74, respectively. Both switches 74 and 74' indicate the control piston movements at the electronic control means 3, and permitting control of the proper operation of the safety control valves 51 and 80. Evidently, the positions of the pistons 20 and 21' can be indicated in the same manner, as explained with reference to switch 76 in FIG. 2. f
FIG. 4 illustrates a further embodiment which is similar to the embodiment of FIG. 2. For obtaining a safe operation of the main valve 19 and of the electromagnetic valve 7, a control valve 89 is provided which is coupled through a connecting rod 94 with the main valve 19. The control valve 89, which includes a valve member 90 and two seats 92, 93 cooperating with valve member 91 secured to portion 94, responds through a conduit 97 to the pressure in the chamber 66 of a safety control valve 95. The piston 21 of main valve 19 operates control valve 89 mechanically through the piston portion 94. The closure member is biased by a spring 96 in axial direction, and is connected with the piston 21 of the main valve 19 by the action of two springs, namelythe weaker spring 96 acting on the closure member 90, and the spring 25 of the main valve 19. Since the springs 25 and 96 act in opposite directions, the strokes are compensated. The safety control valve 95 is constructed in the same manner as the safety control valve 65 described with reference to FIG. 2.
Also in this embodiment, end switches 74 and 75 are advantageously provided, and as described with reference to FIG. 2, the end switch 74 is connected with the safety control valve piston, and the end switch 76 is mechanically connected with thepiston 21 of the main valve 19.
If in the embodiment of FIG. 4, the main piston 21 of the main valve 19 remains in its initial position, perhaps due to sticking of the armature of the electromagnetic valve 7, or perhaps due to the fact that the piston 21 of the main valve ,19 jams or laterally binds in its initial position of rest, in which the brake pressure cannot rise, the safety control valve 95 closes the discharge outlet, and opens the inlet for the pressure fluid, so that irrespective of the failure of a valve, the pressure in the brake actuating cylinder 3 can rise again.
Generally speaking, and referring mainly to FIG. 1, a safety brake system according to an embodiment of the invention, comprises brake actuating means 3 and brake operating means 2 therefor; two pressure operated main valves 18 and 19, one of the main valves 19 having a discharge conduit 39, said main valves 18, 19 having a first position connecting the brake operating means 2 with the brake actuating means 3 while the main valve .19 closes the discharge conduit 39 by the valve 27/37, and a second position in which the valve 27/37 opens the discharge conduit 39 for relieving the brake actuating means 3 while disconnecting the brake operating-means 4 and the brake actuating means; two electromagnetic valves 6, 7 for moving the main valves 18, 19, respectively, between the first and second positions; and at least one safety control valve 51, 65, 80 biased to a normal position opening the discharge conduit 39 for relieving the brake actuating means 3 through the main valves 18, 19 and the discharge conduit 39 when the main valve 19 is placed in the second condition thereof by the electromagnetic valve 7; at least one electromagnetic valve 7 controlling the supply of pressure fluid to the control valve means 51 for closing the same and thereby the discharge conduit 39 when main valve 19 fails to close the discharge conduit 39.
It will be understood that each of the elements described above, or two or more together, may also find a useful application in other types of safety brake systems differing from the types described above.
While the invention has been illustrated and described as embodied in a safety brake system with a safety control valve closing a discharge conduit upon failure of a main valve, it is not intended to be limited to the details shown, since various modifications and structural changes may be made without departing in any way from the spirit of the present invention.
Without further analysis, the foregoing will so fully reveal the gist of the present invention that others can by applying current knowledge readily adapt it for various applications without omitting features that, from the standpoint of prior art, fairly constitute essential characteristics of the generic or specific aspects of this invention and, therefore, such adaptations should and are intended to be comprehended within the meaning and range of equivalence of the following claims.
What is claimed as new and desired to be protected by Letters Patent is set forth in the appended claims:
1. Fluid operated safety brake system comprising brake actuating means and brake operating means therefor; two pressure operated main valves, one of said valves having a discharge conduit, said main valves having a first position connecting said brake operating means with said brake actuating means while said one main valve closes said discharge conduit, and a second position opening said discharge conduit for relieving said brake actuating means while disconnecting said brake operating means and said brake actuating means; two electromagnetic valves for moving said main valves, respectively, between said first and second positions; at least one safety control valve means including a control piston and spring biasing means biasing said control piston to a normal position opening said discharge conduit for relieving said brake actuating means through said main valves and said discharge conduit when said one main valve is placed in said second position by one of said electromagnetic valves; and pressure conduit means controlled by said electromagnetic valves so that pressure fluid is supplied to said control valve means for moving said piston against the action of said spring means to a position closing said discharge conduit when said one main valve fails to operate.
2. Brake system as claimed in claim 1 comprising sensing means for sensing a locked condition of a braked wheel, and generating a signal, and electronic control means receiving said signal and operating said electromagnetic valves in accordance with said signal so that said safety control valve is operated to close said discharge conduit when one of said electromagnetic valves fails to be operated by said electronic control means.
3. Brake system as claimed in claim 1 comprising a double valve having two valve seats and one valve member having two positions for cooperating with said seats, respectively, said valve member being mechanically connected withland operated by said one main valve between a discharge position, and an operative position for supplying pressure fluid to said control valve means for operating the same to move to said closed position.
4. Brake system as claimed in claim 3 wherein said double valve includes a piston having one of said valve seats, and a first spring biassing said piston and one seat toward said valve member; and wherein said one main valve includes a valve piston carrying said valve member, and a second spring biassing said valve piston to move with said valve member into abutment with said one valve seat.
5. Brake system as claimed in claim 1 comprising means operated by said control valve means for indicating the positions of said control valvemeans.
6. Brake system as claimed in claim 1 comprising at least one first limit switch operated by said control valve means; and at least one second limit switch operated by at least said one of said main valves for electrically indicating the positions of said control valve means and of said one main valve.
7. Brake system as claimed in claim 1 wherein said control valve means has a cylinder chamber for said control piston; and at least one control conduit connecting said electromagnetic valve means with said cylinder. chamber.
8. Brake system as claimed in claim 7 wherein said control conduit includes a throttle valve operative during filling of said cylinder chamber, and inactive during I emptying of said cylinder chamber.
9. Brake system as claimed in claim 8 wherein said throttle valve is a check valve.
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|US3449019 *||Jul 3, 1968||Jun 10, 1969||Ferguson H Auto Res||Vehicle braking systems|
|US3682514 *||Aug 4, 1970||Aug 8, 1972||Itt||Antiskid brake control system|
|US3702713 *||Jun 30, 1971||Nov 14, 1972||Itt||Anti-skid control device|
|Citing Patent||Filing date||Publication date||Applicant||Title|
|US4155604 *||May 10, 1977||May 22, 1979||Societe Anonyme Francaise Du Ferodo||Modulating device for a hydraulic circuit|
|US4205884 *||Oct 25, 1978||Jun 3, 1980||Honda Giken Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha||Anti-skid braking system for a vehicle|
|US5890777 *||Nov 15, 1996||Apr 6, 1999||Aisin Seiki Kabushiki Kaisha||Antiskid control device|
|US5927831 *||Jan 15, 1997||Jul 27, 1999||Wabco Gmbh||Process for the restoration of brake pressure in a motor vehicle with anti-lock brake system|
|US7354118||Feb 25, 2005||Apr 8, 2008||Bendix Commercial Vehicle Systems, Inc.||Control valve system|
|US7396089||Feb 23, 2004||Jul 8, 2008||Bendix Commercial Vehicle Systems, Llc||Electro-pneumatic latching valve system|
|US8136893||Mar 14, 2008||Mar 20, 2012||Bendix Commerical Vehicle Systems Llc||Control valve system|
|US8794715||May 20, 2008||Aug 5, 2014||Bendix Commercial Vehicle Systems Llc||Electro-pneumatic latching valve system|
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|US20040187674 *||Feb 23, 2004||Sep 30, 2004||Bendix Commercial Vehicle Systems Llc||Electro-pneumatic latching valve system|
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|US20070000302 *||Jan 24, 2004||Jan 4, 2007||Thomas Gramkow||Method for testing the function of a hydraulic valve and a test bench for carrying out said method|
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|US20080271964 *||May 20, 2008||Nov 6, 2008||Bendix Commercial Vehicle Systems Llc||Electro-Pneumatic Latching Valve System|
|CN101500872B||Jul 4, 2007||Oct 23, 2013||威伯科有限公司||Valve unit for electro-pneumatic brake control device|
|WO2004076254A1 *||Feb 23, 2004||Sep 10, 2004||Bendix Commercial Vehicle Sys||Electro-pneumatic latching valve system|
|U.S. Classification||303/115.1, 303/122.1, 188/181.00A|
|International Classification||B60T8/94, B60T8/46, B60T8/34, B60T8/36, B60T8/88, B60T8/17, B60T8/50, B60T8/174|
|Cooperative Classification||B60T8/5018, B60T8/94, B60T8/36, B60T8/5056|
|European Classification||B60T8/50K, B60T8/94, B60T8/50F, B60T8/36|


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In this study, a new eye tracking system, namely Eye Touch, is introduced. Eye Touch is based on an eyeglasses-like apparatus on which IrDA sensitive sensors and IrDA light sources are mounted. Using inexpensive sensors and light sources instead of a camera leads to lower system cost and need for the computation power. A prototype of the proposed system is developed and tested to show its capabilities. Based on the test results obtained, Eye Touch is proved to be a promising human-computer interface system. Copyright © 2008 by the Association for Computing Machinery, Inc.


Commercial gas meters stand as vital instruments that play a pivotal role in accurately measuring and monitoring gas consumption in commercial and industrial settings. These specialized meters go beyond simple measurement, offering precision, versatility, and data-driven insights that are essential for effective energy management and cost control. In this article, we delve into the world of commercial gas meters, understanding their significance, types, features, applications, and the transformative impact they have on businesses and industries.
Understanding Commercial Gas Meters:
Commercial gas meters are devices designed to measure the volume of natural gas or other gases consumed by businesses and industries. They are utilized to monitor gas usage for billing purposes, internal resource allocation, regulatory compliance, and energy conservation efforts. Unlike residential gas meters, which cater to lower consumption levels, commercial gas meters are engineered to handle higher flow rates and accommodate the demands of large-scale consumption.
Types of Commercial Gas Meters:
Commercial gas meters come in various types, each tailored to meet specific consumption needs and operational requirements:
- Diaphragm Meters: These meters utilize flexible diaphragms to measure gas volume. Diaphragm meters are known for their accuracy and reliability, making them suitable for various commercial applications.
- Turbine Meters: Turbine meters employ rotating blades that are spun by the flow of gas. The rotational speed is proportional to the gas flow rate, allowing for precise measurement.
- Rotary Meters: Rotary meters consist of multiple chambers that fill and empty as gas flows through. These chambers are used to measure the gas volume and calculate consumption.
- Ultrasonic Meters: Ultrasonic meters use sound waves to measure gas velocity and determine flow rate. They offer non-intrusive measurement and are suitable for large pipelines.
- Coriolis Meters: Coriolis meters utilize the Coriolis effect to measure mass flow directly. They are highly accurate and can handle a wide range of gas compositions.
Key Features and Benefits:
- Accurate Measurement: Commercial gas meters offer precise measurement of gas consumption, ensuring that businesses are billed accurately and transparently.
- High Flow Rates: These meters are designed to handle higher flow rates typical in commercial and industrial operations, allowing for efficient measurement of large gas volumes.
- Data Insights: Many modern commercial gas meters are equipped with data communication capabilities, enabling real-time monitoring, remote data collection, and analytics-driven insights into gas consumption patterns.
- Billing Efficiency: Accurate gas measurement provided by commercial meters ensures that businesses are billed correctly, minimizing discrepancies and disputes.
- Regulatory Compliance: Commercial gas meters aid businesses in complying with regulatory requirements related to gas consumption reporting and energy conservation.
- Resource Allocation: Businesses can use data from commercial gas meters to allocate resources effectively and identify areas for energy efficiency improvements.
Applications of Commercial Gas Meters:
- Manufacturing: Industrial processes often rely on natural gas for heating, powering equipment, and various chemical reactions. Commercial gas meters accurately measure gas consumption in these operations.
- Commercial Buildings: Gas is used for space heating, water heating, and cooking in commercial buildings such as offices, hotels, and restaurants. Gas meters help monitor consumption in these settings.
- Retail and Hospitality: Gas-powered equipment like ovens, stoves, and HVAC systems in retail and hospitality establishments require accurate gas consumption measurement.
- Industrial Facilities: From large factories to warehouses, commercial gas meters provide essential data for energy management and cost control in industrial settings.
- Educational Institutions: Universities, schools, and campuses often have diverse gas consumption needs, ranging from laboratories to heating systems.
Data Communication and Smart Capabilities:
Modern commercial gas meters are increasingly equipped with advanced features such as data communication capabilities, enabling them to be part of smart networks. These meters can transmit consumption data in real time to utility providers, offering benefits like remote meter reading, timely billing, and efficient resource allocation.
Challenges and Considerations:
- Installation: Proper installation of commercial gas meters is essential to ensure accurate measurements. Professionals must consider factors such as pipe size, pressure, and gas type.
- Calibration and Maintenance: Regular calibration and maintenance are crucial to ensuring the accuracy and reliability of commercial gas meters over time.
- Data Security: With the integration of data communication capabilities, ensuring the security and privacy of consumption data becomes a critical consideration.
Commercial gas meters are unsung heroes in the world of energy management, providing accurate and essential measurements that enable businesses and industries to effectively manage their gas consumption. With various types catering to diverse operational needs, these meters offer precision, versatility, and the potential for real-time data insights. As technology continues to advance, the integration of smart capabilities into commercial gas meters promises to further enhance efficiency, streamline operations, and drive businesses toward sustainable energy practices. From manufacturing plants to commercial buildings, these meters empower organizations to make informed decisions, optimize energy usage, and contribute to a more responsible and sustainable energy future.


Electrochemical Synthesis of Ferrate(VI) by Anodic Oxidation
- 2004年第10卷
采用电化学阳极氧化法制备高铁酸盐,研究制备条件对电解产率的影响.结果表明,灰口铸铁是较为理想的阳极材料.在以14mol·dm-3NaOH作电解液、20℃和电流密度4.54mA·cm-2条件下电解1h,得最高电流效率为68.5%,优于使用KOH作电解液.The ferrate(Ⅵ) was synthesized by electrochemical anodic oxidation. The effects of preparation conditions on the current yield of ferrate(VI) synthesis have been studied in this work. The experimental results showed that grey cast iron as an anodic material is suitable for electrochemical synthesis and NaOH solution as an electrolyte results in a higher current yield than KOH solution. The highest current yield was obtained at a current density (4.54) mA· cm~(-2),temperature 20 ℃ and 14 mol·dm~(-3) NaOH. In this case, a current yield of 68.5% was obtained by electrolysis for 1 h.


Specializing in protecting sensitive electronic devices, data lines and PCs from electrostatic discharges (ESDs), the 0603ESDA SurgX surface-mount chips are bi-directional components, have very fast response times, and exceed IEC61000-4-2 specs. With capacitance as low as 0.15 pF, the 0603 SurgX can be used on high-speed data lines, such as USB2.0 and Giga-Ethernet, without signal distortion at frequencies in excess of 6 GHz. This, combined with a leakage current of just 0.1 nA, is said to make the devices virtually invisible to circuits until activated by an ESD pulse. The ESD suppressors can protect against 15 kV ESD threats, and handle peak currents up to 45A. COOPER ELECTRONIC TECHNOLOGIES, Boynton Beach, FL. (516) 752-5000.
Company: COOPER ELECTRONIC TECHNOLOGIES
Product URL: Click here for more information


Efficient and Effective
New non-intrusive condition monitoring equipment which monitors the voltage and current of transformers are being installed. This equipment uses a self-learning algorithm to predict future faults.
Reports & Documents
If you have an idea that could reshape or revolutionise the way we work, we want to hear from you.Submit an idea


LDA Characterization of Gas Flow in a Combustion Chamber of a Four-Stroke S.I. Engine 920519
The swirl and axial components of gas velocity in the disk type combustion chamber of a fired and motored spark ignition engine were measured using a fiber-optic laser Doppler Anemometer (LDA). The engine was operated at a speed of 1500 rpm, a volumetric efficiency of ηυ = 0.5, an equivalence ratio ϕ = 1.4 and with an ignition timing of θig = 30°BTDC (MBT condition).
The gas velocities at 9 points on a diameter at mid-height of the combustion chamber were processed by the cycle-resolved frequency discrimination method. The bulk (mean) velocity was determined by frequency components lower than a cut-off frequency of 667Hz. The flame propagation pattern was detected by ionization probes set at 17 points on the piston.
The results indicate significant differences in flow characteristics between motored and fired conditions during the combustion period. At the fired operation the maximum value of turbulence intensity is 30% higher, the integral spatial scale and microscale are 60% and 40% larger respectively, the swirl ratio is 50% lower and the swirl center is 40% eccentrically shifted on the radius, comparing with the motored operation.
Citation: Obokata, T., Hashimoto, T., Gojuki, S., Karasawa, T. et al., "LDA Characterization of Gas Flow in a Combustion Chamber of a Four-Stroke S.I. Engine," SAE Technical Paper 920519, 1992, https://doi.org/10.4271/920519. Download Citation


radio frequency magnetron sputtering deposition of tio 2 thin films and their perovskite solar cell applications
Layer synthesis of planar heterogeneous perovskite solar cells.
Synthesis of cp layer based on perovskite solar cells involves low
Film quality, high-
Temperature annealing, non
Flexible equipment, large restrictions
The impact of scale production and cp layer on carrier transportation has not yet been fully understood.
In this study, radio frequency magnetic sputtering (RFMS)
The ti02 cp layer was prepared and the thickness was controlled by the deposition time;
Methanol nh3pbi3 film was prepared by evaporation-immersion method (E & I)
Methods, PbI2 film prepared by thermal evaporation technology was immersed in methanol-nh3i solution.
The device has power conversion efficiency (PCE)of 12.
1%, the photovoltaic performance can maintain 1440 of its initial PCE after 77% km/h.
The method developed in this study has the capability to manufacture large active area devices (40u2009×u200940u2009mm2)
Show 4 promising PCE. 8%.
The low temperature flexible device is realized, and the PCE is 8.
9% was obtained on PET/ITO substrate.
These methods can be applied to the needs of thin film solar cells
High quality films reduce manufacturing costs and improve device performance.
RFMS are done by the collision of event Ar ions and targets (
In this process, when some ultra-fast electrons fly to the substrate, they collide with ar atoms under the electric field E.
Ar atoms produce positive ions (Ar)
, Then the Ar ion is experienced as the incident particle in the scattering target and in the collision with the target.
Part of the momentum of events (Ar)
Ions are transported to target atoms that collide with other target atoms to form a cascade process.
During this cascade, some target atoms near the surface with sufficient momentum move from the target to splash to the substrate. It has fast-
Deposition and surface-
The specific Schematic process can be found in.
Process 1: anode was initially corroded with 30% HCl and zinc powder, removing the FTO from the area in contact with the anode.
The substrate was then cleaned with deionized water, acetone and methanol, and finally treated under an oxygen plasma for 10 minutes to remove the last remaining organic residue.
Process 2: The Cp TiO electron transport layer is deposited on glass/FTO or PET/ITO substrate and the electron collection cp layer is obtained through RFMS.
The purity of TiO target is 99.
99%, diameter 52, thickness 5mm.
The distance between the target and the substrate is about 50mm.
Before the deposition, the chamber was evacuated ~ Under the pressure of 4 pax × 10 pa.
RF sputtering process in pure Ar gas (99. 999%).
The gas flow rate of Ar is controlled by mass-
The flow controller and chamber are kept at working pressure 3. 5u2009Pa.
To clean the target surface, a pre-
10 min was introduced before deposition.
The flow rate of pure Ar is fixed at 32 sccm (
Standard cubic centimeters per minute)
The TiO target was splashed with a splash power of 120 kWh W.
The thickness of the film can be adjusted by the sputtering time and monitored by the film
Thickness gauge installed on the base plate of the chamber.
Process 3: PbI film is deposited on TiO cp layer to form FTO/TiO/PbI.
PbI powder is used to prepare PbI films by hot evaporation process (
Evaporation current: 50 u2009;
Evaporation voltage :~ 220 V;
Chamber pressure :~ 8 pa x 10).
Thickness of PbI film detected by the film-
Thickness Gauge in chamber, can be controlled by evaporation time.
Process 4: immerse the FTO/TiO/PbI film in the MAI solution in methanol (10u2009mg/ml)
MAPbI is allowed to be formed by the reaction of PbI and MAI.
The color of the film immediately changed from red to red.
Brown to dark brown indicates the production of MAPbI.
When the reaction is over, transfer the device to a pure acetone solution, rinse off the excess MAI, and then hold it for 5 min at 70 °c for drying on the hot plate.
Process 5: HTM-deposited by rotation-
Coated spiral solution-
In a nitrogen atmosphere, the rotation speed is rpm, the rotation speed is 35 m/s, and 25 min is placed in a closed drying box. The spiro-
Preparation of oMeTAD solution by adding 75 mg screw ring-
Month of OMeTAD, 30 u2009 μ L-tert-
N-Ding and 10m Lin (CFSO)
N-1 ml of P. B. Then stir for 1 hour before spinning-coating.
Process 6: over-heat evaporation in the vacuum chamber deposits an Au electrode with a thickness of 100 nm at the top of the HTM (9u2009×u200910u2009Pa).
Use evaporation shielding to define the area of the device and control the active area of each device to 0. 1u2009cm2 (2u2009×u20095u2009mm), 1u2009cm (5u2009×u200920u2009mm), 4u2009cm (20u2009×u200920u2009mm)and 16u2009cm (40u2009×u200940u2009mm).
All grade chemicals are from Sigma-Aldrich.
TiO aims to buy from China new metal company with 5N purity.
MAI was prepared at home using the methods described in the literature.
In a typical process, methyl amine (CHNH)(13.
5ml in aqueous solution, 40wt wt %)
Reaction with hydrogen iodine acid (HI)(15.
Water of 0 mL, 57 wt %)
In the 250 round bottom flask at 0 °c, stir for 2 hours.
Remove the solvent and excess CHNH using a rotary evaporator to obtain the initial MAI powder.
Precipitation is then washed three times with diethyl ether and then dried in a vacuum oven at 60 °c for 12 hours. Non-
The masked equipment was tested under Class a Solar Simulator (ABET Sun 2000)at AM1.
Lighting conditions of 5 and 100 µm/cm calibrated with reference silicon batteries (
, Using jishili 2400 as a source-
Instruments in environmental conditions, without sealing, are used for measuring 1500 voltage points starting at 1 kWh 1. 5u2009V to -1. 5u2009V.
IPCE is measured in AC mode with bias light using IPCE system (
Photovoltaic measurement company)
A computerized device consisting of quantum efficiency of solar cells-Solar-CellScan100. X-
Ray diffraction (XRD)
It\'s in X-
Ray diffraction (D8-
Premier Hotels in Brook, Germany)
Radiation Using Cu Ka1 (l ¼ 1. 5406 A˚)
The step/time is 0. 02/1u2009s.
Surface Morphology and Cross of membrane
The part of the Perovskite solar cell is characterized by the SIRION field-
Emission scanning electron microscope
The local roughness of MAPbI film was characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM;
5500 Agilent Santa Clara, California)
Operate in contact mode.
For the bending test, the cells are bent 300 times (600 times)
On a cylinder with different radius.
In each cycle, the cells are flipped to go through compression and tensile stress and measured every 30 cycles (60u2009times).


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Whitepaper #248 submitted to the Planetary Science and Astrobiology Decadal Survey 2023-2032. Topics: exoplanets; primitive bodies; technology development
Astrophysical measurements outside of 50 AU from the Sun enable transformative science that are impossible to obtain from inner system platforms. We describe a single powerful instrument that could be used to obtain these measurements as well as New Horizons-style flybys of dwarf planets & KBOs, enabling cross-divisional collaboration within NASA.


VMP 6000 Turbulence Profiler
The VMP-6000 is a full ocean-depth profiling system for measurement of turbulence microstructure, CTD, and other oceanographic parameters. The VMP-6000 operates autonomously (without connection to the ship) and records data on the downward portion of the profile. At a programmed depth, the VMP-6000 releases ballast and returns to the surface, where it can be located with the help of RF beacon, strobe, and ARGO positioning transmitter.
- Depth rating 6000 m
- Up to 6 turbulence sensors (shear probes, thermistors, micro conductivity).
- WOCE accuracy CTD.
- High grade accelerometers (3x).
- Internal data acquisition 4 GB solid state disk, LINUX OS.
- Rechargeable battery pack.
- Ballast release mechanism with 5 time redundent release mechanism.
- Geo-electro magnetic current meter for fine-scale shear measurements available.
- RF beacon, ARGO transmitter, and Xenon flasher.


Heat Gun, BATAVIA 380W Dual Temp Mini Hot Air Gun, Handheld Heat Gun for Crafts Embossing Solder Epoxy Resin Shrink Wrapping Vinyl Electronics Phone Repair, Multi-Function Electrical Heat Tool
(as of Oct 01,2022 13:08:35 UTC – Details)
【2-Temp Settings】BATAVIA 380W high-power mini heat gun has 2-temp settings (1: 480°F, 100L/min; 2: 850°F, 200L/min). The body of this heat tool uses high-quality materials and smooth body line design, built-in high-quality motor makes it quickly heat up to 850°F.
【Widely Applicable】This MAXXHEAT heat gun perfect for crafting, soldering electronic components, powder embossing, shrinking wrap, shaping plastic parts, peeling off tapes or sticker, stripping paint etc. Due to its compact design and ease of use, it is suitable for wide range of user.
【Ergonomic Design】This ergonomic designed heat gun with retractable stainless stand makes it convenient for using because you can achieve hands-free operation on many projects. The ventilation holes on both sides of the tail of the heater gun help to dissipate heat in time and effectively.
【ETL-certificated】The BATAVIA handheld mini heat gun passed strict inspections and its ETL-certificated to ensure safety during use. The hot air gun has built-in overheating protection function to protect the safety of users.
【Excellent Brand Service】BATAVIA is committed to providing affordable, innovative products and excellent customer service. If there is any question about the heat gun, please feel free to contact us by email, we will reply asap and provide excellent technical support for you.


Vulcanizing Press with Digital Optical Scanner is offered in a sturdy construction and accurate dimension. The Vulcanizing Press is equipped with automatic temperature control and electrically heated aluminium platen. The Vulcanizing Press is provided with digital optical scanner and Smartpin system with automatic reset. Vulcanizing Press with Digital Optical Scanner requires no hydraulic support or oil for operation.
Vulcanizing Press With Digital Optical Scanner - Indian Products Directory


Calibration of imaging laser-induced fluorescence measurements in highly absorbing flames
- 110 Downloads
It has been described earlier that imaging measurements of laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) in flames can be calibrated to number densities with an integrated absorption measurement provided the integrated absorption is small. In this paper a method is presented that extends the technique to flames with substantial absorption, improves the number density determination and allows the experimental parameters to be chosen more freely. The method is based on an iterative computer procedure that reconstructs the 1-D spatially resolved absorption profile from laser measurements of the 1-D spatially resolved LIF and the integrated absorption of the laser beam. The technique is experimentally demonstrated by measurements of OH number densities in atmospheric flames. It is potentially a single-pulse method. Other applications of the iterative procedure are mentioned.
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Inray’s portable X-ray scanning equipment, suitable for scanning a diversity of different materials, is compatible with a wide variety of production lines. A twelve-meter conveyor belt is also available, for surveying a range of materials. In addition to imaging, we can analyze data and help with any potential conceptual design needs. We have participated in our clients’ development projects in which we have scanned, e.g., poles, logs, waste and agricultural biomasses.
Operating and maintenance services include, for example, scheduled maintenance of measuring instruments, 24/7 support, remote system monitoring, software updates, and measurements relating to radiation safety. Using our operating and maintenance services, the client always has access to diligently maintained equipment and the latest software with which to ensure a long service life and high utility.
Scheduled comparative measurements, samples, lab analyses and reports are all available for assuring quality measurements. These services can be used to verify your results to officials and partners.
More information: Mika Muinonen, +358 50 3509071, email@example.com


|Approximate Coring Device Weight
|MARSSAM Jumbo Piston Core
|3500 – 6000 lbs
Piston cores recover the longest soft sediment cores of any of the equipment MARSSAM provides. The piston core drops at a free fall around a stationary piston that reduces internal friction allowing for longer cores. Jumbo piston cores recover samples of 10.16 cm diameter and up to 30m in length in ideal conditions. The free-fall is triggered by a ~3 m gravity core (“trigger core”) which also provides a 10.16 cm diameter sample of the upper sediment layers.
Marssam also has a smaller piston corer that provides 6.35 cm diameter samples up to 25 m long.