Managing Stress More Effectively
Many family members learn to cope with stress effectively. Below is a list of ideas that have helped others. Review the list and try out the ideas.
Take breaks often
Famous last words" "I can't take a break. People will think I am lazy and that I don't care."
- Realize that most family members don't give themselves enough rest.
- Realize that working harder doesn't necessarily mean accomplishing more. Instead, recognize that taking breaks can help you accomplish more and feel better.
- Avoid the cycle of going beyond your limits, spinning your wheels and becoming frustrated.
- Take several 20-30 minute breaks each day. Take more time if needed.
- If you can't spare 20 minutes, take 10. A short break is better than no break.
- If you are working, make your home a comfortable place by leaving your work behind.
Make a list of what you need to do in the short- and long-term, and set priorities
- Number the items on the list by priority.
- Start with number 1 and work your way down the list, crossing off each accomplished item.
- Regularly review your accomplishments to help you keep a positive perspective.
- Remember that you can only do one, or maybe two, things at a time effectively.
- Remember that "good" things can also be stressful (e.g. planning and having a birthday party, preparing to visit and visiting other family members).
- Don't forget activities related to helping yourself (e.g. getting rest, spending time with other family members) can also be important priorities.
- Learn and recognize the difference between what you "have to" do and what you "want to" do.
Set reasonable goals and expectations
- Learn to recognize what you do best.
- Recognize your limitations. Most relate to being human.
- Avoid letting people pressure you into taking on more than you can handle.
- Recognize what others do best and ask for their help.
- If you keep missing deadlines, be less ambitious.
- Distinguish between what you want and expect and what other people want and expect from you.
- Recognize and avoid harmful feelings like guilt or frustration.
Learn and apply negotiating skills
- Realize that few of your responsibilities are "set in stone" and most people who expect you to do things are willing to negotiate.
- With other family members and co-workers, negotiate timelines and the amount of responsibilities you agree to take on.
- If you are afraid of negotiating, practice by rehearsing "in your head."
- Realize that taking on too much, too soon will cause failure.
- Balance wanting to please with your knowledge of what you must do to succeed.
Learn and use relaxation techniques
- Breathe slowly and deeply.
- Close your eyes and imagine yourself in a relaxing situation.
- Listen to soothing music.
- Take a walk.
- Talk to someone you like.
Tell yourself things that will help
- I'm doing the best that I can.
- I'm a good person. I'm trying.
- If I take my time, I'll do things right.
- Things will work out for the best.
- We've really come a long way since he was hurt.
- I can count on my faith, my friends and family to help me through.
Avoid pushing yourself too hard and putting yourself down
- I've got to do more.
- I've got to try harder.
- I've got to get this done the right way.
- I should have finished a week ago.
- I'm letting everyone down.
- I'll never get another chance.
- I can't believe I'm doing so badly.
Ask for help
- Seek help from people that have offered.
- Recognize that asking for help is better than failing.
- Don't let your pride get in the way.
- Recognize that everyone needs help sometimes.
- Better to ask early on than right before you fail.
Common sense strategies can help you be strong
- Focus on one thing at a time.
- Work on your hardest responsibilities at times when you feel most fresh and rested.
- Have "quiet times" for everyone. Noise can increase stress and reduce productivity.
Have a backup plan
- Failing and not knowing what to do next is a bad situation.
- Anytime you plan something, have a backup plan.
- Recognize your human imperfections. Most people fail sometimes.
- When your first approach doesn't work, go to your backup.
Recognize that life has many challenges
- Brain injury or not, many people struggle to enjoy successful lives.
- Recognize that many of the issues that face you are faced by others.
- Be patient. Everyone finds obstacles on the road to success.
- Recognize that persistence, faith and your good character will help you succeed in time.
Monitor Your Stress
To help identify and better manage stress, you and other family members are encouraged to complete this questionnaire, and compare and discuss answers.
Completing the questionnaire at several points in time will allow you to identify progress and ideas to improve coping.
What are the main sources of stress in my life?
What do I do now that helps me manage stress effectively?
What can I do now that makes it harder to manage stress?
What can I do to better manage stress?
Where should I start to make things better?
Used with permission from "Getting Better and Better After Brain Injury: The survivors guide for living smarter and happier" by Jeffrey S. Kreutzer and Stephanie Kolakowsky-Hayner.
The following articles are reprinted from the newsletter of the Ontario Brain Injury Association with permission.


Learning about “American” ideologies, values, and identities in public schools
By | Yuri Kim
The brilliant Nigerian author Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie reveals “The Danger of a Single Story” in her TED Talk of that name (2009). Adichie argues about how providing a single perspective leads to a narrative that is biased and exclusive. This kind of narrative affects young, impressionable minds that only the dominant White group contributed to America’s development, which then creates a culture of disbelonging. How can all students feel “American,” when historically that meant “White, Eurocentric American”? This is the reality of what US history classes enforce, which also affected me as an Asian American student.
When reflecting on my experience as a high school history student, I realize that whiteness dominated the space. From Eurocentric expectations of behavior to the White male–centered curriculum, the stories always emphasized my feelings of being a “perpetual stranger.” We would rarely hear stories about other racial/ethnic groups, even though many people of color contributed to American history. Students of color, like myself, have difficulty bonding with the content and feel constant alienation from the mainstream narrative of being “American.” We feel like we do not belong here, and we never have.
While trying to preach nationalism, people falsely describe a United States that has always done good things and that minority groups have always struggled and endured conflict. In the main article, Denver area community members argue how “schools can teach students how to understand themselves as individuals with identities that are not fundamentally antagonistic to being an American” (p. 2). Asian American students feel excluded or not “American” when their history is reduced to terrible working conditions for Chinese railroad workers, Japanese internment camps, and “yellow peril.” They grapple with feeling shame and lack of cultural pride for one’s identity when only negative stories are taught. Minority groups should not feel like their contributions to American history have always caused problems and tension.
As a teacher, is essential to provide multiple perspectives and a meaningful, honest history of the United States. With the reality that the “American past is neither deeply explored, nor explicitly connected to the American present” (p. 2), it is the responsibility of teachers to create connections to current events. History does not matter if educators teach about historical events without relating them back to the personal lives of students and present struggles of Americans of color. For example, when discussing territory issues between Mexico and the United States during the Mexican-American War and the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, one must also connect that with the immigration controversy that is occuring at the southern border today. The teacher must discuss how the land once belonged to Mexico (after the Indigenous population) before it was forcefully sold to the United States. By providing this narrative, teachers can encourage the narrative that Mexican immigrants didn’t “invade” this country and that they are just as American as anyone else. Educators need to continuously link the past with the current reality that our students of color face in the outside world today.
Last, but not least, I want to address the expectations of educators to be inclusive and antiracist. Educators cannot just be diverse in their lesson plans, they need to be inclusive for every student to feel “American.” For example, it is not enough to mention the depressing negative histories of minorities; teachers need to offer positive, celebratory moments as well. This will create an environment of culturally responsive teaching and inclusivity as the norm. Then students can feel like there were people who looked like them that contributed to the America we have today. Consistent with the feelings of the Denver Metro–area community members, I believe it is the responsibility of White teachers to believe the racialized experiences of their students, incorporate culturally responsive teaching practices, and dismantle systems of whiteness. Too often, these expectations are put on the shoulders of the few teachers of color within schools. In order for real change to happen, the dominant group needs to intentionally advocate for their students of color by providing multiple perspectives, checking their own bias, and being inclusive of all groups.
It is obvious that I share the same sentiments as the Denver area community members. Being both a student and teacher of color, my experience in America’s educational system is truly reflected in this article. There should be a sense of urgency to reform current practices in our history classes because ultimately it is doing more harm than good. Schools can no longer preach a single story to their students; they need to address the complete history of the United States, with all the atrocities and minority contributions. Then students can feel a sense of belonging and solidify their place as an American. Once these changes occur, students can truly believe and reinforce American ideals of “equality for all.”
Adichie, C. N. (2009). The danger of a single story [Video]. TEDGlobal. https://www.ted.com/talks/chimamanda_ngozi_adichie_the_danger_of_a_single_story?language=en
- Social Studies Teacher at Overland High School (Aurora, CO)
- Racial Equity Leader for Students Organized Against Racism (S.O.A.R.)
- Korean- American community member


It is a very common dental procedure, almost all dentists say that is completely safe, despite the fact that scientists warn of high risk of the same procedure more than 100 years.
In the United States, more than 40 000 procedures per day are performed on patients. And every patient thinks that the procedure is safe and will permanently solve their problem.
This procedure is called nerve extraction of the tooth and every dentist approaches to this intervention in order to “save” the tooth from extraction.
Simply put, the root tooth is cleaned and sealed.
Although the tooth is “dead”, that kind of root can actually become incubator of highly toxic anaerobic bacteria. Those bacteria which does not need oxygen to survive, which under certain conditions can find the way to the cardiovascular system and cause a whole range of chronic diseases.
Most dentists ignored the results of recent researches that warn from potential risks of removing the root.
The most concerning fact is the possible link between cancer and this dental procedures. The fact that 97 percent of patients in the terminal, final stages of cancer had this dental intervention is frightening. And apparently, in most cases, the cancer appeared to the side of the body where the tooth nerves were extracted.
The authors of these researches believe that a better solution is extraction of the tooth than just nerve extraction.


Through our curriculum we wish to provide the children with an education that equips them to be able to think computationally. Through their time at St. Francis they should consistently add to their knowledge-base which will be rooted in computer science. Underpinning all the computing work we do will be the message of how we stay safe in the ever-changing digital world. Through this combination of skills we hope for the children to leave digitally literate - ready and able to make their mark in their future workplace.
In EYFS, Barefoot Computing resources are used to embed an early understanding of Computational Thinking. From KS1 onwards, teachers use Purple Mash resources to teach Computing in discrete sessions. At the beginning of each school year, Online Safety is the focus of Computing lessons. However, teachers use the Educated for a Connected World programme to ensure that we weave online safety learning throughout both the Computing and wider curriculums.
For information relating to Online Safety (online safety policy and Educating in a Connected World Objectives - please click here.
For online information aimed at parents/carers - please click here.
For online information aimed at children - please click here.


The heir of KingRómendacil I, who succeeded to the throne of Gondor after the violent death of his father at the hands of the Easterlings. Turambar sought vengeance for his father's death, and succeeded brilliantly. We are told that he not only avenged the loss of Rómendacil, but carried his conquests into the lands of the Easterlings themselves, winning much new territory for his Kingdom.
Because of his father's untimely loss, Turambar came early to Gondor's throne. His rule lasted more than a century, longer by far than any preceding Gondorian monarch since Meneldil.
Turambar ruled Gondor for one hundred and twenty-six years, and was succeeded by his son, who became Atanatar I.
The date of Turambar's birth appears only in The History of Middle-earth volume 12, The Peoples of Middle-earth. It cannot therefore be considered completely reliable.


The history of borderline
Borderline is one of the most incomprehensible concepts in the practice of medicine or psychiatry. The word arised decennia ago when psychiatrist used the term to indicated diseases where they didn't know the cause of.
What is borderline?
Borderline is a diagnose that isn't regarded as a diagnose in most of the diagnostic manuals. The official diagnose, that is the closest to borderline, is post traumatic stress disorder, also known as PTSD.
Borderline and post traumatic stress disorder
A post traumatic disorder arises because people experienced an intens and negative, soms life-threatening experience. Examples are: rape, incest, car accident, war-related trauma, a robbery or a heavy fire.
How does a trauma causes borderline?
During a trauma, there's a extreme peak of the stress hormone in our blood. This stress hormone fixates or changes memories of the traumatic moment so hard that we cannot forget the painfull memories. The traumatic event flashes before your eyes whether it is an appropriate moment or not. This happens in the shape of nightmares, flashbacks or incontrable emotional reactions when it's triggered.The consequence of this is that we do things we don't want to. These things have a reverse effect on our environment.
How stress sabotaged a borderline patient
A young women had a consultation in my practise. She was in love with a boy, who she wanted to live with. She had a nice boyfriend, but everytime he came close, something weird happened. She got scared and pushed him away, the boy got confused over her intentions and thought she didn't want him.
Treating borderline by declining underlying stress
When I heard this story, I thought that something probably triggered her memory. Indeed, her boyfriend had, without knowing, the same tone of voice as someone who harassed her sexually when she was little. She wasn't aware of this memory until we talked about it.
Borderline and the online self-helpprogram
I explained to her how she could deal with this. The first step is to decline the underlying stress and anxiety. The goal of this was to make her less sensitive for the stimuli. She did that using the online self-helpprogram 15Minutes4Me. After 3 weeks she noticed that she was less sensitive and that she had more and more good moments where she had control over herself.
Treat borderline by communicating about it
The second intervention we discussed, was that she talked to her boyfriend about her reaction and explain to him that it had nothing to do with him. Her boyfriend was very understanding and wanted to support her to overcome this. In the following months she didn't show these unexplainable reactions as much as before and if it happened, they could talk about it. Slowly the symptoms of borderline dissapeared. A year later I got a card... with the announcment of their marriage.
Online self-test for stress with borderline
The symptoms of borderline, also as PTSD, dissapear if you resolve the underlying stress. Do you want to know if you have stress? Do the free selftest.
Dr. Paul Koeck


Holistic dentistry and the fluoride free movement have seen another big win in the battle to keep Americans safe from treated tap water. The victory is celebrated by residents of Bucks County, Pennsylvania, and full coverage can be found on the Fluoride Action Network. On July 1st, the County announced they would no longer be purchasing fluoridated water from the city of Philadelphia. Instead, the County will get water from a new source that does not add fluoride to it.
Throughout 2013, the movement toward fluoride free drinking water gained unprecedented momentum and media attention. This most recent victory in Bucks County, PA, shows the momentum is still alive and well, which is great news for everyone who understands just how harmful fluoridated water can be to the body. Infants are particularly susceptible to the side effects of fluoride toxicity, especially when fed formula prepared with fluoridated tap water. During preparation, water evaporates and fluoride concentration increases, delivering high doses of the dangerous mineral to infants’ delicate and still-developing nervous system.
Fluoride Causes ‘Chemical Brain Drain.’ If you are still uncertain about the danger of fluoride, look no further than this Harvard School of Public Health study titled “Impact of Fluoride on Neurological Development in Children.” Philippe Grandjean, adjunct professor of environmental health, summarizes the report in a concise and alarming fashion:
“Fluoride seems to fit in with lead, mercury, and other poisons that cause chemical brain drain,” he reports.
Fluoride Free Dentistry
You do not have to accept fluoride exposure. At Assure A Smile, we believe in providing a holistic approach to dentistry that minimizes exposure to known toxins. This “biocompatible” approach puts patients first, protecting them from the mental, emotional, and physical harm caused by toxins like fluoride.
Schedule an appointment online, or call our office directly at 305-274-0047 to learn more about our holistic approach to creating healthy teeth and gums for life.


The 2020 redistricting round will exhibit a marked change in public access from previous decades, both in terms of the existence and proliferation of public hearings and in terms of technology to facilitate public input for suggested maps.
Maptitude Online Redistricting (MORe) was developed so that the public can view, create, and submit fair congressional plans and fair state legislative plans. A few examples of how MORe has been used:
The advances in redistricting technology have led to an unprecedented demand for online public and educational public access to Maptitude for Redistricting. State and local governments have initiated public online redistricting sites such as in Idaho and powered by Maptitude Online redistricting.
Idaho Redistricting: The Idaho Legislative Services Office, the non-partisan staff for the 2011 Idaho Redistricting Commission, used Maptitude Online for Redistricting, the online version of the software the Commission used to redraw the congressional and legislative district boundaries.
"The State of Idaho is proud of its history of providing unequaled public access to its political redistricting process, for which it received a national award after the 2001 redistricting cycle. We hope to encourage active participation by the public in the redistricting process by providing this online software that can be used by anyone with a computer and internet connection."
The public was invited to begin using the Maptitude program to draw redistricting maps to submit to the Commission.
Minnesota Redistricting: As the 2001 Minnesota legislative session got underway, each chamber formed redistricting-related committees. As redistricting bills were introduced during the 2001 Minnesota legislative session, maps of the proposed districts were made available on the Legislature's Subcommittee on Geographic Information Systems (GIS) website (which is now known as the Legislative Coordinating Commission's Geospatial Information Office).
Maptitude was the web-based software chosen to generate the various redistricting proposals of legislative staff, Governor's staff, and many local governments. Data provided by the U.S. Census Bureau from the 2000 Census included more detailed race and ethnicity categories than previous censuses, and also reported people listing multiple ethnicities. As described in the report, Use of Racial Data in Redistricting, this data was used by the Legislature's GIS office so that all 504 categories of racial and ethnic data were taken into consideration.
A Senate Counsel report, Public Access to Redistricting Data in Minnesota, details Minnesota's open records law and how the Minnesota Legislature made redistricting data available to the public. Additional descriptions of the Legislature's redistricting computer systems is detailed in the Minnesota Redistricting System Profile.


This helps a person to excel in his field of interest. A very common and widely used example of social media would be web sites for social networking and microblogging. For example Game lover can join games related communities, car lover can join communities related to cars and so on. With it being a controlled environment you are able to look for people that have similar interests to see if you can mesh with to become friends. Business owners and other types of professional organizations can connect with current customers, sell their products and expand their reach using social media. According to Prasad et al. General Study Research Proposal Web 2.
A number of talented artists have been discovered through social networking sites. A site like could serve as an opportunistic launching pad for a new business owner, or it could be an inescapable source of negative peer pressure for a young teen. Social media sites such as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and YouTube have the attention of millions of users. You have to admit that social networking is just plain fun sometimes. Even though there is some risk, the benefits can outweigh those risks; you just need the for how it will be used. These instructors maintain that tools like Facebook and Twitter divert students' attention away from what's happening in class and are ultimately disruptive to the learning process. This can damage the reputation of the educational institution and likely one of the reasons that many educational institutions have not embraced social media.
In other words, when you have privet information to share with an audience, it can spread all around the world like brush fire. This is only one example of many that appear on the social media everyday. Even a student can contact other students from other countries who study their same career or study, and share impressions and experiences. This is one of the main reasons that social media in education should be a supplement to your educational activities and not the only method of instructional delivery. However, some believe that there are positive effects. The basic necessity for a human being can be fulfilled by the education.
I also discuss Photography and other topics that interests me. Similarly, people of different communities can connect to discuss and share related stuffs. Web sites such as Facebook, Twitter, and LinkedIn provide a platform where users can dialog, exchange ideas, and find answers to questions. It is very easy to educate from others who are experts and professionals via the social media. This allows the whole class to have access to the feedback from the teacher. Teachers should take responsibility to educate their students about the security and privacy issues of posting person information online. Social media helps to establish enduring relationships with real people.
It is not always safe but, as usual, there are two sides to every coin. I started blogging in 2009 and so far I am enjoying it. And if social networking is getting you down, take a break. A teachers experience with the technology is beneficial with allowing them to shape their perception on it, as they becoming more confident when using different Web 2. Whether it's a question of social sites owning your content after it's posted, becoming a target after , or even getting in trouble at work after tweeting something inappropriate — sharing too much with the public can open up all sorts of problems that sometimes can't ever be undone. Social media are also instrumental in developing the teaching techniques used by teachers.
Not surprisingly, they're already using YouTube, Facebook, and Twitter as tools for learning and collaboration. This can be decreased by constantly and regularly involving on the social media to connect with the right audience. One reason for inaccuracy may be that bits and pieces were taken out of a particular story so it could be broadcasted in less time leaving the viewer or listener to fill in the missing pieces using their own assumptions. It is evident that education depends on social media. Sedentary lifestyle habits and sleep disruption. For one, many employees lack in performing job duties by contributing company time to social media sites.
The Cons of Social Networking 1. It is very easy to get carried away with the attention and interactions you can have twenty four hours a day on websites like Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram, but what are the pros and cons that these social networking sites are having on our society? Social media helps keep parents, teachers and students all on the same page It is very useful for teachers to be able to post on social media sites about class activities, homework assignments and even school events. For people struggling to fit in with their peers — especially teens and young adults — the pressure to do certain things or act a certain way can be even worse on social media than it is at school or any other offline setting. Despite these benefits, social media applicability in education has suffered a lot of criticism. Teachers use Twitter appropriately to enhance respond discussions after class. With persistent use of the Internet, the results are less tenacity, less patience, poor critical thinking skills and impulsivity.
Bringing every kind of social group together in one place and letting them interact is really a big thing indeed. Education helps the people to gain more confidence and helps interaction among others easily. Specially Facebook and Twitter have grown much faster and captured millions of users in just a few years. This is mostly because it really is for the people. Students will not be bound by the walls of the classroom; instead they will use the Internet productively in order to interact with other students in group discussions. The main difference between a wiki and a blog is that a blog has only one author Ziegler, 2007. The adoption of social media tools to conduct business activities is on the rise and the use of these tools and technologies poses significant challenges for records.
Main Findings Rebranding and Increased followership Procter and Gambles Old launched their old spice campaign Smell Like a Man, Man during the Super Bowl ad in February 2010 by a leading ad agency Weiden and Kennedy, introducing the character and the use of social media supported the growth of their brand by tweeting a simple message to the old spice Facebook and twitter page. Although it is true that the longer one uses the Internet, the more the students develop the skills of skimming and scanning, it is also a proven fact that this degrades the concentration spans of individual students. Information Spreads Incredibly Fast Breaking news and other important information can spread like wildfire on social media sites. The Media includes many kinds of communication businesses, such as social Media, magazine, the press, advertising, photography, broadcasting, film and so on. Social peer pressure and cyber bullying.
This will shock you by showing how bad your health can be affected by the use of the social media. There are actually lots of entrepreneurs and businesses out there that thrive almost entirely on social networks and wouldn't even be able to operate without it. Wikis are also used as interactive platforms by education systems across the world; their maintenance is conducted by collaborative efforts of site visitors. Share resources quickly when using social media in the classroom If the teacher needs to direct students to a particular online resource they can easily share the site through social media sites like twitter. This is a problem throughout society and not just limited to education.


English has borrowed lots of words from other languages. This usually happens when there wasn’t already a word for it in English. Some examples of English words that are not really English are: iceberg, algebra, ski and ghoul.
Once upon a time oranges were called noranges. Over time, the ‘n’ sound moved from the beginning of the word ‘orange’ and attached itself to the end of the word ‘a’, so a norange became an orange. The posh word for this happening is metanalysis and the evidence is in the Spanish word for orange (naranja). Other words this has happened to are apron and adder. Sometimes it happens the other way round to with the ‘n’ moving from the end of ‘an’ to the start of the next word. Eg ‘a nickname’ used to be ‘an ekename’.


The growing articulation between culture and tourism was stimulated by a number of factors. Increased interest in culture, particularly as a source of identity and differentiation in the face of globalization worked as a motivation.
What are the factors of cultural tourism?
The analysis identifies the main determinants that influence the length of stay of cultural tourists: nationality, age, employment, income, costs associated with the journey – all have an impact on the length of stay. Specifically, variations in these factors correspond to variations in the duration of the vacation.
What is the connection between culture and tourism?
Culture is increasingly an important element of the tourism product, which also creates distinctiveness in a crowded global marketplace. At the same time, tourism provides an important means of enhancing culture and creating income which can support and strengthen cultural heritage, cultural production and creativity.
How does culture affect tourism?
Cultural tourism is one of the largest and fastest-growing global tourism markets. Culture and creative industries are increasingly being used to promote destinations and enhance their competitiveness and attractiveness.
What are cultural factors tourism appeal?
Cultural Factors with Tourist Appeal In tourism, there are cultural factors that appeal greatly to tourists. These are art, music and dance, handicraft, industry and business, agriculture, education, literature and language, science, government, religion, food and drink, and history.
What is culture factors?
1. Encompasses the set of beliefs, moral values, traditions, language, and laws (or rules of behavior) held in common by a nation, a community, or other defined group of people.
What are the 3 benefits of cultural tourism?
Social Benefits of Cultural and Heritage Tourism
- Helps build social capital.
- Promotes preservation of local traditions, customs and culture. …
- Promotes positive behaviour.
- Helps improve the community’s image and pride.
- Promotes community beautification.
What is the relationship between cultural and environmental travel in the tourism impact?
Essay On Importance Of Tourism
Transportation is an integral part of tourism. There are different modes of transportation is available like rail, road, ship and airline.
How does tourism and hospitality helps in cultural enrichment?
Cultural enrichment in tourism is desired as it helps a traveler to know about the country in many ways. Cultural enrichment gives information about the lifestyle, food, clothing of the people and this would enable a traveler to know about the destination.
Do cultural differences contribute positively or negatively to the tourism industry?
Cultural variety and diversity can be an attraction for tourists, therefore it may be beneficial to a country’s tourism competitiveness, although heterogeneity may also create difficulties of understanding, less willingness to cooperate and mistrust.
What are the 5 factors of culture?
The major elements of culture are material culture, language, aesthetics, education, religion, attitudes and values and social organisation.
Social and cultural impacts of tourism are the ways in which tourism is contributing to changes in value systems, individual behaviour, family relationships, collective life styles, moral conduct, creative e expressions, traditional ceremonies and community organization.
What is the importance of cultural diversity in tourism?
Improved customer service: Through effectively managing diversity organisations may well improve their customer service. By developing employees abilities to communicate across cultures and understand the characteristics of a diverse customer base, organisations gain a competitive advantage over those who do not.
What are the basic travel motivators?
The basic travel motivations can be divided into four classes: the physical motivators, the cultural motivators, the interpersonal motivators,and the status and prestige motivators. … A study of these motivations shows that they fit into Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory.
What type of visitor does the destination appeal?
Destinations are often geared towards one type of tourism; for example a beach resort will appeal mainly to leisure tourists, whereas a purpose-built conference resort will appeal mainly to business tourists.
What is direct and indirect components of tourism network?
Direct elements of the Tourism Industry are those areas of the tourism industry which come into direct contact with tourists Sales, Accommodation, Transport, Activities, Attractions, and Ancillary Services. Indirect elements of the Tourism Industry are often called support sectors.


Curriculum Tags: All
After years of using algebra tiles, only very recently had I stumbled upon the fact that you could complete the square using algebra tiles. This stemmed from looking at the expectation from grade 10 academic course on completing the square: "by completing the square in situations involving no fractions, using a variety of tools". It was the "variety of tools" bit that caught my eye. Up until then I had not really known of any other method other than algebraically. But a quick search on the Interwebs came up with a host of videos on how to do it. And more recently the M^3 blog had a post on it so I guess that is a sign to put something here.
Curriculum Tags: MPM2D, MCR3U, MCF3M
Have you ever had a hard drive crash? Do you need a great context to refer to when dealing with cumulative probability? How about data from the failure rates of 25,000 hard drives. That is what Backblaze has published and is a great set of info. Among other stats, 22% of drives fail in the first four years of life. That is a 1 in 4 chance of failure. Excuse me but I think I need to go make a backup of my drive.
What is a radian? Good questions. Take a look at the Continuous Everywhere blog to see how that discussion went in class. I like that he had a link to both the online Geogebra applet and a video on how it works.
Curriculum Tags: MHF4U
Also from Continuous Everywhere is a Trig War activity complete with worksheets to make the cards. Because the activity uses both radians and degrees it would be suitable for MHF4U but if you just use the degree cards you could easily use it with MCR3U or MCF3M
Curriculum Tags: MCF3M, MCR3U, MHF4U
I like to talk about knowing if a number is big in Data Management but you can also talk about big numbers in grade 7 number sense. I like this activity for getting a sense of millions, billions and trillions from the Let's Play Math blog.
Curriculum Tags: Gr7, MDM4U


As TN Farm Crisis Grows, Record National Harvest Predicted
Tamil Nadu farmers during a hunger strike in New Delhi. In the midst of an agrarian turmoil in a state that produced 5.6% of India's rice in 2014-15, the agriculture ministry has predicted a record national harvest.
As the impact of the worst northeast monsoon in 140 years unfolds across Tamil Nadu, farmers sowed a third less land than they did in 2015-16, water levels in six major reservoirs continued to plunge, and suicides in the farm sector increased over five years.
The agriculture ministry's third advance estimate forecast India's foodgrain production to be the highest ever, increasing by about 9% to 273.4 million tonne in the crop year 2016-17 ending June from 251.57 mt in 2015-16.
Tamil Nadu has reported 29% year-on-year drop in overall crop sowing till February 2, 2017, according to the latest situation report from the agriculture ministry.
The retreating northeast monsoon—usually unnoticed in India owing to the singular importance of the larger southwest monsoon—in 2016 was the worst ever over the last 140 years, according to Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) records, since 1876, as IndiaSpend reported in January 2017. Record-keeping began in 1871, but a worse northeast monsoon, which sweeps across Tamil Nadu, coastal Andhra Pradesh, south interior Karnataka and Kerala, between October and December, was recorded in 1876, making 2016 the year of the second-worst monsoon in 145 years.
Source: Department of Agriculture Cooperation & Farmers Welfare; Data as of February 2, 2017
Water levels in three of six major Tamil Nadu reservoirs monitored by Central Water Commission dropped 25-70% between January 5 and May 11, 2017, according to the commission data, even as the average across the six reservoirs was 82% less than normal for the week ending May 11, 2017. There are no official data on what percentage of Tamil Nadu farms are irrigated using water from the state's 78 reservoirs.
As the drought--officially declared as such on January 10, 2017--rolls on, the state government has told the Supreme Court it is not linked to suicides by farmers, a contention disputed by a representative of farmers in New Delhi, where a protest is drawing international attention, as protesters display what they say are the skulls of dead farmers.
Farm suicides not because of drought: State government
The Tamil Nadu government’s claim that only 82 farmers have committed suicide since October 2016 is wrong, P Ayyakannu--one of the representatives of Tamil Nadu farmers in Delhi and Tamil Nadu president of Desiya-Thennindhiya Nathigal Inaippu Vivasayigal Sangam (National-South Indian Rivers Interlinking Farmers Association)--told IndiaSpend.
He claimed that over 400 farmers had killed themselves because of reasons attributable to the drought and police reports about these suicides had been filed. IndiaSpend could not independently verify this claim.
As many as 106 farmers died in January 2017 alone, according to Tamil media reports, following which the National Human Rights Commission issued a notice to the state government, asking for a detailed report about the steps proposed to be taken by the state government.
Suicides in the farm sector in Tamil Nadu--including landless farmers and agricultural labourers--increased 12% between 2010 and 2015, according to the latest available data from the National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB).
The police wrongly register many suicides related to drought or crop loss as those due to family problems, old age and other reasons, Ayyakannu told IndiaSpend. Besides, NCRB’s new classification of farm-related suicides under two categories–farmers and agricultural labourers--has also led to an apparent drop in farmer suicides over six years to 2014, as IndiaSpend reported in July 2015.
Source: Accidental Deaths & Suicides in India reports 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 & 2015Note: Farm sector includes those who till their own land or someone else's as well as agricultural labourers. For the years 2010-13, figures are those reporting farming/agriculture under self-employment.
The Supreme Court, in a hearing on May 8, 2017, refused to intervene in the matter of compensation to the families of farmers who died in the wake of drought following the state’s worst monsoon in 140 years, the farmers’ counsel, N Rajaraman, told IndiaSpend.
Ayyakannu has challenged the state government’s submission to the Supreme Court that farmer suicides were not because of drought. The Supreme Court bench, comprising Justices Dipak Misra and AM Khanwilkar, on being informed that 20 cases of farmer suicides in the past year or so have been reported to district collectors, advised Rajaraman to bring those to the notice of the high court instead of the Supreme Court.
The Supreme Court had said on May 3, 2017, that it was interested in the structural aspects of minimum support prices and mandis (local markets). The Supreme Court seemed reluctant to get involved in the more pressing issue of compensation, Rajaraman told IndiaSpend.
S Panneerselvam, Professor and Head, Agro Climate Research Centre, Tamil Nadu Agriculture University, Coimbatore, told IndiaSpend that they would be issuing an advisory based on the first forecast in April 2017 by the India Meteorological Department of the southwest monsoon as normal. The forecast will be updated in June.
(Vivek is an analyst with IndiaSpend.)
We welcome feedback. Please write to email@example.com. We reserve the right to edit responses for language and grammar.
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What is Iodine?
Iodine was derived from the Greek word iodes , meaning “violet color” seen in its fumes and was the first nutrient to be recognized as essential for humans and animals. As early as 3000 BC, the Chinese treated goiter with seaweed or sponge. Later, Hippocrates used the same treatment for enlarged thyroid glands.
For many years, getting enough iodine in the diet naturally was difficult in many geographic regions and remains so for an unfortunately high percentage of the world’s population in the developing nations. With the introduction of iodized salt, meeting the daily iodine requirement became nearly effortless and inexpensive in the industrialized nations. In these nations, iodine deficiency is now rare. As developing nations are able to make the shift to iodized salt, their rates of iodine deficiency and the diseases associated with it have also begun to decrease.
Uses and Benefits of Iodine
- Iodine is essential in maintaining the function of the thyroid and parathyroid glands in the human body.
- It is also essential to the production of thyroxine and for the prevention of goiter.
- Iodine improves mental alacrity and promotes healthy hair, nails, skin, and teeth.
- Iodine also promotes general growth and development within the body as well as aiding in metabolism. Iodine, because of it’s role in the metabolism also helps to burn off excess fat.
Recommended Dosage of Iodine
The Recommended Daily Allowance for iodine are :-
- Adults – 150 mcg.
- Children – 70 to 90 mcg.
Deficiency Symptoms of Iodine
Some of the common deficiency symptoms of iodine are :-
- Hair loss.
- If pregnant women are deficient in iodine it may cause cretinism, a form of mental retardation of the fetus.
Rich Food Sources of Iodine
Foods that are high in iodine include dairy products (from cattle fed iodine-supplemented feed and salt licks), iodized salt, seafood, saltwater fish, and kelp. It may also be found in asparagus, dulse, garlic,lima beans, mushrooms, sea salt (which provides nature’s own balance of minerals), sesame seeds, soybeans, spinach, summer squash, Swiss chard, and turnip greens.


Reduction of CO2 Emission
Reduce CO2 emissions in manufacturing and power generation through CO2 separation and capture and improved productivity
We contribute to CO2 circulation with a wide range of measurement and analysis technologies from production processes to materials, including gas monitoring for CO2 separation and capture at CCUS, analysis/evaluation of catalysts and materials for the production of chemicals/fuels from CO2.
To achieve carbon neutrality, it is essential to effectively utilize CO2 (carbon dioxide), one of the greenhouse gases, as a resource, in parallel with the utilization of hydrogen.
Currently, the R&D and initiatives in carbon recycling technologies that actively utilize CO2, such as CO2 capture, utilization, and storage technologies called CCUS (Carbon Dioxide Capture, Utilization and Storage) and chemical/thermal recycling technologies for waste plastics are progressing widely. Additionally, energy management technologies are being developed to visualize and optimize the energy used in carbon recycling.
The establishment and utilization of these technologies will lead to the reduction of CO2 emissions through energy saving and the use of renewable energy, as well as the reuse and removal of CO2, i.e., realization of the 4Rs of carbon circulation - Reduce, Remove, Reuse and Recycle.
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When we began our study, we assumed that resilience was rare and resilient people were somehow special, perhaps genetically gifted. It turns out, we were wrong. Resilience is common and can be witnessed all around us. Even better, we learned that everyone can learn and train to be more resilient. The key involves knowing how to harness stress and use it to our advantage. After all, stress is necessary for growth. Without it the mind and body weaken and atrophy. Steven M. Southwick, psychiatrist, in The Huffington Post
Trauma experts Steven M. Southwick and Dr. Dennis S. Charney, a professor of psychiatry and neuroscience, are the brains behind this year’s Resilience: The Science of Mastering Life’s Greatest Challenges. In other words: how to bend, not break.
The authors conducted their own research, studied important research from the last couple decades, and interviewed many survivors of severe trauma. From this work they came up with 10 factors that help people recover most effectively:
- Core value system
- Positive role models
- Social support
- Physical fitness
- Cognitive strength
- Facing fears
- Finding meaning in struggles
Southwick states in USA Weekend that a couple of these—social support and optimism—are particularly powerful.
In an interview in Time, Southwick says of the former: “It looks like social isolation has as powerful an effect on longevity as smoking and [heavy drinking] and lack of exercise. It’s very bad for you. There’s lots of neat connections between social connectedness and ability to handle stress.”
And of the latter, states Charney: “It’s important to note that it’s realistic optimism we’re talking about. You need to have a very clear eyed view of the challenges you’re facing.”
(On the opposite end of the spectrum, an example of realistic pessimism? Jim Gaffigan, comedian: “If there was an award for most pessimistic, I probably wouldn’t even be nominated.”)
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200 species in nine genera are found from tropical Africa to the Pacific region. Eight genera are found in Australia.
Furanocoumarins have been isolated from this family (Hegnauer 1971).
- Bursaria spinosa Cav.
- (syns Cyrilla spinosaSpreng., Itea spinosa Andrews)
- Australian Blackthorn, Australian Boxthorn, Christmas Bush, Prickly Box, Sweet Bursaria
A man developed squamous carcinoma of the skin of the forehead at the site of a boxthorn prickle puncture injury. Tetanus followed a penetrating wound by a boxthorn prickle (Cleland 1925). Boxthorn is also a common name for Buxus.
The Australian boxthorn mentioned by Cleland (1925) is probably Bursaria spinosa (Woods and Calnan 1976).
- Pittosporum eugenioides A.Cunn.
- (syns Pittosporum elegans Raoul, Pittosporum enkianthoides R.Cunn. & Hügel in Putt., Pittosporum microcarpum Putt.)
- Hedge Laurel, Lemon Wood
The wood is said to have produced dermatitis (Schwartz et al. 1957).
- Pittosporum phillyraeoides DC.
- (syns Pittosporum acacioides A.Cunn., Pittosporum longifolium Putt., Pittosporum roeanum Putt.)
- Cheesewood, Weeping Pittosporum, Willow
Gardner & Bennetts (1956), citing Webb (1948a), noted that a decoction from this tree drunk and applied for pruritus and eczema has been used in Queensland.
- Cleland, J.B. (1925) Plants including fungi, poisonous or otherwise injurious to man in Australia. (Series II) Med. J. Australia 2: 443.
- Gardner CA and Bennetts HW (1956) The Toxic Plants of Western Australia. Perth: West Australian Newspapers
- Hegnauer, R. (1971) Chemical patterns and relationships of Umbelliferae. In: The Biology and Chemistry of the Umbelliferae ed. Heywood, V.H. Bot. J. Linnaean Soc. 64(Suppl): 267-277.
- Schwartz, L., Tulipan, L. and Birmingham, D.J. (1957) Occupational Diseases of the Skin. 3rd edn. Philadelphia Lea and Febiger. pp. 637-672.
- Webb LJ (1948a) Guide to medicinal and poisonous plants of Queensland. Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation. Bulletin 232
- Woods B and Calnan CD (1976) Toxic woods. British Journal of Dermatology 95(Suppl. 13): 1-97. They cite Cleland (1914) but probably refer to Cleland (1925).


1. DON’T EXPECT OTHER DRIVERS TO FOLLOW THE RULES OF THE ROAD
2. DRIVE AT THE CORRECT SPEED FOR THE CONDITIONS
3. ALWAYS USE SAFETY RESTRAINTS PROPERLY
Adults and older children should always wear seatbelts. Younger children and babies should be properly secured in appropriate child safety seats.
4. USE SIGNALS WHEN TURNING OR CHANGING LANES
Always use your signals when turning and changing lanes, but don’t expect others to be so careful. Keep a lookout for cars that seem like they might be turning or changing lanes, even though they have not put on their signal. For example, if you see somebody speeding up and looking to the right, they may be looking to change lanes.
5. KEEP A SAFE DISTANCE FROM CARS IN FRONT OF YOU
Follow the “3-second rule,” which states you should be far enough away from the car in front of you that you have a full 3 seconds to stop if necessary. At highway speeds, this means that you should allow about 3 car length. In icy conditions, this should be doubled.
6. WATCH FOR BLIND SPOTS
Always be aware of your blind spots, and when you may be in another driver’s blind spot.
7. BE PREPARED FOR THE WEATHER
If snow is expected, make sure your car has “snow tires” or all-weather tires. Never use your cruise control in snowy weather.
8. USE YOUR HEADLIGHTS CORRECTLY
Only use high beams on unlighted roads, and be sure to turn them down when oncoming traffic approaches. Use your headlights when visibility is poor such as in stormy weather or on winding roads.
9. HANDLE TAILGATERS APPROPRIATELY
Increase your speed to add distance between the vehicles, and as soon as possible, move to the right and let the tailgater pass. Say no to “road rage.”
10. SEE THE WHOLE ROAD
Scan road conditions way ahead of you so you can be prepared. Look to slowing traffic, intersections, construction, closed lanes, merges, and erratic driving.
10 DEFENSIVE DRIVING TIPS
Using the 10 defensive driving tips in this article will help you avoid accidents. Mature drivers often forget the 10 defensive driving tips they learned when they got their license. Make sure to pass along these 10 defensive driving tips to everybody you care about. It saves lives.


Hyperglycemia contributes to the pathogenesis of neuropathy in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Other metabolic and vascular factors, particularly hypertriglyceridemia, are important.
The clinical presentation comprises a broad constellation of symptoms and deficits, involving sensory, motor, and autonomic nerve fibers, and multiple organ systems.
Diabetic peripheral neuropathy is the most common chronic complication of diabetes, characterized by the presence of peripheral nerve dysfunction, diagnosed after the exclusion of other causes. Pain is the outstanding complaint in most patients, but many patients are completely asymptomatic.
Treatment has traditionally focused on control of hyperglycemia as a means of slowing progression or delaying onset, on targeting potential pathogenetic mechanisms, and on pain reduction.
Although pain is generated principally by peripheral nerve injury, there is recent evidence that the central nervous system may play a significant role in the disinhibition and amplification of pain. Indeed, the most effective drugs in treating painful diabetic neuropathy are centrally acting. Pregabalin (a voltage-gated calcium channel modulator), duloxetine (a selective dual serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor), and tapentadol (an agonist of the mu-opioid receptor and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor) are the only prescription drugs currently approved for treating painful diabetic neuropathy in some countries.
Diabetic neuropathy (DN) is a highly prevalent complication of diabetes (type 1 or type 2) and is characterized by the presence of symptoms and/or signs of peripheral nerve dysfunction and/or autonomic nerve dysfunction. It is diagnosed after the exclusion of other causes. Frequently, however, people with DN are asymptomatic.
History and exam
- pain (peripheral)
- loss of sensation (peripheral)
- dysesthesia (peripheral)
- reduced or absent ankle reflexes (peripheral)
- painless injuries (peripheral)
- resting tachycardia (autonomic)
- impaired heart rate variability (autonomic)
- urinary frequency, urgency, nocturia, incontinence, hesitancy, weak stream, or retention (autonomic)
- erectile dysfunction (autonomic)
- decreased sexual desire and increased pain during intercourse (autonomic)
- orthostatic hypotension (autonomic)
- constipation (autonomic)
- fecal incontinence (autonomic)
- anhidrosis, heat intolerance, dry skin, or hyperhidrosis (autonomic)
- hypoglycemia unawareness (autonomic)
- weakness (peripheral)
- history of recent falls (peripheral)
- gait ataxia (peripheral)
- nausea, postprandial vomiting, bloating, loss of appetite, early satiety (autonomic)
- heartburn and dysphagia for solids (autonomic)
- profuse and watery diarrhea (autonomic)
- specific mononeuropathy (peripheral)
- cranial neuropathy (peripheral)
- pain over lower thoracic or abdominal wall (peripheral)
- thigh muscle atrophy, pain, and weakness (peripheral)
- clinical diagnosis
- fasting blood glucose
- serum thyroid-stimulating hormone
- serum vitamin B12
- electrolytes, BUN, creatinine
- serum lipid profile
- CBC and erythrocyte sedimentation rate
- serum/urine immunoelectrophoresis
- corneal confocal microscopy
- oral glucose tolerance test
- nerve conduction studies (nerve conduction velocity [NCV])
- electromyography (EMG)
- quantitative sensory testing (QST)
- skin biopsy
- cardiovascular reflex testing
- heart rate variability (HRV)
- gastric emptying studies
- surface electrogastrography
- barium meal
- gastrointestinal manometry
- hydrogen breath tests
- gastric ultrasonography
- gastric MRI
- anorectal manometry
- fecal fat
- d-xylose test
- urine culture
- cystometry, voiding cystometrogram
- postvoid urinary tract ultrasound
- measurement of nocturnal penile tumescence and of penile and brachial BP
- serum LH, testosterone, free testosterone, prolactin (morning tests, 8.00-9.00 a.m.)
- sudomotor function tests
- scintigraphic studies
- assessment of sympathetic muscle activity
- cardiac vagal baroreflex sensitivity testing
- 24-hour BP profile
Professor of Medicine
Organizational Official for the Human Research Protection Program
Weill Cornell Medicine - Qatar
RAM is on speaker panels for Eli Lilly, Novo Nordisk, and Pfizer; he is on advisory boards for Novo Nordisk and Pfizer. RAM is an author of references cited in this topic.
Speciality Registrar in Diabetes & Endocrinology and General Internal Medicine
University of Manchester
UA serves on advisory boards for Eli Lilly.
SpR Diabetes and Endocrinology
Diabetes and Endocrinology
University of Manchester
SA declares that she has no competing interests.
Dr Rayaz Malik, Dr Uazman Alam, and Dr Shazli Azmi would like to gratefully acknowledge Dr Rodica Pop-Busui and Dr Eva Feldman, the previous contributors to this topic.
RPB declares that she has received speaking honoraria from Pfizer and research support from Amylin Pharmaceuticals; National Institutes of Health/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; National Institute of Health/National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; American Diabetes Association; and Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation. RPB and EF are authors of references cited in this topic.
Department of Medicine
Mount Sinai School of Medicine
ZTB declares that he has no competing interests.
Assistant Professor of Medicine
Harvard Medical School
Division of Endocrinology
Diabetes and Hypertension
Brigham and Women's Hospital
RKG has received consultant fees from Aventis and Novartis, and speaker fees from Novartis.
Consultant and Honorary Senior Lecturer
Tameside General Hospital
Ashton Under Lyne
EJ has received funding for conferences and lectures from Pfizer and Boehringer Ingelheim.
Use of this content is subject to our disclaimer


Molecular basis of human natural killer cell recognition of HLA-E (human leucocyte antigen-E) and its relevance to clearance of pathogen-infected and tumour cells.
HLA-E (human leucocyte antigen-E) is a conserved class I major histocompatibility molecule which has only limited polymorphism. It binds to the leader peptide derived from the polymorphic classical major histocompatibility molecules HLA-A, HLA-B and HLA-C. This peptide binding is highly specific and stabilizes the HLA-E protein, allowing it to migrate to the cell surface. A functioning TAP (transporter associated with antigen processing) molecule is required to transport these peptides into the endoplasmic reticulum, where they can interact with HLA-E. HLA-E then migrates to the cell surface, where it interacts with CD94/NKG2A receptors on natural killer cells. This interaction inhibits natural killer cell-mediated lysis of a cell displaying HLA-E. If the leader peptide is not present in the endoplasmic reticulum, HLA-E is unstable and is degraded before it reaches the cell surface. In damaged cells, such as virally infected or tumour cells, down-regulation of HLA-A, HLA-B and HLA-C production or inhibition of TAP prevents stabilization of HLA-E by the leader peptide. Under these circumstances, HLA-E does not reach the cell surface and the cell is then vulnerable to lysis by natural killer cells. The molecular mechanisms underlying this function of HLA-E have been revealed by crystallographic studies of the structure of HLA-E.


Ultrafine Mill Operating Principle
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Hawai'i is the most isolated land mass on the planet. At 2,500 miles from any other land, it has developed a unique and fragile ecosystem with over 3,000 native species of plants and animals, many of which are endangered or near extinction. Hawai'i has six vegetation zones: coastal, lowland rain forest, montane rain forest, subalpine, alpine, and dry leeward, another feature that makes the Big Island unique and a great place of bio-diversity.
Many of the plants that one would normally equate with Hawai'i aren't native at all. Pineapple and sugar cane were brought to the islands as a cash crop and many other plants were brought as ornamentels. Hawai'i spends millions of dollars each year trying to keep invasive species from crowding out native plants and animals.
The Big Island produces all sorts of exotic fruits. One of the best ways to sample them is to visit the Hilo Farmer's Market (Wednesdays and Saturdays - get there early). At the Farmer's Market, you'll see bananas, mango, papayas and pineapple, but not just the same ones you see in mainland stores. You'll have your choice of about each variety. So you won't be buying just regular bananas, you might get apple bananas or finger bananas. The best mangoes are the Hayden variety. Other exotic fruit include lychee, rambutan, longan and mangosteen. Some edible plants that you'll see when hiking are guava, strawberry guave, passionfruit (lilikoi) and 'ōhelo berries.
To find details about any edible plant listed below simply click the picture or the plant name.
Flowers & Non-Edible Plants
The Orchid Isle is not just another idle name for the Big Island - indeed, orchids abound on the Big Island - mainly due to the humid yet cooler climate on the east side. But the Orchid Isle is much more than just a home to orchids - over 1,800 types of flowering plants live here. Most of the plants have been brought in over the years as ornamentals and from there entered the wild.
To find details about any flower listed below simply click the picture or the flower name.
The Hawaiian Islands are home to thousands of species of trees, more than anywhere else in the world and far more than we could possibly document here. Below, however, we have listed information about some of the more important, common and interesting trees that can be found on the Island.
To find details about any tree listed below simply click the picture or the tree name.
Ferns are found everywhere on the Hawaiian Islands, and the Big Island is no exception. Approximatly 170 native fern species grow in Hawai'i and about 65% of them are endemic (not found anywhere else in the world). Ferns were used for many items including hats, stuffing for pillow, food and medicine.
To find details about any fern listed below simply click the picture or the fern name.
Grass and Sedge
There are many varieties of grass and sedge in Hawai'i. Some varieties are native while many others were brought in as cattle feed.
To find details about any grass listed below simply click the picture or the grass name.
Many plants have been brought to Hawai'i as ornamentals or as food sources for livestock. In many cases the plants grow extremely well in the tropics and have a tendency to get out of control and spread. For example, the South American Banana Poka is a vine that kills native plants in Hawai'i's rainforest by suffocating them. Another plant invader from South America that is considered as one of the most dangerous threats to Hawai'i's ecosystems is the Miconia. In Tahiti the Miconia is called the brown tree snake of the plant world because it can choke out many native plants.
If you make a positive identification of any of the plants below, growing on PUBLIC land, either destroy the plant or contact authorities. (Do not touch plants growing on private land.)
To find details about any invasive plant listed below simply click the picture or the plant name.
Hawai'i has only one native land mammal, the Hawaiian Hoary Bat. The fact that it is isolated by 2,500 miles of ocean from land meant that it was impossible for most land mammals to survive any random journey. The few mammals Hawai'i has today, such as the feral pig, mongoose and rat are the result of human contact. Also missing from Hawai'i are snakes. Hawai'i actually has one snake, which looks more like a worm than a snake - but no other snakes are found on any of the island (and the state goes to great pains to ensure it stays that way).
What Hawai'i lacks in land mammals, it more than makes up with birds, insect and ocean dwellers. With more than 200 native fish, 10,000 native insects and over 1,000 types of land snails the islands are teaming with rare and beautiful creatures.
Among the birds found in Hawai'i are several species of Hawaiian Honeycreeper most of which are endangered, Hawaiian Duck or Koloa, Hawaiian Coot, and Lysan albatross. A very awe inspiring bird is Pueo, the Hawaiian Owl (Asio flammeus sandwicensis), it is an interesting owl because it is active during the day and can often be seen above the pastures of Waimea. Birds imported to Hawai'i include mynas, sparrows, cardinals, and doves.
To find details about any bird listed below simply click the picture or the bird name.
Hawai'i is home to exotic and colorful marine life. From the state fish, the Humuhumunukunukuapua`a (Rhinecanthus rectangulu ) to the Humpback Whale (the official state marine mammal) Hawai'i has diversified ocean life.
Many species, such as the various turtles that inhabit Hawai'i, are protected as endangered animals and approaching them or harassing them is illegal. Some species of marine life in Hawai'i are not only beautiful but can also be dangerous, such as Cone Snails, Moray Eels, Scorpion and Lion Fish, and of course sharks (though Hawai'i has a low rate of shark attacks).
To find details about any creature listed below simply click the picture or the name.
Reptiles & Amphibians & Snails
The Hawaiian islands (and surrounding waters) are home to five species of amphibians and 28 species of reptiles - and of these only five species are indigenous.
There are two species of snakes in Hawai'i... a poisonous sea snake, and a non-poisonous land snake which is so small most people think it is a worm. There are no other snakes in Hawai'i (and most literature you read says there are absolutly NO snakes in Hawai'i, but they overlook the tiny native snake). Hawai'i strictly enforces the no-snake rule and planes are frequently inspected for snakes (especially from Guam). If snakes make it to Hawai'i they would destroy the fragile ecosystem as well as endanger many native and indigenous species.
The Islands of Hawai'i also was home to over 750 species of Land and Tree Snails, many of which are now extinct or endangered.
To find details about any animal listed below simply click the picture or the animal name.
Insects & Arachnids
There are lots of insects and arachnids in Hawai'i. One of the most famous are the Hawaiian Happyface spider. One very destructive insect is the termite. There are many endemic species of moths on the Big Island, some of which are thought to be able to detect the calls of one of their biggest predator, the Hoary Bat.
To find details about any insect listed below simply click the picture or the insect name.
Hawai'i has only two native mammals: the Hawaiian monk seal or Ilio holo kai, (Monachus schauinslandi) and the Hawaiian hoary bat, Ope'ape'a(Lasiurus cinereus semotus). While the Monk Seal is mostly found on the remote, unihabitated islands and atolls of the northwest islands, about 25 Monk Seals do live on Kaua'i and in 2005, a Monk Seal was found in a secluded bay along the Hamakua Coast of the Big Island, giving birth to her pups. The Hoary bat is nocturnal and roosts during the day in trees. The Big Island has one of the biggest populations of the bats. They are found in dry and wet areas, and from sea level to 13,000 ft. They eat moths, mosquitoes, beetles, flies, crickets, and stink bugs
Polynesion immigrants later brought pigs. Horses, goats, sheep, European pigs and cattle were brought by European settlers. Many of these animals, especially the European pig, have caused extensive problem endangering many plant and animal species.
One imported mammal that hard to miss is the "Hawaiian squirrel", the Small Asian Mongoose (Herpestes javanicus). Often seen running across the road, the mongoose was brought to the Hawaiian Islands in 1883 to control rats. However, it was an ill-conceived idea as rats are nocturnal and the mongoose is a daytime creature. The mongoose is credited with endangering various bird species as they eat the eggs and fledglings of ground-nesting birds.
To find details about any mammal listed below simply click the picture or the mammal name.


Whether we provide students or teachers with a backchannel, one will form. So long as there is more than one voice in a learning environment, the need to be heard will be undeniable.
Students may pass notes or they may text message in their pockets.
Teachers may point to a highlighted passage or simply make a face of disgust.
These things are not meant to stay in the background. They are essential, and as such, must be elevated to their rightful place in the classroom. The backchannel must influence the front-channel and must become the front-channel if the discussion and learning going on there is more important.
But, before I get too ahead of myself, let me set my definition of a backchannel:
A backchannel is the running commentary (critiques on, questions about, distractions from, references for, resources under) the dominant information stream. This dominant stream could be a lecture, discussion, video, or any other attention getting activity that would normally occupy the majority of the learners.
This may sound like quite a distraction. Why should we bring the note passers into the discussion? Why should we encourage distraction? Because it is how we learn.
Kelly Christopherson does a really great job of highlighting how a backchannel actually functions in a Ripe Environment, but I think the hardest thing to understand about a backchannel is balencing the two things that inherently have to go on within an classroom, but are not always so center stage. He says it this way:
Watching the crowd made me realize that we have a long way to go as educators. Many people in the room seemed to be having difficulty with the two things going on at once. Maybe that is why so many educators become frustrated with the use of cellphones or laptops in their classes; they don’t see how the two things can be going on at once.
The rapid fire writing down of resources, texts, or quotations is all well and good during a class or PD session, but what about questioning those things. When does that happen? If all learning is conversational and requires relationships, when are those relationships born and when do those conversations occur? They occur during the backchannel, if and only if one is set up and is relevant to those in the audience.
The experience that Kelly describes above is one that happens far too often. Those who do not find the backchannel relevant write it off as distracting, or worse, destructive. They want the front-channel to be the only channel, even though their brains and pens are commenting non-stopped on what is being said. We need to teach the value of commentary, fact-checking and questioning. We need to construct The Ripe Environment for the backchannel.


A person who failed to recognise greatness is often said to have failed to recognise Taishan or Mt Tai. Indeed, Mt Tai is one of the “Five Great Mountains”. Ceremonies on this sacred mountain are associated with sunrise, birth, and renewal, and is often regarded the foremost mountain in China even though the scenery may not be the most spectacular, standing at an altitude of only 1533m.
Mt Tai has been a place of worship for at least 3,000 years and served as one of the most important ceremonial centres of China from the time of the Shang to that of the Qing Dynasty. Over time, this worship evolved into an official imperial rite and Mount Tai became one of the principal places where the emperor would pay homage to heaven (on the summit) and earth (at the foot of the mountain).


Physiotherapy keeps elderly physically active
Regular physical activity has been shown to have important beneficial effects on physical and mental well being across all age groups. There are very few medical conditions that regular exercise doesn’t help to prevent, reduce the risk of developing, or improve symptoms.
Physical activity in older adults can benefit from participation in regular physical activity. The potential effects of exercise on the health of older adults include:
- Reduced risk of developing coronary heart disease, stroke, certain types of cancers and diabetes, these problems come under non communicable disease (NCDs),
- Prevention of post-menopausal osteoporosis and protection against osteoporotic fractures by reducing the risk of falls,
- A reduction in accidental falls,
- A reduction in loneliness and isolation, along with a reduction in depression, which may be as effective as antidepressants,
- A reduction in the complications of immobility, such as deep vein thrombosis and pressure sores.
Being active from an early age can help prevent many diseases just as regular movement and activity can help relieve the disability and pain associated with these conditions. Importantly, the benefits of physical activity can be enjoyed even if regular practice starts late in life. It has been suggested that older adults engaged in regular physical activity demonstrate improved:
- Balance and proprioception
- Coordination and motor control (better control over daily activities)
- Endurance (carry out activities for longer duration without much fatigue)
Consequently, physical activity can reduce falls risk, a major older age cause of disability.
Physical activity has also been shown to improve mental health and cognitive function in older adults and has been found to contribute to the management of disorders such as depression and anxiety. Active lifestyles often provide older people with regular occasions to make new friendships, maintain social networks, and interact with other people of all ages.
Type of exercise recommended for older adults:
- Aerobic activity depending upon older adult’s aerobic fitness,
- Activities that maintain or increase flexibility are recommended, and
- Balance and proprioception exercises are recommended for older adults at risk of falls.
Implications of maintaining physical activity in older adults:
Reducing and postponing age-related disability is an essential public health measure and physical activity can play an important role in creating and sustaining well-being at all ages.
‘Move for health’ is WHO’s world health initiative and response to the fact that:
- Each year at least 1.9 million people die as a result of physical inactivity.
- At least 30 minutes of regular, moderate-intensity physical activity on 5 days per week reduces the risk of several non-communicable diseases (NCDs).
- Physical inactivity is an independent modifiable risk factor for common NCDs.
- More than 35 million people died of NCDs in 2005 – this represented 60% of all deaths worldwide.
- 80% of deaths from NCDs occur in low- and middle-income countries.
- Without action to address the causes, deaths from NCDs will increase by 17% between 2005 and 2015.
Feel free to contact PAIN FREE PHYSIOTHERAPY CLINIC for management of fall, increase flexibility and control, endurance and strength and exercises for osteoporosis in elderly people.
Dr. Roshan Jha (PT)
Pain Free Physiotherapy Clinic