Rotary phase converters are invaluable tools for many industries and applications, enabling the operation of three-phase equipment in locations with single-phase power supplies. Proper sizing of a rotary phase converter is crucial to ensure the smooth and efficient functioning of your machinery. In this guide, we'll delve into the intricacies of rotary phase converter sizing, helping you make informed decisions for your specific needs.
Understanding Rotary Phase Converters
Before we dive into sizing, it's essential to grasp the basics of rotary phase converter sizing. These devices generate three-phase power from a single-phase source, allowing you to power three-phase equipment. Rotary phase converters consist of three main components: an idler generator (rotor), a control panel, and capacitors.
The idler generator spins at a consistent speed and creates a balanced three-phase output. Capacitors assist in stabilizing voltage and phase balance. The control panel manages the converter's operation, ensuring it matches your machinery's electrical requirements.
Sizing a rotary phase converter is a multifaceted process that involves several key considerations:
The most critical factor in sizing a rotary phase converter is the motor load of the equipment you intend to power. You need to know the horsepower (HP) rating of the motors and the total HP required to run your machines simultaneously. To ensure efficiency and longevity, the converter should be rated at or above the total HP load.
During the start-up phase, motors can demand up to seven times their running current. To accommodate these surge currents, it's essential to choose a converter that can handle the initial inrush. Selecting a converter with a higher HP rating than the sum of your motors' running HP helps account for these momentary surges.
Voltage and Phase Requirements
Rotary phase converters come in various voltage and phase configurations. Ensure the converter you choose matches the voltage and phase requirements of your equipment. It's crucial to select a converter that provides a balanced three-phase output to avoid motor overheating and inefficiencies.
Consider the duty cycle of your machinery. If your equipment runs continuously, the phase converter should be sized to handle continuous operation without overheating or performance degradation. For intermittent or light-duty applications, you may opt for a smaller converter.
Efficiency is an essential factor when sizing a rotary phase converter. High-efficiency converters are not only cost-effective in the long run but also reduce energy consumption and heat generation. Look for converters with high efficiency ratings to maximize your operational savings.
To determine the appropriate size for your rotary phase converter, follow these steps:
Calculate Total HP
Sum the HP ratings of all the motors you wish to power. Don't forget to account for any future machinery additions.
Determine the Peak Load
Consider the start-up characteristics of your equipment and calculate the peak load. Multiply the total HP from by the appropriate multiplier (usually around 7 for motors) to estimate peak load.
Choose an Oversized Converter
To ensure smooth operation and account for variations in motor efficiencies, select a rotary phase converter with a HP rating greater than the peak load calculated.
Confirm that the selected converter matches your voltage and phase requirements. Check the duty cycle and efficiency ratings as well.
Benefits of Proper Sizing
Sizing your rotary phase converter correctly offers numerous advantages:
A well-sized converter ensures your equipment runs efficiently and smoothly, reducing downtime and maintenance costs.
Proper sizing minimizes energy wastage and contributes to cost savings in the long term.
By preventing overloading, you extend the lifespan of your motors and reduce the likelihood of unexpected breakdowns.
Ensuring that the converter can handle peak loads reduces the risk of electrical issues and potential safety hazards.
Explore the power of rotary converters for industrial efficiency. Discover more at Phoenix Phase Converters
Sizing a rotary phase converter is a crucial step in ensuring the seamless operation of your three-phase equipment. By considering factors like motor load, start-up loads, voltage requirements, duty cycle, and efficiency, you can select the right converter for your specific needs. When in doubt, it's advisable to consult with an expert in electrical systems to guarantee a proper match between your machinery and the converter. With the right-sized rotary phase converter, you'll not only enhance the efficiency of your equipment but also prolong its lifespan, ultimately improving your overall operational productivity and cost-effectiveness.


Ophir’s Laser peak power calculator can provide a good estimation for the peak power and peak power density of a pulsed laser. These estimates can be very useful when choosing the right optical elements and suitable sensors for your system without the need to fully characterize the laser pulses.
The FGC100 LED calibration standard is used to calibrate the FluxGage LED luminaire measurement system.
Radiometric measurement systems have relied on tungsten filament lamps as a calibration standard for years. Why should be FGC100 be any different?


Switching Power Supply Desktop style meets EN 60335-1
Desktop Switching power supplies from 12-24VDC with European approval for EN60335-1, household and similar electrical appliances. 60W, 12-124v power supplies. These RoHS compliant power supplies are housed in Impact Resistant Polycarbonate Enclosure, Thermal Conduction Cooling, Case Dimensions: 119 X 60 X 32 (mm). This family features: Regulated output with low ripple up to 50W output power, Remote Sensing, has Built-in Protection features: O.C./S.C., O.V., Thermal, accepts Universal Input: 100-250VAC, meets Safety Agency Requirements: Innova/GS to EN60335-1 (1st Edition) and complies with EMI/RFI Regulations, EMC Directives/ CE and FCC Class B, for Grounded, Class I or Class II ITE Applications. Input connector may be IEC60320/C8. Modified and Custom Designs, such as: Constant Current, Battery Chargers, Internal Applications: PCB and Open Frame Mounted are also available. GlobTek now offers a 5-year warranty. Made in USA option available upon request.
comments powered by Disqus
0 to 100v programmable voltage output Medical (60601-1) Internal Open Frame Power Supply designed to meet ANSI/AAMI ES60601-1 and EN/IEC 60601-1, 3rd edition is rated up to 50W output with dual outputs, Model Series GTM93038-50VV-X.X-FW
Continuing to pursue its commitment to quality products and service, GlobTek, a world-class provider of power supplies and power electronic solutions announces it’s 50W dual output channel open frame internal power supply for Ultrasound equipment applications. The Dual output Switcher features a programmable VARIABLE 10VDC@2.6A TO100VDC@0.26A output as well as 12V 2A regulated output typically used for housekeeping or PWM.


3 + 1 Seeds
10 + 3 Seeds
Piece of the high resistance tube of the brand Rothenberger special for vacuum pumps, ensure the maximum safety and functionality in the moment of work with the vacuum, making it simple and convenient.
With a length of 1.55m, it incorporates a screw connector that will allow us to connect it to the vacuum pump, and at the other extreme, a flexible rubber tube for connect it firmly and safely with the desiccator valve,but avoiding unnecessary breaks or blows.
Features of the vacuum pressure hose + desiccator connection:
- Length: 1.55m
- Connectors: screw for connect it to the pump and rubber for the valve
- Maximum vacuum resistance


The R&S® UMS400 universal monitoring system can be used for spectrum monitoring and radiolocation from 8 kHz to 8 GHz and can be extended to 20 GHz with the R&S CS-MC20 converter. The compact outdoor housing allows a wide range of use cases including event monitoring and temporary missions in remote areas. The increasing frequency range of wireless communications services requires monitoring up to 8 GHz and in some cases even up to 20 GHz. This typically requires installing the monitoring sensor close to the antennas to keep cable losses low, and the R&S UMS400 and R&SCS-MC20 can achieve this as they have outdoor-compatible housings. Monitoring and single-channel DF antennas and time difference of arrival (TDOA) and angle of arrival (AoA) radiolocation are available.


Análise potenciométrica de redissolução com ultramicroeletrodos: fundamentos e aplicações na determinação de metais traços. Quím. Nova [online]. 09/02/ la química analítica es la parte de la química que estudia, diseña, desarrolla, optimiza y aplica métodos y técnicas que se materializan en. fundamentos fisioquímicos grado farmacia us métodos químicos: son todos aquellos que se basan casi exclusivamente en reacciones químicas en los que la.
|Published (Last):||4 November 2015|
|PDF File Size:||11.55 Mb|
|ePub File Size:||12.10 Mb|
|Price:||Free* [*Free Regsitration Required]|
Rio de Janeiro,cap. In practice, detection limit on the order of M is measured ffundamentos most of ion-selective electrodes. The observed detection limit is often governedby the presence of other interfering ions or impurities.
Meaning of “potenciometria” in the Portuguese dictionary
However, a membrane truly selective for a single typeof an ion and completely non-selective for other ions does not exist. The selectivity is one of the most important characteristics of an electrode, as it oftendetermines whether a reliable measurement in the sample is possible or not. If for example metal buffers are used to eliminate the effectswhich lead to the contamination of very dilute solutions it is possible to enhance the detection limit down to M.
Food Protection53 Rio de Janeiro,vol. An examplary set-up for the measurement of electromotive force is precented in figure 1. Negative values indicate a preference for the target ion relative to the interfering ion.
However, it should be pointed out that only at constant ionic strength a linearrelationship between the signal measured and the concentration of the analyte is maintained because of the clear cut relationship between ion activity and concentration, occurring in such condition. The linear range of the calibration curve is usually applied to porenciometria the activity of the target ionin any unknown solution.
According the IUPAC recommendation the detection limit is defined by the cross-sectionof the two extrapolated linear parts od the fumdamentos calibration curve.
Positive values of log Kxy indicate the preference of an electrode for theinterfering ion. How to cite this article. The measured signal is the sum of different potentials generated at all solid-solid, solid-liquid and liquid-liquid interfaces.
At high and very low target ion activities there are deviations from linearity. Alterando as quantidades de amostra utilizadas.
It is important to note that this is a measurement at zero current i. Potentiometric titration applied to free fatty acid determination of edible oils and fats. If ions can penetrate the boundary betweentwo phases, then an electrochemical equilibrium will be reached, in potenciometrai different potentials in the two phases fyndamentos formed.
Typical calibration curve of a potentiometric sensor determined in this way is shown in figure 2. Typically, the electrode calibration curve exhibits linear response range between M and M.
This membrane can be prepared as: However, in certain applications the value of the electrode slope is not criticaland worse value does not exclude its usefulness. In practice the potential difference i. Eletrodos Ion-Seletivos When the membrane separates two solutions of different ionic activities a1 and a2 and provided the membrane is only permeable to this single type of ion, the potential difference E across the membrane is described by the Nernst equation: Each of them has got advantages and drawbacks, and there are not general rules pointing which method gives the true result.
Industrial Processing of Cotton-Seed apud ref.
Europa’s Quality Acceptance apud ref. New York,vol. New York,cap. Dx 10 for WindowsMinitab: A useful slope can be regarded as [mV per decade] [mV per decade] for double charged ion respectively.
However, it should be pointed out that a single time constant does not describe the form of the electrode response function. Free fatty acids are a measure of evaluating fats and oils, submitted to abusive conditions, besides being a quality characteristic of edible vegetable oils. All the contents of this journal, except where otherwise ea, is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License. Typically such a membrane contains an analyte-selective component whichis responsible for the recognition process.
If only one type of an ion can be exchanged between the two phases, then the potential difference formed between the phases is governed only by theactivities of this target ion in these phases.
Eletrodos Ion-Seletivos The fundwmentos difference can be measured between two identical reference electrodes placed in the two phases. Services on Demand Journal. Different methods of the selectivity determination can be found in the literature. Most often it is expressed as the logarithm of Kxy. The experimental selectivity coefficients depend on the activity and a method of their determination. Moreover, in many investigationsthe response time of the overall measuring system is determined, which influences on the response time of the ISE.
An potenciometrua membrane is the key component of all potentiometric ion sensors. The theoretical valueaccording to the Nernst equation is: This definition can be extended to consider the drift of the system.


Working with accuracy and precision requires the use of measuring instruments of the highest quality. On Mister Worker™, you can find the complete catalogue of Metrica tools and mechanical measurements: calipers, dials, micrometers and thickness gauges.
The mechanical measurement section is a very important part of the Metrica catalogue. Calipers, micrometers, comparators, bore gauges and thickness gauges are the five product groups that make up the mechanical workshop tools section. They are characterized by high quality and precision. Mechanical measurement is a traditional sector where it is important to maintain a high standard of reliability and Metrica is a reference point in the field of measurement. These product groups offer a complete range of instruments capable of covering all measurement needs.
In the caliper section of the Metrica catalogue, the following calipers stand out:
- The 10074 Precision Monoblock Vernier Caliper. This is a traditional high-quality stainless-steel caliper, compliant with DIN 862. It is monoblock, with locking screw and it has four measuring functions.
- The 10002 Digital Caliper Big Digits. It is a hardened stainless-steel caliper equipped with a display with big digits (11 mm), which offers four ways of measurement. This caliper has high accuracy (0.02 mm) and repeatability (0.01 mm). Three buttons make the use of this instrument easier: on/off (manual), reset for comparative measures and the mm/inch conversion.
- The 10080 High Visibility Digital Caliper. This professional model in hardened stainless steel has a high visibility LCD screen with giant numbers. It has an ABS function, it is self-locking, its resolution is 0.01 mm/0.0005”, repeatability 0,01 mm/0.0005’’ and accuracy 0,02 mm/0,001”. Its operating temperature is 0°C to 40°C.
In addition to calipers, micrometers, dials, thickness gauges and bore gauges stand out. They are all produced with utmost care and with first-choice materials. They are all subjected to pre-sale checks.
As requested by some worldwide distributors, Metrica has developed the production of plicometers. Both digital and analog plicometers are 100% made in Italy.
Produced with the utmost care and attention to detail, Metrica plicometers are appreciated in the fitness market, with positive reviews for their value for money. These tools represent a niche market for Metrica, but they are an example of Metrica’s flexibility and willingness to be open to all fields of linear measurement, always in full compliance with the quality standards required and appreciated by the market


Document Type : ACEC-2023
Sea-Based Energy Research Group, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Babol Noshirvani University of Technology, Babol, Iran
Due to the necessity of utilizing renewable energies, the Archimedes screw turbine can be used as a power generation converter for the use of hydropower energy from river flows. A laboratory-scale model of this turbine with a scale of 1:6 has been designed and constructed. In the experimental tests, the performance characteristics of the turbine were investigated based on variations in the flow rate and electrical resistance. The optimal flow rate for the turbine was determined with the aim of achieving maximum efficiency. The performance characteistics of the turbine at this flow rate were evaluated using empirical equations derived from the experimental tests for various parameters. These equations indicated higher values for these parameters at this flow rate. Furthermore, for the scaling of the Archimedes screw turbine, dimensionless numbers such as Froude number and flow rates ratio were introduced. The experimental results were extrapolated to the prototype scale at the optimal flow rate of 2.6 (lit/s), where the maximum turbine efficiency occurs. The results showed that the use of Froude scaling led to approximately 25% higher values for the performance characteristics of the turbine compared to scaling based on flow rates ratio.


Prosense P Series Gas Detector
- Brand: image/catalog/prosense-logo.jpg
- Product Code: P Series
Prosense ATEX, IECEx certified "P" Series fixed gas detectors are designed and developed according to the demanding conditions found in industrial plants in order to carry out continuous measurement of toxic, explosive and oxygen gases in the air.
• Wide Range Sensors: Pellistor, Electrochemical, Infrared, Semiconductor employed P provides excellent output for the target gas.
• Modbus: P can be integrated to SCADA systems easily via open source Modbus RS485(RTU) codes
• Outputs: Different devices can be operated/controlled at the same time thanks to the 4-20mA analog, Modbus RS485 and Relay outputs
• Relay Contacts: P-3R+ relay module integrated P Series detectors can manage other equipments or link to firefighting panels.
Maintenance and Installation
• Sensor Replacement: Allows sensor replacement with pre-calibrated sensor head to provide easy maintenance.
• Installation: Designed for either wall or ceiling mounting applications
• Entry: 2 x 1/2″ NPT cable entries
• Remote Control: Detector status can be monitored Prosense Gas Monitoring software remotely.
Robust and Reliable
• Body: Aluminium die-cast body and SS316 stainless steel sensor head superb performance under harsh environmental conditions with IP65 protection class.
• Protection: Sunshield and waterproof caps are available for use in extreme conditions.
• Pellistor(Catalytic),Electrochemical,Infrared Sensor Options
• Standard 4-20mA Output
• Standard RS485 Modbus(RTU) Interface
• Optional Relay Outputs (Alarm1, Alarm2, and Fault)
• Die-cast aluminium enclosure
• Stainless Steel Sensor Housing
• 1/2'' NPT Cable Gland
• IP65/ IP66
• Suitable to operate in Zone 1- Zone2
• ATEX, IECEx Certified
• ATEX Marking: Ex II 2G Ex db IIC T6 Gb
|Sensor Technology||Pellistor, Electrochemical, Infrared, Semiconductor|
|Output Signal||4-20mA and Modbus RS485|
|Response Time(T90)||Sensor dependent|
|Operating Temperature||-40°C ~ +70°C|
|Humidity||5 ~ 95%RH|
|Input||Min 10VDC - Max 32VDC - Nominal 24VDC|
|Power Consumption||Max. 4W|
|Relay Outputs||2 Alarms (Selectable) and 1 Fault (All relays are NO/NC adjustable)|
|IP Rating||IP65 / Optional IP66 (Sensor Head)|
|Junction Box||Epoxy Painted Die-Cast Aluminum|
|Sensor Head||316L Stainless Steel|
|Dimensions/Weight||183x118,15x88mm / 1420gr|
|ATEX Marking||II 2G Ex db IIC T5/T4 Gb|
|Hazardous Class||Zone 1 or Zone 2|
|Certificates||IMQ 19 ATEX 045 X|
IECEx IMQ 18.0009X
|Standards||IEC EN 60079-0|
IEC EN 60079-1
IEC EN 60079-18


Temperature Compensated Crystal Oscillators (TCXO)
A temperature compensated crystal oscillator (TCXO) is a crystal oscillator that uses a compensation network of thermistors. The oscillator is designed to produce a correction voltage that reduces the frequency deviation due to variations in the temperature. The thermistors detect variation in the ambient network and make the appropriate corrections to the voltage that is applied to the crystal. These oscillators are often used in data communication and telecommunication applications.
A crystal oscillator is an in electronic circuit which uses the mechanical resonance of a physical crystal of piezoelectric material along with an amplifier and feedback to create an electrical signal which has a very precise and accurate frequency. The crystal oscillator is a very accurate version of an electronic oscillator. This frequency is used to keep track of time such as in quartz wristwatches, to provide a stable clock signal for digital integrated circuits, and to stabilize frequencies for radio transmitters. Crystal oscillators are a popular and common source of time and frequency signals. The crystal that is used is often called timing crystal.
While selecting a TCXO you need to consider the oscillation frequency and the total frequency stability. Measured in ppm, the total frequency stability is the maximum value by which a frequency varies, from the mean or the nominal value, for changes in temperature and supply voltage. You also need to consider the connector that is used. The output can be given as a sine waveform or a square waveform. The square wave logic outputs are: TTL, CMOS, HCMOS and ECL. The crystal must have a low jitter and a low noise feature.
There are several packaging options for these devices as they are available as surface mount, flat pack, through hole, waveguide assembly or as a connector. Surface mount technology (SMT) adds components to a printed circuit board (PCB) by soldering component leads or terminals to the top of the board. Through hole technology (THT) mounts the components by inserting component leads through holes in the board and then soldering the leads in place on the opposite side of the board. Oscillators that are modules or boards are also available. Connectorized devices attach with either coaxial or radio frequency (RF) connectors. Waveguide assemblies are made of a hollow metallic conductor with a rectangular, elliptical, or circular cross-section. Flat pack (FPAK) units come with flat leads and in assorted body sizes and pin counts.


New Line Up of Photographic Lens Assemblies Ideal for Large Format CCD Imaging Applications
Universe Kogaku (America), Inc., a leading designer and manufacturer of lenses, assemblies, and accessories, announces a complete line of off-the-shelf, manual photographic lenses with various focal lengths, which are an economical alternative for large format CCD imaging applications and line scan cameras.
The new lens assemblies meet demands for special applications which need CCD sensors larger than 1 inch (16 mm : Diagonal), up to 35 mm film size with 6144 elements on a 7 micron pitch (43.3 mm : Diagonal ). Lenses are available with U mount or Nikon F mount in a variety of focal lengths: From wide 24 mm (F/2.8), to telephoto 500 mm (F/8.0), to a 28-300 mm zoom lens (F/4.0-6.3).
Universe’s technical support, value-added services, custom design and prototyping capabilities accommodate any application or specification criteria.


The Discovery MR750 3.0T offers advanced technology, such as:
- High performance whole-body gradients designed to deliver powerful 50 mT/m amplitude and 200 T/m/s slew-rate on each axis simultaneously.
- ARC parallel-imaging, which utilizes a full 3D data kernel for more accurate reconstruction.
- A volume-reconstruction engine that enables real-time image generation.
- OpTix optical RF technology, engineered to increase signal clarity and maximize signal intensity.
- PERFORM 2.0, which automatically fine-tunes system SAR modelling and personalizes it for each patient.
- The eXtreme resonance module (XRM), which delivers a 48-cm field of view with linearity.
- VIBRANT Flex technology, which combines multiple series of breast scans into one.
- Time of Flight (TOF) imaging, which rapidly captures high-definition images that display small-vessel detail and blood-flow subtleties—without contrast injections.
- IntelliTouch patient positioning—start scanning in just two steps.
- BrainWave suite of functional MRI (fMRI) applications, which provide excellent signal stability, and an exceptional signal-to-noise ratio.
We have replacement parts available for GE Discovery MR750 3.0T.
We have financing available for GE Discovery MR750 3.0T.
We have service and repair available for GE Discovery MR750 3.0T.
Name of the Manufacturer: GE
GE Discovery MR750 3.0T Equipment Finance Overview


Rapid water testing with test strips.
A number of key parameters can be measured in water using test strips. Test strips are a cost effective, convenient and easy to use alternative to chemical test kits and instrument tests. The only limitation is that test strips are usually not quite as accurate as other tests - but they are still good for screening purposes. Most require only a single step but some eg arsenic require use of reagents. Test strips with reagents are designed for ease of use and can be used in the field.
Here are a few factors for drinking water, aquariums and water quality monitoring that can be measured using test strips.
pH. pH is one of the most important factors to measure in water. Many important processes in water change the pH, for example decomposition. Also the pH of water can determine other aspects like metal solubility and disinfection efficiency. The pH-Fix strips at pH 4.5 to 10 can test the usual range for pH in water. See them at pH test strips.
Alkalinity. In natural water with pH under around 10.2, most alkalinity can be called carbonate alkalinity and this is sometimes expressed as carbonate hardness. Macherey Nagel make carbonate alkalinity test strips. See them at Macherey Nagel carbonate alkalinity test strips.Please note: To measure total alkalinity it is better to use a test kit such as the Hanna Instruments HI3811 alkalinity kit. This measures total alkalinity (down to pH 4.5 using methyl orange indicator) and alkalinity down to pH 8.3 using phenolphthalein indicator). See details at HI3811 alkalinity test kit.
Ammonia. These test strips measure total ammonia and ammonium. Ammonia comes mostly from decomposing organic matter. Decomposition uses up oxygen. If there is enough oxygen the ammonia is usually removed. But if there is too much organic matter then ammonia levels can build up. Ammonia levels are therefore a good indicator of water quality and are important particularly for drinking water quality and aquariums. See them at Hach Aquachek ammonia test strips.
Arsenic. Many water supplies that come from underground sources contain arsenic. See them at Macherey Nagel Quantofix arsenic test strips. Check lead time when ordering.
Free and total chlorine. When chlorine is used to disinfect water the goal is to leave a minimum level of around 0.5 mg/l free chlorine. If the water contains any ammonia, which is sometimes the case in rural supplies, some of the chlorine will react with the ammonia. Although the resulting chloramines have a reduced disinfecting effect they are more stable. Chloramines are sometimes preferred in larger water distribution systems. The difference between total chlorine and free chlorine is the chloramines. See them at Hach Aquachek free and total chlorine test strips.
Copper. Copper levels are often monitored in home water to detect corrosion in a plumbing system. See them at Lamotte InstaTest copper test strips.
Hardness. Hardness in water is mostly a measure of the amount of calcium and magnesium ions present. The amount of calcium and magnesium in water impacts industrial applications, drinking water quality and irrigation water quality. For Hach hardness test strips see Hach Aquachek total hardness test strips. For Macherey Nagel Aquadur test strips see Macherey Nagel Aquadur test strips. Low level hardness for critical applications such as dialysis can be measured using low range test strips. Macherey Nagel Aquadur sensitive test strips measure hardness up to around 20 ppm. see Macherey Nagel Aquadur sensitive test strips.
Total dissolved iron. Because iron levels affect water quality for drinking, irrigation and beverage production measuring the iron content is important so the most appropriate method of treatment can be used. See them at Hach Aquachek total dissolved iron test strips.
Nitrate / nitrite. Applications are aquaria and water quality monitoring. Usually elevated levels of nitrate indicate some contamination of water supplies. Levels should not exceed 3 mg/l nitrite for drinking. Nitrite is the more serious problem in drinking water. Generally if water is well oxygenated nitrite will not build up. High nitrite is therefore often a symptom of anaerobic conditions. See them at Hach Aquachek nitrate / nitrite test strips.
Phosphate. Phosphate level can often indicate that there is some contamination of the water. It is one of the main factors that can lead to excessive algal growth. Lamotee Company pool and spa test strips test the range 0 - 2.5 ppm with a step size (resolution) that makes them suitable for environmental testing. See them at Lamotte phosphate test strips.
Multiparameter test strips.
Macherey Nagel Multistick test strips for aquariums test for total hardness, carbonate hardness and pH. See them at Macherey Nagel Multistick test strips for aquariums.
The Hach Aquachek 5 in 1 test strips will test for alkalinity and 4 other factors free and total chlorine, total hardness and pH. See them at Hach Aquachek test strips. Note: check lead time when ordering these strips.Where to now? Read The two most important factors in water quality.
Return to top


Do I really need an expensive guitar? This is a great question and I am asked this all the time. The short answer is… No, you do not really NEED a guitar that is expensive BUT You can really benefit from having a nice guitar. Across the board, all of the manufacturers more expensive models will give you a better playing experience and in most cases better tone. This makes sense as the guitar manufacturer can put more money into the build of the guitar. Woods, parts, hardware, and time spent on building the guitar all go up and this will produce a higher quality instrument.
The nicer woods cost more and are harder to come by. It is common for top guitar manufacturers to pay a higher premium to sawmills for the choicest cuts of wood. Many sought after woods (Flame Maple, Quilted Maple, Rosewood) are rarer and harder to get today than even twenty years ago. This makes these woods more expensive.
Top-quality hardware is also more costly. Better plating and harder metals come at a premium. Better electronics can really raise the price of the top shelf guitars. Pickups made by US manufacturers can cost hundreds of dollars more than the import pickups from Korea or China. These pickups made in the USA have top quality components and not only have a higher quality sound but will last for many years.
From the woods that make up the guitar to the tuners that get the guitar in tune and hold it there, more expensive guitars will play, sound, and function better for a longer period of time than the less expensive models.
However, in today’s guitar market you will find some really amazing guitars at lower price points than ever before. No worries if you don’t have thousands to spend on your guitar purchase as quality, well-made guitars are out there for way less than $1000.00. Guitars made in Mexico and Indonesia are amazing and sell for just a few hundred dollars NEW!
Brands like G&L Tribute models or PRS SE Lines are good bets to check out. Myself, I really prefer to buy used guitars. A guitar that sold new for $1200.00 will sell used for about $800.00, sometimes even less. You can always find quality used guitars on the market and these guitars are a great way to get a better, higher-priced guitar for much less cash.
If you are looking at used guitars but are not really a guitar expert I would recommend purchasing your used instruments from a guitar shop vs. a private seller. A guitar shop selling used instruments well check out the guitars before they take them in on trade and put them out for sale so it is less likely that you will purchase a used guitar from a shop and have problems with the guitar.
I have seen pro musicians play on less expensive guitars over the years and they still sounded amazing, A well-built guitar that is set up to play properly can take you a long way on your guitar playing journey. In the end, purchase the best guitar that you can afford, have it set up to play correctly and practice as often as you can.


Vishay - IFSC Family of Low-Profile, High-Current Inductors in 0806, 1008, 1111, and 1515 Case Sizes
News Release from:
28 April 2011
Vishay launched a new family of low-profile, high-current inductors in the 0806, 1008, 1111, and 1515 case sizes. The IFSC devices combine ultra-low profiles down to 1.0 mm with a high maximum frequency and a wide range of standard inductance values from 0.47 µH to 47.0 µH.
With a frequency range up to 5.0 MHz, the five IFSC inductors announced today serve as high-performing, space- and power-saving solutions for DC/DC converter applications in end products including LCD displays, hard disk drives, digital video cameras, smart phones, tablets, and PDAs; low-profile, high-current power supplies; and point of load (POL) converters.
The devices offer an inductance range from 0.47 µH to 47.0 µH, a saturation current range from 0.235 A up to 5.5 A, typical DCR from 17 mΩ to 2367 mΩ, and maximum DCR from 22 mΩ to 2840 mΩ.
The new inductors are RoHS-compliant and 100 % lead (Pb)-free. These shielded devices are specified for an operating temperature range of -55 °C to +125 °C, with high resistance to thermal shock, moisture, mechanical shock, and vibration.


Today, we did connectivity experiments with the "bullet" ethernet to antenna cable converter and some antennas of various shapes.
From the computer, we linked a ethernet cable to another one with a power box that would work as POE (power of ethernet), to give energy to the signal.
Then, the other end of the cable was connected to the "Bullet" ethernet to antenna converter (shown below)
After that, we connected the "bullet" to different types of antennas, we tried different shapes and tested how many hotspots
they could reach:
1) Dish Antenna: generally, the antenna with more range than others, it captures the signal like a concave mirror, making these signals bounce directly to the "focus" of the antenna.
2) Panel Antenna: Another type of antenna with a great range, with this antenna we were able to catch signals from the Mount Mauna Kea, distant several hundreds of miles from our labs.
3) Omni Antenna: A more conventional type of antenna with a inferior range, but with a 360° angle of signal reception, me and my science seminar buddy Erina tried to use this, but with little success.
4) Directional Antenna: Another conventional antenna with medium range, this type of antenna receives signals only on a straight line, its shape reminds of the typical blaster turrets used by the Empire in Star Wars, unfortunately we didn't have the pleasure of trying yet.


Press Release Summary:
RoHS-compliant GN3 series 3-phase and motor reversing solid-state relays are designed for thermal efficiency and noise immunity. Models are suited for various 3-phase motor and heating applications as well as applications switching multiple outputs with single control signal. Supplied in IP20 touch-safe housing, series complies with IEC 62314 (2006-05) and offers built-in transient protection. Various ratings and voltages are available.
Original Press Release:
SAN DIEGO, CA - October 8, 2007 - Crouzet's new GN3 series three-phase & motor reversing solid-state relays are the latest addition to the Crouzet offering. As with the GN and GNR range of products, the GN3 utilizes the latest proven technology for superior thermal efficiency, noise immunity, and reliability. Furthermore, the EMC compliant design (level 3) and built-in transient protection provide an additional level of reliability in harsh industrial environments. These relays are perfectly suited for a wide array of three-phase motor and heating applications. They are also ideal for use in applications switching multiple outputs with a single control signal. Available with ratings up to 50A per phase @ 600Vac (530Vac with internal snubber network), with either a DC, AC, or low-voltage AC (18-36Vac) input.
GN3 / GN0 features and benefits include;
DBC Substrate for Superior I2T and Thermal Performance
Ratings up to 50A per phase @ 600Vac
Built-In Internal Transient Protection
LED Input Status Indicator (2 LEDs in GN0 Motor-Reversing Relays)
IP20 Touch-Safe Housing
100k UL508 Endurance Rating
Industry Standard Package
UL/CSA/TuV Approved, CE Compliant
Complies with IEC 62314 (2006-05)
The new GN3 series solid-state relays are ideal for use in numerous commercial & industrial applications, including: mercury relay replacement, professional food-service equipment (ovens, fryers, dispensing equipment, conveyors, etc.), sterilizers, temperature control systems, plastic extrusion / thermoforming machinery, HVAC&R, kilns, packaging equipment, sorting equipment, wave solder & reflow systems, lighting systems, pump controls, incubators, motor-switching, UPS systems, and much more.
For additional information, please visit our web site @ www.crouzet.com.
Crouzet is an operation of Custom Sensors & Technologies (CST).
About Custom Sensors & Technologies
Headquartered in Moorpark, Calif., Custom Sensors & Technologies (CST) is a business unit of Schneider Electric. CST was formed from the combination of Kavlico, Crouzet, Crydom and former divisions of BEI Technologies. CST provides sensors, controls and actuation products to the industrial, transportation, and military and aerospace markets.
About Schneider Electric
Schneider Electric is the world's power and control specialist. Through its world-class brands, Merlin Gerin, Square D and Telemecanique, Schneider Electric anticipates and satisfies its customers' requirements in the residential, building, industry and energy and infrastructure markets. With 105,000 employees and operations in 190 countries, Schneider Electric generated sales of Euros13.7 billion in 2006 through 15,000 sales outlets.


HARD SPOT INSPECTION TROLLEY - English -
Operating and Maintenance Instructions
adaptaed from: https://app.box.com/s/c6qfgtuhfg1yd2ottrfum98x8jmg7rn3
|Hard spot inspection trolley • PLAMAT-M •
Maintenance Instructions • V2.0
2.3 Eddy current
The EC testing method is based on the approach of generating electrical currents in
conductive materials, here the pipe wall. The figure below summarizes the principle. An
alternating electric current with defined amplitude and frequency is applied to a coil system.
The driving current generates an alternating primary magnetic field which causes eddy
currents to flow in the surface of the nearby pipe wall by mutual inductance. The currents in
the pipe wall produce a secondary magnetic field which is opposed to the primary field
inducing it. Defect damage such as corrosion leads to a change of the EC’s flow direction,
which influences the mutual inductance. This can be described by a variation in the electrical
impedance of the coil, i.e., its Ohmic resistance and inductive reactance.
The impedance is usually measured across a bridge circuit in which any imbalance can be
measured accurately. On the basis of this imbalance, material inhomogeneities can be
detected and their properties determined by the evaluation of the amplitude and the phase
shift between the input and output signals.
Figure 4: The EC principle
addition to material properties such as the electric conductivity and
magnetic permeability, the frequency of the input signal also
determines the so-called skin depth of eddy currents.
The skin depth is a measurement of the distance to which an alternating
current can effectively penetrate beneath the surface of a conductive
material, in this case the pipe wall.
For suitable frequencies and standard steel grades the skin depth for
carbon steel is well below 1 mm. Thus, the EC approach can be
considered to be a surface-sensitive method.
The magnetic permeability generally depends on the operating point of magnetization, which usually comprises:
- demagnetized operation point
- residual magnetized operating point
Figure 5: Magnetic hysteresis loop and operating points
Since the EC approach considered here is surface- bonded, surface
influences may have and disturbing character, e.g. tinder, roughness,
The following micro-magnetic parameters are considered for the EC analysis:
||maximum magnitude of the impedance
||minimum magnitude of the impedance
||averaged magnitude of the impedance
||maximum phase of the impedance
||minimum phase of the impedance
||averaged phase of the impedance
||3 % widening of the eddy current loop
||10 % widening of the eddy current loop
Figure 6: EC impedance plane
|ROSEN and IZfP Page 16 of


Flashlamp Controller Built for your Application
AMI’s unique mix of electronics and laser system expertise allow us to design and build flashlamp controllers to our customer’s specific operating conditions. AMI manufactures fixed pulse width and variable pulse width controllers.
Based on a modular design approach, each controller is optimized for a given application or specific customer need. The 8800 and 8800V series provide a capacitor charging power supply, pulse forming network, simmer supply and all the electronic circuitry needed to drive flashlamps for pumping solid-state lasers.
Software control allows easy adjustment of operating parameters such as pulse energy, pulse repetition rate, pulse width, and mode of operation. Complete control of timing signals for multiple lamp and Q-switched applications is also provided by the embedded software.
End users can chose to to operate and program the flashlamp controller using a front panel push-button interface, RS-232 input or externally through a simple 25 pin D remote interface. The system status is presented on an easy-to-read LCD graphics display
To design a flashlamp controller for your application AMI needs the following information:
- Pulse width or range
- Maximum repetition rate and/or duty cycle
- Energy delivered to the lamp per pulse
- Lamp arc length
- Lamp bore diameter
- Lamp gas type
- Lamp fill pressure
Fixed verses Variable Pulse width Flashlamp Controller
Outside of the obvious there are several key differences between Fixed and Variable pulse width systems.
Fixed systems discharge a large capacitor switched by a SCR through an inductor delivering a Gaussian shaped current pulse to the lamp. The impedance of the lamp, Ko, has less of an impact on the shape of the current pulse.
Variable pulse width flashlamp controller uses an electronic PFN. A capacitor bank stores a large amount of energy. That energy is released into the lamp using an IGBT to switch the current flow on and off. The resultant current pulse is typically is square. The risetime of the pulse is effected by the impedance of the lamp and the charge voltage of the capacitor bank. As the voltage decreases and/or the application uses a low impedance lamp the rise time will slow eventually resulting in a shark fin rather than a square shaped pulse.
We look forward for to learning about your requirements for a Flashlamp Controller. Please contact AMI to discuss your application today.
© Analog Modules Inc., December 2016. This post may be reproduced in its entirety without editing.


A high-speed profile monitor has been developed for Frank-ford Arsenal as an integral part of an automatic 5.56 mm cartridge case ammunition inspection system. This profile gaging monitor uses a dual measurement station each with solid state linear diode arrays and shadow-imaging optics to achieve a throughput rate that exceeds 1200 cases/minute with a diameter measurement standard deviation better than ± 1.5 x 10-3 inch. Fourteen diameters and two lengths are measured on each cartridge case by separate gaging stations. Length measurements use a snapshot-type optical system while diameter measurements require both image tracking of the case shadow and scanning operation to get the diameter measurements from two diode array elements. A mini-computer with a direct memory input from the gaging stations provides an engineering unit conversion from the gaging stations and a dynamic accept/reject decision based on minimum accept and maximum accept limits.


- PCB Layout
- Bill of Materials
The Palo Verde MAXREFDES33 subsystem reference design (Figure 1) demonstrates the application of the MAX15062A 60V, 300mA ultra-small, high-efficiency, synchronous step-down converter. The reference design operates over a wide 4.5V to 60V input voltage range, and provides up to 300mA at 3.3V output. The device features undervoltage lockout, overcurrent protection, and thermal shutdown. The MAX15062A switches at a fixed frequency of 500kHz, and delivers a peak efficiency of 86.77% with the supplied components when the input is 24V. This general-purpose power solution can be used in many different types of power applications, such as 4–20mA current loops, HVAC and building control, high-voltage LDO replacement, general-purpose point-of-load, etc. In this reference design, the MAX15062 performs in 24V input applications, such as industrial sensors, process control, etc.
- Industrial sensors
- Process control
- 4–20mA current loops
- General-purpose point-of-load
- High-voltage LDO replacement
- HVAC and building control
- Minimal external components and low system cost
- Versatile functionality allows stocking of fewer DC-DC regulators
- Low power dissipation
- Reliable operation in adverse industrial environments
- Pmod™-compatible form factor
The Palo Verde subsystem reference design is a high-efficiency, high-voltage, synchronous step-down DC-DC converter solution with integrated MOSFETs. Palo Verde operates over a wide 4.5V to 60V input voltage range. The converter delivers output current up to 300mA at 3.3V. When EN/UVLO and VCC UVLO are satisfied, an internal power-up sequence soft-starts the error-amplifier reference, resulting in a clean monotonic output-voltage soft-start independent of the load current. The VOUT pin monitors the output voltage through an internal resistor-divider. RESET transitions to a high-impedance state 2ms after the output voltage reaches 95% of regulation. The device selects either PFM or forced-PWM mode depending on the state of the MODE pin at power-up (this reference design sets the device in PWM mode). By pulling the EN/UVLO pin to low, the device enters the shutdown mode and consumes only 2.2µA (typical) of standby current.
The reference design switches at a fixed frequency of 500kHz, and delivers a peak efficiency of 86.77% with the supplied components when the input is 24V.
This reference board is designed in a Pmod-compatible form factor with IO pass-through, but can be used in any 4.5V–60V to 3.3V power application up to 300mA.
- Palo Verde (MAXREFDES33) board
- One 24V, 1A minimum power supply that shows the output current
- One electronic load
- One voltmeter
- Turn off the power supply.
- Connect the positive terminal of the power supply to the VIN connector of the MAXREFDES33 board.
- Connect the negative terminal of the power supply to the GND connector of the MAXREFDES33 board.
- Connect the positive terminal of the electronic load to J2-6 of the MAXREFDES33 board.
- Connect the negative terminal of the electronic load to J2-5 of the MAXREFDES33 board.
- Connect the positive terminal of the voltmeter to the positive terminal of the electronic load.
- Connect the negative terminal of the voltmeter to the negative terminal of the electronic load.
- Turn on the power supply.
- Set the electronic load to a constant current between 0 to 300mA.
- Verify the voltmeter reading is 3.3V ±0.05V.
The Palo Verde design was tested using a 24V input voltage. The performance under other input conditions can be captured with a similar setup. Refer to the MAX15062 data sheet for detailed performances in other application conditions.
The power efficiency vs load current is illustrated in Figure 2.
Figure 3 and Figure 4 display the ripple at no load (ripple is 6mV peak-peak) and 300mA load (ripple is 8mV peak-peak), respectively. Channel 1 in the oscilloscope screen shot is voltage at the LX pin. Channel 2 in the oscilloscope screen shot is voltage at the VOUT pin.
Figure 5 displays the load transient response when the load is stepped from 5mA to 150mA, and then dropped back to 5mA again.The transient voltage is about 60mV.
Figure 6 displays the load transient response when the load is stepped from 150mA to 300mA, and then dropped back to 150mA again.The transient voltage is also about 60mV.
MAXREFDES33 Design Files2021/4/1


This transmitter & receiver is designed for electroacoustic musical instruments like guitar, bass, etc. Supports 4 sets of devices working at same time, one-to-one; and max. transmission range is up to 50 meters.
- Wireless transmitter & receiver set for electroacoustic musical instruments like guitar, bass, etc.
- UHF 730MHz original sound transmission, anti-interface and ultra-short delay, giving you the best music sound.
- Supports 4 sets of devices working at same time, one-to-one; and max. transmission range is up to 50 meters.
- Built-in rechargeable lithium battery, long working hours; and comes with USB cable for convenient charging.
- Plug and play, simple to use; compact size and lightweight, easy to carry.
- Warm Notice: The guitar and guitar amplifier is not included in the package.
|Audio Response Range||20Hz-20kHz|
|Transmission Range||Max.50M (No obstacle); 30M (through-wall)|
|Transmission Delay||Less Than 4ms|
|Power Supply||Built-in 3.7V 600mAh rechargeable lithium battery|
|Charge Port||Micro USB|
|Item Size||11 x 4.5 x 1.5cm / 4.3 x 1.8 x 0.6in|
|Item Weight||35g / 1.2oz (for each)|
|Package Size||17.5 x 10.5 x 5cm / 6.9 x 4.1 x 2in|
|Package Weight||250g / 8.8oz|
|Package Contents||1 x Transmitter, 1 x Receiver, 1 x Charging Cable, 1 x Manual|


Most people think that the industrial ultrasonic cleaning machine has a wide range of applications. No matter what industry, it seems that a multi-size corresponding industrial ultrasonic cleaning machine can take into account all industrial cleaning work; in fact, this is not the case. Our industrial ultrasonic cleaning machine is also divided into many kinds, so how is this classification? I take you to find out.
One, In accordance with the different requirements of cleaning precision, mainly divided into general industrial cleaning, precision industrial cleaning and ultra-precision industrial cleaning three categories.
A. General industrial cleaning, including vehicles, ships, aircraft surface cleaning, generally can only remove relatively coarse dirt; B. Precision industrial cleaning, including a variety of product processing and production process cleaning, a variety of materials and equipment surface cleaning, etc., to be able to remove tiny dirt particles as a feature; C. Ultra-precision cleaning, including precision industrial production process of mechanical parts, electronic components, optical components and other items Ultra-precision cleaning, to remove very small dirt particles for the purpose.
Second, according to the different cleaning methods, can also be divided into physical cleaning and chemical cleaning.
A. the use of mechanics, acoustics, optics, electricity, thermal principles, relying on the role of external energy, such as mechanical friction, ultrasound, negative pressure, high-pressure impact, ultraviolet light, steam, etc. to remove dirt from the surface of the object called physical cleaning; B. rely on the role of chemical reactions, the use of chemicals or other solvents to remove dirt from the surface of the object called chemical cleaning. Such as the use of a variety of inorganic or organic acids to remove the surface of the object rust, scale, with oxidizing agents to remove the surface of the object color spots, with fungicides. Disinfectant to kill microorganisms and remove mold and other spots. Physical cleaning and chemical cleaning both have their own advantages and disadvantages, and have good complementarity. In the process of practical application, the two are usually used in combination to obtain a better cleaning effect.
Third, according to the different cleaning media, and can be divided into wet cleaning and dry cleaning.
Generally will be in the liquid medium for cleaning called wet cleaning, cleaning in the gas medium called dry cleaning. Most of the traditional cleaning methods for wet cleaning, and people are more easily understood dry cleaning is also vacuum cleaner. But in recent years, dry cleaning is developing rapidly. Such as laser cleaning. UV cleaning, plasma cleaning, dry ice cleaning, etc., in the field of high. Precision, advanced industrial technology field has been rapidly developed.


|Publication number||US7327963 B2|
|Application number||US 11/077,036|
|Publication date||Feb 5, 2008|
|Filing date||Mar 11, 2005|
|Priority date||Mar 17, 2004|
|Also published as||US20050207762|
|Publication number||077036, 11077036, US 7327963 B2, US 7327963B2, US-B2-7327963, US7327963 B2, US7327963B2|
|Original Assignee||Konica Minolta Business Technologies, Inc.|
|Export Citation||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|
|Patent Citations (4), Referenced by (3), Classifications (6), Legal Events (3)|
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet|
The invention relates to an image forming apparatus with a fixing device such as a copier, a printer, and a facsimile, for example, to an image forming apparatus that forms by electrophotographic method a toner image(s) on a single side or double sides of a transfer sheet and fixes the image(s) by a fixing device.
As a typical fixing device used for an electrophotographic method of image forming apparatus such as a copier, a printer and a facsimile, a heat roller fixing method has been frequently employed, which comprises a fixing roller with an elastic layer on it which is kept at a preset temperature and a pressing roller with an elastic layer on it which is pressure in contact with the fixing roller and works to heat a transfer sheet having a toner image on it while interposing and conveying the sheet.
Further, there has been a belt-type fixing device that uses an endless belt member (a fixing belt), which is supported by and entrained about a plurality of roller members.
However, when a toner image is heated and fixed by these fixing device, the moisture in the transfer sheet goes away into the air by heat during fixing and consequently, the transfer sheet shrinks. If the sheet shrinks too much, the image size becomes improper and may not meet users' requirements.
Further, due to specific deviations and changes with time of a feeder, the timing to feed sheets to the transfer section moves away from a designed timing value and, consequently, images will be positioned improperly on the sheets.
When forming an image on each side of a transfer sheet for double-side duplication, the transfer sheet subjected to transferring a toner image on one side thereof passes once through a fixing device for fixing the toner image, and then the transfer sheet subjected to transferring another toner image on the other side thereof passes again through the fixing device for fixing the another toner image.
When forming multiple duplication on a single side of transfer sheet to synthesize two images, the transfer sheet subjected to transferring a toner image on one side thereof passes once through a fixing device for fixing the toner image, and then the transfer sheet subjected to transferring another toner image on the same side thereof passes again through the fixing device for fixing the another toner image.
In these double-side duplication and multiple duplication, the first fixed transfer sheet is already shrunk by heat. Consequently, the first and second toner images become different in size and position thereof.
To solve such an image size problem, Patent Document 1 representing Japanese Non-examined Patent Publication H4-288560, for example, discloses a method of to measure the size of a transfer sheet before fixing and the size of the transfer sheet after fixing, to calculate a ratio of shrinkage of the transfer sheet from the result of measurement, and to control the optical system.
When making double-side duplication, the image forming apparatus disclosed by Patent Document 2 representing Japanese Non-examined Patent Publication H10-149057, measures the size of the first transfer sheet before fixing and the size of the transfer sheet after fixing by a sensor, calculates a ratio of shrinkage of the first transfer sheet from the result of measurement, and uses this ratio to correct image sizes for the second and later transfer sheets.
The image forming apparatus disclosed by Patent Document 3 representing Japanese Non-examined Patent Publication H10-319674, has a deviation detecting means that detects a test pattern that is formed on a preset position of a transfer sheet and measures the registration deviation and skew of the transfer sheet and corrects the position of an image to be formed on the other side of the sheet according to the result of the measurement.
The color image forming apparatus disclosed by Patent Document 4 representing Japanese Non-examined Patent Publication H10-319675, is equipped with a first paper size measuring section that measures the size of a transfer sheet before or while an image is formed on one side of the sheet and a second paper size measuring section that measures the size of the transfer sheet before or while an image is formed on the other side of the sheet, and uses the result of these measurements to control the position and length of-the image to be transferred to the transfer sheet.
The image forming apparatus having a Double-Side Copy mode disclosed by Patent Document 5 representing Japanese Non-examined Patent Publication 2002-258680, measures the longitudinal and lateral sizes of a transfer sheet before and after fixing by a measuring means, calculates the ratio of shrinkage of the transfer sheet by the fixing device, and forms a toner image of a magnification corrected by this shrinkage ratio on the photosensitive drum. When making double-side duplication, the image forming apparatus uses the first transfer sheet for calculation of this shrinkage ratio, forms a toner image for one side of the second transfer sheet on the surface of the photosensitive material by a normal image formation method, and forms a toner image for the other side of the second transfer sheet at a magnification equivalent to the shrinkage ratio on the surface of the photosensitive material.
As disclosed by Patent Documents 1 to 5, to correct image location and magnification errors of images due to uneven conveyance of transfer sheets or shrinkage of transfer sheets by fixing, the conventional image forming apparatus has employed a method of forming a test pattern in initial fixing or a method of detecting the leading and trailing edges of a transfer sheet and correcting image location and magnification. The test pattern forming method requires extra transfer sheets and the sheet edge detecting method cannot correct image deviations on the transfer sheets.
The above problems can be solved by the following Item.
An image forming apparatus with a fixing device that fixes an unfixed image formed on a transfer sheet thereto, comprising an image forming means for forming the unfixed image according to image data and an image pattern detection sensor for detecting image patterns on the fixed transfer sheet, wherein at least one of image location and magnification of said unfixed image formed on the transfer sheet is determined according to the image data and the image pattern detected by the image pattern detecting sensor and a correction for image formation by the image forming device is carried out on the basis of the determination.
Preferred embodiments of the present invention will be now detailed as follows. However, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to these embodiments. The categorical explanation of the embodiments of the invention is for the best mode of the invention, but does not limit the meanings of terms and technical ranges of the invention.
<Image Forming Apparatus>
The image forming apparatus A is a tandem type color image forming apparatus comprising a plural sets of image forming means (10Y, 10M, 10C, and 10K), a belt-like intermediate transfer member 6, a paper feeder 20, and a fixing device 30.
The image forming apparatus A has an image reading device B on the top. A document placed on the document table of the image reading device B is scanned by light to read its image by the optical system of the document image scanning and exposing device. The line image sensor reads the reflected light, converts the light signal into an analog signal photo-electrically, and sends the analog signal to a data processor 11. The data processor 11 processes the signal by analog processing, A/D conversion, shading correction, image compression, and the like, and sends the processed signal to the exposing means (3Y, 3M, 3C, and 3K).
The yellow color (Y) image forming means 10Y is composed of a photosensitive drum 1Y as an image carrier, a charging means 2Y, an exposing means 3Y, a developing device 4Y, and a cleaning means 5Y that are provided around the drum 1Y. The magenta color (M) image forming means 10M is composed of a photosensitive drum 1M as an image carrier, a charging means 2M, an exposing means 3M, a developing device 4M, and a cleaning means 5M that are provided around the drum 1M. The cyan color (C) image forming means 10C is composed of a photosensitive drum 1C as an image carrier, a charging means 2C, an exposing means 3C, a developing device 4C, and a cleaning means 5C that are provided around the drum 1C. The black color (K) image forming means 10K is composed of a photosensitive drum 1K as an image carrier, a charging means 2K, an exposing means 3K, a developing device 4K, and a cleaning means 5K that are provided around the drum 1K. Each set of the charging and exposing means (2Y and 3Y, 2M and 3M, 2C and 3C, and 2K and 3K) builds up a latent image forming means
Each of the developing devices (4Y, 4M, 4C, and 4K) contains a 2-component developing agent containing color toner particles (yellow, magenta, cyan, or black) of small particle sizes and a carrier.
The intermediate transfer member 6 is entrained about and supported rotatably by a plurality of rollers.
Color images respectively formed by the image forming means (10Y, 10M, 10C, and 10K) are transferred (primary image transfer) onto the moving intermediate transfer member 6 in sequence by the primary transferring means (7Y, 7M, 7C, and 7K) to form a single synthesized color-image.
A transfer sheet S is taken up from the inside of a transfer sheet storage (paper cassette) 21 of the paper feeder 20 by a paper feeding means (the first paper feeder) 22, conveyed to the secondary transferring means (transfer rollers) 9 by means of feed rollers 23, 24, 25, and 26 and the registration rollers (the second paper feeder) 27. Then, a color image is transferred (secondary image transfer) onto the transfer sheet S.
Three transfer sheet storages 21 are disposed vertically in the lower part of the image forming apparatus A. They are assigned an identical number 21, because they have similar configurations. Further, three stages of paper feeding means 22 are also assigned an identical number 22 because they have similar configurations. The transfer sheet storages. 21 and the paper feeding means 22 constitute a paper feeding device 20.
The fixing device holds the transfer sheet S having a color toner image on it, and applies heat and pressure to the transfer sheet S. With this, the color toner image (or toner image) is fixed to the transfer sheet S. The fixed sheet is interposed by the ejection rollers 28 and ejected onto the ejection tray 29 outside the apparatus.
After transferring the color image onto the transfer sheet S by the secondary transfer means 9, the intermediate transfer member 6 which has separated the transfer sheet by the curvature thereof is cleaned by the cleaning means 8 to remove the left-over toner from the intermediate transfer member 6.
To reverse and eject a fixed sheet, a reversing plate 28A is provided between the fixing device 30 and the ejection rollers 28. A transfer sheet S coming from the right side of the reversing plate 28A is turned down into the paper path r1, then moved up to pass by the left side of the reversing plate 28A, delivered into the paper path r2 (in the left side of the reversing plate 28A), and ejected by the ejection rollers 28 to the outside of the image forming apparatus.
When forming images on both sides of a transfer sheet S, the transfer sheet S having a fixed image: on the first side is fed to the paper path r1 and then to paper path r3, fed back into the paper path r4, fed upward, and delivered toward the image forming means 10 by the rollers 26. A color image formed by the image forming means (10Y, 10M, 10C, and 10K) is transferred to the second side of the transfer sheet, heat-fixed by the fixing device 30, and ejected to the outside by the ejection rollers 28.
Although the above description assumes that the image forming apparatus A forms a color image, the invention is also applicable to formation of monochromatic images.
The fixing device 30 of the invention is composed of a heating means made up with a supporting and pressing roller 32, a supporting and heating roller 33, a heating source 34, a pad 35, and a guide member 36 within the loop of a fixing belt 31 and an external pressing roller 37 outside the loop of the fixing belt 31.
The fixing belt 31 is an endless belt member which is entrained about each of the outer circumferential surfaces of the supporting and pressing roller 32, the supporting and heating roller 33, the heat source 34, the pad 35, and the guide member 36.
The supporting and pressing roller 32 is provided opposite the external pressing roller 37 to support the fixing belt 31 at part of the inner surface of the fixing belt 31. The supporting and heating roller 33 having a heat source 34 therein is provided to support the fixing belt 31 at part of the inner surface of the fixing belt 31.
The external pressing roller 37 having a heat source 38 therein is provided to press the fixing belt 31 and the transfer sheet S together against the supporting and pressing roller 32 and the pad 35.
The heat sources 34 and 38 can be radiant heat sources such as halogen lamps, carbon heaters, and xenon lamps, but can be any electromagnetic induction type heat source if an appropriate roller core is selected. Further, each heating roller can contain a plurality of heaters to give different amounts of heat.
A fixing nip section Na is formed at a place where the supporting and pressing roller 32 and the external pressing roller 37 are pressing against each other while interposing the fixing belt 31 that is heated by the supporting and heating roller 33. In the upstream side of the conveyance direction of the transfer sheet of the fixing nip section Na, an auxiliary nip section Nb acting upon the external pressing roller 37 is formed between the fixing belt 31 and the external pressing roller 37.
The fixing device 30 uses the auxiliary nip section Nb and the fixing nip section Na to fix a monochromatic or multi-color toner image on a transfer sheet by applying heat and pressure. Further, a pad 35 provided opposite to the external pressing roller 37 and a guide member 36 about which the fixing belt 31 is entrained, are provided inside the loop of the fixing belt 31.
The substrate of the fixing belt 31 is an electrocast nickel belt of 20 to 80 μm thick and 60 to 150 mm in inner diameter or a heat-resistant plastic belt such as polyimide of 50 to 200 μm thick. Its outer surface (circumferential surface) is coated with a silicone rubber layer of 100 to 500 μm thick. The silicone rubber layer is coated with a releasing layer of PFA (perfluoroalkoxy) or PTFE (polytetrafluroethylene) of 30 to 50 μm thick or covered with a PFA tube or film.
The supporting and pressing roller 32 is composed of a cylindrical metallic pipe 32 a, for example, a SC steel (STKM) pipe of 2 to 5 mm thick, a silicone rubber layer 32 b of 0.5 to 5 mm thick which covers the outer surface of the metallic pipe 32 a, and a PFA tube 32 c of 30 to 70 μm thick which covers the outer surface of the silicone rubber layer 32 b. Substantially, this is a soft roller of 20 to 50 mm in outer diameter. Silicone sponge or the like can be substituted for the silicone rubber layer 32 b.
The external-pressing roller 37 is composed of a cylindrical metallic pipe 37 a, for example, a SC steel (STKM) or aluminum alloy pipe of 2 to 5 mm thick, a silicone rubber layer 37 b of 1 to 3 mm thick which covers the outer surface of the, metallic pipe 37 a, and a releasing layer 37 c of a PFA tube of 20 to 50 μm thick which covers the outer surface of the silicone rubber layer 37 b. Substantially, this is a soft roller of 40 to 80 mm in outer diameter.
A heat source 38 is provided in the external pressing roller 37 to heat the roller 37. A temperature sensor TS2 is provided todetect and control the surface temperature of the external pressing roller 37 at a preset temperature.
The supporting and heating roller 33 is composed of an aluminum alloy pipe 33 a of 1 to 2 mm thick as a substrate, and a coating PFA layer of 10 to 30 μm thick which covers the outer surface of the pipe 33 a. Substantially, this is a roller of 40 to 80 mm in outer diameter.
A heat source 34 is provided in the supporting and heating roller 33 to heat the roller 33. A temperature sensor TS1 is provided to detect and control the surface temperature of the supporting and heating roller 33 at a preset temperature.
A driving means (not shown in the drawing) drives the supporting and pressing roller 32 to rotate. The supporting and pressing roller 32 in contact with the fixing belt 31 also causes the fixing belt 31 to rotate. It is also possible to drive and rotate the external pressing roller 37 by the driving means and cause the roller 37 to rotate the fixing belt 31 as the external pressing roller 37 rotates. Further, it is possible to drive both the supporting and pressing roller 32 and the external pressing roller 37.
A monochromatic or multi-color toner image on a transfer sheet fed into the fixing area through the guide plate 30S is heat-pressed to fix by the auxiliary nip section Nb formed by the fixing belt 31, the external pressing roller 37, and the pad 35, and the fixing nip section Na formed by the supporting and pressing roller 32 and the external pressing roller 37.
Thanks to the flexibility of the fixing belt 31, the auxiliary nip section Nb is effective to assure a great heating time by a small diameter of the supporting and pressing roller 32.
<Writing-Control of the Image Forming Apparatus>
After being fixed by the fixing device 30, the transfer sheet S is ejected to the outside by the ejection roller pair 39 or fed back to the image formation path to have another image on the rear side of the sheet S. After the image on the sheet. S is fixed as shown in
When the image forming apparatus is installed or maintained, the axial position of the sensor PS or position perpendicular to the movement of the transfer sheet is determined by outputting patterns to detect the position of the sensor PS, storing the results of detection, and comparing the results.
We can know the position of the sensor to a writing position, that is an image forming position, by the ratio of the time periods t1/t2, when forming lines P1, P2, and P3 on a transfer sheet, and detecting these lines P1, P2, and P3 by the sensor.
The ratio t1/t2 is constant at the axial positions of the sensors as long as the speeds of components of the image forming apparatus are constant not to say they are designed values. Therefore, we can uniquely determine the positional relationship between sensor positions and the unfixed image by measuring the t1/t2 value. If the t1/t2 value is 1, the sensor is in the center of this line pattern. If the t1/t2 value is greater than 1, the sensor is a little left from the center. See t1′ and t2′ in the drawing. This means to understand the relationship between the sensor position and the writing position is very effective when the sensor is move as explained below.
When obtaining an expected output by calculating this sensor sensitivity distribution relative to the image data, we also calculate sensitivities to colors together with the sensitivity distribution in the sensor measuring area (for color images).
The writing-data processing section 11 of the image forming apparatus A creates an expected image pattern detection output and expected leading- and trailing-edge detection outputs by multiplying the image data corresponding to the sensor position by the sensitivity distribution of the sensor PS, compares the actual detection outputs by the above expected detection outputs in a virtual space built on memory of the control section, and determines a correction magnification and a writing-start timing correction value. (See
For convenience, the output of the sensor PS will be explained using an output of a simple image pattern shown in
When the photosensitive material speed, writing speed, intermediate transfer member speed, sheet speed, and respective kinds of timing are as designed, the output of the sensor output matches the solid line of
Various algorithms can be used to correct a writing magnification and a writing timing. This embodiment determines a distance of the transfer sheet S from the reference position and a magnification for correction by moving the detection output relative to the expected output within a preset value, selecting a distance to minimize the difference, moving the detection output relative to the center of the image area by within a preset value, selecting the magnification to minimize the difference, and repeating these steps.
In other words, this embodiment selects an image location and a magnification to match the solid line with the broken line in
Although this embodiment implements a magnification adjustment after a position (timing) adjustment, this can be changed according to the image forming apparatus to be adjusted. Particularly, it is preferable to first implement magnification adjustment or timing adjustment whichever becomes more affected in the default status (in terms of difference integration), that is, whichever has a greater reduction in the integration of the difference in the first adjustment.
The origin (p0, t0), magnification offset range (a preset value A), offset step (pe, te), and the number of repetitions are determined by the required performance, variation in paper feed timing, and magnitude of paper shrinkage and expansion. For example, if the paper feed timing may vary ±10 mm at a certain point, the control section moves the position (timing) at a step of 2 mm in the range of ±12 mm, corrects the magnification at a step of 1% in the range of ±5%, moves the position (timing) at a step of 0.5 mm in the range of ±4 mm, looks for a position at which the integration of the difference between the expected data and the detected data becomes smallest, corrects the magnification at a step of 0.2% in the range of ±2%, and repeats the position correction and the magnification correction at a smaller step by a preset number of times. As for the number of repetitions, it is possible to repeat the corrections until the integration of the data difference in the whole length goes below a preset value.
The preset value A means a tolerance of a positional or magnification offset and is unique to each image forming apparatus. This can be changed to user's demand and by the user.
By repeating three sets of position adjustment and magnification adjustment and using the obtained information for forming a next image, this embodiment can reduce the visible positional/magnification difference of images between front and back sides of the paper within 0.5 mm.
Basically, the transfer paper after fixing has the trailing edge easily curled because of the shape of the fixing nip and the thermal difference. Therefore, it is possible to greatly improve the accuracy of image pattern detection by detecting the actual image pattern which is formed and fixed on the transfer sheet.
Based on the above adjusting method, when printing an image on the other side of the transfer sheet, the image forming apparatus selects timing to start image formation and a magnification to positionally match images on both sides of the transfer sheet S and forms the image on the other side of the sheet.
When forming an image on the next sheet for the next print, the image forming apparatus sets a writing-start timing and a magnification so that the image is formed to be at a position and in a size, which are designated by the image data with respect to the leading and trailing edge timing of the detected transfer sheet S.
Timing is controlled. For example, when the image is too close to the leading edge of the transfer sheet, the writing-start timing is delayed or the paper feed timing is expedited. We can use any of the above similarly for position controlling, but it is easier to change the write starting timing which will not affect paper feed controlling.
When the image forming apparatus contains one or more transfer sheets S moving in the paper path between the fixing device and the next transferring or fixing device in image formation on the rear side of paper (or in the multiple duplication), the correction values for the front side of the transfer sheet are used also to form another image on the rear side of the sheet. However, it rarely happens that these values vary in continuous image formation. Therefore, the correction data for the first image formation can be used for succeeding image formations. If the fixer temperature greatly varies in the continuous image fixing operation, the correction should preferably be done on each print. If the print sheets S are changed in the continuous image formation, the correction should preferably be done each time when print sheets are changed.
It is possible to change the writing magnification by changing the image writing clock speed and the image processing speed, changing the speed of the optical scanning system, or changing the writing clocks. It is possible to change the writing clock by varying the magnification in the scanning direction, to change the image processing speed by varying the magnification in the subsidiary scanning direction, and to change the speed of the optical scanning system by varying the magnifications in both main and subsidiary scanning directions simultaneously. When the image processing speed or the optical scanning speed is changed, it takes a lot of time between a time instant at which the speed is changed and a time instant at which the new speed becomes stable. Therefore, when a shorter paper sheet is used for image formation, the next printing must be halted, which reduces the productivity of the image forming apparatus. Further, the above changes may reduce image qualities for some kinds of image data. In this case, it is possible to simply expand or shrink the source image data when moving it as shown by the broken line of
As the image data is externally given, the sensor PS installed is not always in a position fit for the image pattern p.
The detection accuracy can be increased by detecting an image pattern (p) fit for detection of a position and a magnification of an output image and moving the position of the sensor PS in the writing data processor 11 of the image forming apparatus A. Various algorithms are available to detect the appropriate image pattern (p). This embodiment employs an algorithm of multiplying the sensitivity distribution of-the sensor PS by the image data along 2 mm-spaced lines that are parallel to the moving direction of the transfer sheet within the range that the sensor PS can move in a virtual space on memory of the control section, calculating the image density distribution, and determining a position at which the peaks that have 50% or higher output corresponding to an image having the maximum image density exist at an interval of over 80% in the conveying direction of the transfer sheet S. As explained below, the sensor PS is moved to the determined position by a known moving mechanism using a screw or a wire.
If all peaks of the output corresponding to an image having the maximum image density are less than 50% or if the distance is not sufficient, each of the threshold values are decreased for selection. If the peak values are too small (for example 30% or less) or their intervals are too short (for example 60% or less), the correction may fail and, in extreme cases, the image position and magnification may be deteriorated. In such a case, this correction is not implemented.
If the absolute value of the moving amount or magnification for correction is too great (for example, more than ±5 mm as the moving amount for correction, and more than ±2% as the magnification for correction), when a feed trouble occurs, or when the correction algorithm or sensor sensitivity fails, the image forming apparatus stops this correction assuming that the sensor is not fit for the image pattern p and outputs under the initial setting condition or the previous output condition. The limit values of the magnification and moving amount are determined judging from the actual variations in production (experimental values). This can prevent excessive corrections.
The pair of ejection rollers 39 is composed of a set of an upper rubber roller 39A and a lower plastic roller 39B. The sensor PS is provided opposite the upper rubber roller 39A that is in contact with the image side of the transfer sheet immediately after fixing.
The sensor PS detects the quantity of light reflected on the transfer sheet S or the lower roller 39B and outputs a corresponding voltage. For assurance of effective detection of the leading and trailing edges of a general white transfer sheet S, the lower roller opposite the sensor PS is black or deep colored. This decreases the sensor sensitivity to high-density colored paper, but almost all paper used by the image forming apparatus is white and this is very useful to the users.
The upper roller 39A is not in the detection position of the sensor PS. The sensor PS is so positioned to detect the position and the image pattern p of the transfer sheet at a place where the transfer sheet S is in securely contact with the lower roller 39B. Since the sensor is provided in such a place, the distance between the sensor and the paper is always constant. This enables high-precision and stable detection of image densities and paper edges.
It is preferable that the sensor PS can move all over the image width, but part of the area is enough to get a proper image pattern p at a high possibility or to increase the accuracy of detection. The sensor-supporting member is mounted on a screw shaft in parallel with the upper roller 39A so that it can move between both ends of the roller 39A. With this, the sensor PS moves to a position to detect the appropriate image pattern p that is selected by the algorithm for setting an image detection-position. These positions can be selected by various kinds of selection algorithms. However, this embodiment selects a position at which the height of the respective detected peaks (percentage to the maximum image density) by the peak-to-peak distance (percentage to the paper size along the movement of the paper) is the greatest. This sensor position is detected as the number of screw revolutions (not a rotational speed) by an encoder or the like for controlling.
Instead of moving a sensor PS, it is also possible to provide a plurality of sensors PS, a sensor located at the best position out of the plurality of sensors may be used to detect an image and a transfer sheet by estimating their outputs corresponding to each position. Sensors can be selected in the similar manner to that for the sensor movement. Also in this case, if the images for all of the sensors PS are assumed to be improper for correction of magnifications and locations (by the above algorithm), the image forming apparatus stops the correction.
If the positional deviation and the deviation in magnification of the first output among a series of image formation output instructions are respectively less than a tolerance (for example, ±1 mm and ±0.3%), the image forming apparatus keeps on outputting. If the positional or magnification deviation exceeds the tolerance in the first sheet fixing, the image forming apparatus makes a correction and outputs the first sheet again. In this case, the image forming apparatus informs the user of this re-outputting of the first sheet by indicators on the operation panel or the like of the image forming apparatus to prevent immigration of the same pages.
Similarly, the image forming apparatus keeps on outputting for the second sheet and thereafter as long as the deviation is within the preset value while correcting according to the result of measurement of the preceding output. As explained above, if paper sheets of the same kind are used continuously, the first measuring and correcting conditions can be applied to the succeeding outputs. If the user can select whether re-outputting is required (by the above preset value), high-quality printing or waste-less printing can be selected according to the user's demand.
The structures of the invention are particularly effective for a high speed image forming apparatus and a color image forming apparatus that are used in the publishing-on-demand (POD) market that requires a high precision level.
Before starting an actual image forming operation, the image forming apparatus determines the magnification and position of an image according to the pre-printing information (or printing on the front side of the transfer sheet when the rear side of the sheet is fixed) and forms an unfixed image on the sheet according to the information. In this case, the line speed is changed if necessary. Then the sheet having the unfixed toner image is conveyed to the fixing area through a guide or the like, heated and pressed while being interposed between the fixing belt 31 and the external pressing rollers 37, and heat-fixed the toner image thereon.
The invention can minimize the wasteful output (consumption of transfer sheets) and increase the image magnification and positional accuracies independently of paper types.
In the above description, this embodiment assumes a belt-type fixing-device. However, it is to be understood that the invention is also effective to a roller-type fixing device.
The features of the image forming apparatus of this embodiment are listed below.
(1) Using input image data, data obtained by detection of a fixed image pattern and data obtained by detection of the leading and trailing edges of the transfer sheet for correction.
(2) High detection accuracy of sensors to detect an image pattern and leading and trailing edges of transfer sheets because they are provided opposite to the ejection roller.
(3) Performing an operation corresponding to a sensor sensitivity distribution on input image data and setting a magnification and a quantity of positional correction to make the least data difference.
(4) Keeping on outputting when the positional variation is a preset value or less, correcting and outputting the first sheet again when the positional variation exceeds the preset value, keeping on outputting the second and succeeding sheets if the variation is a preset value or less while correcting according to the result of measurement in the previous output.
(5) Using, as the lateral position of the sensor, what is obtained by measuring the axial position of a test pattern when the apparatus is installed or maintained and stored as position data.
(6) Moving the sensor to a position fit for detection of a shrinkage ratio according to the image data or using the previous correction data if there is no image pattern in the sensor position.
As explained above, the image forming apparatus with a fixing device of the embodiment directly uses the fixed image data. Therefore, no extra sheet is required to handle the shrinkage of paper after fixing. This can minimize wasteful consumption (consumption of transfer sheets and toner) and increase the image positional accuracy and the image magnification accuracy.
That is, according to the embodiment, images with high magnification accuracy without wasting transfer sheets can be obtained.
According to the embodiment, sensor characteristics can be corrected and images with high magnification accuracy can be obtained.
According to the embodiment, images with high magnification accuracy without wasting transfer sheets and the like can be obtained.
According to the embodiment, excessive and wasteful corrections against disturbances can be prevented.
According to the embodiment, suppress excessive and wasteful corrections against disturbances on image positions and magnifications can be prevented.
According to the embodiment, excessive variations in image positions and magnifications of the first transfer sheet in a series of image outputs can be prevented.
According to the embodiment, when the transfer sheet type changes in a series of image outputs, an excessive variation in the image position of the first transfer sheet which may occur can be prevented.
According to the embodiment, stray of transfer sheets having unwanted and unacceptable image outputs can be prevented.
According to the embodiment, a reduction in the accuracy of detecting positions and magnifications due to uneven thickness of transfer sheets can be prevented.
According to the embodiment, a high accuracy of detecting leading and trailing edges of a normal white transfer sheets can be obtained.
According to the embodiment, a high accuracy of detecting image positions and magnifications can be obtained by selecting a proper sensor position.
According to the embodiment, a high accuracy of detecting image positions and magnifications of various image patterns can be obtained.
According to the embodiment, an optimum sensor position without any sensor moving mechanism can be selected.
|Cited Patent||Filing date||Publication date||Applicant||Title|
|US5887223 *||Aug 8, 1997||Mar 23, 1999||Fuji Xerox Co., Ltd.||Image forming apparatus having high image quality control mechanism|
|US6377758 *||Nov 6, 2000||Apr 23, 2002||Xerox Corporation||Method and system for analyzing imaging problems|
|US6898381 *||Nov 4, 2002||May 24, 2005||Canon Kabushiki Kaisha||Color image forming apparatus and method for controlling the same|
|US6961526 *||Jan 13, 2003||Nov 1, 2005||Canon Kabushiki Kaisha||Image forming apparatus which performs image formation control based on the image after fixing|
|Citing Patent||Filing date||Publication date||Applicant||Title|
|US7509068 *||Feb 12, 2007||Mar 24, 2009||Konica Minolta Business Technologies, Inc.||Image forming apparatus|
|US20080019727 *||Feb 12, 2007||Jan 24, 2008||Konica Minolta Business Technologies, Inc.||Image forming apparatus|
|US20100225932 *||Feb 17, 2010||Sep 9, 2010||Seiko Epson Corporation||Image forming apparatus and image forming method|
|Cooperative Classification||G03G15/5062, G03G2215/0119, G03G2215/00067|
|Mar 11, 2005||AS||Assignment|
Owner name: KONICA MINOLTA BUSINESS TECHNOLOGIES, INC., JAPAN
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:FUNABIKI, HIROSHI;REEL/FRAME:016379/0349
Effective date: 20050225
|Jul 6, 2011||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 4
|Jul 22, 2015||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 8