The Elite Scanning System
The first step in solving the 50 year old problem of fire tube failures.
What is MFL?
MFL stands for Magnetic Flux Leakage testing. It uses a combination of magnets and sensors to determine defects in carbon steel by measuring resistance as the scanner passes over the steel wall. MFL technology has existed for about 15 years and is commonly used to scan tank floors and down hole pipe testing. Elite Energy Services harnessed this robust technology and worked with vendors around the world to build an application specifically designed for fire tube scanning.
What is unique about the scanner?
The Elite Scanning System is purpose-built for the inspection of fire tubes – the first of its kind. Our sensors and magnets are curved specifically to the inside of a fire tube, allowing us to efficiently determine the levels of corrosion and areas of weakness. The scanning heads are custom made for multiple I.D. (inside diameter) fire tubes, and this makes the system extremely accurate (+/- 5%).
Here is a short video demonstrating the steps of the Elite Scanning System. You can find the following portions at these times:
-0:00 Introduction and MFL Explanation
-1:25 Field Demo
-4:09 Report and Database Demo
How do we use magnets to measure the corrosion in a fire tube?
When magnets pass over the metal, the force of the magnets create resistance in the carbon steel. When there is corrosion in the steel, it causes defects, and the metal in the affected area becomes thinner. This causes less resistance when the magnets pass over. The sensors measure the resistance – and the software translates that information into a numerical format, which is then calculated to determine the remaining wall thickness. Our software produces an image, giving our customers a visual representation of the orientation and location of corrosion on the fire tube. These readings are instantaneous and allow our operators to quickly diagnose the corrosion damage on the fire tube.
The Scanning Process
Elite's scanning process is fast, effective, simple and most of all SAFE.
Step #1: Remove the Burner
The burner assembly is removed after the fuel gas lines have been secured and rendered safe. The arrestor and burner are removed and set to the side. A visual inspection of the inside of the tube is completed. If any issues are found, they are noted and later addressed by the producers. If a heat shield is present, the team will remove the shield to ensure safe working conditions.
Step #2: Prepare and Clean Fire Tube
Prepare and Clean Fire Tube:
The fire tube must be free from debris – such as soot, scale and rust. This is accomplished with specially designed brushes that loosen the material so it can be removed effectively. We use compressed air to facilitate the preparation process. Once the tube has been cleaned, the scanning process can begin.
Step #3: Inspect and Scan Fire Tube
The scanner head is deployed into the fire tube, starting in the 12 o’clock position. The scanner head is pushed forward, traveling over the steel tube and sending data to the computer. The information is then translated by the software and a digital image is produced. The operator and producer can then determine the depth and location of the corrosion. This process is repeated until the entire fire tube has been scanned. We know INSTANTLY the condition of the fire tube. If the tube has significant damage (75%+ or as otherwise instructed), a call is immediately placed to the producer for necessary interventions.
Step #4: Reassemble Burner
Once the data has been collected and interpreted, the reassembly process begins. If a heat shield was used, it is replaced and re-positioned. The burner assembly is reinstalled and secured to the fire tube flange. If the burner was lit before the disassembly process began, it is then re-lit and the arrestors are placed and secured.
"When I first heard about the Elite Scanning System, I jokingly said, what is it, a magic stick? I couldn't believe that someone came up with a system to scan a fire tube without having to remove the tube. I was even more shocked by how fast and accurate the system is."
"The color-coded system makes my job easier. I know at a glance what I've got to deal with first thing in the morning. It also helps us plan work during our morning meeting."
The reporting process was developed to be easy to read, straight forward, and a document that could be used by oil producers to answer the simple question: Is the tube “good or bad”? We wanted to ensure the information in the report could be universally understood, so we have developed a color-coded system that allows the level of severity to be quickly identified.
The color GREEN, for example, indicates a tube that can be addressed at a later date.
A YELLOW/ORANGE tube can be delayed and/or monitored more closely.
The color RED, however, designates a tube needing expedited action (or 75%+ of wall loss).
Although we have a standard process in place, we are happy to adapt to meet our customer's needs.
If we detect a RED, the producer is notified immediately and can inform other company personnel to the priority of that particular tube.
The report also uses positions on a clock (12 o’clock, 4 o’clock, etc.) to describe the location of the corrosion. A root cause analysis can be made to determine why the area is having corrosion issues.
The report also shows a visual representation of the scanned image. The producer can then see the size and depth of corrosion without having to understand the MFL technology. The reports are easily stored and designed to provide quick and accurate data that address the simple question: “Is this tube good or bad?”
Actual Report Samples
The red highlights are added to show the problem areas on this specific fire tube. This specific tube is considered ORANGE condition.
"The database that Elite Energy developed is easy to use. I just wish our company's computer system was this simple."
Data management is key to any efficient inspection program. Our data management system was developed with the producer in mind. We know our customers want something quick, easy to interpret, and requiring little scrutiny. We used these parameters to develop our Fire Tube System.
We have color-coded the results so that you can easily determine which tubes are a priority. Red’s require quick action and green indicates the fire tube has minimal corrosion damage. Each morning, producers receive an email with a table listing wells scanned the day before. The table shows the percentage of wall loss and the corresponding priority indicating color (RED, ORANGE, YELLOW, GREEN). Producers can quickly determine if and when to address any fire tube issues. Producers can easily view these alerts on their phone or while at their computer.
Once the producer determines when they wish to rescan the tube (usually in months), the email is sent back to Elite for processing. Elite will then move the scan data to the appropriate place in the calendar and the report will be stored for future viewing.
The database is kept on a secure web-based platform. Only authorized personnel have access to their respective companies. Using this type of platform enables the reports to be archived, and easily accessed from multiple devices. Access the system from the office or out in the field.
These are some of our most asked questions about the scanner.
Inspection Tool Breakdown
The tool is engineered in a very specific and tailor-made way to work as proficiently and effectively as possible.


TIDAS® L 570 UV/NIR 1911 DH
The integrated UV/NIR spectrometer with a wavelength range of 190 - 1100 nm.Read more
The powder analysis system to measure flow behaviour and more using the integrated NIR spectrometer.Read more
We are a German pioneer in the field of fiber-optic measuring systems for UV/VIS, Raman and NIR spectroscopy. We offer innovative, reliable solutions and analytical systems – for laboratory, process and also for OEM applications.
22 February 2018
Introducing TIDAS® L
Introducing TIDAS® L – the Bench Saving Powerhouse Lab Spectrometer! Information overflow and deadline pressure are rising concerns for laboratories too. Therefore it is more important than ever that laboratory personnel can focus their efforts on their core tasks – performing the anlyses. To support this from our side as a manufacturer of laboratory spectrometers,…


Grove - Infrared Temperature Sensor Array (AMG8833), thermal camera, Infrared Camera
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The Grove - Infrared Temperature Sensor Array (AMG8833) is a high precision infrared array sensor which based on advanced MEMS technology. It can support temperature detection of two-dimensional area: 8 × 8 (64 pixels) and maximum 7 meters detection distance.
We provide both Arduino and Raspberry Pi demo for this sensor. It will be a perfect module to make your own thermal camera.
We've Released the Grove Selection Guide and hope to help you find the Grove suit you best.
Temperature detection of two-dimensional area: 8 × 8 (64 pixels)
I2C output (capability of temperature value output)
Long detection distance
High function home appliances (microwaves and air-conditioners)
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|Publication number||US7872886 B2|
|Application number||US 12/034,229|
|Publication date||Jan 18, 2011|
|Priority date||Feb 20, 2008|
|Also published as||US20090206804|
|Publication number||034229, 12034229, US 7872886 B2, US 7872886B2, US-B2-7872886, US7872886 B2, US7872886B2|
|Inventors||Ming Xu, Julu Sun, Ya Liu, Fred C. Lee|
|Original Assignee||Virginia Tech Intellectual Properties, Inc.|
|Export Citation||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|
|Patent Citations (6), Referenced by (21), Classifications (8), Legal Events (3)|
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet|
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention generally relates to voltage regulator circuits/modules and, more particularly, to providing regulated voltage to loads at high current and low voltage with fast transient load response capability and circuits capable of doing so.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Many commercially available electronic devices require power at a well-regulated, substantially constant or well-defined voltage for proper operation. Among such devices, microprocessors and other high-speed logic circuits generally present loads which are most demanding to accommodate.
Current trends in designs for microprocessors have featured increased levels of integration of circuitry on a single chip and the use of higher clock speeds. These design trends have also led to lower (e.g. one volt or less) and more stringent and/or complex voltage regulation requirements (e.g. 10% or less, possibly with specified voltage droop with increasing current to reduce power dissipation requirements) at higher currents (e.g. 130 Amperes or more) and, particularly for programmed microprocessors, extremely high current slew rates (e.g. 20 A/nsec.). High efficiency is also demanded since many microprocessor applications derive power from batteries which can limit the time of operation before the batteries become excessively discharged. Small size and weight and low cost are also very desirable, particularly for use with microprocessors.
Many of these requirements and desirable features impose conflicting constraints on design or require trade-offs which may be very difficult to accommodate. For example, accommodation of high current slew rate can be achieved with large output filter capacitance but which may compromise accurate voltage control and increase size, weight and cost of the power supply. Similarly, the requirement for lower power supply output voltages generally compromises efficiency since a lower output voltage generally increases the voltage step-down which must be achieved by a DC to DC converter while very sophisticated power supply designs are required to achieve even very small increases in efficiency. On the other hand, some voltage converter or transformer designs are known which may be of characteristically very high efficiency but cannot achieve other desired characteristics while maintaining such efficiency or presenting intractable design problems.
In order to accommodate such conflicting requirements for power supply and voltage regulator circuits, a two-stage approach as shown in
A proposal to reduce this compromise of efficiency is illustrated in
Thus, in summary, while many voltage regulator topologies are known and power supply architectures have become quite sophisticated, such designs are far from ideal for the types of loads presented by some current and foreseeable applications, particularly those including microprocessors. The effects of trade-offs necessary to accommodate the many demands of such applications are particularly severe and increasing in severity as present trends in integrated circuit designs continue. It can be foreseen that current power supply architectures and design approaches such as those shown in
It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a power supply architecture which can provide high current at low and well-regulated voltage while accommodating large load transients and providing high current slew rate and which can be realized at small size and weight at low cost.
It is another object of the invention to provide a power supply architecture which allows use of particularly high efficiency unregulated voltage converter/transformer topologies which cannot maintain high efficiency under particular operating conditions or while developing particular desired characteristics or otherwise presenting particularly intractable problems of design or operation.
In order to accomplish these and other objects of the invention, a voltage regulator circuit architecture is provided including a regulated branch including at least one regulated voltage converter, an unregulated branch including at least one unregulated voltage converter having a lower output impedance than the regulated branch, the unregulated branch being connected in parallel with the regulated branch, wherein output impedances of the regulated branch and the unregulated branch determine a proportionate load current delivered to a load from each branch, and two power supplies, a first power supply supplying input power to the regulated branch and a second power supply supplying input power to the unregulated branch and connected such that variation in input voltage to the unregulated branch due to load current supplied therefrom provides feedback to the regulated branch for voltage regulation of the output voltage of the voltage regulator circuit.
In accordance with another aspect of the invention, a method of regulating voltage of a power supply is provided including steps of providing power to an unregulated voltage converter from a first source such that increased load causes reduced voltage of the first source in series with a second source, providing power to a regulated voltage converter from the second source or a third source, and adjusting an input or output voltage of the regulated voltage source to compensate for the reduced voltage whereby an output voltage of the power supply is regulated.
The foregoing and other objects, aspects and advantages will be better understood from the following detailed description of a preferred embodiment of the invention with reference to the drawings, in which:
Referring now to the drawings, and more particularly to
(Since the input power sources are independent and involve separate voltages in series, the nomenclature “quasi-parallel architecture” is used somewhat more generically to indicate divergence from fully parallel architectures such as that of
Somewhat less evidently from
It should also be appreciated that the quasi-parallel architecture of the invention allows different types of circuits to be used for each of the regulated and unregulated cells. Four exemplary embodiments which provide proper operation and are differently constituted are illustrated in
As alluded to above, a feedback loop including an amplifier or other gain control, Av, is provided to control the duty cycles of the switches in the regulated converter in a manner well-understood by those skilled in the art and depicted by arrow 51 in
is accurately maintained.
In summary, when the load current increases (io↑), Vo is drawn down (Vo↓). Since the unregulated branch 53 is of lower impedance than regulated branch 54, Vin1 is also drawn down (Vin1↓) causing an increase in Vin2 (Vin2↑) which, in turn, causes Vo to rise (center Vo↑ symbol) as feedback mechanism 52. Feedback mechanism 51 responds to Vo↓ through feedback connection 56 by increasing the duty cycle (d↑) which also increases Vo (right-most Vo↑ symbol) in a manner familiar to those skilled in the art.
More specifically, as an example of principles of circuit design in accordance with the quasi-parallel architecture of the invention, those skilled in the art will observe that:
1.) Vin1+Vin2=Vin with the series connected capacitors functioning as a capacitive voltage divider;
2.) it follows from the function of the capacitive voltage divider that Iin1=Iin2 (since the return current of the input of the DC/DC transformer supplies Iin2);
3.) the input voltages can be designed by the relationships n:Vin1=nVo, and Vin2=Vin−nVo; and
4.) the current (power) ratio is determined by Io1/Io2=Vin 1/Vin2. Thus, in the particular example of
The benefits of the quasi-parallel architecture are principally in efficiency and output capacitance reduction. In regard to efficiency, a state-of-the-art multi-phase buck converter providing power to a typical microprocessor will have an efficiency of about 86% at a switching frequency of 600 KHz. In comparison, efficiency of a DC/DC transformer (DCX) is generally about 93% while efficiency of a single or multi-phase buck converter can be increased to about 91% because of the reduction of input voltage allowed by the reduction of current required therefrom. Thus, the overall efficiency of the quasi-parallel architecture in accordance with the invention is about 92.5%; 6% to 7% higher than a state-of-the-art voltage regulator.
The reduction of output capacitance is also much improved in comparison with a state-of-the-art multi-phase buck converter, as shown in
It should be appreciated that the embodiments of the invention discussed above and as illustrated in
As a variation of the quasi-parallel architecture described above, a block diagram of an alternative circuit structure is illustrated in
The feedback path including amplifier Av from the output to the regulated converter (in this case, a buck converter but other topologies could be used) is essentially the same as in the previously described embodiments. However, in this circuit structure, all current to the load is directly provided from the high efficiency unregulated converters and regulation is achieved by adjustment of the input voltage thereto by use of the regulated converter which adjusts the voltage on Co1. While the second feedback mechanism described above is not present in this configuration, transient response is at least equal to that of the unregulated converters which is enhanced somewhat by the fact that the Co may be small and the transient response of Vo1 thereon may be very rapid to alter the voltage increment above V2 to enhance the transient response of the unregulated converters. That is, an increase in Vo1 will cause the output voltage vo to rise and reduce the duty cycle of the converter to reduce and stabilize Vo1 and thus regulate the output voltage Vo. While an increase in Vo1 may increase the output voltage of the unregulated converters, such voltage increase enhances the injection of current to output filter capacitor Co which can readily filter such voltage increase while being capable of reduction in capacitance and size.
A design example of the structure of
As a perfecting feature of the invention which has been found to be very desirable in implementation of the quasi-parallel architecture described above but not necessary to its successful practice, an inductor-less resonant DC/DC converter which is particularly advantageous for use as unregulated converters will now be discussed. Referring now to
Operation of the preferred circuit of
During the period t1-t2 when Q1 and S1 are “off”, the leakage inductance and mutual of the transformer resonates with Cr, which is constituted by the reflected output capacitance (e.g. Co/n2), developing a small current variation on the primary side of the transformer and a half-sinusoid voltage waveform across Q1. A similar voltage waveform results across S1. Both of these waveforms return to zero volts at t2 and the circuit is reset after delivering current to Co during t0-t1. Period t2-t3 is essentially dead time and can be very short but some finite period is desirable to prevent reverse current in the secondary side of the circuit while ip is in a negative portion of its resonant oscillation. During this period, ILM (=ip) is negative and the actual current is in the direction in which the illustrated diode is oriented.
A particular embodiment of this circuit with simulated voltage and current curves is illustrated in
As a solution to such a ripple voltage, in accordance with this perfecting feature of the invention, two or more of the circuits of
The above advantageous employment of an inductorless resonant converter is only exemplary of converters which are otherwise unsuitable for use in a final stage of a power supply where high-current, low voltage and accurate voltage regulation are required but which have other advantages which can be exploited within the quasi-parallel regulator architecture in accordance with the invention. Another known class of isolated DC/DC converter of this type is a class of resonant converters such as LLC resonant converters is able to operate over a wide range of input voltages, which is desirable to meet requirements of being able to maintain regulation during short periods of input power interruption. It will be recalled by those skilled in the art that PWM switching converters typically operate at the highest possible fixed frequency which does not cause excessive switching losses and also that PWM converters must have a recovery time during each switching cycle. In general, these factors imply that the duty cycle of switching PWM converters is limited to 50%, a point at which the switching regulator will be most efficient. However, during periods of power input interruption, power is typically supplied from a capacitor operated at a relatively high voltage; which voltage rapidly diminishes when input power is interrupted and, when such an input voltage diminishes, the PWM converter must operate at a higher duty cycle than in normal operation to provide a longer input power interval in order to maintain regulation from a reduced voltage supply. Therefore, the switching voltage converter must be designed to have a duty cycle which is limited to 50% at the lowest voltage the storage capacitor (sometimes referred to as a hold-up capacitor) will reach during an input power interruption under the design specification. Doing so, of course, results in use of a much lower duty cycle, imposing reduced efficiency, during normal operation. For example, in an asymmetrical half bridge (AHB) converter optimally designed for operation at 400 Volts, an efficiency of 94.5% can be obtained. However, when the circuit is designed to operate over an input voltage range of 300 to 400 volts (which is a typical voltage range for accommodation of possible short, i.e. 20 millisecond, power interruptions), the converter efficiency at 400 Volts falls to 92% or less.
A class of resonant converters which can change gain (e.g. the ratio of output voltage to input voltage) with input voltage is known. These converters operate at a 50% duty cycle regardless of frequency but will be most efficient when switched at a frequency at which they resonate. These converters, an example of which is illustrated in
Such converters can achieve a voltage conversion ratio (e.g. gain) either greater or less than unity. Moreover, zero voltage switching (ZVS) and relatively small turn-off currents can be achieved at switching frequencies both above and below the series resonant frequency determined by Lr and Cr. By choosing a suitable transformer turns-ratio, the converter can be targeted to operate most efficiently at the nominal input voltage (e.g. 400 Volts). During input power interruption and input power voltage is provided from a hold-up capacitor, the voltage drops and the LLC resonant converter reduces switching frequency to alter gain and thus compensate for the reduced input voltage. Although the frequency change may cause operation far from the resonant frequency and correspondingly reduced efficiency, typically specified hold-up times are only on the order of 20 milliseconds, as noted above, and the reduction of efficiency is not significant either as a matter of power consumption or as presenting a thermal problem.
Since this class of converters can operate at the most efficient, resonant frequency during normal operation, their efficiency can be much higher in comparison with AHB or other PWM topologies by 2% to 3% or greater. Also, since ZVS can be achieved and turn-off currents are comparatively small, switching losses in the primary switches are very low. The secondary side diodes or synchronous rectifiers (SRs) are operated at zero current switching (ZCS) and reverse recovery losses are also correspondingly small. Prototype LLC resonant converters have been built which exhibit 94.5% efficiency at a 1 kW output using diodes and an even greater efficiency of in excess of 96% using synchronous rectifiers.
However, the optimum turn on time of secondary side synchronous rectifiers and primary side switches are not exactly in phase and a separate driving scheme must be employed for the synchronous rectifiers which may be unacceptably complicated. A simple possible driving method would be to sense current in the synchronous rectifiers and control switching when the current falls to zero. However, as a practical matter, such sensing cannot be done due to the unavoidable package inductance of the synchronous rectifier switches. That is, any attempt to determine current by sensing voltage across a SR necessarily senses voltage drop across a series connection of the transistor switch and the series package inductance thereof and the apparent ZCS point, as detected, is strongly phase shifted from the actual ZCS point. That is, the optimal SR drive signal is much shorter than the value expected form measurement or detection of current in the SR.
Furthermore, additional characteristics such as output current limiting, modular paralleling, soft start, and overload protection are often desirable and specified for the converter design. These characteristics cannot be achieved with an LLC resonant converter unless the operating frequency is greatly increased. An operating frequency up to five times the optimal steady state frequency will often be required to achieve such characteristics. Such a high operating frequency will induce prohibitively high switching losses and further complicate the driving of synchronous rectifiers. Thus, it has not been considered feasible to use LLC resonant circuits in final voltage converter stages notwithstanding the clear potential for substantial improvement in efficiency even using a very high input voltage which accommodates hold-up during periods of input power interruption.
However, the quasi-parallel or Sigma architecture in accordance with the invention allow this potential advantage to be exploited as shown in
The architectures shown provides substantial improvement in high efficiency during normal operation. For example, a state of the art 400V DC/DC converter using phase-shift full bridge topology and operating a 200 KHz switching frequency has an efficiency of about 92% whereas, in the Sigma architectures of
The synchronous rectifier driving scheme is also much simplified since the LLC resonant converter will be normally operating at a constant frequency. Loss of efficiency when a reduction in input power voltage causes a change in switching frequency is not important since it occurs only for a short period and does not present thermal problems. The inclusion of a regulated converter in the architecture and additional feedback mechanisms provided thereby allow output current to be easily controlled for modular paralleling, soft start and current limiting/protection. Moreover, when the load is extremely light, the primary side of the unregulated branch can be controlled such that only the regulated converter is operating and thus providing additional light load efficiency. Further, during hold-up time, the frequency of the unregulated LLC resonant converter can be reduced while the regulated converter executes final regulation of the output voltage.
In view of the foregoing, it is seen that the invention provides an improved voltage regulator and power supply architecture capable of improved efficiency with improved transient response and which allows substantial reduction of output capacitor size and cost and which can be implemented with many different types of known or foreseeable types of regulated and unregulated voltage converters. A perfecting feature of the invention using a plurality of inductor-less converters switched in an interleaved fashion to average and substantially cancel the output voltage ripple of respective converters provides enhanced efficiency and overall power supply size reduction. Further, by use of the quasi-parallel or Sigma architecture in accordance with the invention, other types and classes of DC/DC converters which potentially offer some improved characteristics such as substantially increased efficiency but exhibit other unsuitable or impractical properties for a final converter stage (of which the LLC resonant converter is exemplary) can be used as such; allowing exploitation of the improved characteristics while avoiding the associated problems presented.
While the invention has been described in terms of a single preferred embodiment, those skilled in the art will recognize that the invention can be practiced with modification within the spirit and scope of the appended claims.
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|US9236347||Oct 9, 2013||Jan 12, 2016||Lenovo Enterprise Solutions (Singapore) Pte. Ltd.||Operating and manufacturing a DC-DC converter|
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|US9372490||Nov 20, 2014||Jun 21, 2016||University Of South Florida||System and method for distributed voltage regulator-gating|
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|US20130128641 *||Feb 24, 2011||May 23, 2013||Panasonic Corporation||Load control device|
|US20130201729 *||Feb 4, 2013||Aug 8, 2013||Sheikh Mohammad Ahsanuzzaman||Low-volume programmable-output pfc rectifier with dynamic efficiency and transient response optimization|
|USRE45755 *||Mar 31, 2014||Oct 13, 2015||Intersil Americas LLC||Dynamic phase timing control for multiple regulators or phases|
|U.S. Classification||363/65, 307/77|
|Cooperative Classification||H02M2001/0074, H02M3/1584, Y02B70/1425, Y10T307/685|
|Jun 24, 2008||AS||Assignment|
Owner name: VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE AND STATE UNIVERSIT
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:XU, MING;SUN, JULU;LIU, YA;AND OTHERS;REEL/FRAME:021140/0673;SIGNING DATES FROM 20080327 TO 20080506
Owner name: VIRGINIA TECH INTELLECTUAL PROPERTIES, INC., VIRGI
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE AND STATE UNIVERSITY;REEL/FRAME:021140/0748
Effective date: 20080523
Owner name: VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE AND STATE UNIVERSIT
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:XU, MING;SUN, JULU;LIU, YA;AND OTHERS;SIGNING DATES FROM20080327 TO 20080506;REEL/FRAME:021140/0673
|Mar 25, 2011||SULP||Surcharge for late payment|
|Jun 3, 2014||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 4


DC Motor – 3.5RPM – 12Volts geared motors are generally a simple DC motor with a gearbox attached to it. This can be used in all-terrain robots and variety of robotic applications. These motors have a 3 mm threaded drill hole in the middle of the shaft thus making it simple to connect it to the wheels or any other mechanical assembly.
3.5 RPM 12V DC geared motors widely use for robotics applications. Very easy to use and available in standard size. Also, you don’t have to spend a lot of money to control motors with an Arduino or compatible board. The most popular L298N H-bridge module with onboard voltage regulator motor driver can be used with this motor that has a voltage of between 5 and 35V DC or you can choose the most precise motor diver module from the wide range available in our Motor divers category as per your specific requirements.
Nut and threads on the shaft to easily connect and internally threaded shaft for easily connecting it to the wheel.DC Geared motors with robust metal gearbox for heavy-duty applications, available in the wide RPM range and ideally suited for robotics and industrial applications.Very easy to use and available in standard size. Nut and threads on the shaft to easily connect and internally threaded shaft for easily connecting it to the wheel.
Specifications and Features:-
- RPM: 3.5.
- Operating Voltage: 12V DC
- Gearbox: Attached Plastic (spur)Gearbox
- Shaft diameter: 6mm with internal hole
- Torque: 7 kg-cm
- No-load current = 60 mA(Max)
- Load current = 300 mA(Max).
|Country Of Origin||China|
|Packer / Importer Address||Constflick Technologies Limited, Building No 13 and 14, 3rd Floor, 2nd Main, Siddaiah Road, Bangalore, Karnataka - 560027 India.|
|MRP||Rs. 177 (Inclusive of all Taxes)|
* Product Images are shown for illustrative purposes only and may differ from actual product.
3.5 RPM - 12V Centre Shaft DC Geared Motor
- Product Code: EC-1281
- Availability: 15
- (Excluding 18% GST)
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Master of Engineering Science
Ferreira, Louis M.
Surgical robotics have been used for many years in orthopaedic procedures in the hip and knee. Robots tend to offer high accuracy and repeatability but add increased cost, complexity, time, and workflow disruption. This work outlines the design and development of a surgical robot that navigates using force feedback. Flexible components tether the patient to the robot and reaction loads are measured allowing the robot to “feel” its way around the pre-operative plan. Differences calculated between measured and desired loads are converted to Cartesian corrections that the robot used to navigate. The robot was tested first using simple square paths to test accuracy, repeatability and functionality. A pre-operative plan was established for implantation of the surgical system and allowed the robot to be tested doing a complex glenoid implant path. Finally, a study was performed and compared the robot’s surgical method to current surgical techniques of a trained surgical fellow on shoulder analogs. Based on this study, the robot performed as well as or better than the surgeon in almost every measurement parameter with less than 1 mm of implant placement error in many measurement metrics and less than 2° of implant orientation error in each angular measurement.
Smith, Corey Daniel, "Development of Force-Space Navigation for Surgical Robotics" (2018). Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository. 5177.


From simple single ended to versatile multiparameter measurements
The RS-PKTA allows users of iWorx PK-TA Advanced Human Physiology Teaching Kit to study reflexes.
The add-on set supports several teaching exercises, including:
GN-100: Single-Axis Goniometer is a device that can easily measure the degrees of rotation around a joint.
RPD-400: 4 button Response pad
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It is not everyday that we get to hear about missions to asteroids and that’s the reason behind recent excitement in the world of astronomy as US space agency NASA has confirmed that its OSIRIS-REx asteroid sample return mission is a go and slated for launch next month.
One key factor that will play a major role in the success of the mission is the ability to determine from where the sample will be extracted. To do this the spacecraft and mission scientists on Earth would need to know the topography of the asteroid.
This task will be carried out by a robotic cartographer dubbed OSIRIS-REx Laser Altimeter, or OLA. The instrument has been developed by the Canadian Space Agency (CSA) and according to the space agency, OLA will create three-dimensional global topographic maps of Bennu and local maps of candidate sample sites.
Scientists at CSA explain that OLA’s light detection and ranging (LIDAR) has been entrusted with an important task. LIDAR is similar to radar, but uses light instead of radio waves to measure distance. OLA will emit infrared laser pulses toward the surface of Bennu as the spacecraft moves around the asteroid. The laser pulses reflect back from the surface to a detector. The team will measure the time difference between outgoing and incoming pulses to calculate the distance between the spacecraft and Bennu.
LIDAR has been used on prior spacecraft, including the Mars Global Surveyor and the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter. Those laser altimeters are fixed to the spacecraft, meaning that the laser pulse will only travel in the direction that the spacecraft is pointing. This can limit the coverage and spatial resolution of their topographic maps. So, while they have generated a vast amount of data, fixed LIDAR are not ideal for missions where the data must be gathered quickly.
“OLA is the first scanning LIDAR to fly on a planetary mission,” said Beau Bierhaus, an OLA team member at Lockheed Martin. “Because the LIDAR can articulate independently of the spacecraft, the LIDAR provides improved operational flexibility, and more importantly, much greater spatial coverage and resolution.”
OLA is expected to thoroughly map Bennu with about 6 billion measurements of the asteroid’s surface, which measures about one-third of a mile (one-half kilometer) in diameter. In comparison, the laser altimeter on the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter has received more than 6.8 billion measurements of the surface of the moon, which has a diameter of about 2,159 miles (3,500 kilometers).
The fundamental data of the asteroid’s shape and topography that OLA will provide are essential for several key phases during the mission.
The science team will use the high-resolution topographic data, in conjunction with camera images and on-board navigation algorithms, to navigate around the asteroid and guide the spacecraft to the selected sample site.
“We’re measuring topography down to one centimeter,” said Olivier Barnouin, the Altimetry Working Group lead at Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory in Laurel, Maryland. “We’re looking at an asteroid at a scale that no other mission has before. We don’t want to be off in some unknown area during sample acquisition.”
The three-dimensional maps will also give geologic context to the returned asteroid sample. Just as geologists on Earth document where they collect their samples in the field on topographic maps, OLA will allow the science team to take their measurements and observations of the collected sample and apply them to their broader understanding of Bennu.
OLA will also allow the science team to study how regolith, or loose surface material, behaves in a microgravity environment. Scientists have done similar studies on the moon and Mars, but unlike Bennu, these bodies have relatively high gravity.
“What happens on asteroids is that you take that gravity dial and turn it way down,” Bierhaus said. “The dynamics of how regolith moves on the surface of the asteroid are foreign to us. OLA data will give us a greater understanding of how granular material behaves in space.”
This understanding is especially important for future asteroid missions. Scientists will need to know how regolith behaves in micro-gravity environments if we want to send astronauts to an asteroid someday to collect samples.


ARSAT-1 is an Argentinean communications satellite built by INVAP S.E. and operated by the newly founded AR-SAT company. The project was initiated under the SSGAT program to produce the first Argentine Geostationary Telecommunications Satellite.
INVAP is the prime contractor for the ARSAT-1 spacecraft, responsible for project management, engineering development and the integration of all satellite and ground system components. The all Ku-Band communications payload was supplied by Thales Alenia Space while the central cylinder, the solar arrays, the Satellite Processing Unit and the propulsion system was provided by Airbus Defence and Space (formerly Astrium).
The spacecraft uses the new ARSAT Bus for light and medium-weight communication satellites. The spacecraft uses a central satellite body that hosts all satellite systems including two deployable solar arrays, two large antenna reflectors and an Earth-facing deck hosting other payload elements. ARSAT-1 has a total mass of 2,985 Kilograms and measures 2.0 by 1.8 by 3.9 meters in its stowed configuration with a span of 16.5 meters when deployed in orbit.
Power is generated by two deployable solar arrays, each consisting of two panels. Power is stored in batteries and distributed to the various satellite systems by dedicated EPS units. The spacecraft is three-axis stabilized using reaction wheels and a series of attitude determination sensors for precise pointing including an Inertial Measurement Unit, Star Trackers, Earth and Sun Sensors.
A chemical propulsion system is used for apogee-raising and stationkeeping in Geostationary Orbit for a minimum service life of 15 years.
The satellite uses an S400 main propulsion system and S10 attitude control thrusters, each delivering 10N of thrust. The S400 series built by EADS Astrium are bi-propellant engines using Monomethylhydrazine and Mixed Oxides of Nitrogen as propellants. Depending on the version used, S400 provides 420 to 425 Newtons of Thrust with a specific impulse of 318-321 seconds.
ARSAT-1 hosts an all Ku-Band payload consisting of 24 active transponders, 12 of which operate at 35MHz, eight operate at 54Mhz and four work at 72MHz. The communications payload has a total power of 3.5kW. The satellite will deliver a variety of communication services including data, telephone and television to South American countries including Argentina, Chile, Uruguay, Paraguay and Bolivia.
The satellite will operate from an orbital position of 71.8 degrees once fully operational. ARSAT-2 will be stationed at 81 degrees West, currently aiming to follow the first ARSAT in the near future.
In addition to its communications payload, the ARSAT-1 satellite includes a series of experimental payloads to take advantage of having a spacecraft in Geostationary Orbit to learn more about the environment which will be useful for the construction of future satellites.
The space radiation experiment known by its Spanish acronym of MARE is designed to detect charged particles, particularly electrons, protons and Alpha Particles at an energy range of 0 to 100 MeV. This will lead to valuable data on the radiation environment in Geostationary Orbit with particular interest on space weather phenomena. The payload is comprised of a Low Energy Detector, a Particle Telescope and a High-Energy Detector.
The Fluorescence Sensor is also installed on the satellite consisting of a 15-centimeter Ultraviolet Telescope using photomultipliers as detectors. It will be used for a variety of UV measurements to be used in the calibration of ground-based UV observatories and fluorescence telescopes.
The final payload is a technical demonstration of an indigenously produced solar panel that is installed on the satellite to acquire data on power output degradation as a result of space radiation. The solar arrays for ARSAT-1 were procured from an outside contractor, however, there is a strong desire in Argentina to be able to manufacture solar panels suitable for Geostationary satellites. Therefore, a solar cell design is tested by ARSAT-1 that will likely be used on future ARSAT spacecraft.


[SatNews] On July 2nd, Microsatellite Rising-2 (MR-2) succeeded in capturing high precision images of the Earth’s surface using a High Precision Telescope (HPT)—the satellite captured color images at a spatial resolution of 5m, the highest in the world for any 50kg-class satellite.
Rising-2 is a microsatellite developed by Tohoku University and Hokkaido University and was launched from the Tanegashima Space Center, Japan, on May 24, 2014, and has been conducting various test operations. Dayside cloud imagery and night views of city lights and air glow have been acquired so far using a Wide Field-of-view CCD camera (WFC), and high resolution imaging experiments using HPT have recently started. On July 2, Rising-2 succeeded in shooting detailed landscape in sunny spells during the rainy season as shown in these images. The high resolution can have a significant impact on environmental monitoring, mapping
Since 2009, the 43kg microsatellite, Rising-2, was in development based on a satellite bus system by Tohoku University, with observation equipments by Hokkaido University. MR-2 was launched on May 24, 2014, by a JAXA H-IIA Rocket. The High Precision Telescope (HPT) is one of the observation equipments onboard Rising-2. The HPT was designed as a compact (length: 38cm, aperture diameter: 10cm, weight: about 3kg,) yet highly capable imaging system to take the world’s first photographic images in 400 spectral bands, with 5m GSD (ground sample distance). The satellite uses advanced technologies, such as a liquid crystal tunable filter (LCTF), which was developed in cooperation with the Sendai National College of Technology, and a mirror using special ceramics. Rising-2 has already succeeded in capturing dayside cloud imagery and night views using a fish-lens CCD camera (WFC) since its launch, and has been attempting to take high resolution images with the HPT.
The Japanese archipelago was viewed during clear weather in the rainy season on July 2, 2014, and high resolution color images of the Earth’s surface (RGB tricolor image) were successfully acquired using the HPT. The observation area is about 3.2 x 2.2km square of Minami-Uonuma City, Niigata, Japan. The initial goal was to achieve spatial resolution of 5m at the surface, and this has been attained. This makes Rising-2 the current record holder for high resolution images from a 50kg microsatellite. These results were achieved by using the sensor technology of the HPT in combination with the advanced control of the satellite bus system. This is a significant step for 50kg class micro-satellites, showing how they can be used for practical purposes.
With an aim to conduct highly practical observations, operations to establish more accurate control of the satellite attitude are scheduled for completion. Rising-2 will also make a challenge to obtain multispectral images with the world’s first space liquid crystal tunable filter (LCTF) that allows wavelength-selection.
Tohoku University's infosite: http://www.tohoku.ac.jp/


Science is fun but it can also be harmful if you don’t use or understand the purpose of the right lab equipment. Lab equipment is used for protection, mixing, separating, controlling temperature, and so much more. Some examples of lab equipment are goggles, test tube brushes, Petri dishes, tongs, scoopulas, just to name a few. You don’t have to look closely into your microscope to know that this t-shirt is an awesome discovery!
Some of the lab equipment shown includes test tube rack with test tubes, wire brush, crucible and cover, timer, beaker, heating mantle, pipestem triangle, gas bottle, scoopula, wire gauze, microscope, petri dish, dropper, hot plate, tongs, goggles, forceps, magnet, dry-cell battery, wash bottle, test tube holder, mortar and pestle, graduated cylinder, thermometer, pipet bulb, pipet, bunsen burner, retort flask, beaker tripod with Florence flask, ring stand, and ring clamp
- Short sleeves unisex t-shirt
- Made from soft, high-quality 100% organic cotton
- Manufactured using eco-friendly organic dyes.
- Screen-printed with lab equipment design
Care Instructions: Machine wash cold. Tumble dry low or lay flat to dry.


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A temperature controlled resonant cavity is used to measure the complex dielectric constant of seawater at 30 psu over the temperature range from 10degC to 35degC at 1.413 GHz. The measurements are conducted multiple times to obtain the mean and the standard deviation at each point. This paper describes the experimental procedure and presents recent dielectric constant results. These results are compared with the values obtained using the Klein-Swift model function.


Drinking Water Monitoring
| Analyzer for Free and Total Chlorine|
The analyzer operates photometrical with the DPD method according to US EPA. The reagents are supplied in dry state. For an operation of 30 days it is only necessary to fill them up with water.
| Instruments for Measuring Turbidity for any Demand|
The nephelometric measurement is offered with or without ultrasonic cleaning of the flow-through cuvette. The user can also select between infrared light measurement according to DIN 7027 and white light measurement acc. to US EPA 180.1.
| Multi-parameter Systems – Pre-mounted systems|
The MULTILINE 1000 is the only complete system to offer convenient measuring and display of up to six parameters with one single terminal. It is very easy to operate thanks to a touchscreen and a intuitive menu. The monitoring system comes premounted on a
| Single-parameter Systems – Pre-mounted systems|
Ready-to-use systems mounted on a panel. All components are optimized for drinking water applications to get the most accurate readings and guarantee low maintenance.


AGPtek PID Controller
PID Temperature Controllers can be used in conjunction with a relay and a temperature probe to control the your kegerator and fermentation temps. You can also integrate a PID controller into your brew system to control mash temps and more.
AGPtek® 1/16 DIN Digital PID Temperature Controller SNR & Alarm SNR (1 alarm)
Inkbird ITC-308 – Dual Stage Digital Temperature Controller | Review | Inkbird Deals


Infrared radiation method is widely used to study the monitoring of coal rock dynamic disasters in mines, and has achieved certain results. Aiming at the problem that infrared radiation cannot accurately identify the damaged area of coal body and monitor coal rock dynamic disasters in mines with low accuracy, this paper combines infrared radiation technology with a method based on Multi-Scale Channel Attention Module (MS-CAM). Combined with U-Net network, an abnormal area segmentation algorithm based on MS-CAM U-Net network is proposed for infrared thermal image of coal body. In addition, in order to overcome the influence of the lack of coal infrared thermal image dataset on the accuracy and applicability of the algorithm, this paper collects and preprocesses the coal infrared thermal image dataset. Theoretical and experimental results show that the algorithm can effectively improve the segmentation accuracy of small target abnormal areas. At the same time, compared with the original U-Net, the accuracy, F1 score, Dice coefficient and MIoU of the algorithm are increased by 2.47%, 3.27% 3.07% and 5.18%, respectively.


Business Type: Manufacturer/Factory
Dongguan, Guangdong, China
|Inner chamber size LxWxH(cm)||60x45x40||60x60x50||120X100X50||160X100X50||200X120X60|
|Exterior chamber size LxWxH(cm)||107x60x118||141x88x128||190x130x140||230x130x140||270x150x150|
|Volume of test Box||108L||270L||600L||800L||1440L|
|Volume of pressure bucket||15L||25L||40L||40L||40L|
|Instruction||A stands for standard press button type; B stands for touch screen type;|
|Temp. range||temp. of test box||NSS ACSS 35ºC±1ºC/ CASS 50ºC±1ºC|
|temp. of pressure |
|NSS ACSS 47ºC±1ºC/ CASS 63ºC±1ºC|
|temp. of salt water||35ºC±1ºC|
|Conpressed air pressure(kg/hr)||1.0~2.0|
|Spray volume (ml/80cm2/hr)||1.0~2.0|
|Salt water||5% NaCI solutions or adding 0.26g CuCI2 to 1L of 5% NaCI solutions|
|Exter./inner.Material||Imported gray PVC board Temperature resistance by 85ºC, transparent PVC cover; |
pressure bucket used SS304 with high pressure resistance and best insulation effect.
|System||Heating||Adopting direct heating mode, the heating speed is fast to reduce the Stand-by time. When the temperature reaches, automatically switch to the constant temperature state. |
The temperature is accurate and the power consumption is less. Pure titanium heating tube, resistance acid and alkali corrosion, long service life.
|Controller||salinometer,fog collector, timer, sparying.|
|Spray method||Continuous spraying.|
|Defogging||Downtime clear test chamber salt spray, to prevent corrosive gas outflow |
damage laboratory precision instruments.
|Other components||Digital electronic control|
|safety protection device||1. When the water level is low, the power supply is automatically cut off, |
and the safety warning device is lighted.
|2. When the temperature is over, the heater power is automatically cut off, |
and the safety warning device is switched on.
|3. Salt water level is low, safety warning lamp lighting display device.|
|4. leakage protection function to prevent personal injury and instrument failure |
caused by line leakage or short circuit.
Products with this tag will be sent out within 15 days after you place an order. For the specific sending time and delivery date, please consult the supplier.
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With the human eye only able to pick up visible light, we don’t have the perks of X-Ray vision. However, researchers at MIT may have a way to change that as they’ve been woking on a new prototype camera that can be used to capture images, through walls, in 3D.
They plan to create a microwave camera that is a cross between a visible light camera and a radar imaging system that brings in the bets of both worlds.
Microwaves don’t often pick up things like walls or fogs, much like radars, and are not confused by anageled surfaces, and by adding this kind of technology to the camera-like form, MIT has been able to develop a low cost, high resolution imaging system.
MIT’s new camera can manage 3d imaging in the same way that Microsoft’s Xbox Kinect sensor works. This kind of system sends out bursts of microwaves and then tracks to see how long it takes for the microwaves to bounce off of something and return to the sensor.
The camera has a temporal resolution of 200 picoseconds, allowing it to resolve distances with an accuracy of 6 cm, enough for usable 3-D imaging.
The camera is also capable of multispectral imaging, meaning as the camera takes each measurement, the microwave emitter goes through a frequency range of 7.835 GHz to 12.817 GHz over 10 ms.
Since different materials respond to microwaves different at different frequencies, the camera is able to separate these spectra’s giving an image with multiple frequency response “colours”
Although the camera is not something that can be carried around, MIT suggest a few ways of making the system smaller, that would help with the recovery of disaster survivors, and other hazardous situation.


The Series 65 Heat Detector monitors temperature by using a dual thermistor network which provides a voltage output proportional to the external air temperature. There are 12 heat detectors in the Series 65 range designed to suit a wide variety of operating conditions.
Apollo Part Numbers: 55000-122APO, 55000-127APO, 55000-132APO, 55000-137APO, 55000-126APO, 55000-125APO, 55000-131APO, 55000-130APO, 55000-136APO, 55000-135APO
Made in the UK
|Suitable for:||Safe area|
|Approvals:||CE, CPD, LPCB, VdS|


1. With unique appearance, uneasy-slip of hand feeling, support 135°C high pressure disinfection repeatly.
2. Every single handpiece has been past dynamic balancing testing.
3. 360° circle LED, No shaow, support 135°C high pressure disinfection repeatly，built-in motor inside handle, which supply a bright and clear environment for treatment and help dentist provide more safe and more direct treament.
4. Quintuple water spray reduce heat from working on the teeth efficiently.
5. Stong stength, work more fast and more efficient.
6. NOISE＜70 db, provide a comfotable environment to patient and reduce patients' fear
7. With laser marking LOGO and unique Number on each handpiece, do after-sale worries!


What is a waterproof power adapter? Detailed explanation of waterproof power supply!
What is a waterproof power adapter?
Waterproof power supply refers to multiple protections such as short circuit, overcurrent and overload when it is used under the condition of dustproof and waterproof grade ip6. So what is the dustproof and waterproof grade? Dustproof and waterproof grade IP67 (
Safe and dustproof, immersed in water for 15 cm to 1 m, can work normally); High power factor;
It has multiple protections such as short circuit, overcurrent and overload. 1. According to the driving mode, it can be divided into two categories (1)
The current output by constant current type a and constant current drive circuits is constant, while the output DC voltage changes within a certain range with the different load resistance values, and the load resistance value is small, the output voltage is low, and the greater the load resistance, the higher the output voltage;
B, constant current circuit is not afraid of load short circuit, but it is strictly prohibited to load completely open circuit.
C, constant current drive circuit is ideal to drive LED, but the price is relatively high.
D, should pay attention to the use of the maximum withstand current and voltage value, it limits the number of LED use; (2)
Voltage stabilizing type a. When various parameters in the voltage stabilizing circuit are determined, the output voltage is fixed, while the output current changes with the increase or decrease of the load;
B, voltage stabilizing circuit is not afraid of load open circuit, but it is strictly prohibited to load completely short circuit.
C, drive LED with voltage stabilizing drive circuit, each string needs to add appropriate resistance to make each string of LED display brightness average;
D, brightness will be affected by voltage changes from rectification. 2, according to the circuit structure classification (1)
Resistance, capacitor step-down mode: through the capacitor step-down, in the use of flashing, due to the role of charge and discharge, the instantaneous current through the LED is very large, easy to damage the chip.
It is easily affected by grid voltage fluctuation, and the power supply has low efficiency and low reliability. (2)
Resistor step-down mode: through the resistor step-down, it is greatly disturbed by the voltage change of the power grid, and it is not easy to make a regulated power supply. The step-down resistor consumes a lot of energy, therefore, the power supply efficiency of this power supply mode is very low, and the reliability of the system is also low. (3)
Conventional transformer step-down mode: the power supply is small in size, heavy in weight and low in power efficiency, generally only 45% ~ 60%, so it is rarely used and has low reliability. (4)
Electronic transformer step-down mode: the power supply efficiency is low and the voltage range is not wide, generally 180 ~ 240 V, large ripple interference. (5)
RCC Buck mode switching power supply: the voltage stabilizing range is relatively wide and the power supply efficiency is relatively high, which can generally reach 70% ~ 80%, the application is also wide.
Since the oscillation frequency of this control mode is discontinuous, the switching frequency is not easy to control, the load voltage ripple coefficient is also relatively large, and the abnormal load adaptability is poor. (6)
PWM control mode switching power supply: it is mainly composed of four parts: Input rectifier filter part, output rectifier filter part, PWM voltage stabilizing control part and switching energy conversion part.
The basic working principle of PWM switching voltage stabilization is that under the condition of input voltage, internal parameters and external load changes, the control circuit conducts closed-loop feedback through the difference between the controlled signal and the reference signal, adjust the pulse width of the main circuit switching device to make the output voltage or current of the switching power supply stable (That is, the corresponding regulated power supply or constant current power supply).
The power supply efficiency is extremely high, generally 80% ~ 90%, stable output voltage and current.
Generally, this kind of circuit has perfect protection measures and belongs to high reliability power supply.
Application scope: it mainly provides driving capability for LED spotlights, LED light bars, LED street lamps, LED bulbs, LED underground lamps, LED ceiling lamps, LED flat panel lamps, LED wall washing lamps and other LED lamps.
Its most important feature is waterproof, can be used outdoors, and not afraid of rain, fog, direct sunlight and other harsh environment.


The LM393 series are dual independent precision voltage comparators capable of single or split supply operation. These devices are designed to permit a common mode range-to-ground level with single supply operation. Input offset voltage specifications as low as 2.0 mV make this device an excellent selection for many applications in consumer automotive and industrial electronics.
Wide Single-Supply Range: 2.0 Vdc to 36 Vdc
Split-Supply Range: +/-1.0 Vdc to +/-18 Vdc
Very Low Current Drain Independent of Supply Voltage: 0.4 mA


Park assist systems are designed to help the driver during Parking manoeuvres. The most used systems are those with ultrasonic parking sensors or a rear camera.
Ultrasonic parking system
This is based on the use of sensors installed in the bumpers distributed strategically to cover a wide area. These sensors are mounted on the rear bumper and optionally on the front and are controlled by a control unit.
The system is activated automatically on engaging reverse gear, the sensors are activated and emit an ultrasonic pulse that travels through the air. If there is an obstacle, the ultrasonic pulse will rebound from it and return to the sensor which will detect the pulse and inform the control unit. The control unit makes the calculation of the distance to the obstacle based on the time elapsed between the emission and the reception of the pulse. The maximum detection distance is approximately 0.8 to 1 metre.
The control unit emits an acoustic warning so that the driver knows the distance of the obstacle. These warnings are transmitted through independent loudspeakers or through the vehicle's audio system. As the Vehicle nears an obstacle, the repeat rate of the audible warning increases. When the object is less than 30 centimetres from the centre of the vehicle’s bumper, the acoustic warning will sound continuously.
If the driver does not wish to use park assist, there is a switch for enabling or disabling the ultrasonic parking system. This is located in the cabin, generally in the centre of the dashboard or in the central console.
Rear camera system
This system uses a small video camera and a screen for displaying the images.
The rear camera is located at the rear of the vehicle and strategically focused to assist parking. In the same way as the ultrasonic parking system, it is activated automatically on engaging reverse gear.
This system uses a control unit which manages the system, which, if the vehicle also has the ultrasonic parking system installed, one unit may be used for both systems.
The transmitted images are displayed on the video screen. This screen may be independent or may be shared with other systems, such as the navigation system. Lines are shown in the screen that determine fixed distances for assisting the driver when parking. The lines are green, yellow and red. The red line measures the distance between the rear bumper and 30 cm behind it, and the yellow line measures between 30 cm and 60 cm behind the bumper.
Parking space measurement systems
This system measures the size of a parking space in comparison with the length of the vehicle. This system uses ultrasonic parking sensors that are located on the sides of the vehicle.
The measuring of an available space is activated when the system is selected with the switch, the speed of the vehicle is less than 20 km/h and the direction indicator of the measuring side is activated.
The screen will show different images depending on whether the space is ample for parking the vehicle, is just sufficient or is too small.
• The available parking space measurement system is deactivated in the following cases:
• When the ignition is turned off.
• When the reverse gear is engaged.
• When the speed of the vehicle exceeds 70 km/h for more than one minute.
• 10 seconds after turning off the direction indicator.
• When the electrical connection for the tow hitch is connected.
• On pressing the available space measurement switch for deactivating the system.
Automatic parking systems
This assist system is an active function that aids the execution of the manoeuvres when reverse parking. The automatic parking system is capable of automatically steering the vehicle for parking. The only thing that the driver has to do in this case is operate the accelerator, clutch and brake pedals. Furthermore, the driver can retake control of the steering at any time he or she wishes to do so and cancel the automatic parking manoeuvre.
This system accurately measures, with the help of side ultrasonic sensors, the parking spaces and then carries out the manoeuvres to park the car in the space, without the driver having to use the steering wheel.
Ford is currently developing a fully assisted automatic parking system. This new system controls the steering, gear selection and forward and reverse movements for parking. Therefore, the driver can be inside or outside the vehicle during the parking manoeuvre.
This system requires a vehicle to have an automatic gearbox, using a gearbox called Powershift, which is capable of electronically controlling the forward and reverse gear changes without the physical intervention of the driver.
This post first appeared on Blog Of Car Workshop- United Kingdom, please read the originial post: here


Since the introduction of optical 3D measuring machines that can scan large items, such as vehicles, smaller 3D scanners are now entering the market. These can measure and inspect small items accurately and operate in areas that are in restricted spaces. Less power is required for these products to function.
Following a successful implementation of a custom enclosure with an output power of 1,000W, designers of a new 3D measuring machine again approached TDK-Lambda for a lower wattage version. The Power+ Solutions team took the existing design, and this time used the 600W rated RWS600B and a 100W ZMS100 power supply. As before with local technical support, pre-production units were delivered quickly.
TDK-Lambda offers Power+ Solutions for modified and custom products. For more information about the individual products used in the solution, please visit: RWS-B (www.emea.lambda.tdk.com/uk/rws-b) and ZMS (www.emea.lambda.tdk.com/uk/zms)


Friday, 4 September 2015
Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) an image communication systems. Its signal from the source is transmitted only to pre-arranged point in communication with the source of a particular television. Widely used in a number of different types of monitoring work, education, videoconferencing.
CCTV is open television broadcasting stations relative. Broadcast radio and cable broadcasting sub-two, open broadcast television equivalent of radio broadcasting (users get the TV signal from the antenna), it is equivalent to a wired CCTV broadcast (TV mode: TV signal from a satellite transmission side transmitted via cable specify the user). It is the transmission of television signals through wires. It is mainly converts audio and video signals into a radio frequency signal (i.e., a channel), so as to transfer the CCTV system.
CCTV generally refers to television for other than broadcasting, such as television industry, military television, medical TV, underwater television.
CCTV extremely wide range of applications, and are growing at an unprecedented rate, we can say in all sectors of the national economy, the use of modern technology where all are inseparable from CCTV.
CCTV security technology to prevent the system is an important component is an advanced, highly integrated system of prevention capabilities, it can by remote control cameras and auxiliary equipment (lenses, pan, etc.) is monitored directly Watch place all the circumstances, but also can be linked with other security technology to guard against running anti-theft alarm system and other systems to prevent the ability to be more powerful. Technical requirements CCTV systems are mainly: the camera's resolution, the transmission bandwidth of the system, the video signal to noise ratio, standard TV signals and cameras.


The tracking errors of large-caliber optical telescope in the process of observing astral target consists of telescope tracking jitter error which is mainly caused by wind-load, and wave-front tilt error caused by atmospheric turbulence. A simplified model concerning telescope tracking error is established, and a new kind of algorithm based on AR model to separate the telescope tracking jitter error from the tracking error caused by atmospheric turbulence is proposed. Finally, an experiment is conducted on the platform of the 1.8 M telescope in Gaomeigu Observing Station to test this algorithm. Experimental results show that the telescope tracking jitter error caused by wind-load is directly related to the direction and speed of the wind, which conforms to the theoretical analysis.
1.Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Opt & Elect, Chengdu 610029, Peoples R China 2.Chinese Acad Sci, Key Lab Adapt Opt, Chengdu 610029, Peoples R China 3.Chinese Acad Sci, Grad Sch, Beijing 100039, Peoples R China
Liao Hong-Yu,Ma Xiao-Yu,Guo You-Ming,et al. Analysis of tracking error of telescope based on AR-search-iteration algorithm[J]. ACTA PHYSICA SINICA,2014,63(17).


Light Source / Power Meter Certification
Most consultants and standards specify that Light Source / Power Meter testing (LS/PM) is the only reliable method of accurate loss measurement on a Fibre Optic link. Unfortunately not many companies know how to do it correctly and properly certify your systems.
At Datatel we use high quality reference grade test leads in conjunction with Bi-Directional duplex testers. We adhere to the Australian Standard for testing, and are constantly upgrading our procedures and training to ensure we are testing to the highest industry standards.
At Datatel we invest heavily in our test equipment, and we are able to completely certify your new or existing Optic Fibre cabling system using our fleet of Fluke cable testers. We can provide you properly certified test results, which can give you the confidence going forward that your network does what it was designed to do.
See below for an example of the test results we keep on records for every job we certify.
fluke-fibre-test-result.pdf (31 KB)


We apply the highest standards of safety and quality and we strive to deploy the latest technology and techniques in pipeline construction.
Topline offers a complete range of services for high resolution and quality defect identification using Magnetic Flux Leakage (MFL) and Ultrasonic Technology.
We parade some of the best trained engineers and technicians with several years of experience in pumping services.
At Topline, we use special scrappers able to pulverize the hard calcium deposits without disrupting the fluid flow.
Our team of LRUT experts, utilize state-of-the-art equipments to detect defects in a wide range of structures and components.
We utilize current techniques of cathodic protection in corrosion monitoring to give our clients optimum satisfaction.


Press Release Summary:
Battery-operated Model SWiNS combines accelerometer and radio transmitter/receiver to measure up to Â±98 m/sÂ². Sensors and base unit control sensor data and compose wireless sensor network. All acceleration waveform data from sensors can be stored in HDD of PC. Each sensor is removable and installable from/into network at any time without breaking network and system functions. SWiNS can measure vibration from very low frequency by using MEMS technology.
Original Press Release:
SWiNS Wireless Acceleration Sensor
The wireless sensor is a small box that has an accelerometer and a radio transmitter-receiver built-in, and sensors and a base unit that controls the sensor data compose a wireless sensor network. The base unit connected to a personal computer (PC) with RS-232C, and it can be operated with the proprietary software on the PC as a base station of the system. All of acceleration waveform data from sensors can be stored in a HDD of the PC.
o Raw waveform data can be transmitted to PC without wiring from sensors.
o Light weight, small physical size and battery-operated.
o It can measure vibration from very low frequency with a high degree of accuracy by using Micro Electronics Mechanical System (MEMS) technology.
o Each sensor works as an autonomous communication node and makes self-assembling into a network of sensors. Intermediate nodes assist distance nodes to reach the base station.
o Each sensor is removable and installable from/into the network at any time without breaking the network and system functions.
o Unnecessary any radio license and approval.
o Frequency Range: DC to 500 Hz
o Measuring Range: +/- 98 m/s² (10 G's) peak
o Battery for Sensor: AA Cell x 2 pcs.
o Distance between Sensor to Sensor/Base Unit: Approx. 20 meters (65 ft.)


The objective of VMC® GeoLDA (Virtual Measurement Campaign – Geo-referenced Load Data Analysis) is to enrich measurement data collected on public roads in order to gain additional information for the vehicle development process.
Therefore, the measured time series data is mapped to the corresponding digital road segments (map matching). Thus, it is possible to assign properties of the road segments to the segments of the measurement data.
With VMC® GeoLDA, the data is automatically cut into segments according to the operating conditions and the appropriate load data analysis (Rainflow and pseudo-damage calculation) is carried out for each segment.
VMC® GeoLDA supports the user to process extensive measurement data in a fast, efficient, and transparent way. It provides a useful extension to classical LDA software. In addition, VMC® GeoLDA helps to improve the documentation of results and decisions.


Volateq GmbH was founded in 2020 by Dr. Christoph Prahl, Wolfgang Reinalter and Anne Schlierbach from the DLR Institute for Solar Research.
The founding team has already been active in research and development for the solar industry for many years. More than 10 years ago, the paths of the three crossed in sunny Almería in southern Spain, where they worked together on research projects and industrial contracts at the Plataforma Solar De Almeria (PSA). They saw potential to improve solar energy performance and founded their start-up in autumn 2020.
Volateq offers its customers easy-to-use software with automated analysis tools for airborne condition monitoring of solar thermal power plants and photovoltaic systems. With the products VolaTrough and VolaVoltaic, power plants can realize autonomous and flexible condition monitoring of solar fields, which at the same time is significantly cheaper and faster than is currently common.
The basis for this is provided by the QFly technology developed at DLR and awarded the SolarPACES Technology Award. It analyses aerial images of collectors taken by drones flying over the solar field. Volateq has expanded the technology in order to be able to offer automated condition detection on the market.
The company works with portfolio owners and asset managers to detect and correct anomalies and misalignments in assets that can affect energy production.
Regular flyovers are conducted to compare the conditions of different parts of the plant and look at changes over time. With further measures to improve safety and efficiency, it is possible to implement predictive maintenance strategies.
The vision: to accelerate a global, sustainable energy supply.
Volateq's mission is to provide user-friendly and reliable airborne condition monitoring for solar plants to improve their performance, productivity, safety and cost efficiency.


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ICP-MS for High-Precision Drinking Water Analysis with the Lowest Possible Cost per Sample
High throughput, fast analysis times and low detection limits: Analytik Jena has optimized its ICP-MS (inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer) solutions for the requirements of routine drinking water analysis.
The PlasmaQuant MS series offers optimal performance in throughput and analysis time without sacrificing precision.
The ICP-MS systems of the PlasmaQuant MS series analyze 60 drinking water samples per hour for 21 elements, with an average standard deviation of only 1.5%. When throughput increases to 82 samples per hour, the rate is still highly precise at 2.2%. This means that the instruments are considerably more precise than prescribed by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Method 200.8 or the European Council Directive 98/83/EC for the analysis of drinking water.
Moreover, the PlasmaQuant MS series is very economical in daily operation. For comparison, the ICP-MS needs only half the amount of argon than any other instruments on the market requires.. The combination of detection power, speed, reduced argon usage and high throughput contributes to its lowest costs per sample for routine drinking water analysis.
ICP mass spectrometers are often the instruments of choice for the analysis of drinking water since they can define many elements simultaneously and precisely. However, laboratories are being confronted with an increasing number of samples. Analysis times must be shortened so that the flood of samples can be managed. With conventional ICP instruments, shorter analysis times mean a drop in precision, which reduces the quality of the analyses. Laboratories manage this challenge with ICP-MS solutions from Analytik Jena.


A Nanyang Technological University professor and researchers from Cinna's Zhejiang University have decided to take a big step in using photons to transmit information and energy that may lead to the applications in optical computers, lasers, as well as optical devices.
The research paper, named "Realisation of a three-dimensional photonic topological insulator," which was published in Nature, mentioned that distinct from other insulator materials, topological insulator materials are able to transport electric signals without dissipation.
NTU's Associate professor Zhang Baile said that the three-dimensional or 3D topological insulators "have important capabilities, including the ability to channel topological surface states along with all possible spatial directions."
Over the years, the researchers have tried to build 3D topological insulators for photons which have various applications in optical devices.
A team from NTU's School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences and China's Zhejiang University used a stack of thin plastic sheets embedded with metal antennas acting as tiny electromagnetic resonators and created the world's first 3D photonic topological insulator.
However, it should be noted that as per the study, the newly created 3D photonic topological insulator is limited to low-frequency electromagnetic waves such as microwaves.
But the researchers are now targeting optical frequencies like those of visible light for applications in optical computer chips, lasers and other optical devices.


Time to turn up the temperature on efficiency. Faster processes, higher product quality and lower costs - temperature measurement is at the foundation of your plantí»s operations. Devices are easily integrated and designed for every application. Extreme conditions? Intrinsically safe? With globally recognized certificates? Siemens offers you a complete spectrum of temperature sensors and transmitters - all from a single source.


NIRS can be used for non-invasive assessment of brain function through the intact skull in human subjects by detecting changes in blood hemoglobin concentrations associated with neural activity, e. Mid-infrared spectra Due to the instrument and experiment conditions, the head and tail of the collected mid-infrared spectra contained obvious noises. Multivariate data analysis Spectra preprocessing The acquired mid-infrared spectra contained noises. This study helps in developing practical application of using mid-infrared spectroscopy combined with chemometrics to detect plant disease. Mid-infrared spectroscopy was used to identify the spectral differences between healthy and infected oilseed rape leaves.
PDF | Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) has had rapid usage growth inorganic and organometallic substances, while the mid infrared Technical support, periodic maintenance and training by the supplier are important. concentration with mid-infrared spectral data without requiring a training Keywords: Noninvasive glucose monitoring; calibration; mid-infrared spectroscopy.
Mid-infrared Spectroscopy of Dried. Films Serum Analysis using Mid- infrared . calibration/validation procedure is carried out independently for each.
Balabin ; Ravilya Z. For high precision spectroscopy, wavelength-scanned lasers and frequency combs have recently become powerful sources, albeit with sometimes longer acquisition timescales.
ELM is a feedforward neural network with a single hidden layer. Bibcode : ApSpe.
Video: Mid infrared spectroscopy calibration training Can spectroscopy offer cheaper soil tests?
Thus, the threshold value is needed to determine the category of the samples. A type of neurofeedback, hemoencephalography or HEG, uses NIR technology to measure brain activation, primarily of the frontal lobes, for the purpose of training cerebral activation of that region. Bibcode : NatSR
Calibration optimization in near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a complex. calibration set from abundant training data, fewer samples are needed in the . very small changes at either end of the range and larger changes in the middle.
Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
Namespaces Article Talk. PLSR linearly transforms the original data into new variables called latent variables, LVand the first few LVs carry the most useful information. The overall results indicated that it was feasible to detect SSR on oilseed rape leaves by using mid-infrared spectroscopy, and its practical application in detecting plant diseases was promising.
J Phys Chem B. In non-injured patients the brain absorbs the NIR light evenly.
Girl scout cookie boxes pictures of spider
|The first few PCs contains the maximum feature information, which could be used to observe the distribution of samples and identify their differences [ 13 ].
Video: Mid infrared spectroscopy calibration training IR spectroscopy principle basics
Near-infrared spectroscopy is in astronomy for studying the atmospheres of cool stars where molecules can form. The selection of the kernel function is important in SVM. Sensitive and rapid diagnosis of potato spindle tuber viroid disease by nucleic-acid hybridization. The growth of oilseed rape, a widely planted oil-bearing crop, is affected by many factors, including seed, soil, water supply, nutritional elements, weather conditions and diseases.
The average mid-infrared spectra showed differences between healthy and infected leaves, and the differences varied among different sample sets.


Time-Frequency Analysis in Attosecond Spectroscopy
Sammanfattning: This thesis deals with ultrafast dynamics of electronic processes in rare gas atoms. The processes we explore include photoemission, where we time the emission of electrons moving away from the atomic core following ionization by a photon; and auto-ionization, where the atom spontaneously releases an electron wave-packet following photo-excitation. These processes occur on an attosecond and femtosecond time scale, respectively. The experimental results presented in this thesis have been obtained with the interferometric technique named RABITT, which involves ionizing a target with a train of attosecond pulses and "probing" the event with a weak IR pulse. The attosecond pulse train is generated by focusing an intense laser pulse of femtosecond duration into a gaseous medium. Through a well-known process called high-order harmonic generation, a broadband spectrum of phase locked frequencies are generated in the medium, resulting in a train of pulses with attosecond duration. The special characteristics of this spectrum allows for a quantum interferometer to be conceived by overlapping the train with a weaker replica of the femtosecond IR pulse. Information of the dynamics of the ionization process is imprinted in the interference fringes obtained by varying the delay between the APT and the IR pulse with attosecond precision. In the six papers that this thesis is based on, we investigate three different rare gas systems: helium, neon and argon. We are able to tell which electron, released out of two different shells of neon, escapes first from their parent atom, with a precision of 10 attoseconds or better. In helium, we are able to follow the creation of a wave-packet created by absorption of an attosecond pulse in the vicinity of a resonance and time its decay. We pave the way towards accessing all available information about a similar wave-packet creation in argon, through an angle detection technique with attosecond precision. We then perform a detailed examination of the interferometric technique used in all six papers (RABITT) and determine its limitations in terms of time resolution. The realization of this thesis work involved generating, from a fundamental frequency corresponding to a photon energy of 1.55 eV, high-order harmonics with photon energies exceeding 100 eV. It also involved developing a more stable optical interferometer, optimizing a 2 meter long time-of-flight electron spectrometer, developing scripts for treating and analyzing the data retrieved with the RABITT technique and creating a new interface for acquiring data from the spectrometers.
KLICKA HÄR FÖR ATT SE AVHANDLINGEN I FULLTEXT. (PDF-format)


As the demand for clean and renewable energy continues to rise, solar power has emerged as one of the most viable sources of electricity. However, the intermittent nature of solar energy production poses a challenge to its efficient utilization. Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) play a crucial role in addressing this challenge by storing excess energy during peak production periods and delivering it during periods of low or no solar generation. In this blog post, we will explore the benefits and features of a wall mountable 51.2V 200Ah LiFePO4 battery pack, designed specifically for solar energy storage.
Understanding Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS)
Battery Energy Storage Systems, commonly referred to as BESS, are advanced systems that store electrical energy in rechargeable batteries for later use. These systems are instrumental in bridging the gap between energy generation and consumption, ensuring a consistent and reliable power supply. By utilizing BESS, solar energy can be stored during times of excess production and released when the demand exceeds supply.
Introducing the Wall Mountable 51.2V 200Ah LiFePO4 Battery Pack
The wall mountable 51.2V 200Ah LiFePO4 battery pack is a cutting-edge solution designed to optimize solar energy storage. LiFePO4, or lithium iron phosphate, is a highly reliable and stable lithium-ion battery chemistry, making it an ideal choice for energy storage applications. With a voltage rating of 51.2V and a capacity of 200Ah, this battery pack offers a substantial amount of stored energy.
Benefits of the Wall Mountable 51.2V 200Ah LiFePO4 Battery Pack
The advanced LiFePO4 chemistry used in this battery pack ensures high energy efficiency. With minimal energy loss during charge and discharge cycles, this battery pack maximizes the utilization of stored energy, optimizing overall system performance.
The wall mountable 51.2V 200Ah LiFePO4 battery pack boasts an impressive lifespan, capable of enduring thousands of charge-discharge cycles. This longevity is crucial for long-term solar energy storage, making it a reliable choice for residential and commercial applications.
Compact and Wall Mountable Design
The compact design of this battery pack allows for easy installation and space-saving benefits. By providing a wall mountable option, it eliminates the need for additional floor space, making it an ideal choice for both small and large-scale installations.
Key Features of the Wall Mountable 51.2V 200Ah LiFePO4 Battery Pack
Safety and Reliability
Safety is a paramount consideration in energy storage systems. The LiFePO4 chemistry used in this battery pack is inherently safer than other lithium-ion chemistries, minimizing the risk of thermal runaway or fire hazards. Additionally, advanced safety features such as built-in protection circuits and thermal management systems ensure reliable and secure operation.
Wall Mountable 51.2V 200Ah Built-in Intelligent Battery Management System (BMS)
The wall mountable 51.2V 200Ah LiFePO4 battery pack incorporates an intelligent Battery Management System (BMS). The BMS continuously monitors and manages various battery parameters, including voltage, current, and temperature, to ensure optimal performance, prevent overcharging or over-discharging, and extend battery life.
Scalability is a crucial aspect when it comes to solar energy storage. The wall mountable 51.2V 200Ah LiFePO4 battery pack is designed to be easily expandable, allowing for the addition of multiple battery packs to meet the growing energy storage requirements of the system.
Applications of the Wall Mountable 51.2V 200Ah LiFePO4 Battery Pack
For homeowners embracing solar power, this battery pack serves as an excellent choice for storing excess energy and ensuring a consistent power supply during periods of low solar generation or power outages.
Commercial and Industrial Installations
In commercial and industrial settings, where large amounts of solar energy are generated, the wall mountable 51.2V 200Ah LiFePO4 battery pack can efficiently store the excess energy, reducing reliance on the grid and optimizing self-consumption.
In remote or off-grid locations, where access to the electrical grid is limited or non-existent, this battery pack becomes indispensable. It allows for the storage and utilization of solar energy, providing a reliable and sustainable power source.
Installation and Maintenance
The installation process of the wall mountable 51.2V 200Ah LiFePO4 battery pack is straightforward, thanks to its wall mountable design and compact size. However, it is recommended to consult with a professional installer to ensure proper connection and integration with the solar energy system.
Regular maintenance includes periodic checks of battery performance, ensuring the battery remains within the recommended voltage and temperature range, and cleaning the battery terminals to prevent corrosion.
The wall mountable 51.2V 200Ah LiFePO4 battery pack is a versatile and efficient solution for solar energy storage, addressing the intermittent nature of solar power generation. With its high energy efficiency, long lifespan, and intelligent battery management system, it offers a reliable and sustainable energy storage option for residential, commercial, and off-grid applications. By incorporating this battery pack into solar energy systems, we can unlock the full potential of solar power and accelerate the transition to a cleaner and more sustainable future.
Remember, when it comes to solar energy storage, choosing the right battery pack is crucial for optimizing performance and maximizing the return on investment. The wall mountable 51.2V 200Ah LiFePO4 battery pack stands as a testament to the advancements in battery technology, revolutionizing the way we store and utilize solar energy.


A nonlinear controller for three-dimensional tracking of a fluorescent particle in a confocal microscope
We describe an algorithm for using a confocal microscope for tracking single fluorescent particles diffusing in three dimensions. The algorithm uses a standard confocal setup and directly translates each fluorescence measurement into an actuator command. Through physical simulations, we illustrate 3-D tracking in both stage scanning and beam scanning confocal systems. The simulated stage scanning system achieved tracking of particles diffusing in 3-D with coefficients up to 0.2 μm2/s when the average fluorescence intensities was less than 1.84 counts per measurement cycle (corresponding to less than 18,400 counts per second) in the presence of background fluorescence with a rate of 5,000 counts per second. Increasing the fluorescence intensity to approximately 193 counts per measurement cycle (1,930,000 counts per second) allowed the system to track up to particles diffusing with coefficients as large as 0.7 μm2/s. The beam steering system allowed for faster motion of the focal volume of the microscope and successfully tracked particles diffusing with coefficients up to 0.7 μm2/s with fluorescence measurement intensities of approximately 0.189 counts per measurement cycle (37,570 counts per second) and with coefficients up to 90 μm2/s when the fluorescence intensity was increased to 19 counts per measurement cycle (3,807,500 counts/sec).
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CLASS/FSI Seminar Series 2020
Jan 14 - Apr 7, 2020
Video: NESF Award Winner Talks
Watch the 2018 NASA Exploration Science Forum (NESF) Awards presented with invited lectures from the recipients.
The distance to the Moon is measured to a precision of a few centimeters by bouncing laser beams off reflectors placed there by the Apollo astronauts.