Development of PC-Based Radar Signal Simulation Test System
In allusion to the composition of radar signal simulation test system (RSSTS) for the control of multiple instruments based on PC, this paper, based on the construction of RSSTS, proposed the principle for the achievement of instrument driver library(IDL) and instrument softpanel(ISP), and presented a PC-based test system(PCBTS) that adopted a distributed approach for integrating a variety of instrument software; in addition, developed IDL, ISP, test report modules and various instrument integration software. Finally, an experiment based on aforesaid principles were selected to conduct a comprehensive evaluation for the PCBTS, and the results showed that this test system could fully control the physical test system(PTS) in a PC; could control the PTS to achieve a variety of radar signal simulations and outputs; and could support the report feature of test results.
Keywordsradar signal simulation PC-based test system instrument driver library softpanel IQ modulation
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
- 1.Li, X., Ding, Q., Tian, F.: Development of PC-based virtual radio frequency signal generator. In: ICISE 2010 (2010), doi: 10.1109/ICISE, 5688702Google Scholar
- 2.Zhang, H., Chen, S.: Fundamentals of modern communication systems, 2nd edn. Higher education press, Beijing (2009) (in Chinese) Google Scholar
- 4.Cao, Y., Qian, G., Tang, H.: Software design of dense radar signal simulator. Journal of UEST of China 34(5), 622–625 (2005) (in Chinese) Google Scholar
- 5.Zhi, C., Gao, Y., Li, X.: A distributed system for aircraft hydraulic system simulation test based on LXI. In: IEEE AUTOTESTCON (2008), doi:10.1109/AUTEST.2008.4662609Google Scholar


Several research groups have reported light-induced fluid control based on change of surface wettability.(1, 2) Fluids on microchips were addressed by the external ultraviolet (UV) light or 785 nm laser light irradiation. The method is simple method to control fluids on microchips. However, once the channel has been wetted with the fluid, it is difficult to stop the fluid. Sershern et al. proposed optically controlled microvalve based on the volume change of nanocomposit hydrogel composed of thermoresoponsive polymer poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (pNIPAAm) gel containing nanoparticles that have strong optical-adsorption.(3) The optical energy as strong as 1600 to 2700 mW/cm2 was transformed into heat by nanoparticles, and the heat induced shrinkage of thermoresponsive pNIPAAm gel and resulted in the opening of microvalves. In their system, the two microvalves were controlled independently by irradiating light with different wavelength. However, we think heat transfer between adjacent valves should be a problem for integrated microvalve operation.
Recently, our research group developed a photoresponsive polymer, pNIPAAm functionalized with spirobenzopyran chromophore (pSPNIPAAm), which shows solubility change in aqueous solution triggered by light irradiation.(4) The pSPNIPAAm gel has also been introduced to the surface of the porous membrane and applied to photoresponsive gate membrane.(5) The driving force for physical property change of pSPNIPAAm is based on the photoisomerization of chromophore, which is induced by the light intensity as small as 30 mW/cm2.(4) Therefore, expensive laser apparatus is unnecessary to trigger photoresponsive physical property change.
In this study, pSPNIPAAm gels were applied to the photoresponsive microvalve. The pSPNIPAAm gels were fabricated in a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microchchannel by in situ photo-polymerization. By means of local light irradiation, independent control of multiple pSPNIPAAm gel microvalves were demonstrated.
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microchip for modeling multiple sample distribution was fabricated. PDMS microchip was fabricated using the standard soft lithographic techniques.(6-8) Three photoresponsive polymer, pSPNIPAAm, gel microvalves were fabricated by in situ photo-polymeriztion on a single PDMS microchip. Fluid microchannel made from PDMS was filled with the reaction mixture solution containing NIPAAm monomer, the acrylated spirobenzopyran monomer, MBAAm, and DMPA. Focused UV light was irradiated to 450 µm circular areas at the desired positions in microchannel for 10 seconds. The gels were swelled to larger size than the width of microchannels after washing and swelling.
Microvalve control by local light irradiation was demonstrated. A solution containing blue die was introduced into main microchannel at 3.4 kPa. Blue light with a wavelength range from 420 to 440 nm was irradiated to each gel at 29 °C. Each valve was opened by blue light irradiation from 18 to 30 seconds. Local light irradiation enabled the independent control of multiple microvalves. Blue light irradiation induced the colour fade out of the pSPNIPAAm gels, which indicates isomerization of spirobenzopyran chromophore, and resulted in the shrinkage of the gels. It caused the opening of microvalve.
The typical intensity of the irradiated blue light was 20 mW/cm2 in our system. Since the gel shrinkage is induced by photoisomerization of spirobenzopyran chromophore, the intensity to control pSPNIPAAm gel is very weak compared to the previously reported optically controlled microvalve using nanocomposit hydrogel (more than 1600 mW/cm2).(3) Therefore, our system does not require expensive lasor equipment. Low light intensity leads the small increase in temperature. Therefore, in the present study, the heat transfer between adjacent valves does not affect the microvalve control. Threfore, pSPNIPAAm gel microvalve is suitable for integrated fluid control system compared to the previously reported microvalves composed of thermoresponsive hydrogel.
The flow control by light irradiation provides a non-contact and independent flow control on microchip. Micro-patterned light irradaiation enables the pallarel control of multiple microvalves. Therefore, optical control of microfluids will create a novel prospect for highly integrated microfluidic devices. We think photoresponsive polymer gel microvalve will be an advantageous technique for multifunctional microfluidic chip.
1. H. Nagai, J. Takahashi and S. Wakida, Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Miniaturized Systems for Chemistry and Life Sciences (µTAS2003), Squaw Valley, 2003.
2. G. L. Liu, J. Kim, Y. Lu and L. P. Lee, Nature Materials, 2006, 5, 27-32.
3. S. R. Sershen, G. A. Mensing, M. Ng, N. J. Halas, D. J. Beebe and J. L. West, Adv Mater, 2005, 17, 1366-1368.
4. K. Sumaru, M. Kameda, T. Kanamori and T. Shinbo, Macromolecules, 2004, 37, 4949-4955.
5. K. Sumaru, K. Ohi, T. Takagi, T. Kanamori and T. Shinbo, Langmuir, 2006, 22, 4353-4356.
6. D. C. Duffy, J. C. McDonald, O. J. A. Schueller and G. M. Whitesides, Anal. Chem., 1998, 70, 4974-4984.
7. T. Deng, H. K. Wu, S. T. Brittain and G. M. Whitesides, Anal. Chem., 2000, 72, 3176-3180.
8. M. Yamada and M. Seki, Anal. Chem., 2004, 76, 895-899.


US 4097917 A
A light display which rotates in response to command signals in the form of sounds, light beams or the like. The display includes a tube having flexible rod-like members coupled thereto and extending outwardly therefrom with the outer ends of the members being provided with essentially point sources of light which, when the tube rotates, trace out generally continuous lines due to the relativey high speed of rotation of the tube. The tube rotates under the influence of an electric motor which receives command signals for causing rotation of the drive shaft thereof. The drive shaft is either connected directly or by gear-down structure to the tube. One embodiment of the invention utilizes the rod-like members which are flexible glass fibers and a light source is disposed to the outer ends thereof. In another embodiment, the members are tubes having light emitters such as light diodes at their outer ends.
Light displays using glass fiber rods have previously been used to provide aesthetic effects. One type of such display is stationary and another type rotates very slowly, such as with a synchronous motor, at one speed. None of the conventional light displays using glass fibers operates to provide an artistic effect derived by rotating the glass fibers or other such structures continuously and randomly at different speeds in accordance with external commands directed to the rotating means of the display. In fact, the flexibility of glass fiber rods has not been relied upon to provide the aesthetic effects which are possible by rotating the rods and causing them to flex and move continuously due to continuously changing centrifugal forces exerted on them. A need has, therefore, arisen for an improved light display which utilizes the flexibility of glass rods and other types of structures to provide rotating pinpoint light sources which move along continuously changing paths in accordance with external commands, such as music, the human voice, and the like, whereby the light display can provide an aesthetic effect not attainable with conventional light displays.
The present invention meets the aforesaid need by providing a rotatable light display comprised of a plurality of flexible, elongated members having, in effect, pinpoint light sources at the outer ends of the members. Means is provided for continuously rotating the members as they extend outwardly and away from a support so that, as the members rotate, they flex outwardly due to the centrifugal forces exerted thereon and, depending upon the speed of rotation of the members, they will flex to a greater or lesser degree. As the outer ends of the members rotate the greater or lesser speeds, they present continuously changing patterns of continuous lines of light which can be of different colors so as to provide a pleasing, aesthetic effect and one which provides entertainment for those viewing the display in operation.
The display of this invention utilizes a drive means having a sensor for sensing external commands, such as sounds, light beams or the like. The sensor converts the commands to electronic signals which, when applied to the drive means, causes rotation of the members and the resulting light displays in the form of continuous lines. As the signals vary in amplitude, the speed of rotation of the members also vary so they flex to a greater or lesser degree and thereby provide the changing light patterns in the form of the aforesaid continuous lines.
In one form of the invention, the members are comprised of glass fibers which extend into and through one end of a tube mounted for rotation on a support. A light source in the tube directs its light beams onto the inner faces of the glass fibers and the light is transferred to the outer ends thereof, on which are blobs of colored fluorescent materials so that, when light strikes each blob, it fluoresces and provides, in essence, a pinpoint light source.
Another embodiment of the invention utilizes long, slender tubes having light emitters at their outer ends thereof, such light emitters being light emitting diodes or the like. Electrical leads from the light emitters extend along the length of respective tubes and are coupled to brushes and contact rings to connect the light emitters with a source of electrical current, such as a battery.
The primary object of this invention is to provide an improved light display which utilizes a plurality of flexible, elongated members which present point sources of light at respective ends thereof and which rotate in response to external commands so that their outer ends present continuous lines of light which are constantly changing due to variations in the commands.
Another object of this invention is to provide a light display of the type described wherein the members are coupled to and project outwardly from a rotating element connected to a drive motor having a sensor which picks up external commands, such as music, the human voice, light signals or the like, and the commands, when they vary in amplitude, cause variations in the drive speed of the motor so that the rotatable members will flex to a greater or lesser degree due to centrifugal forces exerted thereon and the resulting light patterns will change shapes continuously, corresponding to the characteristics of the command signals, such as the beat of music when music signals provide the commands.
Other objects of this invention will become apparent as the following specification progresses, reference being had to the accompanying drawing for an illustration of several embodiments of the invention.
1. A rotatable light display comprising: a support; a plurality of elongated, flexible members; means carried by the support and rotatable relative thereto for rotatably mounting said members thereon with the members extending outwardly from the support in directions generally longitudinally of the axis of rotation of said mounting means; means coupled with said members for defining light sources at their outer ends; a motor having a rotatable drive shaft; means connecting the drive shaft to said mounting means for rotating said members relative to the support when the motor is energized; and means responsive to acoustic signals and coupled to said motor for applying electronic signals thereto to energize the same.
2. A display as set forth in claim 1, wherein said applying means comprises a microphone.
3. A display as set forth in claim 1, wherein said members comprise glass fibers.
4. A display as set forth in claim 3, wherein each glass fiber has a layer of fluorescent material at the outer end thereof, the layers defining the light sources for respective glass fibers when the layers are excited by light energy, and a fixed light emitting element adjacent to the ends of the fibers proximal to the support for supplying light energy for transmission through the glass fibers to said layers.
5. A display as set forth in claim 1, wherein the light sources are light emitting diodes, each light emitting diode having electrical conductor means extending along the corresponding member for connection to an electrical power source adjacent to the support.
6. A display as set forth in claim 5, wherein each member comprises a tube, and including contact ring means for coupling the conductor means to said power source.
7. A display as set forth in claim 1, wherein said mounting means comprises a tube having a pair of opposed ends, one end of the tube being mounted for axial rotation on the support; said members extending outwardly from the opposite end of the tube.
8. A display as set forth in claim 7, wherein the tube is mounted for rotation about a generally vertical axis.
9. A display as set forth in claim 7, wherein the members comprise glass fibers extending through said outer end and communicating with the interior of the tube, there being a light source within the tube for directing light onto the inner faces of the glass fibers for transmission therethrough.
10. A display as set forth in claim 7, wherein the tube has a pair of concentric slip rings near one end thereof, said light sources being light emitters at the outer ends of said members, each light emitter having conductor means coupled with said rings, and brush means coupled to the slip rings for connecting the same to a source of electrical power.
11. A display as set forth in claim 10, wherein there is a disk secured to said tube, and said drive shaft is in engagement with the disk near its outer periphery for rotating the disk and thereby said tube relative to the support.
12. A display as set forth in claim 7, wherein the support is disposed within a housing having a wall provided with an opening therethrough, said tube extending through the opening, said members being externally of the housing.
13. A rotatable light display comprising: a housing having a top provided with a hole therethrough; a support plate within the housing below said hole; a tube rotatably mounted on the support plate and extending through the hole; a plurality of elongated, flexible optical glass fibers secured to the upper end of the tube and projecting outwardly therefrom, each fiber having a mass of fluorescent material on the outer end thereof, the inner ends of the fibers being in light communication with the interior of the tube; a light source; means mounting the light source on said support plate with the light source within the tube; a motor within said housing, said motor having a drive shaft; means coupling the drive shaft to said tube for rotating the latter relative to the support when said motor is energized; a microphone carried by said housing and responsive to acoustic signals for providing electronic signals corresponding to said acoustic signals, said microphone being coupled with said motor for energizing the same with said electronic signals.
In the Drawings
FIG. 1 is a side elevational view, partly broken away of one embodiment of the rotatable light display of this invention, parts being broken away and in section to illustrate details of construction;
FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view taken along line 2--2 of FIG. 1; and
FIG. 3 is a fragmentary view similar to FIG. 1, but showing another embodiment of the rotatable light display.
The first embodiment of the rotatable light display of this invention is broadly denoted by the numeral 10 and includes a housing 12 adapted to be supported on a surface 14. The housing has four sides 16, a bottom 18, and a top 20. Bottom 18 has a central, generally square opening 22 (FIG. 2) which is covered by a base plate 24 releaseably attached by screws or other fasteners to the underside of bottom 18. Top 20 has a central hole 26 therethrough and one side 16 has a hole 28 therethrough.
A support plate 30 is mounted by a number of spacers 32 (only one of which is shown) on base plate 24 so that support plate 30 is intermediate the distance between bottom 18 and top 20 when the support plate 24 is in the operative position thereof shown in FIG. 1. Support plate 30 has a fixed tubular post 34 mounted thereoon by means of a suitable fastener 36. A light bulb 38 is mounted on the upper end of post 34 and generally projects through hole 26 when base plate 24 is in its operative position. Electrical wires from light bulb 38 pass through post 34 and are connected to a battery or other power source 40 in any suitable manner.
A pulley 42 is mounted by means of a bearing 44 on the lower end of post 34 adjacent to the upper surface of support plate 30. Pulley 44 carries an externally threaded extension 46 for rotation therewith. A tube 48 is provided with a base 50 threaded onto extension 46 for rotation therewith. The tube has a length sufficient to house post 34 and light bulb 38 and it extends a slight distance upwardly therefrom and above top 20. Moreover, the tube has a transverse dimension or diameter sufficient to permit it to extend through hole 26 in top 20, yet the tube can rotate relative to the top. Tube 48, at least in the vicinity of and above light bulb 38 is lighttight in that it has a sidewall which is opaque to light transmission therethrough and has a closed upper end.
A plurality of flexible glass fibers 52 are mounted on the closed end of tube 48 and extend upwardly and away therefrom at different angles as shown in FIG. 1. The lower ends of the fibers extend through the closed upper end of tube 48 so that the ends of the fibers are in light communciation with the interior of the tube, at least in the space between the light bulb 38 and the closed upper end of tube 48. Thus, light emitted from light bulb 38 will strike the lower ends of the glass fibers and be transmitted therethrough to the outer ends thereof. Each glass fiber has a mass or blob 54 of a fluorescent paint which is excited by the light passing through the fiber to give a specific color. The blobs may be of different colors if desired. Also, the lengths of the various glass fibers can differ from each other as shown in FIG. 1.
The glass fibers are mounted on the upper end of tube 48 in any suitable manner. For instance, holes can be drilled in the closed upper end of the tube and the glass fibers inserted into the holes and then adhesively or otherwise bonded to the closed end. In the alternative, the upper end of the tube 48 can initially be open and can be closed with a mass of a suitable thermoplastic material which supports the lower ends of the glass fibers and provide an adhesive bond between the latter and the upper end of the tube.
Tube 48 is rotated by rotating pulley 42 with an endless flexible belt 56 coupled to a second pulley 58 mounted on the drive shaft 60 of an electric motor 62 carried in any suitable manner on support plate 30 below the latter. Pulleys 42 and 58, along with belt 56, provide a gear-down structure so that a relatively high speed motor 62 can be used in rotating tube 48. A motor possibly could be obtained whose speed is the desired speed of rotation of tube 48, such as 1 to 5 or 6 revolutions per second. In such a case, the drive shaft of the motor would be connected directly to tube 48 in any suitable manner.
Motor 62 requires a voltage signal for operation and this signal is the output of an amplifier 66 having microphone 68 coupled to its input, the microphone being adapted for sensing external sounds, such as music, the sound of the human voice and the like. Microphone 68 generates electrical signals from sound signals and applies them to amplifier 66 which then directs the amplified signal to the motor to actuate it and thereby rotate the drive shaft thereof as a function of the signals received from the microphone. A sensitivity control 70 can be coupled to amplifier 66 to change the sensitivity of the circuit as desired. Control 70 is manually operated by a rotatable shaft 74 projecting through hole 28 and having a knob 72 on its outer end.
In use, sound signals received by the microphone are changed into electrical signals which are amplified and applied to the motor, providing the voltage signal thereto. These signals, therefore, cause the motor to be actuated and drive shaft 60 thereof causes rotation of pulley 58 and thereby pulley 42 and tube 48. This occurs while the light bulb 38 is actuated. This generlly is done in a darkened room and, when tube 48 is rotated, centrifugal force casues glass fibers 52 to bend and flex outwardly and downwardly into different operative positions, such as the dashed line positions shown in FIG. 1. These positions vary all the time in accordance with the amplitude of the signals received by the motor whose drive shaft 60 increases and decreases in speed as a function of such amplitude variations. The net result is a pattern of generally continuous colored lines in space due to the excitation of blobs 54 by the light received at the lower ends of the glass fibers and transmitted to the blobs. The light patterns achieved by the rotation of the glass fibers, therefore, provides an aesthetic appearance and one which gives much enjoyment and entertainment to persons viewing the light display.
Another embodiment of the display is shown in FIG. 3 and includes a plurality of flexible tubes 152 of metal or plastic secured at their lower ends to the upper end of a rotatable tube 148 mounted by a suitable bearing 144 on suppport plate 130. Tube 148 projects through the top 120 of a housing similar to housing 12. A disk 142 is secured to tube 148 near the lower end thereof and rotates therewith. A drive motor 162 having a drive shaft 160 is adjacent to the disk and drive shaft 160 is in frictional engagement with the disk near the outer periphery thereof for rotating the disk and thereby tube 148 about the vertical axis of the tube relative to support 130.
Each tube 152 has a light emitter 154, such as a light emitting diode. The electrical leads to each diode 154 extends along the length of its corresponding tube 152 and downwardly to a pair of concentric contact rings 150 and 151 coupled to tube 148 for rotation therewith. A pair of brushes 153 are coupled to respective contact rings 150 and 151 to connect the same to a suitable power source, such as a battery. The signal input to motor 162 is through an amplifier and microphone in the same manner as that described above with respect to the embodiment of FIG. 1.
As tube 148 rotates upon actuation of motor 162, tubes 152 bend for flex downwardly and outwardly into various positions, such as the dashed line position of FIG. 3, similar to the manner described above with respect to the glass fibers of FIG. 1. As this occurs, the light emitters 154 are in operation and, as tube 148 rotates, these light emitters are rotating sufficiently fast to give the visual image of continuous lines. These lines vary continuously in location and the patterns they make change in size and shape because the flexibility of the tubes causes the light emitters to change positions continuously with their changes in the commands sensed by the microphone. The result is a display of lights which may be of different color to provide enjoyment and entertainment in viewing the display and in associating the pattern of the display with the sound input to the microphone.
While a microphone has been described as the sensor for receiving an external command signal or stimulus, it is clear that other sensors could be utilized if desired. For instance, a photocell can be used in place of the microphone for receiving light from an external source. The audio output of a receiver which broadcasts or other sounds could also serve as the sensor for the present invention.
In lieu of motor 62, another suitable rotating means can be of the type defined by a motor having an armature provided with a number of fixed solenoids surrounding the same, wherein the solenoids are successively actuated to cause rotation of the armature. Each solenoid operates to rotate the armature through a certain arc similar to the operation of a stepping motor. The input to the solenoids includes a series of AND gates which drive the solenoids under the influence of a frequency selective RC network whose input would be a microphone. Thus, the motor would be operated as a function of frequency rather than sound level. Thus, the sound from one musical instrument, for instance, would cause rotation of members in a manner different from the sound from another instrument of a different kind or which produces signals of different frequencies from those of the first instrument.


Instead of an unreliable and short-lived mechanical float switch, the Water Witch Bilge Pump Switches 217 & 230 have no moving parts and require no adjustments. This eliminates the chance of your battery dying or your pump burning out because of a jammed-on float switch.
Temperature, humidity or electrical noise will not affect this switch, nor will it interfere with other electronics.
Even with a layer of oil or gasoline in the bilge, the pump will be activated once the level of fluid in the bilge rises to allow water to come in contact with the switch
• Switch activates pump when the exposed capacitance sensor element is continually exposed to liquid water for 6 to 8 seconds (in saltwater, only one sensor needs to be in contact with bilge water)
• 14 second end-of-cycle delay ensures bilge hose can drain completely without re-activating the pump
• Mounting height of switch determines at what water level the pump is activated; usually mounted just above level of "backflow" water at end of pump cycle
• Can be mounted at any angle, at any orientation
• Can be used with 3-way panel switches (on-auto-off)
• Dimensions: 2-5/8"W x1-5/8"H x 1-5/8"D
• 7-year limited warranty


Donegan, James J., Pearson, Henry A.
A matrix method is presented for determining the longitudinal-stability coefficients and frequency response of an aircraft from arbitrary maneuvers. The method is devised so that it can be applied to time-history measurements of combinations of such simple quantities as angle of attack, pitching velocity, load factor, elevator angle, and hinge moment to obtain the over-all coefficients. Although the method has been devised primarily for the evaluation of stability coefficients which are of primary interest in most aircraft loads and stability studies, it can be used also, with a simple additional computation, to determine the frequency-response characteristics. The entire procedure can be applied or extended to other problems which can be expressed by linear differential equations.
An Adobe Acrobat (PDF) file of the entire report:


If you’re a car owner or driver, you know the importance of safety while driving. The car front sensor is an essential component that ensures safe driving. This sensor is crucial in warning drivers about potential dangers and helps avoid collisions.
These days, safety feature has become a standard component in modern cars. It uses technology to warn the driver of potential obstacles ahead, allowing them to take necessary actions to avoid a collision. This article will provide a comprehensive guide to front car sensors, including how they work, their benefits, and maintenance.
What is a Car Front Sensor?
A car sensor is an electronic device mounted on a car’s front bumper. It uses advanced technology to detect obstacles ahead and alert the driver. The sensor can detect objects such as other cars, pedestrians, or even animals. The information is relayed to the car’s computer system, which then warns the driver using visual and audible signals.
Types of Car Front Sensors
Ultrasonic sensors use high-frequency sound waves to detect obstacles. They emit sound waves that bounce off nearby objects, and the sensor detects the time for the waves to return. The computer system then calculates the distance between the car and the object and warns the driver.
Infrared sensors use a beam of light that is reflected off nearby objects. The sensor detects the amount of reflected light and calculates the distance between the car and the object. It then warns the driver of potential danger.
Radar sensors use radio waves to detect obstacles. They emit radio waves that bounce off nearby objects, and the sensor detects the time for the waves to return. The computer system then calculates the distance between the car and the object and warns the driver.
How Does a Car Front Sensor Work?
It uses advanced technology to detect obstacles ahead. The sensor emits a signal that bounces off nearby objects, and the computer system calculates the distance between the car and the object. The sensor can detect objects up to a certain distance, depending on the type of sensor used. When the sensor detects an obstacle, it warns the driver using visual and audible signals.
Benefits of Car Front Sensor
Car front sensors improve safety by warning the driver of potential dangers ahead. The warning allows the driver to take necessary actions, such as slowing down or changing lanes, to avoid a collision.
It can help avoid accidents by warning the driver of potential obstacles that may not be visible. That is especially useful when driving in low visibility conditions, such as rain or fog.
That can save money by avoiding collisions resulting in expensive repairs. A minor fender-bender can cost hundreds or even thousands of dollars to repair, while a crash at high speeds can result in significant damage or even total loss of the car. It can help prevent these incidents, saving the driver money on repairs and insurance premiums.
Installation of Car Front Sensor
A professional mechanic can install front sensors or as a do-it-yourself project. The process involves:
- Mounting the sensor on the front bumper of the car.
- Connecting it to the car’s computer system.
- Calibrating it to ensure accurate detection.
Following the manufacturer’s instructions are essential to ensure proper installation and functionality.
Care and Maintenance
It requires regular maintenance to ensure optimal performance. Keeping the sensor clean and free from debris is important, as dirt and debris can interfere with its detection capabilities. The sensor should be cleaned with a soft cloth and mild soap, and avoiding harsh chemicals or abrasive materials is essential. It is also important to check the sensor regularly for any signs of damage or wear and tear and to have it repaired or replaced.
Common Issues with Car Front Sensors
They can experience various issues that can affect their performance. Multiple factors, including weather conditions, electrical problems, or damage to the sensor, can cause these issues. Some common topics include false alarms, inaccurate detection, and malfunctioning sensors. It is essential to address these issues promptly to ensure the safety of the driver and passengers.
If you are experiencing issues with your car’s front sensor, there are several troubleshooting tips you can try before seeking professional help. These include checking the sensor for debris or damage, checking the connections and wiring, and resetting the sensor by disconnecting the battery for a few minutes. If these tips do not resolve the issue, it is best to seek professional help from a qualified mechanic.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
Do all cars come with front sensors?
No, not all cars come with front sensors. However, they are becoming more common as a standard safety feature in modern vehicles.
Can front sensors be installed on older cars?
Front sensors can be installed on older cars as an aftermarket add-on.
How accurate are front sensors?
Front sensors can be very accurate, but their accuracy depends on several factors, including the type of sensor used, the distance between the car and the object, and weather conditions.
Do front sensors require special care?
Yes, front sensors require regular maintenance to ensure optimal performance. It is important to keep the sensor clean and free from debris and to check for any signs of damage or wear and tear.
Can front sensors prevent all accidents?
No, front sensors cannot prevent all accidents, but they can significantly reduce the risk of collisions by warning the driver of potential obstacles ahead.
Car front sensors are a crucial safety feature that can help prevent accidents and save lives. They use advanced technology to detect obstacles ahead and warn the driver using visual and audible signals. Installing a front sensor can be a simple and effective way to improve the safety of your car and reduce the risk of collisions. It can provide reliable performance and peace of mind for years with proper care and maintenance.


VC4438 smart camera
Vision Components has released its VC4438 model, which extends its range of freely programmable, intelligent high-performance cameras whose key component is a 1GHz (8,000 MIPS) processor from Texas Instruments.
The VC4438 acts as a stand-alone image processing system and renders additional PC stations unnecessary. The VC4438 features a 1/3-inch CCD sensor with a 640 x 480 pixel resolution and offers a maximum frame rate of 63fps (126fps in binning mode).
Standard equipment also includes an RS232 and an Ethernet interface, a high-speed encoder interface and an external trigger input that enables jitter-free image recording even at high reading frequencies. Basic camera versions come with 4MB Flash EPROM and 64MB SDRAM for program and data picture storage, which can be optionally extended to 128MB. Featuring four digital PLC inputs and four outputs, the camera can be easily integrated into existing automation environments.
An external monitor can be connected to the camera's integrated SVGA video output for maintenance and testing purposes. Like all cameras from Vision Components, the VC4438 has a robust industrial housing which makes it suitable for rugged environments.


Anton APRV Pressure Relief Valve
The Anton APRV Pressure Relief Valve revolutionises let by and tightness testing for engineers. With its design focused on efficiency and convenience, this accessory eliminates the need for continuous hose detachment and adjustments, ensuring the engineer can quickly achieve the desired gas pressure on their U gauge or pressure meter. Crafted for ease of use and time saving, it’s an essential tool for professionals, readily available at leading trade counters.
This valve features a user-friendly thumb relief valve with an ‘o’ ring seal, accompanied by a 1-metre high-quality pressure hose. The inclusion of a push fit T piece allows for effortless adjustment of hose length to meet any specific requirement, further enhancing its versatility and utility in a wide range of testing scenarios.
- Time-saving design for quick gas pressure adjustments
- User-friendly thumb relief valve with an ‘o’ ring seal
- 1 metre of high-quality pressure hose included
- Push fit T piece for easy hose length modification
- Simplifies let by and tightness testing processes
- Available from leading trade counters
- Valve Type: Thumb relief with ‘o’ ring seal
- Hose Length: 1 metre
- Hose Quality: High-quality pressure resistance
- Hose Adjustment: Push fit T piece for easy modification
- Compatibility: Suitable for use with U gauge / pressure meters
- Availability: Widely available at reputable trade counters


Numerical Modeling of Mode-Locked Fiber Lasers with a Fiber-Based Saturable-Absorber
We report fiber laser simulations with a fiber compatible, self-focusing, saturable absorber (SA) device. The SA device consists of two tapered fiber ends separated by a bulk, nonlinear medium. An optical beam transmitted from one tapered fiber end, propagate through the nonlinear medium (chalcogenide glass As40Se60) and couples back into the other tapered fiber end. Pulse propagation in the fiber laser cavity is performed using the Split Step Method. Stable pulses are generated with energies around 0.3 nJ and a transform limited pulse width around.
Copyright © 2017, Elsevier
Wang, Long; Chong, Andy; and Haus, Joseph W., "Numerical Modeling of Mode-Locked Fiber Lasers with a Fiber-Based Saturable-Absorber" (2017). Electro-Optics and Photonics Faculty Publications. 61.


Spark SL brings legendary Blue studio sound and versatility to your recording space.
Designed for critical home/project/professional studio applications and live performance, this side-address cardioid studio condenser delivers exceptional detail and low noise.
Large diaphragm cardioid condenser.
Cardioid Condenser Headworn Microphone w/ TA4W
CAD Audio's MixDown X1 Studio Condenser Microphone is the perfect mic for capturing everything from instruments in the studio to vocals at a live performance.
Outstanding clarity in an extremely comfortable over-the-ear design.
The low-profile E6 provides natural sound with exceptional isolation from noise and feedback.
Ideal for home studio and live applications, the low-profile AT2021 offers an extended frequency response, high maximum SPL and wide dynamic range.
Behind the Ear Design For Broadcast TV, Stage, and Theater.
The PGA27 is designed for clear capture of vocal, acoustic and amplified sources in recording applications as well as live sound.
The GXL3000BP’s high sensitivity and extremely low distortion make it an ideal candidate for recording and live sound reinforcement. Shock mount, vinyl pouch and polishing cloth included.
The AT2020: the new standard for affordable side-address studio condensers.


US 3979748 A
A long-range pulse radar apparatus emitting linear F.M. pulses and coherently detecting radar returns contains a chirp generator with a phase-control unit, a slope-control unit and a timing circuit. The timing circuit, supplied with a voltage resulting from the phase detection of the VCO output signal with reference to the COHO signal, determines the times when the VCO phase control voltage is to be gradually replaced by the slope-control circuit output. The latter output is determined by the period required to generate a given number of periodic variations of the signals obtained through the phase detection of the VCO output signal with reference to a fixed-frequency signal.
1. A pulse radar apparatus comprising, in the transmitter signal channel, a generator circuit to generate linear F.M. pulses of relatively long duration, and, in the receiver signal channel, means to compress radar return signals into output pulses of relatively short duration, means for phase detecting said short output pulses, a coherent oscillator controlling said phase detecting means, and means for the elimination of stationarytarget signals, said generator circuit including voltage controlled oscillating means, a fixed frequency oscillating means to generate a constant reference signal, first phase detecting means having one input coupled to the output of said voltage-controller oscillating means and another input to said fixed frequency oscillating means, to produce a first control signal; second phase detecting means coupled to the output of said voltage-controlled oscillating means and controlled by said coherent oscillator to produce a second control signal; a slope-control circuit supplied with said first control signal and with said reference signal to produce an output signal which is determined by the length of a period for generating a given number of periodic variations of said first control signal during the time interval when the second control signal exceeds a predetermined value; a timing circuit controlled by said second control signal and having means to produce a timing signal during the time interval when the second control signal exceeds the predetermined value, and switching means which, in the absence of said timing signal, apply said first control voltage to the input of said voltage controlled oscillating means and, in the presence of said timing signal, gradually replace the first control voltage with the output signal from the slope control circuit.
2. Pulse radar apparatus as claimed in claim 1 wherein the slope-control circuit comprises successively a counter to record periodic variations f the phase-detected output signal, a time measuring circuit with a time interval lying between the instance of generation of a timing signal and the next instance at which the counter reaches a given count position, and a comparator for comparing the count position of the time measuring circuit, which position is recorded during said time interval, with a fixed numeric value corresponding with the desired frequency modulation factor, whereby any difference established by the comparator makes a correction to the output voltage of the slope-conrol circuit.
The invention relates to a pulse radar apparatus, in which the transmitter channel contains a circuit that is phasecontrolled by a coherent oscillator (COHO) for the active generation of linear F.M. pulses of relatively long duration by the use of a voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO), and in which the receiver channel comprises successively a pulse compression filter for the compression of applied radar returns into output pulses of relatively very short duration, a coherent detector for the detection of said output pulses, and means for the elimination of stationary-target signals obtained by the coherent detection.
The phase-controlled circuit for the active generation of linear F.M. pulses of relatively long duration is hereinafter termed a chirp generator and the means for the elimination of these stationary target signals a clutter suppressor.
Pulse radar apparatuses of the above type are widely known and find their use in long-range air surveillance and air traffic control, for which the demands made on transmitting power, antenna amplification and receiver sensitivity have been raised considerably.
Raising these demands may involve intensification of clutter, so that detection of moving target returns is impaired and the false-alarm rate is adversely affected. These disadvantages may substantially be reduced by a radar apparatus with such provisions that the signal-to-clutter ratio is improved and the clutter is eliminated to a considerable extent.
Improvement of the signal-to-clutter ratio may be obtained by reducing the resolution cell, resulting in a greater resolving power through improvement of the resolution in range. An obvious solution to this problem lies in the reduction of the transmitter pulse duration. Such a reduction however results in a decrease in the average transmitting power of the radar apparatus and is therefore an encumbrance to obtaining a large coverage for this apparatus.
The advantages gained by reducing the transmitter pulse duration and by increasing the average power are combined by applying the pulse compression technique; it is thus possible to extend the effective duration of the transmitter pulse (which is to the benefit of a large coverage of the radar) and to reduce the resolution cell (benefiting the resolving power) by using a specific frequency modulation of the transmitter pulse.
In view of the frequency modulation of the transmitter pulse, it should be ensured that the frequency modulation factor is inversely proportional to the compression factor of the delay line in the pulse compression filter. Only then all signals having the desired phase are applied to the delay line; it is therefore essential that the F.M. factor be kept substantially constant.
To be able to eliminate clutter signals, a coherent MTI technique can successfully be applied by using a coherent detector in combination with a delay line canceller in the receiver channel. This elimination process gives good results, provided that the initial phase of the chirp signal is derived through the coherent oscillator output signals and that this phase shows a substantially constant difference with respect to the momentary output signal of the coherent oscillator.
Hence, in a pulse radar apparatus for large coverage it is advisable to utilise the advantages associated with the application of pulse compression and coherent MTI. To obtain a favourable result, the modulated pulse-shaped chirp signals are to be supplied at a fixed initial frequency and a fixed initial phase, while they should vary to a constant F.M. factor.
Since the major source of errors in the detection and selection process of radar returns from both stationary and moving targets was found in the subtraction process in the clutter suppressor, the errors being caused particularly by variations in the modulation factor with the generation of the chirp signals, it was desirable to pay particular attention to this matter.
In accordance with the present invention the chirp generator is thereto provided with a phase-control circuit, a slope-control circuit, a timing circuit and a switch unit. The phase- and the slope-control circuits are fed with the VCO output signal that is phase-detected using the constant output signal of a fixed frequency oscillator as reference. In the time interval when the magnitude of the coherently detected VCO output signal exceeds a fixed value, the timing circuit delivers a timing signal to the switch unit, realising that, in the absence of the timing signal, the phase-control circuit produces a control voltage for the VCO to obtain coherent operation between the VCO and the fixed frequency oscillator, and that, in the presence of the timing signal, the VCO control voltage produced by the phase-control circuit is gradually replaced by the slope-control circuit output signal determined by the length of a period for generating a given number of periodic variations of the phase-detected output signal within said time interval.
For a better understanding of the invention and its advantages reference should be had to the accompanying drawing, which illustrates a block diagram of an embodiment of a pulse radar apparatus in accordance with the invention. The radar apparatus illustrated in the block diagram comprises an antenna 1 connected via a duplexer 2 to a transmitter channel 3 and a receiver channel 4. To apply the pulse compression technique to this apparatus, transmitter channel 3 is provided with a chirp generator 5, suitable to generate linear F.M. pulses of relatively long duration, while receiver channel 4 contains a pulse compression filter 6, which compresses the F.M. pulses to output pulses of relatively short duration. The momentary frequency ft of the chirp signal may be represented by: ft = fo -μ12π . t in MHz, where fo is a fixed frequency in the intermediate frequency range and μ(=2πdf/dt) the F.M. factor. To be able to discriminate between returns from moving targets and returns from stationary targets, coherent MTI technique is applied with respect to the output pulses of pulse compression filter 6. The radar apparatus thereto contains also a phasesensitive detector 7 and a coherent oscillator 8, of which the output signal is used for two purposes. On the one hand, this output signal is applied to chirp generator 5 for the purpose of starting each of the pulse-shaped chirp signals with the same phase; on the other hand, the coherent oscillator output signal is applied to phase-sensitive detector 7 for the purpose of the phase detection of the radar returns. The chirp signals are to be generated at a fixed initial frequency ft = fo -μ/2π .t and a fixed initial phase at accurately determined instances, and are to be supplied to a mixer 9, which also receives the output signal of a stable local oscillator (STALO) 10. The transmitting frequency of the mixer output signal has the desired value, viz. fz,t = fz -μ /2π .t. This output signal is amplified inn an RF amplifier/pulse modulator 11 and converted into a high-power transmitter pulse, which is emitted via duplexer 2 and antenna 1.
The return signal received by antenna 1 is passed via duplexer 2 to a mixer 12, which also receives the STALO output signal. the IF output signal thus produced in mixer 12 is, after amplification in an IF amplifier 13, applied to pulse compression filter 6, comprising a dispersive line. Since the pulse compression filter 6 delays higher frequency signals to a greater extent than lower frequency signals, the chirp signal should first start at the highest frequency; this also explains the choice of the frequency formula: ft = fo -μ /2π .t for the chirp signal.
The output signal of pulse compression filter 6 is fed to phase-sensitive detector 7 for coherent detection. The coherently detected output signals are supplied to a clutter suppressor 14, in which returns from stationary objects are eliminated. Clutter suppressor 14 may be of various designs. In its simplest design this suppressor comprises two channels fed with coherently detected returns, a difference circuit connected to the output of each of the two channels, and a memory incorporated in one of these channels. The signals passing through the channel that contains the memory are delayed with respect to the signals passing through the other channel, the delay time being equal to one pulse repetition time. Instead of such a single clutter suppressor, a double clutter suppressor is often used in practice or even a triple one. Since the major source of errors in the detection process of the radar apparatus occurs during the elimination process in clutter suppressor 14, the errors being caused by the variations in the modulation factor, it was desirable to pay particular attention to this matter in the design of chirp generator 5. This generator had to be so designed that it delivers an F.M. signal starting at a fixed phase and a fixed initial frequency, and varying in accordance with a desired fixed F.M. factor.
To be able to derive an F.M. output signal at a fixed initial frequency fo from chirp generator 5, this generator is provided with at least a voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) 15, a fixed frequency oscillator 16 and a phase control circuit comprising a first phase-sensitive detector 17,a first integrator 18 and a switch unit 19. To obtain a fixed phase relationship between the VCO output signal and the output signal of oscillator 16, both these output signals are fed to phasesensitive detector 17, which produces an output voltage that, in the embodiment in question, is proportional to the cosine of the phase difference between the two signals applied. The output signal of detector 17 is applied to integrator 18, producing a control voltage used to derive the fixed phase relationship between the output signals of the VCO 15 and oscillator 16. A result of this phase control process is that the VCO 15 is tuned to the fixed frequency oscillator 16.
To establish the instant at which the phase of the VCO output signal shows a fixed difference with the phase of the COHO signal, the chirp generator 5 is provided with a second phase-sensitive detector 20, that receives both the COHO and the VCO output signals. Detector 20 also produces an output voltage that, in the embodiment in question, is proportional to the cosine of the phase difference between the two signals applied to this detector. The output signal of detector 20 is fed to a timing circuit 21, which determines from the phase variation of each of these output signals an instant, at which the phase of the VCO output signal to be generated shows a fixed difference with that of the COHO output signal. Timing circuit 21 therefore starts the generation of a timing signal, to be maintained for a fixed period, at the first instant following a synchronisation signal when the phases of the above-mentioned detector output signals show the desired fixed difference. In the embodiment in question, timing circuit 21 thereto contains a convertor 22, and AND gate 23 and a monostable storage cell 24. In converter 22 the detector output signal is converted into a square-wave voltage. On the application of this voltage and the synchronisation signal to AND gate 23, the storage cell 24, under control of detector 20, deliveres a timing signal during a fixed period, in which period the VCO output signal can be generated to produce a transmitter pulse. Chirp generator 5 is thereto provided with a gate 25, which is opened on the application of the timing signal, allowing the VCO output signal to be applied as a chirp signal to mixer 9. As soon as gate 25 is open, the frequency modulation of the output signal should commence; switching unit 19 thereto contains a gate 26, which is blocked by the timing signal, while chirp generator 5 also comprises a slopecontrol circuit 27, of which the output voltage can be discharged over an R-C network 28 contained in switch unit 19. With gate 26 in te open condition, the output voltage of R-C network 28 contributes for a small part to the VCO control voltage, while the remaining part of this control voltage is obtained through the feedback circuit formed by phase-sensitive detector 17, integrator 18 and gate 26. With gate 26 in the closed condition, only the voltage of the slope-control circuit 27 contributes to the VCO control voltage, so that the voltage required for the initial setting of oscillator 15, varies exponentially with the output voltage of slope-control circuit 27 through the incorporation of R-C network 28. VCO 15 and R-C network 28 are thereby so dimensioned that an exponential variation in the control voltage results in a linear time variation of the VCO signal frequency.
The major task of slope-control circuit 27 is to make corrections in the F.M. factor in case of variations int eh slope of the linear frequency of the VCO signal. This may be realised by changing the output voltage of slope-control circuit 27. Consequently, the frequency is always of the same value when gate 25 closes. To determine the corrections to be made to the F.M. factor, the time required to measure a given number of periods of the variable output signal of phasesensitive detector 17 is compared with the desired time corresponding to the correct F.M. factor μ. Any differences are converted into an error voltage, producing after integration the output voltge of slope-control circuit 27. To measure the F.M. FACTOR μ, the output signal of phase-sensitive detector 17 is used. During the listening time this output signal is 0 V, as the VCO 15 is tuned to the fixed freuqency oscillator 16 through the feed-back loop containing the phase sensitive detector 17 and the integrator 18. If now on the supply of the timing signal the gate 26 is closed, so that VCO 15 cannot be tuned to osillator 16, and further the VCO frequency changes under the influence of the exponentially varying VCO control voltage, the phase difference between the signals applied to detector 17 also changes, and detector 17 produces a sinusoidal output voltage. As the fixed frequency oscillator 16 delivers a voltage A cos ω1 t and the VCO 15 a voltage B cos (ω1- π/2-1/2λt2), the output voltage of phase-sensitive detector 17 is: C cos (ω1 t-π/2-1/2μt2 -ω1 t)=-C sin(1/2μt2). It is desired to measure the time required for a given number of (k) periods of the variable output signal -C sin(1/2μt2) of the phase-sensitive detector 17 and to compare this time with the desired time corresponding to the correct F.M. factor. The time required for k periods is obtained from the relationship: 1/2μt2 =k.2π, giving =4k/β. A change Δμ in the F.M. factor μ causes a change (Δt) in the time required for k periods, in accordance with the relationship: Δμ=-2μ/tΔt. By measuring Δt, the change Δμ of the required μ can be calculated. The slopecontrol circuit 27 thereto comprises a time measuring circuit 29, which can be supplied with clock pulses from oscillator 16 through a gate 30 contained in circuit 27 during the time required for the k periods. Gate 30 must therefore be open at the start of this time; this is realised with the aid of a gate pulse generator 31, which thereto activates gate 30 as soon as timing circuit 21 also delivers a timing signal for the gate pulse generator 31. On the expiration of the k periods of the detector voltage, gate 30 is to be returned to the blocking condition, with the result that time measuring circuit 29 ceases counting the oscillator clock pulses still to be supplied. Slope-control circuit 27 is hereto provided with a square-wave generator 32 and a counter 33. The variable output signal of detector 17 is converted into a squarewave voltage in generator 32, the square waves being counted in counter 33. On the supply of the first k square waves t counter 33, this counteer delivers a stop pulse to gate pulse generator 31, causing gate 30 to return to the blocking condition. A comparator 34 compares the then obtained count position of time measuring circuit 29 with a fixed numeric value that is stored in a register 35. This value should also be in time measuring circuit 29 in the case of a correct F.M. factor. A difference in the applied value is converted into a voltage by a digitalanalogue converter 36, the magnitude of this voltage being proportional to the difference between the two numeric values and the polarity of this voltage depending on the magnitude of these values. The voltage thus obtained is applied to an integrator 37 to produce the desired output voltage of slopecontrol circuit 27.


Skip to Main Content
The vector magnetic field finite difference method presented is a numerical technique based on a variational approach and is suitable for the analysis of optical waveguides. Several characteristics of this method are examined. Eigenvalue convergence for a square dielectric waveguide is investigated, along with the effect of the weighting of the so-called penalty function, which is used to move spurious solutions to higher frequencies. Data for an elliptical core optical fiber and a multiple core fiber is given. The vector magnetic field finite-difference approach demonstrates advantages, such as a banded ordinary eigenvalue solution and ease of implementation and solution, as compared to the finite element solution of such a variational formulation.


Learn how to assess your valve performance
Register to watch recorded webinar
About the webinar
As of April 2015, Siemens has enhanced the SIPART PS2 valve performance diagnostics by incorporating four offline valve performance tests. These tests include:
Based on the International Standards IEC 61514-2 & IEC 61298-2, which is designed to provide performance data on the entire valve assembly, these benefits provide proof of valve performance for you and your customer during the initial stage of the valve as well as a baseline comparison for future performance testing.
Additionally, valve performance can be monitored with the standard SIPART PS2 online advanced diagnostics features, which can alert customers to valve issues before it affects their process.
In addition to reviewing the components necessary to perform these tests, this webinar will demonstrate each valve performance test while simulating typical valve assembly symptoms for data comparison purposes.


Influence of the field electron emission from the cathode with an insulating film on the normal glow discharge characteristics
A theoretical model of the cathode sheath of a normal glow discharge for the cathode with a thin insulating film is developed. In addition to the ion-electron emission, the field emission of electrons from the metal cathode substrate into the film under the action of the strong electric field generated in the insulator is taken into account in the model. It is established that the influence of the field electron emission on the glow discharge characteristics is determined by the emission efficiency of the film, equal to the fraction of electrons going out of it into the discharge volume. It is demonstrated that the calculated normal cathode voltage drop in the discharge in argon for the cathode with a barium oxide film coincides with its measured value for the emission efficiency of the film of the order of 0.1, which is in agreement with its experimental estimations.


The AU Series of Servo Cylinder linear actuators is designed for subsea and surface robotics operating in harsh marine and maritime environments. Featuring Wet-Mate electrical connectors and a fully sealed pressure-balanced and oil-filled enclosure, it can reliably operate at depths of down to 6000 metres.
The versatile actuator can be configured with a number of options, including screw, BLDC motor size, stroke length, and a choice of three controllers.
The actuator is constructed with a Type III hard anodized coating, and can be equipped with replaceable sacrificial anodes for enhanced corrosion resistance. It is ideal for a wide range of ROV, AUV and USV systems, and low-cost shallow-water versions are also available.
Contactless absolute position feedback and control electronics built-in with control options including CAN 2.0B, RS-422/RS-485 serial, RC PWM, 4-20 mA in/out, and more.
|Force (peak)||Up to 530 lbf (2.36kN)|
|Force (continuous)||Up to 270 lbf (1.20kN)|
|Speed||Up to 14in/s (356mm/s)|
|Stroke Length||Up to 7.75in (197mm)|
|Resolution||Up to 0.000061in (1.55µm)|
|Operating Voltage||8 to 36 VDC|
|Operational Temperature Range||-40°F to 176°F (-40°C to 80°C)|


Ultrasonic Flow Meters Ideal for Pharmaceutical Facilities
Jun 08 2022
Production of pharmaceutical drugs presents difficult challenges for instrumentation used to monitor and optimise the process. Typically drug production processes require devices able to cope with low flow rates and constructed from ultra-pure materials to maintain critical hygienic, sterile and sanitary conditions.
Clean bore flow measurement devices such as Titan Enterprises’ Metraflow® ultrasonic flowmeter, offer the ideal solution for the pharmaceutical industry.
Ultra-pure water (UPW) systems, typically used in production and cleaning processes within the pharmaceutical industry, require a selection of technologies and equipment that preserve the purity of materials. Pharmaceutical and biotechnology facilities use UPW as a cleaning agent and a diluent for multiple-dose injections as well as an ingredient in products. Water free of endotoxins, microbes and viruses is essential in these applications and others such as inhalation therapy products, internal irrigation therapy products and bulk preparation of medicines.
Metraflow’s high performance PFA polymer tubing offers excellent chemical inertness and an ultra-high grade of purity. Non-intrusive with no internal moving parts, Metraflow® gives an accuracy of +/-0.5% FSD and repeatability across flow ranges from 20 to 5000 ml/min. Its wide flow range and PFA (FDA approved) tubing makes this ultrasonic flowmeter highly suited to aggressive chemical flow measurement.
To discuss an optimised flow measurement device for your pharmaceutical application please contact Titan Enterprises.
Buyers Guide - Major producers of analytical equipment who wish to introduce and sell their products to buyers in science and industry - Over 1,000 products and services that these companys man...
View all digital editions
Jan 17 2024 Birmingham, UK
Jan 24 2024 Tokyo, Japan
Jan 29 2024 Dubai, UAE
Jan 31 2024 Tokyo, Japan
Feb 03 2024 Boston, MA, USA


The temperature of filtrate has a great influence on the filter press. The temperature of the filtered liquid directly affects the filtration efficiency of the filter press and whether the filtration is normal. When the temperature of the filtrate exceeds the design temperature of the filter press and the temperature of the filter plate, it will directly cause the deformation of the filter plate of the filter press, or reduce the acid-base resistance of the filter plate, or accelerate the damage of the filter plate.
As the temperature of the filtered liquid increases, the water molecules are easier to flow, so the water is easier to flow out of the filter cloth. In addition, the temperature of the filtered liquid will also be transferred to the filter cloth in contact with it. At different temperatures, the holes of the filter cloth will also change directly. At high temperature, the temperature of the fiber in the filter cloth is also lower. With the increase of temperature, the pore size will increase slightly, so the increase of degree will improve the filtration efficiency.
When the filter press encounters high temperature in the filtration process, the evaporation of water will reduce the actual working efficiency of the equipment to the greatest extent. After all, if we only look at the results, the treated liquid will certainly decrease with evaporation, but this is a normal phenomenon, which is inevitable in actual production.
When purchasing a filter press, the manufacturer must be informed of the temperature of the filtrate. The influence of ambient temperature on the operation of filter press is discussed. The current filter press equipment has more or less circuits. Everyone knows that the circuit is in a high temperature environment, coupled with its own heat, the circuit is sometimes very natural, which is why some equipment that is too long is prone to problems in summer.
If the ambient temperature is too high and the hydraulic unit stops working, it may cause the temperature of the hydraulic oil to be too high and the room temperature of the hydraulic chamber to be too high. Therefore, more attention should be paid to the change of hydraulic system when using hydraulic filter press in summer.
Post time: 2023-11-20 16:45:34


| ||Format||Pages||Price|| |
|PDF (356K)||12||$25||  ADD TO CART|
|Complete Source PDF (4.5M)||222||$55||  ADD TO CART|
Cite this document
Conventional impact tests (without instrumentation) are performed to measure the energy required to break a notched specimen under dynamic loading. Instrumented impact tests not only measure the notched specimen breaking energy but also quantify the energy required to form a crack at the root of the notch and the energy required to propagate the crack through the material. Instrumented test systems use strikers which have strain gages so that the load-deflection curve during the impact event can be derived. These data provide load, deflection, and energy data which can be correlated with engineering parameters such as fracture toughness, ductility, and fracture resistance.
This paper compares instrumented impact results obtained using both the Charpy and Izod test procedures. Several possible limitations of the instrumented test procedure have been identified and test procedures to overcome these limitations have been proposed. In addition, an important potential limitation of the Izod test, specimen clamping pressure, has been studied.
instrumented impact test, Charpy test, Izod test, fracture resistance, striker, strain gages, dynamic testing
President, MPM Technologies, Inc., State College, PA
Research Fellow, Rohm and Haas Company, Bristol, PA
Product Development Mgr., Tinius Olsen Testing Company, Inc., Willow Grove, PA


Carl Paterson studied Physics as an undergraduate at Oxford University before coming to Imperial College to study for his PhD in Optics. He became a Royal Society University Research Fellow in 2001 and Reader in Physics in 2008. He started his research career working on diffractive optics and optical vortices before moving into adaptive optics, optical propagation through scattering and turbulent media and optical imaging. Current research interests also include endoscopy and Brillouin microscopy with particular emphasis on ocular imaging.
et al., 2022, Adaptive light-sheet fluorescence microscopy with a deformable mirror for video-rate volumetric imaging, Applied Physics Letters, Vol:121, ISSN:0003-6951, Pages:1-7
et al., 2021, Video-rate remote refocusing through continuous oscillation of a membrane deformable mirror, Journal of Physics: Photonics, Vol:3, ISSN:2515-7647, Pages:1-14
et al., 2021, Multivariate analysis of Brillouin imaging data by supervised and unsupervised learning, Journal of Biophotonics, Vol:14, ISSN:1864-063X
Berk J, Paterson C, Foreman MR, 2021, Tracking single particles using surface plasmon leakage radiation speckle, Journal of Lightwave Technology, Vol:39, ISSN:0733-8724, Pages:3950-3960
Berk J, Paterson C, Foreman MR, 2021, Tracking using surface plasmon leakage radiation speckle


|Programmable Type||In System Programmable|
|Delay Time tpd(1) Max||10 ns|
|Voltage Supply - Internal||3V ~ 3.6V|
|Number of Logic Elements/Blocks||16|
|Number of Macrocells||256|
|Number of Gates||5000|
|Number of I/O||120|
|Operating Temperature||0°C ~ 70°C (TA)|
|Mounting Type||Surface Mount|
|Package / Case||144-LQFP|
|Supplier Device Package||144-TQFP (20x20)|
|Base Product Number||EPM7256|
EPM7256ATC144-10 Datasheet Download
The EPM7256ATC144-10 is an advanced high-performance Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) chip manufactured by Altera Corporation. It is designed to provide a cost-effective solution for applications that require high-speed signal processing and complex logic operations.
The EPM7256ATC144-10 has a total of 144 logic elements, with a total of 256 pins. It has a total of 10,000 usable gates, and is capable of operating at a maximum speed of 200 MHz. It also has an integrated dual-port SRAM memory, with a capacity of 32K x 18 bits. The chip is powered by a 5V supply and supports a wide range of input/output voltages.
The EPM7256ATC144-10 is a versatile chip, suitable for a wide range of applications. It is ideal for use in embedded systems, digital signal processing, industrial automation, and medical imaging. It is also suitable for use in robotics, communications, and military applications.
The EPM7256ATC144-10 is a reliable, cost-effective chip that provides a high level of performance for a wide range of applications. Its integrated dual-port SRAM memory, along with its high speed and low power consumption, make it an ideal choice for a variety of applications.
You May Also Be Interested In
6,005 In Stock
|QTY||Unit Price||Ext Price|
|The price is for reference only, please refer to the actual quotation!|


PIHR connectors are engineered for automated assembly
Expanding the Datamate family of 2mm pitch, high reliability (hi-rel) connectors, Harwin has announced pin-in-hole reflow (PIHR) connectors to the Datamate series. They have been engineered for use in automated assembly. Part of the company’s Datamate L-Tek series, the PIHR connectors feature a locking latch. They have 2mm long terminations instead of the 3mm lengths used in standard Datamate connectors.
Both two- and three- contact versions are available. The locking latch mechanism used in the Datamate PIHR connector series provides rapid mating connection and a high resistance to vibrations without taking up valuable board space, confirmed Harwin.
Datamate PIHR connectors are suited for attaching encoders and sensors to machine tools and robotic systems, where accuracy to determine position and movement is important. They also give reliable connections for industry IoT (IIoT) modules to be installed in environments where exposure to vibration is high.
The connectors are supplied in a tape-and-reel format, to avoid any manual handling before soldering, and can be mounted using automated pick-and-place machinery. Pin-in-hole reflow – also known as pin-in-paste (PIP) – terminations bring the mechanical retention expected from through-hole technology (THT) with the production process advantages and cost-effectiveness of surface mount technology (SMT).
“Modern encoders must deliver high levels of precision, while being able to deal with demanding industrial conditions such as heavy vibrations and high temperatures,” states Ryan Smart, Head of Product Management at Harwin. “Equipment manufacturers need to increase the level of automated assembly, to improve throughput and reduce errors. Datamate PIHR gives them the reliability needed, plus the convenience of being compatible with pick-and-place and reflow processes.”
For over 70 years, Harwin has been supplying engineers with the connectors they need to meet the most demanding specifications. Harwin’s interconnect portfolio of high-reliability products are designed for high-performance applications, in the harshest operating environments, or within the tightest of spaces.
Today, Harwin products are found in a wide range of markets including space, avionics, defence, robotics, oil/gas, healthcare, and motorsport, plus industrial drives, factory automation systems, unmanned vehicles, smart agriculture and electric vehicle battery management.


Buy Used and Save: Buy a Used “Extech PH ExStik pH Waterproof Meter” and save 36% off the $ list price. Buy with confidence as the condition of this. On Sale Extech PH PH Meter. ✅ Engineers on staff. ✅ FAST quotes ✅ We accept POs. Extech PH Exstik Waterproof Pocket pH Tester. “Great waterproof pH meter with sealed electrode. Can measure 1 ml quantities of liquid up to a hot tub.
|Published (Last):||2 November 2011|
|PDF File Size:||8.13 Mb|
|ePub File Size:||18.1 Mb|
|Price:||Free* [*Free Regsitration Required]|
Capable of carrying out testing in liquids, solids and semi-solids, the Extech PH is a great tool for measuring pH levels no matter ph00 the application is. Easy to use and calibrate. This unit is also part of Extech’s ExStik range, which means it includes an interchangeable module which is designed to also accept chlorine and ORP modules sold separately. Operation Overview When the pj100 is placed in a solution, the main display and bargraph indicate the pH reading while the lower display reads temperature readings flash until they have stabilized.
This pH meter is capable of measuring across a wide range from 0 to 14pH, making it suitable for the accurate evaluation of both acidic and alkaline solutions. Units of measure 7.
The Renew indicator tells you when it’s time to replace your electrode. Battery compartment cap 2. Pre-register for updates on when this product will be available for ordering.
The Renew indicator tells you when it’s time to replace your electrode.
Accepted payment methods vary by country. As the pH rises, the bar moves from the center to the right.
What’s missing? Tell us about it.
Page 4 Operation Overview When the electrode is placed in a solution, the ;h100 display and bargraph indicate the pH reading while the lower display reads temperature readings flash until they have stabilized. You can unsubscribe at any time.
Bargraph scale designations 6. Page 3 Overview pH Overview pH is a unit of measure ranging from 0 to 14pH indicating the degree of acidity or alkalinity of a solution.
The LCD readout displays pH, temperature exech an analog bargraph that shows trends in acidity or alkalinity and indicates when the reading is stable. TM After 15 readings are stored the ExStik will return to memory location 1 and start overwriting existing data with newly stored data. Call us toll free Send Ph1100.
Momentarily press MODE again to return to normal operation. It also includes a CAL alert function which lets you know exactly when your pH meter needs calibrating in order to ensure measurement extecy.
When testing the device actually measures both the pH level and the overall temperature of the targeted application, with both of these results displayed simultaneously on the PH’s LCD screen.
If the pH drops, the bar moves from the center to the left. Electrode Electrode cap is not shown Display 1. A Memory feature records and recalls 15 sequentially tagged readings, so exttech will know how your readings have changed over time. Call us toll free Extecn Member Store gives you access to the following advantages: Be the first to know when we have news, discounts, special offers and promotions.
Product just as described. Page 5 Storing Readings into Memory 1.
Extech PH ExStik pH Meter
We also accept wire transfers, cheques and purchase orders on approved credit. Order pH buffers separately Complete with flat surface pH electrode, protective sensor cap, sample cup with cap, four 3V CR button batteries, and 48″ 1. Solutions with a pH less than 7 are considered acidic, solutions with a pH higher than 7 are known as bases, and solutions with a pH of exactly 7 are neutral.
Ask an Expert More Extech Products. Write Your Own Review How do you rate this product? The LCD readout displays pH, temperature and an analog bargraph that shows trends in acidity or alkalinity and indicates when the reading is stable. This data can then be stored directly on the device thanks to built in memory that allows storage of up to 15 sequentially tagged readings.
To ask our Extech experts a question please include your contact details. Repeat step 1 to store the next reading and so on. To request an official quote for the Extech PH please include your quantities and contact details.
Tell us what’s missing.
The PH comes with a protective sensor cap, sample cup, four 3V CR button batteries and a 48 in. Also included on the PH are a data holding function, auto power off function, low battery indication and IP57 waterproof design for protecting the device in wet conditions. We accept these payment methods: Features Built-in Smart chip offers advanced functions and features to a stick style pH meter not found anywhere else RENEW feature that tells you when it’s time to replace your pH electrode CAL feature that tells you when it’s time to recalibrate your meter Flat Surface pH electrode that is completely waterproof and rugged enough to withstand harsh environments Analog bargraph originates at neutral point pH 7.
This product includes one lens. Some of our pricing is already discounted. Or point us to the URL where the manual is located. Don’t see a manual you are looking for? The LCD will briefly display the memory location number and then the value stored Data Hold will activate.


Frequency controller, Plug & Play fan controller, ensuring you no longer hear hum!
Cli-mate Frequentie Controller 7A 1500W
Frequency controller, Plug & Play fan controller, ensuring you no longer hear noise!
The Cli-mate frequency regulator is innovative in terms of climate control.
The frequency adjuster adjusts the frequency (Hz) to control the speed of the electric motor, by means of A temperature sensor. The frequency converter is an energy-efficient solution, which can be used in most situations.
|Power supply:||1 / phase 220-240V|
|Nominal motor power:||0.1 - 1.5 KW|
|Output frequency:||5-50 Hz|
|Overload:||150% for 60 sec.|
|Operating temperature:||0 ° C to +40 ° C|
|Sensor wire length:||2.5 meters|
|Cord length:||1.5 meters|
Advantages of an inverter:
- Low noise and vibration-free speed control for electric motors
- Infinitely variable speed control
- Energy saving (50% less power consumption)
- Longer life of the electric motor
- simple operation
- First stand-alone, Plug & Play 1 / phase inverter
- Applicable in a wide range
- Optimal and precise speed control
- Manual and automatic mode
- no noise
- 1 year warranty
- 3 A
- 7 A
- 15 A


China started late on the laser industry. With the speedy development of equipment manufacturing industry, China’s laser industry has experienced rapid growth in recent years. China is an active manufacturing market and a major market of industrial laser equipment. The industrial laser industry has become a high-profile industry and achieved fast market growth in China because of the country’s macroeconomic development, manufacturing upgrading and policy support. In 2015, China overtook Europe as the world’s largest laser consumer market for laser devices for the first time. In 2017, the market size of laser devices in China exceeded USD 3 billion, accounting for about 1/3 of the global market.
At present, lasers are mainly applied in downstream industries such as laser processing and medical treatment. In 2017, scientific research and development accounted for 12% of the total applications, material processing accounted for 32%, communications accounted for 12%, information application accounted for 14%, medical application accounted for 20%, and measurement and other applications accounted for 9% and 1% respectively.
Central China, the Pearl River Delta, Yangtze River Delta and Bohai Rim have grown into important global laser industry bases as well as clusters of laser enterprises, laser research institutions and laser application factories which have built a complete industry chain composed of basic laser materials, laser optical devices, laser devices, laser kits, laser application development systems and public service platforms. The increasingly mature industrial supporting system gives market support to and is conducive to the sound development of China’s laser industry.
Meanwhile, traditional manufacturing is entering a key period of transformation and upgrading with maturing technologies such as Internet of things, cloud computing, big data and artificial intelligence as well as the strategies of “Industry 4.0” and “Made in China 2025”. The concepts of “smart factory”, “digitization” and “intelligent manufacturing” are being put into practice. Industrial automation and intelligent manufacturing has greatly promoted the development of China’s laser industry. It is expected that China’s laser industry will continue to grow from 2018 to 2022.
– Development environment of China’s laser industry
– Supply and demand in China’s laser industry
– Market competition in China’s laser industry
– Major downstream applications of the laser industry
– Analysis on major laser enterprises
– Driving forces and market opportunities for China’s laser industry, 2018-2022
– Prospect of China’s laser industry, 2018-2022


This DSP has been replaced with DDR3 particles, and its delay parameters have changed. We have used the "DDR3 Register Calc v4" calculation tool to regenerate the configuration parameters, and then downloaded the program using the DSP emulator. However, it is possible to burn these parameters into the SPI configuration FLASH of the DSP. We do not know how to operate now. Can you provide corresponding operation guidance documents?


The magnetic level indicator is now widely used throughout process industries as an effective level control device (see our recent article on MLI technology and principle of operation for more information).
The Eclipse® Model 700 Transmitter is a loop-powered, 24 VDC level transmitter that is based upon the proven and accepted technology of Guided Wave Radar (GWR). Encompassing several significant engineering accomplishments, this leading-edge level transmitter is designed to provide measurement performance well beyond that of many of the more traditional technologies.
The best radar level transmitters for any application have strong performance, versatility, advanced diagnostics, and are easy to use. Learn more about how Magnetrol® radar transmitters fulfill these requirements.


Non-contact Fluid-trac Two Wire Fluid Level Sensor
with analog water gauge to replace 33 to 240 ohm resistive
float senders, reed-switch tube sensors, and capacitive tube senders.
Traditional float senders consist of a float attached to an actuating
arm with a variable resistor mounted at the end of the rod.
The resistive float sender's wiper slides across a resistive strip that
can wear out over time which may result in intermittent or even a
complete loss of the signal to the fuel gauge. These devices tend to
be inaccurate, showing empty even though there are gallons left in
the tank and displaying full for extended periods after a fill up.
Float senders also do not work well in irregular shaped fuel tanks or
Non-contact Fluid-trac Two Wire Fluid Level Sensor with a 12V or 24V analog gauge to replace 33 to 240 ohm resistive float
senders, reed-switch tube sensors, and capacitive tube senders.
Commonly used on marine products (boats, yachts, etc.) and
The fluid level sensor is easier to install with no moving parts and is
more accurate (1/8 inch distance) than resistive float senders, reed
switch tube sensors and capacitive tube senders.
Digital filtering on the fluid level sensor eliminates errors due to fluids
sloshing in mobile tanks or fluid agitation in stationary containers.
Focus tube may be required if fluid inside tank exceeds max angle or is closer than 3" to edge of tank walls or baffle.


Electrical safety is of massive significance since electric power can result in significant injuries and fatalities even. In purchase to prevent unlucky and tragic outcomes as well as substance harm, it really is clever to work on and increase electrical security. For that function, a thermal overload protector is widely utilized. In this post, you’re going to find out what a thermal protector is and why it is essential.
What is a thermal protector, and how does it perform?
A thermal protector is an electromechanical protection device for the main circuit in different appliances. The device is specifically created to offer dependable safety for motors in the function of phase failure or overload. The instrument is thermally sensitive, and it works by turning the motor off when abnormal heat is created in the motor circuitry. The safety function, i.e., thermal overload protector, helps prevent the temperature from climbing which would, otherwise, burn off up the motor. Thermal overload protector usually resets by itself when the motor cools down to the safe temperature.


Diaphragm seal type gauges are suitable for the situation where the process medium would corrode the instrument connection and pressure sensing element. Furthermore, this type of gauge is highly recommended in a situation where the process medium contains suspended solids, or if it is sufficiently viscous to clog the instrument connection and pressure sensing element. Additionally, it is recommended to be used where the process medium might freeze or solidify the instrument connection and pressure sending element due to the ambient or process temperature change, and where the process medium requires the flushing from the system to prevent any contamination.
Refer to gauge model
Suitable pressure range (MPa, kPa, bar)
-0.1 ~ 0 to -0.1 ~ 2.5 MPa
0 ~ 0.1 to 0 ~ 35 MPa
Ambient : -20 ~ 65 °C
Fluid : Max. 100 °C
Diaphragms are available in many corrosion resistant materials. Compatibility of selected material and process fluid is the responsibility of user.
Accuracy at temperature above and below the reference temperature (20 ℃) will be effected by approximately
±0.5 % per 10 ℃ of full scale
Model P710 : PT, NPT and others feasible
Model P720, P730 : Flanges to ANSI, JIS or other standard


Skip to Main Content
An optical fiber liquid level sensor based on differential optical absorption is described. The sensor uses a two-wavelength ratiometric approach to cancel out errors arising from variations in fuel characteristics, tank vibrations, etc. The sensor is mechanically simple and uses inexpensive LED sources and multimode optical fiber. The sensor displays ±2-mm resolution over an 18-cm range with immunity to 5° surface tilt variations and immunity to optical fiber connector and bending loss variations up to 1 dB.


When looking for a college weather station today in 2023, it should have forecast accuracy, good display, rainfall measurement feature and a fast data refresh rate.
Having a weather station is an essential addition to any place which concerns the safety of hundreds and thousands of people. Colleges have students who might require prior notice about any weather harsh conditions to reach their homes safely.
A weather station is also used to teach the students about the whole process of weather data allocation and computation to show precise forecasts.
In this article, we will review some of the best college weather stations available in the market and will provide all the pros and cons so that you are well informed about what the product offers.
How we review:
We went through many weather stations available on the internet to find some of the best-performing weather devices. Below, we have reviewed the five best weather stations best suited for colleges.
After making a list, we researched the products in-depth and also went through hundreds of customer reviews to ensure our verdicts were honest and unbiased.
When you go through our review, you will have a comprehensive idea about the products and learn about the pros and cons the products offer to choose the right fit for yourself.
Best College weather station 2023
1. La Crosse Technology C85845-INT Weather Station, Black
This weather station has dynamic forecast icons with tendency arrows to give a better idea about the future weather condition. The La Crosse Technology C85845-INT Weather Station shows precise real-time weather data and features a colored LED display.
The easy-to-read LED display can show you the humidity min and max records. The animated color forecast changes according to the barometric pressure of the surrounding area. Supports high and low-temperature alert settings.
The whole setup is wireless and modern, which looks great and is very convenient
- Product Dimensions: 8.98 x 1 x 5.43 inches
- Item Weight: 12.8 ounces
- Manufacturer: La Crosse Technology, Ltd.
- Country of Origin: USA
- Item model number: C85845-INT
- Batteries: 2 AA batteries are required.
- Customer Reviews: 4.5 out of 5 stars 17,897 ratings
- Is Discontinued By Manufacturer: No
- Assembly Required: No
- Warranty Description: 1-year limited parts and labor.
- Batteries Required?: Yes
- Included Components: Weather station^ac adapter^wireless sensor^quick setup guid
This is a good product with a stylish modern design. It is feature-packed and is a recommended buy if you have no issues with connectivity issues at times.
2. Newentor Weather Station Wireless Indoor Outdoor Thermometer, Color Display with Atomic Clock, Forecast Station with Calendar and Adjustable Backlig
Newentor has a beautiful colour display with adjustable brightness settings. It is an entirely wireless setup with features like outdoor temperature measurement, humidity measurement, barometric measurement and a lot more.
It features a self-setting accurate atomic alarm clock with calender and moon phases support. The weather forecasts from the device are accurate, and the weather station also provides temperature alerts.
This weather station has a 200FT/60M wireless transmission range, which is very convenient in situations where the sensor and the display are far.
The best part about the Newentor weather station is its three-channel wireless display system, which means the display can be connected to three different sensors and provide data from three different places.
- Indoor Thermometer Dimension: 8L X 5.1H inches
- Hygrometer Inside & Outside: 20-95%
- Inside Temperature: -9.9℃(14.2°F) – 50°C(122°F)
- outside Temperature:-20°C(-4°F) – 60°C(140°F)
- Indoor Station Power: 2x AA batteries(not included); power charger (included)
- Remote Sensor Power: 2x AA batteries(not included)
Newentor Weather Station is a capable weather monitoring device with some great features. When we went through the customer reviews, we found the device has some serious flaws in its backlight system. It automatically turns off sometimes, and you need to fidget with the device to get it back on.
Thus, it is not the absolute best buy on the list, but if you need three channel monitoring system, it is a good product.
3. Ambient Weather WS-2902C Wi-FiWi-Fi Smart Weather Station
Ambient weather WS-2902C has a bright LCD color display with a wireless setup system. It has UV and solar radiation sensing system along with features like wind speed/direction monitoring, temperature, humidity, and rainfall measurement. The sensor is an all-in-one integrated one that measures an array of different readings.
The weather station supports both imperial and metric units with available calibration settings; with an enhanced Wi-FiWi-Fi connectivity option, the weather device can transmit data from the world’s largest weather station network.
It also has some optional sensors that could be added and sold separately. So, if you need additional info about the weather around you, you can add optional sensors to your existing Ambient Weather WS-2902C.
- Temperature Range Indoor: 14 to 140 °F, Outdoor: -40 to 149 °F
- Humidity Range Indoor: 10 to 99%, Outdoor: 10 to 99%
- Barometric Pressure Range :8.85 to 32.50 inHg
- Solar Radiation (Light) Range: 0 to 200000 Lux
- Rain Range: 0 to 394 inches
- Wind Direction Range: 0 to 360º
- Wind Speed Range: 0 to 100 mph
- Display Console Dimensions Frame: 7.5 x 4.5 x 0.75 inches, LCD: 3 x 6.75 inches
- Sensor Array Dimensions: 15 x 11 x 10 inches
- Display Console Power: 5V DC adapter (included),
- Power consumption: .05 Watts (1.25 Watts during WiFi configuration mode), 3x AAA battery back-up (not included)
- Sensor Array Power: Solar panel, 2 x AA battery back-up (not included)
This weather station can be useful for someone looking for a solar-powered LCD display weather station. The only concern is that signal strength sometimes fluctuates in the case of a few users, and android connectivity is not the best. But the fluctuations were not evident in all the units and could be a faulty unit issue; thus, you can consider this product.
4.AcuRite 02081M Weather Station with Jumbo Display and Atomic Clock
This weather station by AcuRite has a big color display. The display type is LCD and shows you all the important measurements and forecasts. Atomic clock technology ensures split-second accuracy and automatically updates for daylight saving time.
It gives you a 12 to 24-hour weather forecast display with 14 different icons to help you easily understand the weather situation and plan your day ahead accordingly.
The product has a patented self-calibrating forecasting system that drives maximum weather data from the backyard sensor and gives you precise reading for its location.
It has a strong wireless range of up to 330 feet, and the transmission rate is 16 seconds. The display also shows the daily high and low records for temperature.
The build is weather-resistant, easy to install, and works even at -40 degrees Fahrenheit.
- Product Dimensions: 4.8 x 0.9 x 1.6 inches
- Item Weight: 1.54 pounds
- Manufacturer: Chaney Instruments ASIN B01HDW58I6
- Country of Origin: China
- Item model number: 02081M
- Batteries: 2 AA batteries are required.
- Assembly Required: No
- Included Components: Pack of 1 AcuRite 02081M Weather Station with Jumbo Display and Atomic Clock
Overall a great product by AcuRite the only issue is the display consumes a lot of power and is big but not the best out there. Other than that, the pros overshadow the cons of the product and make it a great buy.
The crucial aspects of any weather station are its accuracy, display and features, and we listed the products in our review considering all the above factors.
We provide honest reviews on all the products and give our verdict on the products so that the choosing procedure becomes easier for you.
Thank you for reading. Have a great day ahead!


ZATA ZWQ-TUB1 Turbidity Sensor
ZWQ-TUB1 Turbidity Sensor can be used to detect the turbidity value of water quality. It can be used in harsh environment and the monitoring data is stable and reliable.
- Corrosion resistant shell; NPT3/4 upper thread interface, easy to install.
- Digital modulation filtering technology to eliminate the influence of ambient light.
- Long-life infrared LED light source with a decay period of 5 years and a life of more than 10 years.
- It has the function of calibration record storage, plug and play, and no calibration is needed for the first use.
- Sensor supports hot swap function.