Kind Reader, have you ever heard of optic helicopters? These advanced aerial vehicles utilize cutting-edge optical technology to provide a unique flying experience. With their ability to capture crystal-clear images and detect even the slightest movements, optic helicopters are becoming a popular choice for a wide range of industries, from filmmaking to search and rescue operations. In this article, we will explore the capabilities and advantages of optic helicopters in relaxed English language.
How Optic Helicopters Work
An optic helicopter is a type of drone that uses optics and sensors to navigate and fly. The drone is equipped with a high-resolution camera that captures live video feed and sends it to the operator on the ground. The operator then uses a remote control to fly the drone. The optic helicopter is designed to fly in areas where traditional helicopters cannot fly, such as in narrow spaces or over crowds of people. It is also used for surveillance and reconnaissance purposes, as well as in search and rescue missions.
Optic Camera System
The optic camera system is the heart of the optic helicopter. It is a high-resolution camera that captures live video feed and sends it to the operator on the ground. The camera is mounted on a 3-axis gimbal, which stabilizes the camera and eliminates any vibrations. The operator can control the tilt and pan of the camera using a remote control, which allows for greater flexibility in filming.
The optic helicopter is also equipped with a variety of sensors that help it navigate and fly. These sensors include GPS, altimeters, accelerometers, and gyroscopes. The GPS system provides the drone’s location and allows it to fly in a predefined path. The altimeters measure the altitude of the drone, while the accelerometers and gyroscopes measure the drone’s speed and movement. These sensors work together to ensure that the optic helicopter flies safely and accurately.
Applications of Optic Helicopters
Optic helicopters have a wide range of applications across various industries. Here are some of the most common applications of optic helicopters:
Optic helicopters are used in the agriculture industry to monitor crops and livestock. The high-resolution camera captures images of the crops and livestock from above, which helps farmers detect any issues, such as disease or pest infestations. The drone can also be used to spray crops or fertilize them.
Optic helicopters are used in the construction industry to survey construction sites. The drone captures images and videos of the site, which helps engineers and architects plan the construction process. The drone can also be used to inspect buildings and bridges for any damage or maintenance issues.
Optic helicopters are used in the film and television industry to capture aerial shots. The high-resolution camera captures amazing aerial shots that were previously impossible to capture. The drone can fly close to the object being filmed, which provides a unique perspective.
Search and Rescue
Optic helicopters are used in search and rescue missions in areas where traditional helicopters cannot reach. The drone can fly over difficult terrain, providing search parties with live video feed of the area. This helps locate missing persons or injured hikers.
Surveillance and Reconnaissance
Optic helicopters are used by law enforcement agencies and military personnel for surveillance and reconnaissance purposes. The drone can fly over areas where it may be dangerous for personnel, and provide live video feed of the area. This helps in identifying potential threats or gathering intelligence.
Optic helicopters are used in disaster relief operations to assess the damage caused by natural disasters. The drone captures images of the affected area, which helps emergency responders plan their response. The drone can fly over areas that may be dangerous for personnel and provide live video feed of the area.
Optic helicopters are used in environmental monitoring to measure air and water pollution. The drone can fly over the affected area and collect samples, which are then analyzed for pollution levels. The drone can also be used to monitor wildlife populations and their habitats.
Optic Helicopters: An Overview of the Technology
Optic helicopters, also known as vision-guided or visually-steered helicopters, are drones that use computer vision and artificial intelligence algorithms to fly and navigate autonomously. These helicopters are equipped with high-resolution cameras, sensors, and other imaging devices that collect data about the aircraft’s surroundings, enabling it to perceive and interact with its environment in real-time.
How Do Optic Helicopters Work?
Optic helicopters rely on machine vision algorithms to detect, track, and analyze visual data from the aircraft’s sensors and cameras. The algorithms interpret this data and make decisions about how to move the helicopter based on its surroundings. The helicopter can fly autonomously and avoid obstacles, conduct surveillance, inspect infrastructure, and perform other tasks without the need for human intervention.
Applications of Optic Helicopters
Optic helicopters have a wide range of applications across various industries. They are commonly used in aerial photography and cinematography, where they are used to capture stunning panoramic shots and provide a bird’s-eye view of a location. Optic helicopters are also used in construction, mining, and agriculture industries, where they help optimize operations by providing high-resolution images of land and infrastructure. They are used in disaster management, search and rescue operations, and law enforcement for monitoring, situational awareness, and surveillance purposes.
|Optic helicopters use fiber-optic technology to transfer video images from the helicopter camera to the pilot’s display.
|They are often used in military and law enforcement operations due to their ability to transmit high-quality images in real-time.
|The use of fiber-optic technology also allows for high-speed data transmission and increased data security.
|Some optic helicopters have the capability to transmit live video feeds to remote locations for additional analysis and decision-making.
|Optic helicopters are equipped with stabilized cameras and gyroscopic systems to ensure steady footage even during turbulent flights.
Optic helicopters for aerial photography
Optic helicopters are excellent for aerial photography, providing unique capabilities for photographers who want to capture extraordinary images and footage. One of the most common areas where optic helicopters are used for aerial photography is real estate, where the birdâ€™s eye view provided by these aircraft allows potential buyers to get a better sense of properties theyâ€™re interested in.
Use of optic helicopters in real estate photography
Optic helicopters are becoming popular in the real estate industry as they are ideal for capturing aerial shots of properties. With a large number of properties for sale being listed online, the use of aerial photography can make your property stand out from the others.
Use of optic helicopters in wildlife photography
Optic helicopters are also being used extensively in wildlife photography, offering photographers the chance to capture amazing images of animals and their habitat. The maneuverability and stability of optic helicopters make them ideal for taking images of animals from various angles and heights.
Optic Technology in Helicopters
Helicopters equipped with special optic technology have significantly improved their applications in various industries. This innovation allows for better visibility and imaging in a variety of operating conditions, from search and rescue to aerial surveying and inspections.
The Benefits of Optic Technology
The integration of optic technology in helicopters has led to numerous benefits that improve flight safety and operational efficiency. Improved visibility through the use of advanced cameras, sensors, and night vision technology allows for easier navigation during low visibility scenarios and minimizes the likelihood of accidents. Additionally, this feature enhances flight precision by providing detailed information on environmental conditions and potential obstacles. Optic technology also reduces the cost and time associated tasks with manual inspections by providing detailed imagery of equipment and infrastructure.
Applications of Optic Helicopters
The innovative technology allows for great versatility in the range of specialized tasks that can be carried out by optic helicopters, including:
“Helicopters equipped with optic technology are valuable assets to industries such as emergency services, oil and gas, agriculture, and infrastructure development where detailed aerial imaging is typically required”
|Applications of Optic Helicopters
|Search and rescue operations
|Aerial surveying and mapping
|Power line and pipeline inspection
|Agricultural crop monitoring
|Infrastructure development and maintenance
Optic Helicopters for Aerial Photography
Aerial photography and videography have become immensely popular in recent years, with a growing demand for high-quality footage that can be used in a variety of industries. Optic helicopters are among the most effective tools for capturing stunning visuals from above, thanks to their versatility and maneuverability.
Advantages of Optic Helicopters
Optic helicopters are preferred by aerial photographers for several reasons. First and foremost, they provide an unparalleled view of the surrounding landscape, allowing photographers to capture panoramic shots that are impossible to achieve from the ground. Moreover, optic helicopters can move around quickly and smoothly, enabling photographers to capture fast-moving subjects with ease.
Optic helicopters are also customizable, with various attachments and camera mounts that can be used to achieve specific photography goals. For instance, a 360-degree camera can capture immersive footage of the surrounding environment, while a zoom lens can be used to focus on a specific subject in the landscape.
Best Practices for Optic Helicopter Photography
Optic helicopters require some specialized training to operate, and it’s essential to understand best practices for capturing high-quality footage. Here are some tips for using optic helicopters in your aerial photography:
|Understand the capabilities of your helicopter and camera equipment
|Plan your shots in advance and use a flight plan to ensure you don’t miss anything
|Use a gimbal to ensure smooth footage and avoid any shaking or vibration
|Experiment with different camera settings, such as shutter speed and ISO, to achieve desired effects
|Always prioritize safety, and avoid flying in restricted or dangerous areas
By adhering to these best practices, you can capture breathtaking footage that showcases your photography skills and creativity with optic helicopters.
Optic Cameras on Helicopters
Optic cameras are a crucial part of a helicopter’s payload, allowing pilots and operators to see things that the unaided eye cannot. Modern optic cameras can have up to 20 times magnification and an infrared capability. These cameras mount to the bottom of the helicopter’s fuselage, and the operator views the camera’s output on a monitor or a headset.
Advantages of Optic Cameras on Helicopters
Optic cameras provide several advantages to helicopters, including situational awareness and enhanced mission capabilities. These cameras allow operators to clearly see objects at great distances or in low-light conditions, which is crucial for military and law enforcement operations. Optic cameras are also an important tool for a variety of civilian tasks, including search and rescue missions, fire suppression, and border control.
Best Optic Cameras for Helicopters
The best optic cameras for helicopters are those that can provide the highest quality images in a variety of conditions. Several companies are recognized leaders in the field, including FLIR, L3 Harris, and Wescam. The latest models from these companies offer advanced features, such as image stabilization, and can be controlled remotely from within the helicopter or via a ground station.
The Advantages of Using Optic Helicopters
Optic helicopters offer a myriad of benefits over other types of aircraft. Here are some advantages:
Optic helicopters can be used for a wide range of applications, such as aerial photography, surveillance, search and rescue, inspection, and more. Unlike fixed-wing planes, helicopters can take off and land vertically, making them suitable for use in remote areas or places without runways.
One of the biggest advantages of optic helicopters is their ability to hover in one place for extended periods. This stability allows for more precise movements and better control over the aircraft. It also makes them ideal for tasks that require hovering, such as surveying or filming.
Helicopters are incredibly nimble, able to change direction quickly and easily. This allows pilots to get into tight spots and fly in ways that are impossible for other aircraft. Optic helicopters can fly close to the ground or buildings, making them great for filming, inspecting structures, or conducting search and rescue missions in difficult terrain.
Although optic helicopters can be expensive to purchase and maintain, they can save money and time in the long run. Helicopters have the ability to access remote areas faster and more efficiently, reducing the need for ground transportation. This can be particularly useful in emergency situations.
5. Better View
With their ability to hover in one place and fly at low altitudes, optic helicopters provide a better view of the ground or structures. This is especially useful for surveying, mapping, or inspecting hard-to-reach areas. Optic helicopters can also provide a unique perspective for photographers, cinematographers, or videographers.
Optic Helicopters FAQ
Here are some frequently asked questions about optic helicopters and their features. We hope these answers will help you understand more about optic helicopters and their use.
1. What are optic helicopters?
Optic helicopters are unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) equipped with high-resolution cameras that capture images or live video.
2. How are optic helicopters controlled?
Optic helicopters are typically controlled by a remote control or can be programmed to fly autonomously.
3. What are the uses of optic helicopters?
Optic helicopters can be used for various purposes like surveillance, search and rescue operations, farming, and security monitoring.
4. How high can optic helicopters fly?
Optic helicopters can fly up to 400 feet in the air, as per the guidelines set by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA).
5. Do I need a license to operate an optic helicopter?
If you are using an optic helicopter for recreational purposes, you do not need a license. However, if you are using it for commercial purposes, you must obtain a Part 107 remote pilot certificate from the FAA.
6. What is the maximum range of an optic helicopter?
The maximum range of an optic helicopter depends on its battery capacity and the control range of the transmitter. Generally, optic helicopters have a control range of up to 1,000 feet and a maximum flight time of 20-25 minutes.
7. Can optic helicopters capture images in low-light conditions?
Yes, optic helicopters can capture images in low-light conditions if they come equipped with night-vision cameras. However, such cameras can be expensive and are typically used by law enforcement and military organizations.
8. How do I know if the optic helicopter’s battery is running low?
Most optic helicopters come with a low-battery warning that alerts you when the battery is running low. You can also choose to purchase an additional battery to extend the flight time.
9. What should I do if I lose control of my optic helicopter?
If you lose control of your optic helicopter, try to regain control by flying it back towards you or land it safely in an open area. It is also recommended to fly it in open areas away from trees or buildings to avoid crashes.
10. Can I add additional cameras to my optic helicopter?
Yes, you can add additional cameras to your optic helicopter if it has mounting brackets. However, it is important to ensure that the additional cameras do not exceed the weight capacity of the helicopter.
11. What is the video quality of optic helicopters?
Optic helicopters typically capture high-definition videos, with some models supporting 4K resolution.
12. How much does an optic helicopter cost?
The cost of an optic helicopter varies depending on its features, range, and camera resolution. Generally, they can range between $200 to $5,000.
13. How can I maintain my optic helicopter?
It is recommended to read the manufacturer’s guidelines on maintaining your optic helicopter. It is also important to regularly check and clean the propellers, camera lens, and battery connections.
14. Can optic helicopters be used in bad weather?
It is not recommended to use optic helicopters in bad weather conditions like rain or strong winds as it may affect its stability and performance.
15. What precautions should I take while using an optic helicopter?
It is important to follow the manufacturer’s guidelines and FAA regulations while operating an optic helicopter. It is also recommended to fly it in open areas away from people, vehicles, and buildings to avoid crashes.
If you’re looking for new experiences, try taking an orange helicopter ride for a unique view of the world from above. Experience the thrill of the open sky with incredible 360-degree views of your surroundings.
Thank You for Joining us on This Optic Helicopter Tour, Kind Reader!
We hope that you enjoyed this wild ride with us and learned something new about optic helicopters. As you now know, these machines are incredibly helpful and are used for a variety of purposes. Whether it’s for sightseeing, rescuing stranded hikers or delivering medical supplies, optic helicopters have some serious capabilities. We invite you to visit us again for another thrilling tour of an interesting topic. Until then, Kind Reader, stay safe and keep exploring!


With the deepening of reform and opening up, the number of residents â€™cars in our country is constantly increasing, and the growing car wash industry is blowing up the emergence of a new generation of car wash machines. Under this situation, we have recently developed and developed an intelligent -Type steam car washing machine, which uses high-efficiency adjustable piezoelectric boiler heating, generates high-pressure steam to quickly remove dust and oil stains on various automobiles, machinery, electrical appliances and various parts. It has many functions such as automatic pumping and pressure adjustment, and the effect is extremely significant. The unique electrical design makes the water fully atomized, the gas volume is large, but the water consumption is small. The water-saving effect can reach 98%. At the same time, after adding a small amount of disinfectant, it can spray and cover any part of the vehicle, which can play a role in sterilization and disinfection. It is a major auto repair plant, car wash shop, supermarket, residential parking lot, etc. A rare good helper.
2. Introduction of design scheme:
1. The structure of the new steam car washing machine circuit is an electronic product developed using high-performance anti-interference single-chip technology. Its hardware does not require debugging, the software is stable and reliable, and it is easy to use in various harsh environments. It is mainly composed of power supply, main control board, handle, water pump, water inlet and outlet pipes, steam generator, water collection tank, wiper, housing, etc. When the power is turned on, the water pump draws water through the water inlet pipe and sends it to the sprinkler head. The sprinkler head sprays water to the electric evaporator to generate water vapor. High-pressure water vapor is sprayed from the jet head to rinse the dirt. The washed water vapor is The holes in the shell wall are sprayed out of the machine, enter the outlet pipe and condense into water; the water collection groove provided on the inner wall of the shell is used to collect the condensed water on the inner wall and flow out along the outlet pipe, and the bottom wiper of the shell is close to the wiped By moving the steam car washer to make the wiper wipe the object. The machine is also equipped with automatic alarms for water shortage and overpressure; high voltage automatic power off; overpressure automatic exhaust and other multiple safety devices to ensure safe and reliable use.
2. The basic principle of steam car washing After the water is heated to become steam, then 165 â„ƒ steam is sprayed from the nozzle, then the steam contains a certain amount of heat energy, the temperature of the car body surface is lower than the temperature of the steam, steam car washing The surface of the car body is quickly condensed into water, and the steam releases condensation heat during the condensation process. The condensation heat acts on the dirt layer on the body surface, softens the dirt layer by heat, and is decomposed by the special body cleaning agent and subsequent steam injection under pressure It is very easy to remove.
3. Circuit hardware:
â‘ Block diagram The local circuit mainly uses STC89RC52 MCU as the core to build the entire circuit. The performance of this MCU is excellent and it has strong anti-interference performance. It can work in its harsh environment and work stably and reliably. Its block diagram is shown in Figure 1. It consists of the following parts of the circuit, including: power circuit, water level and liquid level detection circuit, car wash liquid and glass liquid detection circuit, pressure and steam level detection circuit, flameout detection and coal gas alarm detection circuit, fan water pump detection circuit, coal Steam valve drive circuit, fan and water pump drive circuit, ignition drive and sound drive circuit, and various types of acousto-optical indicating circuits, etc.
â‘¡Working principle: the gas ignition pin detection circuit composed of N5 transistors, through which it controls pin 1 of the single chip, and pin 14 is connected to the light-emitting diode for glass liquid detection. When the glass liquid is detected, the light-emitting diode is blocked. Lit, pin 18-19 is connected to the crystal oscillator, the frequency is 11.0592MZH as the clock source of the single chip microcomputer. The P2 transistor is externally connected to the 28 pin of the single-chip microcomputer to form the active controlled pull-up circuit of this machine. It can control that when the single-chip microcomputer is turned on or running, when the voltage of a certain pin is unstable, it will not drive the load relay or make the relay jump. So that the machine can work stably. IC2 (LN2803) constitutes the drive module of the output port of the single chip microcomputer, through which it can directly drive the gas solenoid valve, fan and water pump switch, and can ignite the corresponding respective indicator lights separately. It is a block with 8-way drive and the output voltage is 0- 50V, a circuit that can directly drive loads such as relays and light bulbs. The buzzer drive circuit composed of N4 transistors is used to prompt users with various alarms; the IC5 is composed of a glass liquid and car wash liquid level detection conversion circuit, which can detect the level of glass liquid and car wash liquid level; The IC7 switching power supply voltage regulator module can supply 28V DC voltage. This module is controlled by the 21 pin of the microcontroller. When the 21 pin is at a low level, N3 can be cut off. At this time, pin 5 of IC7 is high, and pin 4 of IC7 outputs 28V DC. At the same time, 24V DC voltage can be converted into 5V DC voltage through IC3 for the single-chip microcomputer. There are also some special state detection circuits on the machine. They are all isolated with photocouplers to reduce the influence of the circuit under test on the single-chip computer, such as fans, water pumps, gas solenoid valves, gas alarms, operation switches Detection of AC and DC power supply, pressure switch and descaling switch. Each control part in this machine adopts relay control mode, which is safe and reliable, for example, K1 controls the fan to start; K3 controls the pumping and drainage of water pump; K4 controls the gas solenoid valve. IC16 is a single-chip data register, used to store some spare data and information. (The specific electrical schematic can be obtained from the work)
â‘¢Special circuit introduction:
(1) Reset circuit: The standby forced reset circuit composed of IC4 can implement forced reset after the single-chip microcomputer runs down. The power reset circuit composed of N1 transistor and Z1 Zener diode, when the power is turned on, the regulator tube breaks down , The voltage charges the capacitor C, so that the transistor is turned on, the potential of the pin 9 of the single-chip microcomputer is close to zero, and the single-chip microcomputer is reset, see Figure 2
(2) Detection circuit The sensors used in this machine are of the following types: two metal conductors are used as electrodes to detect the water level, and the switching signal is output; a pressure gauge is used as the pressure sensor to output the switching signal; and a thermocouple module is used as the gas flameout sensor, and it is equipped with There are a variety of sensor detection circuits connected to different sensors. The specific circuit is shown in Figure 3.
(3) Level charging protection circuit This machine consists of IC6 and P1 to form a battery floating charging circuit to ensure the reliable operation of the battery. P1 is the charging tube, its base is connected to the voltage overcharge switch, and IC6 is a two-way comparator. The battery charging range control circuit can obtain the reference voltage value of whether the DC 24V battery pack is overcharged on pin 6 of IC6. If overcurrent occurs, the voltage at this point will immediately stop charging. D1, D2, and D3 form a floating charge and voltage stabilization start circuit to ensure that the charging current to the battery is pulsating, and at the same time, IC17 and N2 form an overcurrent protection circuit to ensure that the battery is protected from overcharging. , To ensure the normal startup and operation of the whole machine. See picture 4
4. Software part:
First, initialize the CPU control system. The purpose of the initialization is to restore some characteristic parameters of the system to the initial set values. At each stage, the key scan process is performed to see if the keyboard has any signal input. If there is input, the original state is updated and the corresponding data is sent according to the keyboard definition function requirements. Next, the power supply voltage is tested to determine whether the power supply voltage is correct and stable. If it is not correct, it will return to the power-on state immediately. If it is correct, it will enter the water level detection stage. Once the water level is insufficient, it is required to start the pump immediately. Add water while driving the buzzer to alarm. In the same way, the program goes to the next stage to determine the level of the car wash liquid and the glass liquid. First determine the level of the car wash liquid level. If it is not enough, start the water pump to add liquid. If the glass liquid is not enough, you need to start the liquid pump to add glass. Liquid, then enter the next stage is the pressure detection, first see if the steam pressure is enough, to meet (car wash requirements 6-8 ãŽ / ãŽ¡), otherwise it is necessary to make the compressor work, at the same time start the pressure alarm to prompt the user, and then enter In the last stage of steam water level detection, first detect the water level of hot steam. If not, start the pump to add water to meet the user's requirements. After the completion, the system sets the timing for 10 seconds and then sends data to the beginning of the program to form a loop to complete the timing count and provide the system with a digital number. Due to the poor working environment of this machine, some anti-interference measures and means have been added to the software, such as the use of a watchdog circuit. When the program does not run on the original track and exceeds a certain time limit, the watchdog The dog circuit immediately generates a reset signal, forcibly resets the MCU, and restarts the program to avoid a crash. In addition, it is also possible to set up a â€œsoftware trapâ€ in the non-program area. When the program bounces into the software trap, the program will automatically execute the pre-programmed interference processing reset subprogram to reintroduce the program into the normal track. The software design flow chart is shown in Figure 5
Third, the circuit hardware design considerations and debugging methods I encountered the following problems in the actual design of the circuit need to pay attention to:
1. Due to the severe working environment of this machine, especially the interference to this system during ignition and vehicle start-up is very large, the hardware uses the anti-interference single-chip microcomputer STC89RC52 with excellent anti-interference performance, and the watchdog circuit and Various methods such as software traps are used to ensure the reliable operation of the circuit. In addition, some electromagnetic shielding measures are added to the processing of the circuit.
2. When simulating the wiring of signal circuits and digital signal circuits, it is necessary to separate them into independent wiring of the system.
3. The discrete components outside the module should use surface mount components to reduce the influence of lead distribution parameters.
4. When using modular design, pay attention to the analog and digital signals, high-frequency and low-frequency signals, the ground wire should be strictly separated, otherwise the circuit design will not work.
5. The electrical parts of the machine can be free of debugging. As long as the components are installed correctly and the wires are connected correctly, the machine can work normally, but pay attention to the wiring terminals. Never connect the strong and weak electrical terminals incorrectly to avoid damage to the machine.
4. Conclusion: With the continuous development of technology, steam car washers have been widely used in major auto repair plants, car wash shops, supermarkets, parking lots in residential areas, etc., providing safe, reliable and convenient for the majority of car owners Practical good equipment. At present, its technology is constantly improving, and it is rapidly developing in the direction of multi-function and intelligence.
Sixth, the author of this article innovation: it is a more comprehensive introduction to the design scheme of an electronic steam car washer circuit and the problems encountered in the implementation and solutions, highlighting the introduction of hardware working principles and software flowcharts, focusing on the introduction The working principle and technical solution of the detection and control circuit of the electronic steam car washing machine have wide practical value.
Safety: unlike glass neon tube, its normal operation requires a high voltage of 15,000V, while the flexible neon strip is at 12V. And its shockproof, temperature resistant, salt resistant, acid and alkali resistant.
Neon Christmas Lights,Led Neon Christmas Lights,Neon Word Lights,Christmas Neon Light Signs
Shenzhen Oleda Technology Co.,Ltd , https://www.baiyangsign.com


|cDASY Module SAR V6.14||
The novel cDASY Module SAR V6.14 software is optimized for accelerated SAR compliance testing, offering the highest possible precision for dosimetric evaluations. It incorporates several novel features:
The API feature, available as an additional licensed option, enables full automation of the SAR compliance workflow.
cDASY Module SAR V6.14 is fully compliant with IEC 62209-1, IEC 62209-2, IEEE 1528, CE, FCC KDB 865664 and other national regulations. It is also compliant with IEC 62232 for testing of base station antennas. Manufacturers and testing laboratories can reduce SAR compliance testing by several days per product. Importantly, the software is already compatible with the latest drafts of IEC 62209-1, IEC 62209-2 and IEC 62209-3.
cDASY6 Module SAR is always bundled with DASY52 SAR.
Release date: June 2020 (V6.14)
|cDASY6 Module mmWave V2.0||
The cDASY6 Module mmWave is used for power density compliance testing for frequencies up to 110 GHz at distances as close as 2 mm from the transmitter using the novel EUmmW probe.
It features two additional licensed options:
Release date: December 2019
|DASY V5.2 Family||The DASY V5.2 software is the industry standard for general near-field evaluations. Several versions of the software offering different levels of features, comfort, and flexibility are available.|
The cDASY6 APIs provide a more efficient way to perform compliance measurements. With this option end-users can control DASY6 remotely to automate their measurement procedures for SAR evaluations (Module SAR), PD evaluations (mmWave) and new WPT evaluations from 3 kHz to 10 MHz (Module IF-WPT) via custom scripts.
Release date: June 2020 (Module SAR)
The following minimum PC requirements must be met for maximum performance and full graphics capability:


US 5362959 A
The invention relates to an ultrarapid camera for visualizing the intensity profile of a laser pulse. This camera comprises in vacuum housing a photocathode, an extraction grid, focalization electrodes, deflection plates and a visualization screen. According to the invention, the electron emitting photocathode is constituted by at least one metal tip (3, 12) and means (9, 10) are provided to send said laser pulse (13) into a zone situated in front of said tip.
1. An ultrarapid camera for visualizing the intensity profile of a laser pulse, comprising, in a vacuum housing, a photocathode, an extraction grid, focalization electrodes, deflection plates and a visualization screen, said photocathode being disposed in opposition to said visualization screen and said extraction grid, said focalization electrodes and said deflection plates being disposed between said photocathode and said visualization screen, characterized in that the photocathode is constituted by at least one metal emission surface having at least one pointed tip formed thereon (3, 12) and means (9, 10) are provided for sending said laser pulse (13) into a zone situated in front of said at least one metal conductor.
2. A camera according to claim 1, characterized in that said metal emission surface has a plurality of said tips formed thereon to define a rough emission surface.
3. A method to implement the camera according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that an electric extraction voltage is applied between the extraction grid and the tips, said extraction voltage being an electric pulse which defines a time based window around the laser pulse to be visualized, the amplitude of the electric pulse being slightly below that which is necessary to cause, by itself, an electron emission.
The invention relates to a camera with ultrarapid slot scanning (streak camera) for visualizing the intensity profile of a laser pulse.
For the study of transitory phenomena, it is known to generate laser pulses of a very short duration of the order of 10-10 sec. The exact knowledge of the intensity profile of this pulse is very important in this case. Up to now, this is obtained by a slot scanning camera which comprises in a vacuum housing a photocathode, an extraction grid, focalization electrodes, deflection plates and a visualization screen. The laser pulse to be analyzed is applied through a transparent substrate of the photocathode, which, in reply, emits electrons. These electrons are then submitted to the electric field applied between the cathode and the extraction grid. They are accelerated, pass through a hole in a focalization anode and are finally deflected by deflection plates, which receive a sawtooth voltage. On the screen, the temporal distribution of the photons of the laser pulse which hit the photocathode can then be visualized.
A photocathode of the semiconductor type which is illuminated by light and which emits electrons in reply is described in document U.S. Pat. No. 4,868,380.
In document Appl. Phys. Lett. 45(4), Aug. 15, 1984, p. 307 to 309, there is described a metal photocathode onto which is directed a pulsed beam in order to extract electrons.
Finally, document EP-A-0 127 735 describes a photodetector in the shape of a plurality of metal pins which receives the light and produces a cathode current therefrom.
None of the above cited devices is able to visualize the intensity profile of the luminous pulse and in particular of an ultra-short pulse.
The object of the invention is a camera which permits to analyze pulses of a duration of less than 10-10 sec, i.e. having a temporal reply of one picosecond and even less.
This object is achieved according to the invention by replacing the semiconductor type photocathode by at least one metal tip and by sending the laser pulse into a zone situated in front of this tip.
As for embodiments of the invention, reference is made to the secondary claims.
The invention will now be described more in detail by means of an embodiment and the annexed drawings.
FIG. 1 shows diagrammatically an axial section view of a camera according to the invention.
FIG. 2 represents a variant of the electron emitter according to FIG. 1.
FIG. 1 shows a housing 1 which is susceptible to be put under vacuum of about 10-8 Torr and which comprises, centred on an axis 2: a metal pin 3, an extraction grid 4, a focalization anode 5 with a central hole, deflection plates 6 and finally a visualization screen 7, made of phosphorus, for example. The various elements are connected to adequate electric voltage sources so as to ensure their respective conventional functions. In particular, the pin 3 is connected to a generator 8 of an electric pulse which is synchronized with the optical pulse to be analyzed. This latter pulse emerges from a laser 9 placed outside the housing 1 and directing its beam 13 through a window 10 towards a zone situated in front of the pin 3. The amplitude of the electric pulse supplied by the generator 8 is chosen slightly below a threshold at which a spontaneous emission of electrons from the pin is created.
This emission is finally only obtained by the simultaneous application of this electric pulse and of the optical beam supplied by the laser 9, the emission of electrons then corresponding rather precisely to the temporal profile of the optical pulse. Generating from only one laser an electric field of such an intensity that a tunnel effect and an electron emission are created, would require an important power rate of about 1.3 1011 W/cm2, whereas the simultaneous action of the electric pulse and the optical pulse makes it possible that an optical power of the beam of the order of 105 W/cm2 is sufficient to start the tunnel effect. The invention thus permits reduction of the power of the laser beam to be analyzed and thus improves the temporal resolution of the analysis.
FIG. 2 shows a variant with respect to the pin 3 of FIG. 1. It shows a substrate 11 of conductor metal which is connected, as before, to the generator 8 through the wall of the housing 1. This substrate comprises an emission surface 12 presenting a certain microscopic roughness, so that there are a plurality of tips susceptible to emit electrons. It has been observed that the emission threshold is substantially lower when the surface is rough, because the local electric field at the top of a pointed tip is of a factor B higher than the mean microscopic field around this tip; the factor B may attain 104.
The invention is not limited to the embodiment described above. Thus, it is not mandatory that the laser beam intersects the axis 2 at 90°. By choosing for example an angle of 45° with the rough emission surface, an emission of a pulse type field accompanied by a photoemission is obtained. Further, the pulse generator 8 can be replaced by a source of continuous voltage, but in this case this voltage has to be reduced in order to avoid involuntary discharges prior to the start of the laser pulse.


A basic inductive speed sensor, also known as an inductive proximity sensor or proximity switch, is a type of sensor used to detect the speed of rotating equipment. It operates on the principle of electromagnetic induction and is commonly used in industrial applications for monitoring and controlling rotating machinery. Here's how it works:
Inductive Principle: The sensor consists of a coil of wire that is wound around a core. When alternating current (AC) flows through this coil, it generates an electromagnetic field around the sensor.
Target Object: The rotating equipment (e.g., a gear, shaft, or wheel) needs to have a metal component for the inductive speed sensor to work effectively. As the metal component rotates, it interacts with the sensor's electromagnetic field.
Eddy Currents: As the metal target moves through the electromagnetic field, it induces eddy currents in the metal. Eddy currents are circular currents that flow within the metal and create their own magnetic fields.
Induced Voltage: The presence of eddy currents in the metal target causes a change in the sensor's electromagnetic field. This change induces a voltage in the coil of the sensor.
Frequency Detection: The speed of the rotating equipment is directly proportional to the frequency of the induced voltage in the coil. The higher the rotational speed, the higher the frequency of the induced voltage.
Signal Processing: The induced voltage signal is then processed by electronic circuitry within the inductive speed sensor to provide a usable output. This output can be a digital signal or an analog signal, depending on the specific sensor's design.
Speed Measurement: The frequency of the induced voltage is converted into a speed measurement, allowing the sensor to determine the rotational speed of the target object.
The inductive speed sensor can provide a real-time measurement of the speed of rotating equipment, making it valuable for various applications, such as monitoring conveyor belt speeds, motor RPMs, and other industrial processes. It is commonly used due to its non-contact nature, robustness, and ability to function in harsh environments where other types of sensors might be unsuitable.


Pulse adjustable voltage converter can work as a boost converter or inverting converter, providing negative voltage.
A specialized pulse controller MC34063 from Motorola was used to create the converter.. This is a universal microcircuit for building simple pulse converters.. On it you can build lowering, boost and inverter converters.
Main technical characteristics of MC34063 microcircuit
- Wide range of input voltages: from 3 V to 40 AT;
- High output pulse current: to 1,5 BUT;
- Adjustable output voltage;
- Converter frequency up to 100 kHz;
- Internal Reference Accuracy: 2%;
- Short-circuit current limitation;
- Low consumption in sleep mode.
There are two main application configurations for the MC34063: upconverter, shown in Fig. 1, and converter, supply voltage negative with respect to supply voltage – inverting converter (rice. 2).
Diode D1 protects against reverse polarity of the supply, capacitor C1 filters the supply voltage, resistors R1 … R4, connected in parallel, have a resultant resistance 0,25 Ohm and are used as a current control circuit. capacitors C2, C4 and choke L3 filter the output voltage, potentiometer R8 allows you to adjust this voltage, resistors R5, R6 set the regulation range, and the capacitance C3 determines the operating frequency. L1 elements, D3 и L2, D2 are required for stable operation of the converter.
Stabilization of the output voltage for the first option is possible in the range U0 … 24 AT, for the second option in the range -1.3 …– 24 AT. The upper limit depends on circuit load and supply voltage. when the load 100 mA boost converter allowed to reach voltage 24 V when powered 5 AT, and the inverting converter reaches a voltage of about –20 V (–24 V when powered 6 AT). In both cases, the microcircuit was slightly heated, therefore do not exceed the output current 100 mA. In theory, the system works correctly from 3 AT, in practice even at slightly lower voltage.
When powered by two AA batteries, the voltage 12 V was achieved with a load current of approximately 50 mA. Moreover, if you connect two circuits of different configurations to one power source, you can get a balanced power supply, For example, ± 24 AT.
The DC / DC converter circuit board on MC34063 is shown in Fig.. 3.
Author: Damian Sosnovski


Realtime Access Map
Determination of octane number of gasoline using near infrared spectroscopy and genetic multivariate calibration methods
The feasibility of rating the octane number of gasoline using near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy and three different genetic algorithm-based multivariate calibration methods was demonstrated. The three genetic multivariate calibration methods are genetic regression (GR), genetic classical least squares (GCLS), and genetic inverse least squares (GILS). The sample data set was obtained from the ftp address (ftp://ftp.clarkson.edu/pub/hopkepk/Chemdata/) with the permission of Professor. J. H. Kalivas. This data set contains the NIR spectra of 60 gasoline samples collected using diffuse reflectance as log (I / R) with known octane numbers and covers the range from 900 to 1700 nm in 2 nm intervals. Of these 60 spectra, 20 were used as the calibration set, 20 were used as the prediction set, and 20 were reserved for the validation purposes. Several calibration models were built with the three genetic algorithm-based methods, and the results were compared with the partial least squares (PLS) prediction errors reported in the literature. Overall, the standard error of calibration (SEC), standard error of prediction (SEP), and standard error of validation (SEV) values were in the range of 0.15-0.32 (in the units of motor octane number) for the GR and GILS, which are comparable with the literature. However, GCLS produced relatively large results (0.36 for SEC, 0.39 for SEP and 0.52 for SEV) when compared with the other two methods.


Fire Fighting Enterprises upgrades Fireray 5000 smoke detector
July 27, 2013 | By Anthony Capkun
July 27, 2013 – The Fireray 5000 optical beam smoke detector from Fire Fighting Enterprises (FFE) delivers wide area coverage for large indoor spaces with a motorized, auto-align, self-correcting detector. With recent upgrades, contractors can now install up to two detector heads reporting to a single ground-level controller. With two independent sets of output relays identifying the activated detector, time and cost for installation, wiring, and power supply are reduced, says FFE. The system controller now offers one set of fire and fault relay contacts for each detector connected to that controller; also, each detector configures independently and maintains its own range, fire obscuration threshold and fire/fault delay settings. The Fireray 5000 now also includes a new event history log that is capable of storing up to 50 detector events, including alarms, trouble, service and power On/Off.
Print this page


What is the fluid in a manometer?
The open-end manometer (Fig. 4.4a) is a glass tube, usually U-shaped, filled with the manometer fluid (mercury or oil) (see Section 3.2). One end of the tube is open to atmosphere (reference pressure Pr), the other end is connected to a system containing the gas whose pressure Px must be determined.
How does a fluid manometer work?
In its simplest form the manometer is a U-tube about half filled with liquid. When positive pressure is applied to one leg, the liquid is forced down in that leg and up in the other. The difference in height, “h,” which is the sum of the readings above and below zero, indicates the pressure.
What is the manometer equation?
Manometers. One of the most important classes of pressure gauges applies the property that pressure due to the weight of a fluid of constant density is given by p = hρg.
What is manometer fluid made of?
A Manometer is a device to measure pressures. A common simple manometer consists of a U shaped tube of glass filled with some liquid. Typically the liquid is mercury because of its high density.
How many liquid are used in differential manometer?
What Is a Differential Manometer? A device which is used to measure difference of pressure between the two fluids which are flowing through the two different pipes or in same pipe at two different points is known as DIFFERENTIAL MANOMETER.
What is a manometer HVAC?
A manometer is an instrument used to measure and indicate pressure. Inches of water column is the most common form of measurement in the HVAC industry when measuring static or gas pressure, although other units of measure are available and used worldwide. One of the most common analog types is the Magnehelic® gauge.
What is the purpose of manometer?
A manometer is used to measure the pressure of liquids or gases.
Why do fluids exert pressure?
All fluids exert pressure because their particles are constantly moving and bumping into things. Pressure is defined as the amount of force acting on a given area. It measures how concentrated a force is. The SI unit for pressure is the Pascal (Pa), or N/m2.
What is a manometer used for?
A manometer is an instrument used to measure and indicate pressure. There are two types of manometers, analog and digital.
What units does a manometer use?
Common units are inches of water (in. H2O), pounds per square inch (psi), and millibars (mbar).
How long does it take to read a manometer?
Home / Fluid Mechanics Reading time: 4 minutes Manometers are devices used to determine the pressure at any point in fluid either by balancing the same fluid column or by using another fluid column.
How does an inclined single column manometer work?
The figure below shows the arrangement of inclined single column manometer : The inclination results in the movement of heavy liquid from the reservoir to a higher distance. Hence, the instrument is very sensitive.
Which is the simplest type of manometer to measure pressure?
Piezometer Piezometers are the simplest form of simple manometers that can be employed to measure the gauge pressures. As shown in the figure-1 below, one end of the tube is connected to the point where the pressure is to be found out and the other end is open to the atmosphere.
How are the limbs of a manometer arranged?
So the change in liquid level of the reservoir is negligible for any pressure variation. Hence, the pressure is contributed from the height of the liquid in the other limbs. The limbs can be either vertically or horizontally arranged. Hence, there are two types of single column manometers:


Easy confirmation that a target temperature has been met
Nonflammable for maximum safety
Easy application with quick-dry formula on any surface
Irreversible temperature-indicating liquids offer an easy, cost-effective method to verify a specific temperature on a wide range of surfaces under dynamic conditions. Paints are available in 43 different temperature ratings from 175 to 1900°F (79 to 1038°C) with accuracy within ±1% of rated temperature. They are ideal for heat treating, preventive maintenance, and any other temperature-sensitive applications. When applied to a dry smooth surface, the liquid quickly dries and forms a dull and opaque film. The film melts at the designated temperature, leaving a distinctly different mark to confirm the target temperature has been achieved. Available in 2-oz (59-mL) bottles.


|Place of Origin:||China|
|Certification:||CE, ISO, CCC|
|Minimum Order Quantity:||1 set|
|Packaging Details:||1 x 20' GP|
|Delivery Time:||40 days|
|Payment Terms:||L/C, T/T|
|Supply Ability:||100 sets per month|
|Controller Software:||FLSK||Driving Way:||Dual Drive|
|Motor And Cables:||Step Motor Shield Cables||X And Y Axis Gas And Cable Moving:||Light Duty Industrial Cable Chain|
|Nesting Software:||FASTCAM STANDARD VERTION||Cutting Mode:||Flame/Plasma/Both|
cnc steel cutting machine,
plasma metal cutting machine
Light Duty CNC Plasma Cutting Machine High Definition For Cutting Metal Plate
1. Each leg of machine using two pieces of 14mm Q345B steel processed. That keep the machine good supporting and stability when machine fast move forward and backward in high precision.
2. The beam made by aluminum alloy structure, that for keeping high precision (That is much better precision than some other supplier’s beam, which is installed the rack and rail way on square pipe only). And it is easy for machine function update or modification in the future.
3. Rear part of the beam is used 45# steel folded to strengthen the machine’s structure. That make machine with two beam structure, and reasonable used both aluminum alloy and steel’s each advantage to provide machine extreme stability, and flexibility performance.
4. Machine standard with 10 inch color controller, and new plasma THC. With 15kg/m fine grinding guide, and dual used plasma and flame function.
|Effective cutting width:||2000mm (Beam length 2500mm)|
|Effective cutting length:||17000mm (Rail way length16000mm)|
|Plasma cutting capacity:||Depend on plasma source|
|Machine moving speed:||0-6000mm/min|
|CNC Tool quantity and style:||
1 tool with plasma THC and flame device (with flame automatic ignition)
|Tool lifting distance:||≤150mm|
|Whole machine accuracy standard:||JB/T5102-1999|
|Whole machine drawing accuracy:||±0.2mm|
Whole machine drawing accuracy(according to right side drawing)Size1000╳1000mm
Drawing speed 500-800mm/min
Single phase AC220V 1500W
+ 3 phase AC 380 for plasma generator
|Flame (Gas) cutting thickness:||
Piercing Capacity: 5-60mm
Edge Start: 5-120m
FastCAM Software Introduction:
FastCAM have 30-years R&D history and famous brand in the world cutting & welding industry. FastCAM software are professional in drawing, nesting and programming for Gas, Plasma, Laser and Water-jet NC cutting machine. It is easy to learn and use without PC & AutoCAD basis. FastCAM supply multilingual software, technical support and training in America, Europe, Asia Pacific and China. FastCAM promote new technology to maximize productivity, improve quality and reduce cost.
CNC Controller Introduction:
1. System introduction:
This system is a two-axis digital controller for cutting machine developed by Shanghai Jiaotong University. It is suitable for the oxygen gas and plasma cutting processing industries. All operations have menus and graphical prompts, complete functions, easy to operate, easy to use. The system uses high-speed ARM9 and DSP control structure to make the cutting process more stable and reliable.
2. System configuration:
1) Display: 10.4 inch 800*600 high resolution LCD screen, 260,000 color LCD
2) CPU: Industrial grade ARM9 chip
3) File storage: electronic storage disk 1G
4) Memory: 256M
5) External interface: USB
6) Keyboard: PCB foil keyboard, PS2 interface. Import Omron button
7) Chassis: All steel structure is completely shielded, anti-electromagnetic radiation, anti-interference, anti-static
Contact Person: Mrs. Mary Ji


Each smart chiip contains Lorentz force resonators tuned to frequencies between 1.3mHz and 4.1mHz. The device is passive, in that it does not require power but when the resonators are stimulated they return a signal that indicates the unique identification and temperature of each smart chiip. The unique identification number is programmed during the manufacturing process and the tag is checked by an internal BCH error detection and correction code. Every time a smart chiip is read, the instantaneous temperature is measured, time stamped and recorded. This allows a temperature history to be recorded to provide a more complete chain of custody. The smart chiip will survive sterilisation by autoclaving or gamma irradiation with no degradation or loss of function.


Critical Process & Manufacturing
The DataTrace products are self-contained, wireless, high precision, data loggers that are used in critical manufacturing, quality control and transportation applications. They are used to measure temperature, humidity and pressure inside a process or inside a product during manufacturing. In addition, the DataTrace data logging systems can be used to validate the proper operation of laboratory or manufacturing equipment either during its installation or for annual re-certifications. The product line consists of PC interface software, various accessories and individual data loggers such as temperature data loggers, humidity data loggers and pressure data loggers.
- Ethylene Oxide (EO) Sterilization
- Steam Sterilization
- Food Processing/Manufacturing
- Beverage Processing/Manufacturing
- Pharmaceutical/Biopharmaceutical Processes
- Drug Product Stability


Nanomedicine, Volume I: Basic Capabilities
© 1999 Robert A. Freitas Jr. All Rights Reserved.
Robert A. Freitas Jr., Nanomedicine, Volume I: Basic Capabilities, Landes Bioscience, Georgetown, TX, 1999
18.104.22.168 Turbomolecular Gas Pumps
Drexler10 has briefly reviewed the general design parameters of nanoscale turbomolecular gas pumps. Pump effectiveness depends on the ratio of the blade speed to the characteristic thermal speed of the lightest gas molecule to be pumped. If the blades are constructed of diamondoid materials, then blades may be as thin as ~1 nm and blade speed can exceed the velocities of the fastest gas molecules (e.g., 1960 m/sec for hydrogen at 310 K; Eqn. 3.3), providing a compression ratio of >~10 per blade row.1204 Turbomolecular pumps are designed to operate under free-flow conditions involving essentially ballistic gas molecule trajectories of length lgas ~ 10 nm at 20 atm pressure, or lgas ~ 200 nm at 1 atm (Eqn. 9.23). Taking pump length per blade row ~10 nm for operating pressures up to ~20 atm, a pump assembly consisting of a stack of five blade disks achieves a compression ratio of ~105 in a ~50 nm pump length.
Last updated on 20 February 2003


I know that the power factor of an induction motor varies with load and is very low at no load and high at full load, but does the reactive power vary as well? If so, how much can it vary?
When the load decreases, the power factor decreases primarily due to the decrease in real power. Reactive power is primarily due to the magnetizing current, But there is a small amount due to the stator and rotor leakage reactances. Magnetizing current depends on the voltage across the magnetizing branch of the equivalent circuit that will increase slightly with reduced load because the voltage drop across the stator resistance and leakage reactance declines when the current declines due to reduced load.
In the equivalent circuit shown below, R1 & X1 are the stator resistance and leakage reactance, Gc and Bm are the magnetizing branch, and X2 is the rotor leakage reactance. R2/s represents the rotor resistance combined with a variable resistance that represents the mechanical load.
The following motor performance data shows quite a significantly decreasing reactive VA as the motor load declines to zero. The slight increase in magnetizing VA must be insignificant compared to the loss of reactive VA in the rotor branch as the rotor current drops to near zero.


Positron emission tomography (PET) is a nuclear medicine imaging technology used to analyze physiological processes. An in-beam PET is used to verify the delivered dose during ion-beam therapy. Our group investigates the prototype C-shaped PET system, which is called the iPET system. In this study, we develop an expendability-enhanced field-programmable gate array (FPGA)-based data acquisition system for the iPET. We organize this data acquisition (DAQ) system using only one DAQ board, to ensure a compact and cost-effective DAQ system. We design the FPGA using modular functions, which include synchronization, deserialization, pulse height analysis, and data packaging functions. As a result, energy spectra and well-separated 9 × 9 flood images of the entire detector module are achieved. We obtain reconstructed PET images of point source (4 mm diameter), three cylindrical phantoms (3 cm diameter), and four sphere phantoms (3.0, 2.2, 1.3 and 1.0 cm diameter). We achieve approximately 300 kcps of maximum single count rate. The obtained results prove the compactness and cost-effectiveness of the proposed DAQ system.
Bibliographical noteFunding Information:
Acknowledgements This research was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) Grant (2016R1A2B2007551), the Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning (KETEP) and the Ministry of Trade, Industry & Energy (MOTIE) (20161520302180), and the Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences (2013K000092) funded by the Korean government.
© 2017, Taiwanese Society of Biomedical Engineering.
- Data acquisition system
- Field-programmable gate array
- In-beam PET
- Modular function
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Biomedical Engineering


Mini Fighter (Counting)
Designed and engineered with the same technology and components as the StreetFighter™, the Mini Fighter™ serves as a table-top validation tool to assist with the QA process. It simplifies and accelerates the verification process of the count accuracy in the filled containers from the packaging line all while providing a privileged level of reliability.See product
Mini Fighter Plus (Counting)
The Mini Fighter™ Plus, a direct successor of the StreetFighter™ was developed for small batch counting as either a semi-automatic table-top unit, to be automated as an independent component on a line or to be integrated directly on a Capmatic® Monoblock. Bolstering an acute level of quality, reliability and accuracy, its versatility and performance directly compliment the design of its father, the StreetFighter™.See product
Street Fighter 100 (Counting)
The Countlab® Street Fighter™ electronic tablet counter is a technological innovation which combines speed and accuracy in a compact design. The Street Fighter™ (SF series) exceeds cGMP specifications and is designed to meet future regulatory requirements. Countlab® visionary design is combined with the most current slate-of-the art computer processing allowing for an effortless tablet counting experience.See product
Street Fighter 200 (Counting)
The Countlab® Street Fighter™ SF-200 combines two proven SF-I00 modules with a series of integrated motorized conveyor feeding systems connected to a single reject station resulting in a single line component rather than two separate and distinct units. With a unique stainless steel frame and panel control, this new integrated design will facilitate the maintenance and operation of the line all while ensuring the expected high-speed performance.See product
Countlab® equipment is well-known for its performance and reliability.
Countlab® designs and builds supporting equipment delivering many benefits. Our products are installed globally and have proven to lower long-term operational costs. Countlab® combines innovative application engineering with a keen appreciation of packaging line productivity and efficiency in each of its designs. Countlab® has designed and delivered a variety of equipment for diverse liquid, tablet and powder packaging applications. These system are designed to improve the overall performance and efficiency of the packaging line.
Capable of handling speed and accuracy at the same time
Designed to minimize change-over procedures and provide maximized production efficiency and simplicity.
Built to handle various types of products all while being able to adapt to a wide range of container shapes and sizes.
Our certified technicians are available to assist you.
Thanks for your interest in Countlab®. If you have a query about us, please use the message system below to leave us your contact information. We will process your request as soon as possible.Contact us


CIRCOR International, Inc., announces the new CIR 3100 Control Valve, an economical valve body with multiple internal options for many applications across a wide range of industries.Utilizing advanced technologies, the CIR 3100 valves are designed to serve general, critical, and severe service applications in industries including upstream, midstream, and downstream oil and gas, power generation, processing industries, maritime, and renewables.
The CIR 3100 valves provide a standardized, flexible and economical solution. The common valve body is customizable with multiple internal options and numerous standardized parts and accessories, enabling customers to lower inventory and maintenance costs. Trims are easily interchangeable when process conditions and requirements change.
The valve is suitable for throttling and on-off control of a fluid flow such as gas, steam, water, or chemical compounds to compensate for the load disturbance and helps to keep the regulated process variable as close as possible to the desired set point.
The control valves are specially designed for both low and high-pressure drop service. Pressure drop, high velocities, and throttling occur only at the cage window and the plug thereby protecting the seat ring and offering tight shut-off capability to the valve. A Class V leakage option is available for high-temperature applications.


GoSpectro Smartphone Portable Spectrometer
The GoSpectro is a revolutionary device turning any smartphone or tablet into an ultracompact, handheld spectrometer.
The GoSpectro spectrometer is based on a patented axial transmission configuration that leads to higher light collection, combined with 2D vertical binning that provides higher signal-to-noise levels thanks to nowadays CMOS camera extreme low light sensitivity. GoSpectro is the result of years of research at Alphanov, a renowned technology center located in Bordeaux, France. In 2017, it received the first prize at the annual prestigious SPIE “Prism Award” in the Detector and Sensor category in San Francisco, USA. GoSpectro takes full advantage of today’s smartphone cameras performance (resolution, noise ) and convenience. It is low-cost, easily installs in seconds , operates over the entire visible range (400 nm – 750 nm) and offers a spectral resolution better than 10 nm with a reproducibility of 1 nm.
This revolutionary portable spectrometer allows measuring spectra in emission, transmission or reflection applications, with unparalleled ease of use and convenience. GoSpectro is the ideal spectroscopy tool for any application requiring high portability.
The GoSpectro is supplied with:
- An adapter kit compatible with most smartphones and tablets
- A mobile application available on Android and iOS
For more information on the GoSpectro, visit our main website here: https://www.axiomoptics.com/products/gospectro/


At DARIS Centre Mass Spectrometry Unit there are a number of instruments which can potentially cover a wide range of materials for analysis.
These consist of:
High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Ultra Violet detection (HPLC-UV)
Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS)
Gas Chromatography-Flame Ionization Detector (GC-FID)
Additionally, there is scope for analysis of volatile organic compounds such as pesticides in soil, water, blood, urine and residual solvents in dry powder using GC-FID and GC–MS. There is also potential for the analysis of inorganic materials such as heavy metals in various matrices namely soil, plant material, body fluids and tissue using AAS and ICP-MS.
It is worth mentioning that in all above cases MS or Mass spectrometry offers exceptional sensitivity most suitable for dealing with low levels of analytes. In the case of LC-MS and GC-MS instruments both can provide MS-MS function which could go towards a more specific mode of analysis.
1. High Performance Liquid Chromatography- Ultra Violet detection (HPLC-UV)
Liquid chromatography UV detection is an analytical technique where by certain non-volatile group of compounds can be analyzed using the Ultra Violet (UV) detection to identify and quantify compounds of interest. This system is one of the most common instrumentation in the majority of the analytical laboratories around the world. This is mainly due to the fact that the instrumentation is relatively cheap to acquire and easy to use with minimal training for the staff. As with LC-MS this instrumentation has a wide range of uses and is applicable to compounds such as pesticides, pharmaceutical products, drugs of abuse and many other categories.
HPLC- UV system
2. Liquid Chromatography- Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS)
Liquid chromatography–Mass spectrometry (LC-MS, or alternatively HPLC-MS) is an analytical chemistry technique that combines separation capabilities of liquid chromatography (or HPLC) with the mass analysis capabilities of mass spectrometry (MS). LC-MS is a powerful technique that has very high sensitivity and selectivity and as such is useful in many applications. Its application is wide ranging from detection of pesticides in water, blood, soil to analysis and identification of medicine and chemicals used in pharmaceutical industry, Forensic science, Hospitals.
Both HPLC-UV and LC-MS have a wide range of uses and are applicable to compounds such as nutrients, food additives as well as use in areas such as forensic science, food industry, health industry, oil industry, environmental research, neonatal screening, Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM). In TDM studies, the focus is on medication concentrations in blood. For example, drugs that are administrated to patients who have had organ. This is to make sure the right amount of drug is delivered to the area of need. In the Neonatal screening the blood obtained from the new born baby is tested to determine whether he/she suffers from any abnormally high levels of amino acids in his/her blood therefore indicating possible underlying health issues.
LC-MS is frequently used in drug development by the pharmaceutical companies to monitor and confirm the presence of correct prepared drug. Additionally this technique can be sued alongside HPLC-UV to characterize the produced pure standards making sure no contaminants are present and if there are any contaminants, at what extent are they present in such compounds.
3. Gas Chromatography – Flame Ionization Detector (GC-FID)
Gas chromatography with Flame Ionization Detector (GC-FID) is a common type of chromatography used in analytical chemistry for the separation and analysis of multi-residue samples that can be vaporized without decomposition. The sample migrates through the column with a flow of inert or unreactive gas, which is called the carrier gas. The mechanism of separation is influenced by many factors, for example, the components, which have low boiling points, will come out of the column earlier and will be detected faster than those that have high boiling points.
Gas Chromatography – Flame Ionization Detector (GC-FID)
4. Gas Chromatography – Mass Spectrometry (GC – MS)
Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is an analytical method that combines the features of gas-liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry to identify different substances within a test sample. GC-MS has been widely heralded as a "gold standard" for forensic substance identification because it is used to perform a specific test. A specific test positively identifies the actual presence of a particular substance in a given sample. A non-specific test merely indicates that a substance falls into a category of substances. Although a non-specific test could statistically suggest the identity of the substance, this could lead to false positive identification.
There are a large number of applications that use GC-FID and GC- MS analytical techniques as the primary source of detection and quantitation. These include areas such as determination of extent of environmental contaminations with various pesticides and/or petrochemical chemicals in atmosphere, soil, water, food stuff .Applications of GC-MS include drug detection, fire investigation, environmental analysis, explosives investigation, and identification of unknown samples. GC-MS can also be used in airport security to detect substances in luggage or on human beings such as possibly drugs of abuse or traces of explosives. Additionally, it can identify trace elements in materials that were previously thought to have disintegrated beyond identification.
Gas Chromatography – Mass Spectrometry (GC – MS)
5. Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS)
Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) is a spectroanalytical procedure for the quantitative determination of chemical elements using the absorption of optical radiation (light) by free atoms in the gaseous state. In analytical chemistry the technique is used for determining the concentration of a particular element (the analyte) in a sample to be analyzed. AAS can be used to determine over 70 different elements in solution or directly in solid samples used in pharmacology, biophysics and toxicology research.
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy system at DARIS Centre
6. Inductively Coupled Plasma - Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS)
Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) is a type of mass spectrometry which is capable of detecting metals and several non-metals at concentrations as low as one part in per trillion. This is achieved by ionizing the sample with inductively coupled plasma and then using a mass spectrometer to separate and quantify those ions. Compared to other atomic absorption techniques for example, Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy, ICP-MS has greater speed, precision, and sensitivity. However, analysis by ICP-MS is also more susceptible to trace contaminants from glassware and reagents. One of the largest volume uses for ICP-MS is in the medical and forensic field, specifically, toxicology. A physician may order a metal assay for a number of reasons, such as suspicion of heavy metal poisoning, metabolic concerns, and even hepatological (liver related) issues.
ICP-MS system at DARIS Centre
Clinical analysis. Analyzing metals in biological fluids such as blood and urine.
Environmental analysis. Monitoring our environment – for example: finding out the levels of various elements in rivers, seawater, drinking water, air, petrol and drinks such as wine, beer and fruit drinks.
Pharmaceuticals. In some pharmaceutical manufacturing processes, minute quantities of a catalyst used in the process (usually a metal) are sometimes present in the final product. By using AAS the amount of catalyst present can be determined.
Industry. Many raw materials are examined and AAS is widely used to check that the major elements are present and that toxic impurities are lower than specified – eg in concrete, where calcium is a major Constituent, the lead level should be low because it is toxic.
Mining. By using AAS the amount of metals such as gold in rocks can be determined to see whether it is worth mining the rocks to extract the gold.


Nel PreTech Corporation is the first ISO/IEC 17025 accredited lab in the U.S. for industrial CT scanning services. We operate the Metrotom 800 and 1500 computed tomography machines created by Carl Zeiss Corporation, a global leader and manufacturer of precision-measuring instruments. Beyond the scan, we offer post-scan engineering and measurement services as required.
NPC uses CT scanning technology to form 3D models that allow the user to examine the interior and exterior of the item being scanned.
We prepare expedient inspection reports compared to other CT scanning providers.
This x-ray technology provides valuable insight for diverse industries including, but not limited to aerospace, automotive, electronics, and die-cast manufacturing.
NPC methods are non-destructive, accurate, and fast. We give you access to the inner details of manufactured parts without the need for disassembly.


A well-recognized name in the industrial automation market, AutomationDirect provides quality products with FREE award-winning in-house sales and technical support. AutomationDirect provides customers with quick order and delivery through an online store which makes self-service easy with tools such as product selectors, 3-D CAD viewer, and more. Prices are well below the industry average and a 30-day money-back guarantee is offered on nearly all items. With thousands of part listings, products include PLCs, HMIs, motors, drives, enclosures, pneumatics, pushbuttons, sensors, enclosures, circuit protection, wire, and much more. The state-of-the-art headquarters facility near Atlanta is designed throughout for maximum performance. Orders for in-stock items can be taken as late as 6 p.m. EST and shipped for fast delivery, and most orders qualify for free, two-day delivery.The company provides online tutorial videos through their web store as well as their YouTube channel. A Customer Forum provides peer support on technical and application questions.
AutomationDirect has added input/output (I/O) expansion modules to its BRX Micro programmable logic controller (PLC) product line.
Flexible multi-conductor sensor/actuator cable is now available from AutomationDirect in 24 AWG and 22 AWG with 3, 4 or 5 unshielded conductors, and in customer specified one-foot increment lengths.
AutomationDirect’s AcuAMP Solid Core current transformers are instrumentation grade (commercial class) and are designed to measure primary current.
AutomationDirect’s Contrinex DW series of inductive proximity sensors now includes additional harsh duty sensors and new standard duty sensors with quadruple sensing ranges.
AutomationDirect’s IronHorse MTCP2 industrial duty motors are offered in T-Frame (1 to 300 hp) and TC-Frame/C-Face (1 to 30 hp).
LS Electric L7P Servo Systems from AutomationDirect AutomationDirect has added new L7P servo motors, drives, cables, and gearboxes from LS Electric. These new intermediate-level L7P servo systems have all the features of the basic L7C servos including setup wizards, auto tuning, built-in indexer, and more, but with a larger range of system sizes and the option for 460VAC operation. The built-in absolute encoder on each servo motor is also higher resolution at 19-bit (524,288 ppr). The L7P systems are available from 100W to 7.5kW with 230VAC input power and 900W to 7.5kW with 460VAC input power. The 230VAC systems can operate single-phase up to 2.2kW. All motors are available with or without a 24VDC holding brake. The free Drive CM software eases setup/configuration and includes autotuning algorithms and an oscilloscope to fully optimize your application. A matched set of LS Electric gearboxes are also available for each motor, with gear ratios of 5:1, 10:1, and 20:1 (7.5kW systems limited to 15:1).
New Optris Infrared Temperature Sensors from AutomationDirect AutomationDirect has added new infrared pyrometers from Optris. These pyrometers use non-contact sensing to determine the surface temperature of an object based on its emitted infrared radiation. They can read the temperature of inaccessible or moving objects without difficulty.
Low-Cost Motion Control Offered with CLICK PLUS PLCsfrom AutomationDirect AutomationDirect has released the new CLICK PLC programming software version 3.30, which allows any CLICK PLUS CPU to be configured as a 3-axis PTO/PWM motion controller. 100kHz high-speed inputs and outputs are offered with any DC option slot I/O module placed in slot 0 of the CPU. With this module, CLICK PLUS PLCs can easily perform velocity moves, homing commands, or interpolated positioning.
ProSense VCST Series Vibration Sensors from AutomationDirect. AutomationDirect has added new ProSense VCST series vibration sensors. These sensors accurately detect vibrations of industrial equipment, primarily rotating equipment such as steam and gas turbines, pumps, motors, compressors and rolling mills.
Additional Fuji Command Series Pilot Devices from AutomationDirect. AutomationDirect has added new Fuji Command series pushbuttons, switches, and indicators to expand their offering of quality Fuji Electric control and signal devices. New round and rectangular 16mm pilot devices feature an integrated structure with built-in contacts to reduce control panel depth.
Contrinex Photoelectric Sensors with IO-Link Compatibilityfrom AutomationDirect AutomationDirect has expanded their vast offering of discrete sensors by adding Contrinex C23 standard and clear object detection sensors. These Contrinex mini rectangular photoelectric sensors are ideal for limited-space applications and are available in diffuse, diffuse with adjustable background suppression, retroreflective, and through-beam models. Sensor housings have an IP67 enclosure rating and are ECOLAB-approved for use in hygienic areas. The Contrinex TRU-C23 UV photoelectric sensors are designed for detecting transparent objects, such as those made with plastic or glass.
Additional Direct Wire Large Gauge MTW Cable Color Options from AutomationDirect. AutomationDirect has added more color choices for Direct Wire 1kV ALL-FLEX MTW/THHW heavy-duty flexible power cable. This extremely flexible large gauge (8AWG to 500MCM) single-conductor industrial cable is ideal for industrial control panel distribution, VFD power feeds, servo systems and non-traditional industrial applications including uninterruptable power supply (UPS) and transformer wiring, battery chargers and marine board applications.
AutomationDirect has added new M30 harsh duty photoelectric sensors from Eaton. The Eaton E58 series are among the most rugged and best-sealed photoelectric sensors on the market. Their stainless steel, PVDF, and tempered glass components are mechanically assembled using Vitron seals to ensure resistance to chemicals and moisture intrusion.
IronHorse Jet Pump and Stainless Steel Motorsfrom AutomationDirect AutomationDirect has added the new IronHorse MTRJ series of jet pump motors to their AC motor lineup. The MTRJ centrifugal jet pump motors offer an economical motor solution and come in a TEFC enclosure with a 56J frame that has a threaded shaft for direct connection to a jet pump. These jet pump motors are available in 120/230 VAC from 1/3 to 2hp and in 208-230/460 Vac from 1/3 to 3hp at 3600rpm.
Murrelektronik M12 Data Cables, Power Cables, and Field Wireable Connectors from AutomationDirect New Murrelektronik data cables are high-flex shielded Ethernet Cat5e cables offering various connector styles, including D-coded M12 to M12, M12 to RJ45, RJ45 to RJ45, and M12 to pigtail. These cables are flame-retardant and chemical resistant with a tough TPE (thermoplastic elastomer) jacket for typical industrial applications. A selection of RJ45 IDC field wireable connectors and adapters have also been added to provide custom terminations for specific applications.


Auxitrol Weston is a world leading supplier of engine and aircraft sensors to both original equipment manufacturers and aftermarket MRO shops and airlines. We provide a wide range of highly reliable sensors including high accuracy temperature, speed and pressure sensors. Our history dates back more than sixty years with a proven track record in supplying into the commercial, military, aero derivative and industrial markets. The Auxitrol Weston team provides a high added value service to our customers that starts with our design and development and carries through to production. Our service also includes our worldwide aftersales and maintenance facilities in Europe, the United States, China and Singapore.


Workpackage leader: Dr Pacôme Delva, OBSPARIS and UPMC
Other participants: CMI, INRIM, NPL, PTB, LUH
The aim of this workpackage was to evaluate all relativistic effects influencing time and frequency comparisons between optical atomic clocks, and their longer-term use for future realisation of International Atomic Time (TAI) and relativistic geodesy.
The first part of the work was to determine the gravitational redshift corrections for all the optical clocks that were compared within the project. This part of the work was led by geodesy experts from LUH, under the framework of a researcher excellence grant. For frequency comparisons between optical clocks, the gravity potential difference between the clocks needs to be known, whilst for contributions to international timescales the absolute gravity potential relative to a defined reference surface is also required. For optical clocks with a projected fractional accuracy of 10-18, an accuracy of about 0.1 m2s-2 in the gravity potential is required, which corresponds to about 1 cm in height at the Earth's surface.
An initial technical report set out the theoretical background for deriving the gravity potential, discussing uncertainty considerations, and making recommendations for the levelling and GNSS observations required at the clock sites. Based on these recommendations, levelling measurements were performed at INRIM, LSM, OBSPARIS, NPL and PTB. Gravity surveys were also carried out by LUH at all these locations, including at least one absolute gravity observation on each site and between 35 and 122 relative gravity measurements around each site. These measurements fed into the computation of a revised European quasi-geoid model (EGG2015), providing the best possible values for the absolute gravity potential at each clock comparison site. Time-varying tidal effects on the gravity potential were also studied.
Another part of the work was concerned with the relativistic description of the time and frequency transfer techniques used in the experiments carried out within the project. A method was developed for evaluating the relativistic effects relevant for two-way satellite time and frequency transfer (TWSTFT), and has provided critical input to a clock comparison campaign using a broadband version of this technique (WP5). A physical model was also formulated to describe the relativistic effects relevant to time and frequency transfer over optical fibre links, and the potential use of continuously operating transportable optical clocks for time transfer was investigated.
Finally, the theoretical framework was extended to include non-linear relativistic effects. The concept of a worldwide optical clock network for measuring the space-time geometry around the Earth was studied, with the aim being to lay the theoretical basis for global relativistic geodesy at unprecedented precision.
The research within this EURAMET joint research project receives funding from the European Community's Seventh Framework Programme, ERA-NET Plus, under Grant Agreement No. 217257.
© All rights reserved


We are very much satisfied with the SPIP softwareI have been using SPIP since the start of my research and we are very much satisfied with the SPIP software and its capabilities to resolve many issues, especially to our research area where we deal with simultaneous quantification of roughness and colloid particle concentration on a very complex and rough rock surfaces.
Dr. Gopala Krishna Darbha, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology March 25, 2019
SPIP is indispensableFor our activities SPIP is indispensable. Danish Fundamental Metrology use it as the only software tools for AFM analysis and calibrations of nanometer scale standards with international recognition. For special applications the possibility to write tailored plug-ins is unique and easy to use.
Dr. Jørgen Garnæs, Danish Fundamental Metrology March 25, 2019
Extremely powerful, I analyze all my data with SPIPI have been using SPIP since around 2009. We have multi-user licenses and I have trained many of my DuPont colleagues to use the various parts of the SPIP package. We use it for its intended use, to analyze data and images from several different scanning probe microscopes, but we also use it to analyze images from optical and electron microscopes and data from optical and stylus profilometry instruments as well. The package is extremely powerful and I have not found a type of data file that cannot be imported or read by the software. The particle and pore analysis is particularly powerful and we have used it to statistically analyze nano and microparticle size and shape from atomic force microscope and electron microscope images. We also use the particle and pore analysis to calculate wear volumes and quantify scratch damage and healing on the surface of polymers. The new profile analysis package is very intuitive and powerful, it allows us to compare profiles from many different tools to understand the size and shape of features at a variety of different length scales. It even enables correlation between surface morphology and optical images to understand the appearance of surfaces and defects. I no longer use the image or data analysis packages associated with the various instruments, I analyze all my data with SPIP.
Greg Blackman, DuPont March 25, 2019
Simply immenseI think SPIP is very user friendly and versatile software. I´ve used other commercial softwares, but the options available in SPIP are simply immense.
Loveleen Kaur Brar, Indian Institute of Science February 15, 2017
Very flexible and user friendlyI like very much to work with SPIP software package. It is very flexible and user friendly. It is a powerful tool not only for SPM, STM data processing but also for other images. I always appreciate a scientific result sustained in a suggestive graphical way and, why not, artistic if possible. With SPIP, science can be also an art!
Mirela Suchea, Dr., Cuza University of Iasi Romania February 15, 2017
All measurement with a single softwareI am working with the main SFM producers. Every SFM has special requirements in the analyzing part of the software but with SPIP it is possible to analyze all measurement with a single software. In addition, SPIP offers an enormous number of possibilities
Christine Müller, Dr., TU Kaiserslautern, Department of Physics, AG Ziegler February 15, 2017
Appreciate the supportI rely heavily on SPIP and appreciate the support that I and my students have received from Image Metrology.
Harry J. Ploehn, Prof. , University of South Carolina, Department of Chemical Engineering December 18, 2016
Useful in the analysis of our SPM imagesSome of the tools I´ve used so far include plane adjustment, FFT, gradient processing, histograms of height, rotation of image, to name a few; all of which are useful in the analysis of our SPM images.
Diedrich Schmidt, PhD Candidate Research Assistant, Olmstead Research Group, University of Washington, Seattle, WA December 18, 2016
SPIP is the standard program for processing and presenting AFM data...SPIP is the standard program for processing and presenting AFM data in our lab since 4 years. We appreciate that SPIP is frequently updated and that our suggestions and requirements were integrated in SPIP.
Hermann Schillers, Dr. , Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Institute of Physiology II December 18, 2016


The time of issue:2012-06-26 9:34:32 view number:
Smoke testing equipment was development based on national standards GB/T20795-2006, professional for the determination of vegetable oils smoke point. Its use is as follows:
Features: As long as the value of the hypothetical oil smoke point directly set when the instrument is warming settings 42íŠ, the instrument automatically enter the control. Then per-minute 5-6íŠ rate of warming. Smoke to observe and record.
Operation: open the instrument the right side of the power switch is the number of lights, press the SET key, the upper temperature number "50" the words, the lower part of the small number appear to beat. Press the shift key. Small significant number of would-by-turn transform the beating. Press the "+" - "button can be set to a significant number of each in turn beat, is set up. Then set the key, small significant number of stops beating, appeared to set a good value, and the settings are recognized. Significant number of windows show the temperature value. As the temperature rises, the displayed number followed by the change, and apparatus for automatically tracking and control. When close to the value set by 42íŠ, the instrument automatically transferred to the heating control rate of 5-6íŠ per minute.
This warming regional careful observation of the smoke smoke, when the sample a small amount of smoke, while continuing to have a light blue smoke coming out, with spotlights lighting the temperature reading to see smoke, quickly press the lock button. The number of temperature significantly locked. Is the smoke point temperature of the sample. Sometimes samples of continuous smoke, emit some faint smoke, but no effect on the determination results. When mistaken observation, and then lock the key referral lock, the instruments continue to heat until the clear smoke judgment points, and then lock key, the significant number will be locked again. If a significant number over a set value, the sample did not smoke, and the instructions assume that the value is incorrect, then no need to change, continue to observe until a smoke and then lock. Two-sample allows the error does not exceed 2íŠ, find the Mean is the test results.


Vacuum tube fluorescent displays (VFDs) are a common display in consumer electronics. Widely used in video recorders, car radios, microwave ovens, etc. Unlike liquid crystal displays (LCDs), VFDs have a high brightness and a clear contrast, which can easily support display units of different colors. This technology is related to cathode ray and cathode tube. Unlike LCD, most VFDs can work effectively below zero, making them ideal for outdoor equipment in cold climates.
The VFD contains three basic electrodes, a cathode filament, an anode (phosphorescent material) and a grid, and a high vacuum glass envelope. The cathode is composed of a tungsten wire, an alkaline earth metal oxide coating (emission electron). The gate is a wire for controlling and transmitting electrons emitted by the cathode. The anode is the electrode and is plated with a phosphorescent material for displaying characters, diagrams or symbols. The electrons emitted by the cathode accelerate under the forward voltage between the gate and the anode, and after striking the anode, the electrons excite the phosphor to emit light. The desired brightness template can be obtained by controlling the positive or negative pressure of the grid and anode. The anode and gate require a DC regulated voltage to prevent the display from flickering. In order to drive large VFDs, the cathode requires an AC drive to avoid brightness variations, such as different brightness levels appearing on both sides of the display. Operating frequencies in the 20" 200 kHz range are recommended to avoid audible noise and flicker.


Worldwide known for its leading-edge of technology, our group proposes gas analysis systems with in-built computers and its own developed software, Vistachrom, to pilot these process analyzer.
Auto GC 866 analyzers range We manufacture several analyzer ranges which mounted in 19" rack and 4U height with everything included in the instrument. Our main GC 866 ranges are : * MEDOR range : analysis of sulphur compounds in natural gas (gas company) and ambient air (waste water plant application) since 1975 * AIRMO range : analysis of VOC / BTEX in ambient air (ppb, ppt, ppm) * CHROMA range : analysis of impurities in pure gas and in industrial air (ppb / %). This range has been developed since the creation of Chromato-Sud company in 1986. * DET range : Specific detectors.
Lagus Applied Technology, Inc. (LAT) services are unequalled in virtually ever aspect of tracer gas analysis of flow system performance. Over a period of more than 30 years Drs. Lagus and Grot have established international recognition for their extensive contributions to the development and... Read More
Mechanical Systems, Inc. (MSI) designs and manufactures air monitoring systems for compliance and control applications in all types of utility and industrial processes. The MSI system integration approach helps you meet ever changing regulatory requirements. It allows you to focus on overall...