Legislation that would return the 8,400-year-old bones of Kennewick Man to Columbia Basin tribes could become law in the coming weeks.
The legislation proposed by Sen. Patty Murray, D-Wash., in August 2015 made it over an important hurdle on Monday.
The legislation was added to the Water Resources Development Act in April, improving its chances of passing. But the act needed to make it out of a conference committee — in which House and Senate officials reconcile differences in the House and Senate versions of the bill and agree on what would remain in the bill — by the end of the session.
Monday, officials released the reconciled bill, renamed the Water Infrastructure Improvements for the Nation Act. After compromises elsewhere in the act, the bill still includes the legislation to return Kennewick Man’s skeleton to tribes.
The bill will require a vote of the House, which is expected in the next few days, followed by a vote of the Senate.
“This is about doing right by the descendants of the Ancient One,” Sen. Patty Murray, D-Wash., said in a statement. “After more than 20 years of debate, I’m proud to see this legislation so close to finally bringing the Ancient One home.”
Because of uncertainty that the legislation would proceed, Northwest tribes have been preparing a case to claim the bones under the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act.
Two decades after his discovery, it is finally time to return the human remains to the Columbia Basin tribes, where he belongs.
Rep. Dan Newhouse, R-Wash.
The bones of Kennewick Man, called the Ancient One by the tribes, were found along the Columbia River in the summer of 1996 on Army Corps of Engineers land in Kennewick. The skeleton is one of the oldest and most complete sets of bones found in North America.
Area tribes immediately claimed the bones, but a federal judge, swayed by an analysis of the shape of Kennewick Man’s skull, determined that the skeleton was not Native American and allowed scientists to study the bones.
Advances in DNA analysis led to a finding by a global team of scientists, including specialists in ancient DNA analysis at the University of Copenhagen in Denmark, that the Ancient One’s DNA is more closely related to contemporary Native Americans than any their living population. The contemporary Native Americans, include Colville members, volunteered DNA for the study.
Although DNA from other Columbia Basin tribes claiming the bones was not tested, the tribes have long intermarried.
Shortly after the results of the June study were announced, the Wanapum Band and the Yakama, Nez Perce, Umatilla and Colville tribes again called for the return of the bones.
As Murray worked in the Senate, Rep. Dan Newhouse, R-Wash., moved to get legislation that would return the bones to the tribes included in the House version of the Water Resources Development Act. Rep. Denny Heck, D-Wash., also has worked on legislation.
Just like anyone else, we want to bury our grandfather or grandmother.
Kate Valdez, Yakima Nation
“Two decades after his discovery, it is finally time to return the human remains to the Columbia Basin tribes, where he belongs,” Newhouse said in a statement Monday.
The legislation would require the Army Corps to transfer the Ancient One’s bones to the Washington State Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation, which has regulations in place to repatriate tribal remains.
The tribes already have selected an undisclosed site for the burial. The bones now are being held at the Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture at the University of Washington in Seattle.
If the legislation is not approved as expected, the tribes are preparing to claim them through the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act, or NAGPRA.
The Corps already has taken the first step under NAGPRA, determining the DNA evidence correctly determined Kennewick Man is Native American.
The area tribes would next need to show a cultural affiliation with the Ancient One.
“Just like anyone else, we want to bury our grandfather or grandmother,” said Kate Valdez, tribal historic preservation officer for the Yakima Nation, during Archaeological Days at the Wanapum Heritage Center in October.


Space dust analysis could solve mystery of the origins of Earth’s water
An international team of scientists may have solved a key mystery about the origins of the Earth’s water, after uncovering persuasive new evidence pointing to an unlikely culprit - the Sun.
In a new paper published today in the journal Nature Astronomy, a team of researchers from the UK, Australia and America describe how new analysis of an ancient asteroid suggests that extraterrestrial dust grains carried water to Earth as the planet formed.
The water in the grains was produced by space weathering, a process by which charged particles from the Sun known as solar wind altered the chemical composition of the grains to produce water molecules.
The finding could answer the longstanding question of just where the unusually water-rich Earth got the oceans which cover 70 percent of its surface – far more than any other rocky planet in our Solar System. It could also help future space missions find sources of water on airless worlds.
Planetary scientists have puzzled for decades over the source of Earth’s oceans. One theory suggests that one type of water-carrying space rock known as C-type asteroids could have brought water to the planet in the final stages of its formation 4.6 billion years ago.
To test that theory, scientists have previously analysed the isotopic ‘fingerprint’ of chunks of C-type asteroids which have fallen to Earth as water-rich carbonaceous chondrite meteorites. If the ratio of hydrogen and deuterium in the meteorite water matched that of terrestrial water, scientists could conclude that C-type meteorites were the likely source.
The results weren’t quite that clear-cut. While some water-rich meteorites’ deuterium/hydrogen fingerprints did indeed match Earth’s water, many did not. On average, these meteorites’ liquid fingerprints didn’t line up with the water found in Earth’s mantle and oceans. Instead, Earth has a different, slightly lighter isotopic fingerprint.
In other words, while some of Earth’s water must have come from C-type meteorites, the forming Earth must have received water from at least one more isotopically-light source which originated somewhere else in the Solar System.
The University of Glasgow-led team used a cutting-edge analytical process called atom probe tomography to scrutinise samples from a different type of space rock known as an S-type asteroid, which orbit closer to the sun than C-types. The samples they analysed came from an asteroid called Itokawa, which were collected by the Japanese space probe Hayabusa and returned to Earth in 2010.
Atom probe tomography enabled the team to measure the atomic structure of the grains one atom at a time and detect individual water molecules. Their findings demonstrate that a significant amount of water was produced just below the surface of dust sized grains from Itokawa by space weathering.
The early solar system was a very dusty place, providing a great deal of opportunity water to be produced under the surface of spaceborne dust particles. This water-rich dust, the researchers suggest, would have rained down onto the early Earth alongside C-type asteroids as part of the delivery of Earth’s oceans.
Dr Luke Daly, of the University of Glasgow’s School of Geographical and Earth Sciences, is the paper’s lead author. Dr Daly said: “The solar winds are streams of mostly hydrogen and helium ions which flow constantly from the Sun out into space. When those hydrogen ions hit an airless surface like an asteroid or a spaceborne dust particle, they penetrate a few tens of nanometres below the surface, where they can affect the chemical composition of the rock. Over time, the ‘space weathering’ effect of the hydrogen ions can eject enough oxygen atoms from materials in the rock to create H2O – water – trapped within minerals on the asteroid.
“Crucially, this solar wind-derived water produced by the early solar system is isotopically light. That strongly suggests that fine-grained dust, buffeted by the solar wind and drawn into the forming Earth billions of years ago, could be the source of the missing reservoir of the planet’s water.”
Prof. Phil Bland, a John Curtin Distinguished Professor at the School of Earth and Planetary Sciences at Curtin University and co-author of the paper said “Atom probe tomography lets us take an incredibly detailed look inside the first 50 nanometres or so of the surface of dust grains on Itokawa, which orbits the sun in 18-month cycles. It allowed us to see that this fragment of space-weathered rim contained enough water that, if we scaled it up, would amount to about 20 litres for every cubic metre of rock.”
Co-author Prof. Michelle Thompson of the Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences at Purdue University added: “It’s the kind of measurement that simply would not have been possible without this remarkable technology. It gives us an extraordinary insight into how tiny dust particles floating in space might help us balance the books on the isotopic composition of the Earth’s water, and give us new clues to help solve the mystery of its origins.”
The researchers took great care to ensure that the results of their testing were accurate, undertaking additional experiments with other sources to verify their results.
Dr Daly added: “The atom probe tomography system at Curtin University is world-class, but it had never really been used to for the sort of analysis of hydrogen we were undertaking here. We wanted to be sure that the results that we were seeing were accurate. I presented our preliminary results at the Lunar and Planetary Science conference in 2018, and asked if any colleagues in attendance would help us validate our findings with samples of their own. To our delight, colleagues at the NASA Johnson Space Center and the University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Purdue, Virginia and Northern Arizona Universities, Idaho and Sandia national laboratories all offered to help. They gave us samples of similar minerals irradiated with helium and deuterium instead of hydrogen, and from atom probe results of those materials it quickly became clear that what we were seeing in Itokawa was extraterrestrial in origin.
“The colleagues that offered their support on this research really amounts to a dream team for space weathering, so we’re very excited by the evidence that we’ve collected. It could open the door to a much better understanding of what the early Solar System looked like and how the Earth and its oceans were formed.”
Professor John Bradley, of the University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, a co-author of the paper, added: As recently as a decade ago, the notion that solar wind irradiation is relevant to the origin of water in the solar system, much less relevant to Earth's oceans, would have been greeted with skepticism. By showing for the first time that water is produced in-situ on the surface of an asteroid, our study builds on the accumulating body of evidence that the interaction of the solar wind with oxygen-rich dust grains does indeed produce water.
“Since dust that was abundant throughout the solar nebula prior to the onset of planetesimal accretion was inevitably irradiated, water produced by this mechanism is directly relevant to the origin of water in planetary systems and possibly the isotopic composition of Earth's oceans."
Their estimates of just how much water might be contained in space-weathered surfaces also suggest a way future space explorers could manufacture supplies of water on even the most seemingly arid planets.
Co-author Professor Hope Ishii of the University of Hawai’i at Mānoa said: “One of the problems of future human space exploration is how astronauts will find enough water to keep them alive and accomplish their tasks without carrying it with them on their journey.
“We think it’s reasonable to assume that the same space weathering process which created the water on Itokawa will have occurred to one degree or another on many airless worlds like the Moon or the asteroid Vesta. That could mean that space explorers may well be able to process fresh supplies of water straight from the dust on the planet’s surface. It’s exciting to think that the processes which formed the planets could help to support human life as we reach out beyond Earth.”
Dr Daly added: “NASA’s Artemis project is setting out to establish a permanent base on the Moon. If the lunar surface has a similar water reservoir sourced by the solar wind this research uncovered on Itokawa, it would represent an enormous and valuable resource to aid in achieving that goal.”
The team’s paper, titled ‘Solar Wind Contribution’s to the Earth’s Oceans’, is published in Nature Astronomy.
Researchers from the University of Glasgow, Curtin University, the University of Sydney, the University of Oxford, the University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, the Natural History Museum, Idha National Laboratory, Lockheed Martin, Sandia National Laboratories, NASA Johnson Space Center, the University of Virginia, Northern Arizona University and Purdue University all contributed to the paper.
The research was supported by funding from the Science and Technologies Funding Council, part of UKRI; Scottish Alliance for Geoscience; Environment and Society (SAGES); United Arab Emirates (UAE) Seed Grant; National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA); Science and Industry Endowment Fund (Science & Industry Endowment Fund); Australian Research Council Discovery Early Career Researcher Award (ARC DECRA) DE190101307; Australian Research Council LIEF program (ARC LE130100053); DOE | LDRD | Idaho National Laboratory (Idaho National Lab) DOE | National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA)
First published: 29 November 2021


Saikoanalisia au mkabala wa unafsiya ni tawi la saikolojia, ambalo muasisi wake mkuu ni Mwaustria Sigmund Freud (1856-1939). Mbinu zake zinachunguza kwanza sehemu ya nafsi isiyoelea kwa kawaida (unconscious mind), lakini ni chanzo cha mengi katika mwenendo wa binadamu ili kumtibu mwenye matatizo ya nafsi.
Tawi hilo liliendelezwa kwa namna mbalimbali na Alfred Adler, Carl Gustav Jung, Erich Fromm, Karen Horney, Harry Stack Sullivan n.k. Freud retained the term psychoanalysis for his own school of thought..
Tanbihi[hariri | hariri chanzo]
- Merton M. Gill, American Mental Health Foundation: "What is psychoanalysis? Of course, one is supposed to answer that it is many things — a theory, a research method, a therapy, a body of knowledge. In what might be considered an unfortunately abbreviated description, Freud said that anyone who recognizes transference and resistance is a psychoanalyst, even if he comes to conclusions other than his own. ... I prefer to think of the analytic situation more broadly, as one in which someone seeking help tries to speak as freely as he can to someone who listens as carefully as he can with the aim of articulating what is going on between them and why. David Rapaport (1967a) once defined the analytic situation as carrying the method of interpersonal relationship to its last consequences." Gill, Merton M. "Psychoanalysis, Part 1: Proposals for the Future", American Mental Health Foundation, archived 10 June 2009
- Jane Milton, Caroline Polmear, Julia Fabricius. A Short Introduction to Psychoanalysis. SAGE, 2011, 27. "All psychoanalytic theories include the idea that unconscious thoughts and feelings are central in mental functioning."
- Birnbach, Martin. Neo-Freudian Social Philosophy, Stanford University Press, 1961, 3.
- Mitchell, Juliet. Psychoanalysis and Feminism: A Radical Reassessment of Freudian Psychoanalysis. Penguin Books, 2000, 341.
|Makala hii kuhusu mambo ya sayansi bado ni mbegu. |
Je, unajua kitu kuhusu Saikoanalisia kama historia yake au mahusiano yake na mada nyingine?
Labda unaona habari katika Wikipedia ya Kiingereza au lugha nyingine zinazofaa kutafsiriwa?
Basi unaweza kuisaidia Wikipedia kwa kuihariri na kuongeza habari.


Why are some people allergic to certain foods?
More in Health
Angela Uwamahoro has a 12-month-old baby. While introducing him to solid food she noticed that he could not tolerate cow milk. The baby vomited and became pale whenever he tasted milk. After realising this trend, Uwamahoro suspended cow milk, but she wonders what could be behind that condition. The condition is none other than food allergy.
According to medics, all allergic reactions are a result of the body’s defense mechanism against foreign intruders it (mistakenly) perceives as harmful. In that case the immune system responds to the threat by pumping out antibodies, which in turn triggers the release of protective chemicals.
Dr Edgar Kalimba , a pediatrician at King Faisal Hospital, Kigali, says though any food can cause such an allergic response, some are notorious for provoking the immune system, while others are almost universally harmless. While any food can cause an adverse reaction, eight types of food account for about 90 per cent of all reactions. These include eggs, milk, peanuts, tree nuts, fish, wheat and soy.
Kalimba says symptoms of a food allergy can range from mild to severe. Just because an initial reaction causes few problems doesn’t mean that all reactions will be similar; a food that triggered only mild symptoms on one occasion may cause more severe symptoms at another time.
“The most severe allergic reaction is anaphylaxis, a life-threatening whole-body allergic reaction that can impair your breathing, cause a dramatic drop in your blood pressure and affect your heart rate. Anaphylaxis can come within minutes of exposure to the trigger food. It can be fatal and must be treated promptly with an injection of epinephrine (adrenaline),” he explains.
Kalimba adds that children may outgrow their allergic reactions to milk and eggs. Peanut and tree nut allergies are likely to persist. Symptoms of an allergic reaction may involve the skin, the gastrointestinal tract, the cardiovascular system and the respiratory tract, he says.
The medic explains that allergies can surface in one or more of the following ways: Vomiting and/or stomach cramps, shortness of breath, wheezing, repetitive cough, shock or circulatory collapse, tight, hoarse throat, trouble swallowing and swelling of the tongue, among others.
“Most food-related symptoms occur within two hours of ingestion; often they start within minutes. In some very rare cases, the reaction may be delayed by four to six hours or even longer. Delayed reactions are most typically seen in children who develop eczema as a symptom of food allergy and in people with a rare allergy to red meat caused by the bite of a lone star tick,” he says.
However, Dieudonne Bukaba, a nutrition expert, says not everyone who experiences symptoms after eating certain foods has a food allergy or needs to avoid that food entirely; for instance, some people experience an itchy mouth and throat after eating a raw vegetable.
“This may indicate oral allergy syndrome - a reaction to pollen, not to the food itself. The immune system recognizes the pollen and similar proteins in the food and directs an allergic response to it. The allergen is destroyed by heating the food, which can then be consumed with no problem,” he says.
Diagnosing food allergies
Bukaba says a food allergy will usually cause some sort of reaction every time the trigger food is eaten. Symptoms can vary from person to person, and one may not always experience the same symptoms during every reaction.
To make a diagnosis, the medics ask detailed questions about your medical history and your symptoms. Be prepared to answer questions about: What and how much you ate, how long it took for symptoms to develop, what symptoms you experienced and how long they lasted.
“After taking your history, skin tests and/or blood tests can be taken which indicate whether food-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies are present in your body. A liquid containing a tiny amount of the food allergen is placed on the skin of your arm or back.
“Blood tests, which are a bit less exact than skin tests, measure the amount of IgE antibody to the specific food(s) being tested. The results of these tests are used in making a diagnosis. Once a food allergy is diagnosed, the most effective treatment is to avoid the food but also a patient may get prescribed medicines to alleviate the symptoms,” Bukaba explains.
He adds that in some cases, an oral food challenge is taken. This test is helpful when the patient history is unclear or if the skin or blood tests are inconclusive. It also can be used to determine if an allergy has been outgrown.
“During an oral food challenge, which is conducted under strict medical supervision, the patient is fed tiny amounts of the suspected trigger food in increasing doses over a period of time, followed by a few hours of observation to see if a reaction occurs,” Bukaba says.
Management and treatment
Claudette Kayitesi, a nutritionist at University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, says the primary way to manage a food allergy is to avoid consuming the food that causes you problems. “Carefully check ingredient labels of food products, and learn whether what you need to avoid is known by other names. Other medications may be prescribed to treat symptoms of a food allergy.”
Can you outgrow food allergies?
Kayitesi says children generally, but not always, outgrow allergies to milk, egg, soy and wheat. If a food allergy develops as an adult, chances are much lower you will outgrow it. Food allergies in adults tend to be life long, though there has not been a lot of research in this area.
Medics say the only way to prevent a food allergy reaction is to avoid the food and any items that contain it as an ingredient. Ongoing studies indicate it may be possible to “desensitise” children, even those with severe reactions.
However, exclusive breast-feeding for at least six months decreases the incidence of atopic dermatitis, cow’s milk allergy and wheezing in early life.


We have a lot of injury attorneys on our show from time to time. They all indicate that the damaged brain is unpredictable. But what about a normal brain? Recently a Finnish study research group found that human brain performance fluctuates in time scales, from seconds to minute. There was an inconsistency in the dynamics of the brain with indexing by neuronal scaling laws predicted in individual behavioral variability and conscious detection of extremely weak stimuli. The indication is that individual neuronal dynamics underlie the individual variability in human cognition and performance. The data shows this can lead to a better understanding of the neuronal mechanism of neuropsychiatric diseases, where behavioral dynamics are abnormal.
The neural dynamics in the behavioral unpredictability has been unknown, but the study found that human performance cognitive tasks vary from moment to moment, in a way that the similar behavioral performance is found to be clustered into streaks.Power-law and scale-free distribution is observed in natural systems, such as earth quakes, gene regulation, sand piles and brain activity, this is referred to as “avalanche dynamics.” What has been unknown is the functional significance of neuronal scale-free behavior and whether it is epiphenomena without having further importance.
Researcher Matias Palva the projected leader in the Finland Neuroscience Center of the University of Helsinki stated, they investigated the individual variability in scaling-laws of visual and auditory stimuli presented in the entry of detection, which could be predicted by inconsistency in the neuronal scaling laws.
Individual Neuron Dynamics
A magneto and electroencephalography was used in recording non-invasive human brain activity, during task performance. Researchers found both behavioral and neuronal dynamics were exemplified by scale-free dynamics. Individual unpredictability in neuronal scaling laws helped in predicting the individual scaling laws in behavioral performance.
The Finnish study research leader Stau Palva said, “the results show that the individual behavorial and psychophysical inconsistency in task performance.” This is a result of the inherent variability of individual neuronal dynamics. So as more and more is learned about the gray matter we call brains, we all understand that even a healthy brain is variable.


“The find can be dated to the third century and will definitely change the historical perception of that time,” Dr. Henning Haßmann told The Local.
The amazing discovery allows an insight in what must have been a dramatic battle between Romans and Germanic tribes. “The find indicates a massive Roman military presence,” Haßmann said.
So far historians believed that the battle of the Teutoburg Forest, which took place in 9 AD, resulted in the Roman’s Empire withdrawal from Germania without any further attempt to conquer the land beyond the Rhine River again. But the unearthing of the battleground near the village of Kalefeld proves that Rome didn’t give up its expansionary ambitions until much later than previously assumed.
“It is pretty normal to find evidence of Roman culture all over even up in Scotland, but a find like this in northern Germany is really amazing,” Haßmann said. “And it’s spectacularly well preserved.”
The dig has already brought some 600 artefacts to light during the last three months, most of them ancient weapons.
The exact location has been kept a secret so far, to keep private collectors at bay, Haßmann said. But it will be revealed on Monday by Lower Saxony’s minister for science and culture, Lutz Stratmann, as well as the archaeologists that were involved in the excavation.


‘A fabulous story, superbly told … cannot be bettered’ Max Hastings
‘Some battles change nothing. Waterloo changed almost everything.’
On the 18th June 1815 the armies of France, Britain and Prussia descended upon a quiet valley south of Brussels. In the previous three days the French army had beaten the British at Quatre-Bras and the Prussians at Ligny. The Allies were in retreat.
The blood-soaked battle of Waterloo would become a landmark in European history, to be examined over and again, not least because until the evening of the 18th, the French army was close to prevailing on the battlefield.
Now, brought to life by the celebrated novelist Bernard Cornwell, this is the chronicle of the four days leading up to the actual battle and a thrilling hour-by-hour account of that fateful day.
In his first work of non-fiction, Cornwell combines his storytelling skills with a meticulously researched history to give a riveting account of every dramatic moment, from Napoleon’s escape from Elba to the smoke and gore of the battlefields. Through letters and diaries he also sheds new light on the private thoughts of Napoleon and the Duke of Wellington, as well as the ordinary officers and soldiers.
Published to coincide with the bicentenary in 2015, Waterloo is a tense and gripping story of heroism and tragedy – and of the final battle that determined the fate of Europe.


I seem to get an endless stream of emails advising of toy and equipment recalls for young childrens' safety from various companies.
A parent should be just as concerned at the purchase stage for their childs eye safety when choosing new toys. As a child is born with underdeveloped sight newbons will only see things really close up and once they get to toddling age they are often farsighted. By school age some kids need corrective glasses. A child is always being visually stimulated and nothing does that more so than a toy. As most childhood accidents occur at home many of them are relevant to the choice of toy as kids spend a lot of time time playing with them so it's really important to ensure that those you choose are safe overall as well as safe for their eye health.
Toy size is important. If a toy is large enough to not be mouthed but can be manipulated into smaller pieces then put the toy away until your child is older. Ensure their constructed so they won't break apart and double-check that paints and finishes are non-toxic and not likely to peel or flake off.
Cuddly toys should avoid having ribbons or buttons on them that can be pulled off or will catch eyes and skin and without debate avoid toys with sharp or rough edges. Long handled toys should ideally have rounded handles, and always be supervised when being played with.
Avoid toys that shoot objects into the air like bows and arrows , slingshots or dart guns especially for children under 6. Older children that play with chemistry sets or woodworking tools should be given plastic safety goggles. It is a good rule to stick with the age related or developmental recommendations on toys.
The World Against Toys Causing Harm (W.A.T.C.H.) back in 2011 featured two toys that could particularly cause harm to a child's eyes. Though age recommendations were given on the packaging and warnings for choking hazards were provided none of them mentioned warnings for eye safety though they obviously posed a threat for such, as such they were recalled.
As toy manufacturers don't always get the age recommendations on their packaging right, the burden is on you as the consumer and parent to be smart and not allow your young child to play with toys that could easily result in an eye injury and even vision loss.


The Dominican Republic is a nation of incredible wealth and natural beauty; however, much of the nation’s population is impoverished. According to the International Monetary Fund, the average Dominican makes less than a fifth of the income that the average American makes as measured by GDP per capita (PPP). In fact, the minimum wage of the Dominican Republic is about 85 cents per hour. As a result, many Dominican families must work seemingly never-ending shifts in “sweat shops” that are all too often owned by massive American corporations.
Since our students are consumers of products made for American corporations, Mr. Osei and I tasked our students with designing their own garment factory. Students had to set their employees’ wage levels, establish work shift policies, brainstorm appropriate rules and responsibilities and develop mission statements for their organizations. Over the next hour, we were completely blown away by our students’ reflections. When we asked students what they wanted their factories’ missions to be, a few students suggested that they wanted their factories to help give opportunities to impoverished youth. Other students said that their factories would help train “unskilled” workers. Even more students said that their factories should financially support local communities. Surprisingly, not one student said that our factories should be focused on making profits. Furthermore, our students set higher wages in order to allow families to earn living wages.
After this exercise, we looked at a very real factory that has incorporated similar ideas. A few years ago, Knights Apparel opened a factory in Villa Altagracia in order to manufacture college sports gear and apparel. Instead of paying the minimum wage, Knights Apparel pays its employees three times this amount. In a New York Times article on the factory, employees consistently pointed out how these higher wages allowed them to make substantial improvements to their living conditions. While other apparel companies highly doubt that the factory will survive, Knights Apparel has continued to prosper with continued support from college clothing stores. Of course, this wasn’t surprising to our students because they know that with hard work and community support, anything is possible.


As a parent there are few things more frustrating than packing a lunch for your child to take to school, only to find it squashed and mouldy at the bottom of their school bag a week later.
It can be challenging to strike the balance between a healthy and an enticing lunch box, but there are ways to ensure the food you send with your child doesn’t make the round trip home.
Accredited practising dietitian Jane O’Shea, from Diet Effects in Warrawong, says it is important to add variety to a lunch box, to keep it interesting for both the chef and the mini reviewer.
She says including foods of different colours, textures and shapes will encourage kids to try, and get used to, eating different things.
An ideal lunch box for a primary school student includes carbohydrates for energy, a protein source such as cold meat or cheese to aid with growth, some dairy such as a low-fat milk drink to create strong bones, and fruit and vegetables.
Deciding how much food to pack your child can be difficult, but ensuring they have enough for both recess and lunch is key. Many schools also set aside a few minutes in class for students to ‘‘munch and crunch’’ on fruit and vegetables, so celery or carrot sticks, nashi slices or grapes are ideal as they don’t create waste.
‘‘ Bearing in mind that their tummies are quite small, they need energy-dense food so they can eat a small amount that delivers good energy,’’ O’Shea says.
Repetition breeds boredom, so parents sick of making the same Vegemite and cheese sandwich, crusts off, day after day, can use sandwiches to sneak more vegetables into their child’s diet.
Adding vegetables that won’t go soggy, such as tomatoes especially grown to work well on bread, or mixing corn kernels in with a cream cheese spread will ensure your child gets the nutrients they need.
‘‘Even beetroot, I know this sounds a bit scary to put in a lunch box, but beetroot mixed with cream cheese makes a nice spread, and it’s pink and colourful,’’ adds O’Shea.
She also suggests filling combinations such as grated carrot, sultanas and cream cheese; tomato, cheese and cold meat, and, for the more adventurous littlies, tuna mixed with sweet corn on wholemeal or wholegrain bread slices, rolls or wraps.
While it can be tempting to add a small chocolate or a packet of chips to the mix, O’Shea instead recommends changing the idea of what a ‘‘treat’’ is.
‘‘It could instead be strawberries, a slice of mango rather than a chocolate; it could be a little bag of popcorn or a homemade mini muffin as a treat,’’ she says.
‘‘Keep party foods for parties and body and brain building food for school.’’
While it is harder to control what your child buys at the canteen when given a few dollars to source their own lunch, O’Shea says simply encouraging them to choose healthier options – of which there are probably a stack – can work wonders.
If you’re sick of making the same old sandwiches, then your kids are also probably sick of eating them. Try mixing it up and adding colour.Picture: CATHERINE YEULET
Quick lunch box tips
• Use a cooler bag, or add a frozen ice container to your child’s lunch box to keep food cool and protect products like low-fat yoghurt or cheese slices during the day.
• Water is the best drink a child can take to school. While a low-fat milk drink adds an extra serve of dairy during the day, all kids should have a drink bottle filled with water. Look for brightly coloured or patterned bottles with parts that can be frozen to keep the drink cool during the day. Juice poppers should only be an occasional treat.
• Most schools have policies against children bringing nuts to school to protect kids with a nut allergy, so check the ingredients list on any snacks before you buy. Steer clear of peanut butter sandwiches, and remind your kids to wash their hands after they eat to remove any food traces.
• Get your children involved in choosing and packing what they take for recess and lunch. Start small by making them responsible for selecting what fruit they want to eat during the week, or put them in charge of filling up their drink bottle each morning.
• Parents stumped for inspiration on what to put in that brightly coloured box can even turn to apps full of ideas, such as free downloads Kids Lunch Box Diet Recipes and Healthy Snacks For Kids.


Superweeds, a side-effect of growing Roundup-Ready genetically modified (GM) crops, are a growing problem. Roundup-Ready crops, engineered to tolerate weedkiller, are the most popular variety of GM crop today. However, many native weeds have evolved their own defense to weedkiller and now occupy 10 million acres of US farmland. Despite this issue being a direct result of growing GM crops, the Obama administration and USDA recently made it clear, they firmly stand beside biotechnology.
Ann Wright, a deputy undersecretary at the USDA, told a House oversight subcommittee last week:
This administration and USDA see biotechnology as being a very important tool for farmers to use in addressing some very important issues, globally and domestically. All the options we look at have to be supportive of that.
Yes, you read that right. In finding a solution, the Obama administration and USDA will only consider options supporting the same technology that created the problem.
Wright also stated the USDA did not have authority to regulate weedkiller-tolerant crops leading to superweeds.
Congressman Dennis Kucinich, Ohio democrat and former presidential candidate, corrected her by stating the department can impose restrictions on weedkiller-tolerant crops under its authority to control noxious weeds. Kucinich advocates creating a moratorium on genetically modified organisms and is holding a series of hearings on the superweed issue.
Monsanto, the creators of Roundup (a weedkiller also known as glyphosate), is the world’s largest supplier of genetically modified seeds. They alter the DNA of crops to resist weedkiller, then sell both the seed and weedkiller to the farmer. It is supposed to make a farmer’s life easier, as it allows an entire field to be blanketed with weedkiller. The GM crops survive, and the weeds die. It was touted to be more environmentally friendly than the old method of tilling weeds under. But as the years went on, the weeds around the crops grew resistant to weedkiller as well, erasing the benefits of the GM crop.
This news reinforces President Obama’s appearance as a politician determined to facilitate biotech world domination. Since winning the presidency, he has made it his mission to fill his administration with a team of biotech all-stars:
December 17, 2008, then-President-elect Barack Obama nominated Tom Vilsack, a politician well-known for his preference of large industrial farms and genetically modified crops, as US Secretary of Agriculture. Vilsack originated legislation prohibiting local communities from regulating where GM crops could be grown. He was also the founder and former chair of the Governor’s Biotechnology Partnership, and was named Governor of the Year by the Biotechnology Industry Organization.
July 7, 2009, President Obama appointed Michael Taylor, Monsanto-man and poster boy for revolving door politics, as “senior advisor” to the FDA Commissioner. Taylor began his career as staff attorney for the FDA before moving to a law firm representing Monsanto. He later returned to the FDA as Deputy Commissioner for Policy, where he lead the approval for using Monsanto’s rBGH growth hormone in dairy cows without labeling. From there he moved to the USDA as Administrator of the Food Safety & Inspection Service, before becoming Monsanto’s Vice President for Public Policy.
September 24, 2009, President Obama appointed Roger Beachy, “the father of GM foods”, as Director of the National Institute of Food and Agriculture (NIFA). Beachy was the founding president of the Danforth Plant and Science Center, a non-profit arm of Monsanto, where he is still a trustee and member of its scientific advisory board. A part of the USDA, NIFA was developed as a result of a task force chaired by William H. Danforth and appointed by then Secretary of Agriculture, Ann Veneman. Veneman herself has a history in biotech, having served on the board of directors for Calgene Inc, a biotech company later purchased by Monsanto.
November 10, 2009, President Obama nominated Rajiv Shah, GMO and vaccine proponent, as Administrator of the US Agency for International Development (USAID). Before this, Shah was Chief Scientist at the USDA (also appointed by Obama), where he worked on launching NIFA. Shah used his USDA position to promote genetic engineering to Congress and direct millions towards GMO research. Prior to his involvement in government, Shah was the agricultural programs director for the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, along with the Danforth Plant and Science Center, is one of Monsanto’s key non-profit partners.
January 13, 2010, President Obama re-appoints Michael Taylor, this time to Deputy Commissioner of Foods for the FDA.
April 2, 2010, President Obama appointed Islam A. Siddiqui, a registered biotech lobbyist, as Chief Agricultural Negotiator in the Office of the United States Trade Representative. Siddiqui is a former VP for Science and Regulatory Affairs at CropLife America, a biotechnology industry consortium. His credentials include lobbying against mandatory labeling of GMO foods in Japan and criticizing the European Union’s precautionary rejection of importing GMOs. Siddiqui is the former Under Secretary for Marketing and Regulatory Programs at the USDA, where he oversaw the National Organic Program’s standards. These standards initially allowed both irradiated and GM foods to be labeled as organic, but were later revised due to public opposition.
It’s no wonder 86% of US farmland is planted with GM crops, a good ‘ol boys network is writing our nation’s agricultural policy!
Meanwhile, on the opposite end of the agricultural spectrum, the First Lady created an organic garden where she grows produce for the White House kitchen as well as local charities and soup kitchens. She also uses the garden to educate local elementary school children about organic gardening. In addition, the First Lady hosted diplomat spouses of world leaders at the UN General Assembly to a luncheon tour of a local NY farm specializing in seed diversity, local farming and sustainability.
You may be baffled, so am I. Is Michelle Obama just a front? Does the President really believe he is helping the world? Or, is he a puppet in the hands of wealthy campaign financiers?
Clearly, the government has ignored the growing number of studies which indicate GM food is unsafe for human or animal consumption. A paper released by The American Academy of Environmental Medicine (AAEM) shows more than a causal association between GMOs and adverse health effects.
According to the AAEM,
…several animal studies indicate serious health risks associated with GM food consumption including infertility, immune dysregulation, accelerated aging, dysregulation of genes associated with cholesterol synthesis, insulin regulation, cell signaling, and protein formation, and changes in the liver, kidney, spleen and gastrointestinal system.
Another study, lead by Professor Andrés Carrasco of the Laboratory of Molecular Embryology at the University of Buenos Aires Medical School, demonstrated that glyphosate (Roundup) causes birth defects at far lower doses than those used in agricultural spraying and well below maximum residue levels in products approved by the European Union. The study was initiated because of widespread reports of human malformations in Argentina beginning in 2002. This was two years after farmers began widespread aerial spraying of Roundup on their GM soy crops.
Even the President’s own Cancer Panel suggests reducing your risk of cancer by “giving preference to food grown without pesticides, chemical fertilizers and growth hormones.” In other words, eat organic.
We are faced with a mountain of problems linked to genetically modified organisms and they continue to build: South African farmers were devastated in 2009 when genetically modified maize from Monsanto failed to produce kernels; GM soy has been linked sterility and infant mortality in hamsters; and insecticide-producing GM corn is polluting streams, lakes and rivers. What will be next?
The biotech lobbyists have succeeded in preventing GM foods from being labeled thus far, but many are seeking for that to change. This Washington Post public poll clearly shows the public wants to know if they are eating GMOs. But, the biotech industry knows they would have no industry if that was the case. Watch for this issue this coming election and ask your candidates where they stand on GMO Food Labels.
Congressman Kucinich seems to be one of the only people in Washington taking a stand for integrity and common sense. Let’s hope he still has a job come November.


An animation posted on Twitter has shocked internet users as it shows the impressive size of Jupiter and just how it rapidly spins. Shared by planetary astronomer and science communicator, James O’Donoghue, the clip shows all of the planets of the solar system dominated by Jupiter, which is then dwarfed by the Sun. “Celestial objects to scale in size, rotation speed and tilt,” Dr O’Donoghue, wrote in the caption.
Watch the clip below:
Celestial objects to scale in size, rotation speed and tilt ???? pic.twitter.com/KCfjHDABdF
— Dr. James O’Donoghue (@physicsJ) April 26, 2022
In the following tweet, Dr O’Donoghue explained that a day on Jupiter is 9 hours and 56 minutes. “It’s the biggest and also [the] fastest planet. In the early solar system, it grew from loads of Sun-orbiting material, converting the orbital momentum into spin angular momentum. Bigger planets are likely to be fast for this reason,” he added.
Also Read | Partial Solar Eclipse on April 30: Will It Be Visible In India? Here’s How To Watch
Since shared, the video has been viewed over 13 million times. Twitter users have replied to the animation, commenting on both the tremendous size of Jupiter and its rapid rotation rate. “This is very well done. As Douglas Adams once said, we live on an ‘utterly insignificant little blue-green planet,’” wrote one user. “I’ve watched this clip multiple times already, it’s so fascinating. and when Jupiter (!!!) and Saturn begin to appear in the frame??!” added another.
It is to mention that according to US National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), Jupiter, which is the fifth planet from the Sun, is so great in mass that it is twice as massive as all the other planets combined. The planet has a radius that is 11 times the size of Earth.
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The Laws of Motion
1) Balanced forces mean no change in velocity
Meaning as long as the forces on an object are all balanced, then it'll stay still, unless it's already moving, then it will move at a constant veloocity.
BUT Things do not need a constant overall force to keep them moving
To keep going at a steady speed, there must be zero resultant force
2) A resultant force means acceleration


The following work-in-progress page gives some tips relating to using Mapnik to render spatial data (i.e. geometry/geography) from SQL Server.
The most important concept to understand about rendering maps in Mapnik is the concept of how features are ordered and layered. Maps are built up from a number of layers, stacked on top of each other using the “Painter’s Algorithm”. Very simply, what this means is that layers are drawn on top of one another, and any features drawn in higher layers (i.e. those nearer the top of the stack of layers) will obscure any features in lower layers. Just like when you paint a picture.
Layers are drawn in the order in which they appear in the mapfile, so it’s important to make sure you’ve thought about how many and which features should appear in which layer. A typical simple layer structure of a road map might look like this (from background to foreground):
- Topographic Relief Polygon Features (i.e. Shaded areas of land use – forest/water/scrub etc.). These form the “background” of the map, and are only visible if there are no other more prominent features placed on top of them.
- Topographic Line Features (i.e. Contour lines, cliff edges). Plotted after polygon features to ensure they are not obscured.
- Road casing Line layer (i.e. the “edges” of roads)
- Road fill layer
- Building outline Line layer
- Building fill Polygon layer
- Label text layer
Notice that it is common to have the outlines and fills of features like roads and buildings drawn separately, in two different layers. This means that the outlines of all roads will be drawn on the map, and only then will the middle of the roads will be filled. This is important to ensure that the edge casing of one road will never be drawn on top of the fill of a different road:
Also, be aware that, within a layer, all features will share the same z-index, so they’ll simply be plotted in the order they are retrieved from the data source. It’s a relatively common misconception among new SQL Server developers to believe that, in the absence of an ORDER BY clause, the results of a SQL query will be returned “in the order that the records are stored in the database”. This, of course, is nonsense. The fact is that, unless you specify an ORDER BY, the order in which results are returned is completely non-deterministic. So, to arrange the features within each layer in the correct order, it’s really important that all the SQL queries have explicit ORDER BY clauses.
As to the question of what is the correct field to ORDER BY? Just think about the priority of your features – you want the more important features to be on top of other features, which means plotting them last.
An interesting exception to the general rule of plotting more important features last (and therefore on top) is when plotting text labels of features. Mapnik contains a label placement algorithm that prevent labels from colliding on the map, which would otherwise make it too cluttered with text. So, when plotting labels, you generally want to retrieve the most important features first, to ensure that they get plotted. Any subsequent labels will only be plotted on the map if they don’t collide with already plotted labels. So, if writing labels of cities, you’d want to ORDER BY the population of each city descending, to ensure larger cities get labelled first.
Defining a SQL Server Layer
Mapnik doesn’t have a dedicated SQL Server driver, but instead supports SQL Server via the generic OGR datasource. So, you can create an OGR VRT file that defines the connection and query to execute against SQL Server for your mapnik layer.
I originally thought I would be able to define all my layers within the same VRT file, but when I tried to do so, by e.g.:
<OGRVRTDataSource> <OGRVRTLayer name="OSVectorMap_Roads"> <SrcDataSource>MSSQL:server=.\SQLEXPRESS;database=Spatial;trusted_connection=yes</SrcDataSource> <SrcSQL>SELECT FEATCODE, FEATDESC, geog4326.STAsText() AS geomWKT FROM TG20 WHERE type='roads'</SrcSQL> <GeometryField encoding="WKT" field="geomWKT"/> </OGRVRTLayer> <OGRVRTLayer name="OSVectorMap_Buildings"> <SrcDataSource>MSSQL:server=.\SQLEXPRESS;database=Spatial;trusted_connection=yes</SrcDataSource> <SrcSQL>SELECT FEATCODE, FEATDESC, geog4326.STAsText() AS geomWKT FROM TG20 WHERE type='buildings'</SrcSQL> <GeometryField encoding="WKT" field="geomWKT"/> </OGRVRTLayer> </OGRVRTDataSource>
I got an error as follows:
ERROR 1: [Microsoft][ODBC SQL Server Driver]Connection is busy with results for another hstmt
I’m not sure how Mapnik/OGR uses shared connections, but it seems that you need to define a separate VRT file for each layer. Not a massive problem.
Creating the Mapfile
to be continued…
to be continued…


The vast waters of The Bahamas team with an amazing array of marine habitats, including coral reefs and mangroves that feature a diversity of dolphins, sharks, and rays as well as sea turtles and manatees.
What is coral?
Corals are invertebrates: animals without backbones. They belong to the group of creatures called Cnidaria, which also includes sea anemones and jellies. Like all cnidarians, corals have no head. Their bodies are saclike with a mouth surrounded by a crown of tentacles in groups of six or eight. Coral polyps are some of the smaller members of this group, and the polyps range in size from less than an inch to several inches in diameter. Corals feed using their tentacles to capture their prey, which includes tiny animals called zooplankton as well as small fish.
What is a coral reef?
Coral reefs are colonies of small animals, known as polyps, which release calcium carbonate to form a hard skeleton on which they live. Coral reefs are found in shallow, tropical waters around the world. Living coral reefs provide homes for large numbers of marine animals. In fact, coral reefs make up only 1 one percent of the ocean’s habitat but include over 25 percent of its species. Barrier reefs are the largest living structures in the world and are formed by coral running roughly parallel to the shore, which is separated from it by a wide, deep lagoon. The largest barrier reef in the world in the Great Barrier Reef in Australia stretching over 1,500 miles. The Andros Coral Reef is the 6th longest reef in the world at 124 miles in length.
Threats to Corals
Coral reefs are facing a crisis. More than 10 percent of the world’s reefs have been destroyed and 60 percent more face the same fate in the next 40 years if action is not taken. Factors that are endangering coral reefs include:
- Pollution, including oil spills and agricultural and mining runoff
- Overfishing of plant-eating fish that keep the reef clear of algae
- Boats colliding into reefs
- Changing climate
- Coastal development
A complete assessment of the health of coral reefs around the world has not occurred in 12 years. By the end of 2020, Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network (GCRMN) will release a new report on global coral reef health.


Improving Communication Skills to Help Solve Human Problems
Finding ways to communicate with each other about sensitive topics can seem especially difficult now. But whether it is across gender, “race”, religious, political or other imaginary lines, we must continue to try. Let’s explore how to do this and put those ideas into practice. We might even practice with an actual issue in your community. We can examine better ways to communicate during this “Covid Era” over Zoom. Lawrence will host and facilitate the meetings, so all the participants need to do is click on a link to join the conversation.
Representative democracy is all about “Doing the most good, for the most people, most often”. Those three M’s should be the lens through which most social, political and governmental actions are viewed. They should be a standard by which most of our collective actions are judged. They should be the guiding principles of our personal efforts. This program explores and promotes this concept and shows practical ways to put it into action.
Lowering Prison Recidivism in South Dakota Prisons
The large number of people in our prisons represents a loss in human capital, broken families and a large sucking sound on our state budget. Our state government is trying to reduce the prison population while insuring public safety. But the general public can and should can help fix this problem. As a chaplain in the state prison system, Lawrence speaks with inmates about what they can do to be better citizens. This interactive presentation is intended to bring their ideas to you and bring your ideas to them.
Humans are feeling beings that think, not thinking beings that feel. The motivation we feel to connect with others comes more from what we feel about them than what we think about them. This program presents ways to lower the resistance to meeting and interacting with people. Drawing on some groundbreaking research, it focuses on getting people to feel different. It has been shown that if people feel differently they will likely think differently. In this interactive discussion you will discover what others are doing and what you can do to bring communities together.
Erasing Imaginary Lines
While we like to think of ourselves as “unique”, we are much more alike than we are different. Erasing the imaginary lines that divide us will allow us to harness the full power of our humanity by allowing more mutual contributions to our lives. This can be especially helpful in improving customer relations whether in business, churches or non-profit organizations. This program explores practical ways we can recognize and remove the imaginary lines that divide us by exploring the “5th P of Marketing”’, “People”.


To copy files in Python, you can use the shutil module which provides a high-level interface for file operations. Here is an example of how to copy a file:
# source file path
src_file = ‘/path/to/source/file’
# destination file path
dst_file = ‘/path/to/destination/file’
# copy the file
In this example, shutil.copy() takes two arguments: the source file path and the destination file path. It copies the contents of the source file to the destination file. If the destination file already exists, it will be overwritten.
If you want to copy a directory and its contents, you can use shutil.copytree():
# source directory path
src_dir = ‘/path/to/source/directory’
# destination directory path
dst_dir = ‘/path/to/destination/directory’
# copy the directory and its contents
In this example, shutil.copytree() takes two arguments: the source directory path and the destination directory path. It recursively copies the entire directory and its contents to the destination directory. If the destination directory already exists, it will raise an error.


The most common technique that hackers and identity thieves use to compromise accounts and install malware is phishing. Why is this? Quite simply, it is effective.
Phishing is an email fraud method used by hackers and thieves. The email usually appears to come from a legitimate sender in order to lure unsuspecting recipients into giving their personal, financial, or other sensitive information. The scammers use that information to commit identity theft, gain access to your accounts, and hack your computer.
Phishers are becoming much more sophistocated and convincing, making it even more important for users to become savvier & not get hooked.
Spear Phishing: UA faculty, staff, and students receive multiple spear phishing attempts each week. Spear phishing targets a particular group (e.g., members of the UA community) in order to trick recipients into providing information or clicking on attachments or links in the email in order to gain access to a system or data. Examples of several types of spear phishing attempts that the UA sees on a very regular basis can be found here.
As phishing schemes become more sophisticated, with phishers being able to convince up to 5% of recipients to respond, it becomes increasingly important to be vigilant in identifying and protecting yourself from these scams.
- Typically uses urgent or exciting language to get you to act quickly without thinking
- Asks for passwords, bank account information, usernames, credit card numbers, social security numbers, etc.
- Displays fake URLs that actually direct you to dangerous sites
- Contains attachments that you are directed to open for an urgent reason, or because you will gain something important from doing so.
- Never respond to any suspicious email by clicking on links or filling out forms with personal or financial information.
- Don't believe everything you read. If you are unsure as to whether a website is legitimate, confirm it by contacting the company or organization.
- Double check the URLs of websites you visit. Rather than using contact information provided in any email, take a moment and look it up on the company's website.
- Be patient. Too many users end up the victims of Internet crime because they do not stop to think, but instead act on impulse clicking on a "sexy" link or an interesting looking attachment without thinking of the possible consequences.
- Never provide personal information or information about your company/organization via email, text, or over the phone.
- Don't open unexpected attachments. Contact the email source to verify the contents. Again, use a trusted source to find contact information for the recipient.
If you believe you might have inadvertently revealed sensitive university information such as your NetID password, you should change your password immediately. If you have additionally questions, comments or concerns contact UA Information Security at firstname.lastname@example.org or 621-UISO (8476).
If you provided personal information that could be used for identity theft or fraud in response to a fraudulent email, you should immediately contact the company being spoofed.
- All About Phishing: Don't Bite (awareness brochure)
- Be Aware of Phishing (awareness handout)
- Report a Phish (awareness flyer)
- Don't Get Hooked (awareness flyer)
- UA Phishing Alerts
- UA Phishing Alert RSS Feed (go here to subscribe)
- Forwarding Phishing Email as an Attachment Guide
- Full Email Headers Guide
- Lo Que Pasa Guest Column: "Don't Get Hooked by Phishing Attacks"
- Phishing Quizzes
- US-Cert Avoiding Social Engineering & Phishing Attacks
- Phishing Quick Facts
- Sophos: Simple Steps to Avoid Being Phished
- TechRepublic: 10 Tips for Spotting a Phishing Email
- Anatomy of an i-Tunes Phish


Essays on the resurrection of jesus
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Caffeine may suppress taste of sweet foods
So many of us start our day with a hot cup of caffeinated coffee, it wakes us up, warms us up and gives us an energy boost- or does it? A study published in Journal of Food Science found that participants reported the same levels of alertness after consuming either regular or decaf coffee suggesting that there may be a placebo effect to the simple morning ritual of enjoying a cup of coffee. They also observed that caffeinated drinkers rated their beverage as tasting less sweet over decaf.
The blinded study included 107 participants, divided into two groups. Upon each visit to the lab, groups sampled decaf coffee supplemented either with 200mg caffeine or a bit of quinine to provide a bitter property equal to caffeinated brew. Both groups had added sugar.
Remarkably, panelists who drank the caffeinated version, ranked their beverage as less sweet, despite both samples containing the same amount of sweetener. They also rated their energy levels on an alertness scale where they reported the same increase in alertness after trying both samples! Reaction time and hunger were also measured without significant differences.
Caffeine interferes with adenosine receptors which are known to make us feel sleepy and relaxed. When the receptors are blocked, we have a feeling of alertness and a decreased ability to distinguish sweetness. You could look at this another way, for example, if you take too lumps in your coffee; you could switch to decaf and eliminate some of those added sugars! And not to worry, because this study demonstrated a strong placebo effect to coffee whereby the flavor and aroma produce feelings of alertness, you won’t miss out on your morning pick me up!
Whether you’re enjoying decaf or regular coffee, we think you should give our Crumble Coffee Cake Squares a try!
Published November 1, 2017


By Erin Horvat
This booklet presents theoretically grounded, real-world suggestion for college students starting to how you can behavior qualitative learn. Drawing at the authors’ vast adventure educating qualitative tools, the textual content makes use of scholars’ questions and matters as an organizational framework. not like many textbooks, this one offers scholars with an within view into the most typical dilemmas and demanding situations they'll face as they begin doing examine. This easy-to-use booklet addresses the foremost stages of any ethnographic project—from starting a venture and defining its goals, to info assortment, research, writing, and reporting effects. whereas designed in particular for rookies, professional qualitative researchers will locate precious insights, priceless counsel, and new methods of puzzling over qualitative research.
- Real-life, attractive learn examples with particular advice.
- A succinct and ordinary presentation, ideal for direction adoptions.
- Lessons from scholars as they realized the way to do qualitative research.
- An appendix with web site choice and location prospectus guidelines.
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“If you are interested in learn, Erin Horvat's new booklet is either informative and a pleasure to learn. Whether you're a student of qualitative tools doing ethnographic learn projects; a preservice instructor looking at in classrooms; or a teacher eager to behavior reviews on your personal school rooms, you will love this entire and certain box guide, together with the wonderful examples of ‘ethnographic trips’ from Erin's students who illustrate the method of making examine projects.”
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Read Online or Download The Beginner's Guide to Doing Qualitative Research: How to Get into the Field, Collect Data, and Write Up Your Project PDF
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Additional info for The Beginner's Guide to Doing Qualitative Research: How to Get into the Field, Collect Data, and Write Up Your Project


In this article we are going to know AU full form
Find The Full Form Of AU
- The full form of AU stands for Australia, which is a country in the world.
Below We Are Going To Explain The Meaning Of AU,
AU Full form
Find The Meaning Of AU
What Is The Meaning Of AU?
The Meaning Of AU is a country in the Southern Hemisphere between the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean.
Find The Abbreviation Of Australia
What Is The Abbreviation Of Australia?
The Abbreviation Of Australia Is AU.
Australia (ISO 3166 code: AU), was officially the Commonwealth of Australia. Thus, AU is a country in the Southern Hemisphere between the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean.
- The short form used for Gold is AU, a term used in Chemistry. Gold (Symbol: Au) denotes a dense, soft, malleable, and ductile metal having an atomic number 79. The name is derived from the Anglo-Saxon word for the metal and the symbol comes from the Latin word ‘aurum’, gold.
- The acronym used for African Union is AU, an International Organization. African Union (AU) refers to a union consisting of 54 African states.
- AU stands for Air University, a Governmental term used for Military in the United States. Air University (AU) connotes United States Air Force’s Air primary center for professional military education. Headquarter of AU is at Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama, United States.
- AU is an abbreviation of Aarhus Universitet [Aarhus University], which is a term used by Universities & Institutions in Denmark. Aarhus University denoted as Danish: Aarhus Universitet, AU which is a public university located in Aarhus, Denmark.
- AU is a concise form of the Astronomical Unit. An Astronomical Unit (AU) signifies the average distance between the Earth and the Sun. This distance is defined as 149597870.7 km (92955807.3 miles).
- The full form of AU stands for Andhra University, a term used by Universities & Institutions in India. Andhra University (AU) signifies a university located in Visakhapatnam, in the northeast coastal area of Andhra Pradesh, India.
- AU is a concise form of Alianza Unidad[Unity Alliance], a Governmental term used for Politics in Nicaragua. Unity Alliance which is denoted by a Spanish word: Alianza Unidad. AU acts as a Nicaraguan electoral alliance of three centers left and right parties in the Nicaraguan 1996 elections.
- AU is a shorter way to express Aberdeen University], is a term used by Universities & Institutions in the United Kingdom. University of Aberdeen or Aberdeen University (AU) refers to a public research-focused university located in the city of Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom.
- AU stands for Arellano, is a term used by Universities & Institutions in the Philippines. Arellano University (AU) performs the function of a private university located in Manila, Philippines.
- The acronym of Audio is AU, a term used as a File Extension. Thus, AU is denoted as .au which is an audio file format developed by Sun Microsystems for the UNIX platform for use on the Internet.
- AU is a shorter manner to express Air University, which is a term used by Universities & Institutions in Pakistan. Air University (AU) indicates a public research university located in Islamabad, Pakistan.
- AU is an ellipsis used for American University Universities & Institution], which is a term used by Universities & Institutions in the United States. American University (AU) stands for private liberal arts and research-based university in Washington, D.C., United States.
- The full form of AU stands for Adelphi University], which is a term used by Universities & Institutions in the United States. Adelphi University (AU) implies a private university located in Garden City, in Nassau County, New York, United States.
- Aberystwyth University is an abbreviated name for AU, a term associated with Universities & institutions in the United Kingdom. Aberystwyth University (AU) means a public research university located in Aberystwyth, Wales, and the United Kingdom.
- AU is an acronym used for Alfred University], which is a term used by Universities & Institutions in the United States. Alfred University (AU) stands for a university in the Village of Alfred in Western New York, United States.
AU is Abbreviation for?
• Australia, Gold, Aberdeen University, African Union, Air University, Aarhus Universitet, Astronomical Unit, Andhra University, Alianza Unidad [Unity Alliance], Arellano University, Audio, Air University, American University, Adelphi University, Aberystwyth University, and Alfred University.
Frequently Asked Questions:
What does AU stand for?
The Astronomical Unit (AU) is quite just a solution to the question “How distant is that the Earth from the Sun” – it also provides an important tool for surveying the universe because it offers a hard and fast unit with which to match vast distances across space.
What does AU stand for in science?
What is Au in computer?
AU is brief for audio, a standard format for sound files on UNIX machines. The AU file format was first introduced by Sun Microsystems and is also the standard audio file format for the Java programming language. Au files generally end with a. au extension.
Why do we use AU?
Astronomical units are just a useful thanks to believing the system relative to the space from Earth to the Sun because it is easy to use. When you use AU, it’s easier to know the relative distances, which Saturn is about ten times farther from the sun.
What does AU mean in school?
A U grade means your result was so poor it could not be marked, hence Unmarked.
What is the measure of AU?
Astronomical unit. An Astronomical Unit (AU, or au), a unit of length effectively adequate to the typical, or mean, the space between Earth and therefore the Sun, defined as 149,597,870.7 km (92,955,807.3 miles).
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- Category: Blog
- Published: Wednesday, 05 December 2018 18:33
- Written by Ray White
Every manufacturing project has tasks, or steps, phases, or activities that define the work you'll perform. And some of those tasks are dependent upon others. In other words, you can’t start one step until another is completed. Or, there may be phases later in the process that won’t start until previous phases are finished.
Those are called task dependencies. Tasks are linked, and their dates depend on previous tasks.
In this video, we’ll look at four types of task dependencies that model actual conditions on the shop floor.
Let’s take a look!
Here on Standard Time® we’ll look at four distinct types of link relationships that you can see by the lines and the arrows in the Gantt chart. The first one we’ll look at is finish-to-start, which is the most common; then start-to-start, then finish-to-finish and finally we’ll take a look at start-to-finish.
Let’s go ahead and look at the most common link relationship which would be the finish-to-start. The starting date of a successor task is linked back to the finish date of another. When this task ends another can start. That’s the most common. We’ll move this task and you can see the next task updates because this one has been moved. Finish date on this one changed so that changes the starting date of the successor task.
The next type would be start-to-start. You can see the starting date of this task is linked back to the starting date of another. When that one is moved then the successor is also moved because the two start dates are linked together.
The third type would be finish-to-finish, where the finish date of this task is linked back to the finish date of another. We move that, the two finish dates are linked together and when the predecessor moves then the successor would also be updated.
The fourth type would be start-to-finish, where the starting date of this task goes down to the finish date of another. When we move this task then the successor also moves because the starting date is linked back to the finish date.
The examples you see down below are variations of we already looked at. We’ve got start-to-start; when the starting date of this task changes then the starting date of a successor task would change. We’ve also looked at the finish-to-finish; so when the finish date of this one changes then the finish date of the successor would also change. So you can combine these to form a nice little link relationship.
The long lines you see on these milestones are lag times. If we click on this link icon in the link column; we can go ahead and look at the lag times that you see connected with these link relationships. I should point out that the inbound tasks that you see here, actually none here, are predecessors and the outbound tasks are the successors. They are linked together with certain link relationships. In this case they have some lag times. I’ll click here, you can see the finish-to-start link relationship; which we already looked at. And a lag time of two calendar days. Close that and look at this one.
We have start-to-start, which we’ve also looked at previously with minus-four calendar days. Cancel out of these and that explains the long lines that you see here linked to these milestones. That covers the four distinct types of link relationships in Standard Time that you can use for your projects.


Bagpipers have also become a tradition at military and state funerals. They give a feeling of honor to the occasion. Music needs to be designed for the bagpipes since they have a limited range of sounds. Bagpiper is an instrument that can be played by both men and women. It can also be used by children as well as adults.
What is the song played on bagpipes at funerals?
Many people have become familiar with the songs “danny boy” and “amazing grace” due to the prevalence of bagpipes at funerals. The following are some of the most popular songs for mourning the death of someone who has passed away. Some of these songs may be familiar to you, while others may not be. If you know of any others, please let us know in the comments section below.
What is the significance of bagpipes at a funeral?
Many people think the sound of the bagpipes adds a dignified air to the funeral. Bagpipe bands have become standard for police and fire departments. “I think it’s a great way to honor a loved one, especially if they’re a police officer or firefighter,” said Sgt. John D’Amico, a spokesman for the Los Angeles County Sheriff’s Department.
What does the piper play at the end of a funeral?
As the congregation stood at the end of the service in london’s westminster abbey, pipe major paul burns performed the traditional lament ‘sleep, dearie, sleep’. She was also interred in St Andrew’s Church, Westminster.
What is the most requested song at funerals?
The traditional song “ave maria” is very popular. Goodbye” are classics at Phaneuf-hosted funerals. A way to remember the deceased is by listening to country music.
What is the last song at a funeral called?
A dirge is a song that expresses mourning or grief and is appropriate for the death of a loved one. It is usually sung by a family member or close friend of the deceased.
Who plays bagpipes for funerals?
Scottish immigrants brought the tradition of playing bagpipes to the United States in the late 1800s. Bagpipe music has become a popular symbol of mourning, especially at services for firefighters, police officers, and members of the military. The instrument consists of a mouthpiece and a stringed instrument called a bow, which is used to play the notes on the instrument.


December 21, 2015
A Real Gut Check On Diabetes
By Michael D. Shaw
Maybe, you’re familiar with the numbers. A wonderful meme about our human bodies is that “Microbial cells outnumber human cells ten to one.” Thus, we are more bacterial than human. There are countless references to this on the Web. And, if you read it on the Internet, it must be true, right?
Not so fast. Back in February, 2014, NIH researcher Judah L. Rosner traced the origins of the 10:1 ratio, in a letter to Microbe magazine. It seems to derive from a 1972 paper, written by eccentric biochemist Thomas Luckey. Rosner cites more recent figures, and there’s quite a range: 30 to 400 trillion microorganisms in the human gut and an astonishing 5 to 724 trillion total human cells in the body. Suddenly, this comfortable 10:1 ratio could explode to nearly 100:1, or shrink to a paltry 1:1.
But, there’s no getting around it. Those gut “flora,” as we call them—dating back to the time when bacteria were considered to be part of the plant kingdom—are vitally important. Why “gut”? Sometimes, scientists like to get away from fancy words; besides, it’s so much easier than referring to the “lower alimentary canal.” It is also no coincidence that 60-70 percent of our immune system is located in the gut, and is therefore intimately connected with the microbes.
Given the improvements in genetic analysis over the past decade, and this immune system/gut flora relationship, several investigators have examined differences in gut bacteria between healthy individuals, and those with a particular disease. Type 1 diabetes, a classical autoimmune disease, seems like a good place to start…
Research out of Spain—published in February, 2013—showed that gut microbiota in kids with type 1 diabetes differed significantly from that found in healthy children. Certain genera, and their changed ratio between the two cohorts, could be implicated in the glycemic level of the diabetics. In addition, bacteria crucial in the maintenance of gut integrity (those producing lactic acid and butyrate; and species involved in mucin degradation) were present in far lower numbers in the diabetic kids.
As the researchers put it: “These findings could be useful for developing strategies to control the development of type 1 diabetes by modifying the gut microbiota.” Imagine…Controlling diabetes by growing bugs, instead of injecting insulin.
A brand new paper, out of Russia, entitled “Gut microbiota and diet in patients with different glucose tolerance,” suggests that the presence of certain bacteria in the gut is linked to the development of type 2 diabetes. Gut bacteria in 92 patients (20 type 2 diabetics; 24 pre-diabetics; 48 normal) was analyzed. Thankfully, and unlike many studies on diabetes, none of the patients had any chronic diseases. Far too many studies, including some often cited, bring in type 2s with significant co-morbidities.
Among other findings, the researchers—led by Lilit Egshatyan—were able to link the level of glucose intolerance with the presence of three specific genera: Blautia, Serratia, and Akkermansia bacteria. These bugs are all present in healthy people, but in cases of pre-diabetes and diabetes their numbers increase significantly. Moreover, high fiber diets tended to promote growth of bifidobacteria—considered to be one of the most important components of microbiota, and long a staple of probiotics.
Indications for bifidobacteria therapy include atopic eczema; yeast infections; upper respiratory infections; and lactose intolerance.
As press agents for Egshatyan et al. tout the work: “These findings bring scientists and medical professionals one step closer to understanding the complex reciprocal cause-and-effect relationship between the change in the proportion of certain types of bacteria, metabolic disorders, and diet. According to researchers, one of the possible ways that microbes affect diabetes could be by provoking an immune response.”
Pivoting back to that bacteria cell/human cell ratio, UCSF microbiologist Peter Turnbaugh observed that “Determining absolute numbers is a challenge. Simply put, there’s a tremendous diversity and abundance. The most important thing is that much of what makes us human—many of important aspects of health and the predisposition to disease and recovery—depends on metabolic activity of these microbes. I don’t think it’s all about numbers.”


The Lowry Building that housed the abolitionist The True American was owned by state Senator Morrow Barr Lowry, in the Civil War era one of Erie’s most successful businessmen, but far more than that. Known as the “Moral Conscience” of the senate, Lowry advocated abolition in the state legislature, as well as debt forgiveness for the poor. An acquaintance of John Brown, Lowry visited the radical abolitionist in Charles Town, Virginia while he awaited execution for the 1859 raid on Harpers Ferry that helped trigger the Civil War. When the war arrived, Lowry donated $2,000 to those enlisting in the 83rd Pennsylvania Infantry and pushed for arming free black men as soldiers for the Union Army. Lowry later championed the establishment of the Pennsylvania Soldiers and Sailors Home, and his farm on what was then Cooper Road eventually was sold to the Sisters of Mercy to establish Mercyhurst College.


If you’re a computer user for long, then you need to agree with the fact that you will not find the capacity of your hard disk to be enough in the long run. There comes the need of adding another drive. Now, there is always an option of adding an extra drive. The drive from which the operating system boots is known as the Master and the second drive is known as the Slave, but there will definitely be an extension of the storage capacity of your computer.
If you too need to add another drive, but not sure about the installation process, then this guide could prove to be a great help. Sit back, relax and read on the process to install another hard drive in your computer.
First thing that you need to check is your computer supports IDE or Serial SATA. Usually, the old computers support IDE, but it is always good to use the same kind. If you’re not sure about the kind, then you can open up the drive and know it better.
- Reboot your computer and enter the BIOS setup.
- Go to the ‘IDE Config’ or it could also be named as ‘Standard CMOS Settings’.
- You will have a menu that will display four settings and each of them needs to be changed to ‘Auto-detection’:
1. PRIMARY MASTER
2. AUTO/PRIMARY SLAVE
3. SECONDARY MASTER
4. SECONDARY SLAVE
- Shut down your computer.
- Buy the hard disk with the capacity that you require, but do not forget to match IDE or SATA.
- Now, unplug all the peripherals.
- Have the manual by your side because it is time to unscrew the case. Place all the screws in a safe place, so that you do not lose any of them.
- Pull the side panel out and place it separately.
- Find the place where the flat ribbons are connected to the main board.
- Now, you need to set the jumpers to make your hard disk act as Master or Slave, according to your desire.
- With the help of the screws, mount the hard disk in its slot.
- Now, you need to connect the cables.
- It’s time to connect a Molex power cable. It is a connector that has wires in red, yellow and black colours.
- Fix the side panel back at the computer case and screw it.
- All the unplugged cables have to be re-connected to the respective power supplies.
- Boot your computer and press ‘F10’ to enter the BIOS setup. Here, you can check whether the computer has detected the ot her drive or not.
We believe that this tutorial was helpful and you will not face any issues in adding another hard disk in your computer.
Robert R. is an avid guest blogger who writes on behalf of My Tech Gurus. He enjoys sharing his knowledge with the everyday computer user, by helping them with common errors, especially Windows installer errors and slow computer problems. Check out his articles at the Mytechgurus blog.
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Pesticides Illegal in Garbage & Drains Hazardous Waste Want to keep your landscaping healthy without chemicals? Check out these alternatives to pesticides. Never Pour Down the Drain Pesticides should never be poured down the drain because they contain toxic chemicals that can contaminate waterways. Instead, dispose of them as Household Hazardous Waste. Don't Water the Grass After Absolutely do not water the grass after applying garden chemicals. This runoff ends up in water drains that can contaminate lakes and rivers. It also makes your pesticides less effective against pests. Don't Use if It's Going to Rain Avoid using chemicals before a storm; if you do, they will be washed down storm drains, or leach into the soil, once it starts raining. Rinse Empty Concentrate Containers Containers that held concentrate need to be rinsed out three times before they are thrown in the trash: to do this, add remaining spray to the tank. Next, add water into the container, swirl and then transfer to the spray tank. Finally, repeat these steps twice. Ready-to-Use Containers Empty containers that held ready-to-use chemicals can be thrown in the trash without rinsing them out. Ways to Reduce Use Up Completely The best way to dispose of pesticides is to use them up completely, which reduces how much can leach into the environment. If you’re not going to use them up completely, try giving them to a friend. Avoid Purchasing Concentrate Consider purchasing ready-to-use products. Purchasing concentrations to dilute on your own can expose the body to harmful chemicals. Also the use of under-diluted chemicals is more damaging to the air, water and soil. Keith Homan / Shutterstock.com Use Bait Stations or Insecticidal Soaps Identify your pest problem and use the least toxic option to eliminate those pests (if you must use garden chemicals). Consider using bait stations or insecticidal soaps and oils. Find out more. Did You Know? What Plastic #5 Can Become Plastic #5 can be recycled into battery cables and cases, brooms, brushes, bicycle racks and ice scrapers.


Are you currently thinking about how humans have impacted the planet, for example the destruction of valuable rainforests and other habitats around Karara which can be the exclusive home of certain species? In that case, you need to discover more about habitat restoration. This is the process whereby folks as if you attempt to help by planting new plants and taking other actions that may transform the land and allow species to thrive there once more.
You can find habitats everywhere on the planet, even though ones in very industrialized places are no more natural habitat how the animals and others were once capable to thrive in. Whilst you can’t approach tearing down all the buildings as well as other things which were produced by folks, you will still find lots of areas on the planet which are accessible to restoration, including those undeveloped areas which can be close to the cities around the world.
The procedure of habitat restoration will vary greatly and depends upon what has happened and what has to happen. As an illustration, if perhaps a little part of a wooded area was chopped down before some kind of protective measures were put into place, then you will find less to do than in case the area has become a barren wasteland before anyone has made an effort to begin restoring the habitat near QLD.
You should also know that habitat restoration is not going to occur overnight, as well as throughout a couple weeks or months. While you could do amazing operate in a short period of time by replanting native species, how much time it will take for that area to go back to normal will be considerable. Even during areas which may have not been completely devastated, the procedure is time consuming and can be very expensive at the same time.
Amongst the important things to consider for habitat restoration is deciding on the proper plants to put in the ground. In the event you don’t have a very good guideline with this, you could potentially end up having a level bigger problem than you have at the moment. You have to start with knowing which types of plants are ideal for the spot. The precise area is highly recommended also, since some species have got a limited growing area.
You should also study which plants should go where. As an example, if you have the want to use plants that depend on the shade of larger trees, you don’t wish to place them next to saplings that are not able to offer that valuable defense against sunlight. In the event you don’t provide the shade necessary to enable them to thrive, you might turn out killing the plants and limiting the ones you possess for the restoration project.
In relation to the planet, restoring natural habitats can be a worthwhile adventure that you can be proud of participating in. Whether you are contributing financially or digging in the ground yourself, you should seek to assist with this cause by any means that you can!
Video: Ecosystem in Karara
[ssplaces location=”Karara ” keyword=”Environmental” limit=”5″]


posted on December 21, 2012 |
| 4917 views
Swarm Robotics is a relatively new theory based on swarm behavior seen in ant and bee colonies. Researchers believe they can make small individual robots work toward a larger goal if the work involved is distributed.
At the University of Colorado at Boulder, Assistant Professor Nikoaus Correll and his team have created a robot which they plan to use to develop complex systems.
Nicknamed the “Droplet”, Correll’s ping-pong ball sized robots are rather simple machines. Each robot is capable of sensing both RGB and Infrared signals and can communicate with both analog and digital IR sensors. To give it a little wiggle, the robots have a vibration motors which allow them a certain level of mobility. To tie the package together each “Droplet” is controlled by a low power Atmel XMega 128-A3 processor.
According to the UC Boulder, “Correll plans to use the Droplets to demonstrate self-assembly and swarm-intelligent behaviors such as pattern recognition, sensor-based motion and adaptive shape change. These behaviors could then be transferred to large swarms for water- or air-based tasks.”
If the processes and technology prove out, robots like the “Droplet” could find many potential uses. Wherever there is need for cheap, lightweight or disposable robotic systems, swarm robotics may be the solution. Mining, weather sensing, infrastructure repair, and large scale construction could one day benefit from swarms of cheap robots operating towards a common goal.
Correll himself is optimistic about the value of this technology. ““Every living organism is made from a swarm of collaborating cells,” he said. “Perhaps someday, our swarms will colonize space where they will assemble habitats and lush gardens for future space explorers.”
Read More at UC Boulder
Images Courtesy of UC Boulder