|Número de publicación||US4578689 A|
|Tipo de publicación||Concesión|
|Número de solicitud||US 06/674,620|
|Fecha de publicación||25 Mar 1986|
|Fecha de presentación||26 Nov 1984|
|Fecha de prioridad||26 Nov 1984|
|También publicado como||CA1254624A, CA1254624A1, DE3577955D1, EP0183166A2, EP0183166A3, EP0183166B1|
|Número de publicación||06674620, 674620, US 4578689 A, US 4578689A, US-A-4578689, US4578689 A, US4578689A|
|Inventores||David R. Spencer, Amnon Goldstein|
|Cesionario original||Data Recording Systems, Inc.|
|Exportar cita||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|
|Citas de patentes (3), Citada por (106), Clasificaciones (25), Eventos legales (7)|
|Enlaces externos: USPTO, Cesión de USPTO, Espacenet|
This invention relates to laser printers and, more particularly, to high resolution or typographical quality laser printers.
In recent years, laser printers have been utilized in increasing numbers as a means for producing hard copy from a computer, computer generated video or video source. The more advanced of these laser printers produce the hard copy with good resolution in a relatively short period of time.
Basically, a laser printer uses an optical lens system to focus the light beam output of a laser to a spot on a photosensitive surface. The spot is caused to sweep across the surface in a raster fashion by a rotating or oscillating mirror. Computer or video raster information modulates the light beam as the photosensitive surface moves in a direction perpendicular to and under the sweeping light beam. If the photosensitive surface is the photoconductor drum in an electrophotographic process, the sweeping and modulated light beam causes the formation of an electrostatic charge image on the drum. This image can then be developed, transferred to paper and fused with the paper in a manner typical of electrophotographic copiers. An example of such a laser printer is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,867,571 of Starkweather, et al.
Laser printers typically have resolutions of about 240 dots/inch and most have resolutions under 400 dots/inch. Thus, they are generally limited to computer data output and general office use. In the printing and publishing industries, resolutions in excess of 500 dots/inch are used. To achieve this resolution, electronic phototypesetters are generally used. An example of these devices is the Monotype Lasercomp manufactured by Monotype Corporation, Ltd. of Salfords, Redhill, England. Such phototypesetters use focused light, e.g. from a laser beam, to expose a photographic film medium and generally function like the system described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,257,053 of Gilbreath.
The difficulty with the electronic phototypsetters that expose film is that they are relatively slow, film is relatively expensive (well over 10 times the cost of paper and toner) and generally requires inconvenient, time-consuming chemical development.
There is a need in the publishing and printing industry for a device with the time, cost and convenience benefits of a laser printer and with sufficient resolution that it can be used to produce: (1) typographic page proofs of the image information which is intended to produce a copy or master from a phototypesetter; (2) direct output of typographic quality documents, i.e. demand printing; and (3) typographic quality masters for volume duplication. In order to achieve this, the resolution of laser printers must be significantly increased, without substantial sacrifice in the cost of the system.
In addition to having a laser printer with high resolution and reasonably good speed, it would also be desirable to have a laser printer which can switch between this high resolution mode and a low resolution mode in which the high speeds of typical laser printers are available. However, such a mode switch should be easy to perform and should be accomplished relatively quickly.
The present invention is directed to the development of low cost laser printers that can be switched between at least one high resolution/moderate speed mode and another low resolution/high speed mode. The high resolution is achieved by an optical system that keeps the laser light spot in focus as it sweeps across a photoconductor medium, despite errors in a rotating polygon that creates the sweep of the beam. In addition, electronic circuit means are provided for correcting scan velocity errors without the use of expensive optics. In order to prevent a loss of resolution in the electrophotographic process, the motion of the photoconductor medium and the hard copy paper are accurately positioned through the use of precision stepper motors which are driven by a system clock that also synchronizes the video data rate. Further, the change can be made quickly without having to wait for the rotating polygon to change speed by keeping its speed constant and changing the number of facets used. Thus a change from a high resolution mode to low resolution mode is achieved under control from the program of a microprocessor by changing (1) the speed of the stepper motors, (2) the heat of the fuser and corona current in the electrophotographic process, (3) the laser output power and (4) the number of facets of the rotating polygon that are used.
In an illustrative embodiment of the invention, the output of a video modulated solid state laser is turned into a scanning spot on a photoconductor drum of an electrophotographic process via an optical system that includes a rotating polygon. The laser beam is directed through a collimator so that its rays are parallel. This collimated beam is then passed through a first cylindrical lens that focuses the beam in the vertical or cross-scan direction just prior to the facets of the rotating polygon. Due to the moving facets of the polygon, the beam is caused to sweep across the input of a scan lens assembly. In the high resolution mode, every other facet is used for scanning so as to maintain synchronism between the specified input data rate and the printing rate. In the low resolution mode the system microprocessor causes every facet to be used to provide the appropriate system data rates. Thus the polygon speed is kept the same in both modes.
Regardless of the mode, i.e. high or low resolution, the scan lens assembly focuses the beam in the horizontal or scan direction along a straight line coincident with the photoconductor, i.e. it produces horizontal focusing and field flattening. Also, a second cylindrical lens after the scan lens assembly in conjunction with the scan lens assembly refocuses the beam in the vertical or cross-scan direction.
By placing the first and second cylindrical lenses and scan lens on the optical center, errors in the manufacture of the polygon can be minimized. Therefore, the polygon can be made with less strict tolerances and, consequently, at a lower cost, without degrading the system resolution.
Because the scan lens assembly acts as a field flattener, it introduces a scan velocity error, i.e. the speed at which the focused spot travels across the photoconductor varies. This could be corrected with further optical elements, but it has been found that it is more economical to correct this electronically. In accomplishing this, the video raster data for one line is stored. It is then read out and used to modulate the laser when a "start-of-scan" photodetector indicates that the laser is about to sweep across the photoconductor drum. The clock signal for reading the data from memory, however, is varied in an analog sinusoidal manner that is opposite to the scan velocity error. This analog variation is stored in a read-only memory and the result is to match the data read out to the laser with the spot sweep speed so as to eliminate the scan speed error.
High resolution requires not only an accurately sweeping focused spot, it requires accurate movement of the photoconductor drum upon which the spot writes to form an electrostatic image and the accurate movement of the paper onto which the developed image is transferred. This is accomplished by rotating the photoconductor drum and the paper feed mechanism via stepper motors having several hundred poles. The signal for these stepper motors is derived from a system clock which also drives the polygon and controls the readout of data to the laser. In addition, an encoder is located on the photoconductor drum so that its position may be known within a few degrees of rotation. The system control microprocessor uses the drum position information along with the other system parmeters to control the entire system and to maintain resolution in the vertical or drum movement direction.
At the command of the operator, the system will switch from a mode with high resolution, i.e. in excess of 500 dots/inch, and moderate speed, i.e. about 4 pages/minute, to a different mode with lower resolution, i.e. under 400 dots/inch, and high speed, about 16 pages/minute. Under program control in the high resolution mode the system is rapidly set up for producing copy at the high resolution mode by sending a lower clock rate to the stepper motors so the paper moves slower and the photoconductor drum turns slower. Also, laser power is reduced, fuser heater temperature is reduced and corona currents are reduced. These changes are made to compensate for the fact that the paper and drum are moving slower in the high resolution mode.
In order to allow mode changes to occur rapidly, it is desirable to keep the polygon rotating at the same speed because it has a good deal of inertia and must be at the correct speed. Further it is desirable to keep constant the data transfer rate to the printer so that the interface circuitry and the video source need not be changed. Both of these goals are achieved by using only every other facet of the polygon in the high resolution mode. This allows time for the additional data for the high resolution image to be sent to the printer at the low resolution rate and accumulated in the system memory. Thus, the laser is modulated at a higher rate during a sweep in the high resolution mode than in the low resolution mode to produce higher horizontal resolution. Also, since the photoconductor drum is turning slower, the raster lines are closer together and there is a higher vertical resolution.
In switching to the lower resolution mode, the motors are moved faster so the vertical resolution is reduced and the laser is modulated slower so the horizontal resolution is lower. Since there is less information to be recorded, there is no need to wait for it and scanning can be accomplished using each facet.
The foregoing and other features of the present invention will be more readily apparent from the following detailed description and drawings of an illustrative embodiment of the invention in which:
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a laser printer according to the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of the scan speed correction and data handler circuits;
FIG. 3 is a schematic of the laser drive circuits;
FIGS. 4A, 4B and 4C are schematic diagrams of the circuits for driving the polygon, photoconductor drum, and paper feed motors, respectively;
FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of the microprocessor that controls the overal operation of the system; and
FIGS. 6a and 6b are flow charts for the microprocessor of FIG. 5.
In FIG. 1 there is shown a block diagram of a laser printer according to the present invention. This printer is used to make a copy on plain paper of an image created by a raster image processor (RIP) such as a high-speed digital phototypesetter 50. An example of such a device is the Monotype Lasercomp manufactured by Monotype Corporation, Ltd. of Salfords, Redhill, England as models MK2 and MK2i. However, the present invention can be adopted to print an image from any device capable of creating digital raster scan data directly or from a storage medium.
The present laser printer includes a laser diode 10 which is enabled at appropriate times by the system controller and modulated by data derived from output logic circuit 78 i.e. microprocessor 80 through the laser driver circuit 90, whenever the machine is turned on. At the same time a system clock 71 has its output divided in timer/divider circuit 73 to produce a drive signal for a motor and control unit 11 that spins a polygon 13 that has reflecting facets 15. The polygon motor is a four pole hysterisis synchronous motor. Its controls circuit is shown in FIG. 4A.
In FIG. 4A a divided clock signal from timer 73 is applied directly to an H-bridge control circuit 412, a 90° phase shift circuit 414 and a first pulse-width modulator--H bridge circuit 416. In addition, the output of phase-shift circuit 414 is applied to control 412, and to a second pulse-width modulator--H bridge circuit 418. The two modulator circuits 416,418 operate under control of circuit 412 and determine the direction of current flow. These modulator circuits in turn produce the drive signal for polygon motor 11 via power amplifiers 415, 417 whose output currents flow through the pole windings of motor 11 such as to cause it to rotate. In the present preferred embodiment, the polygon has (ten) 10 facets and rotates at about 6000 rpm.
With the laser being modulated and the polygon rotating, light passes through the optics. In particular, the light beam from the laser 10 passes through a collimator lens system 12 and a cylindrical lens 14. It is then reflected from a steering mirror 16 onto the rotating facets 15 of the polygon 13. Because of the rotation of the polygon, the reflected light sweeps across a scan lens assembly 18 and a second cylindrical lens 19. By means of fold mirrors 20, 21 and 23 the light is directed onto electrophotographic drum 30. However, a portion of the light beam from mirror 23, or an adjacent smaller "start-of-line" mirror 23', is directed to a start of line sensor 22. The sensor converts the light into an electrical signal ("SOL") which is supplied to microprocessor 80. The rate at which this sensor 22 generates SOL pulses in response to the sweep of the light beam is directly related to the polygon speed, i.e. one per facet. Consequently the SOL signal can be used by the microprocessor 80 to assure that the laser diode is on and the polygon is up to speed. Additionaly the SOL signal indicates the start of a scan line so it provides information on the physical position of the polygon.
The electrophotographic system utilized in the present design is generally referred to as the "Canon" process, but other processes, e.g. the "Xerox" process, could also be used. The difference between the "Canon" process and the "Xerox" process is that the "Xerox" process involves imaging directly on a photoconductor, while the "Canon" process uses a dielectric layer over a rectifier-type photoconductor. Other types of photoconductors can be used, but the rectifier type is preferred. Both processes are available commercially and are described in the literature. Only the modifications described below, are needed to adapt an electrophotographic process to practice the present invention.
In a typical "Canon" process the photoconductor is mounted on a drum 30, is made of cadmium sulfide, and has a dielectric coating, typically Mylar. A drum heater 25 is used to improve the efficiency of the photoconductor-dielectric imaging medium prior to the start of operation.
During start up, the drum is also rotated to make sure it is clean before writing is commenced. This is achieved by flooding the entire photoconductor drum 30 with light from an erase lamp 27 while a second corona 38 is supplied with current from corona supply 32. The effect of this is to eliminate charge on the drum. This initial exposure is also a preparation step designed to "wake up" or sensitize the photoconductor.
Rotation of the drum 30 is by means of precision stepper motor and control 37. In particular, the drum motor is a 500 pole stepper motor with a gear reduction. Because of the large number of poles, accurate positioning of the drum, which maintains high resolution, is achieved.
The control circuit for the stepper motor is shown in FIG. 4B. This circuit contains five (5) current driver switches 430 which are operated in the proper sequence by a program stored in memory 432. A divided clock signal from timer/divider 73 is used to operate an address control circuit 434 for the memory 432. An input e from the microprocessor 80 via I/O decoder 242 (FIG. 2) can be directed to the address control in order to enable the address controller and bring it in sequence with the rest of the system. Because of the high number of poles, the drum motor operates smoothly an accurately to position the drum.
Once the system is ready the microprocessor 80 supervises all control of the system. In the present invention, this microprocessor is really a state controller and does not really process data. As one of its first tasks, the microprocessor authorizes the interface circuit 60 to allow RIP data from rasters image processor 50 be input to one of two memory circuits 72, 74. At an appropriate point in time after the start of the sweep of the laser beam across the drum 30, as indicated by the SOL signal, and related to the particular area on the drum where the information is to be written, the microprocessor allows data bits from one of the memory circuits to pass through OR-gate 76 and output logic 78 to laser driver circuit 90.
Laser driver circuit 90 which is shown in detail in FIG. 3 receives the signal from circuit 78 and uses it to modulate the power to the laser diode, essentially turning the laser on and off as a function of the ones and zeroes of the data bits which relate to the spots or picture elements (pels) that will be imaged.
In the particular configuration illustrated, the printer writes the background, i.e. the laser is turned on for the white background areas on the copy and is off in the areas where there is an image. Thus, the laser light erases the background areas and leaves the black image areas behind. However the opposite system can also be used where the laser writes or is on in the areas needed for the image.
The modulated light beam coming out of the laser diode 10 has a unique characteristic. It diverges differently in two different directions and it is essentially coherent light. Since the light diverges differently in different directions, it is necessary to modify it to obtain an appropriately shaped and focused spot on the photoconductor. To accomplish this collimator 12 is located after the diode. The collimator has a lens design which gives the specific output spot that is needed. In particular the collimator 12 is a multiple lens system that reforms the spot in both directions into an essentially round beam with parallel rays.
Given the amount of distance available in the printer from the drum 30 to the collimator 12 and the desired focused spot size on the drum, it is possible to work backwards to determine the beam size from the collimator. Further, the distance between the collimator 12 and the laser diode 10 can be adjusted to get that size for a particular output size from the laser diode.
At the end of the collimator there is a cylindrical lens 14 which takes the beam and focuses it in the vertical, i.e. cross scan or sagittal direction. This is done so that in the vertical direction the beam comes to essential focus before, but close to, the polygon 13. As a result the beam spreads over a larger area on the polygon facet than would a beam in focus on the facet. This tends to average out facet surface imperfections.
The beam, which is now expanding in the vertical direction, leaves the polygon facet, passes through scan lens assembly 18 and reaches a second cylindrical lens 19 placed at the end of the scan lens assembly 18. This reflected beam, even if it has been tilted or shifted because of the variations in the polygon faces, will basically refocus a second time at an equivalent distance from the polygon if the second cylindrical lense is accurately positioned in the same plane as the first. Consequently, as a result of the two cylindrial lenses 14,19, any of the pyramidal manufacturing errors of the polygon in the vertical direction (due to either wobble or tilt) are essentially eliminated because the focused spot near the polygon face is reproduced in space in the same plane, even though it may have been high or low on the polygon face or reflected at a slightly varying tilt angle. Therefore, the need for a precision polygon is reduced by using these simple cylindrical lenses and this reduction in the polygon tolerances leads directly to a reduction in the cost of the polygon.
After the first cylindrical lens 14, the beam in the horizontal or scan direction is a collimated beam of a given size, not a focused beam as in the vertical direction. The size is specifically determined by the desired spot size when the beam is focused on the photoconductor drum 30 and can be determined by simple coherent optics analysis. The spot is made relatively large because in coherent optics, the larger the collimated beam the finer the spot it can be focused to.
In the present optical system there is incorporated a steering mirror 16 for alignment purposes. This is done so that the optical assembly after the collimator 12 can be removed as a unit and aligned. However, this mirror alignment is not required, it is just an advantage in terms of production. From mirror 16, the beam which is converging to focus in the vertical direction and collimated in the horizontal direction, strikes one of the moving facets 15 of polygon 13.
The reflecting facet of the polygon is not only moving, its distance from the steering mirror is changing during each sweep. However, this does not cause a problem because the beam is a collimated beam in the horizontal direction. In the vertical direction, this motion does have some effect because the focal distance is changing slightly. In particular the vertical size of the beam on the polygon is changing because of the changing distance from the focal point. This effect, however, is taken care of in the scan lens assembly 18.
As the beam sweeps across the scan lens assembly the scan lens performs two functions. One function is to focus the collimated beam in the horizontal direction down to a given spot size at the focal plane on the photoconductor drum 30. Its second function is to flatten out the line of focus. Because of the sweep of the polygon the natural line of focus would be an arc. However, the photoconductor along the scan line is flat. Therefore, a correction is made in the scan lens assembly 18 to keep the spot in focus across the photoconductor. Therefore, the scan lens assembly is a field flattener and a focusing lens at the same time.
It is quite expensive to make a perfect field flattener, so this lens system does not give a perfectly flat focus line. Instead it produces a sinusoidal line of focus that is correct at the beginning and end of the scan line as well as at the two points which are one-third of the distance after the beginning and before the end of the scan line. As a result, the line of focus is a little above the photoconductor in the first and last thirds of the scan and a little below on the middle third of the scan. Nevertheless, the focus remains sharp enough across the scan to provide resolution in excess of 500 dots/inch.
The field flattening, which changes the line of focus from an arc to a substantially straight line, causes a sinusoidal variation in the velocity of the spot along the scan line. This variation is known as "scan velocity or speed" error. Such a scan velocity error can be corrected in the optics, but to do so is inexpensive. Rather than make a scan velocity correction, the system allows the optical variation and corrects for it electronically by changing the pel data rate.
Since the scan velocity or speed error is constant, it is corrected by the scan modulator circuit 75 which varies the clock rate for sending data to the laser driver in a sinusoidal pattern stored in a memory 210. The details of this circuit as shown in FIG. 2. Because of scan modulator 75, the data handler circuit clocks out the data from memories 72,74 to the laser driver at a rate that varies in direct opposition to the scan velocity error so that data is recorded on the photoconductor at what appears to be a constant velocity.
Within scan lens assembly there is a beam which is being brought into focus in the horizontal or scan direction and an expanding in the vertical direction. At the end of the scan lens assembly there is the second cylindrical lens 19 which refocuses the beam again in the vertical direction and in the same focal line as the focus in the horizontal direction. The rest is of the optical system is basically a straight path down to the photoconductor drum 30. Folding mirrors 20, 21 and 23 along that route are merely used to fold down the optical path so that it can fit in a reasonably small package.
A part of the beam that comes off mirrors 23 or 23' hits the start-of-line sensor 22. Instead of using a mirror for this purpose, the start-of-line detector can be positioned next to mirror 17 so that it receives light directly from mirror 21. Whichever system is used, the light beam in striking the start-of-line detector 22, informs the system microprocessor of the scan beam position on the rotation of each facet of the polygon.
The start-of-line detector may be a single photodiode circuit or a more complicated, but more accurate circuit. In order to accurately detect the presence of the SOL signal, the output of the start-of-line sensor 22 is sampled at a very high clock rate. The rate is about eight (8) times the picture element (pel) clock rate so the system can determine the light beam position to much less than a picture element. Therefore, the location of the start of line is determined precisely and repetitively from line-to-line.
Once start of line is found, the system counts off a programmable number of clock periods to determine where the start of data should be. This will be some location on the photoconductor and can vary from user to user, depending on where the user wants to start imaging on the drum.
As the scanning and modulated laser beam comes down onto the photoconduction drum 20, it passes inside or through a window in second corona 38. From this point on the raster light image created by the modulated and sweeping laser beam is developed into an image on paper by the electrophotographic process.
In the present example, a basic positive charge layer is put down on the dielectric layer by a first corona 36 as the drum 30 rotates. The charge could also be negative. Then the portion of the photoconductor with the charged dielectric over it is brought around under the opposite or negative polarity second corona 38. While the opposing charge is being generated, the photoconductor is imaged or exposed to the raster sweeping, modulated light beam. The result is that the second corona neutralizes some of the charge from the first corona. It does this even if there is no light, but not to the same extent.
When the light beam hits the drum under the second corona 38, the photoconductive layer underneath the dielectric becomes conductive. Consequently, charges move to try to neutralize the charge that is on the photoconductor layer. Therefore, in the dark areas the first charge is reduced to a certain level and in the light areas the charge us reduced to zero or even reversed. The result is a pattern of different voltage or charge levels on the surface of the dielectric which forms a latent electrostatic image.
Once the latent electrostatic image is formed on the dielectric under the second corona, there are also a lot of electrons and holes free in the photoconductor. To remove them, the entire area is exposed with light by post exposure lamp 29. This does not affect the charge on the surface of the dielectric, because there is nothing to address it; but, it does cause recombinations of the holes and electrons in the photoconductor. Additionally, it ensures that all of the photoconductor is active and establishes a higher differential in charge between the surface of the dielectric and ground.
The differential charge levels forming an image on the photoconductive dielectric surface are rotated past a magnetic brush developer 35 with a reservoir that holds a toner material, mixed with a carrier material, which toner is attracted to the charge. Such two-component developer materials are commercially available. It is also possible to use monocomponent developer, i.e. where a magnetic toner is used alone.
Whatever developer is used, the material is attracted to a magnetic drum 35'. The shell of the drum is moved by motor and control unit 40. This causes the magnetic developer particles in the reservoir of the unit to form a brush-like tuft or covering on drum 35'. At the bottom edge of the reservoir there is a doctor blade that knocks off some of the particles to form a uniform layer of material that is brushed against the photoconductor drum while moving in the opposite direction from the photoconductor drum. An auger wheel 35" driven by the developer drum 35' assures that the developer has a uniform consistency. When the layer of developer passes over the electrostatic image on the photoconductor drum, the toner is attracted to the positive area left on the drum and is repulsed by the negative areas so that a toned or developed image remains on the dielectric.
As the toned image is moved around to a transfer corona 42, paper or to some other media, such as Mylar, is brought into the machine under the control of a microprocessor 80 at the proper time in the rotation of the drum 30. To sense the drum position an optical encoder wheel 39' is located on the drum and a detector 39 produces output pulses at every 2° of rotation and a TOP or "top-of-page" signal for the position or positions on the drum where printing is to occur.
All motion along the paper path is controlled by motor and control unit 40 which is tied to the various elements by chains or other means. The motor 40 is a precision stepper motor with 500 poles, so it essentially functions like a synchronous motor driven from the system clock. The circuit for driving paper path motor is a sequential current driver and it is shown in FIG. 4C. It is basically the same as the circuit for driving the drum motor shown in FIG. 4B. In particular, the windings of the 5-phase, precision stepper motor for the paper path are driven by circuit driver switches 440 according to a sequence for the 5 phases stored in memory 442. This memory is addressed by an address control circuit 444 that receives system clock impulses. Additionally, the address control circuit can be kept in synchronism with the rest of the system by an enable input e.
Since the motor drives for the drum and paper path are similar and are driven by a divided signal from the system clock, the paper can be made to move at approximately the same rate or linear speed that the photoconductor drum is moved, e.g. about 0.6 inches per second in the high resolution mode, i.e. at the low speed. The speed can be increased and the information rate decreased to achieve the low resolution in high speed mode.
At an appropriate point in the rotation of the drum. e.g. approximately 64 degrees from the TOP or zero reference, as determined by the 2° pulse outputs from detector 39, the laser beam writes data on the drum. In this system it is written such that the beam is on where white is to appear in the final copy, i.e. the beam is discharging the photoconductor to wipe out all the unnecessary information. While this is happening the paper in either an upper paper tray 41 or a lower tray 43 is caused to enter the machine. This is achieved by energizing either escapement 45 or 47 which take the paper from the appropriate tray and put it into the feed track. Typically, different size paper is used in the trays and the tray which is to be used is selected by the operator.
The paper moves along this track under the influence of rollers 44 driven by a chain attached to motor 40 until it comes to a gate 46. The gate holds the paper there and does some alignment of the paper to eliminate skew because the gate is a flat parallel plate and the driving rollers are moving so as to keep the paper pushed against the gate. At the correct angle (time) for assuring a transfer of the toned image on the photoconductor drum to the paper, e.g. at about 136° of rotation, a solenoid attached to gate 46 moves the gate and allows the paper to continue moving. The paper and the tone image on the drum thus come together at the correct location. At that point, the charge on the drum takes over and pulls the paper to it so that the drum now controls movement of the paper.
The next significant point occurs when the paper passes under transfer corona 42 which acts to transfer the toned image to paper. This transfer corona is turned on at the appropriate point in the cycle to assure total transfer of the image. Under this corona the toner is transferred to the paper and the paper keeps on moving.
As the photoconductor drum rotates and the paper passes the transfer corona, the paper must be removed from the drum. In this particular system, there is a piece of tape at one edge of the drum such that the edge of the paper never directly contacts the drum. The tape leads that edge of the paper into rollers 49 located just beyond the transfer corona. When the paper comes to the other side of the transfer corona, the charges holding the paper to the drum have been fairly well eliminated so the rest of the paper can be easily peel from the drum.
Beyond rollers 49 the paper is picked up by the rollers of fuser 48. These rollers extend across the entire width of the paper and pull it away from the drum. Also these rollers use heat and pressure to cause the toner to deform, melt and adhere to the paper. Then the paper with the image on it comes out of the system.
The machine can run at various speed and resolution combinations. Consequently, the fuser heater 31 must be able to vary the temperature to the fuser under program control so that fusing can occur properly at different speeds. The fuser is made up of silicone, urethane, or teflon coated rollers which are maintained under a certain level of spring pressure to squeeze the toner into the paper as it is being heated.
A wick 55 containing silicone oil is used for wiping the lower roller with oil. Between printing stages some of the silicone oil on the bottom roller transfers to the upper roller. This oiling of the fuser rollers is done to keep them smooth and clean so no toner is transferred to them from the paper. A transfer of toner to these rollers could cause jams, adherences and so on. There is also a scraper in the fuser that scrapes off any toner that may stick to the upper roller despite the oil.
Prior to the rollers 49 there is positioned a separation sensor 51. The sensor 51 detects when the paper properly separates from the drum. There are also paper jam detectors 53 located along the paper path before the drum. The signals from these sensors are used by the microprocessor in a conventional fashion to assure that the system is operating properly. If these sensors detect a paper jam the system will go into an immediate shut down. For other less critical system faults the system will go into a delayed or orderly shut down.
As the drum comes around after the paper has been peeled off, there may still be residual toner on it. To eliminate this toner for the next image, a scraper blade 33 is used. This blade, which preferably is made of urethane, but could be made of other materials, scrapes the toner off the surface of the Mylar dielectric and drops it into a well 33'. There is an auger in the well which keeps driving the waste toner forward so that it falls out of a hole in the well into a waste toner bottle. Attached to the bottle is a replenishment sensor 33" which indicates whether the waste toner bottle has been replaced. There is a control in the machine that requires that after a certain number of copies the waste toner bottle be replaced. The machine counts the number of copies and requires replacement of the bottle when the number is exceeded. The sensor determines if the bottle has been replaced with a new bottle when this count is exceeded. If the bottle is not replaced, the machine goes into a delayed shut down and stays that way until the bottle is replaced.
After the scraper blade 33, the drum comes under a DC corona 34 which tends to neutralize any surface charge that is left. Some of this charge may be due to some electrostatic interaction between the blade and the dielectric.
Referring to FIG. 2, there is shown the data handler circuit 70 and the system clocks and timing. The main clock is generated by a crystal 71 and its output goes through clock timing generator 71 to timer/divider circuit 73 where it is divided down in many ways. These divided clock signals are used to control the system motors, i.e. the motors for the paper path, drum and polygon.
The scan modulator 75 is used to clock the pel data because the optical system does not move the beam at a uniform velocity across the drum. In effect the scan modulator compensates for this by creating a clock signal for reading out the pel data which is offset in time according to data stored in the PROM 210.
To obtain this pel clock signal a divided clock signal from circuit 71 is compared in a phase comparator 220 with the output of a VCO 216 after it has been divided in divider circuit 218. The error signal from this comparison is then fed through summing circuit 214 to the VCO so it will be locked to the divided crystal frequeny. However, to vary this frequency in a cosinusoidal manner to compensate for scan speed error, a correction signal from digital-to-analog converter 212 is summed in circuit 214 with the phase error signal. The input needed for the correction is stored in PROM 210 whose contents are addressed by address controller 211. In turn, address controller 211 is driven by the system clock so that for each clock pulse there is a new correction signal and a continuous frequency modulation of the clock rate occurs across each scan. In order to reset this circuit and others at the beginning of each scan line, the SOL signal is applied to clock circuit 71 and the pel clock signal is taken from that circuit.
The pel clock is applied to address read/write control 230. This circuit which is actually controlled by the microprocessor, reads data into shift register 232 from the appropriate memory A or B at the varying pel clock rate. In the meantime, control circuit 230 is causing RIP data from interface 60 to be fed through OR-gate 236 to the other memory. Instead of actual data, test data from test pattern generator 240 can be passed through gate 236 to one of memories 72, 74. The test signals from test pattern generator 240 are created from a timing a signal produced in clock generator 71.
Memory data, whether it be the test pattern information or actual raster data, is read out of the appropriate memory through OR-gate 76 to shift register 232 of output logic 78. The data can then be shifted from this circuit at the pel clock rate or at a division of the system clock rate. From the shift register the data is applied to output logic circuit 234 that prepares it for the laser driver. This may be done by inverting the data bits of the system to write the image areas, i.e. write black rather than erase the background areas, i.e. write white. Also, the signal may be changed from return-to-zero format to non return-to-zero as needed for the laser driver.
As shown in FIG. 2, the microprocessor 80 that controls the printer has an address bus and a data bus. Over these lines an input/output decoder 242 is instucted to generate enable pulses e that synchronize the operations of various parts of the system, e.g. gate 236, generator 71 and stepper motor address control circuits 434, 444. In addition, the interface 60 is informed by the microprocessor 80 when the system is ready to receive data and receives other instructions over a command buffer 246. The buffer 246 also receives information on line sync and end-of-page via write control circuit 244 and supplies it to the microprocessor. Information on the resolution-speed mode selected by the user is transmitted to the rest of the system from the microprocessor via print control circuit 248. For example, the output of circuit 248 is delivered to the fuser heater control to set its level. The user also sends information to the microprocessor on the size of the paper, resolution, paper tray and other user selected information through command buffer 246.
The laser driver circuit shown in FIG. 3 modulates the current to the laser 10 and effectively turns the laser on and off. Current from a constant current source 319 determines the maximum current permitted to go through the laser. The laser is a laser diode with a built in photodiode that monitors the laser light output and provides feedback. Thus, there is a feedback circuit 312 that maintains constant light output.
To prevent the diode from blowing out, the driver circuit makes sure that the current is limited within a certain specified range. In addition, there is a calibration circuit 320 which keeps the laser on continuously prior to start-of-line. Therefore, at the appropriate time in the polygon synchronization cycle, the data drive operation is aborted and the laser is turned on fully with no modulation occurring on the diode. This selection is made under program control by applying the CAL signal to circuits 318 and 320.
The pel data is applied to the data current modulator circuit 316 along with interlock and pel gate signals. The data current modulator 316 delivers a signal to a watchdog timer 318. The watchdog timer makes sure that the laser driver is running properly. Since it is harmful for the laser to stay on continuously or at too high a current for too long, the watchdog timer monitors the data current modulator 316 and automatically shuts off the current generator 310, and therefor the diode, if safe operating conditions are exceeded.
As previously noted, the printer can operate in either a high or low resolution mode and this is under program control. One output of the program is a H/L Res, i.e. high-low resolution signal, which is supplied both to the mode circuit 314 and the current modulator 316. The current level or the power output of the laser diode thus is changed as a function of whether the system is running at low resolution i.e. under 400 dots/inch, or high resolution, i.e. more than 500 dots/inch. Less laser power is needed at high resolution since more dots are packed into the same area. The mode circuit 314 also has a "cal" or calibration input to bring the diode up to the right level based on the feedback from the photodiode.
FIG. 5 shows the general arrangement of the system control, which is basically a Motorola 68000 microprocessor 500 programmed to operate as a state machine according to instructions supplied by the manufacturer. The microprocessor controls the whole operation of the system. It has a clock input which comes from crystal 71'. The processor also has RAMS and PROMS as memory units. Further, it includes a UART, i.e. a universal asynchronour receiver transmitter device used for putting serial data in an RS232 format. These units are connected together by an address bus, a data bus and a control bus.
In operation the processor 500 utilizes interrupt control 502, i.e. there are numerous signals directed to the processor which interrupt it to tell the processor that the system is at a particular point and requires instructions. One such signal is the 2° signal from the drum encoder. Every 2° it requires that the processor check to see whether there is something to do. Another signal is the "top of the page" or TOP signal which is the zero reference on the encoder 39' attached to the drum. There are a whole series of such signals that indicate that the fuser is ready, the toner is low, the toner bottle is to be replaced, etc. There are also interlocks such as door switches, scrapers blade position, tray in place, etc. Further, there are jam detectors 53 that tell if the paper is at a certain point at a certain time, and a separation sensor 51 that tells if the paper has separated from the drum. The various signals come from different parts of the machine and interrupt the processor to ask for further instructions or to indicate status. These signals reach the processor through input buffers 510 and I/O port 515. The interrupts go directly to circuit 502, but the other data received is applied to the processor through data bus buffer 520.
The microprocessor, by knowing where the system is at a particular time, knows when to do certain things. This information is delivered over data bus buffer 520 and address bus buffer 522 to the I/O port 515 and from there to the system through output buffers 512. For instance, the processor, over the appropriate output port and at the appropriate time, will turn on the post exposure lamp by applying a signal over buffer 512 to turn on the power supply for that lamp.
The laser printer also has a display 530 to aid operator use. The data bus comes out to a 16-character liquid crystal display 532 and some LED's 534 which are the operator interface. As a result, the status of the system, e.g. system ready, paper jam, etc. can be displayed for the operator.
In FIGS. 6A and 6B, there is shown a flow chart of the executive routine for the microprocessor which controls the operation of the laser printer. This routine is interrupt driven so as to cause it to branch to certain sample subroutines that handle individual system operations.
At the beginning of the program, the entire system is initialized in the EXEC state 600. When this is complete, the program moves on to XEC LOOP 602. In this loop, the program first checks to see if there is a 2° interrupt. If not, the program moves immediately to state 604 where it checks for an immediate shut down condition due to a paper jam. If in state 602 a 2° interrupt is found, the program checks for critical action points.
Critical action points are degrees of rotation of the drum where action must be taken to continue the operation. A table is prepared which corresponds degrees of rotation of the drum with various states of the machine and provides particular action that must be taken. Thus, the system has a great deal of flexibility in that by changing the critical action points or the microprocessor's response to those action points, the operation of the machine can be varied. A typical critical action point is the 64° point in the rotation of the drum when printing with the laser is to occur, provided the system is in a normal ready condition.
After the critical action point is checked and any required action is taken, the system then checks for possible jams by checking paper jam sensors 53 as it normally does when there is no 2° interrupt. Following this, the check for immediate shut down in state 604 is made.
If a flag is set indicating that immediate shut down should take place, the program branches to state 605 which executes the immediate shut down procedure. If no immediate shut down is found, the program proceeds to test for manual feed roller use in state 606. This part of the program allows a user to input paper of size different than that included in the paper trays. Thus, it requires activation of the feed rollers without activation of the escapements 44, 45.
After the manual feed roller check, the program checks to see if there is a fault in the toner supply. If there is, the program moves from state 608 into state 610 which sets a flag. This allows the system to continue to produce a limited number of additional copies, even though there is an indication that the system is out of toner. If no toner fault is detected, the system skips over section 610 to state 612 of the program which checks the rest of the faults.
Once a flag has been set in state 610, and after the preset number of copies have been made, the program branches to state 611 which executes a delayed shut down. This differs form immediate shut down in that there is no need to rapidly remove power from parts of the system in this state. If the flag is not set, the program drops into state 612 where the other faults are checked.
If one of the faults checked in state 612 indicates then an immediate shut down is required for other than a paper jam which was checked in state 604, the program will branch to state 605 and execute the immediate shut down. Such a fault might include an overheated motor. In state 612, delayed shut down situations, such as loss of laser power, are checked and if one of them occurs the program branches to state 611 to execute the delayed shut down.
If no faults are detected, the program branches to state 616. If there is a fault in state 612, but it is not an immediate shut down or delayed shut down fault, the program enters state 614 where a check is made to see if paper is available. The program will continue to loop between states 614 and 612 until paper is provided. Then the program will pass on to state 616.
In state 616, the program checks to see if a command error fault has occurred or if there is no valid command pending. It also checks the state of the machine. If no command is available, the program branches to execute a delayed shut down in state 611. If a command is available, the program moves to state 618 to see if the command is valid.
In state 619, a check is made to see if the system is in the test mode and then the program passes to state 620 where a test is made to see if the printer is in machine state 6. Machine state 6 is the stopped and ready for command mode. In this position, the program inquires whether there are any manual feed commands or test mode commands. If there are no pending commands and no manual feed, the program branches to state 624. If there is manual feed command, the system branches to state 626. Otherwise, the program falls through to state 622 where a check is made for a pending command. If such a pending command is available, the program loops back to test for manual feed roller use in state 606. Otherwise, it passes through state 624 where the system checks to determine if it is still in the test mode.
After the check in state 624, the program pass to state 626 where the front panel display routine is executed to deliver information to the user and the manual feed roller is checked again. Finally, a check is made to see if there is a requirement for an immediate shut down. If there is no immediate shut down condition, the program branches to state 630. If there is a requirement for immediate shut down, a check is made to determine if this is due to a paper jam whether the paper jam has been cleared and whether the paper jam reset button has been pushed. If the reset button has been pushed, the program branches from state 628 back to state 600. If the button has not been pushed, the program falls into state 630 where the loop check is carried out.
In loop check, housekeeping duties are taken care of, including updating the display and sending signals to the watchdog timer of the laser timer to keep it from shutting down the system.
The operation of the executive routine shown in the flow charts of FIGS. 6A and 6B, in combination with a critical point table, cause operation in the manner desired by the user. The details of programs for carrying out this flow chart will depend on the particular program, microprocessor or logic system used.
At the command of the operator and under the control of the microprocessor, the system can be switched from the high resolution, moderate speed mode (resolution in excess of 500 dots/inch and a speed of about 4 pages/minute) to the lower resolution, high speed mode (a resolution under 400 dots/inch and a speed of about 16 pages/minutes). The program of the microprocessor accomplishes this rapidly by sending higher clock rate pulses to the stepper motors so that the paper and photoconductor drum move more quickly. This reduces the vertical resolution by creating a wider spacing between the raster scan lines.
With the paper and the photoconductor drum moving faster, the microprocessor causes an increase in the output of the laser, the fuser heater temperature and the corona currents. As a result, the same image definition or contrast will be produced in the low resolution mode as in the high resolution mode.
No change is made to the optics so that the spot size, which produces the dot pattern that results in the image, remains the same. The resolution difference occurs because the spacing between the dots in both the horizontal and vertical direction is increased.
In order to increase the dot spacing in the horizontal or sweep direction without changing the polygon speed, printing occurs using every facet of the polygon. In the high resolution mode, printing occurred with every other facet, but this high resolution printing included in one scan line all of the data that had been stored during two scan periods. Therefore, twice as much data was applied in a single scan line in the high resolution mode. In the two resolution mode only the data taken in during once scan period is laid down on the photoconductor. Thus there is a much greater spacing between the information dots or picture elements.
This scheme for utilizing fewer facets during the high resolution phase, but printing twice as much data during each scan, also allows the interface circuit to remain constant.
Therefore, fewer changes in the system are necessary in order to arrive at the dual mode laser printer of the present invention.
While the present invention has been particularly shown and described with reference to a preferred embodiment thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
This scheme for utilizing fewer facets during the high resolution phase, but printing twice as much data during each scan, also allows the interface circuit to remain constant.
Therefore, fewer changes in the system are necessary in order to arrive at the dual mode laser printer of the present invention.
While the present invention has been particularly shown and described with reference to a preferred embodiment thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
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|Clasificación de EE.UU.||347/129, 347/132, 347/250|
|Clasificación internacional||G03G15/20, G03G15/22, H04N1/23, G03G15/00, B41J2/44, H04N1/04, G06K15/12, G03G15/04, H04N1/113|
|Clasificación cooperativa||H04N1/0411, H04N1/0443, H04N1/0402, H04N1/1135, H04N1/0446, G06K15/1219, G06K15/128|
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|11 Ene 1985||AS||Assignment|
Owner name: DATA RECORDING SYSTEMS,INC. 80 RULAND ROAD,MELVILL
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNORS:SPENCER, DAVID R.;GOLDSTEIN, AMNON;REEL/FRAME:004357/0468
Effective date: 19850104
|12 Ene 1989||AS||Assignment|
Owner name: ECRM INCORPORATED, 554 CLARK ROAD, TEWKSBURY, MA 0
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:DATA RECORDING SYSTEMS, INC.;REEL/FRAME:005000/0447
Effective date: 19881219
Owner name: ECRM INCORPORATED, MASSACHUSETTS
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:DATA RECORDING SYSTEMS, INC.;REEL/FRAME:005000/0447
Effective date: 19881219
|17 Ene 1989||AS||Assignment|
Owner name: ECRM TRUST, MASSACHUSETTS
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:ECRM INCORPORATED;REEL/FRAME:005010/0161
Effective date: 19881227
|5 Sep 1989||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 4
|26 Oct 1993||REMI||Maintenance fee reminder mailed|
|27 Mar 1994||LAPS||Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees|
|7 Jun 1994||FP||Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee|
Effective date: 19940330


In this article we explain the capacitive transducer, the transducer is a device used to convert one form of energy to another form, the transducer is called the convertors and in some cases, they are used to measure the quantities by using the conversion action.
The capacitive transducer is the device used to measure many quantities using the variable capacitance.
We try to explain some of the pieces of information about the capacitive transducer, which includes the working and applications of capacitive transducer.
Capacitive transducer is used for
The capacitive transducer is used for measuring the quantities like distance, volume, density, water level and……etc.
The main principle behind the capacitive transducer is the variations in capacitance.
The capacitive transducer works on the principle of
The figure shows the model of the capacitive transducer, so from the figure, we get a basic idea of its working principle.
- The capacitive transducer work with a principle called a variable capacitor.
- As per the above structure, the transducer has two parallel metal plates which will have a proper distance between them and also they separate with a dielectric material.
- This means the distance between two metal plates varies the capacitance.
- The only difference the capacitive transducer makes with the common capacitor is that the general capacitor has fixed plates.
- But at the capacitive transducer, the parallel plates are movable, which makes it a variable capacitor.
C = εo εr A/ d
C= indicate the capacitance
εo= indicate the permittivity of free space
εr= indicate the relative permittivity
A= indicate the area of the plate
D= indicate the distance between the plates
- This capacitance formula shows the factor responsible for the change.
- From the formula, we can see the distance is inversely proportional to the capacitance.
Application of capacitive transducer
- Measure humidity in the gas
- Measure volume
- Measure liquid level
- Measure density
- The measure of linear angular displacement
- Measure brake disc
- Dynamic at turbines or engine measure with it
- Thickness measure
- Measure for force or pressure
- Measure the weight
- Measure the temperature
Capacitive transducer displays
The capacitive transducer screen displays or called the capacitive sensor, at projected capacitive touch or (PCT) technology utilizes the capacitance property.
The pressure variations at the screen due to the sensations of touch will be used to make touch screens.


Digital Hygrometer ITH-20R
Fast Free Shipping
Worry free Warranty
Lifetime Customer Support
ITH-20R is suitable for households, guitar cases, greenhouses, offices, labs and etc.
The display has accurate, reliable temperature and humidity readings. The simple, visual LCD screen shows the current temperature and humidity.
External Probe: INKBIRD ITH-20R supports an external probe and we can put it into most kinds of liquid for temperature measuring, easy to measure, convenient, and more efficient.
Instant reading: INKBIRD ITH-20R supports instant reading and its transmission distance of the digital hygrometer is up to 300 feet with its data being updated in 10 seconds, which helps us monitor the humidity and the temperature instantly without checking the transmitter constantly and get ready for the weather changes.
LCD display screen: INKBIRD ITH-20R receiver adopts LCD display screen to show temperature and humidity and divides it into two parts, OUT shows the temperature and humidity reading of the transmitter, IN shows the temperature and humidity reading of the receiver. Besides, it applies comfort and user-friendly indicators, which makes it cosy and comfortable to use.
No reading confusion: INKBIRD ITH-20R supports both Celsius and Fahrenheit reading methods, we can switch them easily based on our reading habits, no more reading confusion anymore.
Two installation methods: We can place it on the desk or mount it on the wall based on our practical use contexts or our habits, which makes it more user-friendly and humanized.
Measuring range: receiver temperature measuring range is -20°C ~ 60°C (-4°F ~ 140°F); transmitter temperature measuring range is -40°C ~ 70°C (-40°F ~ 158°F ); external temperature probe measuring range is -50~125℃ (-58~257°F). Receiver and transmitter humidity measuring range is 10％～95％RH with its sampling period of 10 seconds, which makes it very suitable for households, guitar cases, greenhouses, offices, labs etc.
Out-of-the-box and super thin design: INKBIRD ITH-20R is designed for out-of-the-box with a super thin design, which makes it easy to use, easy to move, and easy to store.


For several years, ultrasound contrast agents are being investigated for their therapeutic capacity. These gas-filled coated microbubbles have the ability to enhance local intravenous drug delivery. Microbubbles can be loaded with drugs by adding them to the bubble surface of by incorporating them into the core of the bubble. Upon microbubble oscillation and/or disruption, following ultrasound insonation, the drugs are released locally to achieve a therapeutic effect while avoiding systemic exposure. Furthermore, the interaction of oscillating microbubbles with the vascular endothelial layer causes an enhanced uptake of drugs by the surrounding tissue. To visualize the process of ultrasound-triggered drug delivery, the use of ultra-high-speed imaging is required to resolve the nanoseconds timescales involved. To obtain sufficient optical contrast and resolution to visualize the release of nanometer-sized particles, fluorescence microscopy has to be employed as well. Combining both techniques is challenging, due to the extremely short exposure time in which sufficient signal has to be collected from a limited amount of fluorescent material. In this thesis the techniques of ultra-high-speed fluorescence imaging is described. By combining laser-induced-fluorescence, employing a 5W continuous wave (CW) laser, and the Brandaris 128 ultra-high-speed imaging facility a system was developed that allows for the visualization of fluorescently labeled microbubbles at a nanoseconds timescale. This imaging techique is applied to study the mechanisms of ultrasound-triggered local drug delivery using microbubbles: the release from liposome-loaded microbubbles and the subsequent uptake by a vascular endothelial cell. Furthermore, fluorescence imaging is used to aid the research of microbubble dynamics, since the absolute size of the bubble can be determined at a higher precision. This leads to more accurate input data for theoretical models. Finally, two novel designs of drug-carrying, hard-shelled ultrasound contrast agents are characterized. The first design consists of a multimodal contrast agent for photoacoustic and ultrasound imaging. The second therapeutic agent can be employed as a two-step drug delivery system. Both microcapsule designs are characterized experimentally. Their response to laser light and ultrasound, respectively, is compared to new physical models describing the activation dynamics of these microcapsules, which were found to be in very good agreement.
|Qualification||Doctor of Philosophy|
|Award date||20 Apr 2012|
|Place of Publication||Enschede|
|Publication status||Published - 20 Apr 2012|


Control Systems Engineering
Cellula has built a strong portfolio of control systems for seafloor drills, Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs), manipulators, scientific instruments, and subsea well intervention systems. Cellula offers three categories of control systems engineering:
Cellula has spent many years developing control systems for the underwater and subsea markets. Our expertise will be valuable in providing feedback and commentary on your designs.
We can perform the following services:
Control systems design, analysis and simulation
Software development and testing
Robotic systems simulations
Our physical deliverables for these services come in the form of documentation, diagrams, and source code relevant to your project for your reference.
All control systems for large machinery can be broken down into smaller tasks performed by different components. Cellula can expertly design and program individual systems for your project.
We can design and integrate control system parts into your working systems, including the following:
Embedded and PC-based controllers
Power distribution units
Sensors and actuators
Graphical User Interfaces (GUI)
Full System Engineering
For larger projects that require a full system to manage, command, and support your robotics, you can rely on Cellula to engineer a solution. We will work side-by-side with your organization to design, assemble, and integrate a high-quality control system.
While details may vary depending on the project, Cellula's full control system engineering services typically include:
Requirements and interfaces definitions
Systems engineering, integration & testing for your robotic systems
Automation design and algorithms
Coding software and GUIs
Coordinating communications within the control system, such as via Ethernet messages and analog interfaces
Designing, procuring, assembling and testing all necessary hardware


If you've ever ordered and wire up a 9-DOF sensor, chances are you've also realized the challenge of turning the sensor data from an accelerometer, gyroscope and magnetometer into actual "3D space orientation"! Orientation is a hard problem to solve. The sensor fusion algorithms (the secret sauce that blends accelerometer, magnetometer and gyroscope data into stable three-axis orientation output) can be mind-numbingly difficult to get right and implement on low cost real time systems.
Bosch is the first company to get this right by taking a MEMS accelerometer, magnetometer and gyroscope and putting them on a single die with a high speed ARM Cortex-M0 based processor to digest all the sensor data, abstract the sensor fusion and real time requirements away, and spit out data you can use in quaternions, Euler angles or vectors.
Rather than spending weeks or months fiddling with algorithms of varying accuracy and complexity, you can have meaningful sensor data in minutes thanks to the BNO055 - a smart 9-DOF sensor that does the sensor fusion all on its own!
The BNO055 can output the following sensor data:
Absolute Orientation (Euler Vector, 100Hz)
Three axis orientation data based on a 360° sphere
Absolute Orientation (Quaterion, 100Hz)
Four point quaternion output for more accurate data manipulation
Angular Velocity Vector (100Hz)
Three axis of 'rotation speed' in rad/s
Acceleration Vector (100Hz)
Three axis of acceleration (gravity + linear motion) in m/s^2
Magnetic Field Strength Vector (20Hz)
Three axis of magnetic field sensing in micro Tesla (uT)
Linear Acceleration Vector (100Hz)
Three axis of linear acceleration data (acceleration minus gravity) in m/s^2
Gravity Vector (100Hz)
Three axis of gravitational acceleration (minus any movement) in m/s^2
Ambient temperature in degrees celsius


Applied Digital Imaging
How do you measure and analyse images of the Sun's surface to accurately predict space weather? Is it possible to create a accurate 3D face recognition at low cost for security applications? Can optical character recognition be used in the Arabic alphabet?
These are typical of the problems we solve through our research in digital imaging and metrology. Our projects include:
- Automated prediction of solar flares by analysing satellite images in real time
- Automated analysis of digital mammograms and the detection of microcalcifications
- 3D visualisation of segmented regions of interest in 2D images
- Optical character recognition for Arabic writing
It's an area with wide ranging applications: space weather forecasting, security and biometrics, medical imaging, watermarking, visualisation and super resolution.
Tel: +44(0)1274 235464


Laser cutting technology has revolutionized various industries, including the medical field. With its precision and versatility, laser cutting has become an invaluable tool in medical device manufacturing, surgical procedures, and research applications. In this article, we will explore the numerous benefits of laser cutting in the medical field and its impact on healthcare advancements.
I. Understanding Laser Cutting:
1.1 What is Laser Cutting?
Laser cutting is a non-contact manufacturing process that utilizes a high-power laser to cut through materials with extreme precision. This process involves the use of a focused laser beam that melts, vaporizes, or burns through the material, resulting in clean and accurate cuts.
1.2 The Advantages of Laser Cutting:
Laser cutting offers several advantages over traditional cutting methods, making it widely adopted in the medical field. This section will highlight the key benefits:
II. Applications of Laser Cutting in the Medical Field:
2.1 Manufacturing Medical Devices:
Laser cutting plays a pivotal role in the production of medical devices, such as implants, surgical instruments, and prosthetics. This section will discuss how laser cutting enhances the manufacturing process and produces high-quality, customized medical devices.
2.2 Laser Cutting in Surgery:
Laser cutting has transformed several surgical procedures, offering doctors and surgeons greater precision, efficiency, and improved patient outcomes. Subsections under this section could include:
– Laser Cutting in Ophthalmology
– Laser-Assisted Tissue Ablation
– Laser Cutting in Dentistry
2.3 Research and Development:
Laser cutting is widely used in medical research and development applications, enabling the creation of intricate models for testing, the fabrication of microfluidic devices, and the production of custom sensors. This section will explore these applications and highlight their significance in advancing medical research.
III. Advancements in Laser Cutting Technology:
3.1 Robotic-Assisted Laser Surgery:
The integration of robotic systems and laser cutting technology has opened up new possibilities in surgical procedures. This section will discuss the advantages of this combination and explore specific applications.
3.2 Nanosecond versus Femtosecond Lasers:
A comparison between nanosecond and femtosecond lasers will be examined, discussing their specific applications in laser cutting within the medical field. The advantages and limitations of each will also be explored.
IV. Challenges and Future Perspectives:
4.1 Safety Considerations:
While laser cutting offers numerous benefits, there are certain safety considerations that need to be addressed to ensure the well-being of patients and medical professionals. This section will discuss safety measures and protocols.
4.2 Future Developments in Laser Cutting:
This section will explore ongoing research and potential future developments in laser cutting technology, including advancements in speed, precision, and material compatibility.
Laser cutting has revolutionized the medical field, offering unparalleled precision, efficiency, and versatility in various applications. From the manufacturing of medical devices to cutting-edge surgical procedures and research applications, the benefits of laser cutting are undeniable. As technology continues to advance, laser cutting is expected to play an even more significant role in shaping the future of healthcare.


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Latest update： 17/04/2020 16:54:20
KOMIYAMA ERECTRON Inc.
Professional group of vacuum technology
We propose bonding and joining technologies that change the common sense of fluoroplastics. We manmufacture products by utilizing our strength of "integrating design technology, production technology, and vacuum technology" and our many years of experience and achievements. Our vacuum equipment covers a wide range of fields, ranging from semiconductor, liquid crystal, organic EL, and solar cells to aerospace, automobile, medical, and nuclear power.
Devices using vacuum technology
We propose vacuum equipment that meets a wide variety of customer needs by combining our experienced vacuum technology and production technology. We support a wide range from R & D to production equipment. [Vacuum thin-film forming and processing equipment] For liquid crystals, organic ELs, solar cells, and semiconductors ・ Evaporation equipment ・ Sputtering equipment ・ Dry etching equipment ・ Ashing equipment ・ CVD equipment etc. [Industrial vacuum equipment] ・ Vacuum exhaust equipment ・ Vacuum heating equipment ・ Vacuum annealing equipment ・ Vacuum distillation equipment ・ Vacuum drying equipment ・ Vacuum deaeration equipment ・ Vacuum packing equipment ・ Vacuum cooling equipment, etc.
Bonding and joining that changes the common sense of fluoroplastics
Improvement of adhesion by surface modification] Characteristic ・ All-dry process ・ Compatible with large materials ・ Low temperature treatment, little change over time ・ Compatible with various polymer materials
Ion beam source for surface modification
[Ion beam technology] (1) Implementing multiple ion beam formation (Optional) ⇒ Providing high spatial utility (2) External plasma ion beam drive method ⇒Providing high process efficiency (3) Irradiating ion beams in optimum directions
This company is recommended by the following support organizations.
- Kanto Head Office, SMRJ


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Journals and Conferences
We investigate experimentally the validity of proposed theories extending the tunneling approximation towards the multiphoton regime in strong-field ionization of helium. We employ elliptically polarized laser pulses and demonstrate how the influence of the ion potential on the released electron encoded in the measured observable provides the desired… (More)
We present measurements of single-photon ionization time delays between the outermost valence electrons of argon and neon using a coincidence detection technique that allows for the simultaneous measurement of both species under identical conditions. The analysis of the measured traces reveals energy-dependent time delays of a few tens of attoseconds with… (More)
Free methyl bromide and total bromide residues were determined in potatoes fumigated with methyl bromide. In potatoes fumigated at 180 mg×h/l with methyl bromide at 10 or 18°C after import into the United Kingdom, no free methyl bromide was detectable 24 h after fumigation and total bromide did not exceed 32 ppm.
Here we present a successful combination of an attosecond beamline with a COLTRIMS apparatus, which we refer to as AttoCOLTRIMS. The setup provides either single attosecond pulses or attosecond pulse trains for extreme ultraviolet-infrared pump-probe experiments. We achieve full attosecond stability by using an active interferometer stabilization. The… (More)
We combine an attosecond beamline with a 3D momentum imaging spectrometer to achieve coincidence pump probe experiments with unprecedented attosecond time-resolution. Besides technical details, first coincidence and pump-probe experiments are presented.
Strong field ionization momentum distribution contains much information. The angular distribution indicates real tunneling delay time, the center shows ellipticity dependent Coulomb effects, and the longitudinal momentum spread challenges the assumption of zero initial momentum.


Specifications for LS-C Mini Quantum Sensor
All specifications are subject to change without prior notice.
Design of sensor: Small versatile waterproof mini quantum sensor for selective PAR measurement, cosine corrected for light incident at an angle between -30 ° to +30 ° from surface normal for PPFD (photosynthetical photon flux density) measurement, with base plate for screw connection.
Sensor housing: Black resin material
Diffuser material: Perspex
Signal detection: High stability silicone photovoltaic detector with filter set for PAR correction (see “General Features” for typical response)
Signal output: Typically 10 μA / (1000 μmol m-2 s-1)
Temperature coefficient of photodiode: 0.01 %/K
Absolute calibration: ± 10 %
Immersion coefficient: Typically 1.15
Angular dependence: Error < 3 % for angle between -30 ° and +30 ° from normal axis (see chart for typical response)
Operating temperature: - 5 °C … + 45 °C
Cable length: 3 m
Size: Base plate: 12 mm x 7 mm x 1 mm (H x W x L); sensor housing 5 mm x 7.5 mm x 7 mm (H x W x L); diffuser diameter: 3 mm
Weight: 26 g


SFCable.com Datasheets for Antennas
Antennas are structures or devices used to collect or radiate electromagnetic waves.
Antennas: Learn more
|14dBi directional operation boosts your signal to a further distance in a specific direction. Features 100cm CFD-200 low loss cable for flexible deployment. Provides easy installation mounting kits.|
|24dBi directional operation, ideal for extraordinary long-distance outdoor directional connection. Weather proof design, suitable for all weather conditions.|
|Remote Control Outdoor HDTV Antenna UHF/VHF 360 Degree Rotation US Version (HG-831), for TV Signal Receiving.|
|Super Active , Rotating & Powerful Receive Antenna. High quality far rangin reception. UHF/VHF TV and FM radio. Parabolic focusing reception. Built-in high gain booster. Built-in low noise circuit. 360...|
|Very easy to install, no software required. 8dBi Omni-directional operation boosts your signal to a higher range.|


Nikon Eclipse LV-DAF Microscope Autofocus system
The LV-DAF delivers fast, versatile autofocus with the Hybrid Auto-Focus system, making the most of two types of auto focus systems. Combining slit projection and contrast detection auto focus, it features large focus range and fast tracking ability. A variety of observation methods are supported, including brightfield, darkfield and differential interference contrast (DIC), as well as various transparent samples.
Nikon Multizoom AZ100 Microscope
The AZ100 Multizoom is a multi-purpose zoom microscope system that provides capabilities that don’t currently exist with stereomicroscopes and compound high magnification microscopes. It covers an extremely wide range of magnifications, from 5x to 400x, effectively combining the advantages provided by stereo zoom microscopes and compound microscopes


Kombicolor is a durable stainless steel bovine semen applicator, which can be used with both mini and medium straws. The added ridge eliminates the need for O-rings and ensures a tight connection with unsplit sheaths. Five colors are available for easy differentiation.
It goes 4 cm deeper when needed. Thanks to an ingenious system, the straw is never compressed in the chamber, regardless of the its cut, as may occur with a spiral or o-ring semen applicator.
The sheath is quick and easy to fit on the Kombicolor, and is perfectly held once on.
A large colored ring allows for accurate and comfortable finger placement. Five ring colors are available for easier identification of the semen applicator.