Introduction to Cornwall
Nestled on the southwestern tip of England, Cornwall is a treasure trove of stunning landscapes, rich history, and bustling culture. Whether you’re searching for the perfect surfing spot or craving some authentic Cornish pasties, this county has something for everyone. But before diving into all that Cornwall has to offer, let’s start with the basics: what county is Cornwall in? In this article, we’ll explore the answer to that question as well as delve into its fascinating historical background and notable attractions. So sit back and join us on this journey through one of England’s most captivating counties!
What County is Cornwall in UK?
Cornwall is a county located in the southwestern part of England. It is situated on the peninsula bordered by the Celtic Sea and the English Channel. Cornwall covers an area of approximately 1,376 square miles with a population of over half a million people.
Cornwall’s location has made it one of the most unique counties in England. Its proximity to both land and sea has played a significant role in shaping its history, culture, and economy.
It was formerly known as Dumnonia during the Roman era but later became part of Wessex after King Athelstan conquered it in 936 AD. During medieval times, Cornwall enjoyed relative independence due to its geographical isolation from London.
Cornwall’s political structure comprises six parliamentary constituencies that elect members to represent them at Westminster Parliament. The county also has elected local councillors who are responsible for overseeing local government services such as education, health care, and social welfare among others.
Tourist attractions such as St Michael’s Mount, Tintagel Castle (believed to be King Arthur’s birthplace), and Eden Project (botanical garden) have been instrumental in making Cornwall one of England’s leading tourist destinations.
The geography of Cornwall consists mostly of rugged coastline cliffs interspersed with sandy beaches and coves leading inland to rolling hills covered with farmland or wild moorland which support grazing animals like sheep or ponies.
Cornwall’s economy relies heavily on tourism fishing mining agriculture among other industries which contribute significantly towards employment opportunities for locals while generating revenue for businesses within the region.
Understanding County Classifications
Understanding county classifications can seem like a daunting task, but it doesn’t have to be. In the UK, counties are administrative areas that are in charge of delivering various services such as education, social care and waste management. There are two types of counties: metropolitan and non-metropolitan.
Metropolitan counties include Greater London, West Midlands, Greater Manchester and Tyne and Wear. These areas have more extensive powers than non-metropolitan counties because they cover large urban areas with complex needs.
Non-metropolitan counties cover rural areas where local authorities provide fewer services due to lower population density. Cornwall is one of these non-metropolitan administrative regions located in South West England.
Cornwall has a unique status as it is both a ceremonial county (a region recognized by the Crown for cultural purposes) and a unitary authority (an area that combines traditional county functions with those usually performed by district councils).
Understanding the different types of counties allows you to better understand how local government works in the UK. It’s important to note that while each county has its own characteristics, all work together towards providing essential services for their residents.
Historical Background of Cornwall
Cornwall has a rich and fascinating history that dates back to prehistoric times. The region was originally inhabited by Celtic tribes, who left behind evidence of their settlements in the form of standing stones and hill forts.
During Roman times, Cornwall was part of the province of Britannia and remained under Roman control until the 5th century when it fell into Anglo-Saxon hands. It became an important centre for mining during medieval times, with tin being one of its most valuable resources.
In later years, Cornwall saw many conflicts between local people and those from outside regions due to its abundance of natural resources. These conflicts were often bloody and violent, but they helped shape the unique culture that exists in Cornwall today.
The Industrial Revolution brought significant changes to this area as well. Mining expanded rapidly in Cornwall during this time period which led to massive growth in infrastructure development such as railways.
Today visitors can still see remnants of this rich history through landmarks like castles, mines and historic buildings throughout the county. It is truly a place where ancient meets modern-day life!
Cornwall’s Political Structure
Cornwall’s political structure is unique compared to other counties in England. It has its own unitary authority, known as the Cornwall Council, which carries out both county and district functions on behalf of the residents.
The Cornwall Council consists of 123 councillors who represent 87 electoral divisions across the region. The council is responsible for a wide range of services such as education, social care, housing, public safety and transport.
In addition to this local government structure, there are also six parliamentary constituencies in Cornwall that elect Members of Parliament (MPs) to represent their interests in Westminster. This gives Cornish residents a voice at both the local and national levels
Furthermore, due to its distinct identity and culture, there have been ongoing discussions about devolving more powers from the central government to Cornwall. In fact, back in 2014, a historic agreement was signed between the UK Government and Cornwall Council that granted greater autonomy and control over funding decisions.
Although part of England politically speaking; Cornwall has its own distinct political structure reflecting its unique culture and heritage which makes it stand apart from other counties within England
Tourist Attractions in Cornwall
Cornwall is a popular tourist destination for people who want to escape the hustle and bustle of city life. It boasts many stunning natural landscapes, from sandy beaches to rugged cliffsides. One of the most famous attractions in Cornwall is St Michael’s Mount, a small tidal island located off the coast near Penzance.
Another must-see attraction is the Eden Project, an ecological garden that features giant biomes filled with plants from all over the world. The Lost Gardens of Heligan are also worth visiting – they were abandoned for decades but have now been restored to their former glory and are one of Cornwall’s most beautiful gardens.
For history buffs, Tintagel Castle offers a glimpse into Cornwall’s past as it was once believed to be King Arthur’s birthplace. Meanwhile, adrenaline junkies can head to Newquay for some surfing lessons or take a hike along the South West Coast Path which spans 630 miles.
Food lovers should not miss out on trying some traditional Cornish pasties or fresh seafood at one of Cornwall’s many restaurants and cafes. With so much on offer, there really is something for everyone in this picturesque county!
The Geography of Cornwall
Cornwall’s geography is one of its main attractions. It is a peninsula that juts out into the Atlantic Ocean, bordered by Devon to the east and the Celtic Sea to the west. With over 400 miles of coastline, Cornwall boasts some of England’s most beautiful beaches.
Cornwall has two distinct coastlines – the north coast and the south coast. The north coast is rugged and exposed, with towering cliffs and wide expanses of sand dunes. The south coast, on the other hand, is more sheltered with hidden coves and quaint fishing villages.
Inland from Cornwall’s coasts lies a landscape that ranges from rolling hills to wild moorland. Bodmin Moor covers an area of around 80 square miles in central Cornwall and is home to numerous prehistoric sites such as stone circles and standing stones.
The county also has several estuaries, including those at Fowey, Helford River, Fal Estuary (which includes Truro), and Camel Estuary (which includes Padstow) among others.
Cornwall’s unique geography provides visitors with plenty to explore whether it be walking along coastal paths or discovering hidden inland villages.
Map of Cornwall
Cornwall’s Economic Significance
Cornwall’s economy is diverse, and it plays a significant role in the UK’s economy. The county has a thriving tourism industry that contributes significantly to its economy. Cornwall boasts beautiful beaches, a stunning coastline, and charming villages that attract tourists from all over the world.
In addition to tourism, Cornwall’s mining history has played an important role in shaping its economic significance. The region was once known for its tin mining industry, which helped put Cornwall on the map as a global player in mineral extraction. Although this industry declined rapidly during the 20th century, it still holds historical value to the county.
The agricultural sector also plays a crucial part in Cornwall’s economic makeup with livestock farming being one of their primary sources of income generation. Fishing is another vital component of Cornwall’s economy with small harbours like Padstow being home to fishing fleets.
Cornwall has also become something of a hub for creative industries such as film-making and television production due to locations like Land’s End providing picturesque backdrops for films and TV shows alike.
Businesses such as those involved in renewable energy have been attracted by opportunities provided by wind farms off their coastlines increasing job prospects within these sectors while reducing reliance on traditional fossil fuels.
Overall, the diversity within Cornwalls’ economy ensures there are multiple avenues for growth potential helping maintain employment rates while ensuring future prosperity not only for Cornish residents but throughout Great Britain too!
Cornwall’s Neighbouring Counties
Cornwall is located in the southwestern tip of England and shares borders with two neighbouring counties – Devon to the east and Somerset to the northeast. Both counties have unique characteristics that make them worth exploring for travellers visiting Cornwall.
Devon, also known as Devonshire, is a popular tourist destination that boasts stunning coastlines, beaches, and national parks. The county has several historic sites such as Plymouth Hoe and Dartmouth Castle. It’s also home to Dartmoor National Park which covers over 950 square kilometres of moorland dotted with granite tors.
Somerset on the other hand is famous for its rolling hills, cider farms, and charming countryside villages. The county has some of Britain’s most iconic landmarks such as Glastonbury Tor which stands at 158 meters high offering panoramic views of Somerset Levels
Both counties are easily accessible from Cornwall by road or rail making it an ideal opportunity for tourists looking to explore more than one area during their visit.
Transport Options to Cornwall
Getting to Cornwall has never been easier, thanks to the various transport options available. If you plan on flying into Cornwall, you can take a flight from London Heathrow or Gatwick Airport directly to Newquay Airport. From there, taxis and buses are readily available for your convenience.
For those who prefer travelling by train, there are direct trains from London Paddington Station that arrive at key destinations in Cornwall such as Truro and Penzance. However, if you’re looking to cut down on travel time, it’s best to take the sleeper train which departs from London Paddington Station in the evening and arrives in Cornwall early morning.
If driving is more your thing, then rest assured that there are numerous routes leading into Cornwall with excellent access via major roads such as A30 and M5 motorway. Be prepared though – traffic can be quite heavy during peak holiday seasons so planning ahead of time is important.
For those who enjoy scenic journeys while travelling long distances or simply like the idea of trying something new – taking a ferry ride could be an option worth considering! There are regular ferry services operating between Plymouth and Roscoff (France) throughout the year.
With all these transport options available at your disposal getting around Cornwell won’t be much of an issue!
Cornwall is undoubtedly one of the most beautiful and unique places in England. Its location makes it particularly special, as it sits on the southwestern tip of the country, bordering the Celtic Sea to its west and south. Cornwall’s geography offers a diverse range of landscapes, from picturesque beaches to rugged cliffs.
While some may wonder what county Cornwall is located in, it’s important to note that counties are administrative divisions used for local government purposes only. Cornwall has been recognized as a ceremonial county since 1974 when it was granted unitary status by Parliament.
Cornwall has a rich history dating back thousands of years with evidence of human settlement found throughout the area. The region was once ruled by its own kings before being incorporated into England during medieval times.
Today, Cornwall draws tourists from all over who come to experience everything this unique destination has to offer. From exploring charming fishing villages like St Ives or Padstow to taking long walks along dramatic coastline trails such as Land’s End or visiting historical landmarks like Tintagel Castle – there’s always something new and exciting waiting around every corner.
While some may question what county Cornwall is located in – its significance far exceeds any administrative classification attached to it. It represents not just a place but also embodies culture, heritage and natural beauty that make it truly a one-of-a-kind destination in England!
Frequently asked questions about Cornwall
1. What is the population of Cornwall?
Cornwall’s population stands at approximately 568,000 people.
2. What are some of the famous tourist attractions in Cornwall?
Some popular tourist destinations include St Michael’s Mount, Land’s End, and The Eden Project.
3. How do I get to Cornwall?
There are several options for getting to Cornwall including by car, train or bus. You can also fly into Newquay airport which offers domestic flights within the UK.
4. What county is Cornwall in?
Cornwall is a ceremonial county located in Southwest England.
5. Does Cornwall have its own language?
Yes, Cornish is recognized as a minority language under European charter guidelines.


ALL >> Real-Estate-and-Foreclosure >> View Article
The Booming Phase Of Real Estate!
Total Articles: 233
A real estate boom, property boom or housing boom all refer to the same thing. It is a type of economic bubble which has periodic occurrence in local or global real estate markets. In this phase there is a rapid increase in the valuation of property such as housing until it reaches an unsustainable level and then gradually it declines. The fundamental law of 'demand and supply' in economics states that if the demand is greater than supply, it leads to the rise in prices of the commodity. The current scenario of the real estate throughout the globe is a true portrayal of this basic principle of economics.
1. Too much home ownership. Homeownership has increased due to easy credit, over-emphasis on ownership, and herd mentality encouraged by the media encouraging investment in residential real estate. Too many people with little money can now also own homes.
2. Buying for speculation rather than shelter. A study says that many homebuyers identified their purchase as investment or vacation properties. Real estate inherently has a speculative component.
3. Low interest rates. A lot of banks provide low interest housing loans.
4. Residential real estate is a safe harbour. Share market keeps on fluctuating. People frequently lose money in shares. So whatever money is left, they put it in residential real estate, figuring that it would be a safe and secure investment. This drives up the price of housing.
5. Bad lending practices. This one thing is the major cause for the bubble and its bursting. This in turn leads to the cascading effect of unemployment which in turn leads to defaults.
Real estate boom is more critical than the stock market bubbles. A recent experimental study shows that, real estate markets have longer boom and bust periods, as compared to financial markets. The housing market is not a market to do "flips" for the "momentum" investor like they do in the stock market. One should be ready for a long term "buy and hold" position in the real estate.
It is a pre-dominating economic perspective that economic booms result in a temporary boost in wealth and its redistribution. When there is a price rise, we can observe a positive wealth effect in which property owners feel richer and thus spend more, and when the prices fall, there is a negative wealth effect in which property owners feel poorer and thus spend less.
Now what is the possible solution to avoid such unexpected bubbles? States should abrogate those laws and programs that made housing expensive. If there is no bubble, there would be no burst and no recession.
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WEDNESDAY, March 6 (HealthDay News) -- Eating lots of foods loaded with salt may do more than raise your blood pressure: Researchers report that it could also contribute to the development of autoimmune diseases, where the body's immune system mistakenly mounts an attack upon some part of the body.
Three new studies suggest salt may be a prime suspect in a wide range of autoimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS), psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis (arthritis of the spine).
A significant increase in the incidence of autoimmune diseases, especially multiple sclerosis and type 1 diabetes, suggests that environmental factors, and not genetics, may explain the trend, the researchers noted.
"The diet does affect the autoimmune system in ways that have not been previously recognized," said senior study author Dr. David Hafler, a professor of neurology and immunobiology at the Yale School of Medicine, in New Haven, Conn.
It was an accidental discovery that triggered the researchers' interest in salt; they stumbled upon the fact that people who ate at fast food restaurants seemed to have higher levels of inflammatory cells than others, Hafler explained.
In the study, Hafler and his team found that giving mice a high-salt diet caused the rodents to produce a type of infection-fighting cell that is closely associated with autoimmune diseases. The mice on salt diets developed a severe form of multiple sclerosis, called autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Findings from animal studies are not always mirrored in human trials, however.
Inflammatory cells are normally used by the immune system to protect people from bacterial, viral, fungal and parasitic infections. But, in the case of autoimmune diseases, they attack healthy tissue.
Hafler's study is one of three papers, published in the March 6 issue of the journal Nature, that show how salt may overstimulate the immune system. In addition to Hafler's research, scientists from the Broad Institute in Boston explored how genes regulate the immune response, and researchers from Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston zeroed in on how autoimmunity is controlled by a network of genes.
All three studies help explain, each from a different angle, how "helper" T-cells can drive autoimmune diseases by creating inflammation. Salt seems to cause enzymes to stimulate the creation of the helper T-cells, escalating the immune response.
"We think of helper T-cells as sort of the orchestra leaders, helping the immune system know what the cells should be doing in response to different microbial pathogens," explained Dr. John O'Shea, director of intramural research at the U.S. National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, in Bethesda, Md. "The strength of these papers is that they have found another factor that drives [helper T-cell] differentiation -- salt."
While salt may play a role in autoimmune diseases, the researchers said the picture is most likely complicated. "We don't think salt is the whole story. It's a new, unexplored part of it, but there are hundreds of genetic variants involved in autoimmune disease and environmental factors, too," said Hafler.
It's also unclear just how much salt is required to stimulate the autoimmune response, Hafler added.
In addition to salt, other factors have been shown to influence levels of helper T-cells, including microbes, diet, metabolism, environmental factors and cytokines (proteins that help regulate inflammatory responses), according to O'Shea, who was not involved with the new studies.
O'Shea said the studies provide a way to test -- hopefully soon in human trials -- whether a low-salt diet might help treat autoimmune disease.
"They have now identified a biomarker, so you could treat people with a low-salt diet and then check for the marker in cells using cell cytometry, for example," O'Shea explained. While such a test is not generally available for consumers, it is found in most research labs, he added.
Hafler pointed out that while salt may be implicated in autoimmune disease, it may also be found to play an important role in boosting the immune system. Part of the reason chicken soup seems to be effective with colds and flu may be that the salt stimulates an infection-fighting response, he said.
Should consumers who are concerned about autoimmune disease switch to a low-salt diet, even before tests in humans have been done?
"If I had an autoimmune disease, I would put myself on a low-salt diet now," Hafler said. "It's not a bad thing to do. But we have to do more studies to prove it."
O'Shea agreed. "But the extent to which salt is important, I think we don't know. These papers show it experimentally, but we still can't be sure," he said.
To learn more about low-salt diets, visit the U.S. National Library of Medicine.
SOURCES: David Hafler, M.D., professor, neurology and immunobiology, and chair, department of neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn.; John O'Shea, M.D., director, intramural research program, U.S. National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, Bethesda, Md.; March 6, 2013, Nature
Health News Copyright © 2013 HealthDay. All rights reserved.


When I get questions from some students, I often receive questions about tips and tricks regarding writing for IELTS. It may seem somewhat disappointing for some of my students, but the best tips for learning HOW to write for IELTS, whether this is Academic or General, is to understand the band scores that the examiner will be comparing your writing to.
Tip 1: Understand your Band Score
To first understand
how IELTS is graded, understand that your writing is measured in 4 areas. Each
area counts for 25% of your Band Score. We will look into each area and talk
about its main points so we know how to write for the test, shaping our writing
to the “IELTS Standard.”
When you look at the band scores online you will see that the scores are organized into 4 sections: Task Response, Coherence and Cohesion, Lexical Resource, and Grammatical Range and Accuracy. A lot of students get confused by the lack of explanation and advanced vocabulary in this sheet, however, it’s truly the key to understand what it is that you are expected to do in order to pass the writing section of the test.
Tip 2: Learn Complex Sentences
Sometimes I get students who come from finance or engineering backgrounds, and were taught in school to write simple and easy-to-understand sentences for their work or career. This, of course, makes sense, however, the IELTS test usually wants you to write in complex sentences for you to achieve a 7 band or higher. Complex sentences follow this structure:
subordinate clause + main clause
Here’s an example: If I had the time and money, I would take the bus. The first half of the sentence “If I had the time and money…” is the subordinate clause, meaning, there is not enough information for this part of the sentence to be a complete sentence.
The other half of the sentence “…I would take the bus.” is the main clause, meaning, it is the main idea and the main message in this sentence. If the subordinate clause comes FIRST in the sentence, you HAVE TO put a comma before the main clause, BUT if it comes second in the sentence like, “I would take the bus if I had the time and money” there is NO COMMA.
Tip 3: Use Formal Language
I cannot tell you how many times I have sat with a student and told them to stop using simple words like, “but, to, so, because and however” as they are “simple” connecting words that will lower your vocabulary score. The band score you receive is a combination of scores that take place, so for instance, the formal language you’re using here could affect your grammar score and your lexical score. Please use formal words such as, although, in order to, therefore and in addition.
Tip 4: Use Correct Punctuation
Comma rules in English can be confusing and are often the cause of a poor band score. They help with the flow of your writing and give the reader the idea of how your writing should be and is intended to be read. So, it is very important to use the correct punctuation in your writing by following a few comma rules.
1. Place a comma
after the subordinate clause and before the main clause in a sentence.
2. Place a comma
between words when making a list of three.
3. Place a comma to
separate a non-defining relative clause (which / who / when).
4. Place a comma to
separate linking words and phrases (In addition, this is the correct…)
Tip 5: Use Consistent Writing Structures
A common issue for most students is the struggle to find writing samples online that have a high band score and are consistent in the structure. The idea here is to study a structure and on test day, use a similar structure.
However, finding a structure is difficult, as they are often not laid out in a simple way or there are not enough samples that will show these structures enough times for the students to understand it. This is why SSEDS created an e-book and online course that helps with these issues specifically. Please take some time to view what has helped many students pass their exams and see if it works for you.
Here is our e-book: it takes you through the academic and general IELTS writing structure and shows sample answers to help you achieve a high band score.
The online course does this as well but in video format, and comes with a free copy of the e-book as well. I am happy to help anyone who has to endure this test and can always reach me directly at [email protected]
More About IELTS
One aspect that I think is important to note, and you can choose to take it with a grain of salt, is that IELTS is not a government run organisation. It is a private business and just like any private business, it is meant to generate profit. Stay with me, I promise it’ll change your study mindset.
Now, keeping this fact that IELTS makes money, you have to be very careful if you’re looking at official IELTS guides in regard to writing sample answers. While they do give good insight on the examiner’s reviews, they fail to point out what it is you actually need to do, and as we can see from the beginning of the IELTS past examination books, such as “IELTS 1” they were giving band 9 sample answers. As time progressed, the IELTS books, which are now up to “IELTS 14” gives a range of sample answers, such as band 4 (I don’t know who this helps) to Band 7 but very rarely gives band 9 sample answers.
I’m not saying this is deliberate as a way to confuse test takers from modelling their writing to a Band 9, but leaves a person to wonder. When you look at the number one reason why someone does not pass the IELTS test, it’s usually the writing aspect. This has been going on for years, and because IELTS is a business, they are not fixing the confusion or explanation of what is required of test takers.
Take this as an example of why I have never really fully trusted official IELTS material for writing advice; if I wanted to take McDonalds to court, I would NOT ask McDonalds to supply the lawyer for me. I would ask for help OUTSIDE the organisation to find strategies.
Sometimes following the band descriptors and their definition of cohesive devices (linking words) and then looking at sample answers given by IELTS, will often contain simple informal linking words, (but/and/to/so) and they appear to be band 9 by IELTS standards.
However, when you read English language and grammar books, you’ll notice the linking words supplied in a band 9 sample answer are not formal and should not be a “perfect example.” Just remember, if any of this sounds like a “conspiracy theory” or if it’s making you confused, remember to be formal in essays and chart descriptions and be informal for letters to a friend. Everywhere else, formal is king when it comes to IELTS writing and try do your research on the band descriptors.
Interesting essay samples and examples on: https://essays.io/cover-letter-examples-samples/


Foot Pain is most often caused by:
Traumatic incident(i.e. landing from height, trip or a fall).
Without trauma (bursitis, repetitious walking / running, poor foot posture, muscle imbalance, muscle weakness).
Foot pain is usually caused from one of the following:
- Ligament Sprain (Inter-tarsal, Joint Capsules)
- Plantar Fasciitis
- Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome (Synovitis)
- Nerve Irritation/ Compression / Referred Pain (Radial, Ulnar, Medial, referred pain from the neck or shoulder)
- Boney degeneration of the Foot (cartilage damage, bone degeneration, arthritis)
- Joint stiffness (Tarsal, Metatarsal)
- Poor Foot Biomechanics (dynamic stability)
- Muscle Tears/Spasm (Muscular- Flexor/Extensor Hallicus, Peroneals, Tibialis musculotendinous junction – extensors, flexors)
- Tendonitis (Extensors, Flexors)
- Joint or Bone fracture (cuboid, base of 2nd & 5th ) / cartilage damage
- Subluxation / Dislocation of tendon(s)
- Bursitis/ Fat Pad Bruising
- Avulsion Injury (pulling off a piece of bone)
If your foot hurts, don’t ignore it. Physiotherapists are well trained to give an accurate diagnosis and treatment the problem. We can refer for MRI, CT, X-ray, Ultrasound or blood test as required. We are able to provide a proven, safe and effective treatment.
1) Treat the pain and other symptoms
2) Help identify the causes to prevent recurrence
3) Provide self-management strategies
Treatment: Strong Evidence in Literature
1) Specific foot strengthening and general exercise programs
2) Mobilisation, Manipulation and Hands On Therapy – Myofascial Release (Manipulation is traumatic and should only be used for certain conditions)
3) Acupuncture / Dry Needling
4) Electrotherapy (TENS)
1) Postural Modification
(taping, innersoles, orthotics, body awareness exercises)
2) Hydrotherapy (great supportive environment)
3) Supportive Taping / Bracing
4) Use of Gels, Creams, Hot & Cold
5) Sports Specific Rehabilitation
Foot pain is very individual due to the large number of structures and factors that contribute to your condition. What works for others may not work for you and you will have to trial various treatments under the guidance of your Physiotherapist to find what works for your particular condition.


Pig facts: We have a responsibility in what we consume but it becomes difficult to make good choices when we have no idea of what is in a product.
Christein Meindertsma, said: ‘Like most people, I had little idea of what happens to a pig after it leaves the abattoir so I decided to try to find out. She said: she was shocked when she began to find out just how unusual and varied the different uses for an ordinary pig were.
In most developed countries, it’s almost as if these days, a pig is no longer thought of an animal but more like an industrial raw material with a mind-blowing amount of different uses.
According to the report of Marcus Dunk, Christein Meindertsma found out that for every ounce of pig, 185 more astonishing products are created. Below are some of the products gotten form our beloved pig, not just bacon.
|PRODUCT||PART OF PIG USED||USES|
|Ice cream||Gelatin||Regulates the sugar crystallization and slows down the melting process|
|Cream cheese||Gelatin||Keeps it stable.|
|Wine, Beer, Fruit Juice||Gelatin||Absorbs cloudy element to give a clear drink|
|Face mask||Collagen||Helps reduce wrinkles.|
|Soap||Fatty acid from bone fat||Hardening and coloring agent|
|Hair and paint brushes||Pig hair||Used in painting and hair brushing|
|Candles||Fatty acid from bone fat||Used to stiffen the wax and raise the candles melting point.|
|Bread||Protein from pig hair||Used to soften the dough.|
|Tambourine||Pigs bladder||Used in making sound|
|Paint||Fatty acid from bone fat||Increases gloss|
|Tooth paste||Glycerin from bone fat||Used to give toothpaste its texture|
|Train brakes||Bone ash||Used in trains|
|Human valve||Pig heart valve||To replace defective human valve|
|Chemical weapon testing||Whole pig||Because of their similarity to human tissue, they are usually used to test chemical weapons first.|
The complex workings of the global food and processing industry have ensured that it is almost impossible to avoid pig altogether. So when next you think of a pig don’t just think BACON.
Click HERE to see our videos
Read about Rabbit Production


Talks are taking place this week on an obscure but important piece of the multilateral system: the Food Aid Convention (FAC). Housed at the International Grains Council in London's architectural homage to financial services, Canary Wharf, the FAC involves just a handful of countries: Argentina, Australia, Canada, the European Union and its member States, Japan, Norway, Switzerland and the United States. These are donors (see this nice graphic from the Globe and Mail, part of a larger story, on who contributes global food aid). The convention is meant to provide a framework for negotiations on what counts as food aid, how much food aid each country will commit to humanitarian responses that year, and how to make sure nobody cheats, for example, by promoting exports under the guise of humanitarian aid.
Why is the FAC important? As we enter an era of declining aid dollars, disappearing agriculture surpluses, volatile markets and a rising rate of natural disasters, food aid—or, more properly, food assistance—is a small but vital piece of the web that can prevent death and maldevelopment linked to inadequate nutrition, while contributing to the bigger overall objective of strengthening food security through rural development.
The world's largest public health group, the American Public Health Association (APHA), has just announced a new policy calling for greater government action to protect the public from hormone-disrupting chemicals in the food supply.
Congress and government regulators should pay attention. APHA's policy statement follows official positions released earlier in 2010 by both the American Medical Association (AMA) and the Endocrine Society, the nation's premier professional association for medical experts in hormone physiology and medicine.
We now live amidst a virtual sea of synthetic environmental pollutants that can mimic or disrupt hormone function. Perhaps not surprisingly, a slew of hormone-related diseases, which are especially costly to treat, are common or on the rise. They include many cancers, obesity, diabetes, thyroid disease and infertility and other reproductive problems.
Much of our exposure to these endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) comes via a contaminated food supply. EDCs known or identified include several dozen pesticides and fungicides, arsenic, industrial pollutants like PCBs and dioxins, plastic monomers like bisphenol A, plastic additives like phthalates, as well as pharmaceuticals.
APHA's resolution supports several steps, including recommending that federal agencies with regulatory oversight for various individual EDCs better coordinate amongst themselves given the scientific "recognition that collectively EDCs likely will have common or overlapping effects on the endocrine system."
In contrast to the rapidity with which governments moved to use taxpayer funds to rescue the “too big to fail" banks in 2008, the pace of financial and commodity market reform since then has been agonizingly slow. One factor frustrating re-regulation is financial industry resistance to reform, aided in the United States by Republican Party efforts to reimburse the financiers of their November 2010 electoral victory with initiatives to defund the regulatory agencies responsible for implementing the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act.
Before dawn on February 19, the House of Representatives voted to slash the budget of the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) by a third. “There would essentially be no cop on the beat,” CFTC Commission Michael Dunn said at a February 23 Senate hearing. CFTC Chairman Gary Gensler had told a House finance committee hearing that such a cut would not only cripple the CFTC’s ability to implement Dodd-Frank reforms, but would prevent his agency from investigating Ponzi schemes and market manipulation. The U.S. Senate is unlikely to support the House Republican assault on regulation, but the Obama administration’s proposal to levy a transaction fee to finance CFTC implementation and enforcement is facing stiff opposition.
A version of this commentary appeared in Policy Innovations, a publication of the Carnegie Council.
When global food prices spiked in 2007-08, a hundred million people were added to the ranks of the world’s hungry, pushing the total number over 1 billion for the first time in history. Now, just two years later, we are seeing another food price hike, and more famine is likely to follow.
Another sign that the Farm Bill debate is attracting a much broader audience this time around: the Seattle City Council is weighing in with the Seattle Farm Bill Principles.
Today’s predominant, industrialized farm animal production facilities raise huge numbers of livestock in small geographic areas, producing enormous concentrations of waste that pollute air and water. As a result, these Confined Animal Feeding Operations (CAFOs) create a number of problems for the health of the environment and the people living in it, including increased respiratory symptoms, antibiotic resistance and decreased quality of life. And like other highly polluting industries, CAFOs are disproportionately located in low-income areas and communities of color.
Today is the one year anniversary of First Lady Michelle Obama’s Let’s Move initiative to blunt the epidemic of obesity in children. It marks an important fight against a wave of future chronic disease that threatens our national security, our economic growth and the solvency of our healthcare system.
Extreme weather events consistent with climate change are already playing havoc with the livelihoods and food security of much of the world’s poor. This is particularly true for arid and semi-arid areas of the global South. Yet, most proposals for agriculture being discussed at the U.N. global climate talks and elsewhere focus on new technological developments, like genetically engineered crops. But these approaches are based on still unproven claims and do not fully consider their impact on the natural world.
Back in October, I blogged on the recently constituted High-level Panel of Experts (HLPE) associated with the U.N.'s recently revamped Committee on Food Security (CFS), which brings together the three
Last week Mexico paid a U.S.-based corn processor, Corn Products International, Inc. (CPI) $58.4 million in accordance with a 2009 North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) tribunal decision. The case illustrates the important intersection of U.S. trade policy with food and public health.


The word diabetes may give you shivers, as it is the only disease that has affected large number of people who find it very hard to live with it. However, one need not worry as this disease is controllable. Though diabetes can be treated with help of medication and healthy diet, it always leaves scars on the mind of those who are suffering from it. The best way to save yourself from the dreadful effects of diabetes is to learn about it and keep a watch on diabetes warning signs. Our body will always give us warning signs when you are about to fall ill or encounter a disease. Self awareness about diabetes can help you track the warning signs and treat the disease well in time.
Early diagnosis can help you fight diabetes and lead a normal life. Both type 1 and type 2 diabetes are increasing at an alarming rate and one needs to act wise to save himself. Diabetes is either caused due to family history or bad food habits and lifestyle. Many of us ignore this fact and repent only after diabetes is detected. This insulin related problem can worsen your state if proper care is not taken. Not only adults but children at young age are also finding it emotionally difficult to fight diabetes. To avoid further problems, it is best to go through a medical check up after every few month or be a good observer and observe the changes in your body.
Here are most common diabetes warning signs that can help you to detect diabetes at an early stage.
A person may suddenly feel excessive thirst and drink loads of water every time. Often this sign is ignored thinking it is normal to feel thirsty. It is good to drink plenty of water, however elongated thirst can be a warning sign and one must not take it lightly. Other than excessive thirst, one will always find a dry mouth despite drinking liters of water. Along with this you will find yourself visiting the toilet frequently. You are bound to suffer from frequent urination or at times with urine related infections. You will suddenly feel excessive hunger and despite of eating more you experience weight loss.
Tiredness or fatigue is another diabetes warning sign that can alert you or the dreadful disease. You may feel certain amount of tiredness and weakness that will keep you off the work or other tasks many a times. Blurred vision and headaches are other common diabetes warning signs. Many a times these warning signs of diabetes are easily ignored thinking it to be normal or some ache due to stress. However, these signs should not be ignored and one must take efforts to reach out to your doctor at the earliest.
Consulting a good doctor and conducting medical test will help you learn about the state of your body. If you are diagnosed with diabetes, worry not, as it can be controlled with the help of healthy lifestyle, nutritional diet and proper medication.
Your body starts showing few signs at the early stage and being able to detect them will save you from future dreadful complications. Also pregnant ladies should take care and follow regular check up to make sure they are not affected by gestational diabetes. Early detection and understanding of these diabetes warning signs is the best way to fight this harmful and scary disease. Creating self awareness about diabetes is smart way of leading a healthy and carefree life.
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If you have no knowledge of how the Earth and Sun and Moon move, an eclipse is a scary thing. With no warning, the Sun goes black and your world turns dark. An eclipse, however, is really just the shadow of the Moon passing over the Earth, as seen in the above photo (a NASA image taken by an astronaut on the International Space Station). But the phenomenon still hasn't lost all of its magic in modern times; there are people who chase them across the globe. They can do so because solar eclipses are now completely and easily
The first predicted eclipse ended a war. On this day in 585 B.C., after five years of battle in Asia Minor, the Lydians and Medians stopped fighting when the Moon eclipsed the Sun, according to the Greek historian Herodotus. Solar eclipses had been recorded prior to this, but the one in 585 (though it may have been 610 B.C., depending on which historian you ask) was the first to be predicted, by Greek philosopher Thales of Milete.
Some call the 585 eclipse the "birth of science," which would make science 2,595 years old today. Happy birthday, science!
Check out the entire collection of Surprising Science’s Pictures of the Week on our Facebook fan page.


- Two new geoportals warn of present and future risks for strategic ecosystems in Colombia.
- New tools facilitate access to information for local and regional communities.
- More than 245 road infrastructure, mining, power line, hydrocarbon, and dams projects were identified and mapped in the influence area of the páramos (high-altitude wetlands) in Cundinamarca.
- The departments with the most alerts are Antioquia, with 497, and Santander with 327.
Bogotá DC, April 11th, 2019
The organization Ambiente y Sociedad launched two new geoportals on megaprojects in strategic ecosystems. These were created to facilitate transparency and access to information for communities, social organizations, academics, and others interested in the subject.
The first geoportal, an alert early system for megaprojects in Colombia (www.ecosistemasenalerta.info) is an information tool that makes it possible to identify, in an early and timely way, ecosystems potentially threatened by the implementation of mining-energy and infrastructure megaprojects in the country’s high-priority conservation areas. These areas have been cataloged as such due to their relevance in terms of biodiversity. The geoportal was developed through a support agreement with the Global Forest Watch platform.
Besides pinpointing the location of the alerts, the platform provides information on the type of megaproject, the contract number, the threatened ecosystem, and its conservation priority. The alert system seeks to facilitate an early detection of risks, promote and facilitate the activation of action mechanisms from communities that could be affected, and it is hoped that it will become a tool to empower communities, favoring local governance processes in their territories. To date, a total of 519 alerts have been generated on hydrocarbon projects, 70 for hydroelectric, 201 for 4G roads, and 580 for mining projects.
“In the future we hope to contribute even more information, we hope to reach a more local and participatory level so that people can add their alerts and report projects that aren’t visible but represent an environmental and social threat” affirmed Hernando Ovalle, general coordinator, researcher, and SIG developer.
The second geoportal on Páramos and high ecological and social impact megaprojects (www.cuidemoslosparamos.info) “was designed as a tool that would allow different stakeholders who live and work in these high mountain territories to learn about the development projects that are being implemented in their life spaces, so they can quickly and easily access and consult precise information on the projects,” indicated Andrea Prieto, Geographer at the Asociación Ambiente y Sociedad and Research Co-coordinator.
This initiative was born out of research carried out with the Fundación Educación, Investigación y Desarrollo – FIDHAP, in the context of the project “Conservation, Restoration, and the Sustainable Use of Ecosystemic Services in the Páramos of Sumapaz, Chingaza, and Guerrero, and the Eastern Mountains of Bogotá and their influence areas,” which identified projects with a major impact in the influence area of the Cundinamarca páramos. In total, 328 projects were identified: 272 mining titles, 41 roadway projects, 10 for hydrocarbons, 2 dams, and 3 for power lines. Of these, 245 were characterized and mapped, and can be seen and consulted in the geoportal. Ambiente y Sociedad has updated the information on 20 of the most representative megaprojects in this area.
Andrea Prieto commented that, “this tool is helpful to strengthen and back the actions of different social stakeholders who look to defend their territories. Also, the geoportal was designed with a simple language, so that any person, community, or organization can use it without needing to have previous knowledge of other programs. It seeks to reduce the gap between local communities and technologies based on geographic information.”
Also, the geoportal was designed with a simple language, so that any person, community, or organization can use it without needing to have previous knowledge of other programs. It seeks to reduce the gap between local communities and technologies based on geographic information.”
More information: Alicia Gomez-3204821467 –firstname.lastname@example.org


If you have an ornamental pool or landscape fish pond, you might be wondering how to reduce mosquito populations in these particular situations. Ornamental pools and landscape fish ponds are potential breeding sites, but they don’t have to be.
Below are some mosquito management tips for these pools and ponds. Some of these tips also apply to birdbaths.
Check for mosquito larvae and pupae at least once a week so you’ll know if mosquitoes are thriving and you need to start control measures. Simply kneel down by the edge of the pool, pond or birdbath and carefully watch the water for the distinctive wiggling of larvae and tumbling pupae. They are most likely found in warm, shallow areas. Since larvae and pupae must regularly come to the surface to breathe, just get comfortable and watch for a while.
One mosquito management practice is to stock the pond with fish. Healthy, hungry top-feeding fish can help control mosquito larvae and pupae. Smaller goldfish or koi generally will eat larvae and pupae, especially if the fish are hungry. If you notice wiggling larvae, stop feeding fish for a few days to see if the immature mosquitoes disappear.
Don’t over-feed your fish. Hungry fish make better mosquito predators. Also, by not over-feeding you won’t have leftover food to encourage algae growth.
Manage aquatic plants to keep them from providing mosquito hiding places. Plants in contact with the water surface might shelter mosquito larvae from fish or other predators. Thin plants or remove some so fish can swim around and through this vegetation. Avoid thin-leaved plants because they provide excellent shelter for larvae.
Mosquito larvae generally do well in stagnant water because they feed on the microorganisms. So periodically remove organic matter such as leaves, fruit and dropped flowers or buds that have fallen into the water. Excessive organic matter can require more oxygen than the pond has available for decomposition. The bacteria that grow in this situation discolor water and give it a foul odor.
Another mosquito management practice is to trim surrounding landscape plants away from the water surface so they won’t provide a base for algae growth as well as shelter for larvae. Another reason to prune landscape shrubs or trees is that all ponds and pools need some sunlight. Pruning reduces shade cover, thus enabling some light to reach the water.
Finally, avoid contamination from fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides or muddy runoff. Fertilizers can cause rapid algae growth in the pond. Many pesticides and herbicides used for yard pests can be very toxic to fish. If the yard will be treated for pest control, cover the pond for protection, or don’t have that part of the yard treated.
If you’re refilling or adding a large amount of water to the pond, consider whether the new water contains chlorine or chloramines. Contact a pet store that sells fish and nursery where you bought aquatic plants for advice on neutralizing these compounds. Generally, you can add small amounts of water, less than 10 percent of the volume, to your pond without a problem.
Tips for limiting mosquito breeding sites around the home
1. Dispose of old tires, buckets, aluminum cans, plastic sheeting or other refuse that can hold water. Empty accumulated water from trash cans, boats, wheel barrows, pet dishes, and flower pot bottoms. If possible, turn these items over when they are not in use.
2. Clean debris from rain gutters and unclog obstructed downspouts. Clogged rain gutters are one of the most overlooked breeding sites for mosquitoes around homes. Remove any standing water on flat roofs or around structures. Repair leaking faucets and air conditioners that produce puddles for several days.
3. Change water in bird baths and wading pools at least once a week and keep swimming pools cleaned and chlorinated. Ornamental pools can be aerated or stocked with mosquito-eating fish. Aeration / water movement helps, because mosquitoes prefer quiet, non-flowing water for egg-laying and development.


cathedral being rebuilt (December 1956)
Lübeck, city in north central Germany on the Trave River, in Schleswig-Holstein, near the Baltic Sea and the border with the state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. A major Baltic port, Lübeck is also an important center of heavy industry and tourism, and the focus of a large metropolitan area. Shipbuilding is a major industry; other manufactures include textiles, machinery, marzipan (a local specialty), and other confections.
A ring of canals separates the ancient inner city from surrounding suburban manufacturing areas. This historic section, restored after heavy bombing in World War II (1939-1945), has some of the country's finest medieval Gothic buildings. Landmarks include the Town Hall (begun 1250), famous for its intricate brickwork; the Holstentor or Holstein Gate (1477), a remnant of the old city fortifications with large twin towers; the Romanesque cathedral (1173-1477), known for its gigantic figure of Christ, carved in 1477 by the noted sculptor Bernt Notke; and the Gothic Church of Saint Mary's (1250-1330). Dietrich Buxtehude was organist for the church from 1668 until his death in 1707. Writers Heinrich Mann and Thomas Mann were born in Lübeck. A medical university (1973) in the city is a center of research, teaching, and medical care. The Academy of Music features an annual summer music festival.
Mentioned in the 11th century, Lübeck
became a fortified settlement in the 12th century. After a destructive fire in
1157 it was rebuilt in 1159 by Henry the Lion and became a free imperial city in
1226. In 1358 it was made the capital of the Hanseatic League and grew wealthy
as the center of western Europe's Baltic trade with Russia and Scandinavia. Port
activities diminished with the collapse of the league in the 17th century and
further declined in the 19th century with the rise of the Prussian Baltic port
of Stettin (now Szczecin in Poland). Lübeck retained its political independence
until it became part of Schleswig-Holstein in 1937; its economy had been
revitalized by the completion in 1900 of the Elbe-Lübeck Canal, linking the city
with the interior of Europe. The heavy damage inflicted by bombing during World
War II (1939-1945) was rapidly repaired, and Lübeck's economy was stimulated by
the arrival soon after the war of many refugees from Soviet-occupied eastern
Germany. Population (1997) 216,854.
Text from Microsoft® Encarta®
the cathedral (December 1957)
Return to Germany page
People and Places


Mushrooms, fungi, molds, lichen; mostly land, freshwater, or highest supratidal organisms: keep algae moist. ... Kingdom Animalia: Eukaryotic. Multicellular heterotrophs. Phylum Porifera : Sponges.
Incertae sedis (Phylum: Mitosporic fungi) Family Lepraria neglecta Zoned dust lichen S1 D01 - Black Birch Plain Kingdom FungiAscomycota Phyllum Class Ascomycetes
Molluscan Radiation •There are approximately 128,000 living species in phylum Mollusca (35,000 are extinct) •The great morphological diversity is the result of elaboration on the basic body plan (HAM)
... Lab 7: Exploring the Fungi Kingdom Objectives: • Identify the structural characteristics typical of ... are considered to be "imperfect" fungi • Classify a variety of local fungal specimens by phylum or ... Cells and structures to recognize: algal cells, fungal hyphae, thallus Slides: lichen ascocarp ...
... Kingdom Fungi ... our local oyster mushroom) some have mutualistic relationships with other organisms lichen = fungus ... 18 Phylum Ascomycota - 45,000 species - Most yeasts, truffles, morels Great diversity - includes ...
... Protista, which is made up of protists (single-celled creatures invisible to the human eye); Fungi, which is made up of mushrooms, mold, yeast, lichen, etc; and Monera, which is made up of the three types of bacteria. The next category is the Phylum. There are several phyla within each kingdom.
Classification categories: Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species b. ... Via Shapes lichens are classified into three groups 1. Crustose 2. Foliose 3. Fruticose iii. Lichen and air quality
Kingdom Protista The diversity of protists is so great that they posses few characteristics in common. ... Phylum Characteristcs Examples Rhizopoda possess pseudopods (false feet); lack meisois and sexual ... Obtain a prepared slide of a lichen section. Note the algal layer.
The kingdom Fungi Kingdom: Phylum: Phylum: Fungi Ascomycota Basidiomycota The fungal kingdom includes several groups, but only two contain larger fungi: spores are ... but not crusty). brown lichens dry Watch out for those that change colour when wet (colours given in field guides generally refer to the dry lichen). ...
Mushrooms, fungi, molds, lichen; mostly land, freshwater, or highest supratidal organisms: keep algae moist. Protista kingdom; Phylum Brown Algae; Diatom Autotrophic with brown accessory pigments.


Some seven miles south-east of Leicester is the large village of Great Glen which has a population (in 2001) of around 3,200. The village lies in a valley (hence the name) of the River Sence with ground rising either side. After the Norman Conquest the manors of Great Glen passed through many hands and at one point was held by William de Zouche and then the Martell family.
In 1140 Ralph Butler granted the church of Great Glen to Alcester Abbey which retained the patronage until the 15th century. Evesham Abbey exercised control over the church from 1465 onwards until the Dissolution when it passed to the Crown. In the 16th century, Henry Grey, 1st Duke of Suffolk, father of the ill-fated Lady Jane Grey, became the lord of the manor. After his execution for treason, his lands were seized by the crown. Following the Battle of Naseby in 1645, during the English Civil War, Great Glen played host to a band of Cromwellian soldiers who were pursuing some of the (defeated) Royalist Cavalry. They were later joined by the rest of the army who camped overnight before moving onto Leicester. Some of these soldiers made camp in the church where they caused much damage (such as breaking all the windows), of which some evidence can still be seen today.
In 1751 a turnpike bridge was built over the River Sence as a part of the stagecoach route from Leicester to London. The pubs The Old Greyhound and The Crown were originally coaching ins built soon after the new road opened. This road later became the A6 road and a bypass around the village was opened in 2003.
The church sites on the high ground above the village it consists of a new south porch, north aisle, nave, chancel, north vestry and west tower. The Victorians did their usual ‘restoration’ on the church in 1876 only the tower escaped the major rebuild. However there are some interesting features in the church which deserve a second look. The main interest lies in the pre Norman carved stones. Two at the east end of the North aisle depict a mutilated crucifix and the remains of a figure holding a rod. It has been suggested that the second stone may have depicted Christ healing a blind man. There are remains of the rood entrance to the rood loft and the font is 12th century. The tower with its four stages was topped by a spire until circa 1760, why it was removed is unknown, it may have become unsafe after lightning or fell into disrepair. There have been some modern upgrades to the church with a servery and modern amenities at the west end of the north aisle and in the modern built porch we have toilet facilities.
The north aisle is nearly as large as the nave, and from the outside the church has an attractive appearance. Parking is an issue on a busy road, and unfortunately the church is locked but it has a pleasant churchyard and if you do happen to find it open its carvings and other features are worth a look. There are plenty of facilities in the village and a couple of public houses.
Transcriptions of monuments in and around this church can be see at the following link.


Robert Rauschenberg and Ileana Sonnabend
Gallerist, collector and art patron Ileana Sonnabend was one of the most influential and provocative figures in the art world, helping to shape the course of post-war art in Europe and America. Sonnabend championed artists who pushed the confines of the status quo and launched the careers of Jasper Johns, Robert Rauschenberg and many other significant artists of our time. Sonnabend and her first husband, art dealer Leo Castelli, were at the forefront of the American art scene in New York in the 1950s, eventually opening a gallery in their Manhattan apartment in 1957. The Castellis were part of the creative avant-garde in New York, socializing with Willem and Elaine de Kooning, Jackson Pollock, Franz Kline, Sidney Janis and the young Robert Rauschenberg. After their divorce in 1959, Ileana married Michael Sonnabend and opened Galerie Sonnabend in Paris in 1962. It was in Paris that Sonnabend and Rauschenberg cemented their relationship and developed the mutual respect and admiration that would be central to their working relationship in the decades that followed.
Galerie Sonnabend set the European art scene ablaze with its shows of American Pop Art in the 1960s by Andy Warhol and Roy Lichtenstein at a time when Abstract Expressionism was seen as the progressive highlight of contemporary American art. Acting as an art-ambassador, Sonnabend created a market in Europe for these artists, and later a market for new European artists in America, and would continue to promote young artists on both sides of the Atlantic throughout her career. In February 1963, Sonnabend hosted the second exhibition in Europe of works by Robert Rauschenberg titled Rauschenberg: Premiere Exposition (Oeuvres 1954-1961). A year earlier, in 1962, Rauschenberg shifted his focus from the Combines he had been making in the late 1950s to works that he screenprinted on canvas. His interest in the silkscreen process lead him to pursue printmaking in a monumental way in the 1960s. The collaborative aspect of printmaking was central to his interest in the medium. Rauschenberg spent much of the 1960s working on collaborative projects including performance works with friends John Cage and Merce Cunningham, set design and printmaking. In 1966, he cofounded Experiments in Art and Technology, an organization that sought to promote collaboration between artists and the sciences. Throughout this period, Rauschenberg was represented by Sonnabend and Leo Castelli, with whom Sonnabend maintained a strong personal and professional relationship.
Innate to Rauschenberg’s talent as an artist was his ability to construct detailed compositions that are both dynamic and sophisticated in their layering. Using photo-images from current events and popular culture, Rauschenberg was able to be an activist with his art, bringing awareness to social, environmental and political issue. An example is the 1968 series of lithographs titled Reels (B+C) that incorporates film stills from the movie Bonnie and Clyde in a collage-style composition with bright colors.
ROBERT RAUSCHENBERG (1925-2008): Storyline from Reels (B + C), Lithograph in colors on wove paper, 1968, signed and dated in pencil, numbered 56/62. Estimate: $1,500-3,000
ROBERT RAUSCHENBERG (1925-2008): Still from Reels (B + C), Lithograph in colors on wove paper, 1968, signed and dated in pencil, numbered 1/34. Estimate: $2,000-3,000
The technique of printmaking was perfectly suited to Rauschenberg’s methodology of layering found images and allowed him to use these along with the painterly process of lithography. Rauschenberg created over eight-hundred published editions with several different printers and publishers, including Gemini GEL., ULAE and Tyler Graphics. In 1969, NASA invited Rauschenberg to the launch of Apollo 11 and provided him with scientific maps, charts and photographs of the launch that Rauschenberg used as the basis for a series of thirty lithographs he made at Gemini GEL called the Stoned Moon series.
ROBERT RAUSCHENBERG (1925-2008): Shell from Stoned Moon Series, Lithograph in colors on wove paper, 1969, signed and dated in pencil, numbered 68/70. Estimate: $1,000-2,000
ROBERT RAUSCHENBERG (1925-2008): Rack from Stoned Moon Series, Lithograph in black on wove paper, 1969, signed and dated in pencil, numbered 46/54. Estimate: $1,000-2,000
ROBERT RAUSCHENBERG (1925-2008): Loop from Stoned Moon Series, Lithograph in black on wove paper, 1969, signed and dated in pencil, numbered 71/79. Estimate: $1,500-2,500
ROBERT RAUSCHENBERG (1925-2008): Tilt from Stoned Moon Series, Lithograph in colors on wove paper, 1969, signed and dated in pencil, numbered 39/60. Estimate: $1,000-2,000
ROBERT RAUSCHENBERG (1925-2008): Post from Stone Moon Series, Lithograph in colors on wove paper, 1969, signed and dated on white pencil, numbered 39/44. Estimate: $1,000-2,000
ROBERT RAUSCHENBERG (1925-2008): Medallion from Stoned Moon Series, Lithograph in black on wove paper, 1969, signed and dated on pencil, numbered 39/48. Estimate: $1,000-2,000
ROBERT RAUSCHENBERG (1925-2008): Spore from Stoned Moon Series, Lithograph in colors on wove paper, 1969, signed and dated in pencil, numbered 34/50. Estimate: $1,000-2,000
ROBERT RAUSCHENBERG (1925-2008): Composition from The Man Ray Portfolio, Offset lithograph and screenprint in colors with collage on cardboard, 1975, signed and dated in pencil, inscribed ‘H.C.’ (the edition was 100). Estimate: $800-1,000
Where Rauschenberg’s prints from the 1960s were dominated by pop culture imagery, his work in the early 1970s saw a shift in subject and material. We can still see Rauschenberg’s obsessive use of photographic material combined with the physical gesture of the lithographic crayon, the juxtaposition of the mechanically produced and painterly that is fundamental to his work. As with his Combines, Rauschenberg mixes techniques, processes and materials in unconventional ways. An example is Composition, from 1975, which combines offset lithography, screenprinting, collage and hand-additions on cardboard.
This change has been attributed to Rauschenberg’s move from New York City to Captiva Island, Florida which had a profound effect on his work. Rauschenberg started to incorporate fabric, cardboard and other elements into his printmaking during this period. His 1973 series Crops combines screenprinting with the solvent transfer process and was published by Graphic Studio, USF Institute for Research in Art in Tampa, Florida. The titles of the individual prints in the series refer to the plant life depicted in each print and are examples of Rauschenberg’s shift to themes of nature and the environment.
Rauschenberg travelled extensively during the 1970s, pursuing collaboration with other artists and artisans around the world. The concept and creative possibilities of collaboration are fundamental to his work, creating a dialogue between various mediums and tangential art forms. The integration of a global viewpoint and artistic collaboration come together in the creation of the New York Collection for Stockholm portfolio which was published by Experiments in Art and Technology in 1973. Rauschenberg, along with artist Robert Whitman and engineers Billy Klüver and Fred Waldhauer, founded E.A.T. and Rauschenberg worked with the organization to create the New York Collection for Stockholm project. Works by thirty New York artists were solicited to be donated to the Moderna Museet in Stockholm in recognition of the support the museum had shown to American artists. To raise money for the project, E.A.T. published a portfolio of thirty prints by these artists who represented the core of New York’s Pop, Minimal and Conceptual avant-garde. Rauschenberg contributed to the portfolio and designed the portfolio box that was used for part of the edition.
ELLSWORTH KELLY: Untitled from The New York Collection for Stockholm
ROY LICHTENSTEIN: Finger Pointing from The New York Collection for Stockholm
DAN FLAVIN: Untitled from The New York Collection for Stockholm
JAMES ROSENQUIST: Untitled from The New York Collection for Stockholm
Printmaking was an important aspect of Rauschenberg’s work throughout his career and it is no wonder that Ileana Sonnabend collected his prints in her personal holdings and sold many of his editions in her New York Gallery.
We are pleased to be offering a large selection of prints from the collection of Ileana Sonnabend and the estate of her daughter Nina Castelli Sundell on December 2, 2017. Along with prints by Robert Rauschenberg, the sale will also include works by Roy Lichtenstein, James Rosenquist and Terry Winters.


INTERNATIONAL WOMEN'S DAY 2019
Friday 8th of March is the date of this year's International Women's Day. This is an event that has been celebrated since 1909 and is a global day celebrating the social, economic, cultural and political achievements of women. The day also marks a call to action for accelerating gender parity. This year's call to action is #BalanceforBetter.
Before exploring this year's call for action, a comment or two on the need for gender parity in organisations. Since the first International Women's Day in 1909, there have been huge advances in gender equality. It was only as recently as the early 1970s that women in the civil service were re-interviewed for their jobs if they became pregnant, to determine if they were still capable of performing them. The 1970s also saw the introduction of the Equal Pay and Sex Discrimination Acts. Despite progress there is still much to be achieved. As an eye-catching example, in 2018 there were more FTSE 100 CEOs named David (9) than female CEOs (7).
When looking at the representation of women in senior positions in organisations it is clear there is a disparity, with the most recent Athena SWAN submission highlighting the same issue for Rothamsted Research. Does this matter? Of course it does. First there is the moral argument for those employed in these organisations. Secondly, there is the business case. There is a plethora of studies identifying the business benefits of gender diversity in organisations. I won't want take-up space here citing them but a cursory google search will prove fruitful. But beyond these arguments there is the social impact of the fair representation of women in organisations. Tests of implicit bias show that 76% of the population associate men with positions of power in organisations and women with junior positions. Where do these associations come from? They come from living in a society where gender disparity is the norm.
And this matters to science as well. Specifically, who will be involved in 'doing science' in the future. You may well have heard of the 'draw the scientist' task, where children are asked to draw pictures of scientists. In the first wave of these studies during the 1960-70s, 5,000 children took part, with only 0.6% of them depicting a female scientist. A recent meta-analysis of the studies in this areahave shown that over the generations this effect has waned, with more children now visualising scientists as women. Why has this happened? Because there are more women engaged in science.
#BalanceforBetter is a call for action to encourage more gender balance in society and in organisations. The risk is that is may be seen as a momentary hashtag and the pictures, like the one appearing alongside this article, as a short-lived meme. Whilst the 8th March is the main event, it is in place to inspire us all to act for the long term. So, what are the actions we can all take to progress gender balance? From my work looking at diversity and inclusion in many organisations, I know that there is no silver bullet. Change happens gradually through everybody taking collective responsibility and making small changes to the way the think and behave at work. Here are my five top tips for you to make a difference:
1. Do not assume you are fair and objective
All of us make decisions at work that have impact on others' careers. From the big ones like recruitment and merit promotion, through to who projects are assigned to, who gets career opportunities, who we help and who is made to feel welcome at work. All of these decisions can be influenced by our biases both conscious and unconscious. Taking longer to make your decisions can protect them from bias.
2. Check the decisions you make
Bias will impact some of the decisions you make. A simple exercise is to list the last 10 people-related decisions you have made recently. If these decisions have benefitted the same person or only men and you cannot justify this, plan to make amends with your future decisions.
3. Look at your informal network
Informal networks are hugely beneficial at work. Those who are well connected are more likely to hear about new career opportunities, have access to information to help them do their jobs better, are more likely to be recognised for doing a good job and be sponsored by senior leaders.
Ask yourself, who are the people I share information with, are comfortable with socially, who I consult and who I choose to work with. If these people are predominantly men challenge yourself to open your network and the advantages it bestows, to others.
4. Get feedback on your micro behaviours
In a ten-minute interaction people exhibit between 40-100 micro-behaviours. These come in two flavours. Micro affirmations include nodding, eye contact, and paying attention to what people have to say. Micro-incivilities include ignoring, interrupting, failing to recognise contributions and making assumptions about people. Minorities in groups receive a disproportionate amount of micro-incivilities which lowers self-esteem and raises stress levels.
You are unlikely to be aware you are exhibiting these behaviours but others around you will notice. Ask a friend to observe you in meetings and give you feedback on your patterns of micro-behaviours. Where you identify a deficit, you can rectify this by purposefully using more micro-affirmations.
5. Challenge sexism where you see it
This last tip is simple. When you observe sexism, challenge it.
 Miller DI, Nolla KM, Eagly AH and Uttal DH (2018) The development of children’s gender-science stereotypes: a meta-analysis of 5 decades of U.S. draw-a-scientist studies.https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev. 13039.
Rob Barkworth is a psychologist who works at Pearn Kandola. He specialises in diversity and inclusion and has worked with leading scientific organisations including UKRI, Wellcome Trust, the European Space Agency and Genomics England. He has a particular interest in how bias can impact academic research funding decision-making.


- Green Onions are available year-round.
- Have been cultivated for over 5000 years.
- As early as the sixth century B.C., a medical treatise, the Charaka Sanhita, celebrates the onion as medicine, a diuretic, good for digestion, the heart, the eyes and the joints.
- A single, 12-gram green onion stalk contains nearly 20 micrograms of vitamin K and 1.6 milligrams of vitamin C.
- Being a leafy-greens, scallions naturally carry more plant-derived antioxidants, and dietary fiber than their fellow bulb members.
- The chromium in onions assists in regulating blood sugar. The sulfur in onions helps lower blood sugar by triggering increased insulin production.
- Slicing onions makes you cry because when you cut into it, the onion produces a sulfur-based gas.
Spring Onion and Pea Soup w/ Ramp Crostino
Avocado, Celery, and Scallion Bruschetta w/ Mache
Sour Cream and Onion Dip
Savory Cheese and Scallion Scones
Green Onion Hash-brown Potatoes


Blanket Flower, Firewheel
- Family: Asteraceae
- Form: Annual or short-lived perennial wildflower, reaching 1 to 3 ft. in height and about twice as wide.
- Leaves: Simple, alternate, sessile, and hirsute. Grayish green in color. Leaves exhibit a lot of variation in shape and size. Upper leaves are narrow, spatulate, and
the lower leaves are wider, oblanceolate, longer, and heavily toothed or pinnately lobed.
- Stem/Bark: Herbaceous, green, hirsute or pubescent.
- Flower: Solitary heads attached to a long peduncle. Purplish disk flowers and reddish orange ray petals that are often yellow and lobed at the tips. The ray flowers have considerable variation in color. Some are bicolor but they may be either all red
or all yellow. Size of the flower varies from 1.5 to 3 inches in diameter.
- Fruit: Indehiscent, non-ornamental achene.
Comments: Gaillardia aestivalis is also native to FL although not as showy and with a narrower range. The hybrid Gaillardia x grandiflora shares the parents of G. aristata and G. pulchella. Numerous non-native cultivars of G. pulchella exist including 'Lollipop Gold', 'Red Plume', 'Torch Red Ember' and 'Yellow Flame'.
- Additional Resources:
UF IFAS Extension Native Plant Fact Sheet Listings
Florida Native Plant Society


Notes are not just notes. They are your life.
You might not realize it, but preserving knowledge is actually more important than acquiring new knowledge – what is all the new knowledge good for when you can’t retain it and put it to use? Even if you forget only half of the important things, your learning will be two steps forward, one step backward. You can do better.
However, you can’t just fully count on your brain when it comes to remembering. Your brain constantly purges your memory from irrelevant, outdated and obsolete information to prevent you from going crazy. Do you remember what you had for breakfast on May 24, 2001? Of course you don’t. And that’s actually a good thing. In fact, a certain rare condition related to memory exists – people suffering it can’t forget even the most useless things that happened to them a long time ago. They usually end up insane, because the information overload is crushing.
What can you do to remember the important information
The problem is that your brain can’t differentiate between useful and useless information on its own. What is important for your brain might not be important for you. (and vice versa)
Here is the secret: You can tell your brain: “Hey, this is important, don’t forget this one, OK?” There are multiple ways how to communicate the importance to your brain (eg. repeating it in your mind), but the absolutely easiest way is by writing the information down. When you write something down, your brain automatically knows that it is important.
Most importantly, writing information down has double benefit:
- First, because you’ve communicated to your brain that the piece of information is important, you will be able to remember it more easily and much longer.
- Second, since you have the information written down, you can look it up whenever you need. Even if you forget it, you can always easily retrieve it.
Swift To-Do List support for notes and memo combined with hierarchical tree, task management and reminders makes it ideal for a simple personal knowledge base. It is easier than ever before to establish habits that will allow you to never forget anything important again. All you have to do is to store the vital knowledge in Swift To-Do List.


If you were asked to name a few products made from cotton, we’d be willing to bet “clothing” would be one of the first answers you’d give. And you would be correct! Cotton has been used to make attire for centuries, dating back to at least 5000 B.C.
But what else is this plant used for? In the United States alone, over 20 million bales of cotton were produced in 2017, so there must be more to the story than denim and blouses.
It turns out cotton is responsible for a whole slew of things most of us would never guess. Here are six cotton byproducts that might surprise you!
The ball needed to play America’s pastime is more complicated than one might imagine, and cotton is an important piece of the puzzle.
Baseball centers — made of cork and rubber — are wrapped in three different kinds of yarn before being covered in leather. The outermost layer of yarn is a blend of polyester and cotton. This combo maintains the circular shape of the ball, so it will still remain a sphere even after a good whacking by a bat.
2. Packing Material
Not only is cotton an ingredient in a special blend of packing material, this concoction is 100% biodegradable! The packaging is called Mushroom® Materials and was developed by Cotton Incorporated and Ecovative Design.
The malleable mixture forms into whatever shape is needed and can be added to soil as a plant fertilizer after use — also known as composting.
There’s a lot of chemistry happening here, but basically the short little fibers — called “linters” — attached to the cotton seed are removed and mixed with different acids to create guncotton.
Incredibly flammable, guncotton is used to make gunpowder, rockets and other explosives.
Ah, money, it makes the world go ’round! Which, it turns out, wouldn’t be possible without cotton.
Would you believe the plant makes up 75% of our paper currency? According to the National Cotton Council of America, one pound of dollar bills contains three quarters of a pound of cotton.
5. Medical Supplies
Since cotton is absorbent, hypoallergenic and soft, it only makes sense to use in a variety of medical supplies. Here are just a few examples.
- Wound dressings
- Hospital gowns
- Face masks
- Cotton balls
- Cotton swabs
- Sanitizing wipes
6. Cottonseed Oil
Sure, you’ve heard of olive oil, coconut oil, maybe even avocado oil, but have you ever used cottonseed oil? Just like the others, this product is ready to help with your baking and frying needs.
Beyond work in the kitchen, cottonseed oil is also used in cosmetics. A key ingredient in many eyeshadow palettes, skin and hair care products, it works as a conditioning agent to make the user silky smooth.
As you can see, our fuzzy little friend does more than produce clothing — a huge contribution alone — but comes into play in almost every aspect of our lives.


Albrecht Von Haller Facts
The Swiss physician Albrecht von Haller (1708-1777) conducted experiments in organic sensibility and irritability that are landmarks in the development of physiology.
Albrecht von Haller was born in Bern on Oct. 16, 1708. He lacked the strength to participate in the more ordinary pursuits of childhood and, under the guidance of a tutor, turned to scholarly activities. Among other things, he studied languages and wrote poetry. At 15 he entered the University of Tübingen to study medicine; he moved to the University of Leiden in 1725 and received a doctorate there in 1727.
For the next 2 years Haller studied in London and Paris and at the University of Basel. At Basel he became interested in botany, and studies started there culminated in the publication of a flora of Switzerland in 1742, Enumeratio methodica stirpium Helveticarum. More immediately, his botanical field studies in the Alps inspired him to write Die Alpen, his best-known poem, which was published in his Versuch Schweizerischer Gedichte in 1732. This poem introduced the concept of mountain beauty to the literary world. In 1729 he began medical practice in his native Bern. In 1736 he was appointed professor of anatomy, surgery, and botany at the newly founded University of Göttingen, where he stayed until 1753.
At Göttingen, Haller's interest turned to physiology, and in 1747 he authored the first textbook of physiology, Primae lineae physiologiae. His most important work was on the irritability and sensibility of organs. Although both concepts predated Haller, he was the first to demonstrate experimentally that sensibility (the ability to produce sensation) existed only in organs supplied with nerves, while irritability (a reaction to stimuli) was a property of the organ or tissue. His concept of irritability was particularly important in efforts to understand muscle physiology. His ideas were published in 1753 in De partibus corporis humani sensibilibus et irritabilibus.
In 1753 Haller returned to Bern. He took a position with the Swiss state service and then, from 1758 until 1764, was resident manager of the Bernese saltworks. His detailed, eight-volume compendium of information on physiology, Elementa physiologiae corporis humani, appeared between 1759 and 1766.
On Dec. 12, 1777, Haller died. His influence as a teacher and his publications, numbering in the thousands, guided development in physiology for a century. His research method laid the lasting foundations of experimental physiology.
Further Reading on Albrecht Von Haller
There are several biographical sketches of Haller. These vary in their usefulness, but a good introduction is the chapter on Haller in Henry Sigerist, The Great Doctors (trans. 1933). Arturo Castiglioni, A History of Medicine (trans. 1941; rev. ed. 1947), and Ralph Hermon Major, A History of Medicine (vol. 2, 1954), discuss Haller and his work and are recommended for historical background.
Additional Biography Sources
Haller, Albrecht von, The natural philosophy of Albrecht von Haller, New York:Arno Press, 1981.


Curious George at the Airport
by Margret Rey, 23 pages, about 600 words
Item Number: 2325
This is a Children's Text-Braille book, which means that in addition to raised Braille, it has extra features.
What is a Text-Braille Book?
This book for the blind is offered in Original or Unified English Braille.
What is Original Braille?
What is Unified English Braille
Curious George goes to the airport with his friend and manages to get lost.
For ages 4 to 7.
Package Weight: about 13.1 ounces.
(From the Curious George Series shelf.)


Like most people, I believed that process of diagnosing and treating cancer begins with a biopsy. If cancer is suspected, a doctor will extract a small tissue sample -- usually a tiny cylindrical "core sample" -- and examine it for cancer cells. No cancer cells found -- that's good news! But if cancer cells are present, then you have decisions to make about treatment.
A young woman named Richa Sehgal taught me that it's not so simple. There aren't just two types of cells (cancerous and non-cancerous). There are actually several types of cancer cells, and these do not all have the same importance when it comes to effective cancer treatment. I learned this from Richa during her presentation at Analytics Experience 2018 -- a remarkable talk for several reasons, not the least of which is this: Richa Sehgal is a high school student, just 18 years old. I'll have to check the record books, but this might make her the youngest-ever presenter at this premier analytics event.
Last year, Richa served as a student intern at the Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection. That's where she learned about the biology of cancer. She was allowed (encouraged!) to attend all lab meetings – and the experience opened her eyes to the challenges of cancer detection.
The importance of cell types and how cancer works
Unlike many technical conference talks that I've attended, Richa did not dive directly into the math or the code that support the techniques she was presenting. Instead, Richa dedicated the first 25 minutes of her talk to teach the audience how cancer works. And that primer was essential to help the (standing-room only!) audience to understand the relevance and value of her analytical solution.
What we call "cancer" is actually a collection of different types of cells. Richa focused on three types: cancer stem cells (CSCs), transient amplifying cells (TACs), and terminally differentiated cells (TDCs). CSCs are the most rare type within a tumor, making up just a few percent of the total mix of cells. But because of their self-renewing qualities and their ability to grow all other types of cancer cells, these are very important to treat. CSCs require targeted therapy -- that is, you can't use the same type of treatment for all cell types. TACs usually require their own treatment, depending on the stage of the disease and the ability of a patient to tolerate the therapy. The presence of TACs can activate CSCs to grow more cancer cells, so if you can't eradicate the CSCs (and that's difficult to manage with 100% certainty, as we'll see) then it is important to treat the TACs. TDCs represent cancer cells that are no longer capable of dividing, and so generally don't require a treatment -- they will die off on their own.
(I know that my explanation here represents a simplistic view of cancer -- but it was enough of a framework to help me to understand the rest of Richa's talk.)
The inexact science of biopsies
Now that we understand that cancer is made up of a variety cell types, it makes sense to hope that when we extract a biopsy, that we get a sample that represents this cell type variability. Richa used an example of sampling a chocolate chip cookie. If you were to use a needle to extract a core sample from a chocolate chip cookie...but didn't manage to extract any portions of the (disappointingly rare) chocolate chips, you might conclude that the cookie was a simple sugar cookie. And as a result, you might treat that cookie differently. (If you encountered a raisin instead...well..that might require a different treatment altogether. Blech.)
But, as Richa told us, we don't yet know enough about the distribution and proximity of the different cell types for different types of cancers. This makes it difficult to design better biopsies. Richa is optimistic that it's just a matter of time -- medical science will crack this and we'll one day have good models of cancer makeup. And when that day comes, Richa has a statistical method to make biopsies better.
Using SAS and Python to model cancer cell clusters
Most high school students wouldn't think to pick up SAS for use in their science fair projects, but Richa has an edge: her uncle works for SAS as a research statistician. However, you don't need an inside connection to get access to SAS for learning. In Richa's case, she used SAS University Edition hosted on AWS -- nothing to install, easy to access, and free to use for any learner.
Since she didn't have real data that represent the makeup of a tumor, Richa created simulations of the cancer cells, their different types and proximity to each other in a 3D model. With this data in hand, she could use cluster analysis (PROC CLUSTER with Ward's method and then PROC TREE) to analyze a distant matrix that she computed. The result shows how close cancer cells of the same type are positioned in proximity. With that information, it's possible to design a biopsy that captures a highly variable collection of cells.
Richa then used the Python package plotly to visualize the 3D model of her cell map. (I didn't have the heart to tell her that she could accomplish this in SAS with PROC SGPLOT -- some things you just have to learn for yourself.)
A bright future -- for all of us
Clearly, Richa is an extremely accomplished young woman. When I asked about her college plans for next year, she told me that she has a long list of "stretch schools" that she's looking at. I'm having a difficult time understanding what constitutes a "stretch" for Richa -- I'm certain that any institution would love to have her.
Richa's accomplishments make me feel optimism for her, but also for the rest of us. As a father of three daughters, I'm encouraged to see young women enter technical fields and be successful. SAS is among the elite technology companies that work to close the analytics skills gap by providing free software, education, and mentoring. Throughout the Analytics Experience 2018 conference, I've heard from many attendees who also saw Richa's talk -- they were similarly impressed and inspired. Presentations like Richa's deliver on the conference tagline: "Analytics redefines innovation. You redefine the future."


Quality matters when hiring for a big project. Call a Best Pick now!
Responsible Burning PoliciesAugust 16th, 2016 by
Everyone loves a fun summer evening around the fire pit, but careless burning practices could cause much more serious harm than just a few burnt s’mores. By cultivating responsible burning habits and following local burning policies, you can ensure that your happy evening around the fire is safe for everyone.
Check Before You Burn
Before feeding anything to the flames, make sure the material you’re planning to burn won’t release harmful fumes during incineration or produce stray embers that could lead to an uncontrolled fire. Untreated wood is perfectly safe to burn, but many seemingly innocuous materials can pose health or fire hazards if they are burned. In addition, neglecting your local open burning regulations could be not only dangerous but also illegal. The following materials should not be burned:
- Particle board, plywood, ocean driftwood, or any wood that is pressure treated, coated, painted, rotted, moldy, or diseased
- Paper and cardboard
- Christmas trees
- Anything specified as not burnable by your state’s open burning policies
Fire Safety Tips
The EPA offers several helpful tips on how to burn safe materials responsibly and legally. Even if you’re burning something completely nontoxic and benign, it’s important to build and maintain the fire as carefully as possible.
- Always use dry kindling, a natural fire starter, or a log lighter to start your fire—do not use charcoal, kerosene, or gasoline.
- Before using an artificial log, make sure it is meant to be used with the type of hearth or fire pit you plan to use.
- Use a metal container to hold any ashes you clean up.
- If your fireplace or other burning apparatus has doors or a screen, keep it closed unless you are stoking the fire.
- Avoid burning anything at times or locations prohibited by your local burning codes.
- Anything flammable, such as upholstery or paper, should be kept away from the flames.
Always consult the open burning policies for your state to make sure that you have any permits you need and that everything you want to dispose of or use as kindling is legal to burn. Being smart about how and what you burn is the best way to avoid the dangerous effects of uncontrolled fumes and flames.


Resilience is the persistence of a population despite destabilizing forces. Portfolio theory states that the loss of diversity increases risk similarly in the ecological context as in the financial case (Figge, 2004). The key to an ecological application of portfolio theory is the diversity of ecosystem components that perform similar functions under differing environmental conditions, thereby reducing the variability in the overall ecosystem function. Complementary dynamics within a species-rich ecosystem and complementary life history strategies among sub-populations enhance resilience through variance dampening. Resilience conferred to a population via portfolio theory has yet to be investigated within a population, at the level of population age structure. The goal of this study is to build an IBM to evaluate the resilience of a long-lived rockfish to fishing pressure and environmental variability when the diversity of age-dependent reproductive strategies are diminished. There are two objectives for this study: 1) build an IBM that can represent two states of nature regarding reproductive biology of POP that can be utilized in a management strategy evaluation and 2) evaluate population response to anthropogenic and environmental forcing under two hypothesized states of nature.
Linsey Arnold, Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University
Fisheries and the Environment (FATE)