Imagine a time when the Mediterranean was a hub of cultural exchange and exploration, where Greek settlers ventured far beyond their homeland to establish colonies in Southern Italy. As they planted their roots in new soil, they brought with them not just their language and customs, but also their passion for winemaking. This article takes a closer look at the profound impact of Greek colonization on local winemaking practices in Southern Italy, exploring how these ancient settlers forever transformed the region’s viticulture and leaving a lasting legacy that still resonates to this day. So grab a glass of wine, sit back, and prepare to journey through history as we uncover the fascinating story of how the Greeks forever shaped Italian winemaking.
Brief overview of Greek colonization of Southern Italy
The Greek colonization of Southern Italy had a profound impact on the region’s winemaking practices. In the 8th to 6th centuries BCE, Greek city-states, such as Syracuse and Tarentum, established colonies along the coast of Southern Italy. These colonies not only brought Greek culture and civilization to the area but also introduced new winemaking techniques, grape varieties, and a thriving trade network that transformed the local wine industry. This article delves into the historical background of Greek colonization, the influence of Greek winemaking techniques, the impact on local winemaking practices, the development of trade and viticulture, cultural exchange and wine consumption, archaeological evidence and historical writings, and the lasting legacy of Greek colonization on Southern Italian winemaking.
Historical background of Greek colonization
Reasons for Greek colonization in Southern Italy
The colonization of Southern Italy by the Greeks was driven by various factors. One of the primary reasons was the search for new agricultural land. The Greeks sought fertile territories to cultivate crops and establish prosperous communities. Southern Italy, with its favorable climate and fertile soil, offered an abundance of opportunities for settlement and agriculture. The Greeks also aimed to establish trade routes to facilitate the exchange of goods and ideas, and Southern Italy’s strategic location made it an ideal gateway to the Mediterranean. Additionally, the Greeks were motivated by their desire to spread their culture and establish new Greek city-states, ensuring their dominance in the Mediterranean region.
Timeline of Greek settlements in Southern Italy
Greek colonization in Southern Italy spanned several centuries, with various city-states establishing colonies during different time periods. In the 8th century BCE, the island of Sicily saw the foundation of major Greek colonies like Syracuse, Gela, and Agrigento. These settlements quickly became influential centers of trade and culture. Moving further north, in the 7th century BCE, the Greeks founded colonies such as Croton and Sybaris on the Italian mainland. These cities flourished and became renowned for their wealth and architectural marvels. By the 6th century BCE, the colonization efforts extended to regions like Campania and Calabria, further solidifying Greek influence in Southern Italy.
Influence of Greek winemaking techniques
Introduction of new grape varieties
One of the significant contributions of Greek colonization to Southern Italian winemaking was the introduction of new grape varieties. The Greeks brought with them a wide array of grapevine cultivars, which differed from the native Italian varieties. These foreign grape varieties enriched the local viticultural landscape and contributed to the diversity of flavors and aromas in Southern Italian wines. Varieties such as Aglianico, Greco, and Primitivo gained popularity and have continued to be important cultivars in the region to this day.
Improvement in winemaking processes
Not only did the Greeks introduce new grape varieties, but they also brought innovative winemaking techniques to Southern Italy. Greek winemakers were renowned for their expertise in viticulture and oenology. They introduced the practice of pruning grapevines, which enhanced grape quality and increased yields. The Greeks also developed sophisticated methods of vine trellising, maintaining the vines’ health and optimizing sun exposure. Additionally, they introduced the use of stone wine presses, which improved the efficiency of grape extraction, leading to higher-quality wines.
Introduction of amphorae for wine storage
Another significant contribution of Greek winemaking to Southern Italy was the introduction of amphorae for wine storage. The Greeks utilized these clay vessels to transport and store their wines, ensuring their preservation during long voyages. The shape and design of the amphorae allowed for proper aeration and temperature control, essential for maintaining wine quality. The use of amphorae in Southern Italy revolutionized the practicality of wine storage and transportation, enabling the local winemakers to broaden their reach and establish a flourishing trade network.
Impact on local winemaking practices
Adoption of Greek winemaking techniques by the locals
The arrival of the Greeks in Southern Italy brought about a significant shift in the local winemaking practices. The native Italian population quickly recognized the superiority of Greek winemaking techniques and began adopting them in their own vineyards and wineries. The art of pruning and vine trellising, as well as the use of stone wine presses, became widespread in the region. The local winemakers eagerly embraced these techniques, which ultimately led to the development of a more refined and efficient winemaking process.
Incorporation of Greek grapes into local wine production
The introduction of Greek grape varieties also had a profound impact on local wine production. The native Italians quickly realized the exceptional qualities of these imported grapes and began incorporating them into their winemaking. The blending of Greek and local grape varieties resulted in unique flavor profiles and enhanced the complexity of Southern Italian wines. This fusion of different grape varieties cultivated a rich and diverse wine culture in the region, further establishing Southern Italy as a significant player in the wine industry.
Spread of vine cultivation in Southern Italy
Greek colonization acted as a catalyst for the spread of vine cultivation in Southern Italy. The Greeks brought with them advanced agricultural practices, which resulted in an exponential increase in vineyard plantations throughout the region. The colonization efforts led to the establishment of numerous Greek farms and settlements, which relied heavily on viticulture for sustenance and trade. Over time, Southern Italy transformed into a hub of vine cultivation, bolstering the local economy and solidifying the region’s reputation as a prominent wine-producing area.
Development of trade and viticulture
Establishment of trade routes for wine export
Greek colonization brought about a flourishing trade network centered around wine. The Greeks established active trade routes from Southern Italy to various Mediterranean regions, facilitating the export of local wines. The Greeks’ superior winemaking techniques and renowned wine production capabilities made Southern Italian wine highly sought after in the Mediterranean market. This expansion of trade not only boosted the region’s economic growth but also enabled cultural exchange and contributed to the diffusion of Greek and local winemaking practices.
Promotion of Southern Italian wines in the Mediterranean region
As a result of Greek colonization, Southern Italian wines gained widespread recognition and demand in the Mediterranean region. The Greeks actively promoted and exported their wines, which showcased the unique characteristics and flavors of the region. Southern Italian wines became highly valued commodities, enjoyed and admired by people from various cultures. This cross-cultural appreciation for Southern Italian wines contributed to their reputation as exceptional products, further stimulating the growth of viticulture and enhancing the region’s status as a top wine-producing area.
Economic growth through viticulture
Viticulture, spurred by Greek colonization, became a vital source of economic growth in Southern Italy. The establishment of vineyards and wineries created numerous job opportunities and stimulated local industries. The production and export of wine generated substantial revenue, contributing to the region’s prosperity. The economic success brought about by viticulture allowed for significant advancements in infrastructure, agriculture, and education, further enhancing the overall quality of life in Southern Italy.
Cultural exchange and wine consumption
Introduction of Greek wine-drinking customs
Greek colonization not only impacted winemaking but also influenced the wine-drinking customs of the native Italians. The Greeks introduced their sophisticated wine rituals and customs, which significantly altered the way wine was consumed in Southern Italy. Wine-drinking became an integral part of social gatherings and religious ceremonies, reflecting the influence of Greek culture. The art of wine tasting, wine pairing, and conviviality, all bestowed upon the locals by the Greeks, became deeply ingrained in Southern Italian wine culture.
Influence of Greek religious practices on wine consumption
Greek religious practices played a crucial role in shaping wine consumption habits in Southern Italy. The Greeks associated wine with their gods and incorporated it into religious ceremonies. They considered wine as a gift from the gods, symbolizing divine blessings and spiritual connection. The native Italians embraced these religious practices, and wine became an integral element of their own religious rituals. Wine-drinking became intertwined with spirituality and played a vital role in the expression of local religious beliefs, thanks to the profound influence of Greek colonization.
Integration of Greek and local wine cultures
Greek colonization led to a harmonious integration of Greek and local wine cultures in Southern Italy. As the local Italians adopted Greek winemaking techniques, grape varieties, and wine-drinking customs, a unique fusion of traditions emerged. The Greeks and Italians learned from each other, blending their expertise, preferences, and values. This cultural exchange fostered a vibrant atmosphere of wine appreciation and cooperation, leaving a lasting legacy on Southern Italian winemaking and contributing to the richness and diversity of the region’s wine culture.
Archaeological evidence and historical writings
Excavations of Greek settlements and wine-related artifacts
Archaeological excavations conducted in Southern Italy have unearthed valuable evidence of Greek winemaking practices and their influence on the local culture. The discovery of ancient Greek settlements, such as Sybaris and Taras, revealed wine-related artifacts, including amphorae, winepresses, and drinking vessels. These findings provide insights into the winemaking techniques employed by the Greeks and the ways in which wine was consumed and celebrated in Southern Italy. The archaeological evidence serves as a tangible testament to the enduring impact of Greek colonization on the region’s winemaking heritage.
Accounts of ancient writers on Greek winemaking in Southern Italy
Numerous ancient writers, such as Strabo and Pliny the Elder, have documented the influence of Greek winemaking in Southern Italy. Their accounts shed light on the prominence of Southern Italian wines and emphasize the pivotal role played by Greek colonization in elevating the region’s winemaking status. These ancient writings describe the high quality and distinctiveness of Southern Italian wines, highlighting their reputation as prestigious products in the ancient world. The writings of these historians and geographers serve as valuable historical records, affirming the enduring significance of Greek colonization on Southern Italian winemaking.
Legacy of Greek colonization on Southern Italian winemaking
Continued use of Greek winemaking techniques
The influence of Greek colonization on Southern Italian winemaking remains evident even to this day. The techniques introduced by the Greeks, such as pruning, vine trellising, and the use of stone wine presses, continue to be employed by local winemakers. These practices, refined and adapted over the centuries, have become fundamental components of the Southern Italian winemaking tradition, showcasing the enduring legacy of Greek colonization in the region.
Preservation of Greek grape varieties
Greek colonization also ensured the preservation of Greek grape varieties in Southern Italy. The cultivation and propagation of grape varieties like Aglianico, Greco, and Primitivo have been safeguarded by successive generations of winemakers. These grapes, once introduced by the Greeks, have become deeply ingrained in the local viticultural landscape. The commitment to preserving the ancient Greek grape varieties is a testament to the enduring connection between Southern Italian winemaking and its Hellenic roots.
Influence on modern Southern Italian wine industry
The Greek colonization of Southern Italy has left an indelible impact on the modern wine industry in the region. The techniques, traditions, and grape varieties introduced by the Greeks continue to shape and define Southern Italian wines. The region’s wines remain highly regarded and acclaimed, reflecting a long-standing legacy of quality and excellence that can be traced back to the influence of Greek colonization. The rich history and cultural heritage established by the Greeks continue to be celebrated and cherished by winemakers and wine enthusiasts alike, ensuring that the region’s winemaking legacy endures for generations to come.
Summary of the impact of Greek colonization on local winemaking
The Greek colonization of Southern Italy revolutionized the local winemaking industry in numerous ways. Through their introduction of new grape varieties, innovative winemaking techniques, and establishment of trade routes, the Greeks transformed Southern Italy into a prominent wine-producing region. The adoption of Greek winemaking practices by the locals, combined with the integration of Greek and local wine cultures, created a unique and vibrant winemaking tradition that continues to thrive today. Archaeological evidence and historical writings further validate the profound impact of Greek colonization on Southern Italian winemaking.
The lasting influence of Greek culture on Southern Italian wines
The enduring legacy of Greek colonization is evidenced by the continued use of Greek winemaking techniques, preservation of Greek grape varieties, and the remarkable influence on the modern Southern Italian wine industry. The customs, practices, and flavors introduced by the Greeks continue to define Southern Italian wines, keeping alive the connection between the region and its Hellenic heritage. The profound influence of Greek culture on Southern Italian wines is a testament to the enduring power of cultural exchange and the significance of historical legacies in shaping the world of wine.
Franco Deville, an esteemed wine connoisseur and author, is the visionary behind “Wines of Madeira.” His extensive background in viticulture and wine tasting enriches his detailed guide on Madeira wines. Franco’s dedication to traditional winemaking and innovative approaches has established him as an influential voice in the wine community.


Side inlet irrigation demonstration
- Published: Monday, Feb. 10, 2020
Side inlet irrigation systems deliver water to each bay of a rice field at the same time. This is usually accomplished by placing above-ground irrigation pipe along the side of the field with inlets into each bay. By comparison, a conventional "cascade" irrigation system has a single water inlet at the upper end of the field. Each bay is filled to capacity before water cascades into an adjacent bay.
Side inlet rice irrigation provides greater control of water and is easier to manage. The benefits of the side inlet system include water conservation, lower energy cost and reduced cold water damage to rice. Because the whole field is flooded in a more timely and uniform manner, weed control and nitrogen fertilizer retention are much improved. Nutrient and chemical loss are also reduced because of less runoff exiting fields.
A rice irrigation demonstration was established near Morehouse, Missouri with Jennings Brothers Farms, Inc.1 to compare water use between traditional cascade and side inlet irrigation systems. Each side inlet system was designed using the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA)2 Natural Resources Conservation Service Side Inlet Irrigation Computer Programs.
Two large-scale side inlet fields (25 acres and 46 acres) were compared with one cascade field (39 acres). Irrigation flow instruments and electric meters were used to monitor irrigation events. Both methods were utilized on the cascade system. These data were then compared to electric meter readings on Side Inlet Field A and flow meter readings on Side Inlet Field B. Onset of initial flooding was within one day for each field. No levee gates were installed in Side Inlet Field B. Thus, water distribution was solely dependent upon the pipe design.
Irrigation requirements for both of the side inlet fields were substantially less than the cascade field. Because gate settings in side inlet fields are maintained above the desired flood level, rainfall can be collected during the growing season. In 1998, the cooperators reported 8 inches of rain at the demonstration site.
Electric meter readings from Side Inlet Field A indicate that 39% less energy was required for irrigation. Flow meter readings on Side Inlet Field B, where the water holding capacity of the soil was superior to Field A, indicate that 60% less irrigation was required.
Each side inlet system in this demonstration required less irrigation application for rice. Although the demonstration was not a replicated experiment, numerous observations over the last several seasons have convinced us that the side inlet system saves substantial water. Savings in application rates have consistently ranged between 30–50%.
For further information about side inlet or for design assistance contact any USDA-Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) office in southeast Missouri. This service is free of charge.
Written by Steven Hefner, USDA-NRCS resource conservationist; John Hester, USDA-NRCS irrigation management engineer; and Clayton Robertson, USDA-NRCS resource conservationist
The side inlet demonstration was partially funded by Region VII, U.S. EPA, through the Missouri Department of Natural Resources, under Section 319 of the Clean Water Act. This grant is administered by the Bootheel Resource Conservation and Development Council Inc.
1The USDA-NRCS Irrigation & Water Quality Office staff would like to express their gratitude to the cooperators, Tom and Dan Jennings.
2The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, gender, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, and marital or family status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (braille, large print, audiotape, etc) should contact USDA's TARGET Center at 202-720-2600 (Voice and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, Room 326W, Whitten Building, 14th & Independence Avenue, SW, Washington DC 20250-9410 or call (202) 720-5964 (Voice or TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer.
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Event date: Aug. 19, 2022
Event time: 11:00 am - 1:30 pm
Event date: Aug. 19, 2022
Event time: 12:30 pm - 4:15 pm
Event date: Aug. 20, 2022
Event time: 9:00 am - 12:00 pm
News & articles
Published: Tuesday, Aug. 16, 2022
CEUHazardous Materials and Weapons of Mass Destruction Incident Response Awareness
July 1, 2022 - June 30, 2023


Common mistaken belief of some garden enthusiasts is to take care of plants with Treegator watering bags simply when it is newly planted and are being overlooked when they are mature. If they become unhealthy and broken, individuals begin to be startled. Actually, plants are being extra cared for when it is newly planted and are repeatedly taken care (whether period by period or year by year) as it grows and expands. A plant’s appeal is shows the treatment that you put into them; a healthy plant is a satisfied plant. Thus, healthy plants are commonly to be the most lovely plants.
Looking after your plants is shown by sprinkling it. Appropriately, the most important time to sprinkle it is when it’s newly planted and throughout the dry spells. Deep-soaking sprinkling utilizing Tree Gator bags is best to do. If you have actually made a basin around the plant on growing day, as opposed to the water dribbling away, the water streams where it is needed.
Place a hose at the base of the plant and run it on a slow decrease. To ensure that the water is taking in, inspect it back on intervals. If it starts to overflow, quit, let the plants took in the water, and proceed.
If you are unsure if the water system is actually reaching the root systems, attempt to dig regarding a foot down utilizing a trowel. You may be stunned when you discover that water is being rapid absorbed by plants.
New and youthful plants have to be soaked twice a week in their plants and for fully grown plants, they can be soaked longer. On how long you will certainly wet it will certainly depend on the type of plant, soil, and the climate. Vegetation obtain grown by water around once or twice a month throughout the height of summertime. The use of Treegator watering bags functions marvels for this type of sprinkling.
Do not hang around up until the plant is dropping leaves to apply extra water, particularly in a drought. Protecting water is very stressful for a weakened plant.
Tree Gator watering bags are very useful for sprinkling newly planted plants. At the ground level, position the tools around the plant and fill them with water. They are developed to slowly discharge water and it will delicately saturate the soil around the root systems without running.
Vegetation needs to be cared for not simply when they are newly planted utilizing Treegator bags, but up until they develop. Vegetation provide a great deal of benefit to us and in order to achieve these advantages, we need to work it out due to the fact that ultimately it will certainly be settled.


6.30PM 2 July 2003, Horticulture Research International Wellesbourne
The Horticulture Research International Association (HRIA) invites you to HRI Wellesbourne for an informal evening walk around the site on Wednesday 2nd July at 6.30pm. You will have the opportunity to see many of HRI's world-class facilities and to hear about the exciting Research & Development projects being undertaken.
The facilities at Wellesbourne, sited on an estate of over 200 ha, include high specification containment glasshouses, an insect rearing unit and a range of sites for field experiments, including an organic area registered with the Soil Association. HRI Wellesbourne has recently joined the Countryside Stewardship Scheme and there will be an opportunity to discuss this with Matt Willmott from Defra, who assisted HRI with its Stewardship Scheme application.
A small team of HRI specialists will be on hand to discuss their work, including:
- Steve Adams, specialist in the physiology and agronomy of protected crops, particularly tomatoes and bedding plants.
- Rosemary Collier, vegetable specialist and entomologist specialising in the pests of field vegetables and bulbs.
- Brian Smith, specialist in vegetables, with a particular interest in plant genetic resources and improvement of allium crops.
- Dave Pink, plant geneticist specialising in host plant resistance to pests and diseases and quality traits of lettuce and brassicas.
- Sally Mann and Robin Wood, Horticultural Services Managers.
- Mike Davies, United Agri Products, who advises HRI on cereal agronomy, will also be in attendance.
Tea and coffee will be available in the staff restaurant and the staff bar will be open.
Non Members Welcome
There is no charge to attend this event and BASIS Points will be awarded on the day.
Miss Michelle King,
Fax: 01789 470552
Tel: 01789 470382


Last Updated: November 21, 2023, 6:37 PM IST
The Supreme Court on Tuesday rapped the Punjab government for not taking strict actions against stubble burning, one of the biggest causes of air pollution in Delhi-NCR, and observed that farmers are presented as villains while not getting adequate chances to be heard in court.
The apex court made the observations while hearing a series of petitions on the toxic air across Delhi that has created a chokehold-like situation for the residents of the national capital.
According to HT, a bench of Justices SK Kaul and S Dhulia directed the Punjab and Delhi governments to take action against the burning of agricultural waste, which added significantly to Delhi’s AQI crisis.
The bench also stated the AAP-led Punjab government’s report suggested that over 8,400 meetings were held with farmers and farmer leaders to convince them to not burn paddy straws by state house officers but still the number of farm fires could not be abated, the publication reported.
The court also questioned Bhagwant Mann’s government about why the process of crop residue management is not completely free and why the administration is failing to fund the cost of petrol or diesel needed for the same.
“Why doesn’t the Punjab government make the process of crop residue 100% free? To burn it, all the farmer needs to do is light a matchstick. Machine for the management of crop residue to farmers is not everything. Even if the machine is given for free, there is diesel cost, manpower, etc,” HT quoted the SC as saying.
For this purpose, the apex court asked the Punjab government to take inspiration from its neighbouring state Haryana, which offered financial incentives and managed to significantly bring down stubble burning.
“The state of Punjab should also take a cue from the state of Haryana in the manner in which financial incentives are given,” said the Supreme Court.
Meanwhile, several farmer bodies in Punjab on Monday held protests at the offices of deputy commissioners and sub-divisional magistrates at many places, seeking the withdrawal of cases registered against farmers for burning stubble.
The protesting farmers, who also demanded a long-lasting solution for paddy straw, brought stubble-laden trolleys to several offices of DCs and SDMs.
The agitating farmers demanded the withdrawal of legal actions, including registration of FIRs and rollback of the fine imposed on farmers for burning crop residue. They also demanded an increase in sugarcane rates and fair compensation for land acquisition under the Bharatmala projects.


- Permanent Link:
- Systemic insecticides for cattle grub control
- Series Title:
- Everglades Station Mimeo Report
- Harris, E. D
Genung, William G., 1915-1982
Chapman, H. L ( Herbert L. ), 1923-
Everglades Experiment Station
- Place of Publication:
- Belle Glade Fla
- Everglades Experiment Station
- Publication Date:
- Physical Description:
- 4 leaves : ; 29 cm.
- Subjects / Keywords:
- Warble flies -- Control -- Florida ( lcsh )
Cattle -- Diseases and pests -- Florida ( lcsh )
Larvae ( jstor )
Cattle ( jstor )
Wildlife damage management ( jstor )
- non-fiction ( marcgt )
- General Note:
- "July, 15 1958."
- General Note:
- Caption title.
- Statement of Responsibility:
- E.D. Harris, Jr. , W.G. Genung and H.L. Chapman, Jr.
- Source Institution:
- University of Florida
- Rights Management:
- All applicable rights reserved by the source institution and holding location.
- Resource Identifier:
- 65388970 ( OCLC )
Everglades Station Mimeo Report 59-1
Systemic Insecticides for Cattle Grub Control .
E. D. Harris, Jr., W. G. Genung and H. L. Chapman, Ji.
The cattle grub, Hypoderma lineatum (De Vill.), which may also be called .
the heel fly or ox warble, has become of increasing concern to the Everglades
cattleman. During the winter and spring cattle can be seen running rapidly
across the field with their tails in the air. These animals are being chased
by a hairy fly about the size of a honey bee. These flies lay eggs on hairs
on the lower portion of the legs or the belly of the animal. The eggs hatch
in three to seven days and the small maggot or grub crawls down the hair and
bores into the skin. Each maggot tunnels through the animal's body for about
six months until it reaches the back. It bores a hole in the hide through which
it breathes. It stays at this location for about two months where it grows to
be about one inch in length. When mature the maggot squeezes its way through
the hole and falls to the ground where it seeks protection on or in the soil.
It then forms a hard skin about itself and remains in this condition which is
called the pupal stage for about a month before the case is broken open and an
adult fly emerges from it. Adult flies soon mate and the females begin laying
eggs on cattle. In the Everglades, grubs have been noticed in the backs of the
animals during nearly every month of the year, but mainly occur during a period
extending from about September through April.
Until recently there was no satisfactory method for controlling these pests.
The grubs in the backs of the animals could be killed by rotenone sprays or dusts
but at this time they had already caused the animal much irritation and damaged
the meat and the hide. About the only thing that this measure can accomplish is
to lower the population of adult flies but even this is ineffective unless all
of the cattlemen in an area participate.
Recently two insecticides that will kill cattle grubs anyplace within the
animal's body have been approved by the U.S.D.A. for use on cattle. These insecti-
cides, Trolene and Co-ral, are also effective against screw-worms, horn flies,
and many other insect pests of livestock. Both materials were tested this yeat
at the Everglades Experiment Station in an effort to find the most effective
material and the best month for application to control cattle grub.
Each animal was given only a single application of either Trolene or Co-ral
on May 6-7, June 3-4, July 8, August 22, or September 16. Ten yearling cattle
were treated with each chemical on each date. These cattle were approximately
eight to nine months old at the first treatment date. Trolene was administered
as an oral drench whereas Co-ral was applied as a spray to the backs of the
animals. Twenty-five animals were left untreated to determine the level of
infestation. The grubs in the back of each animal were counted at two week
intervals from October 11, 1957 until April 9, 1958, for a total of fourteen
Assistant Entomologist, Assistant Entomologist and Associate Animal Nutritionist,
July 15, 1958
At the time of treatment some grubs were already present in the backs of
September-treated animals. On October 11 there was an average of 0.4 grubs per
animal among the animals treated with Co-ral in September and 0.2 grubs per anima.
among those treated with Trolene in August or September. There were no grubs
found among the other treated animals. At this time there was an average of 1.6
grubs per animal among the untreated cattle.
The greatest number of grubs appeared in the backs of untreated animals on
January 15 (Table 1) and among the treated animals on February 12 when there was
an average of 2.7 grubs per animal among those treated with Trolene in June.
Either chemical applied during any month greatly reduced the number of grubs per
animal. The other treatments gave significantly better grub control than Trolene
applied in June. Otherwise the dates of treatment and the chemicals were about
equally effective on these two dates of observation.
The 14 dates of observation were averaged to give a comparison of the treat-
ments over the entire grub period (Table 2). The Co-ral treatment in May gave
significantly better grub control than all other treatments other than Co-ral in
July or August or the September Trolene treatment. The Trolene treatment in June
gave significantly poorer control than the other treatments. The relatively poorer
control shown by this treatment may be related to the fact that the animals were
weaned in late May only a few days before receiving the June treatment. Co-ral
with an average of 0.07 grubs per animal over the observation period gave signi-
ficantly better cattle grub control than Trolene with an average of 0.37 grubs
It is advisable to apply control measures as soon as possible after grubs are
in the body of the animal, but after most of the adult fly activity has passed.
Although the May treatments gave good control this year, a treatment in May might
possibly be a little too early during some years, as adult fly activity may occur
later. Therefore, the best month for treatment would seem to be either June or
Trolene is marketed as a bolus which can be administered in a multiple ball-
ing gun or mixed with water and applied as a drench. Co-ral is marketed as a
wettable powder to be mixed with water and applied to the backs of the animals as
a spray. Before using either material the instructions on the container should
be read thoroughly and carefully followed.
Table 1. Number of cattle grubs in the backs of treated and untreated
animals on January 15, 1958
CHEMICAL TREATMENT DATE GRUBS/ANIMALa
Co-ral May, July 0
Trolene May, September 0
Trolene August 0.1
Co-ral August, September 0.1
Co-ral June 0.2
Trolene July 0.4
Trolene June 1.9
UNTREATED .--. 18.1
a Figures joined by the vertical line are not significantly different;
those not joined by the line are significantly different.
Table 2. Number of cattle grubs in the backs of treated and untreated
animals averaged for 14 observation dates.
CHEMICAL TREATMENT DATE GRUBS/ANIMALa
Co-ral May 0
Co-ral July 0.04
Trolene September 0.04
Co-ral August 0.09
Co-ral June 0.11
Co-ral September 0.14
Trolene May 0.19
Trolene August 0.23
Trolene July 0.29
Trolene June 1.13
UNTREATED ---- 8.58
a Figures joined by the same vertical line are not significantly
different; figures not joined by the same vertical line are signi-


We believe that smart projects can empower vulnerable communities and can provide a significant impact on the communal, provincial, and national development of Burundi and the Democratic Republic of Congo, and play a decisive role in addressing food security challenges in those two countries.
Empowering vulnerable communities in the Great Lakes Region
The FFI aims to provide support and necessary technical assistance to the rural communities in the Great Lakes Region of Africa. By providing support and technical assistance Fountain Foundation International aims to:
Help farmer communities to adopt sustainable production methods;
Enable farmer communities to be self-reliant in the production and conservation of nutritious food for own consumption;
Help farmer communities to raise agricultural incomes;
To expand economic opportunities for women and youth to generate income.
Our Projects in Burundi: Ensure the inclusion of marginalised group
Working with C.P.S.B will ensure that the inclusion of marginalised groups is addressed on organisational and educational level by involving Centre de Production des Semences du Burundi (“C.P.S.B”) to mobilize marginalised farmer groups to come and observe field trainings and demonstration sessions in which marginalised groups can participate. “C.P.S.B” is as centre for seed production and a famer cooperative that is focused on marginalised farmer groups. “C.P.S.B” was created to meet the growing needs of the rural farmers community to fight hunger, unemployment, lack of seeds for planting and one meal a day which is of poor quality or not enough. The following video above gives an idea of the activities of C.P.S.B
Our Partner in Burundi: Mr. Mbonankira Charles is the founder of C.P.S.B. Having started very small with only 1 hectare in 2008 of land and only his family labor force, Mr. Mbonankira Charles has been able to set up a cooperative society is today operating on more than 100 hectares of farm and working with over 100 employees.
Training the youth
Training the youth in agriculture in the rural areas of Burundi
The importance of including the youth
Explaining the importance of including the youth who doesn’t have other opportunities, to become active in agriculture from a young age to prevent that they become beggars or criminals
Teaching the right way of farming
Men, Women, youth and children in the villages are more than willing to learn about the right way of farming
Our projects are based on Sustainable Development Goals
Empowering vulnerable communities
Do you want to help us addressing food security challenges in Burundi & Democratic Republic of Congo?
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Jul 2017. Ammonia is the basic building block of the world nitrogen industry; consumption of ammonia for nitrogen fertilizer accounts for more than 80% of the world ammonia market. Nitrogen fertilizers are the most widely used fertilizers in the world.
To view Abstract and Table of Contents click here.
Publish Date: 2017-07-31
Chemical Focus: Syngas Chemicals, Industrial Gases and Fertilizers
Number of Pages: 123
Content Type: Report
Delivery: Email with link to PDF file
Global Summary; regional coverage
Producers with annual capacities and plant sites
Consumption and five-year forecast by end-use application


Another consideration is that if you are in SF, right in The City, the climate is not ideal for figs. Delayed fruit development can be a result of the climate.
See "Environmental Considerations".
Winter pruning should be minimal, light thinning, deadwood removal, crossing branches and very light shaping as needed. Heavy pruning and heading back of all the terminal growth will delay flowering and fruiting.
If the tree is in a container, especially if for more than 2 years, there may not be enough soil volume to provide mineral nutrients and retain soil moisture. Consider re-potting into a large pot with new, good quality potting soil.
If in the ground, then soil and water management are critical. Fertilization is important. Organic mulch on the soil surface helps to retain soil moisture and furnish nutrients.
Deep water (6 to preferably 10 inch soil penetration) once a week during dry season, drip irrigation or light superficial sprinking may keep the tree alive, but is not adequate for optimal health, flowering and fruit development.
Fertilize at least spring and fall with a complete organic fertilizer like this:


Smallholder farmers in Kigoma Region, Tanzania are turning their backs on low yields, post-harvest losses and uncertainty to embrace a transformative agriculture that promises prosperity, sustainability and security for them.
They are also at the center of AGRA’s partnership with the Government of Tanzania and a consortium of five development partners to improve staple crop production, commercialization of farming enterprises and market access for farmers. By strengthening the agricultural inputs system, technology development, and supply chain in Kigoma Region these multi-faceted interventions have increased the prospects for staple crop productivity among more than 170,000 farmers from 217 villages
“The transformation of the agriculture sector in Kigoma region is starting to be the felt,” said Mr. Donald Mizambwa, an Associate Program Officer at AGRA.
AGRA’s three-year grant covering the period September 2017 to August 2020, finances integrated efforts to address the constraints faced by the smallholder farmers in Kigoma Region with the goal of increasing incomes and improving food security and livelihoods.
Ruvuma Commercialization and Diversification of Agriculture (RUCODIA), one of the project implementers within the consortium, has recruited and trained 598 agro-dealers and reached out to 98,781 smallholder farmers.
“We have trained farmer organizations, SMEs and local governments on how to increase agricultural productivity and build resilience to shocks. This includes strengthening agro-dealerships in Kigoma,” noted Mr. Jackson Lumbugi, project manager, RUCODIA.
Mr. Wilson Vyalelo, an agro-dealer, based in Kigoma observed that more smallholder farmers were using improved seeds and fertilizers as a result of the interventions.
“I noticed that the majority of farmers who bought seeds and fertilizer in 2017 increased their uptake in 2018,” he added, “It means a lot to us when a farmer who bought five bags in 2017 raises this to 10 bags in 2018.” The average farm size in the region ranges from 0.2ha to 0.8ha (0.5 acres to 2 acres).
Leveraging on the success of their maize hybrids and well-established distribution networks are two seed companies within the consortium – Meru Agro and Suba Agro. They have a presence in Kigoma and Kagera Regions respectively.
Mr. Joseph Rubuye, the Regional Agriculture Advisor-Kigoma, called for efforts to sustain the momentum, among them value-chain approaches to the multifaceted interventions of the project.
“What counts here is ensuring that every villager who is able to increase production is supported at every stage to realize an increase in their income as a result of the interventions,” he said, “this is how an entire region prospers.”
A maize farmer in Kasulu Municipality, Mr. Moshi Hiza, who has since been able to treble his farm’s productivity, said he had learned a lot of what he practices from the demonstration farms supported by AGRA.
To improve market access for farmers like Mr. Hiza, organizations like FAIDA MALI have been active in establishing and sustaining the linkages between producers and off-takers by opening up access to output markets on the one end of the scale, and input purchases at the other end. As part of the consortium, Tanzania Chamber of Commerce, Industry and Agriculture (TCCIA) – Kigoma Chapter facilitated a meeting between grain traders and smallholder farmers. The grain companies involved in the consultation included Gwakula Investments Group LTD, Kisoya Super Sembe, Aniseth Commission Cargo Ltd. and Nabuhima Food and General Supply Ltd.
However, financing and investments are critical components in creating the conditions that support an inclusive agricultural transformation. They include the provision of multiple types of services dedicated to supporting both on- and off-farm agricultural activities and businesses including input provision, production, and distribution, wholesale, processing and marketing.
Farmers and small to medium-sized rural businesses often cite financing as a barrier, more so because they lack collateral and financial services providers struggle to put a price to the risk of loans to this category of clients. AGRA’s financing partners in the project include the Private Agricultural Sector Support Trust (PASS TRUST), CRDB Bank Plc and National Microfinance Bank (NMB), Tanzania.
Others service providers are Farm Radio International (FRI) and Nyakitonto Youth for Development Tanzania (NYDT). FRI were instrumental in creating awareness and sharing knowledge to increase staple food crop productivity for maize, beans and cassava via radio programs even beyond Kigoma Region.
Occupying 45,066 square kilometers, of which 8,029 sq. km is covered by water, Kigoma Region is rich in agricultural potential and straddles a huge regional market in the neighboring Democratic Republic of Congo, Burundi, and Zambia.


We are accustomed to seeing Gerberas in flower shops and as dwarf potted plants at greenhouses and mass market retailers, but we seldom have a chance to grow true cutting strains. Gro 'n Sell has just informed me that they have a number of varieties on hand and ready to ship immediately.
These are either 36 or 25 cell half-trays, and 4 half-trays fit in a standard box. This is a different size than anything we have offered, so keep in mind that you can order up to 4 half trays per box.
Gerberas are not winter hardy but they are cold tolerant. We have a long cultural document from the growers of this line of Gerberas that we would be happy to share with you. (I can't seem to embed a link here, but I tried!) Many grow them in pots. Most commercial growers use the same plants for several years, cycling them in and out of production.
I'm not an expert on this crop, but I do get requests for plants with frequency, so if you've been waiting, and can keep them from freezing in winter, this may be your chance!
The 36 and 25 cell plants are quite similar in size. The top growth is essentially identical, but the root mass is slightly larger on the 25 cell option. Both will establish quickly.
These are produced through tissue culture and are patented, both of which increase the price, but considering the fact that you could produce dozens or even hundreds of stems per plant throughout their lives, they may be a good investment for some. Again, do your research. I'm not much help this time.
These will be available for the rest of August, or until they sell out, and will ship within a week of ordering.


Total aliphatic and indole glucosinolates, phenolic compounds (flavonoids and hydroxycinnamoyl derivatives), and vitamin C contents were evaluated in freshly harvested broccoli (Brassica oleracea L., var. italica, cv. Marathon) inflorescences. These were film-wrapped and stored for 7 days at 1 degrees C to simulate a maximum period of commercial transport and distribution. After cold storage, inflorescences were kept for 3 days at 15 degrees C to simulate a retail sale period. For wrapping, low-density polyethylene (LDPE) of 11 microm thickness was used. Gas composition was about 17% O(2) and 2% CO(2) during cold storage and about 16% O(2) and 3-4% CO(2) during shelf life within packages. The predominant glucosinolates were 4-methylsulfinylbutyl-glucosinolate (glucoraphanin), 3-indolylmethyl-glucosinolate (glucobrassicin), and 1-methoxy-3-indolylmethyl-glucosinolate (neoglucobrassicin). The predominant hydroxycinnamoyl derivatives were identified as 1,2,2'-trisinapoylgentiobiose, 1,2-diferuloylgentiobiose, 1,2'-disinapoyl-2-feruloylgentiobiose, and 3-O-caffeoyl-quinic (neochlorogenic acid). Results showed major losses at the end of both periods, in comparison with broccoli at harvest. Thus, the respective losses, at the end of cold storage and retail periods, were 71-80% of total glucosinolates, 62-59% of total flavonoids, 51-44% of sinapic acid derivatives, and 73-74% caffeoyl-quinic acid derivatives. Slight differences in all compound concentrations between storage and retail sale periods were detected. Distribution and retail periods had minimal effects on vitamin C. Weight loss was monitored at the end of both periods.


Perhaps the two most significant demographic facts for understanding the contemporary context of sexuality and gender dynamics before and after marriage are the relatively long period between the advent of young womens sexual maturity and the age of marriage (for most young women this.He sent friends to beg.TheyRead more
Artists represent her in the pictures.They prefer job to family, they are obsessed with success and cashing in savings bonds before maturity date earning money.Here we have attractive single ladies from Ukraine and Russia man looking for a woman arnsberg who are looking for their foreign significant othersRead more
Stockbridge had two cinemas: - The Grand in St Stephen Street and - The Savoy round the corner from Malta Terrace.It would seem that he was a fair-minded man, because he was one of the few scientists who included their assistants in the reports of their achievements.The balancedRead more
12.37 Pawnee Mohawk x Starking HG I 56 54 4 Sept.
Is recommended as a producer of large, high-quality nuts that are especially suitable for the in-shell market.
UK Unknown Photos of Varieties Amling Amling So far, this selection has beautiful dark green foliage and excellent resistance to most pests.4-H Youth Development, county and Club Meetings, Environmental Education, Livestock Programs, Project Achievement, Summer Camp.Has been very resistant to scab, and this is one of the key factors in its widespread use.Orchards may need to be thinned promptly.?Oconee?Has an early harvest date, averaging around October.Standard commercial growers will probably want a higher quality nut that might demand a higher price.Is not as precocious as?Caddo?Although this cultivar is considered by some to have low yield potential, it is too early to tell in our trees at this point.Is not a precocious cultivar and can in fact be somewhat slow to come into bearing.This is a precocious variety that will need fruit thinning as the tree matures.?Byrd?This leads to the cycle we commonly see where new cultivars start out appearing highly resistant, but over time appear more and more susceptible.?Desirable?The shell is thin and the kernels have been very well developed.Regardless of the care taken in choosing an appropriate variety, experience has taught growers that any variety may in time fail to be as well adapted as it first appeared.Type II (protogynous) cultivars have stigmas meet people for sex manderson south dakota that become receptive first and the pollen is shed after the flowers have been fertilized.Was released by the usda because of its superior productivity, quality, disease resistance and cold tolerance.?Kanza?Crop was severely damaged free sex dating in bemidji minnesota 56601 due to scab despite a full-season fungicide program.So far, we have not observed scab on our trees in a sprayed orchard.Among the most important factors to consider when selecting a variety are pollination type, disease resistance, alternate bearing potential, precocity (the bearing age of the tree harvest date, pollination type, nut size and nut quality.
Therefore, much thought should be given to the alternate bearing tendency of a particular variety before planting.


Starting to taste like summer! Yesterday students at all six of Charlottesville’s elementary schools snacked on red, ripe, juicy, delicious strawberries as part of Harvest of the Month. The strawberries were sourced through the Local Food Hub and grown by...Read More
City Schoolyard Garden is pleased to announce the 2015 Golden Trowel Awards wich will be presented at our annual Root Celebration honoring our volunteers, partners and students on Thursday, May 21st from 5:30-7:00pm at Clark Elementary Root! is a garden celebration bringing...Read More
At City Schoolyard Garden, we have a vision: that young people thrive with the opportunity to engage with nature, to enhance their academic learning through hands-on experience, and to cultivate skills for healthy living. We currently manage gardens at all six Charlottesville public elementary schools, as well as Buford Middle School – encompassing over 8,750 square feet of diverse organic gardens with over 14,000 student interactions each year.
We recently asked students and partners to talk about what City Schoolyard Garden means to them, and here is a bit of their story.
City Schoolyard Garden is….a video about growing gardens and growing healthy youth
City Schoolyard Garden cultivates academic achievement, health, environmental stewardship, and community engagement through garden-based, experiential learning for Charlottesville youth.
We are a nonprofit organization operating solely on the support of generous individuals, businesses and foundations. Come join us grow!
Download a beautiful map of our gardens, hand-drawn by our founder, Linda Winecoff.
We’ll keep you updated on garden happenings, special events and volunteer opportunities, and we promise never to spam your inbox.


Learning from leading innovators in agriculture
Members of the Soils for Life community came together in March 2014 for a National Forum to share knowledge and experiences. Together they provided advice to the Soils for Life Program on how it can continue to foster and facilitate the wider adoption of regenerative landscape management for positive change in both the rural landscape and production - for the benefit of all Australians. The Forum was hosted by Soils for Life Chairman and National Advocate for Soil Health, Major General Michael Jeffery, and Soils for Life Board members.
SATURDAY - case study participants workshop.
Read about Day 1: Pearls of wisdom from regenerative farmers
SUNDAY - presentations from Soils for Life case study participants, open to the public.
Read the summary and watch clips from Day 2: Diverse enterprises manage by the same principles on the inspiring presentations:
- Shane Joyce (Dukes Plain, QLD) - Building an antifragile landscape
- Dianne Haggerty (Prospect Pastoral Co., WA) - Mixed farming on poor soils: 13 years of biological farming
- Colin Seis (Winona, NSW) - Developing and implementing the innovative Pasture Cropping
- John Dunnicliff (Beetaloo Station, NT) - Large scale grazing and landscape regeneration


Why is glyphosate so important for European agriculture?
Glyphosate plays an important role in European crop production. It provides many benefits to farmers and facilitates the adoption of sustainable agronomic practices such as conservation agriculture. There has been opposition by some sources to the use of glyphosate, despite its history of safe use for more than 40 years. But, what would be the cost of restricting the use of this herbicide for farmers and consumers?
Recent independent case studies have provided new insights into the economic and ecological consequences of limiting the use of glyphosate in the EU. These “what-if scenarios” predict significant challenges for farmers and posible increased impact on the environment. Food prices would increase and the EU’s share of the global agricultural market would decrease if glyphosate use was restricted. In fact, it is estimated that crop yields for farmers would be reduced by 5% to 40%, depending on the region, and diminish the global market share of several EU crops if glyphosate was no longer available.
A limitation in the availability for farmers of glyphosate is also predicted to have potential implications for land use, biodiversity, greenhouse gas emissions and water quality. By using glyphosate for weed control, farmers in Europe have been able to forgo or significantly reduce traditional ploughing methods. Conventional plough tillage is an energy-intensive process that releases tonnes of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere from the soil. If farmers are forced to fall back on these weed-control methods, CO2 emissions and fossil fuel consumption of German agriculture are for instance predicted to more than double, while soil erosion could increase six times over in Europe.
Last update: 19 July 2017


Home composting expert Barbara Pleasant will share dozens of practical composting techniques for turning kitchen and garden waste into the best soil amendment for any type of garden. In addition to basic composting methods, learn innovative ways MOTHER EARTH NEWS readers have found to create healthier soil with homemade compost.
Other Kansas Workshops
Getting Started in Organic Vegetable Gardening
Managing Your Homegrown Food Supply
Organic Gardening for Newbies – Avoiding Beginner Mistakes
One of MOTHER EARTH NEWS' most experienced garden editors, Barbara Pleasant (BarbaraPleasant.com) has studied and practiced organic vegetable gardening for 30 years. Her popular Garden Know-How column in MOTHER EARTH NEWS recently won a Silver Award of Achievement from the Garden Writers Association. Pleasant lives in Floyd, Va., where she grows vegetables, herbs, fruits and flowers, and keeps a small flock of laying hens.
Visit www.barbarapleasant.com for more information.
Order her books, Starter Vegetable Gardens, The Gardener's Bug Book and The Complete Compost Gardening Guide.


This sensor can be used to test the moisture of soil, when the soil is having water shortage, the module output is at high level, and else the output is at low level. By using this sensor one can automatically water the flower plant, or any other plants requiring automatic watering technique. Module dual output mode, digital output is simple, analog output more accurate. Soil moisture sensors measure the volumetric water content indirectly by using some other property of the soil, such as electrical resistance, dielectric constant, or interaction with neutrons, as a proxy for the moisture content
• Input voltage: 5v
• Output voltage:0-5v
• Output: Analog.
• Sensitivity adjustable.
• Threshold level can be configured.
• Module triple output mode, digital, analog, serial outputs.
• Landscape irrigation.
• Simple sensor for Gardeners.


Now that my garden is put to bed I can concentrate on other ‘gardening’ activities inside. Forcing bulbs inside is a good way to have blooming flowers mid winter. They also make a great present, who wouldn’t appreciate a gift of bulbs when the world is white outside! Tulips, narcissus, hyacinths, crocus and lily of the valley can be forced into flower in late winter or early spring. A pot of tulips on your windowsill in February can brighten your spirits!
It is a good idea to keep the same variety in one pot as the blooming times often vary. Bulbs are also planted much closer together than you plant them outside. With the exception of narcissus bulbs, bulbs must be given a cold temperature of 35-48 degrees F for a minimum of 12-14 weeks. You can either keep them in a cold frame, an unheated attic or cellar or even a refrigerator! In the refrigerator the pots should be covered with plastic bags that have a few holes punched in them.
Since I didn’t want to have to put my bulbs in a cold spot for weeks, I am gong to force paper white narcissus bulbs. I found some very healthy looking bulbs at the local nursery.
First I rinsed the gravel to get rid of the dust. I filled each of my bowls with gravel about 2/3rds full. I then nestled the bulbs in the gravel ½ to 1 inch apart, placing the pointed side up. Then fill in gravel around the bulbs, leaving the top halves exposed. Place them in good light and add water up to the base of the bulbs. Keep the water level at this height. I then placed the pots in a cool area. Within a few days roots will appear. When green shoots appear, move the pot to a cool, sunny spot. Sit back and watch them grow and bloom. It’s nice to enjoy a little bit of spring color for your home when everything outside is covered with snow!


Virulence of Leptographium serpenson longleaf pine seedlings under varying soil moisture regimes
Matusick, G., Eckhardt, L.G. and Enebak, S.A. (2008) Virulence of Leptographium serpenson longleaf pine seedlings under varying soil moisture regimes. Plant Disease, 92 (11). pp. 1574-1576.
*No subscription required
Recently, Leptographium serpens has been recovered from the roots of declining and dead longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) in stands associated with various abiotic stresses. Although most data suggest that L. serpens is pathogenic to various Pinus spp., there is little known of its virulence on longleaf pine or its relationship with abiotic stress in causing disease. These trials examined the effects of L. serpens infection coupled with drought stress. Trials began with wound inoculations of bareroot longleaf pine seedlings in spring 2006 and 2007 at the seedling stress facility at Auburn University. Soon after inoculation, seedlings were also subjected to adequate moisture, moderate drought, or severe drought. Sixteen weeks after inoculation, longleaf pine survival, L. serpens virulence, and seedling growth characteristics were measured. Longleaf pine seedlings inoculated with L. serpens had 33% mortality (138/420) which was significantly greater than nonwounded control seedlings (22%, 47/211). Survival and lesion size on longleaf pine suggests that L. serpens is moderately pathogenic to longleaf pine seedlings. Separately, moisture stress associated with low soil moisture also contributed to seedling mortality. Results suggest that L. serpens infection and moisture stress commonly experienced by southern pines act independently to stress longleaf pine.
|Publication Type:||Journal Article|
|Publisher:||The American Phytopathological Society|
|Item Control Page|


My daughter gave us some accelerator. Ive poured some in with my raw veg and leaves in my composter with legs twirling it every few days. Doesnt seem like anything is breaking down…
Bokashi bran helps to break down your compost pile by adding all of the essential microbes that your compost pile (and garden) need. Look closely at your pile and you should see signs of the bokashi bran at work with loads of fungal and hyphae growth.
Remember, bokashi microbes are anaerobic, which means they ideally need to avoid contact with air. The bokashi bran should be added to the middle (or bottom) of your compost pile and your pile should not be turned for at least 4-5 days after adding bokashi bran. This will give the bokashi microbes time to multiply and re-activate your compost pile.
You say that you have been twirling your compost regularly. Try leaving your pile untouched for a few days to let the bokashi microbes have a more anaerobic environment.


- What can affect soil fertility?
- What are the symptoms of soil fertility decline?
- How can I make my soil more fertile?
- How do you fix bad soil?
- How can we improve soil fertility naturally?
- Which soil is less fertile?
- What is poor soil fertility?
- What causes loss of soil fertility?
- How can I make my barren soil more fertile?
- How drainage causes loss of soil nutrients?
- What two factors cause fertile soil?
- How can termites improve soil fertility?
- How are living organisms important for improving soil fertility?
What can affect soil fertility?
The following factors affect the soil fertility:Mineral Composition.
The mineral composition of the soil helps to predict the ability of the soil to retain plant nutrients.
Adding Manures and Fertilizers.
What are the symptoms of soil fertility decline?
There are several early signs of soil fertility decline in a particular area. Some early signs include: discolouring of the plant (either leaves or the whole plant itself), more weeds and more crops or plants dying before reaching maturity. These two images above show the process of tilling the soil.
How can I make my soil more fertile?
You can increase the amount of organic matter in your soil by adding compost, aged animal manures, green manures (cover crops), mulches or peat moss. Because most soil life and plant roots are located in the top 6 inches of soil, concentrate on this upper layer.
How do you fix bad soil?
The first step in repairing damaged soil is to begin adding nutrients and structure back into the ground. This will take you from “dirt” to real “soil”. Some of the best and easiest soil amendments are compost and aged manure (just don’t use cat or dog feces).
How can we improve soil fertility naturally?
Soil fertility can be further improved by incorporating cover crops that add organic matter to the soil, which leads to improved soil structure and promotes a healthy, fertile soil; by using green manure or growing legumes to fix nitrogen from the air through the process of biological nitrogen fixation; by micro-dose …
Which soil is less fertile?
Red soils are generally derived from crystalline rock. They are usually poor growing soils, low in nutrients and humus and difficult to cultivate because of its low water holding capacity.
What is poor soil fertility?
Soil fertility decline occurs when the quantities of nutrients removed from the soil in harvested products exceed the quantities of nutrients being applied. In this situation, the nutrient requirements of the crop are met from soil reserves until these reserves cannot meet crop demands.
What causes loss of soil fertility?
For all the fertility losses there are various causes in the different regions of the country, in totality the major causes to soil fertility decline is a land degradation which is caused through the different agents such as soil erosion, deforestation, overgrazing, sedimentation, continuous farming and pollution.
How can I make my barren soil more fertile?
The couple followed these methods to transform the barren land.Water harvesting: Since the soil was eroded, they first set up water harvesting structures, such as swales, trenches, percolation tanks. … Sapling plantation: Water harvesting is incomplete without planting. … Fencing: In an arid region, fires are common.More items…•Aug 23, 2017
How drainage causes loss of soil nutrients?
The drainage water dilutes and disperses the nutrients down the soil profile. Deep rooting crops like maize can access nitrates from as deep as 180 cm, but once nutrients are below the rooting zone, they are no longer accessible. This assumes the soil is already at field capacity when the rain starts.
What two factors cause fertile soil?
Soil fertilitySufficient soil depth for adequate root growth and water retention;Good internal drainage, allowing sufficient aeration for optimal root growth (although some plants, such as rice, tolerate waterlogging);More items…
How can termites improve soil fertility?
We found that ants and termites raise crop yield by increasing water infiltration into the soil through their tunnels and by increasing the supply of soil mineral nitrogen.
How are living organisms important for improving soil fertility?
Answer: Living organisms are very important for improving soil fertility because when a living organism dies the organic matter of its body gets decomposed by the decomposers hence it provides humus to the soil. Humus is the organic matter present in the soil which in the course of time gets converted into humus.


- KCII Radio - http://kciiradio.com -
Weekend Rainfall Beneficial in Two Ways
Posted By News On @ 6:29 am In Today's Local News | Comments Disabled
Rainfall over the weekend proved to be beneficial in two different ways. State Climatologist Harry Hillaker says the drought conditions have been so severe that the nearly two and half inches of rain that fell was able to soak directly into the ground as well as not cause any flooding issues because the rain fell over a longer period of time.
He adds if more rain events like this were to occur before the ground freezes, it will help to get the soil ready for next spring.
Hillaker notes there is still time yet this fall and a couple months in the spring to get moisture back into the soil before next year’s planting season, but says it’s too early to tell if the current weather pattern will continue.
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|CHU, Y - University Of Georgia
|WU, C - University Of Georgia
|OZIAS-AKINS, P - University Of Georgia
|Holbrook, Carl - Corley
Submitted to: American Peanut Research and Education Society Abstracts
Publication Type: Abstract Only
Publication Acceptance Date: 5/21/2011
Publication Date: 12/15/2011
Citation: Chu, Y., Wu, C., Ozias-Akins, P., Holbrook Jr, C.C. 2011. Marker-assisted breeding for wild species-derived traits in arachis. Proceedings of American Peanut Research and Education Society. 43:89.
Interpretive Summary: not required
Technical Abstract: The recent evolutionary origin of tetraploid peanut, Arachis hypogaea L., imposed a genetic bottleneck on the species and limited variation for pest and disease resistance genes within the cultivated gene pool. However, considerable diversity for these resistance traits and at the molecular level has been identified over the last two decades among wild relatives of peanut, some of which are cross compatible with cultivated peanut. A few groups have persevered in utilizing wild germplasm to transfer traits of interest into cultivated peanut and these materials are being widely accessed by peanut breeders. A trait of particular benefit that was introgressed into cultivated peanut from A. cardenasii is resistance to Meloidogyne arenaria, the root-knot nematode. Given that molecular polymorphisms are frequent between wild and cultivated Arachis species, molecular markers can identify introgressed chromosomal segments associated with nematode resistance. We have used molecular markers associated with traits of interest to facilitate the combination of nematode resistance with high oleic/linoleic acid ratio in advanced breeding materials. Using high-throughput DNA extraction and polymerase chain reaction based methods, breeder-scale numbers of plants can be efficiently screened at the seed or seedling stage.


Now harvest time is coming fast
And corn will soon be ripe,
And Autumn’s mastiff whirling blast
Will son in keyholes pipe.
And dewy grass and lifeless trees
Will bow their heads with cold;
And pump lids to their frame will freeze,
And Winter birds get bold.
Sammie Strange Age 13


Very yummy Brandywine heirloom. There are also ‘pear’ tomatoes that are smaller.
We have wild vines all over our yard, but here’s a creeping vine at Longwood Gardens about to cover this structure.
Here’s one from my yard about to cover my bedroom shutter.
Update-This is called a Purple Hyacinth Bean vine and I bought it from an Amish lady in Lancaster, PA.
Such amazing vines, I love how they creep up and cover whole structures. I noticed a vine climbing up the fence behind my faerie garden this year, I have no idea where it came from! lol I let it be because I like the way it’s covering up the ugly mesh fence anyway.
I’ve never grown Brandywine Heirloom tomatoes. To me, tomatoes all taste the same anyway! lol I finished canning my tomatoes this past week and now will give away whatever ripens because I’m tomatoed right out!! Only thing left in the garden now are carrots and beets. Halleluiah:-) xoxo


Many people may be surprised at some of the ways drones are being used to provide benefits. We thought we would provide a short summary of just a few ways they are making a positive difference.
1. Farmers – aerial photography and videography created using drones can help farmers improve output, conserve resources, and avoid excess.
2. Infrastructure – thanks to drones buildings, roofs,Â and bridges can be safely inspected for a fraction of the cost or danger that used to come with using humans to climb dangerous scaffolding or ladders to do the same thing.
3. Natural Disasters – in the event of a natural disaster drones and aerial video can be used to survey the damage and search for missing people. They can also be used to identify areas that need the most attention without endangering emergency personnel.
Drones have many uses in the aerial photography field and one of them is to assist farmers in finding new ways to increase crop output while reducing crop damage.
Historically if a farmer wanted to survey vast farmlands from the air, the only way to do so was to hire an expensive fixed wing or helicopter pilot to record aerial video or take aerial pictures.
Thanks to drones this cost can be greatly reduced by using a drone to do the heavy lifting.Â As drone and camera technology improves the aerial imaging capabilities of drones will be used in even more and innovative ways to help farmers maximize their crop production.
At DroneVU Studios we can picture a setup where a drone could fly at a preset interval to specific way points and provide farmers with valuable insight into everything from fungal problems to soil discrepancies, to watering irregularities.
Although DroneVU Studios does not specialize in aerial photography or aerial videos for farmers, we could develop a custom solution upon request that would assist local Tampa farmers in keeping a close aerial eye on their crops.


Milstop SP Organic Mildew Fungicide
Water Soluble Broad Spectrum Foliar Fungicide
EPA REGISTERED & OMRI Listed
MilStop SP Organic Mildew Fungicide provides curative control of powdery mildews. A potassium bicarbonate-based, foliar fungicide that kills powdery mildew on contact by pulling water from spores and their growing strands. It also inhibits enzymes involved in fungal cell wall formation by altering the pH on the leaf surface, providing 1-2 weeks of residual protection. Preventative control of foliar diseases: Diseases controlled include Alternaria blight, Anthracnose, black spot, Botrytis blight, Cercospora leaf spot, Downy Mildew, Phomopsis blight, and Septoria leaf spot.
MilStop SP Benefits
• Use at or before the first sign of disease.
• Effective on interiorscape, greenhouse, nursery, woody, herb and field crops.
• Fully dissolves in water; no residue, dries quick, dries clean.
• Cost effective; comes pre-formulated with surfactants.
• University tested and proven to be effective.
• 1 – hour REI; OMRI Listed and is compatible with many beneficial insects.
• Active ingredient approved by the FDA as G.R.A.S. (Generally Regarded As Safe).
• Kills powdery mildew on contact and provides 1 to 2 weeks of residual protection.
• Does not restrict plant growth.
MilStop SP is organic and environmentally-friendly, can be used for foliar diseases and is non-toxic for pets, animals and children.
MilStop SP is Labeled for the Following Diseases:
- Alternaria blight
- Botrytis blight
- Botrytis gray mold
- Cercospora leaf spot*
- Corynespora leaf spot
- Downy mildew
*Not For Use In California
MilStop SP General Treatment
To prevent foliar fungal disease, apply at 2.5 lbs./acre every two weeks until conditions are no longer favorable for disease development. Shorten the interval during rainy weather or during periods of high relative humidity. To cure powdery mildew, apply up to the maximum rate (5 lbs./acre) every week for three weeks. Do not exceed 2.0 tbsp. per gallon of water per week (equivalent to 5 lbs. per acre per week.)
MilStop SP Active Ingredient
Potassium bicarbonate - 85%.
MilStop SP Available Sizes
- 5 lb. bag
- 25 lb. bucket


Thyme Essential Oil Yield per Acre and Hectare
The average fresh material yield of Thyme is 6 tons (6000 kg = 13228 lbs.) per hectare, or 5355 lbs. per acre. If we are interested only in plant material (and not in essential oil), and we manage to perform 2 harvesting sessions, the average total yield will be normally increased by 30-60%.
The average dry material yield of Thyme is 2 tons (2000 kg= 4409 lbs.) per hectare, or 1785 lbs. per acre.
The average essential oil yield of Thyme ranges from 1 to 3 % of dry yield. Thus, you can expect 44 to 132 lbs. (20 to 60 kg) of essential oil per hectare, or 35 lbs. (16 kg) per acre.
(Keep in mind that 1 hectare = 2,47 acres = 10.000 square meters and 1 ton = 1000 kg = 2205 lbs.)
However, there are some very promising Thyme cultivars that -in optimum conditions and after years of experimenting – can yield 220 lbs. (100 kg) of essential oil per hectare, or even more.
Keep in mind that these average yields are annual and these figures refer to healthy and mature common thyme plants (Thymus vulgaris older than 1 year old) that are managed by professional growers. Keep also in mind that there can be significant deviations from these figures, as the yield greatly depends on many parameters (variety, climate, soil condition, fertilization, irrigation, weed and pest control, harvesting, distillation methods etc.). Especially the thyme cultivar and the harvest time can significantly affect the essential oil yield. Keep also in mind that you can get a good (well above average) yield in one year and a below average yield in the following year, with all the parameters of the cultivation remaining the same.
You can enrich this article by leaving a comment of your Thyme farm yields.
12.) Thyme Essential Oil Yield
Do you have experience in Thyme cultivation? Please share your experience, methods and practices in the comments below. All the content you add will be soon reviewed by our agronomists. Once approved, it will be added to Wikifarmer.com and it will influence positively thousands of new and experienced farmers across the world.


The threat of referendums, and the partial mobilisation of military reserves in Russia continued to raise concerns over a protracted conflict and the longevity of the export corridor.
The support spilled over into today, said the CRM Agri team, but they noted that the upward momentum has come to a pause with Chicago wheat finding a new level at US$9/Bu.
The bullish upward market move translated into strong initial gains for European and UK feed wheat futures early today, but gains have since been eroded. However, prices are still up from yesterday’s close, they added.
Meanwhile, crude oil has come under pressure today, falling back below $90/bbl today as economic concerns weigh on consumption confidence, said the analysts.
And US ethanol production continues to be a cause for concern, with weekly production falling yet again, they reported.
Oilseeds market outlook
According to the CRM Agri’s weekly oilseeds report, rapeseed prices are moving lower due to supply-related pressure and weaker oil demand projections.
Over the past week, prices have dropped below the €600/t level. “We lowered our price forecasts and now project rapeseed prices to average €580/t (US$571/t) in Q4.”
Ukrainian exports of rapeseed have been encouraging, they added.
“July-to-date exports reached 1.29Mt. Exports picked up in pace from just 90.5Kt in July, to 624.4Kt in August and 577.2Kt so far in September—driven entirely by the reopening of the ports.
“Moreover, we expect further pressure on rapeseed markets as growing confidence in supply from Canada and Australia is expected ease supply tightness. Statistics Canada’s is projecting canola production to rise by 38.8% to 19.1Mt, as growing conditions in the Prairies improved considerably relative to 2021. Australian canola production is also seen rebounding in 2022/23.”
Economic headwinds persist
Demand for US soybeans on the export market will be key in terms of the direction of markets, with China the main importer.
The US Department of Agriculture (USDA) is forecasting a recovery in Chinese demand from 90Mt in 2021/22 back to 97Mt in 2022/23.
“That said, this recovery in demand would still place Chinese import demand behind both the 2020/21 and 2019/20 season’s demand, breaking the continuous import growth trend. Meanwhile, as economic headwinds persist, particularly acute in China, the potential for a reduction in Chinese import demand poses a risk to soybean markets,” noted the UK-based oilseed market specialists.
And, looking ahead to South America, all expectations are for a record-breaking Brazilian soybean crop, by some distance.
“Consequently, the potential for tempered Chinese import demand due to a deteriorating economic outlook, alongside a record Brazilian crop later this season presents a longer term doubt for US soybean demand and we maintain a relatively bearish outlook on prices.”


Beautiful pale green round to oval fruits appear very early, and have an extremely mild flavor and white flesh. Because it is so early, Apple Green bears dependably even for gardeners in the North. Plants have a compact growth habit, but still give generous harvests of these delightful fruit. 60 days.
This heirloom strain offers large purplish-pink fruit that are sweetly flavored and almost all solid meat. The tomatoes are much like those of Giant Belgium, but a little flatter in shape. Indeterminate. 85 days.
When I first grew this variety, I was pleasantly surprised to find a delicious large orange beefsteak that was so fast to ripen and a very heavy producer. The tomatoes are a lovely pale orange color and weigh at least 12 ozs. and up to 2 lbs. with a truly wonderful flavor. Seed came to this country from tomatoes bought at a farmers' market in Minsk, Belarus. Indeterminate. 70 to 80 days.
This heirloom tomato was originally from the Livingston Collection and was offered for the first time about 1900. Potato-leaved plants yield plenty of dark pink, smooth round fruit weighing about 6 ozs. each. The fruit is sweet, juicy and very flavorful, just right for summertime salads or sandwiches. Indeterminate. 73 days.
Big tomato flavor wrapped up in a medium-sized round, red tomato is what this variety is all about. Tall, vigorous plants grow very plentiful harvests of these versatile and attractive fruits with an assertive yet delicious taste. Even beginning gardeners will find this one easy to grow. Indeterminate. 78 days.
An ornamental piquin-type chile with purple foliage and flowers. Tiny peppers ripen from purple to yellow, orange, and finally to red. Compact plants are well suited to container growing. While the pungent fruit is edible, it is usually just used as an ornamental. 120 days.
Dark purple fruit and violet-colored flowers are what make this plant so special. Purple peppers almost cover the foliage, turning the 2-1/2 foot tall plants nearly purple. Upon maturity, the peppers turn red and are extremely hot. At this stage, purple, orange, and red fruit may be on plants at the same time, making a very colorful and attractive display.
Very striking ornamental pepper with violet-tinged leaves that look almost blue and are sometimes marked with a faint white speckling. Small purple round-oval fruit grow upright on the plant and hold their color for a long time before finally turning red. Plants are slightly spreading and grow compact, making this beautiful plant useful for landscaping. 90 days.
Highly disease-resistant plants yield heavy crops of shiny, red ribbed tomatoes that are very attractive. Fruit has a firm texture, which helps it to withstand postharvest handling. Robustly flavorful, 8 oz. bright-red tomatoes are crack resistant. Indeterminate. 75 days.


The hardware segment of grow lights market to hold larger market share between 2021 and 2026
The hardware segment of the grow lights market, by offering is estimated to hold larger market share in 2026. The key factors for the growth of the market are the increasing number of new lighting installations in greenhouses and vertical farms and the growing support of governments of different countries promoting the adoption of CEA facilities.
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The cannabis segment to register highest CAGR during the forecast period
The cannabis segment of the grow lights market, by cultivation, is projected to register the highest CAGR during the forecast period. The legalization of cannabis production is gaining momentum in different parts of the world as lawmakers globally are working toward this process. This is certainly going to benefit all categories of cannabis growers, and at the same time, manufacturers of LED grow lights are expected to benefit the most from this. Cannabis is also considered as a high value crop by growers and hence the cultivation of cannabis is growing at a faster pace.
The new installations segment to hold larger market share from 2021 to 2026
The new installations segment is estimated to hold a larger share of the grow lights market from 2021 to 2026. The growth of this segment can be attributed to the extensive deployment of LED grow lights in new vertical farms and greenhouses. Strong government support for adopting CEA practices and surging awareness regarding the benefits associated with LED grow lights are also expected to contribute to the growth of this segment during the forecast period.
The interlighting segment to register highest CAGR during the forecast period.
The interlighting is a relatively new concept, and the market for interlighting grow light systems is expected to grow at a higher CAGR during the forecast period owing to the increasing awareness about the benefits of this lighting technique. For example, interlighting provides greater light efficacy, which results in higher yield compared to toplighting as the design of interlighting grow light system allows a plant to absorb light rays from the entire spectrum.
Europe to hold largest share of the grow lights market between 2021 and 2026
Europe is projected to register largest market share of the grow lights market from 2021 to 2026. The growth of the market in this region can be attributed to the fact that the region has the strongest economies in the world, along with flourishing industries that lead to increased capital investment capabilities. This region has been using grow light systems for the past few decades to grow plants in commercial greenhouses. The use of grow light in this region is gradually increasing from being a supplemental lighting source to becoming the primary source of light in indoor operations. The population of Europe has expanded rapidly in recent times, and countries are importing fruits and vegetables in a frozen form from external markets in Africa and Asia. Indoor horticulture is gaining rapid momentum in some major countries such as the Netherlands, Belgium, and France in this region to obtain fresh produce from locally cultivated farms. This factor is expected to generate massive demand for grow light systems in the near future. Technological developments in artificial grow lights have led the government in the European region to favor efficient and eco-friendly technologies such as LED and have implemented rigorous resolutions to ban the use of incandescent bulbs.
Signify Holding (Netherlands), OSRAM (Germany), Gavita (Netherlands), Valoya (Finland), California Lightworks (US), Helliospectra AB (Sweden), LumiGrow Inc. (US), Hortilux Schréder (Netherlands), Eye Hortilux (US), ILUMINAR Lighting (US), GE Current, A Daintree Company (US), PARsource (US), GE Lighting, A Savant Company (US), Hubbell (US), and Agrolux (Netherlands) are the key players in the global grow lights market. These players are increasingly undertaking strategies such as product launches and development, expansions, partnerships, contracts, and acquisitions to increase their market share.
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Posted on October 11, 2011 at 9:38 AM by Iowa Corn
Curt Mether is an Iowa Farmer with Iowa values who believes in the farming industry and his community. Curt grows corn and soybeans and sheep, with his wife and son, in Harrison and Monona counties. He has been farming for 36 years and was recently elected as an Iowa Corn Growers Association Director in District 4. He currently serves on the Iowa Corn Animal Agriculture & Environment Committee. In 2008, he was one of three county leaders selected to attend the National Corn Growers Association’s Corn Congress as part of the ICGA delegation. Curt is a strong supporter of 4-H, serves on the Harrison County Fair Board, on the Harrison County Rural Electric Board and is active with the Logan Christian Church. Curt has been a member of ICGA for many years and wants to help Iowa Corn educate consumers about farmers and the food they raise. Curt and his wife Anita have three grown children.


Rice is a Bali tradition. The entire island has developed to grow it, water it, subsist on it. As the the water flows down from the mountains toward the sea, it is guided through the rice fields the entire way.
Just up the hill from the town of Ubud, there is an organic farm that provides fresh produce throughout the year. Sari Organiks grows not just rice, but garden vegetables as well. An onsite restaurant serves delicious food, fresh from the gardens! A pleasant walk of just under a kilometer, meanders along a path through the rice fields. A great place for a morning walk and breakfast. Though they are open into the evening for dinner as well. A tasty treat awaits at the end of a beautiful walk.


Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT), has clinched three (3) top trophies to emerge the Best University at the just concluded Nairobi International Trade Fair (NITF), organized by the Agricultural Society of Kenya.
Barring stiff competition from public and private institutions of higher learning and research organizations, JKUAT successfully defended “The Best University Trophy” for the third year running.
The good tidings did not end there: JKUAT was also crowned: “The Best Engineering Based Institution of Higher Learning,” and “The Best Stand Exhibiting Agricultural and/or Earth Moving Equipment,” bringing the number of trophies scooped by the University to three.
During the opening ceremony, Wednesday, October 5, H.E President Uhuru Kenyatta, congratulated JKUAT for the outstanding performance when he presented “The Best University Stand Trophy” to the Deputy Vice Chancellor (Research, Production and Extension) Prof Esther Kahangi who received the trophy on behalf of the Vice Chancellor, Prof. Mabel Imbuga. Prof. Kahangi was accompanied by the Deputy Vice Chancellor (Administration), Prof Victoria Ngumi.
In his address, the Head of State revealed that the government had introduced a crop insurance scheme to cushion farmers from adverse weather conditions, and added that, the insurance scheme was being piloted in Bungoma, Nakuru and Embu counties.
“A thousand farmers in these counties have already benefited from the premium subsidy at a cost of sh. 300 Million,” he stated.
The President said, his Administration had introduced a livestock insurance currently “being piloted in Turkana, Wajir, Marsabit, Isiolo and Tana River counties at a cost of sh. 152 Million.”
President Kenyatta further said the government had committed Sh.2 Billion to support youth in agriculture, adding, the Youth Fund will be used to train the youth on new technologies and management so that through the entire agriculture value chain, Kenyan youth would have a chance to grow businesses and earn a living under the programme, which he said, is expected to benefit over 750,000 young people.
Prof. Kahangi appreciated JKUAT exhibitors for posting impressive results during this year’s week-long Fair, which was themed: “Enhancing Technology in Industry for Food Security and National Growth” and attracted over 400 local and international exhibitors.
At the University Stand, farmers appreciated modern farming methods, and whole value chains aimed at enhancing food security and nutrition. The engineering workshops technologies were popular with entrepreneurs and farmers who found effective solutions thanks to food security innovations such as: the sorghum thresher, multi grater; cereal whipper , multi juicer and the three-in-one plant mill.
Institutional research initiatives were evident through clean planting seed, irrigation, food processing and nutrition, among others.
The energy sector could benefit from the power billing system innovation, digital power distribution solution and the Syne gas research project; while the mercury retort technology presented an environmentally secure gold extraction technique for the mining industry in Kenya.
Efforts to enhance democratic governance received a boost from the University’s Cell phone-based voting system that seeks to streamline electoral decision making process.
Military operations stakeholders, mining and rescue missions could count on a versatile robotics innovation namely; The rocker bogie suspension, which is primed to ease their work.
The curtains on NITF came down at Jamhuri Park, Sunday, October 9.


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Since the introduction of irrigation in the early 1950s major changes in the crop regime have taken place in Israel. These changes had greatly influenced the populations of the four species of corn borers found in Israel. Chilo agamemnon, which was the main pest during the 1960s decreased and the numbers of Sesamia nonagrioides increased. The reduction in the sorghum acreage, caused a decrease in the numbers of Sesamia cretica. In 1981 an increase in the numbers of the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis, was observed. At present S. nonagrioides and O. nubilalis are the main corn pests in Israel.
Chilo agamemnon was first recorded in Israel in 1959 near the Gaza strip. In the course of 2–3 years it became a very serious pest in the southern parts of the country. Later, the spread of the pest continued throughout the country. Since 1973 a drastic decrease in the populations of C. agamemnon was recorded. The probable reasons for the decrease in the populations of this pest in Israel are:
(1) The relative increase of the areas of sweet corn, which is not its preferable host plant.
(2) Rice and sugar-cane, which are very important host plants in Egypt, are not grown in Israel.
Field experiments against C. agamemnon, carried out when populations were high, showed that dust applications were more effective than sprays.


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SAGE (NSW) at Stepping Stone Farm are now offering a series of informal, stimulating, afternoon seminars on the first and third Friday of every month.
These afternoon gardening dips are filled with valuable tips with the aim to build on and share the substantial, collective body of knowledge about vegetable growing, market gardening and organic farming that exists in Moruya. Everyone is welcome, our interns, total gardening novices and experienced growers.
We have put together a long list of seasonally appropriate topics and hope to cover a lot of material over the next year. It is envisaged that participants will come with their own questions and wisdom and the program for the first quarter of 2024 will reflect issues that come up in discussion over the next few months.
The first seven seminars will be convened by Joyce Wilkie who will share her knowledge and also give everyone who attends an opportunity to talk about their experiences.
What’s on offer
Date: Held on the first and third Friday of every month, starting Friday, 15 September.
Time: 1.30 - 3.30pm
Venue: Stepping Stone Farm
Cost: $25 per session (includes afternoon tea)
Presenter: Joyce Wilkie
Dates and Topics
6 October – Hoeing technique
20 October – Annual herbs - basil, coriander, parsley, spring onions
3 November – Pruning and trellising solanaceae
17 November –Soil testing
1 December – Chicory family
15 December – Watering
The best thing about growing food is that it is a mountain without a top - nature has a way of humbling even the most accomplished market gardeners and teaching us all that we still have a lot more to learn.