COVID-19 has given a clarion call for a technology-enabled world, more so in the context of the Indian rural sector which has always stayed several steps behind the urban way of living. The slow progress could be attributed to not just lack of financial resources but also towards weak communication of functional knowledge, for a large population lacking literacy (M: 80.9%, F: 64.6%), and reliance on western technologies failing to cater to the requirements of the rural population of India. Researchers at IIT Kharagpur have come forward to bridge this gap by rolling out farming technologies as well as non-farming technologies for rural employment.
Talking about this initiative, Director, IIT Kharagpur, Prof. Virendra Tewari said,
“The Government of India offers huge subsidies for mechanization of the rural sector, but the farm machinery sector has not invested significantly in creating a market for indigenous technologies addressing the burning need of the Indian rural sector. Experts at IIT Kharagpur are answering this challenge by designing technologies well suited for the livelihood of the rural class of our country.”
The Institute, through its Precision Farming Development Centre, Farm Implements and Machinery and Rural Technology Action Group projects, has developed and deployed farm machinery including ranging from micro-irrigation, combined harvester, crop and vegetable planters, solar energy operated transplanters, groundnut diggers, ultrasonic sprayers. Further non-farming livelihood technologies for rural small-scale and cottage industries have been mechanized. To name a few, Dhenki, Potter Wheel, Jute Rope making, Door Mat making, Amber Charkha, Rice Flaking. The initiative also includes social impact technologies such as Smokeless Chullahs, Rural Drinking Water Facility.
Prof Kamlesh Tiwari, one of the lead researchers in this program confirmed the training of around 2500 farmers from nearby villages of West Bengal and Odisha in micro-irrigation and protected cultivation structures. Several farmers who adopted these farm machinery and farm equipment reported a decrease in labor cost, reduction in the cost of cultivation, timeliness operations, improvement in pulverization, increase in soil fertility and production. Mr. Karthik Maity, from Hurnal village of Purba Medinipur and Subratha Mahesh from the Gurgram village of Paschim Medinipur, expressed their delight over their enhanced yield due to the technologies they adopted and the increased profits.
Further, outreach programs were organized by the Department of Agricultural and Food Engineering and the Rural Development Centre to communicate, train rural people and help their transition to mechanized farming and livelihoods. IIT Kharagpur has extensively mobilized the funding available under national mission projects like ‘National Initiative for Design Innovation’ and ‘Unnat Bharat Abhiyan’ towards achieving this goal.
“We are ensuring the technologies are being implemented either in their farms or being adopted to generate employment through startups, setting up self-help groups. The livelihood technology adoption program witnessed significant acceptance in three North Eastern states including Assam, Manipur, Tripura as well as in several districts of West Bengal and Tamil Nadu,” Prof. Kamlesh Tiwari said.
Earlier this year, the India Brand Equity Foundation, an initiative of the Ministry of Commerce & Industry, Government of India, had estimated the gross value to be added by the rural sector, including agriculture, forestry and fishing, at ₹20 trillion approximately with a dominant employment share of 58%. Also, in May, the Finance Ministry had announced an economic stimulus of ₹1.5 trillion to boost agricultural infrastructure and logistics and ₹400 billion was allocated for the rural employment guarantee scheme. Referring to this Director, Prof. Virendra Tewari further emphasized on the strategic importance of such technology development.
He remarked, “While India is moving at an accelerated pace towards digitization, there is a crucial need to complement it with automation in the rural livelihood and farming sector and warrant a uniform progress. Such transition in rural livelihood will not only increase productivity and earnings manifold but will also lead to capacity building for rural and cottage industries, improved product quality, increased employment, and entrepreneurship opportunities in rural areas.”
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Study many of the guidelines particularly document in order to create a yard of which all people tvarstop.com can certainly get pleasure from. Establish what you require which means you tend not to buy tools you do not need, or even about vegetables that don’t perform in your town.
To maximize ones pleasure from your back garden grow a range of facilities. The same old can get full along with tedious and you will beyond indifference wind up disregarding ones garden. By simply sowing a number you can make certain you continue to be interested and since an extra it will likely be far prettier.
While uprooting any perennial grow, you ought to begin excavating at the drop collection. Dig any trench across the plant, as well as lower virtually any origins of which prolong over and above of which trench. You’ll be able to wrap arises in concert to prevent destructive this vegetable in the course of action. The moment all of the beginnings are usually severed lift up this seed very carefully through it is principal stem.
To keep soil coming from receiving under your fingernails though growing plants, reach for a bar regarding soap before you start! Just as much as no doubt you like horticulture, nothing of people love all of that garden soil of which receives caught within our own fingernails which can be therefore challenging to take out. Purely claw any bar connected with cleaning soap before even thinking about getting work done in your yard when complete, run the hands beneath h2o and since your soap flushes out, and so really does the actual dust!
With regard to simple plant as well as flower garden it is sometimes not essential to buy by far the most costly horticulture resources along with gadgets. Browsing discount merchants will often assist you to uncover essential equipment at the good deal. It’s also wise to look every single early spring for most local supermarkets to set up the church aisle or even exhibit along with garden instruments you can get for just a very good cost, too.
Grow from the colour. Almost all vegetation need mild in order to endure, and not all of them need to have outstanding the sun. Plant life indigenous to wood land areas tend to be pleased whenever they get security coming from sunshine. There are numerous vegetation that will blossom within a shady garden, which include Hosta, Cyclamen, Foxglove, Helleborus, Japoneses Anemone, and Ajuga. By means of grape planting these, you’ll have year-round exhibit involving shade in actually the shadiest connected with home gardens.
To help keep pet cats, snakes, along with critters from a back garden, employ moth projectiles. Moth tennis balls may well not scent pleasurable to us, nonetheless they aroma more painful to many creatures, and they’ll effortlessly terrify these out. Just scatter some moth projectiles in the tips of one’s garden. Moth projectiles can be had quite inexpensively from medication shops and greenback merchants.
You must do a little bit of investigation, enjoy doing work external a large amount of enough time, and also have a great deal of tolerance. When you appear after the remarkable lawn, you may understand that the project offers payed off!


American Tonda Squash
Inventory, lb : 0
The American Tonda squash is small to medium in size with a round to oblong shape and a light beige, rough, and ridged stem. The rind is firm, thick, and has a dark green base with light green and orange-yellow mottling with alternating grey and green stripes along prominent ribbing that spans the length of the squash. As the squash matures, the coloring will take on an increasingly yellow and orange hue. The flesh is yellow, moist, and spongy with a hollow center containing stringy pulp that encases many flat cream-colored, hard seeds. When cooked, the American Tonda squash is dry, transforms to orange in color, and offers a sweet squash flavor similar to that of butternut squash.
The American Tonda squash is available in the fall and winter.
The American Tonda squash, botanically classified as Cucurbita pepo ‘American Tonda,’ is an Italian winter squash that grows on a vining plant and is a part of the Cucurbitaceae family along with pumpkins and gourds. Despite the American title in its name, the American Tonda squash was named after its resemblance to the classic American pumpkin and originated in Italy. Also known as Tonda Padana, Americana Tonda, and American Tondo, the American Tonda squash is a visually unique variety that was popular in the mid-nineteenth century and has recently been making a comeback. Known for its ornamental attributes as much as its culinary abilities, the American Tonda is a specialty squash that can be found at farmers markets and select stores when in season. It can be consumed raw when harvested young and immature, similarly to zucchini, or it can be left on the vine to mature and harvested when hard and dense, similar to butternut squash.
The American Tonda is an excellent source of beta-carotene which is converted into vitamin A by the body. Vitamin A helps protect healthy skin functions, good eye health, and is also responsible for the vibrant coloring of the squash’s flesh.
The American Tonda squash is best suited for cooked applications such as steaming, roasting, baking, or grilling. It can be cut into cubes, wedges, or in half and roasted or steamed to be served as a side dish or used to make soups, sauces, and sweet preparations such as pies, muffins, and bread. Peeled and cubed squash can also be added to pasta, gnocchi, and risotto or used as a stuffing for empanadas, calzones, risotto, or casseroles. The skin of the squash is too tough for consumption and should be removed either before or after cooking. The American Tonda squash pairs well with fresh herbs such as parsley, sage, and basil, gorgonzola, parmesan cheese, curry spice, cinnamon, nutmeg, browned butter, maple syrup, apple, pear, toasted hazelnuts, raisins, dried cranberries, and pancetta. It will keep up to a month when stored in a cool and dry place.
Believed to be an Italian variety, the American Tonda squash, also known as Tonda Padana, gets its name from the Italian word for round (tonda) and from the Po or Padania Valley, the region where the squash is believed to have originated. In Italy, the squash is most popularly used to make gnocchi and is the key ingredient in fillings for other homemade pasta dishes. The American Tonda squash is also very similar in appearance and may be a relative of the New Zealand squash popularly used by the Maori known as kumi kumi or kamo kamo squash.
The American Tonda squash is believed to have been developed in the Padania region of north-western Italy. Today the American Tonda squash is available in limited quantities at specialty grocers and farmers markets in Europe and the United States.
Recipes that include American Tonda Squash. One is easiest, three is harder.
|Mister Meatball||Pumpkin Ricotta Squash|


Seed Bank Dynamics in a Mediterranean Grassland
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L. Russi, Phil S. Cocks, E. H. Roberts. (1/1/1992). Seed Bank Dynamics in a Mediterranean Grassland. Journal of Applied Ecology, 29 (3), pp. 763-771.
1. Changes in the seed bank, seedling emergence and plant density of the most common grass species, and all legume species, were monitored in a grassland in north Syria from October 1986 to May 1989. 2. The seed bank was greatest in May-June, following pasture maturity, then declined to its minimum in March-April. Losses of seeds during summer were mainly due to sheep grazing, while losses in winter and spring were mainly due to germination, although some seeds were eaten by soil fauna and some seeds died. The seed bank, particularly of the small-seeded species (Trifolium tomentosum and T. campestre) was greater under the high stocking rate than under the low stocking rate. 3. There was little seed carry-over of grasses from season to season (Avena spp. 5%, Heteranthelium piliferum 1%, Bromus spp. 0%), but seed carry-over was greater in legumes (Trifolium stellatum 27%, T. campestre 35%, and T. tomentosum 38%). Most seedlings emerged in the autumn, but emergence continued throughout the growing season. Plant density within each year reached a peak in January, declining as spring approached. 4. The ecological and agricultural importance of seed banks in native Mediterranean grasslands is discussed.
- Agricultural Research Knowledge


One Paseo welcomes Berry Good Food pop-up
Come shop the best in locally grown early summer produce and locally made treats! A paseo hosts Good berry food, a local non-profit organization focused on food safety and food education, for a pop-up food stand. The event will take place over two Saturdays, June 4 and 18.
Organic products include:
Lawyers Reed and Pinkerton
The produce is all grown in San Diego County. This also includes locally grown gourmet mushrooms, local flower bouquets and locally made sourdough bread and fruit pies.
Proceeds from the Pop-Up Berry Good Food Stand will benefit Berry Good Food’s mission to support local and regenerative food systems in San Diego and Baja California. Their programs revolve around food security and food education, including school gardens in underserved communities and distributing food to those in need.
See you at One Paseo!
Stock up on local treats, sample summer produce, or buy take-out items for your summer picnics and gatherings. One Paseo will showcase the best of local farms and food artisans in their urban village.
The Pop-Up Berry Good Food Stand will be located near Koi Pond at One Paseo.
See you there, San Diego!


The present study was conducted in Betwa River near Mandideep Industrial Area extending from origin up to a stretch of 200 kms downstream to assess the presence of selective pesticides in the river water. Quarterly analysis was carried out during 2016-17 for water samples collected from surface and bottom waters at stations of Betwa River in Mandideep area. The study reveals the presence of few pesticides viz. Aldrin, Endosulphan and HCH, in traces at all the stations except its origin. Presence of Pesticide, though in low concentration suggests primary entry of it into river water which may be attributed to run offs from nearby agricultural fields. The present study emphasizes the need for alternative agricultural practices with application of organic bio-pesticides instead of depending heavily on chemical pesticides.
Lactic acid is a chemical compound that plays a role in various biochemical processes and also widely used in the food, cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and chemical industries. The aim of this study was to establish a process of lactic acid (LA) production from organic banana peel waste using lactic acid bacteria isolated and growth in MRS media at 37ºC for 24 h from milk product. The results indicate that lactic acid production using lactic acid bacteria are identified as Gram-positive, non-spore forming rods, catalase-negative, usually nonmotile. There was significant pH difference from 5.64 to 3.92 in the fermentation production medium containing banana waste peel + inoculum and 5.64 to 3.89 in the medium containing banana waste peel extract + inoculum + malt extract during the course of time from 0 hours to 96 hours when compared to control containing only banana waste peel without inoculum. There was dramatic increase in the percentage of crude lactic acid production was similar along with change in pH from ranging from 6.14 to 6.71 before decolorization without activated charcoal and 7.31 to 7.53 after decolorization with activated charcoal for fermentation production medium during the course of 24 to 96 hours. Similarly, the percentage of crude lactic acid production increases ranging from 6.73 to 6.98 before decolorization without activated charcoal and 7.79 to 7.96 after decolorization with activated charcoal for fermentation production medium containing banana waste peel + Malt extract and inoculum from 0 to 96 hours. This may due to the high rate of consumption of starch compounds to lactic acid with the help of lactic acid bacteria.


Our main agricultural water-saving irrigation equipment, irrigation equipment (a variety of drip irrigation, drip irrigation, micro-spraying, pipe fittings, valve plastic pipe, plastic film, etc.), is a 31-year-established plastics and plastics enterprises, China’s water-saving irrigation Leading company in the equipment industry.
Since its establishment, the company has served a total of more than 6,200 domestic and foreign customers, covering more than 40 countries worldwide and domestic Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia, Shaanxi, Gansu, Shanxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Heilongjiang, Guangxi, Yunnan, Shanghai, Hainan, Henan, Hebei, Shandong , Anhui, Fujian, Tianjin, Beijing and other places
We have advanced experimental equipment and independent laboratories, with a professional inspection team, the company passed the ISO9001 quality system certification, & CE, in all directions to ensure the quality of your products.
We have experienced after-sales service team to provide you with 24-hour online service, through e-mail, fax and a variety of online chat tools to help you solve the installation, use and other issues, according to customer needs on-site service.
Drip irrigation is an efficient, convenient way to water your garden. It supplies the water directly to the roots of your plants, reducing evaporation and water loss through wind flow. Connect it to a timer, and your garden will water itself automatically, with minimal upkeep.


Affiliation: Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique
- Modular architecture and evolution of the map-1 gene family in the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognitaPhilippe Castagnone-Sereno
INRA UMR1301, UNSA, CNRS UMR6243, 400 Route des Chappes, BP167, 06903, Sophia Antipolis, France
Mol Genet Genomics 282:547-54. 2009..The genomic differences characterized here between avirulent and virulent individuals are assumed to reflect, at the DNA level, the adaptive capacity of these asexual root-knot nematodes...
- Pyramiding, alternating or mixing: comparative performances of deployment strategies of nematode resistance genes to promote plant resistance efficiency and durabilityCaroline Djian-Caporalino
INRA, UMR1355 INRA UNSA CNRS, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, BP167, Sophia Antipolis F 06903, France
BMC Plant Biol 14:53. 2014....
- Diversity and evolution of root-knot nematodes, genus Meloidogyne: new insights from the genomic eraPhilippe Castagnone-Sereno
INRA, UMR1355 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, F 06903 Sophia Antipolis, France
Annu Rev Phytopathol 51:203-20. 2013..incognita) and horizontal gene transfers (HGTs) represent major forces that have shaped the genome of current RKN species and may account for the extreme adaptive capacities and parasitic success of these nematodes. ..
- Genome-wide survey and analysis of microsatellites in nematodes, with a focus on the plant-parasitic species Meloidogyne incognitaPhilippe Castagnone-Sereno
INRA UMR1301 UNSA CNRS UMR6243, 400 Route des Chappes, BP167, Sophia Antipolis, France
BMC Genomics 11:598. 2010..The recent completion of the genomes of several nematode species, including Meloidogyne incognita, a major agricultural pest worldwide, now opens the way for a comparative survey and analysis of microsatellites in these organisms...
- Data-mining of the Meloidogyne incognita degradome and comparative analysis of proteases in nematodesPhilippe Castagnone-Sereno
INRA UMR1301 UNSA CNRS UMR6243, 400 Route des Chappes, BP167, 06903 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France
Genomics 97:29-36. 2011..This comparative study should provide a framework for deciphering the diversity of protease-mediated functions in nematodes...
- Genome sequence of the metazoan plant-parasitic nematode Meloidogyne incognitaPierre Abad
INRA, UMR 1301, 400 Route des Chappes, F 06903 Sophia Antipolis, France
Nat Biotechnol 26:909-15. 2008..Our results provide insights into the adaptations required by metazoans to successfully parasitize immunocompetent plants, and open the way for discovering new antiparasitic strategies...
- The plant apoplasm is an important recipient compartment for nematode secreted proteinsPaulo Vieira
INRA UMR 1301, CNRS UMR 6243, UNSA, 400 Route des Chappes, F 06903 Sophia Antipolis, France
J Exp Bot 62:1241-53. 2011..The study shows that the plant apoplasm acts as an important destination compartment for proteins secreted during migration and during sedentary stages of the nematode...
- First insights into the genetic diversity of the pinewood nematode in its native area using new polymorphic microsatellite lociSophie Mallez
INRA, UMR 1355 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Equipe Biologie des Populations Introduites, Sophia Antipolis, France
PLoS ONE 8:e59165. 2013..The role of dispersal by the insect vector versus human activities in shaping this structure is discussed...
- Proteins secreted by root-knot nematodes accumulate in the extracellular compartment during root infectionMarie Noelle Rosso
INRA UMR 1301, CNRS UMR 6243, UNSA, Sophia Antipolis, France
Plant Signal Behav 6:1232-4. 2011....
- An immunocytochemical procedure for protein localization in various nematode life stages combined with plant tissues using methylacrylate-embedded specimensPaulo Vieira
Universite de Nice Sophia Antipolis, Sophia Antipolis, France
Phytopathology 102:990-6. 2012..Besides excellent epitope preservation, dissolution of methacrylate from tissue sections unmasks target proteins and thereby drastically increases antibody access...
- Genetic diversity of root-knot nematodes from Brazil and development of SCAR markers specific for the coffee-damaging speciesOnivaldo Randig
INRA, Unité Interactions Plantes Microorganismes et Santé Végétale, Antibes, France
Genome 45:862-70. 2002..Therefore, it is concluded that the method developed here has potential for application in routine diagnostic procedures...
- Towards specific diagnosis of plant-parasitic nematodes using DNA oligonucleotide microarray technology: a case study with the quarantine species Meloidogyne chitwoodiCecile François
INRA, UMR 1064 IPMSV, BP167, 06903 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France
Mol Cell Probes 20:64-9. 2006..chitwoodi as a test organism...
- Satellite DNA as a target for TaqMan real-time PCR detection of the pinewood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilusCecile François
INRA, UMR1064 Interactions Plantes Microorganismes et Santé Végétale, 400 Route des Chappes, BP167, F 06903 Sophia Antipolis, France
Mol Plant Pathol 8:803-9. 2007..These results demonstrate the potential of this assay to provide rapid, accurate and sensitive molecular identification of the PWN in relation to pest risk assessment in the field and quarantine regulation...
- The map-1 gene family in root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne spp.: a set of taxonomically restricted genes specific to clonal speciesIva Tomalová
French National Institute for Agriculture Research, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Sophia Antipolis, France
PLoS ONE 7:e38656. 2012....
- Characterization of a cDNA related to K-Cl Cotransporters in the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognitaCedric Neveu
INRA, Unité Interactions Plantes Microrganismes et Santé végétale, BP2078, Antibes, France
DNA Seq 13:117-21. 2002..By analogy with known proteins, it is hypothesized that this gene is involved in the regulation of cell osmotic pressure to maintain nematode body fluids hyperosmotic to the environment...
- Elucidating the molecular bases of epigenetic inheritance in non-model invertebrates: the case of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognitaLaetitia Perfus-Barbeoch
INRA, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, UMR 1355 ISA Sophia Antipolis, France CNRS, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, UMR 7254 ISA Sophia Antipolis, France Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Universit de Nice Sophia Antipolis, UMR ISA Sophia Antipolis, France
Front Physiol 5:211. 2014..incognita development and its adaptation to plant hosts are under epigenetic control. Our pipeline should allow performing similar types of studies in any non-model organism...
- High-throughput microsatellite isolation through 454 GS-FLX Titanium pyrosequencing of enriched DNA librariesThibaut Malausa
INRA, UMR 1301 IBSV INRA UNSA CNRS, 400 Route des Chappes, BP 167, 06903 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France
Mol Ecol Resour 11:638-44. 2011..This method is expected to speed up the acquisition of high-quality genetic markers for nonmodel organisms...


August 19, 2008
US tour shows corn crop yields in Ohio up, number of soy pods down
Corn yields in Ohio are expected to climb this year while soybean pod counts drop and late plantings have put the crop in a tenuous situation, scouts on the eastern leg of the 2008 Pro Farmer Midwest Crop Tour said Monday (August 18, 2008).
Officials estimated the Ohio corn yield at an average 148.75 bushels per acre, up from the 2007 estimate of 144.31 bushels per acre.
The USDA in August estimated corn yield at 160 bushels per acre, which would be up from last year's total of 150 bushels per acre.
The tour does not compare its findings with the USDA's, relying instead on comparisons with its own past estimates.
The emphasis in Ohio was on yield "potential," said Roger Bernard, director of the eastern leg of the tour and Pro Farmer news editor. Corn and soy fields varied widely on the tour, scouts reported.
Still, considering what the crop has been through, "it looks pretty good from the road", Bernard said.
Bernard and other participants cited numerous examples of fields that have the potential to produce solid crops, but that will face yield losses if hit with an early frost or, in many cases, even a normal first frost. They said the crop appeared to be one to three weeks behind schedule.
The tour found an average Ohio soy count of 1,103.61 pods in a three-foot by three-foot square area, down from last year's tour estimate of 1,226.70. The tour does not make a soy yield estimate because so much of the soybean crop is still being made in August.
The tour will continue west Tuesday and will gather again in Bloomington, Ill., where officials will calculate corn yield and soybean pod count estimates for Indiana.
Scouts on several tours Monday reported unexpectedly dry conditions. An Iowa farmer and crop tour veteran noted a couple cornfields near the Indiana border where the ears appeared to have stopped growing because the crop ran out of moisture. He added that he did not see any moist fields along the way.
He noted that in some spots corn was "firing," a condition in which the bottom of the stalk turns brown as the plant tries to survive stress from dry weather.
But Lou Arens, a commodity broker and tour veteran from Iowa, said he came into the tour skeptical of optimistic corn crop projections, but came away "impressed" with the state of the crop.
Central and north-central Ohio reported the lowest corn yield estimates, with 140.64 and 126.97 bushels per acre, respectively.
Soybean pod counts were also highest in the western part of the state. Bernard said there was a lot of potential for Ohio's soybean crop, but that many of pods were just a quarter-inch in length and would need rainfall soon in order to thrive.
The tour include 12 routes on Tuesday. It will end in Austin, Minn., on Thursday night, and Pro Farmer will release its overall estimates, which include data collected from the tour, Friday at 10 a.m. EDT.


The feature of ZDHP601 are powerful and flexible in research activities, helping the experimenter to complete the experiment efficiently.
- The effect of different spectrum on the same crop
On each floor, we plant a variety of crops with the same initial growth, and the temperature, humidity, culture fluid and other conditions are the same. Use the illumination independently controllable function of each layer of ZDHP601 to adjust the light of each layer to our desired value, including the spectrum (the percentage of PPF in all spectra in all spectra), light intensity. Like this we did five light comparison tests at once, and all other conditions are the same, this makes the experimental data convincing. On more planters, repeatable experiments with the same experiment. Because of the control of the planter, we are digital. Through the determined amount of control, It is easy to achieve consistent light output. What the user needs to do is to adjust the output of the device through the APP, no need to adjust any of the lines.
- The effect of experimental spectrum and light intensity on different growth stages of crops
Under the same spectrum and light, let the crop grow uniformly to a designated stage. Then start grouping to implement different lighting for the experimental object. ZDHP601 can be in a 24-hour cycle, Divided into time periods, Give light of specified spectrum and light intensity for each time period. Set the spectrum and light intensity in advance, The planter will output according to the spectrum and light intensity set in advance, day to day , The result of the comparison came out.
- Photoperiod and Flower induction experiments
Under natural conditions, due to the day and night cycle of 24 hours a day, the length of the day period and the length of the night period are complementary. Therefore there is critical day length, there must be a corresponding critical night length. The existence of a critical night length can also be observed by artificially changing the length of the dark period. ZDHP601 has a built-in clock chip, Each of its groups can have a separate light formula. They use time as the trigger to accurately set the start and end times of the light, as well as the light intensity and spectrum during that time. If we have enough groups, we can quickly verify the facts of regularity through a large number of parallel experiments. Because our equipment is operated according to the previous settings, their working status is completely based on our plan beforehand. So in the course of the experiment, we only pay attention to what we have to do, we can complete the experimental task efficiently and accurately.
Hydroponic planters also have some important features. Each of its features can bring you convenience and Increased efficiency. If you want to know more, please check the manual or click here. We will give you better service and professional answers.


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Searcy, Ark. –
Getting children involved in gardening is an excellent way to share quality time with
them. You also have an opportunity to teach some basic botany and to instill a respect
for nature and the environment.
The key to holding children's interest is to make the activity fun and rewarding.
Because children are anxious to see the results of their labor, plant fast‑germinating
seeds or work with transplants that are quick to flower or set fruit. Here are some
ideas to make gardening fun and fruitful for children.
Make it tasty. Growing something a child can eat and also serve to grown‑ups creates special pride.
Set aside a small plot ‑‑ a 4x4 patch is ample space ‑‑ for growing vegetables, fruits,
or herbs for teas.
Make it easy. Leaf lettuce, spinach, radishes, carrots, green beans, and cherry tomatoes are easy
to grow and can be harvested in a few weeks. Strawberries are easy and fun to grow,
and the flavor of the ripe berry is sweet.
Tap their creativity. Mark the rows in a child's garden with colorful drawings of the crop. Tape the drawing
to a stake and protect it from the elements with a plastic bag.
Feed the senses. Children love pretty flowers, especially if they smell good and are brightly colored.
Plant seeds of moonflower vines and watch the large, fragrant white flowers unfurl
at dusk each evening. Other favorite fragrant plants include dianthus, China pinks,
scented geraniums, honeysuckle, and sweet peas. Zinnias and marigolds are bright and
easy to grow from seed. Other fun flowers include snapdragons, hollyhocks, moneyplant,
nasturtiums, and Johnny‑jump‑ups.
Grow some drama. Children are fascinated with flamboyancy. They love plants that are huge and tower
over their heads like okra. Showy flowers include 'Southern Belle' hibiscus, sunflowers,
hybrid clematis, peonies, hybrid iris, dahlias, Joe‑Pye weed, and Oriental lilies.
Find the lessons. Teach your child that a garden must be nurtured and cared for if it is to flourish.
As an adult, you should teach what needs to be done and help with the gardening chores
but allow your child to shoulder responsibility for his or her small plot.
Take advantage of gardening information available online at https://www.uaex.uada.edu/yard-garden/default.aspx. The University of Arkansas System, Division of Agriculture is an equal opportunity/equal
access/affirmative action institution. For more information you can contact your local
county extension service, you can also follow Sherri Sanders on Facebook @UADA.WhiteCountyAgriculture
By Sherri Sanders County Extension Agent - AgricultureThe Cooperative Extension ServiceU of A System Division of Agriculture
Media Contact: Sherri Sanders County Extension Agent - AgricultureU of A Division of AgricultureCooperative Extension Service2400 Old Searcy Landing Road, Searcy AR 72143 (501) 268-5394 email@example.com
The Arkansas Cooperative Extension Service is an equal opportunity/equal access/affirmative
action institution. If you require a reasonable accommodation to participate or need
materials in another format, please contact your County Extension office (or other
appropriate office) as soon as possible. Dial 711 for Arkansas Relay. The Arkansas Cooperative Extension Service offers its programs to all eligible persons
regardless of race, color, sex, gender identity, sexual orientation, national origin,
religion, age, disability, marital or veteran status, genetic information, or any
other legally protected status, and is an Affirmative Action/Equal Opportunity Employer.


Hailing from Pasir Puteh, a father to seven kids has hit the golden jackpot after his newfound hobby of planting papayas has managed to earn him over RM20,000 a month.
66yo M’sian earns over RM20,000 from his hobby, planting papayas
According to local newspaper Sinar Harian, Mohamed Omar shared that back in 2019, he had planted over 30 papaya trees as a way to kill time. As the papaya trees come into fruition, he was surprised to find out that the papayas were very fragrant and plump.
“Many were asking for the papayas and soon enough the demand for my papayas have increased significantly”, he said.
Due to the demand for his papayas, the ex-contractor hasn’t been able to take a breather. Seeing that it’s a great opportunity, Mohamed Omar then decided to go commercial by expanding his land to over 1.6 hectares. Starting with only 30 trees, Omar now owns over 2,500 papaya trees, producing up to 1,000kg papayas a day!
However, despite producing up to 1,000kg of papayas a day, he revealed that it isn’t enough to fulfill local needs. Other than supplying papayas to the locals, he also operates a stall by the roadside selling papayas at RM10 for 3kg.
Not as easy as it seems
When asked about the challenges he faced, the man shared that growing the papaya trees require certain knowledge as the tress can get diseases that’ll impact the fruits.
“Especially during the monsoon season, the rain will cause the papayas to break down easily”, he added.
He also revealed that back in 2023, he had lost tens and thousands of ringgits as the crops were flooded. As for the life expectancy of the tree, he mentioned that a papaya tree could live up to 3 years, bearing fruits constantly. With the help of RISDA (Rubber Industry Smallholders Development Authority), Omar is able to expand further.
“I’m willing to share my expertise to those who are interested in venturing into this industry”, he said, adding that his son will be assisting him with his work.
We’re happy to see that Omar is able to find a job that is not only his passion project but also help sustain his family’s livelihood! All the best in your ventures Omar!


Klass closing in on her Ph.D. on pathogens that infect and impact vegetable crops
When Taylor Klass (WC ’14) was in middle school, her parents thought sending her to The Country School Farm’s week-long summer camp would be splendid. Set in Holmes County, the summer camp allowed participants to experience what it was like to be on a working farm in the 1800s.
While the camp forbade cell phones, computers, and video games, it offered campers the chance to do many old-fashioned farm duties.
“We did chores like rolling bales of hay down from the field, churning butter, and shucking corn,” Klass recalled with a laugh. “You also got to hang out with all of the farm animals.
“I fell in love with it, so much so that I came back for the next two summers.”
Years after learning to appreciate agriculture and animals, Klass is a United States Department of Agriculture NIFA Predoctoral Fellow and Ph.D. candidate at The Ohio State University’s Department of Plant Pathology. Her research is focused on diagnostics and diversity of bacterial plant pathogens that infect and impact vegetable crops.
“Very generally speaking, I’m a ‘plant doctor,’” said Klass, who is scheduled to graduate in August 2023. “I research diseases that impact food crops and reduce crop yield. Plants and crops get sick from a wide range of pathogens, similar to how people get sick.
“My research is focused on two specific bacterial pathogens that cause significant disease on pepper and tomato plants globally. After I finish my Ph.D., I want to pursue a career in agricultural extension, translating the research knowledge to the growers who can put it to use on their farms.”
In 2018, Klass was selected as one of the top 20 outstanding seniors in the College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences at The Ohio State University. Her studies have taken her to Uganda, Cambodia, Senegal, Guatemala, and Nicaragua.
“Growing up in Worthington, I didn’t know that agriculture was a possible field of study until my junior year of high school,” said Klass, who has undergraduate degrees in Animal Sciences and Sustainable Plant Systems-Agronomy. “I’m always advocating for kids who grow up in the city to know that agriculture is not only a career option, but it’s a growing field.
“We don’t have enough people coming out with degrees related to agriculture to fill all the open jobs. Once I found out that you could study that, that’s what I wanted to do, which led me to Ohio State.”
Before COVID, Klass collected stamps from different countries in her passport. As a freshman, she spent ten days in a rural, coffee-growing community in Nicaragua to learn about coffee production.
In 2019, she spent several months overseas. In January, she visited farms, cooperatives, conservation areas, and plantations in Guatemala to study sustainability, social impact, land use, and disease management practices there. She took an advanced crop improvement short course in Senegal in October and November. While there, she created a podcast about Senegalese rice farmers’ perceptions of new varieties and gene editing. She closed out the year visiting farmers and working in Cambodia’s USAID Integrated Pest Management Innovation Lab Project.
Klass’ favorite trip was spending three months as a principal investigator for a resource project in Kampala, Uganda, in 2017. She surveyed ten urban and peri-urban dairy farmers about cow management. She studied the feeding techniques, milk output, and milk end-use and presented her findings to the Ohio State community upon returning.
“It was a wonderful experience,” said Klass, who lived with 20 graduate students from all over Africa. “They became my good friends, and I still talk with many of them five years later. They cared for me, made me feel at home, and showed me around.”
The experience was far more primitive than the Country School Farm summer camp. The housing she and the other students stayed in was temporarily without running water for most of her summer there, requiring students to carry large amounts of water back to their housing.
“We took a lot of bucket showers, and we had to put water in the toilets to get them to flush,” Klass said. “But I didn’t mind it. I loved every minute of it.”
Klass is used to adjusting to new environments. After being home-schooled until she entered ninth grade, Klass came to Worthington Christian for high school.
Klass said at first, it wasn’t an easy transition to a school where everyone knew each other for most of their lives. However, she has many fond memories of attending school there.
“I am thankful for my time at Worthington Christian. It did prepare me well for the structure of college,” Klass said. “There were some wonderful teachers at WC, and there was an emphasis on learning and loving what you learn.”


We care about the future of our planet and our people. We are aware that by 2050, the world needs to feed 2 billion people more than now, an enourmous challenge. At FrieslandCampina Kievit we set ourselves challenging sustainability goals in line with FrieslandCampina’s purpose 'Nourishing by Nature'. We passionately work on better nutrition for the world, a good living for our farmers, now and for generations to come.
Providing sustainable solutions
FrieslandCampina Kievit aims to provide the highest levels of sustainable ingredients to our customers, with a unique portfolio of premium products. We partner with our customers in achieving their defined sustainability ambitions and we're more than interested in collaborating with customers and other partners in the value chain with the view to building a more sustainable future.
Key objectives for our supply chain include the purchase of raw materials from sustainable cultivation. Key for FrieslandCampina Kievit is the sourcing of sustainable palm oil. We strongly believe that this is of added value for now and generations to come. FrieslandCampina is an early member of the RSPO board and FrieslandCampina Kievit positions in the market as frontrunner by sourcing Palm Oil SG for its Food Ingredients portfolio for the pastry & decoration, desserts and savoury markets.
In production key objectives include energy and waste water reduction by working smarter and more efficiently. We have implemented an Energy Efficiency and water-reduction Plan in our plants. The aim is to achieve climate-neutral growth and reduce the use of scarce natural resources in line with United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. That's how we focus on future generations.
We offer both palm free and palm sustain solutions
Globally, consumers feel personal accountability to address social and environmental issues related to food production. The worldwide demand is moving towards products with a sustainable palm source and/or a palm-free source. At FrieslandCampina Kievit, we offer both solutions: palm free and palm sustain.
FrieslandCampina Kievit moving towards RPSO SG
For sustainable palm we use RSPO certificated palm oil, palm kernel and palm based emulsifiers, moving from RSPO MB more and more towards RSPO SG certification. In 2017 we can proudly state that our Vana-Grasa,-Crema and -Monte portfolios for the pastry & decoration, desserts and savoury market are RSPO SG.


Read full article by K Srinivas Rao @ The Hindu Photo Credit: Climate SouthAsia Network
The Indravathi millet has more nutritious value, says scientist
Vizianagaram Agriculture Research Station Principal Scientist (Plant Pathology) T.S.S.K. Patro said that the new finger millet variety called Indravathi has more nutritious value and is suitable for both Rabi and Kharif seasons.
He said the new variety had become highly popular in Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and other States within a few months of being released.
“Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, people have been health-conscious and are eating more millets to boost their immunity. In this backdrop, the release of Indravathi variety has come as a timely move as it has more iron, calcium and zinc and other nutritious contents. The farmers also get more yield compared to other varieties. That is why we have been promoting it extensively in tribal and rural areas of both Vizianagaram and Srikakulam districts. Pest problem too will be minimised with this variety,” Dr. Patro said.
According to him, it is resistant to finger blast, neck blast, foot rot and banded blight. It is also resistant to defoliators (grass hoppers and grey weevil), ear head caterpillar and aphids. The research station, which has been concentrating on millet since 1986, has released nearly 15 varieties including White Ragi. It has been supplying seeds to many farmers of L.N. Peta, Sithampet, Palakonda of Srikakulam district and Vepada of Vizianagaram district.
Senior Scientist N. Anuradha, Scientist Y. Sandhya Rani and Agronomist V. Triveni and others have been conducting training programmes for them both in the Agriculture Research Station and Fields, according to Dr. Patro.


Moving on Up
Ahmed A. Azad lays out the path to Bangladesh becoming a middle-income nation within the next decade
MUNIR UZ ZAMAN
In recent months the local media has been inundated with news items and discussions on the adverse effects of global recession and climate change on Bangladesh's economic growth. Various pundits and experts have voiced what needs to be done to climb out of the pool of least developed countries and join the ranks of the middle-income nations.
Poverty remains Bangladesh's biggest concern and cannot be alleviated without ensuring food, health, energy, and environmental security. This is a very difficult undertaking in a country with scarce fuel and energy reserves, a very unfavourable people-to-land ratio, and prone to periodic natural disasters. The overall situation is expected to worsen as a result of global warming and climate change, the portents of which are already in evidence.
On the positive side, many of the macro-economic indicators for Bangladesh are positive and Bangladesh has made more progress in social welfare. Bangladesh is also one of a small number of countries that have ridden the impact of the international economic recession fairly well mainly on the back of foreign currency reserves generated by the ready made garments (RMG) and manpower export sectors.
In comparison to most developing countries, Bangladesh has a proud academic heritage and a small but significant reservoir of highly trained professionals and academics (resident and expatriate) whose expertise could be readily utilised in development activities.
Bangladesh can, therefore, be considered to be a prime candidate for elevation to the status of a middle-income nation. So what measures need to be taken to speed this along?
The governor of Bangladesh Bank has said that Bangladesh can become a middle-income country (increase of annual per capita income from current $690 to over $1,000) within four years if this year's GDP growth rate of 5.9 per cent is sustained.
His strategy for continued economic growth and poverty reduction is to be implemented through selective and easily accessible soft loans to the most affected sections of society.
This proposed loan scheme for the economically and socially disadvantaged rural population is to be lauded, but on its own will it be enough to attain middle-income status or sustainable economic development if the required technology and infrastructure is missing?
In order to climb out of the LDC pool, Bangladesh's developments efforts need to be multi-pronged but directed primarily to strengthening its rural economy, conserving its environment and bio-diversity, and greatly expanding its export sector into niche areas of existing strength.
Bangladesh must also make full and proper use of all the economic concessions allowed to it as a member of the LDC group including intellectual property (patent) holiday it enjoys till 2016. It should lessen its over dependence on the export of RMG and manpower that remain highly vulnerable to the vagaries of the international market and which in essence are based on exploitation of vulnerable sections of society.
In addition to these two well established sectors, Bangladesh should diversify and expand its export base through additional initiatives such as rebuilding the traditional manufacturing capacity for jute and jute products, and investing in the manufacture of modern pharmaceuticals an area where it is already internationally competitive and has the potential of becoming Bangladesh's number one export through further investment in research and technology.
The government must also build the technological know-how and infrastructure that will allow the development agenda to be locally driven and implemented in areas where most needed. Our policy makers also need to realise and believe that sustainable development is not possible without excellence in technical and higher education and scientific and technological (S&T) proficiency. I will use the example of jute to illustrate the point.
Through the use of modern technology jute could become a trump card for Bangladesh if genomic studies lead to the identification and incorporation of genetic traits that result in improved fibre quality and generation of new varieties able to withstand environmental and biological stresses.
Even though this is a fairly long-term research and development project the agriculture minister has personally intervened to provide the initial research funding to start the collaboration. This is just the beginning and much more funding is required over time. If successful this technology-driven project would ensure that Bangladesh will regain its premier position as an exporter of jute and jute products and this could bring about radical changes to the rural economy and industrial landscape.
Higher education and S&T proficiency do not come cheap but ignorance and persistent backwardness is much more costly for any country. I will not dwell on this here as I have previously discussed in detail what Bangladesh can learn from the experiences of others and what measures it needs to take to become internationally competitive in higher education and research (Forum, Sept 2009).
The most effective way of making the best use of higher education and scientific research for national development, in terms of cost and productivity, is the establishment of at least one postgraduate research university that focuses on areas of the highest national priority and helps to foster and coordinate multidisciplinary and multi-institutional collaborations between currently disparate and geographically separated research groups that possess complementary expertise and facilities. This will be dealt with in detail in a future article.
So where is the money coming from to fund the required improvement in higher education and S&T proficiency? How can scientists and academics be induced to collaborate and coordinate their activities in the absence of serious political will and lack of coordination between relevant government ministries and departments? What are the strategies and mechanisms for delivering the fruits of higher education and research to the sections of populations and regions of the country that need it most? These are very important questions for the government and policy makers to ponder and find an answer to if the desire to realise Vision 2021 is serious.
As a resource-poor, cash-strapped, and S&T-lagging country it is very important for Bangladesh to coordinate activities and pool resources and expertise in technology-driven development projects. Not only is there very little interaction between the government, academia and industry, but also negligible coordination between government departments and sometimes within sections of the same ministry.
The prime minister herself has raised concerns about this national weakness. The cabinet must show political will and develop and implement procedures for coordinating technology-driven development efforts, and identify the lead ministry or department for each major project. This is especially critical for multi-institutional research collaborations as the potential partners in academic and research centres fall under the jurisdiction of different ministries.
Lack of funds for R&D in Bangladesh is more a perception than reality. The total amount available may be miniscule compared to the R&D budgets of our immediate neighbours but even the limited amount can make a difference if it is not spread too thin and if the spending is coordinated and focused into development projects of highest national priority.
A substantial amount of funds are already available from the UGC for enhancement of post-graduate research capacity, and from other government departments for addressing national priorities such as food, energy and environmental security.
In many cases the individual grants are too small to make an impact and often funding for the same activity is provided by different government bodies leading to unnecessary duplication and lack of funding for other important components of the same project.
It would be very helpful if different government departments coordinated their activities when tackling common projects and provided different but complementary funding for different components of the same project.
For achieving increased productivity it would also be strategically important to use the funding mechanism to encourage multi-disciplinary and multi-institutional collaboration as no individual research group or institution in Bangladesh is likely to possess the full range of expertise and facilities needed for success. Is this plea for changes to the traditional way of doing things too much to ask from a government that takes pride in calling itself a "din bodoler shorkar"?
As an LDC and as one of the countries most prone to the adverse effects of global warming Bangladesh is likely to receive a substantial amount of the climate change funds promised by the developed countries.
While it is understandable that a major portion of the climate change funds will go towards mitigation and some towards environmental adaptation, it would be a big mistake if a substantial amount is not reserved to build the S&T capacity needed to produce food crops resistant to environmental stresses and for the adoption and roll out of green technologies that reduce our reliance on fossil fuels and chemical fertilisers and pesticides.
And not all technologies need to be either high end or long term. The main objectives of all these technology-driven development activities should be to permanently alleviate poverty and help the people living on the land.
Most of the people in Bangladesh live in villages and in small country towns and it is their sweat and labour that forms the backbone of our economy. Undeniably there has been some reduction in poverty over the years.
But even now a substantial portion (44 per cent) of the rural population lives below the poverty line. Lack of land, periodic harvest failures, frequent natural and environmental disasters, and lack of employment opportunities have forced many rural Bangladeshis to migrate to the already overcrowded cities or seek employment in foreign countries.
A very substantial proportion (about 40 per cent) of the urban population is also classified as poor and most of them have been forced out of their village homes because of lack of development in rural areas.
An overwhelming majority of city-based garment workers (mostly female) and migrant labourers, who are responsible for almost all of our foreign exchange earnings, originate from the rural areas and for family and social support would prefer to live and work in or near their village homes.
Pockets of extreme poverty (landless, unemployed and casual labour) exist within the populations of the rural and urban poor and employment opportunities need to be created for them in their own rural setting.
Considering the above it makes sense that a majority of the development activities, including technology-driven ones, are decentralised not only to create employment in the rural communities but to also save the cities, especially Dhaka, from self-strangulation.
In spite of the doubling of the population since independence and drastic decrease in arable land due to urbanisation, Bangladesh remains almost self sufficient in food production due largely to the very hardworking and resourceful farming community and the development and introduction of high-yielding hybrid varieties of food crops by our agricultural scientists.
The prime minister has called upon the agricultural scientists to make use of technology to increase food production so that Bangladesh becomes a net exporter of food in the near future. It is really encouraging for the research community to have the prime minister's moral support.
However, I do not know how far she has been made aware of the inadequacy of contemporary cutting-edge technologies and expertise required to comply with her request, the absolute need for multidisciplinary research to achieve desired results, and the disconnect that unfortunately exists between the agricultural scientists and researchers in other scientific disciplines.
Currently technologies used by agricultural scientists have mostly reached the limits of their capability in increasing food production and new genetic technologies need to be employed not only to produce higher yielding crops but, due to the impending climate change, new varieties that are also resistant to salinity, drought, flooding and biological infections.
The development of some of the new strains of food and cash crops will definitely require increased R&D expenditure and increased interaction and collaboration between agricultural scientists and scientists in other disciplines in order to build the required capacities and competencies in all relevant technologies (and not ICT alone).
Development activities in the agricultural sector do not have to wait till the new "super" crop varieties become available as new strains with some improved traits are being continually developed using currently used plant tissue culture and hybrid technologies. Unfortunately the high yielding rice varieties in cultivation today require inordinately large amounts of fertilisers, irrigation water and pesticides. Urea, the main fertiliser used, is produced directly from our valuable but limited supply of natural gas.
The pumping of irrigation water puts a strain on our overstretched electricity grid. Chemical pesticides and chemical fertilisers poison the land, waterways and the atmosphere. So for the production of the high yielding food crops we pay a huge price in terms of energy expenditure and environmental pollution.
It is thus essential to find and utilise alternative sources of energy and non-polluting fertilisers and pesticides. This can be readily initiated through widespread application of existing technologies that are already in sporadic use in Bangladesh. These technologies can be further improved and made suitable for commercialisation through R&D in our academic and research institutions.
Planned management of agricultural and household waste and setting up of village cooperatives could result in the production of adequate amounts of eco-friendly and nutritionally-enriched bio-fertilisers that would lessen the need for urea and therefore prevent unnecessary waste of our valuable natural gas reserves.
Micro-biologists and fermentation technologists in the academic institutions and research centres could carry out development research to improve the production and quality of the bio-fertilisers, and decrease the cost of production, to enable its large scale manufacture in rural areas.
Agricultural waste and unwanted vegetation (not food grains) could also become the source of valuable bio-fuels as replacement for expensive imported petroleum products. Already enzymatic and chemical processes have been discovered for the conversion of lignocellulose and other complex carbohydrates into alcohol.
Our own natural bio-diversity could be the source of even more effective enzymes for this process. This could be a very important area for post-graduate research and academic-industry partnership in Bangladesh.
Planned management of animal waste, and setting up cooperative production units in villages and around animal farms, could lead to adequate supplies of bio-gas for domestic use in rural areas and also for generation of electricity needed for the operation of irrigation pumps.
In this case also R&D in the academic and research institutions could lead to improved gas production at lower costs making it feasible to set up large-scale production units in rural areas.
Use of solar energy for electricity production has great potential in Bangladesh if the cost could be reduced. Currently used single occupancy units, which have brought limited electricity to areas that never had it before, are neither cost effective nor efficient. It would be much more efficient if solar panels on individual rooftops or in arrays in communal areas could be connected into local electricity grids.
The cost could be drastically reduced if the solar panels, which are currently imported and then assembled in Bangladesh, were fully manufactured locally. Bangladesh has the technical capability to do this.
In addition the development of cheaper and more efficient photovoltaic cells should be a priority area for postgraduate research in Bangladesh. Large-scale manufacture and assembly of solar panels and development of local electricity grids could not only electrify previously deprived remote areas but also relieve pressure on the national electricity grid. SME for the manufacture and assembly of solar panels could be established in rural areas all over the country thus creating much needed jobs.
The above are just a very few examples of how current technologies, supported by locally conducted R&D, could help to improve food production and in the establishment of eco-friendly industries (SME) in rural areas that can contribute to providing food, energy and environmental security and at the same time create badly needed employment opportunities in rural areas. These technologies are already in sporadic use and their applications could be readily expanded to cover the entire nation.
MUNIRA MORSHED MUNN
The adoption of green technologies in Bangladesh will help to reduce emission of green house gases and, therefore, create a positive impression on international donors. This should make it more likely for a larger proportion of the climate change funds to be allocated to Bangladesh.
However, the allocated funds must be condition free and the development agenda must be strictly need-driven and not donor-driven. On no account should the funds be squandered on highly paid consultants nominated by donor agencies if the required expertise can be accessed from within the Bangladeshi resident and expatriate scientific community.
The government would be well advised not to use all of the funding received for fighting climate change on mitigation measures alone but use a substantial portion for supporting research for production of food and cash crops resistant to the adverse effects of global warming, and for the establishment of green technology-dependent industries that help to reduce the carbon footprint.
The establishment of these SME in rural areas should be a priority target for the public private partnerships proposed by the government. Expatriate workers would also be likely to invest in industries set up in and around their home villages. The banks could also make available some of their reportedly huge unutilised reserves.
The establishment of the above eco-friendly production units in rural areas would greatly benefit from a strong and functional local government system that could work without political interference with the local officials of relevant government departments.
The R&D required for the production of salt, flood and drought-tolerant and infection- resistant agricultural crops, and for the industrial production of bio-fertilisers, bio-gas, bio-fuels, solar energy and other green energies requires partnerships between research institutions and relevant industries, and coordination of complementary efforts between different ministries.
Money is definitely not a stumbling block to success if there is political will and coordination and cooperation at different levels. Is it too much to ask for such coordination of efforts and pooling of resources in the national interest?
Ahmed A. Azad is TWAS Research Professor at the Centre for Advanced Scientific Research at Dhaka University. The views expressed are the authors own.


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Stones and rock fragments are typically found within soil profiles across various landscapes. However, knowledge on, and understanding of, their impact on hydraulic functions and processes are still lacking. Specifically, the presence of stones within the soil profile may increase water storage and availability to vegetation and reduce plant mortality in drylands. However, physically-based testing of stones effect on soil water budget components is overlooked. Experiments under laboratory conditions from soil columns, with two volume content t levels and two sizes of stones, were carried out in this research. Our results reveal that stoniness reduces the duration of stage-1 evaporation (S1) and consequently the overall cumulative evaporation, proportionally to their volumetric content and to the initial soil water content. The effect of stone size on evaporation was minor during S1 but was more pronounced during stage-2 (S2) — when the evaporation front migrates downward — with smaller stones reducing evaporation more than the larger ones. A recent evaporation model, assuming that transient evaporation is a succession of steady state solutions, was applied to explain the 2-phases evaporation process in a stony profile. The model results indicate that apart from changing the effective porosity of the soil profile by replacing a soil volume by stones, stoniness affects mainly the hydraulic conductivity function but practically not the water retention curve. Stoniness induced an increase in the tortuosity-related parameters compared with those of the stone-free soil. This observation was strengthened by the fact that both measured and modelled data reveal that stoniness has not affected the downward movement of the water table level during drying. Although we tested two stone sizes only and further experiments are required for a broader understanding, we suggest that the outcoming insights may improve estimates of water budget components in stony soil profiles and their response to global climatic changes.
- Stones in the soil profile reduce the duration of stage-1 and the cumulative evaporation proportionally to their volumetric content.
- Stoniness does not practically affect the water retention curve but mainly its hydraulic conductivity function.
- The size of the stones has a minor effect on evaporation, with small stones slightly more reducing evaporation than the larger ones.
All Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes
- Water Science and Technology


Sheboygan County Tree & Shrub Program
◀ Back to all trees
Perennial forage mix designed for frost seeding or over seeding into new or existing food plots.
Ladino Clover 33% Medium Red Clover 33% Alsike Clover 33%
Planting Dates: April 1- June 15, August 1- Sept 15th. May be frost seeded.
Seeding Rate 8-10 lbs. per acre


When fall rolls around I make myself busy with harvesting the garden, putting up tomatoes and pickles and apples, making cider, starting to brew beer again when the weather cools off. This kimchi is an end-of-season ferment, made from some of the last crop harvests and walk-in cleaning projects.
Hand taste, the flavor food carries from everyone that touches it, has always spoken to me. This beautiful kimchi feels very special to me through the people that have touched it – late fall shishito, scallions, daikon, watermelon radish, and napa cabbage from Yellow House Farm and Calvert’s Gift Farm. I first tasted it with the full harvest moon! It feels like a fitting harvest summary as the season turns to winter, and it’s delicious!
End of Season Kimchi
Note: The recipe below makes two gallons–a large batch for serious kimchi eaters to last the winter or give as gifts!
- 6 heads napa cabbage
- 2 pounds leeks
- 2 quarts shishito pepper
- 1 pound turnips (hakurei and/or purple-topped)
- 1 pound radishes (watermelon and/or daikon)
- 1 bulb garlic
- 4-inch piece ginger
- 2 pears
- 1/4 cup miso (plus more to taste)
- 1/4 cup chile flake (plus more to taste)
- Cut the cabbage into 1- to 2-inch squares, discarding the core. Wash the cabbage in a large colander or a few changes of water. Peel and thinly slice the turnips and radishes into rounds. Wash and trim the roots from the leeks and slice into thin rounds. Combine all these vegetables in a large pot, bowl, or clean bucket.
- Mix a 2-3% brine, enough to cover the vegetables. Cover the container and soak in the brine overnight. Note: you can create a ferment without soaking and draining, but this process will help achieve a more traditional kimchi texture, and you won’t wind up with as much kimchi liquid, rather, more concentrated paste flavor! I think it’s worth the extra steps.
- The next day, drain off the brine and gently press extra moisture from the vegetables. Here, you’re aiming to get the vegetables to a slightly limp state where they have lost some of their water, but not press them so hard that they become soft, very bruised, or torn. When you have drained most of the moisture from the veg, add it back to the large bowl you were using. Cut the tops from the shishitos and slice them into rounds – and add to the bowl.
- Now, make the paste. Peel the ginger and garlic. Roughly chop the ginger to break up the fibers. Core the pears. Combine the ginger, garlic, pears, miso, and chili flakes in a food processor and blend until smooth.
- Add the paste to the bowl of veg and mix and massage the paste onto the veg, stirring, scrunching, squeezing, and mixing until the vegetables are evenly coated all over. Taste some! Add more salt if needed – it should taste just saltier than you would prefer to eat raw. You can also add more chili flakes for more spice, keeping in mind the spice will slightly amplify during fermentation.
- Once well mixed, pack into a fermentation vessel like a crock or large jar. Weight the top with crock weights or a double-bagged ziplock with some brine inside. Loosely secure a lid to allow gas to escape, and ferment at room temperature for 10-18 days, starting to check at ten days for your preferred level of fermentation flavor. Once it has fermented to your liking, move to the fridge for the most stable flavor – under refrigeration the kimchi will stay fresh and crunchy for 6+ months.


The time of year comes when the garden becomes more colorful and that is why today we will deal with the ideal plants to grow in spring and summer, those that will give us that wonderful range of colors that we can enjoy while we contemplate the sunset.
The prettiest ones
One of the typical summer plants is lavender not only for its properties and aroma but also because its flowers are very attractive, ideal for ornamentation with its pale violet color and long silhouette. Lavender needs sun exposure and is not demanding in water, since a weekly watering will suffice.
Another flower that you can grow in the spring and summer is the hyacinth, which comes in several shades so you can play with them and combine several hyacinths to enjoy the colors, from white to pink or purple. Hyacinths need light and well-drained soil and have the virtue of continuing to develop in winter if they are in perfect condition.
Lilies are typical of the summer season. I know they look fresh and always go well in vases. Ideal for decorating the house, it is a plant that adapts to high temperatures and needs direct sun.
Many people choose to grow bromeliads in summer to contrast with lavenders and hyacinths. Striking in appearance, the bromeliad reaches a height close to one meter and is a plant that requires a special place in the garden due to its exotic flowers. You can also opt for lilies if you are looking to add variety: there are three very different species, although they all require fresh soil and should not receive direct sunlight.
An important bet involves the cultivation of orchids, although in this case you will have to be more careful as it can be affected by excess heat. Of course, with it you will have that special touch in the house.


Clint Victorine, a native of the Eel River Valley in Northern California, found his passion in raising cattle in high school as a member of Future Farmers Of America (FFA). He went on to Cal Poly in San Luis Obispo, CA where he majored in Ag Business. After graduation in 1996, he pursued his dream of earning a living raising cattle.
Making the Move to 100% Certified Organic
Victorine Livestock began with one commercial cow calf and stocker cattle operation. It was a slow start. Then in 2000, Eel River Brewing Company asked Clint to finish some cattle on local grass for the brewery’s grill menu. As the brewery grew, the owner decided to go organic, and he convinced Clint that organic would be the right move for him also. Clint could see there was growing market for healthier beef from cattle raised in a more natural way, along with a growing demand for organic food.
As time went on, Clint met with independent ranchers in the Eel River Valley to see if they would be interested in raising their cattle organically. Bill Branstetter was the first to work with Clint in what was considered by many ranchers to be a risky venture. The risk paid off and other ranchers followed Branstetter’s lead, raising cattle organically and exclusively for Eel River Organic Beef.
This alliance of small, independent family ranches makes Eel River Organic Beef the unique company it is today. We remain a small family-run operation in Humboldt County, California. Victorine says, “We’re proud of this pristine country and work hard to do our part to ensure that everything we do benefits the environment as well as the health of our animals and our customers.”
As a 100% certified organic product, Eel River Organic Beef is Non-GMO and we embrace full GMO transparency. Organic standards prohibit the use of GMOs, and all of our ranchers have been certified organic by California Certified Organic Farmers (CCOF).
Our Beef Is 100% Traceable
Because our cattle are carefully raised by independent ranchers, our beef is 100% traceable back to the ranch and the animal. CCOF’s strict standards require that all cattle remain and graze on certified pastures, and are not given any antibiotics, growth hormones, feed additives or animal by-products. We adhere to each and every guideline as set forth by CCOF and the USDA National Organic Programs.
Grass-Fed and Grass-Finished
Our cattle graze on approximately 50,000 acres in and around the beautiful Eel River Valley in Humboldt County of Northern California. Located in the remote North West corner of California, the Eel River Valley is surrounded by lush green sub-irrigated pastures and giant Redwood trees. Because of our mild climate with an average yearly temp of 54 degrees F and average rainfall of 38 inches per year, our grass-fed beef graze on green pastures year round.
Our cattle are always given plenty of open space, fresh air, and clean water. Unlike conventional cattle and even many organic cattle, our cattle remain on certified organic grassy pastures their entire life, never going to feedlots for finishing. We have found that by allowing the cattle plenty of room to roam, an abundance of fresh clover and rye grass to graze on, and by keeping stress to a minimum, our animals are naturally healthy.
By setting these high standards, we can ensure that our customers are receiving the highest quality, healthiest grass-fed, grass-finished product that is a pleasure to eat. Enjoy the rich, hearty flavor of our organic steaks, roasts, ribs and ground beef. Find a Store
Miles to Market Fresh
Our cattle are processed locally by Redwood Meat Company, a small family-owned and operated organic facility in our area. We work hard to get our products to you from grassland to market with minimal impact on the environment—with as few “miles to market” as possible. Our beef doesn’t come from the Midwest, Australia or South America. It is raised and finished right here on the West Coast,which means no long distance transport stress on the animals or unnecessary use of fuel.
Our beef is organic, delicious, naturally healthy and a product of the USA.
“To your health and to our environment!”—Clint Victorine


Situated in Rome’s famous Appia Antica Park, the G20 Green Garden invites you to reflect on the future of our planet. This open-air museum celebrates biodiversity, nature and Rome’s ancient heritage while calling for global solidarity to create a sustainable future for all. This project is brought to you on the occasion of the Italian presidency of the G20 and as part of a multipartner initiative. It represents the countries’ joint commitment for ‘People, Planet, Prosperity’ – three core values inherently linked to the United Nations’ 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
Explore the 17 giant SDG cubes sprouting from the grass or admire the iconic olive tree with messages for a brighter future, all while learning how your actions can make a difference.
If you can’t visit in person, have a virtual Green Garden experience by downloading the App.
From the Church of Saint Urban to the SDG Cube Meadow, Sacred Wood, Nymphaeum of Egeria, Fruit Orchard and Riparian Grove, let nature be your guide and discover how you can play a part in building a more sustainable world.
If you are able to visit in person, find information here on how to reach the G20 Green Garden.
FAO GLOBAL GOALS INSTALLATION
The G20 Green Garden is calling for global solidarity to create a sustainable future for all. This project is brought to you on the occasion of the Italian presidency of the G20 and as part of a multipartner initiative. It represents the countries’ joint commitment for ‘People, Planet, Prosperity’ – three core values inherently linked to the United Nations’ 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). In addition to providing an educational experience, trees are being planted in various spaces to restore the rich biodiversity of the Caffarella Valley at the Appia Antica Park.
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENTS GOALS (SDGs)
17 cubes sprouting from the Appia Antica Park are building blocks for a better future. They represent the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), actions we all need to take for people and the planet.
The world’s major economies play a key role in achieving the SDGs and supporting developing countries as they also work to achieve them. At their side, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) reinforces efforts to ensure enough safe, diverse and nutritious food for all. FAO’s mandate is closely linked to SDG2, Zero Hunger, but food and agriculture lie at the very heart of the 2030 Agenda.
We all need to be part of this global effort and we can start by learning from nature. Let’s learn to respect the Earth’s resources and adopt a low waste lifestyle. The Educational Itinerary allows visitors to learn about actions related to each individual SDG.
URBAN TREES AND CONSERVATION
Imagine standing here hundreds of years ago in the midst of a Roman Lucus. A Lucus was a sacred wood that was protected by law.
Trees have long been considered culturally important, but they also regulate climate, store carbon and clean our air. In fact, forests and trees make cities more beautiful and keep our planet healthy.
In an effort to restore the Sacred Wood to its former glory, trees have been planted to symbolize the G20’s commitment to build a sustainable future for all. The stele standing here recalls the importance of protecting trees through the Lex spoletina. This is the earliest example of forest law which historically marked an Umbrian Lucus in the 3rd century B.C.
WATER AND NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
Reclining in the niche of the Nymphaeum of Egeria is a statue believed to be the deity of the River Almone that flows through the Appia Antica Park. The river gets its name from its nourishing and life-giving qualities, representing the link between water
and health, people and planet.
Legend has it that the deity Almone controlled the flow of the water – at times, providing it abundantly or causing droughts. Just as floods and water management were an issue for ancient Romans, they are an ever-growing global concern today with the effects of climate change. Our changing climate is leading to more extreme weather events that impact food production and people’s livelihoods.Let’s not take our water for granted. It’s an irreplaceable source and it’s up to all of us to manage it sustainably, preserving it for generations to come.
BIODIVERSITY AND NUTRITION
For centuries, the agricultural land at the Appia Antica Park provided fruits and vegetables for the people of Rome, thanks to the fertile soil, good climate and abundance of water.
To safeguard the traditional varieties of the region and promote agrobiodiversity in the area, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) is working along with the park and other partners to plant a variety of fruit trees in the orchard, come autumn. Not only is biodiversity good for the environment, it is also important for nutrition. By producing a variety of foods, including fruits and vegetables, we can provide the food that is needed for a healthy diet.
TREES AND PLANT HEALTH
From the air we breathe to the food we eat, healthy trees and plants are the essence of life.
In the first decades of the 20th century, a fungus attack almost caused the disappearance of the Riparian Grove near the Almone River. To restore and reforest the grove, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), along with partners of the G20 Green Garden, is replanting trees in the area.
Together, we can protect and sustainably manage our forests and ecosystems. This year launches the UN Decade of Ecosystem Restoration – an initiative aimed at mitigating and reversing the degradation of ecosystems around the world. You can support reforestation efforts by joining local initiatives or change your habits to adopt a more sustainable and ecofriendly lifestyle. Our health depends on plant health.


Grazing school can reduce feed costs
The last Management-intensive Grazing (MiG) School in southwest Missouri will be in Bois D'Arc during the day, Oct. 7-9.
MiG is also known as rotational grazing management. Producers who follow the MiG system manage for both the benefit of livestock and forage. Livestock graze in each pasture long enough to harvest the forage but are moved before eating too much of the leaf area.
The result is lower feed costs and improved forage production. That means more money in the pocket of the beef cattle producer.
Enrollment for this program is capped at the first 40 individuals to register. Registration fee has been set at $95 per person and $50 for additional persons from the same operation (will receive only one set of books and reference materials).
The fee includes lunches and breaks, plus the "Missouri Grazing Manual" from University of Missouri Forage Systems Research Center; "Missouri Livestock Water Manual;" and the "Missouri Electric Fencing Manual" a "Missouri Forages Manual" and other pertinent materials.
For more information about other schools around the state visit the Missouri Forage and Grassland Council website at: http://agebb.missouri.edu/mfgc/. Registration forms and fees can be obtained at the NRCS office on Hwy. B, Springfield, Mo., or by contacting Mark Green at 417-831-5246 or via e-mail at firstname.lastname@example.org.
The single most important management factor in determining the profitability of a livestock operation is keeping feed cost low. So why buy it when you can grow high quality feed yourself through a Management-Intensive grazing (MIG) system?
Cost control, not the amount of production, separates profitable from unprofitable operations. Through a MIG system you can keep your cost down and production in most cases will increase, all while helping out the environment.
In addition to the profits to your pocket book and the environment you may be eligible to receive cost share to help establish your MIG system. Attendance at a grazing school is one requirement to be eligible for state cost share programs.
History of success
Grazing schools started in 1995. Since that time, the schools have been held at various locations, dates and in different formats to meet the diverse needs of livestock producers.
To date, literally thousands of individuals have attended the schools to learn about the basic principles and practices of MiG. The schools have also helped livestock producers qualify for thousands of dollars in various cost-share programs through NRCS or FSA.
USDA - Natural Resource Conservation Service, University of Missouri Extension and the Greene County Soil and Water Conservation District sponsor the MiG school. University of Missouri Extension specialists from southwest Missouri teach many of the sessions during the school.
David Burton, civic communicatoin specialist for University of Missouri Extension, 2400 S. Scenic Ave., Springfield, MO 65807, can be reached at 881-8909 or email@example.com.