To view the press release, click
November 18, 2004
Larry Schmeits, WESD’s pest management specialist, visits each of district’s 32 schools at least once a month.
He walks the grounds to locate fire ant nests and does a careful flashlight inspection of food storage, preparation and serving areas.
He also checks “pest sighting logs,” placed in each school for staff to report any pests they have spotted or related concerns they may have.
Schmeits sees his role as an educator and diagnostician, rather than as a pesticide applicator.
“A teacher might report small flying insects in the classroom,” says Schmeits.
“In the past, we would have fogged the entire room with insecticide.
Now, the first thing I’ll look for is a potted plant. Tiny fungus gnats can breed in damp potting soil.
They’re harmless but can be a nuisance. All it takes most of the time is letting the teacher know where they’re coming from and suggesting a little less water to keep the soil dry.”
In IPM, pesticides are used as a last resort, and in ways that reduce exposure to children and others.
“When I started working at WESD two years ago,” relates Schmeits, “I could walk into any school and find a dozen or so fire ant stings reported each week. I’d see a fire ant mound every ten feet along the sidewalks.”
Schmeits treats problem mounds with a teaspoon of insecticide bait. Ants carry the bait into the nest, destroying the colony.
“Now we no longer have kids having to fight off the ants as they’re waiting in line at the water fountain.
And I’ve only used two pounds of insecticide in all of last year.”
The district was at the geographic center of the West Nile Virus outbreak out this past spring. WESD was well prepared, having started a mosquito surveillance and source reduction program a year ago.
Locations on school grounds where standing water remained for more than 48 hours were identified as likely mosquito breeding sites.
Drainage was improved where possible, and where not, a biological insecticide that kills only mosquito larvae was applied after rainstorms.
A press release was prepared and circulated to help educate school staff and parents to correct standing water at home, and to use repellants and protective clothing to reduce bites and opportunities for infection.
Schmeits joined the district’s staff in 2002 after twenty years in the pest control industry.
He heard about Gouge’s IPM program at a meeting of the Arizona Structural Pest Control Board and attended the next available training.
Frank Devine, administrator of maintenance for the district and Schmeits’ supervisor, supported the direction Schmeits was headed.
“We wanted Larry to move forward as quickly as he was comfortable with, both to improve insect and weed control, and to reduce reliance on pesticides,” reports Devine.
Together, Schmeits and Devine drafted an IPM policy statement which is now before the school board for approval.
Schmeits is working with governing board member Kate KcGee to refine the policy for formal adoption.
“I want to be sure IPM is the way we deal with pests forever more,” states Schmeits.
WESD was established in 1891 by 13 farm families and has now grown to include 32 schools on 440 acres, with more than 23,000 students and 3000 staff.
The district serves both northwest Phoenix and Glendale.


There is a challenge for the first decent study that proves that adapting your education to learning styles work. This new study that I found via this blog post by Jeroen Janssen is decent. Pashler et al (2008) stated that good research investigating learning styles should take the following 3 steps into account:
- You start examining the learning style of the respondents in the study (in this new study by Rogowsky they examined visual versus auditory learning styles).
- The participants than need to random allocated to groups with half of the participants getting education adapted to their learning style or to a group that is not suitable for their learning styles. E.g. visual learners in one group have to read, while the visual learners in the control group will have to listen.
- All participants need to make the same test.
This study by Rogowsky did all that, but guess what?
Results failed to show a statistically significant relationship between learning style preference (auditory, visual word) and learning aptitude (listening comprehension, reading comprehension).
Abstract of the study:
While it is hypothesized that providing instruction based on individuals’ preferred learning styles improves learning (i.e., reading for visual learners and listening for auditory learners, also referred to as the meshing hypothesis), after a critical review of the literature Pashler, McDaniel, Rohrer, and Bjork (2008) concluded that this hypothesis lacks empirical evidence and subsequently described the experimental design needed to evaluate the meshing hypothesis. Following the design of Pashler et al., we empirically investigated the effect of learning style preference with college-educated adults, specifically as applied to (a) verbal comprehension aptitude (listening or reading) and (b) learning based on mode of instruction (digital audiobook or e-text). First, participants’ auditory and visual learning style preferences were established based on a standardized adult learning style inventory. Participants were then given a verbal comprehension aptitude test in both oral and written forms. Results failed to show a statistically significant relationship between learning style preference (auditory, visual word) and learning aptitude (listening comprehension, reading comprehension). Second, participants were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 groups that received the same instructional material from a nonfiction book, but each in a different instructional mode (digital audiobook, e-text), and then completed a written comprehension test immediately and after 2 weeks. Results demonstrated no statistically significant relationship between learning style preference (auditory, visual word) and instructional method (audiobook, e-text) for either immediate or delayed comprehension tests. Taken together, the results of our investigation failed to statistically support the meshing hypothesis either for verbal comprehension aptitude or learning based on mode of instruction (digital audiobook, e-text).


The History of Air Conditioning
Once a luxury for the well-to-do, most homes in the U.S. now have an air conditioner. Considered marvel inventions and complex electromechanical systems at the time of their creation, HVAC systems have become an expected component of the modern-day home. They play such an important role in residential and commercial comfort that cooling and heating makes up about 48 percent of U.S. energy consumption. This common appliance is such an indispensable mainstay that the National Academy of Engineering considers air conditioners one of the top 10 achievements of the 20th century. Before this time, different methods of keeping cool were largely ineffective. With Portland summers heating up to more than 100° days, air conditioning is a necessity of modern existence.
- Ancient Egypt: To keep homes and buildings cool, ancient Egyptians would hang wet reeds in the windows. The water’s evaporation cooled the spaces.
- Ancient Rome: Water diverted from aqueducts through building walls would cause a cooling effect in homes.
- 2nd century: Chinese inventor Ding Huan invents a manually powered rotary fan. Later, in 747, Emperor Xuanzong installs a Cool Hall in his palace, a water-powered fan that cooled the air.
- Early 17th century: Englishman Cornelius Drebbel discovers that adding salt to water cools the air when the water evaporates.
- 1758: Chemistry professor John Hadley and Benjamin Franklin experiment with evaporation, using different liquids to cool objects.
- 1820: English scientist Michael Faraday discovers that ammonia acts as a refrigerant that cools air when compressed and liquefied.
- 1842: U.S. physician John Gorrie invents an ice-making machine using compressor technologies. He later creates prototypes of central air conditioning units. While Gorrie patented his ideas, his progress stalled when his chief financial backer died.
- 1854: Australia’s James Harrison invents an ice-making machine using an ether vapor compression refrigeration system.
- 1902: Willis Carrier of New York invents the first electrical air conditioning unit to improve processes in a printing plant. In addition to cooling the air, the unit controlled humidity levels.
- 1906: North Carolina’s Stuart W. Cramer coins the term “air conditioning” after creating a way to combine water and ventilation to change the environmental conditions in a textile factory.
- 1914: Charles Gates in Minnesota is the first private homeowner with air conditioning in his home.
- 1928: Thomas Midgley, Jr. creates a non-toxic, non-flammable chlorofluorocarbon gas that acts as a refrigerant. DuPont trademarks this and other refrigerants as Freon. The refrigerant names include a number that refer to their molecular composition, such as R-22.
- 1931: J.Q. Sherman and H.H. Schultz invent a portable air conditioner that sits in windows. The device has a number of functions: cooling, heating, dehumidifying, humidifying, and filtering air. During the same year, the Southern California Edison Company installs a heat pump air-conditioning system in its building.
- 1947: Mass-produced, lower-cost window A/C units become available in the U.S.
- 1970s: Central air conditioning units that use coils, a condenser, and fans become available to the public.
- 1987: The National Appliance Energy Conservation Act sets efficiency standards for central and portable air conditioners, as well as refrigerators and freezers. Since this time, several countries banned and phased-out ozone-depleting refrigerants, such as R-12.
- 2000s: Smart technologies allow thermostats to automate compression and airflow systems in HVAC units to reduce home energy consumption. In the future, manufacturers will advance smart technologies so their systems interface with national electric grids, creating a variable speed system that further optimizes energy use while keeping buildings comfortable.
In 2014, the Northwest Energy Efficiency Alliance reported that nearly 50 percent of the homes in northwest Oregon have an air conditioner, mostly central air conditioning units. Thanks to the trial and error of past scientists and inventors, Portland homes enjoy air conditioning units that are more reliable and efficient than ever. To learn about what type of A/C unit is best for your home, contact AAA Heating & Cooling. We’ve proudly served 27,000 Oregon customers for over 50 years.


Chronic pulmonary histoplasmosis is a long-term respiratory infection caused by breathing the spores of the fungus, Histoplasma capsulatum.
Histoplasma capsulatum is a fungus found in the soil of the central and eastern United States (especially Mississippi and Ohio river valleys), eastern Canada, Mexico, Central America, and South America.
The infection occurs when a person breathes in the reproducing parts of the fungus, called spores. Those who have a healthy immune system usually do not have symptoms, or only mild ones.
This "acute" infection does not last, but can leave a person with small scars (granulomas). These scars can be difficult to distinguish from tumors in the lung.
However, the infection can cause severe illness right away, or redevelop years after the first exposure, if a person's immune system is weakened by:
Risk factors for chronic pulmonary histoplasmosis include:
Tests that may be used to diagnose chronic pulmonary histoplasmosis include:
The doctor will prescribe antifungal medications to control the infection within the lung. These medications must be taken for 1 to 2 years.
The infection usually goes away with antifungal medication, but scarring inside the lung often remains. Histoplasmosis is unusual enough that if you develop it, your health care provider should check to find out whether another disease is weakening your immune system.
Often, those who have had chronic pulmonary histoplasmosis must follow up with their doctor, who will check for signs of relapse.
In rare cases, a pulmonary histoplasmosis infection can spread through the blood to other organs. This is called disseminated histoplasmosis. People who have a suppressed immune system and very young children are more likely to develop this condition. If this occurs, the prognosis is less favorable.
Patients who breathe in a large amount of fungus can develop a severe and potentially deadly and sudden type of lung infection.
Call for an appointment with your health care provider if you develop symptoms of chronic pulmonary histoplasmosis.
Call your health care provider if your symptoms continue despite treatment, or if you have breathing difficulty or symptoms of disseminated histoplasmosis.
Be aware of your surroundings, especially if you are in a weakened state from another medical condition, or from immune-suppressing medications.
Chronic cavitary histoplasmosis


Regardless of the parameters used in nutritional assessment, chronic renal patients on dialysis have some degree of malnutrition. From 10% to 70% of patients on dialysis therapy are malnourished and among the causes that contribute to the progression of this condition are: inadequate/insufficient diet, losses due to the dialysis process itself, associated pathologies and inflammation (1).
Chronic renal patients may manifest some symptoms that are visible on physical examination. Their history can likewise aid in completion of the nutritional diagnosis. In a less invasive way, the Nutritional Condition of chronic renal patients can be checked by using the Subjective Global Assessment (SGA) adapted to renal patients and, by using the assessment results, whatever needs correction can be corrected by using the ONT (2).
Although all enteral and parenteral therapy options may be indicated, the reinforcement of conventional oral diet and, when needed, the use of supplements, seem to be the most effective and well tolerated options for the prevention and nutritional recovery of patients on hemodialysis (3,4).
Maintaining adequate nutritional condition in chronic renal patients through conventional diet alone is a challenge for both the professional and the patient. The patient who makes use of hemodialysis can lose about 40 g of amino acids/peptides per week (2,4).
Patients who make use of peritoneal dialysis can suffer a deficit of amino acids/peptides of up to 30 g/week, 15 g protein/day, aside from water-soluble vitamins. Current recommendations advise protein intake from 1.0 to 1.2 g/kg for ideal weight. It is desirable for maintenance of the nutritional condition, at least 20 g of fibers/day and 25 to 35 kcal/day depending on the chosen dialysis process. The graph below shows the size of nutrient loss in accordance with the dialysis process (2,4).
Source: Adapted from K/DOQI, National Kidney Foundation, 2000 e Martins, C. In: Nefrologia: rotinas, diagnóstico e tratamento, 2006
1. Calado, IL et al. Diagnóstico nutricional de pacientes em hemodiálise na cidade de São Luis (MA). Rev de Nutr Cli Campinas. 22(5):687-696. 2009.
2. K/DOQI, National Kidney Foundation, 2000 e Martins, C. In: Nefrologia: Rotinas, Diagnóstico e Tratamento, 2006.
3. Dong J, Ikizler TA. New insights into the role of anabolic interventions in dialysis patients with protein energy wasting. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2009;18:469-75.
4. DITEN – Projeto Diretrizes. Terapia Nutricional para Pacientes em Hemodiálise Crônica. 2011. (http://www.projetodiretrizes.org.br/9_volume/terapia_nutricional_para_pacientes_em_hemodialise_cronica.pdf)


Visualization skills are very important for reading comprehension. This worksheet will allow your student to draw the picture they are imagining in their head and write about it. It is great for teaching these skills, comprehension checks, and more!
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By Patricia Pande, MClScPT, CSCS, CPed
Basketball is associated with a high number of lower extremity injuries,1,2 often related to footwear and the unique biomechanics and repetitious motion of the sport. This reflects the evolution of basketball from a refined sport to one of extreme physical contact and leverage. At elite levels of competition, the joint loading that comes with players’ size also contributes to lower extremity injury risk; large players with large feet frequently have large problems.
The mainstream media has given considerable attention to the loss of playing time associated with plantar fasciitis in highly compensated athletes, but recreational players also present a challenge to sports medicine clinics. As many as 45.9% of players in Australia have been sidelined for more than a week with lower extremity injuries.3
The plantar “fascia” is not actually fascia but an aponeurosis with mechanical and histological similarities to surrounding tendons and ligaments.4 Plantar heel pain is one of the most common ailments in the US, accounting for up to two million annual visits to physicians and comprising up to 10% of all sports clinic visits.5,6 It presents with pain with the first step in the morning or after prolonged bouts of sitting.
Repetitive stress can inflame the plantar fascia or lead to degenerative changes, commonly called fasciosis, which explains the recalcitrant nature of the condition. Altered hydrostatic pressure in the fascia may also impede blood flow.7
Plantar fasciitis in basketball players
Although there is a shortage of information about the incidence of plantar fasciitis in basketball players, plantar fascia rupture associated with basketball has been reported.8 Factors contributing to the high incidence of lower extremity and foot and ankle injuries in basketball, and more specifically to plantar fasciitis, include the repetitive high loads associated with running,9 as well as jumping, landing, and cutting by players who often are large in frame.1,2 Other factors that may contribute to plantar fasciitis risk in basketball include footwear and fatigue.
Body mass index (BMI). Van Leeuwen et al found a positive association between patients with a high BMI and plantar fasciitis.10 BMI was the only variable that predicted disability in an earlier study.11
The average National Basketball Association (NBA) player weighs 220 lbs and wears a size 14.8 shoe, maxing out at size 20.12 Higher BMI theoretically causes increased vertical force during heel contact, with a concomitant increase in tissue stress.13 However, reduction of body weight and lower extremity anthropometrics typically is not feasible for the basketball player.
Plantar loads. Although no studies have examined the association between plantar loads and plantar fasciitis in basketball players, evidence does suggest that runners with plantar fasciitis have higher plantar loads and loading rates than healthy runners.9 Because much of basketball involves running—not to mention changes of direction, jumping, and landing on hard and unyielding court surfaces—it seems likely that plantar loads in basketball are at least as high as in running.
Basketball movements other than running have also been associated with high loads. Cutting movements, which are common in basketball, have been associated with high plantar pressures at the heel in other sports.14 Layups, free throws, and jump shots are all associated with greater plantar loads than static stance.15 Ground reaction forces (GRF) associated with jump shots in basketball have been reported to be more than five times body weight, heightening the risk of damage with repetition.16 In fact, ground reaction forces are higher in basketball players than soccer players.17 Learning how to land softly and on the forefoot or midfoot will reduce landing GRF;16 however, this is an adjustment that recreational players may not have mastered.
Running volume. There is some evidence that plantar fasciitis may be associated with a faster running pace.18 Basketball involves high acceleration and anaerobic bursts of running. Highly effective basketball players may run up and down a 90-foot court at high speed a minimum of 50 times per game, resulting in increased strain on the intrinsic muscles of the foot.19
Basketball shoes. The most coveted basketball shoes have transitioned from being highly structured to being lightweight and flexible. At the most elite levels, basketball players are restricted in their choice of shoes due to footwear contracts. Colleges often use basketball shoe brands as a tool in recruiting high school players.20
Most important, the shoe must be able to withstand high plantar loading without deformation and resist the rotational and cutting forces that stretch the upper in a very moist environment. Frequent footwear changes can help reduce midsole fatigue. Shoes have been shown to reduce impact forces during unanticipated drop landings in basketball.21
For many basketball players, the shoe is not wide enough, especially with added bulk of high-profile orthoses.22 If the shoe doesn’t have sufficient volume to allow for proper activation of muscles (eg, abductor hallucis), this can impair the propulsive function of the longitudinal arch during walking and running.19,23
Lower extremity clinicians who treat basketball players say the game has changed since the late 1990s from one played close to the basket to one played around the perimeter. This switch requires more lateral footwork, with more stresses to the ankle and plantar fascia. In response, basketball shoe designs have evolved to reinforce the lateral border to reduce ankle sprains and promote quicker directional changes. This design shift has led to shoes with reduced medial support and amplified pronatory moments, which may increase the risk of plantar fasciitis.
There also has been a transition to lightweight shoes. Interestingly, a group of researchers in Calgary found that lighter-weight shoes were associated with improved performance of basketball tasks, but not when athletes were blinded to the weight of the shoes, suggesting a psychological effect.24 There is a need for further research on the functional effects of lighter footwear, including foot orthoses.
Sport-specific factors. Although basketball originated as a noncontact sport, its physical nature has evolved over the years with regard to both offense and defense.25 Rapid braking and acceleration (vertical and horizontal), along with lateral shifts of body weight, are very demanding on the foot and ankle.
Steve Vinson, who coaches girls basketball at Ann Arbor Huron High School in Michigan, said plantar fasciitis in younger athletes is a growing concern, with competition for scholarships leading to more aggressive play, and intense schedules leaving little time to recuperate from the stresses associated with the sport.26
Treatment and prevention
The treatment paradigm of rest, cessation of activity, or both is often not feasible for high-level athletes. Changes in jumping technique, which can help reduce the risk of knee and ankle injuries,16,27 have not been studied in cases of plantar fasciitis or fasciopathy. Taylor stressed prevention and proprioception programs to reduce the incidence of ankle sprains and lower extremity injuries, but there has been no attempt to study or adapt these programs for the prevention of plantar fasciitis.27
Plantar fascia corticosteroid injections in athletes may have unintended adverse effects, with some accounts of rupture after early re-entry into play.28 Additionally, surgical management with plantar fasciotomy has only moderately improved patient outcomes in the general population, often resulting in extended recovery time.29,30 The risks of adverse events must be weighed judiciously in any treatment paradigm.
An orthotic device with intrinsic or extrinsic medial wedges was associated with greater soft tissue thickness under the heel, which may protect the fat pad (assessed statically) more than no orthosis or an orthosis with arch support only.31 This may have implications for treatment of plantar fasciitis given the condition’s association with fat pad atrophy in some patients.32 Further investigation is warranted.
The diagonal cuts and lateral shuffle cuts in basketball are also associated with elevated forces under the metatarsal heads.33,34 Plantar fasciitis interventions to redistribute plantar pressures must take care to avoid overloading the metatarsals.35,36
Treatment must mitigate deleterious forces on the foot with the following orthotic strategies. Orthoses must:
- Reduce impact plantar loading without inhibiting performance or excessively increasing load in other areas; accommodative or shock-absorbing inserts are much better tolerated by basketball players;22,37
- Not elevate the heel or destabilize the ankle;7
- Not hamper the function of the abductor hallucis and intrinsic muscles;
- Have reduced arch height to minimize pressure shift laterally and decrease fifth metatarsal head pressure;31 and
- Not impede blood flow to the foot from excessive pressure.38
Plantar fasciitis in basketball will continue to be a growing concern made even more clinically challenging by the lack of specific research on foot and ankle biomechanics in this popular and strenuous sport. Vigilant clinical judgment, informed by the broader body of research on the biomechanics of plantar fasciitis, will be essential to meeting this challenge.
Patricia Pande, MClScPT, CSCS, CPed, is a physical therapist, pedorthist, and strength and conditioning specialist based in Durham, NC. She is the founder of FootCentric, an online continuing education company dedicated to comprehensive, multidisciplinary foot treatment.
- Cumps E, Verhagen E, Meeusen R. Prospective epidemiological study of basketball injuries during one competitive season: Ankle sprains and overuse knee injuries. J Sports Sci Med 2007;6(2):204-211.
- Drakos MC, Domb B, Starkey C, et al. Injury in the National Basketball Association. A 17-year overview. Sports Health 2010;2(4):284-290.
- McKay GD, Goldie PA, Payne WR, et al. A prospective study of injuries in basketball. A total profile and comparison by gender and standard of competition. J Sci Med Sport 2001;4(2):196-211.
- Boabighi A, Kuhlmann JN, Luboinski J, Landjerit B. Aponeurosis and superficial fascia. Mechanical and structural properties. Bull Assoc Anat 1993;77(238):3-7.
- Riddle DL, Schappert SM. Volume of ambulatory care visits and patterns of care for patients diagnosed with plantar fasciitis: a national study of medical doctors. Foot Ankle Int 2004;25(5):303-310.
- Taunton JE, Ryan MB, Clement DM, et al. A retropsective case-control analysis of 2002 running injuries. Br J Sports Med 2002;36(2):95-101.
- Curtis CK, Laudner KG, McLoda TA, McCaw ST. The role of shoe design in ankle sprain rates among collegiate basketball players. J Athl Train 2008;43(3):230-233.
- Saxena A, Fullem B. Plantar fascia ruptures in athletes. Am J Sports Med 2004;32(3):662-665.
- Pohl MB, Hamill J, Davis IS. Biomechanical and anatomic factors associated with a history of plantar fasciitis in female runners. Clin J Sports Med 2009;19 (5);372-376.
- Van Leeuwen KD, Rogers J, Winzenberg T, van Middelkoop M. Higher body mass index is associated with plantar fasciopathy/plantar fasciitis. A systematic review and meta-analyisis of various clinical and imaging risk factors. Br J Sports Med 2015 Dec 7. [Epub ahead of print]
- Irving DB, Cook JL, Young MA, Menz HB. Obesity and pronated foot type may increase the risk of chronic plantar heel pain: a matched case-control study. BMC Musculoskeletal Disord 2007;17(8):41.
- Korshidi E. SLAM footwear database breakdown. Slamonline.com. http://www.slamonline.com/nba/slam-nba-footwear-database-breakdown-sneakers-nba-players/#2HU5vMvUd1jQL6UO.97. Published February 7, 2013. Accessed March 8, 2016.
- Garcia CA, Hoffman SL, Hastings MK, et al. Effect of metatarsal phalangeal joint extension on plantar soft tissue stiffness and thickness. Foot 2008;18(2):61-67.
- Orendurff MS, Rohr ES, Segal AD, et al. Regional foot pressure during running, cutting, jumping, and landing. Am J Sports Med 2008;36(3):566-571.
- Pau M, Ciuti C. Stresses in the plantar region for long-and short-range throws in women basketball players. Eur J Sports Sci 2013;13(5): 575-581.
- Struzik A, Pietraszewski B, Zawadzki J. Biomechanical analysis of the jumpshot in basketball. J Hum Kinet 2014;10(42):73-79.
- Cowley HG, Ford KR, Myer GD, et al. Differences in neuromuscular strategies between landing and cutting tasks in female basketball and soccer athletes. J Athl Train 2006;41(1):67-73.
- Knobloch K, Yoon U, Vogt PM. Acute and overuse injuries correlated to hours of training time in master running athletes. Foot Ankle Int 2008;29(7):671-676.
- Kelly LA, Lichtwark G, Cresswell AG. Active regulation of longitudinal arch compression and recoil during walking and running. JR Soc Interfac 2015;12(102);20141076.
- Jones S. The numbers behind Nike’s basketball shoe kingdom. Courier-Journal website. http://www.courier-journal.com/story/sports/college/basketball/2014/10/17/analysis-nike-schools-land-top-recruits/17458319/. Published October 20, 2014. Accessed March 7, 2016.
- Fu W, Liu Y. Effects of basketball shoes on impact forces and soft tissue vibrations during drop jump and unexpected drop landing. Presented at the 30th International Conference of Biomechanics in Sports, Melbourne, Australia, July 2012.
- Deheer P. Maximizing orthotic success with basketball players. Podiatry Today 2006;19(4):38-48.
- Stearne SM, McDonald KA, Alderson JA, et al. The foot’s arch and the energetics of human locomotion. Sci Rep 2016;6:19403.
- Mohr M, Trudeau MB, Nigg SR, Nigg BM. Increased athletic performance in lighter basketball shoes: shoe or psychology effect. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2016;11(1):74-79.
- Wojtys E. Hoops news. Sports Health 2015;7(5):390-391.
- In an interview with Steve Vinson, girl’s varsity basketball coach at Ann Arbor Huron High School, MI.
- Taylor JB, Ford KR, Nguyen AD, et al. Prevention of lower extremity injuries in basketball. a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Health 2015;7(5):392-398.
- Suzue N, Iwame T, Kato K, et al. Plantar fascia rupture in a professional soccer player. J Med Invest 2014;61(3-4):413-416.
- Davies MS, Weiss GA, Saxby TS. Plantar fasciitis: how successful is surgical intervention. Foot Ankle Int 1999;20(12):803-807.
- Tweed JL, Barnes MK, Allen MJ, Campbell JA. Biomechanical consequences of total plantar fasciotomy. A review of the literature. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 2009;99(5):422-430.
- Sweeney D, Nester C, Preece S, Meckle K. Effect of antipronation foot orthosis geometry on compression of heel and arch soft tissues. J Rehabil Res Dev 2015;52(5);543-552.
- Yi TI, Lee GE, Seo IS, et al. Clinical characteristics of the causes of plantar heel pain. Ann Rehabil Med 2011;35(4):507-513.
- Cong Y, Lam WK, Cheung JT, Zhang M. In-shoe plantar tri-axial stress profile during maximum-effort cutting maneuvers. J Biomech 2014;47(16):3799-3806.
- Queen RM, Abbey AN, Verma R, et al. Plantar loading during cutting while wearing a rigid carbon fiber insert. J Athl Train 2014;49(3):297-303.
- Guettler JH, Ruskan GJ, Bytomski JR, et al. Fifth metatarsal stress fractures in elite basketball players; evaluation of forces acting on the fifth metatarsal. Am J Orthop 2006;35(11):532-536.
- Yu B, Preston JJ, Queen RM, et al. Effects of wearing foot orthoses with medial arch support on the fifth metatarsal loading and ankle inversion angle in selected basketball tasks. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2007;37(4):186-191.
- Creaby MW, May K, Bennell KL. Insole effects on impact loading during walking. Ergonomics 2011;54(7):665-671.
- Miller LE, Latt DL. Chronic plantar fasciitis is mediated by local hemodynamics. Implications for emerging therapies. N Am J Med Sci 2015;7(1):1-5.


This article is some way related to Resolution Vs Pixel Density in Displays – ALL YOU NEED TO KNOW. The term Field of Vision are frequently used in computer or console games, graphics applications and many more. Field of Vision refers to the content what we see on the screen at any given point of time.
Field of Vision depends on Display Resolution
Understanding FOV requires you to know about display resolution which I have detailed here Resolution Vs Pixel Density in Displays – ALL YOU NEED TO KNOW. Consider the following image which has two screenshots of a popular game Age of Empires.
The high resolution screenshot has higher FOV than the low resolution screenshot. The basic idea is that high resolution display has more number of pixels and thus it can show a lot more content. Similarly a low resolution display has less number of pixels and thus it can show less content.
The game images with low resolution covers only less content since it has low resolution. Consider the same game in which you are extending the resolution to 1920 x 1080 which makes the games to display more content. The display with resolution 1920 x 1080 shows 2.63% more content than a display with resolution 1024 x 768.


Perennials are usually long-lived, Viola Cornuta colorful flowers that die every fall and re-emerges every spring. Because of their size, they are suitable for smaller areas as well as large gardens. They can be used as an “infill” in a garden.
Flowers are often the main attraction for most gardeners, but the habit of certain perennials earns them the place in your garden. Grasses, with their slender leaves, add structure to the perennial border.
A perennial border is most often organize with the tallest plants in the back. From then on, work your way in by taking into consideration the full-grown size of the plant. Shrubs can be added as punctuation points in the border.
Limiting the color choices will produce greater impact and you won't have to worry as much about the blooming seasons or whether the colors of the different plants will go together. A border needs a theme so it doesn't become a jumbled collection of plants. Using a few if the same variety through a border usually works well. When planning a border, it pays to go for simplicity. Repeat groups of plants and keep the colors limited. Also use plants in the border for foliage interest, so when the flowering season is over, there is still something to look at.
Water Loving Perennials
Some plants love very moist soil and some can even grow with their feet in the water itself. Ideally a pond needs water loving perennials: a few deep-water plants, a few in the shallow edges of the pond, and some along the pond's edges.


Mr Bowler's Problem Solving Booklet for University Preparation
This resource is kindly provided by Mr Bowler at Maynard School, containing 151 questions to help prepare students for undergraduate admissions interviews in mathematics.
Riemann Zeta Club - Chapter 10 - Topics in Computer Science
The Riemann Zeta Club is an enrichment maths club for Lower Sixth Formers, aimed as preparation for the Maths Challenge, Maths Olympiad and Oxbridge entry.
This chapter covers basic topics in Computer Science, such as common sorting algorithms, time and space complexity of algorithms, common data structures, and recursive algorithms.


How to pay for college is a huge question for parents and students! Here is a list of resources to help you and your family learn about your options & plan for how to pay for college:
- What it costs to go to college, including information on Net Price Calculators
- How financial aid works
- Overview of how to complete the Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA)
- Understanding college loans
January 1 of your senior year is an important date! This is the first day that you can apply for the FAFSA – your way to get federal financial aid for college. Click here to view the FAFSA website and familiarize yourself with what you need to apply before January 1.
Once you’ve been accepted to a college, you will get a Financial Aid Award outlining the costs of attending the college and your options to pay the bill. Click here for resources on understanding your Financial Aid Award, what to do if it isn’t enough, and strategies to pay the school bill.
For a comprehensive overview of the financial aid process, see the US Department of Education’s publication The Guide to Federal Student Aid: Funding Your Education.
There are also financial aid resources in the SCS College & Career Center (S50). Stop by for tip sheets on comparing the cost of colleges, college Net Price Calculators, applying for the FAFSA, and more!


Differences between AWA and SA chromolaena
Other invasive alien plants within the Eupatorieae
Chromolaena odorata (L.) King & Robinson (Asteraceae: Eupatorieae), commonly called chromolaena, is a sprawling shrub that has become one of the worst invasive terrestrial weeds in the humid tropics and subtropics of the Old World (Figure 1). Until the early 1970s, chromolaena was known as Eupatorium odoratum (L.). Chromolaena is known by a large number of mostly local vernacular names, in both native and invasive ranges. In English, it is mostly commonly known as Siam weed, while in French, it is often called l’herbe du Laos.
Figure 1. Global distribution of Chromolaena odorata, on a country record basis. Map generated by Jimaima Le Grand (Queensland Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries). A version of this map was published in Zachariades et al. (2009) and is used here with permission from Cambridge University Press. [pdf]
Chromolaena has a wide indigenous range in the neotropics, from the southern USA to northern Argentina. Here it is a pioneering, early succession plant, weedy in land that has been overgrazed or otherwise disturbed. However, it is soon replaced by other plant species.
In contrast, in the Old World it is a transformer species, forming dense, smothering mats over other vegetation. In most habitats it is not progressively replaced by other plant species over time (although it can be replaced by, and replace, other invasive alien plants such as Lantana camara), but persists and changes the landscape it invades. It is a major weed of agriculture, affecting both pastoral and cropping, from subsistence and small-scale to large-scale commercial enterprises; of silviculture; and of conservation lands. It is also a direct threat to human settlements due to its high flammability when dry.
Some of the attributes that contribute to chromolaena’s success as an invader are its rapid growth rate, its allelopathic properties and, in the dry season, its huge seed production (up to about 1 million seeds per plant per flowering season) and, due to high levels of essential oils, its high flammability. Although it readily invades disturbed areas, it can also invade natural habitats that are subject to minimal disturbance. It has a very plastic morphology: in open areas, it forms a compact shrub up to 3m tall, whereas under trees or on forest margins it can scramble up to 10m to emerge over the canopy. However, it does not tolerate complete shade. Chromolaena spreads rapidly due to its small, light seeds attached to a pappus, which are dispersed both by air currents and on animals and vehicles.
C. odorata infestation, Homestead,Florida, USA
Chromolaena displays considerable morphological variation within its native range. Flower colour varies from white through pale lilac to blue, and other aspects of flower morphology can also vary (e.g. shape of bracts, diameter of capitula). Leaves and stems range from glabrous to hairy and as a consequence, their colour varies too. Plant architecture is variable (lax to upright), as is the odour of crushed leaves and stems. In some areas of the neotropics (e.g. the Caribbean and Central America), high local variability is evident, while in others (parts of the South American mainland), it is locally uniform in morphology. C.
odorata infestation, East Timor. Photo: Colin Wilson
There appear to be two primary centres of invasion by chromolaena in the Old World. Each centre of invasion is characterised by plants which are morphologically homogeneous within that centre of invasion but morphologically distinct between the centres of invasion. In the first, more widespread centre of invasion, chromolaena probably spread throughout Asia and Oceania from the Calcutta Botanic Garden, where it had been planted in the mid-19th century.
This form of chromolaena appears to have been taken from Sri Lanka to West Africa in the first half of the 20th century. From here, it spread and is now present from the Gambia to northern Angola and Tanzania. Because this constitutes a secondary introduction it is considered as part of the first centre of invasion. A second form of chromolaena appeared in south-eastern South Africa in the 1940s, from where it spread throughout climatically suitable areas of the subcontinent. Since the biology of plants in these two centres of invasion is apparently also distinct in some important characteristics, both these forms have been characterised as ‘biotypes’ and functionally, although not strictly, can be considered to be separate species. They are referred to from hereon as the Asian/West African (AWA) biotype and the southern African (SA) biotype.
Two morphological forms of C. odorata growing together in Jamaica.
The plant on the left is similar to the SA biotype
while the hairier plant on
the right is similar to the AWA biotype.
Control and management of chromolaena in its invasive range has
been achieved through various means. Various herbicides (foliar and cut stump)
have been used with good effect, but are expensive and therefore not viable in
the long term or over large areas. Young plants can be easily uprooted. Older
plants can be slashed but quickly coppice unless stumps are dug out or herbicide
is applied to them.
Tractor-mounted foliar herbicide treatment of C. odorata,
C. odorata killed by foliar herbicide
Regular burning has been shown to be effective in suppressing
infestations in grassland and savanna, although the AWA biotype does not appear
to be as easily killed by fire as the SA biotype. In West Africa especially, the
status of chromolaena has become controversial. While some farmers consider it a
serious weed, others view it as beneficial. It is said to enrich the soil,
suppress more noxious weeds, and shorten the fallow period that is necessary in
shifting agricultural systems.
Although individual chromolaena plants are easily killed using
mechanical and chemical means, the rapid rate of growth and recruitment of the
plant, together with the often low value or inaccessibility of the invaded land
and the fact that it is largely a weed of developing countries in the tropics
and subtropics (most of which lack the resources to mount large-scale control
programmes), have resulted in chromolaena becoming one of the most widespread,
abundant and damaging plants in the world. Classical biological control, using
host-specific arthropods and pathogens collected from the plant in its region of
origin, offers a crucial complementary tool in suppressing chromolaena to
Key references:Gautier, L. (1992). Taxonomy and
distribution of a tropical weed, Chromolaena odorata (L.) R. King and
H. Robinson. Candollea, 47, 645-662.
Goodall, J. M. and Erasmus, D. J. (1996). Review of the status
and integrated control of the invasive alien weed, Chromolaena odorata,
in South Africa. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 56,
Holm, L. G, Plucknett, D.L., Pancho, J. V., and Herberger, P.
D. (1977). The World’s Worst Weeds. Distribution and Biology. Honolulu,
HI:University Press of Hawaii.
Kriticos, D. J., Yonow, T. and McFadyen, R. E. (2005). The
potential distribution of Chromolaena odorata (Siam weed) in relation
to climate. Weed Research, 45, 246-254.
Liggitt, B. (1983). The invasive plant Chromolaena
odorata, with regard to its status and control in Natal. Pietermaritzburg,
South Africa: Institute of Natural Resources, University of Natal, Rural
Studies Series, Monograph 2, 1-41.
McFadyen, R. E. C. (1989). Siam weed: a new threat to
Australia’s north. Plant Protection Quarterly, 4, 3-7.
Zachariades, C., Day, M., Muniappan, R. and Reddy, G.V.P.
(2009) Chromolaena odorata (L.) King and Robinson (Asteraceae). Chapter
8 in: Biological Control of Tropical Weeds using Arthropods. Muniappan,
R., Reddy, G.V.P. and Raman, A. (eds). Cambridge University Press. In press.
Zachariades, C., von Senger, I. and Barker, N. P. (2004)
Evidence for a northern Caribbean origin for the southern African biotype of
Chromolaena odorata. In Proceedings of the Sixth International
Workshop on Biological Control and Management of Chromolaena, ed. M. D. Day
and R. E. McFadyen. ACIAR Technical Reports, 55, 25-27


A WWF-Pakistan trained observer, Amir Rahim, successfully released an entangled Olive ridley turtle about 180 nautical miles from Karachi in the Arabian sea. According to Rahim, he has seen many turtles entangled in fishing nets, but this was the first time he saw a turtle trapped in a polypropylene bag.
The single greatest threat to most sea turtles is fishing gear. Hundreds of thousands of turtles are accidentally caught by gillnets, shrimp trawl nets and on longline hooks each year. Endangered loggerheads, green turtles and leatherbacks are especially vulnerable. WWF is working to reduce this threat by supporting innovations in fishing gear and raising awareness through education.


A clear sky this morning allowed brilliant Morning Star Venus and bright Mars to put on a planetary display before sunrise.
by Jeffrey L. Hunt
A north breeze that cleared smoke from the western wildfires revealed bright planets and bright stars.
At about 4 a.m. CDT, bright Mars was high in the south-southwest. It is among the dim stars of Pisces. The Red Planet is slowly retrograding – moving westward compared to the starry background. This illusion occurs when our faster moving planet approaches and passes the slower moving outer planets.
Mars is closest to Earth on October 6. As Earth approaches Mars, the Red Planet becomes brighter, but not much larger in appearance to the human eye. While it can double in its apparent size through a telescope, the increase is imperceptible to the human eye (unlike what is shown in the social media memes.)
Earth moves between the sun and Mars on October 13. This is called opposition, because the planets appear on opposite sides of Earth and their place and visible times are opposite of each other.
At opposition, a planet rises at sunset, appears in the south around midnight, and sets in the west as the sun rises in the east. Mars appears at opposition about every 26 months.
On the photo above, Mars appears 1.9° to the upper left of Nu Piscium (ν Psc on the photo) and 2.5° to the lower left of Omicron Piscium (ο Psc).
At this hour, brilliant Venus is low in the east. An hour later, about 90 minutes before sunrise, the planet is higher in the sky.
At this time Venus appears with other bright stars. The night’s brightest star, Sirius, is low in the southeast. About a month ago, the star made its first appearance in the morning sky this year.
The famous constellation Orion – with its bright stars Betelgeuse and Rigel – are to the upper right of the Dog Star.
With a binocular the Orion Nebula, a stellar nursery – is visible as a hazy cloud. The Little Dog Star – Procyon – is nearby. The Gemini Twins – Castor and Pollux appear above Venus
Among the stars Venus is moving eastward in the very dim starfield of Cancer. This morning it is 1.4° to the lower left of Omicron Cancri (ο Cnc on the photo). Watch Venus move farther away from ο Cnc.
Here is a daily summary about the planets during September.
2022, June 29: Sagittarius A star, the Milky Way’s suspected black hole, is in the south during the midnight hour.Keep reading


On 1 December 2017 the Health and Safety at Work (Hazardous Substances) Regulations 2017 will come into force. The aim is to reduce both the immediate harm to people and longer-term illness caused by hazardous substances in the workplace.
It’s no small matter. A hazardous substance is any product or chemical that has explosive, flammable, oxidising, toxic or corrosive properties – and they’re everywhere. Around one in three New Zealand workplaces use, manufacture, handle or store them. This includes factories, farmers and growers, as well as printers, collision repairers, hairdressers and retailers. They are in commonly used products such as fuels and LPG, solvents, cleaning solutions and agrichemicals.
“Used safely, hazardous substances can contribute to the nation’s economic growth and prosperity,” WorkSafe’s General Manager Operations and Specialist Services Brett Murray says, “but they also pose real risks to the people working with or around them.
“The harm from inhaling toxic vapours or having contact with some substances is often unseen. Workers may be unaware they are being exposed, and the effects of exposure may not be seen for many years.”
Hazardous substances are a major contributor to the estimated 600-900 deaths and 30,000 cases of serious ill health from work-related disease each year in New Zealand. This is in addition to the fatalities and immediate harm through accidents, such as fires and explosions, and unsafe use.
“It’s time this changed,” says Mr Murray. “The Regulations bring an expectation on all those working with hazardous substances to know what those substances are, the risks they pose and how to manage those risks.”
What’s changing? On 1 December 2017 the rules for managing hazardous substances in the workplace are moving from the Hazardous Substances and New Organisms Act 1996 (HSNO) to the Health and Safety at Work Act (HSWA). Many of the existing requirements will continue. However there are some changes to improve the management of these substances at work.
“If you use or store these substances, you need to look at what has changed under the new Regulations to ensure you are meeting your obligations to protect workers,” Mr Murray says.
As well as looking at what is changing, Mr Murray says people need to remember there is already legislation in place they should be complying with.
“If you are following the current rules, you may only need to do a few things differently, but now is the ideal time to review your management of hazardous substances and ensure you are doing your duty to protect people from harm.”
Businesses will already be familiar with the HSWA approach to managing work-related health and safety risks. From 1 December 2017 this includes hazardous substances. It’s another step in helping to ensure our people get home healthy and safe.
WorkSafe’s website has information, guidance and FAQs. Its online Hazardous Substances Toolbox has tools to help. You can also subscribe to the Hazardous Substances Update.
The Health and Safety at Work (Hazardous Substances) Regulations 2017 are available on the New Zealand Legislation website.
Source: WorkSafe NZ


|Lasioglossum (Evylaeus) meakanense Murao et Tadauchi (Halictidae, Mt. Meakan, Hokkaido, Japan)|
A database BeeFukuda is a specimen database based on the bee collection mainly collected in Hokkaido, Japan by Dr. Hiromi Fukuda. The collection was donated to the Entomological Laboratory, Kyushu University. Dr. Fukuda studied and collected bees in Hokkaido University with Dr. Shoichi F. Sakagami and constructed a vast collection. His collection will be great important for faunal change related to global warming in the future. The total number of specimens at present is 49,671 (September 20, 2009). Each record consists of 19 items according to a format of the Darwin Core of the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF), such as scientific name, country, collecting locality, collecting date, collector, etc.
The related bee database files are as follows:
HANABACHI (Image database based on the Japanese bees)
TABR (Reference database based on troipical Asian bees)
ELKUType (Type specimen database based on the collection preserved in the Entomological Laboratory, Kyushu University)
BeeELKU (Bee specimen database based on the collection preserved in the Entomological Laboratory, Kyushu University, except for Prof. Tadauchi's foreign collections)
BeeCAsia (Bee specimen database based on the collection collected in Central Asia by the Kyushu University Expedition)
BeeFTadauchi (Bee specimen database based on Prof. Tadauchi's collection collected in foreign countries)
ABeeBOL (DNA Barcode Database of Asian Bees)
The BeeFukuda is managed by a text database management system SIGMA.
The BeeFukuda file is supported by a Grant-in-Aid for Publication of Scientific Research Results (Head Investigator: Osamu Tadauchi) and a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research(A) (Head Investigator: Osamu Tadauchi) from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, and a Grant-in-Aid for Biodiversity Database from Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) (Head Investigator: Osamu Tadauchi).
The use of data in this database is free of charge if the objective is academic study or educational purposes.
Data and Tags are the Following 19 items.
|2.||(DATE)||Date Last Modified|
|6.||(BR)||Basis of Record|
|14.||(AU)||Scientific Name Author|
|19.||(REL)||Relation Type (associated plants)|
|Date Last Modified||2010. 02. 28|
|Scientific Name||Andrena (Trachandrena) haemorrhoa japonibia|
|Basis of Record||S|
|Scientific Name Author||Hirashima, 1957|
|Relation Type (associated plants)|
Tadauchi, O., C. Hirosawa, H. Inoue, T. Sugimoto, R. Murao, N. Takahashi, S. Sato, K. Mitai and Y. Hara, 2009. Specimen database AIIC, Asian insect information center database, based on types and normal specimens collected in Asia and the Pacific Area, Part 1. Esakia, (49): 1-5.
Entomology Database Project Group (Head: O. Tadauchi, Editors: O. Tadauchi,, C. Hirosawa, System administrator: H. Inoue, Y. Hara) holds the copyright on the entomology database BeeFukuda.
Inquiries and Comments about BeeFukuda should be the following E-mail Address.


The Fossvogur layers are among the best known sedimentary formations in Iceland. The sequence is made of marine sediment with subfossil shells, fluvial beds, and till layers both below and on top of the marine part. All the sequence is resting on the striated Reykjavík olivine tholeiite basalt.
The layers can be observed in Fossvogur, in Nauthólsvík and in Skerjafjörður. They also have been found in grounds in Reykjavík west, such as in the Iceland University campus.
The Fossvogur layers have been known among natural scientists from the 19th century and have been investigated and discussed in detail. Many types of molluscs are found, bivalves, cochleae and barnacles. All of them are still living around Iceland today.
The Fossvogur layers are from the late glacial times. Radiometric age determinations on the shells give 12,500-13,000 years BP, or from the Alleröd stage, and the upper till is therefore of Younger Dryas age.
The Fossvogur layers can best be investigated at the head of the Fossvogur inlet and along the northern shore where they form low cliffs. The fossile shells, variable sedimentary layers and underlying basalt can easily be found.
Árni Hjartarson, 2010.


Consumer Reports published a report Sept. 19 on arsenic in foods made from rice. At the same time, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration released the first part of what will be a much larger study of arsenic in foods. The findings are that arsenic is present in quantities that might increase an individual’s life-time risk of cancer when children consume typical amounts of rice products.
While additional research, including the results of the ongoing FDA study, will be needed to provide detailed recommendations, the American Academy of Pediatrics believes that at the individual level, offering children a variety of foods, including products made from oats and wheat, will decrease children’s exposure to arsenic derived from rice. In addition, if parents raise questions about arsenic in juice products, they can be reminded that it is not necessary to offer children any juice in a well-balanced, healthy diet; and that for years the AAP has recommended limited intake of all sweet beverages, including juice.
At the public policy level, the AAP will work with the FDA and other federal agencies to limit the use of arsenical compounds and participate in discussions about decreasing arsenic exposure through food and beverages.
The AAP has collected resources for members to help them respond to parent concerns about arsenic in rice products.
FDA:Arsenic in Rice
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry: Arsenic FAQ
ConsumerReports article, “Arsenic in Your Food”
AAP speaking points on arsenic in rice (member log-in required)
AAP Background on Arsenic
AAP News article
The American Academy of Pediatrics is an organization of 60,000 primary care pediatricians, pediatric medical subspecialists and pediatric surgical specialists dedicated to the health, safety and well-being of infants, children, adolescents and young adults. For more information, visit www.aap.org.


With temperatures beginning to drop, it’s always important to know the potential dangers on the human body with each weather element.
Tuolumne County Public Health Officer, Dr Todd Stolp was Wednesday’s KVML “Newsmaker of the Day”.
“Wind Chill” is the added cooling factor that the climate has when the body is evaporating moisture from its surface. The wind robs us of our much needed natural body heat. It’s important to expect wind chill beyond the natural cool temperatures during the Winter and bundle up.
Frostbite occurs when the cold temperatures have contracted enough muscles in parts of the body that blood stops circulating through the tissues. Tissue always needs oxygen and without it, the tissue dies. This is why frostbite occurs in parts of the body furthest from the center (heart).
Signs of frostbite include numbness or loss of sensation. Following that would be discoloration of the skin. Following that would be a darkness of the tissue easily showing up on the skin surface. This means the tissue has died.
Cold temperatures do not necessarily bring the flu, however, when the human body needs to excel natural energy to keep warm, the immune system may be somewhat weakened in fighting off potential threats and dangers.
Finally never use propane heaters or Bar-B-Ques indoors to keep warm. These devices are not designed for indoor use and will create a major fire and air hazards.
The Newsmaker of the Day can be heard each weekday morning at 6:47, 7:47 and 8:47 on AM-1450 KVML.


Dental Filling Materials
A look at the role of various types of dental filling material.
Having a tooth filled is one of the most common dental procedures that people experience. In most cases, these will be used when there is a small to medium amount of decay, or where a small part of the tooth has broken off.
At Blue Sky Dental in Chelmsford, there are a number of materials that can be used for this and other purposes. Below we take a look at some commonly used dental filling materials to help broaden your own dental knowledge.
Amalgam is a widely used material for filling teeth. There are very good reasons for this as it offers a level of strength and durability that makes it an excellent choice. There are some potential drawbacks to amalgam though; the most obvious of these being the fact that it is a dark material and is highly visible when revealed. In addition to this, amalgam contains mercury, and, although its use has been deemed to be safe by the General Dental Council, the European parliament has pledged to phase out its use over a number of years.
For patients who express concerns about the mercury in amalgam, or simply those who wish to have a filling that matches the colour of their natural teeth, white coloured fillings are ideal. These are now almost as strong as amalgam, though, for larger cavities in a rear tooth, inlays or onlays may provide a higher level of strength whilst still maintaining the appearance of the tooth. This type of filling is usually made from powdered glass and ceramic in a resin base and may require less of the tooth to be shaped when compared to amalgam, due to its excellent bonding qualities.
Glass ionomer cement is predominantly used in the prevention of dental decay where a tooth has been compromised through a small break. It has excellent bonding qualities and acts as a sealant. Special formulations have additional benefits of slowly releasing fluoride and thereby helping to protect the tooth. It is, however, not the strongest material and is usually used on the edges of the tooth and not the biting surface. It may also need to be replaced at reasonably regular intervals.
Gutta percha is specifically used for filling a tooth that has had root canal treatment. It is a rubber like material and is heated and moulded to fit the root canals of the teeth, sealing them effectively and preventing further infection. It is not really used for any other type of filling.
Blue Sky Dental offer Chelmsford patients a wide range of both general and cosmetic dental procedures to help you to have both healthy and attractive teeth. To arrange a consultation with one of our dentists, please call us on 01245 211070.


By M. E. Bratchel
Even if there are various books in English at the urban and nation of Lucca, this can be the 1st scholarly learn to hide the historical past of the whole quarter from classical antiquity to the top of the 15th century. At one point, it truly is an archive-based research of a hugely precise political group; at one other, it's designed as a contribution to present discussions on power-structures, the heritage of the kingdom, and the variations among city-states and the recent territorial states that were
emerging in Italy via the fourteenth century.
There is a unprecedented consensus between historians at the attribute beneficial properties of the Italian city-state: basically the centralization of financial, political, and juridical strength on a unmarried urban and in one ruling category. therefore outlined, Lucca retained clone of an old school, old-style city-republic all through until eventually the lack of political independence in 1799. No consensus exists in regards to the defining traits of the Renaissance kingdom. used to be it centralized or de-centralized;
intrusive or non-interventionist? the hot nearby states have been most of these issues. And the comparability with Lucca is complex and nuanced as a result.
Lucca governed over a comparatively huge urban territory, partly a legacy from classical antiquity. Lucca was once special within the pervasive energy exercised over its territory (largely a legacy of the region's political heritage within the early and principal heart ages). as a result, the Lucchese kingdom confirmed a marked continuity in its political association, and precociousness in its administrative constructions. The skills relate to practicalities and assets. The coercive powers and
bureaucratic aspirations of any medieval kingdom have been exceptionally constrained, while Lucca's means for autonomous motion used to be more and more circumscribed via the proximity (and territorial enclaves) of extra strong and predatory neighbours.
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Bulletin: Parents, Your Involvement Matters...in Science, Too! (2004) provides lots of practical tips for things parents can do everyday to support and encourage their children’s interest in science. It dispels some popular myths about science, and includes a sample science standard for Pre-k to grade 2 from the Massachusetts Science and Technology/Engineering Curriculum Frameworks. English, Spanish or Portuguese
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U.S. Department of Education
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A dedicated server is a type of remote server that is entirely dedicated to an individual, organization or application. It is deployed, hosted and managed by a hosting, cloud or managed service provider (MSP).
A dedicated server is exclusive and not shared with any other customer, service or application.
A dedicated server provides functionality like an in-house server but is owned, operated and managed by the backend provider. The user/customer remotely connects with the dedicated server over the Internet to perform a suite of server based services.
A dedicated server may be used to host applications and/or services, as well as for data storage and backup services. A dedicated server also may be used internally for the hosting and provisioning of specialized services, such as implementing dedicated file or network servers.


Flinders Ranges: history, culture, beauty
Explore a fossil-rich, historically important place of magnificent beauty.
IT'S HARD TO imagine that 120 million years ago most of the sun-burnt continent of Australia was under water. Even harder to imagine is a time 800 million years ago when the Flinders Ranges in South Australia were created.
At this time, great forces of nature lifted the entire east coast of Australia clear out of the sea creating a deep inland hollow. Over the next several million years, the sea flooded in, depositing huge amounts of rock and debris, and leaving behind a fractured, furrowed landscape characterised by deep valleys, rippled sea floors and the fossils of countless sea creatures.
So unique are the fossils found in this landscape, that geologists had to revise the geologic time-line of the Earth's history, identifying a new era called the Ediacaran period. It's no surprise why this environment, one of the oldest surviving on Earth, has been nominated as one of Australia's 'National Landscapes'.
The Flinders Ranges stretch from Crystal Brook near Port Pirie in southern South Australia more than 400 km to Arkaroola in the north. If you haven't visited the outback before, photographs might give the impression that this is a desolate landscape; but in truth, this timeless land is very much alive.
The more you explore these enigmatic gorges, the more secrets they reveal, providing a glimpse into the history of time. Thousands of years of rich Aboriginal heritage give a spiritual meaning to the surrounding physical features. A rustle in the bushes may reveal an elusive and endangered Yellow-footed Rock Wallaby or an emu leading its chicks to the creek bed. It's an ideal spot for soaking up a piece of Australia, capped off with some bush tucker and a pot of billy tea.
Flinders Ranges three distict regions
The Flinders Ranges can be divided into three distinct regions each offering different experiences, and can easily be reached by 4WD from South Australia's capital in Adelaide. In just three hours you'll reach the Mount Remarkable National Park in the Southern Flinders Ranges.
This is a good place to stop and stretch the legs as the park's bushwalking and cycling trails are some of the best in South Australia. They vary in length from casual family-style walks to long-distance trails for the serious adventurer. If you haven't brought your bike, there are many places throughout the region where you can hire one.
This is also one of the entry points for two of South Australia's best-known trails - the Heysen walking trail and the Mawson off-road riding trail. For a shorter (but still steep!) walk, climb to the peak of Mount Remarkable, where you'll be rewarded with amazing views across the valleys. Wirrabara and Bundaleer forests also have excellent recreational trails.
You can also find a very different type of trail in the south. The Southern Flinders Ranges Heritage Trail of the region's museums and colonial buildings will give you an insight into the region's recent past.
Food lovers should not miss the gourmet experience of the Southern Flinders Flavours Trail, touring local food and wine producers. Here you can sample everything from gourmet meats and olive products to honey and seafood. Make sure to visit the Flinder's first cellar door at Remarkable View Wines and don't miss the delicious local ice cream at Laura.
The perfect appetiser to the Central Flinders Ranges is the Wadlata Outback Interpretive Centre in Port Augusta. Here hands-on displays cast a fascinating light on everything from Aboriginal legends to pioneering feats and the history of the landscape. Botanical buffs shouldn't miss Port Augusta's award-winning Australian Arid Lands Botanic Garden, with more than 10 kilometres of walking tracks displaying amazing flora that grows nowhere else in the world.
A touch of history on the Flinders Ranges
South Australia's country towns ooze history, the tiny township of Quorn is no exception. Not only does it boast a majestic old pub on every corner, but historic old railway town is home to the Pichi Richi Railway, a volunteer-run train system that is one of Australia's greatest heritage train journeys. The railway, which was once lifeline to early pioneers, follows in the tracks of the Old Ghan to Port Augusta.
A more luxurious way to explore this remote landscape by rail is on board the new trains that ply the tracks today. The Ghan leaves from Adelaide on a two-day, 3000 km journey from Alice Springs to Darwin, with opportunities to jump off board and explore Port Augusta and the famous underground opal mining town of Coober Pedy along the way. The Indian Pacific also stops at Adelaide and Port Augusta on its epic journey across the country from Sydney to Perth.
The Flinders Ranges is also an excellent place to explore from the saddle. Home of the 'Great Australian Outback Cattle Drive', this is where you can star in your own scene from the movie 'Australia' and try your hand at living the life of a drover for a week.
At the heart of the Flinders Ranges National Park, and a must for every visitor to South Australia's big backyard, is the awesome amphitheatre of Wilpena Pound. The Yura Muda Aboriginal legend tells how Wilpena Pound was formed by the bodies of two giant serpents that could not move after eating the people who had gathered there for a ceremony. St Mary Peak forms the head of the male serpent, while Beatrice Hill forms the head of the female.
The unique Wilpena Pound Resort is a good base from which to explore this diverse region and its numerous walking, 4WD and mountain bike trails. To fully appreciate the view, take a scenic flight over the area and watch as the ranges take on a dazzling array of hues as the sun shifts overhead.
Indigenous legends of the Flinders
According to another Aboriginal legend, the rocky Northern Flinders Ranges was formed by an argument between two kangaroos and was separated from Lake Frome by the sweep of a kangaroo's tail. It's here that you'll really feel that you're beginning to get into the outback.
While it's possible to explore the Flinders Ranges on your own, and the two-day self-drive Aboriginal Dreaming Trail that visits the Aboriginal communities of Nepabunna and Iga Warta, makes it easy to do; you'll gain a greater understanding of the significance of this land on one of the guided walks, overnight camps and cultural tours offered by one of the local Aboriginal operators, who will reveal the tens of thousands of years of history and mythology in the ancient cave paintings, song lines and sacred sites found here.
Accommodation in this region ranges from five-star world-class eco-lodges to five million star scenic campgrounds under five million stars. The Arkaroola Wilderness Sanctuary is one of the unique properties to stay.
Purchased by the Sprigg family in the 1960s with the intent to return a farming property to its original state, the family still runs the lodge today. A highlight is the famous observatory, one of the best places on the planet to observe the southern sky.
The Flinders Ranges may have appeared barren to early colonial observers such as the Surveyor General, Colonel Edward Charles Frome, who in the 1840s said: "A more barren sterile country could not be imagined".
But take the time to explore this vast rugged terrain and it will be sure to capture your imagination with its countless stories of life on Earth.


Scientists Generate Black Hole Radiation in the LabDecember 7th, 2009 By Lisa Zyga in Physics / Plasma Physics
Illustrations of photoionizing plasma systems. (Left) In a binary system consisting of a black hole and a companion star, X-rays are emitted from the accretion disk. (Right) In the photoionized plasma experiment, a hollow plastic shell is imploded with 12 laser beams, creating a plasma that produces X-rays similar to those near a black hole. Image credit: Hubble European Space Agency.
(PhysOrg.com) -- Due to their violent nature and long distance from Earth, black holes and their surroundings are very difficult to study. Currently, the main method to observe a black hole is to use an X-ray satellite to detect the X-ray fluorescence emitted by a black hole’s companion star as the star’s material falls into the black hole. But now, scientists have developed a laser-driven method to generate a flash of brilliant Planckian X-rays in the lab that can be used to simulate the X-rays that exist near black holes. The new results contrast with the generally accepted explanation for the origins of these astronomical features, and may also help scientists test the complex computer codes used in X-ray astronomy.
The team of researchers, Shinsuke Fujioka, et al., from Osaka University, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, and Shanghai Jiao Tong University, have published their study on creating Planckian X-rays in the laboratory in a recent issue of Nature Physics.
In their study, the researchers used a direct laser-driven implosion to create a hot, dense plasma. They aimed 12 intense laser beams (for a total of 3 billion watts, and carrying 4.0 kJ [kilojoules] of energy) onto a micrometer-sized spherical hollow plastic shell. When the shell’s core imploded, its temperature approached 1 keV (kiloelectronvolt), creating a hot plasma. With other adjustments to the set-up, the researchers could produce a slowly expanding, cool plasma, much like the astronomical plasma observed near black holes. In the laboratory-generated plasma, the researchers detected the emitted X-rays and measured their spectra.
They identified two characteristic spectral peaks that closely resemble the spectral peaks observed in the binary systems Cygnus X-3 and Vela X-1. In the model of Cygnus X-3, which consists of a black hole and a companion star, the gravitational energy of the star’s accreting material is converted into thermal energy, which is the origin of the radiation emitted by the accretion disk. The X-ray spectra of Cygnus X-3 was previously observed by an X-ray spectrometer onboard the Chandra X-ray satellite.
“Astronomers use computer simulation codes to interpret their observational data, e.g. x-ray spectra and x-ray images,” Fujioka told PhysOrg.com. “Because matter near a black hole is in extreme conditions (very hot and very massive), which was difficult to be reproduced on the Earth, astronomers could not validate their simulation results with valid experimental data; namely, astronomers were not sure whether their simulation results and their interpretations were correct or not.
“Furthermore, astronomers cannot directly measure temperature, density, and pressure of astronomical objects; there are many unknown parameters to interpret their observations. On the other hand, we can easily measure them in the laboratory. Our experimental technique offers astronomers a test bed to validate their models and simulations by comparing them to the experimental results obtained under well-characterized extreme conditions.”
Although the X-ray spectra obtained in the lab resemble those observed astronomically, their interpretations are very different, and even contradictory. Most significantly, the first spectral peak in the two binary systems is thought to be a forbidden resonance line of helium-like silicon ions. However, as Fujioka explained, these differences could help astronomers test the computer codes used in X-ray astronomy modeling.
“X-ray spectroscopy of photoionized plasma near a black hole is an important tool to study the evolution of a black hole,” Fujioka said. “Astronomers can reproduce their observational data even with incorrect or wrong models owing to adjusting the unknown parameters. If their codes are not valid, characteristics (temperature, density, mass, pressure etc.) of the binary systems may be changed. We hope that our result improves their understanding of the birth, growth, and death of a black hole.”
More information: Shinsuke Fujioka, et al. “X-ray astronomy in the laboratory with a miniature compact object produced by laser-driven implosion.” Nature Physics, Vol. 5, November 2009. Doi:10.1038/NPHYS1402
Copyright 2009 PhysOrg.com.
All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed in whole or part without the express written permission of PhysOrg.com.
"Scientists Generate Black Hole Radiation in the Lab." December 7th, 2009. http://phys.org/news179398351.html


St. Hippolytus of Rome
Dr. Marcellino D'Ambrosio
The most prolific Roman Church Father of the third century, St. Hippolytus wrote in an age when the Church of Rome was still Greek in language and culture. He was, in fact, the last Roman theologian to write in the language of the New Testament. And because the use of Greek died out in Rome by the mid fourth century, many of Hippolytus’ works were forgotten and even lost. Among those that survive is the earliest known Christian biblical commentary, the Commentary on Daniel (ca. 204), which accepted as canonical the parts of the book (Dan 13-14) later rejected by some Protestant Reformers. His numerous other commentaries illustrate that, like the Fathers generally, he was before all else an interpreter of Scripture.
Hippolytus also shares with many Fathers another passion--the refutation of heresy. Several of his writings attack Gnosticism and pagan Greek philosophy. Others inveigh against Sabellianism, that Christian heresy which so emphasized the unity of God that any real, eternal distinction between the three persons of the Trinity was denied. In combating Sabellianism, however, Hippolytus ironically fell prey to the opposite extreme. His error, known as Subordinationism, tended to portray the Father and His Word as two altogether separate and unequal beings.
Ordained a priest under Pope Victor (189-197), Hippolytus unfairly accused Victor’s successor Zephyrinus (198-217) of Sabellianism. To his jaundiced eye, the Pope and his close advisors were liturgical as well as doctrinal innovators who relaxed the Church’s penitential and liturgical discipline. This motivated Hippolytus to write a brief treatise called the Apostolic Tradition (AT) which aimed to remind Roman Christians of the way of life and worship handed down from the apostles. This document, lost for over a millennium, was only recovered in the early years of the 20th century. Though written around 215, it most likely reflects the Roman practices of the late second century to which its traditionalist author wanted the church to return. The unmistakable Jewish imprint on the Christian liturgy it describes is striking evidence that these rites date back to a time when the leaders of the Christian Community were converted Jews, namely, the apostolic (30-65 AD) or sub-apostolic (65-100 AD) periods. Thus this work, true to its name, provides us an unparalleled window into the prayer and worship of apostolic Christianity.
One of the first things to note is how devoid Hippolytus is of any sola scriptura mentality that would pit the Bible against unwritten traditions. His devotion to Scripture, demonstrated in his commentaries, does not preclude his devotion to tradition, since both are for him expressions of the same apostolic teaching (AT 1:3-5; cf. 2 Thess 2:15). Secondly, it is clear that, for Hippolytus as for other Fathers, the apostolic tradition is primarily identified with unwritten but time-honored liturgical practices rather than with unrecorded dogmatic facts such as Mary’s Assumption (cf. St. Basil, On the Holy Spirit 66).
Yet these liturgical practices presume and express important points of doctrine. For example, the AT’s prayer for the ordination of a bishop shows us that the bishop was understood as the high priest of the community who is given sacramental power, through ordination, to forgive sins and offer the eucharistic sacrifice (AT 3.4-5; cf. 1 Clement 40 and 44). Indeed, while private Bible reading (AT 36.2) and gatherings for biblical teaching (AT 35.2) are part of the rhythm of Church life, the Christianity of the AT is primarily a sacramental religion centering in liturgical worship led by the bishop. Here we are given clear evidence for a distinct rite of anointing with chrism (confirmation) by the bishop following baptism (AT 22) as well as for the baptism of infants (AT 21), two practices rejected by many Protestants as late distortions of pure apostolic Christianity. Sacramental blessing of such objects as oil (AT 5) and water (AT 21), are also discussed.
The earliest version of the Roman Baptismal Creed (later developed into the Apostle’s Creed) is found here (AT 21) as is the earliest complete eucharistic prayer (AT 4:4-13)which, incidently, serves as the basis of Eucharistic Prayer 2 of today’s Roman Mass. Even the preface dialogue, which still survives in all Catholic Eucharistic rites, is found here verbatim: "The Lord be with you. And the people shall say: And with thy spirit. Lift up your hearts . . ." (AT 4.3). Not only is the Eucharist spoken of repeatedly as an oblation or sacrifice (AT 3.4, 4.2, 26.23), but the consecrated loaf is clearly believed to be the "Body of the Lord" (AT 26.2) to be treated with the greatest reverence (AT 32.2).
The Catholic practice of making the sign of the cross is encouraged: "And when tempted always reverently seal thy forehead with the sign of the Cross. For this sign of the Passion is displayed and made manifest against the devil if thou makes it in faith, not in order that thou mayest be seen of men, but by thy knowledge putting it forward as a shield." (37.1). This text shows that the liturgical Christianity of the AT is not an empty ritualism; the exterior sign of the cross is not a superstitious substitute for faith but an outward expression of it. And faith, according to the AT, is not understood as something separable from outward expression. If the conduct of baptismal candidates has not changed after a period of instruction, this shows that they "did not hear the word of instruction with faith" (AT 20.1-3) and should be dismissed.
A few years after AT was written, Hippolytus and a small band of followers withdrew from the Roman Church, evidently claiming Hippolytus to be the rightful Pope. This schism was finally healed ca. 235 when the pagan emperor exiled Pope and Anti-Pope alike to the mines of Sardinia where they were apparently reconciled before dying together as martyrs. While Hippolytus was led to the point of schism by his rigid and judgmental "traditionalism," those today who are tempted to travel the same road would do well to learn from him.
First of all, Tradition for him was not a matter of preserving the exact wording of certain prayers: the eucharistic prayer he provides is, he says, only a model since celebrants in his day could still compose their own prayer extemporaneously as long as the meaning was orthodox (AT 10.3-5).
Secondly, he reminds us that the original language of the Roman liturgy is not Latin, but Greek. The reform of the liturgy following Vatican II was not the first time that there has been significant liturgical change in the Roman Catholic tradition. When Pope Damasus converted the Roman liturgy into the new vernacular–Latin–ca. 380 AD, it was not a simple translation, but a thorough overhaul. While the basic structure and meaning of the liturgy remained the same, very little survived of the AT’s liturgical wording and style beyond the words of institution and the preface dialogue. In other words, fidelity to the apostolic tradition has always involved an interplay between continuity and the freedom of the Church to adapt to new cultural circumstances, an interplay that is most fittingly governed by the successors of the apostles themselves to whom, through sacred ordination, has been given the same Spirit which was given to the Apostles (AT 3.3).
For further reading see J. Quasten, Patrology, vol 2; L. Deiss, Springtime of the Liturgy; G. Dix, ed., The Treatise on the Apostolic Tradition of St. Hippolytus. Gregory Dix, ed., The Treatise on the Apostolic Tradition of St. Hippolytus of Rome. London: SPCK, 1963.
To read about the Humanity of God by Saint Hippolytus himself, click here!
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|The Early Church Fathers
A society characterized by the violence, loss of respect for life, exotic religious cults, homosexuality, sexual promiscuity, and even pedophilia. No, we're not talking about modren times -
The Early Church Fathers succeeded in bringing a Pagan society to Christ. If we pay attention to what they taught, we will succeed in doing the same for our own de-Christianized society!
Album 1: The Apostolic Fathers and Irenaeus
Album 2: The Apologists, Ambrose, and Augustine
Early Church Fathers 2 DVD Set—$49.95
Early Church Fathers 2 CD Set—$18.00
I Believe - The Heart of the Catholic Faith - DVD Set
In this dynamic, four-part faith formation series, on the Creed, Dr. D'Ambrosio explains how this expression of the basic beliefs of Roman Catholicism is relevant to our personal relationship with God.
Great Adventure Bible Time Line by Jeff Cavins - DVD
The first in the series of Great Adventure Bible Study allows you to have Jeff Cavins as your personal Bible teacher in this one-of-a-kind DVD (or CD) series. This series offers a compelling overview of God’s plan of salvation. Developed by a converted protestant minister, this amazing series will help you develop a greater appreciation of scripture!
Adventures in Revelation 10-Week DVDsThe fourth foundational study of The Great Adventure Bible Study Series is here! In this intriguing look at one of the most talked-about books in Scripture, Jeff Cavins explores Revelation to demonstrate how the Kingdom established by Christ in His Church is intimately connected with the Kingdom of Heaven, especially through the celebration of the Mass.
Love that Lasts: A Vision for Christian Marriage - 3 CD
“Love that Lasts: A Vision for Christian Marriage” is the fruit of years of both study and experience. Dr. Marcellino D’Ambrosio is an internationally known Catholic speaker, author, and media personality. But he is also a husband and father of five children who illustrates his teaching with an abundance of practical tips and humorous examples from his own family life. This trilogy of talks, originally given as a marriage retreat at the world famous Cooper Clinic in Dallas, is a perfect gift for engaged couples and newlyweds seeking to lay a solid foundation for the marriage and family. But it is also a superb tool to help refresh and renew married couples who have been together for many years.


30, 2004: When the United States Department of Agriculture
announced North America's second animal with mad cow disease,
the first news was all about borders slamming shut and the
consequent impact on markets. McDonald's shares fell five
percent. U.S. Cattle prices tumbled almost 18 percent as a
$3 billion export market blinked out. There was talk that
growth in U.S. fast food outlets was at risk.
Within days the U.S. media coverage shifted dramatically.
Almost every non-government organization with peripheral connections
to the U.S. food system published essays; wrote letters to
the editor or appeared on talk shows. Their issue was not
the market impact of one cow with a fatal disease. It was
not a business story. It was a food, health and environment
story. Even the would-be presidents in the race for the Democratic
nomination made pronouncements about the food system.
Incidentally this was quite different from the Canadian experience
with one sick cow seven months earlier. Most Canadian stories
were based on official information from government agencies,
spokespeople for farm and food businesses and key politicians
like Albert's Premier Ralph Klein. To this day, BSE is a business
story in Canada but not in the U.S.
What makes one sick cow in the U.S. a food story?
First, conventional U.S. agriculture is a long way down the
road to industrialization - considerably further than Canada.
The U.S. food system is becoming a throughput machine where
the dominant values are technology, growth and the abandonment
of restraint. It is a system that prizes efficiency, competitiveness
and maximum production above all else. It is a system that,
internally, lacks the ability to see the risks of taking cow
parts and rendering them into meat and bone meal as feed for
the next generation of livestock.
Second, we eat our environment. Food is the result of a complex
system that involves feedback loops, where nutrition is more
important than quantity, where unintended consequences and
unpredictable developments are commonplace. Think drought
or grasshoppers or mealybugs or mad cow disease. We eat in
a complex relationship with creation. The discovery of one
sick cow in Washington drives home just how complex our food
system has become.
Third, consumers are enabled to be more risk-averse because
of the very nature of our modern food system. We tend to be
blasé about the risks that we choose to take. Give
us some control and many of us are risk-takers. Our modern
food system delivers abundant choice, but choice is not a
substitute for control. Choice allows consumers to abandon
any product that has a whiff of risk associated with it.
Industrialization, complexity and choice make one sick cow
a food story.
Corner Post can be heard weekly on CFCO Radio, Chatham and
CKNX Radio, Wingham, Ontario. Corner Post has an email subscriber
list of more than 3,000 and appears regularly on Ag Worldwide
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Farm to School Toolkits
Posted November 2011
Farm to school encourages healthy lifestyles in children and helps support local economies. The Wisconsin Farm to School Toolkits for school nutrition directors and producers can help you create a successful farm to school program in your community.
These toolkits are interactive. They include a wealth of information that will help you plan your farm to school program, source locally grown fruits and vegetables in season, work out purchasing details, estimate quantities, set prices, educate students, market your program and develop strong community partnerships. The toolkits also include links to invaluable online resources.
These toolkits are a collaborative effort of the UW-Madison Center for Integrated Agricultural Systems, the Wisconsin Department of Health Services, the Wisconsin Department of Agriculture, Trade and Consumer Protection and the Wisconsin Department of Public Instruction. Their publication was supported by a grant from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.


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The Life Cycle of a Servlet
Three methods are central to the life cycle of a servlet. These are init( ), service( ), and destroy( ). They are implemented by every servlet and are invoked at specific times by the server. Let us consider a typical user scenario to understand when these methods are called.
First, assume that a user enters a Uniform Resource Locator (URL) to a web browser. The browser then generates an HTTP request for this URL. This request is then sent to the appropriate server.
Second, this HTTP request is received by the web server. The server maps this request to a particular servlet. The servlet is dynamically retrieved and loaded into the address space of the server.
Third, the server invokes the init( ) method of the servlet. This method is invoked only when the servlet is first loaded into memory. It is possible to pass initialization parameters to the servlet so it may configure itself.
Fourth, the server invokes the service( ) method of the servlet. This method is called to process the HTTP request. You will see that it is possible for the servlet to read data that has been provided in the HTTP request. It may also formulate an HTTP response for the client.
The servlet remains in the server’s address space and is available to process any other HTTP requests received from clients. The service( ) method is called for each HTTP request.
Finally, the server may decide to unload the servlet from its memory. The algorithms by which this determination is made are specific to each server. The server calls the destroy( ) method to relinquish any resources such as file handles that are allocated for the servlet.
Important data may be saved to a persistent store. The memory allocated for the servlet and its objects can then be garbage collected.
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