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+{"text": "Sunday, January 28, 2007\nFull Moon, India\nThe full moon will be Mar 3; we will be in Bombay. there will also be a lunar eclipse that night. And, most interesting, it will be Holi the Hindu festival where people throw colors at each other. Last time we saw people covered in purple, so awesome, purple people and cows. Should be fun!", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "I look for a red giant tonight.\nA star late in its stellar evolution.\nIn a cloud that’s not a cloud.\nHow old we are. How we want\na supernova ending. How difficult is dying.\nSirius is looking straight up at Orion,\nwondering why he’s not in the hunt.\nHe wants to run the ice and snow.\nHe wants to please the heroic hunter,\nand leave this underworld above the Earth.\nBeautiful, yes, but also arrogant and vain,\nboasting that she and her daughter Andromeda\nwere more beautiful than the Nereids nymph-daughters.\nTonight, the Lady of the Chair reigns\nnot over Ethiopia but the North Star.\nPoseidon’s punishment to Cassiopea for saying she and Andromeda were more beautiful than the nymph-daughters of the sea god Nereus was for her to be put in a constellation sitting in the heavens tied to a chair. (from Hyginus, Poeticon Astronomicon. “U.S. Naval Observatory Library”)\nOrion’s belt is three sparkling blue-white stars.\nI still can’t see the constellating images\nof the ancients, but for that belt.\nHis shield a vague curve, his knee,\nRigel, blue supergiant anonymously leading his lunge.\nOrion’s two brightest stars – Betelgeuse and Rigel – are about at an equal distance above and below Orion’s Belt. Betelgeuse achieved popular fame in the misspelled Beetlejuice film character, but Rigel is pretty much unknown.\nSo, here’s to Rigel, who despite being 775 light-years away (which none of us can really grasp) shines very brightly. What a star you must be! If you were as close as our sun, you would outshine it by 40,000 times!\nRigel is blue-white because of its surface temperature. Rigel is hot (over 10,000 K) and still a youthful star. The more famous Betelgeuse is a red star – “cool” (only 2,000 to 3,500 Kelvin) and already in his autumn years.\nNew Moon. No moon. There, but not.\nStarting place without glamour, without the romance\nof fullness and light, even if only\nreflected from a daytime star that hides,\nshuns the night dome of its kind.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Congress Wants NASA To Develop A Deep Space Habitat For Mars Mission By 2018\nNASA has received $55 million from Congress to develop living quarters no later than 2018 that can take astronauts future deep space missions. Earlier this month, the omnibus spending bill that was passed by lawmakers has increased the space agency’s funding in 2016 by $1.3 billion. The money would come from the Advanced Exploration Systems program, part of the Exploration Research and Development line item in the budget that received $350 million in the bill.\nThe agency has not explained how it will use that funding. Sam Scimemi, International Space Station director at NASA Headquarters, speaking at a Space Transportation Association luncheon on December 16, said he was not immediately aware of any specific plans for that funding.\nThe omnibus bill that specifies how much NASA gets in the following year actually reads: “NASA shall develop a prototype deep space habitation module within the advanced exploration systems program no later than 2018.” It also says that NASA needs to provide Congress a report within the first 180 days of 2016 detailing how those funds are being used to create the habitation module.\nThe Orion spacecraft that will drive astronauts to Mars has a diameter that’s about the length of a pickup truck. Considering that the astronauts’ journey to Mars will take at least 6 months, that’s not a lot of space.\nMars-bound astronauts will need a larger place to live, complete with private quarters and exercise equipment. NASA envisions the Orion capsule could link up to a habitation module in space, but right now they have no idea what that module could look like.\nOver the last several months, NASA has increasingly stressed on the development of a habitation module that could be tested in cislunar space in the 2020s before sending it to Mars in the 2030s.\nScimemi envisions testing out the habitation module and other key technologies to take place during what he calls a “shakedown cruise” in cislunar space. This extensive testing, he hopes, should provide enough proof NASA is able to develop a proficient model for long-duration, human-led missions to Mars. “That is our big objective for cislunar space for human spaceflight,” he said.\nNASA has resisted providing details about how it will develop that habitation module, or even its requirements. “It’s much too early for that,” Scimemi said. “As soon as I put a picture up there, somebody is going to assume what the configuration is.” However, whether NASA could have something ready by 2018 seems debatable. Shielding astronauts from space radiation while also maintaining a light weight will be one of the major challenges.\nSo far, Bigelow Aerospace’s inflatable habitat stands out as a frontrunner–a test version of the habitat will soon be deployed on the International Space Station (ISS). Under its Next Space Technologies for Exploration Partnerships, or NextSTEP, program, NASA has also awarded study contracts to Boeing, Lockheed Martin and Orbital ATK, and other companies to study into potential habitat designs. It also awarded contracts to Dynetics, Hamilton Sundstrand and Orbital Technologies Corp. for specific module technologies, such as life support systems.\nThe NextSTEP contracts, valued at up to $1 million each and lasting for one year, will inform NASA’s plans for later habitat development work. “We plan to leverage the output of those studies to shape our plan and then go to a next round,” Scimemi said, adding that NASA hadn’t settled on the details of that next phase.\nIt looks like NASA will have speed up its game, and fast. The report requires NASA to revert with a status update about how it has allocated funds within 180 days of the bill becoming law, which happened on December 18.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "NOVEMBER 23, 2022 – INAUGURATION OF THE QUBIC INTERNATIONAL OBSERVATORY OF COSMOLOGY\nWith the presence of national (MINCYT), provincial (Ministry of Education, Culture, Science and Technology of Salta), municipal authorities, the presidents of the CNEA and CONICET, members of the community of San Antonio de los Cobres and the International Collaboration at QUBIC, the QUBIC Observatory was inaugurated with great success. November 23 was a day of great emotion for all those present\nQUBIC Observatory: Aerial view during the inauguration (Credit: MINCyT)\nQUBIC INSTALLED AND IN OPERATION\nOctober 26th, 2022\nAfter an intense week of work to integrate and test the instrument and its subsystems in Alto Chorrillos, QUBIC was installed on the observation mount, inside its shelter.\nA day of work in Alto Chorrillos, San Antonio de los Cobres\nQUBIC ARRIVED IN ALTO CHORRILLOS\nOn October 16, 2022, after a trip in which all precautions were taken and the recommendations for transporting the equipment to Alto Chorrillos were followed, the instrument arrived at its final destination. As of October 17, the integration of the mount and the instrument in its shelter will begin.\nQUBIC is ready for the installation in Alto Chorrillos\nThe tests of the instrument performance in the Laboratory of Integration in CNEA-RNO, Salta, between July and August 2022 were very successful\nIn the video, QUBIC on the testing mount, observing the sky\nThe first astronomical object observed by QUBIC was the Moon. A predicted FWHM of 1 degree was confirmed, as can be seen in the image. A great achievement for the Collaboration!\nAfter several months of hard work, the shelter and dome for QUBIC are ready to receive the instrument in Alto Chorrillos\nThe inauguration of QUBIC Observatory will be\nin November 23, 2022 (Agenda)\nQUBIC (Q-U Bolometric Interferometer for Cosmology) is an international project of experimental cosmology that aims to measure the B-mode in the polarization of microwave background radiation (CMB, for Cosmic Microwave Background), in order to discover what happened in the first moments after the birth of the Universe. Mode B of polarization would be related to primordial gravitational waves, predicted by the Inflationary Theory, a modification of the Big Bang Theory, which predicts an exponential expansion in the first moments of life of the Universe.\nThe project is carried out by an international collaboration that involves institutions from France, Italy, the United Kingdom, Ireland, the United States and the Argentine Republic. Our country was chosen as the site of the first instrument, which will be located in the Alto Chorrillos area, Salta Province, at 4,900 meters above sea level – a site that will also house the Argentine-Brazilian radio telescope LLAMA (Large Latin American Millimiter Array) -. In this way, the Argentine Northwest will become a center of scientific attraction at a national, regional and global level.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "OPTOLONG 2\" L-Pro Filter Multi-Layer Astronomy Telescope Anti Reflection Coating For Sale\nThis item has been shown 48 times.\nOPTOLONG 2\" L-Pro Filter Multi-Layer Astronomy Telescope Anti Reflection Coating:\nOPTOLONG 2\" L-Pro Filter Multi-Layers Astronomy Telescope Anti-Reflection Coating CCD/DSLR Deep Sky Photography Wide-Field\nL-Pro is an abbreviation of L-Professional, light pollution restraint and high transmittance of nebulae emission lines are two points of this type.\nFor the target object, the design of multi-bandpass with visible range 400-700nm, not rigidly natural flavor reinstated on subjective performance to express the feelings of colors, and reveal image details, which can be matched by no other experience. Because other light pollution filter type cut most of the details.\nIn the light pollution environment, it is not only suitable for emission nebulae, reflection nebulae, but also for the objects with continuous spectrum so that make nebulae easier to see.\nVisually, L-Pro guarantee large amount of nebula emission through, and block certain types of artificial lights, which improving contrast efficiency of the object, not brightness...\nWith CCD and DSLR is better choice for deep sky photography and wide-field astrophotography.\nL-Pro spectral line of emission:\nHigh transmittance at OIII (496nm&500nm), Hβ(486nm), NII(654nm&658nm), Ha(656nm)and SII(672nm).\nIt would be effective in blocking city Na (589nm/616nm), Hg (435nm/578nm), and other artificial lights.\nL-Pro has a good performance for a wide range of ionized hydrogen area.\nAccording to filter characteristic, type of the objects what in OIII, H-Beta and Ha with high energy, very suitable for shooting.\nIn heavy light pollution areas of high pressure mercury and sodium lamps, go ahead photographic observation of deep sky objects for emission nebula, planetary nebula...shall be needed.\nL-Pro Filter production processes:\nOptical double Sided polishing process ensured degree of parallelism and flatness above 30\"and 1/4λ separately in order to guarantee high image quality.\nPrecision optical coating increases the transmittance and blocking depth effectively.\nElectron gun evaporation method\nFor the produced membranous film is dense, wear-resistant and heat, ion assisted deposition technology can significantly improve the properties of filter surface.\nPlanetary mounts for vacuum coating improve high uniformity of filter wavelength.\nMetal frame, superior aviation aluminum\nSophisticated CNC molding in one\nLaser engraving characteristic is never-faded\nMulti-bandpass light pollution filter for astrophotography\nPrecise and sharp roll-off at light pollutant emission lines\nVery high transmission (~90%) at major nebula emission lines\nMulti-layers anti-reflection coating\nSolar Sun Filter Telescope Sheet Black Polymer 4\"x 4\" Binoculars Astronomy Mylar\nSolar Sun Filter Telescope Sheet Black Polymer 8\"x 8\" Binoculars Astronomy Mylar\nSolar Sun Filter Telescope Sheet Black Polymer 12\"x12\" Eclipse Thousand Oaks\nSTANDARD MOON FILTER FOR ASTRONOMY TELESCOPE 1.25\" SIZE THREAD EYEPIECE LENS\nONE 1.25'' Moon & Skyglow Neodymium Planetary Filter for Telescope\nSolarLite Solar Filter for Telescope, fits Celestron and Meade 8\" S9187 Sun Sky\nSolar Sun Filter Telescope Sheet Black Polymer 6\"x 6\" Binoculars Astronomy Mylar\n2 Inch Ultra High Contrast UHC Telescope Filter for Deep Sky Astrophotography\nCelestron Moon Filter for Astronomy Telescopes 1.25\" Threaded, MPN 94119-A-CGL\nOstara 2 inch Moon / Skyglow filter for telescope eyepiece. Retail boxed . 2\"\nSolar Filter Baader Film Metal Cover for Astronomical Telescope 110-132mm\nSolar Sun Filter Telescope Sheet Black Polymer 10\"x10\" Eclipse Thousand Oaks\nSet of 4 Superior Quality Yellow Red Blue Green 1.25\" Filter for Telescope SALE\nMOON FILTER 1.25\" NEW STANDARD FOR TELESCOPE EYEPIECE BLUE ASTRONOMY SCOPE LENS\nCelestron Eclipsmart Solar Filter for 8\" SCT & EdgeHD\nSolarLite Filter for Telescope, fits ETX90, C-90, Questar 3.5, Wm. Optics S4250\n6x 1.25 Color Filter Set + Moon Skyglow Filter for Telescope Eyepiece + Case\nOSTARA SKYGLOW MOON Filter 1.25\" Fitting High Quality Stackable\n2nd Generation Celestron Solar Filter fits Nexstar 8SE; fits many other 8\" Tubes", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Researchers say Earth may soon have Saturn-like rings made of space debris\n- The amount of\nspace debrishas been on the rise over the past few decades.\n- Space debris can harm orbital missions, spaceflights and pilots taking the flight.\n- To clear up the space debris, researchers are developing a magnetic technology that can clear it and move it into a decaying orbit like a ring.\nAdvertisementAccording to researchers,\nThe total amount of space debris\nThe European Space Agency claims that there are more than 170 million space debris objects in Earth orbit. While most of them are small, there are some 29,000 of them with a size of more than 10cm.\nThe objects of all sizes can collide and disrupt orbital missions and space flights as well as the International Space Station (ISS) in different capacities. The junk has grown rapidly since 1957 and currently amounts to 7,500 metric tons. It is projected to grow exponentially in the future.\nHarms of space debris\nEarlier today, the crew of ISS was forced to take shelter in their evacuation spacecraft as potentially dangerous debris appeared near it. Eventually, the space station moved away from the object, however, it is worth noting that these objects have the potential to injure or even kill astronauts.\nIn a similar incident last week, the ISS had to be moved by 1240m to dodge\nThe Salt Lake Tribune reports that a lot of this debris also falls on Earth but most of it is usually broken in the atmosphere. The report also informs that according to Jake Abbott, a professor and researcher at the University of Utah, the Earth is on course to have its own rings but they’ll just be made of junk. The professor and his team of engineers are working to clean up the junk by using magnets.\nAccording to the researchers, they now know how to rapidly spin magnets and create magnetic fields that can manipulate space objects even if they are not made of magnetic material. Once developed, this technology can be used to make robots move the debris into a decaying orbit that in turn will look like a ring.\nSpaceX Inspiration4 tourists share stunning photos of the earth\nThe longest lunar eclipse this century will happen early Friday morning. Here's how to see it.\nPopular on BI\n- Google just developed an AI model that creates music from text prompts — but the company won't be releasing it anytime soon\n- Mark Zuckerberg reportedly said he doesn't like seeing 'managers managing managers,' fueling speculation of more layoffs\n- ChatGPT creator OpenAI might be training its AI technology to replace some software engineers, report says\n- Pesticides in breast milk led to death of 111 newborns, says study by Lucknow's Queen Mary Hospital\n- India budget expectations: Reform in ESOP taxes, allocations needed to address skill gaps\n- CPP Investments commits $205 mn to Indospace's new fund for building industrial, logistic parks in India\n- DetectGPT to help teachers detect content generated using ChatGPT by students\n- Air India to use cloud software app to facilitate real-time reporting of in-flight incidents", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "The end of summer is the fourteenth of the twenty-four solar terms.\nDouzhiwu (southwest); the ecliptic longitude of the sun reaches 150°;\nit meets on August 22-24 of the Gregorian calendar every year. To end\nthe summer heat, that is, \"exiting the summer heat\", means leaving from\nthe heat. When it comes to the end of summer, the direct sunlight continues\nto move southward, the solar radiation weakens, the subtropical high also\nretreats southward, the temperature gradually drops, and the summer heat\ngradually disappears. The end of summer means the end of the sweltering\nheat, which is still hot, but on a downward trend.\nContact Person: Mr. Felix Ho", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "To help you learn about the southern night sky, Sydney Observatory provides an audio guide/podcast, transcript of that audio, and a sky map or chart each month. This month’s guide is presented by Melissa Hulbert, an Astronomy Educator at Sydney Observatory.\nMel points out constellations to look out for this month (Orion the Hunter, Scorpius the Scorpion, and Crux or the Southern Cross), planets (Venus, Saturn, Mars and Mercury) and tells us about the Eta Aquarid Meteor Shower which should be visible until 27 May, with the peak on 5 May.\nMel also gives a preview of the rare astronomical event on 6 June this year – the transit of Venus. The following one won’t be until 2117! You can buy the book, ‘Transit of Venus: 1631 to the present’, by Dr Nick Lomb, which is beautifully designed and full of fascinating information about this historically important astronomical event. Also, keep posted for news about our iPad version of the book which will be available in the iTunes store soon. We’ll let you know when it’s available and we also provide more information about the transit of Venus on our web pages.\nAll this and more in the audio and transcript below.\nSEE THE SKY CHART\nWe provide an embedded sky map (below) and a May 2012 night sky chart (PDF) which shows the stars, constellations and planets visible in the night sky from anywhere in Australia. To view PDF star charts you will need to download and install Adobe Acrobat Reader if it’s not on your computer already.\nBUY THE BOOK\nOur annual book, ‘The 2012 Australasian sky guide’, by Dr Nick Lomb has more information and star maps for months from December 2011 until December 2012 inclusive, plus information about the Sun, twilight, the Moon and tides, and a host of other fascinating astronomical information. You can purchase it ($16.95) at Sydney Observatory and Powerhouse Museum shops or other good bookshops, or online through Powerhouse Publishing (additional packing/postage costs apply).\nREAD THE TRANSCRIPT (after the jump)\nTranscript of the May 2012 monthly sky guide audio\nHello and welcome to the night sky guide for May. My name is Melissa Hulbert and I’m an Astronomy Educator at Sydney Observatory.\nBefore we start our night sky tour, make sure you download the May sky map from our website at www.sydneyobservatory.com.au. Click on the Astronomy tab and look for ‘monthly sky guides’.\nArmed with your sky map and a small torch with some red cellophane covering it, find a nice dark place away from the glare of the street lights and make sure you know your cardinal directions – that’s north, south, east and west. Remember that the Sun rises in the east, moves through the northern sky during the day and sets in the west; or a small compass will also point you in the right direction. Pick a comfortable spot either on a rug or a deck chair that you can lay back in. Wait about 5-10 minutes and allow your eyes to adapt to the darkness.\nNow turn towards the west. Low in the western sky is the familiar constellation of Orion, the Hunter. In Greek mythology, Orion was a hunter of great skill and boasted that he could kill all living animals. Gaea, the Earth goddess, was alarmed by his statement and fearing for all the animals on Earth she sent a scorpion to kill him. Orion was stung on the shoulder but was revived and placed in the stars along with the scorpion. This entire myth is played out in the stars each year. As Scorpius the Scorpion rises in the east, Orion sets in the west, defeated. When Scorpius sets in the west the healer Ophiuchus crushes the Scorpion into the Earth and revives Orion so that he can rise in the east again. Orion appears in many cultures, even the ancient Egyptians saw Orion as Osiris, god of the underworld and of regeneration.\nIf you’re having difficultly picking out the Hunter then look for ‘the Saucepan’. This is a familiar group of stars for those of us in the Southern Hemisphere and is Orion’s belt and sword. Orion is now on his side as he sets below the western horizon.\nNow turn to face the east and there is Scorpius rising in triumph as Orion sets defeated for another season.\nThe Scorpion is one of the easiest constellations to pick out as it is one of the few that does look like what it’s supposed to represent. It covers about 30 degrees in the sky. Working out degrees in the sky is quite easy. Hold your arm out towards the sky and make a fist. From one side of your fist to the other, this is 10 degrees. Hold your other arm out and spread your hand out as wide as you comfortably can (so the opposite of a fist), from your little finger to your thumb is 20 degrees. Put your hands side-by-side and you now have 30 degrees, the size the Scorpion covers in the sky. This does work for everyone, as your arm length is proportional to your hand size.\nNow, look for the Scorpion’s heart, Antares, a red supergiant that is 400 times the diameter of our Sun. Antares means ‘rival of Mars’, and when they are close together in the sky they certainly do look very similar.\nIf you have a pair of binoculars, then near Antares is a small globular star cluster, M4, which is a group of old stars that lies about 7,000 light years away, making it one of the closest globular clusters to us. Below the sting of the Scorpion are two open star clusters, M7 and M6, which are also worth a look. See if you can see the butterfly in M6. These names I’m giving the clusters are catalog names. M stands for Messier and is named after Charles Messier, an 18th century French comet chaser. He made a catalog of 103 fuzzy objects that were not comets so that he didn’t waste his time looking at them. Other astronomers later added a few more objects to the catalog bringing the total to 110.\nTime to turn and look towards the south. High in the southern sky is the constellation Crux, better known to us as the Southern Cross. Crux is Latin for cross. The Southern Cross, like the Scorpion, is another constellation that does look like what it’s supposed to represent. It is surrounded on three sides by the constellation Centaurus, and the two brightest stars in Centaurus make up the Pointers which point to the Southern Cross and this is one way to check you have the right cross as there are many stars in the southern sky that look like crosses. During May the Pointers are to the east and slightly south of the Southern Cross.\nThe second brightest star in Crux is a marker for a wonderful binocular and telescope object. To find the 2nd brightest star, whose name is Mimosa, look for the star in Crux closest to the Pointers. Now just nearby – at about 7 o’clock if you imagine a clock face over Mimosa, is a wonderful open star cluster called the Jewel Box. It looks like a sideways ‘A’. In a telescope, wonderful colours can be seen with white stars and a red supergiant. Sometimes even green appears but of course there are no green stars – this is just an illusion. The famous 18th century astronomer John Herschel gave the cluster its name as he likened it to a piece of multi-coloured jewellery.\nCrux sits within one of the arms of our Milky Way and if you are away from the city lights you will see this arm and notice a dark patch between the brightest and second brightest stars of this constellation. This dark patch is called the Coalsack and is a dark nebula – lots of gas and dust that are blocking out the background stars.\nIn the dreaming of the Indigenous people, the Coalsack formed the head of the Emu and if you follow the dark dust lanes of the Milky Way east towards the Scorpion, you will see the Emu’s body and legs. There are lots of stories about Crux and the Pointers. Some say that Crux is the Eagle’s foot and the Pointers are the throwing stick used to hunt with. Others see the Milky Way as a river with Crux as a fish or stingray and the Pointers as two white cockatoos sitting in a tree.\nCentaurus is a mythical half-man, half-horse and in Greek mythology represents the scholarly centaur Chiron, who tutored many of the Greek gods and heroes. He was put among the stars after he was accidentally struck by a poisoned arrow fired by Hercules.\nThe brightest star in Centaurus is Alpha Centauri which is one of the Pointers. It is the Pointer which is more distant from the Southern Cross or the brighter of the two stars.\nIn telescopes, Alpha Centauri appears as two stars, and both these stars orbit around each other once every 80 years and are starting to move closer together; by 2037-2038 only medium aperture telescopes will be able to distinguish the two stars. There is also a third member of this group called Proxima Centauri and it is the closest star to us after our own Sun at about 4.2 light years away or 42 million million kilometres. It takes Proxima about one million years to orbit its two companions and it is a red dwarf star, making it a challenge to see – it is not even in the same field of view as its companions.\nSo what else can we look forward to seeing in the sky in May 2012?\nThis month just after sunset look towards the north-west. Venus spends the month in the western twilight sky before becoming lost in the Sun’s glare as it moves towards inferior conjunction (when an inferior planet, Mercury or Venus, passes between the Earth and the Sun) and towards a rare Transit if Venus next month on the 6th June. Remember that you cannot look directly at the Sun. You need to use a telescope with a special filter over it or a pair of eclipse glasses to safely view the transit. More details about this can be found on our website, in the ‘2012 Australasian Sky Guide’ and in upcoming podcasts. If you miss it this time, you will have to wait until 2117.\nMars is high in the northern sky in the constellation of Leo during May. The first half of the month will be the best time for viewing as its magnitude starts to drop making it at its faintest since the beginning of the year. Mars will have close encounters with the Moon twice this month. The 9-day old Moon will form a triangle with Mars and the brightest star in Leo, Regulus, on the 1st. The 8-day old Moon will be above Mars on the 29th.\nSaturn is still gracing our skies and is rising in the eastern twilight sky in the constellation Virgo. The Full Moon will be above Saturn on the 4th along with the bright star Spica. If observing Saturn through a telescope be careful of the star HD 118129 which will be in the field of view between the 4th and the 6th and could be mistaken for the planet’s largest moon Titan. On these nights, Titan will be closer to the planet.\nMay is again not one of the best months for all you early-birds! Though if you love early mornings then Mercury will be low in the eastern pre-twilight sky. However make sure you catch it early in the month as it will start to move closer to the Sun and by the 27th it is at superior conjunction (this is when Earth and Mercury are on opposite sides of the Sun).\nI do have one wildcard for all you daredevils this month which is the Eta-Aquarid meteor shower. This shower is linked to Halley’s Comet and is one of the most popular in the southern hemisphere. When comets pass by us and pass close to the Sun they leave a trail of small particles and dust behind. When the Earth passes through this trail we see lots of meteors appearing to come from the one area of the sky. This is called the radiant and each shower is named after the constellation or bright star near which the radiant appears. In this case it’s the constellation of Aquarius and the star is Eta Aquarii. The shower runs between the 18th April and the 27th May, with the peak on 5th May. But the rate of meteors per hour is generally above 30 from about the 3rd-10th of this month. At its peak, the rate will often be around 70 per hour. The Eta Aquarids are usually very swift and are a striking yellow colour. They are also known for their trains with about 25% of these meteors leaving a train behind. The best time to observe any meteor shower is after midnight, usually a few hours before dawn.\nThe Eta-Aquarids have a history of good performance. In 1975 there was an hourly rate of 95 and in 1980, an hourly rate of 110! There will be a Full Moon during the early hours of the 5th May which is not ideal as the light from the Moon will interfere with observations of fainter meteors. Best observing conditions for this event will be away from the city lights.\nThere is still time to purchase a copy of Nick Lomb’s book on the Transit of Venus. It has been meticulously researched and is full of lavish photographs. A real must if you’re interested in this rare astronomical event.\nIt is available from Sydney Observatory and Powerhouse Museum shops or you can purchase it online through Powerhouse Publishing.\nYou can also subscribe for free to our Sydney Observatory monthly sky guide podcasts through iTunes.\nI leave you now with a quote from Galileo Galilei “I’ve loved the stars too fondly to be fearful of the night.”\nWishing you clear skies and see you next month under the stars!\nThis has been Melissa Hulbert from Sydney Observatory with the May monthly sky guide podcast.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Filaments are dark, thread-like features seen in the red light of hydrogen (H-alpha). These are dense, somewhat cooler, clouds of material that are suspended above the solar surface by loops of magnetic field. Plage, the French word for beach, are bright patches surrounding sunspots that are best seen in H-alpha. Plage are also associated with concentrations of magnetic fields and form a part of the network of bright emissions that characterize the chromosphere.\nImage and caption courtesy of NASA/MSFC Solar Physics.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Thanks to a mission extension, NASA’s Juno probe continues to orbit Jupiter, being only the second spacecraft in history to do so. Since it arrived around the gas giant on July 5th, 2016, Juno has managed to gather a great deal of information on Jupiter’s atmosphere, magnetic and gravity environment, and its interior structure.\nIn the early 1960s, scientists developed the gravity-assist method, where a spacecraft would conduct a flyby of a major body in order to increase its speed. Many notable missions have used this technique, including the Pioneer, Voyager, Galileo, Cassini, and New Horizons missions. In the course of many of these flybys, scientists have noted an anomaly where the increase in the spacecraft’s speed did not accord with orbital models.\nTen months after its nerve-wracking arrival at Jupiter, NASA’s Juno mission has started to deliver – forcing scientists to reevaluate what they thought they knew about the giant planet. The first findings from Juno, published in Science, indicate that many aspects of Jupiter have defied expectation – including the strength of its magnetic field, the shape of its core, the distribution of ammonia gas and the weather at its poles. It certainly makes this an exciting time to be a Jupiter scientist.\nOn July 4th, 2016, the Juno mission established orbit around Jupiter, becoming the second spacecraft in history to do so (after the Galileo probe). Since then, the probe has been in a regular 53.4-day orbit (known as perijove), moving between the poles to avoid the worst of its radiation belts. Originally, Juno’s mission scientists had been hoping to reduce its orbit to a 14-day cycle so the probe could make more passes to gather more data.\nJupiter may be the largest planet in the Solar System with a diameter 11 times that of Earth, but it pales in comparison to its own magnetosphere. The planet’s magnetic domain extends sunward at least 3 million miles (5 million km) and on the back side all the way to Saturn for a total of 407 million miles or more than 400 times the size of the Sun.\nThe Juno spacecraft made history on July 4th, 2016, when it became the second spacecraft in history to achieve orbit around Jupiter for the sake of a long-term mission. Following in the footsteps of the Galileo mission, the probe will spend the next 20 months gathering data on Jupiter’s atmosphere, clouds, interior and gravitational and magnetic fields, before purposefully crashing into the planet.\nFive years after departing Earth, and a month after slipping into orbit around Jupiter, NASA's Juno spacecraft is nearing a turning point. On July 31 at 12:41 p.m. PDT (3:41 p.m. EDT), Juno will reach the farthest point in its orbit of Jupiter for the first time, known as “apojove,” 5 million miles (8.1 million kilometers) from the giant planet. After that point, Jupiter's gravitational grip on Juno will cause the spacecraft to begin falling back toward the planet for another pass, this time with its scientific eyes wide open.\nThis year is shaping up to be another exciting one for space after a bonanza of discoveries and celestial events in 2015. One of my hoped-for highlights of 2016, NASA’s Insight mission, has unfortunately been scrubbed due to a serious leak in last stage testing. But here are three of my particular favourite space missions to watch out for as well as some key night sky events to try and experience throughout 2016.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "For millennia, humans have turned their attention and thoughts to the skies in late December as the daily period of sunlight grew shorter and shorter, then started getting longer again. In the Northern Hemisphere, ancient peoples of many cultures began observing the Winter Solstice – the shortest day of the year, on or around Dec. 21 – with hopeful celebrations of light and harvest.\nOn Dec. 21 this year, there was another reason to look skyward. Jupiter and Saturn appeared to be so near to one another that they seemed like a double planet. It was the closest such “conjunction” since 1226.\nDecember has also been a time when American astronauts looked homeward toward Earth during their journeys in space, taking photographs that helped create and reinforce understanding of our planet’s fragility and the need to protect it.\nIn December 2015, for example, International Space Station Commander Scott Kelly tweeted one such awe-inspiring photo. In the accompanying text, he congratulated the negotiators of 195 nations who had just agreed to attack manmade climate disruption in the historic Paris Climate Agreement.\n“Earth thanks you,” Kelly wrote, “and so do I.”\nAlmost a half-century before Kelly sent that message, astronaut Bill Anders snapped a picture of Earth as he and his fellow crew members aboard NASA’s Apollo 8 spacecraft made humans’ first-ever orbit around the moon. Anders’ photo on Christmas Eve 1968 became immensely famous and influential as Earthrise.\nPublished below are two related articles by TCN editor Bill Dawson from our archives. The first one marked the 50th anniversary of the Earthrise image in 2018, discussing that photo and another famous portrait of the planet, The Blue Marble, taken in December 1972. The second article reported astronaut Michael Collins’ 2019 reflections about his view of Earth from the Apollo 11 spacecraft in July 1969.\n50 years ago, an image of a blue planet inspired environmental awareness\nFirst published Dec. 24, 2018\nThe breathtaking image of a beautiful blue world, set against the black background of space and the gray, lifeless foreground of the moon, is called Earthrise.\nIt was taken 50 years ago today – Christmas Eve 1968 – by astronaut Bill Anders as he and two Apollo 8 crew mates orbited the moon, marking the first time humans had made that journey.\nUnplanned, in contrast to the crew’s scheduled shots of the lunar surface, Earthrise is one of the most famous photographs ever taken.\nFor many, it captured a sense of the planet’s preciousness and precariousness and is credited with playing a crucial role in catalyzing the modern environmental movement – and therefore with today’s growing concern about man-made disruption of the planet’s climate system.\nRobert Poole, a British historian, wrote in a 2008 book, “Earthrise: How Man First Saw the Earth,” that the iconic photo “marked the tipping point, the moment when the sense of the space age flipped from what it meant for space to what it means for Earth.”\nThe first Earth Day was celebrated in 1970. On Dec. 7, 1972, another photo of Earth was taken from Apollo 17, the last mission of NASA’s Apollo program, which also became famous and reinforced the new spirit and political force of environmental consciousness.\nWhile Earthrise showed only part of the planet, the 1972 photo captured an almost completely illuminated globe because the sun was behind the astronauts aboard the Apollo spacecraft. Dubbed The Blue Marble, this image became another influential symbol of, and motivator for, the environmental movement.\nGregory A. Petsko, a biochemist at Weill Cornell Medical College, wrote about The Blue Marble in an essay in 2011:\nOur whole planet suddenly, in this image, seemed tiny, vulnerable, and incredibly lonely against the vast blackness of the cosmos. It also seemed whole in a way that no map could illustrate. Regional conflict and petty differences could be dismissed as trivial compared with environmental dangers that threatened all of humanity, traveling together through the void on this fragile-looking marble.\nThe connection between whole-planet environmental consciousness and U.S. astronauts in space was evident again in December 2015. Commander Scott Kelly, aboard the International Space Station, tweeted a photo of the earth that he had just taken.\nWith it, Kelly sent a message of congratulations to delegates of nearly 200 nations convened in France.\nIn the Paris Climate Agreement, the negotiators at the U.N.-sponsored conference called COP21 had just launched a historic effort to turn humanity away from fossil fuels in a bid to avoid the most devastating impacts of pollution-caused climate change.\n“Congratulations COP21 delegates on your historic agreement!” Kelly exulted. “Earth thanks you and so do I!”\nEarlier this month, participants in a celebration of the Apollo 8 mission at Washington National Cathedral explicitly linked the Earthrise image to the climate awareness that looms large in environmental concerns a half-century later.\nRandy Hollerith, dean of the cathedral, reflected on the lasting impact of the moon-orbiting mission and the new perspectives it afforded to humankind:\nThis amazing mission that I would call a pilgrimage revealed not only the dark side of the moon, but it gave us the most powerful images of our small and fragile world – God’s precious gift, awash in an unimaginably large universe. I think of it as a holy journey not only for what it accomplished, but for what it revealed to us about our place in God’s grand creation.\nThe presiding bishop of the Episcopal Church, Michael Curry, said the sense of awe inspired by images from the astronauts’ vantage in space can also inspire activism on Earth. He urged those assembled for the Apollo 8 commemoration to help fight climate change.\n“Deep in the fabric of this creation,” Curry said, “we are a part of it – not the sum total of it.”\nImage credits: NASA\nFor Apollo 11’s Michael Collins, view from the moon showed Earth’s fragility\nFirst published July 21, 2019\nChristmas Eve last year was the 50th anniversary of one of history’s most famous photographs, Earthrise. Captured by astronaut Bill Anders as he and his two Apollo 8 crew mates orbited the moon, the image helped create a new environmental consciousness.\nAs TCN noted last December: “For many, it captured a sense of the planet’s preciousness and precariousness and is credited with playing a crucial role in catalyzing the modern environmental movement – and therefore with today’s growing concern about man-made disruption of the planet’s climate system.”\nIn an interview marking this weekend’s 50th anniversary of a far more momentous space flight – Apollo 11 – former astronaut Michael Collins said his view of Earth on that mission had a similar outlook-altering impact on him.\nCollins, now 88 years old, piloted Apollo 11’s command module in lunar orbit while fellow voyagers Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin descended aboard its lunar module to become the first humans to walk on the moon.\nCollins recently told BBC’s Stephen Sackur how seeing Earth from that vantage point had transformed his outlook.\nSackur: “Did you find it changed your view of humanity, of our place in the universe?”\nCollins: “Yes, I believe it did. If there is any part of the flight of Apollo 11 that sticks in my memory, it is the memory of a little tiny thing that you could obscure with your thumbnail, blue and white. The white clouds and blue of the ocean. Just a trace of land. Gorgeous, very shiny, bright. Background totally black. I will remember that all my life and it leaves one to consider, well, is it so pretty? Is it so quiet? Is it so pristine? For some reason, the word fragile came up out of the murk somehow. I know not how. But I thought, God it’s a fragile little thing, isn’t it?”\nSackur: “Well, in the 50 years since you had that special view of our planet, do you think we human beings have respected and understood that fragility?”\nCollins: “No, no, I don’t think so. When we flew to the moon, the population of the earth was about two billion and it’s sneaking up now on eight billion. And that growth is willy-nilly, without any consideration for the support that that additional number of people requires from the resources of the earth. No, I don’t think we ever considered that.”\nImage credit: Michael Collins / Twitter\nBill Dawson is the founder and editor of Texas Climate News. He remembers watching the live television broadcast of Apollo 11 astronauts walking on the moon with his family in their Houston home.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Photometry and model of near-Earth asteroid 2021 DW1 from one apparition\nAstronomy and Astrophysics\nAims. Very small asteroids (VSAs, objects with diameters smaller than about 150 m) can be spun up by the YORP effect to rotation periods as short as tens of seconds. This effect has been observed for many of them. It is also hypothesised, that in the same process their spin axes are asymptotically drawn to the position perpendicular to the orbital plane. So far this effect has been observed only for one VSA and needs further verification. For that, spin axes of several other VSAs should be\n... mined by observing their brightness variations at many different positions on the sky. Methods. On 4 March 2021 at 9 UTC a 30-m in diameter near-Earth asteroid 2021 DW1 passed the Earth at a distance of 570 000 km, reaching the maximum brightness of V = 14.6 mag. We observed it photometrically from 2 March, when it was visible at V = 16.5 mag, until 7 March (V = 18.2 mag). During that time 2021 DW1 swept a 170° long arc in the northern sky, spanning solar phase angles in the range from 36° to 86°. This made it an excellent target for physical characterisation, including spin axis and shape derivation. Results. Convex inversion of the asteroid lightcurves gives a sidereal period of rotation Psid = 0.013760 ± 0.000001 h, and two solutions for the spin axis ecliptic coordinates: (A) λ1 = 57° ± 10°, β1 = 29° ± 10° and (B) λ2 = 67° ± 10°, β2 = −40° ± 10°. The magnitude-phase curve can be fitted with a standard H, G function with H = 24.8 ± 0.5 mag and an assumed G = 0.24. The asteroid colour indices are g − i = 0.79 ± 0.01 mag, and i − z = 0.01 ± 0.02 mag which indicates an S taxonomic class, with an average geometric albedo pV = 0.23 ± 0.02. The asteroid effective diameter, derived from H and pV, is Deff = 30 ± 10 m. Conclusions. It was found that the inclination of the spin axis of 2021 DW1 is not perpendicular to the orbital plane (obliquity ϵ = 54° ± 10° or ϵ = 123° ± 10°). More spin axes of VSAs should be determined to check, if 2021 DW1 is an exception or a typical case.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "What are your views on the big bang theory?\ni think its a great show lol\nI watch that show daily. How come I didn’t think of posting that.\nI think he might be referring to the actual theory here…\nI that case I believe it.\nIf it’s the show, I’ve never seen it.\nWell, I’ve never heard of any proof against it, but theres lots of evidence of it. Is the expanding universe a part of the big bang?\nIts expanding because of it\nYea but why is it expanding? Is it because the big bang is still happening or something like that? Uses baby logic\nno the big bang theory is that in the blank absolute zero area of space something happened where a HUGE violent eruption happened sending gases and micro particles shooting every where and when by the laws of gravity if two particles attach then those particles have a greater pull pulling more particles making different composites until it become so dense it either becomes a planet or a sun depending on the different particles this is also how solar systems are created a sun pulls smaller planets in but other planets pull each other making orbits so the don’t all go smashing into the sun with the heat of the sun an atmosphere is crated on the planet so different element are created but most of then originate from basics like carbon (i think). So no the big bang happened long long long long long long long long long long long long long long long long long long long long long long time ago but the force of it is still pushing particles into the null void the is even less than space as we know it … I think lol\nwow you lost me there for a second\nlol i got into it\nThe Big Bang Theory :\nThe universe was filled homogeneously and isotropically with an incredibly high energy density, huge temperatures and pressures, and was very rapidly expanding and cooling. Approximately 10−37 seconds into the expansion, a phase transition caused a cosmic inflation, during which the universe grew exponentially. After inflation stopped, the universe consisted of a quark-gluon plasma, as well as all other elementary particles. Temperatures were so high that the random motions of particles were at relativistic speeds, and particle-antiparticle pairs of all kinds were being continuously created and destroyed in collisions. At some point an unknown reaction called baryogenesis violated the conservation of baryon number, leading to a very small excess of quarks and leptons over antiquarks and anti-leptons—of the order of 1 part in 30 million. This resulted in the predominance of matter over antimatter in the present universe.\nThe universe continued to grow in size and fall in temperature, hence the typical energy of each particle was decreasing.After about 10−11 seconds, the picture becomes less speculative, since particle energies drop to values that can be attained in particle physics experiments. At about 10−6 seconds, quarks and gluons combined to form baryons such as protons and neutrons. The small excess of quarks over antiquarks led to a small excess of baryons over antibaryons. The temperature was now no longer high enough to create new proton-antiproton pairs (similarly for neutrons-antineutrons), so a mass annihilation immediately followed, leaving just one in 1010 of the original protons and neutrons, and none of their antiparticles. A similar process happened at about 1 second for electrons and positrons. After these annihilations, the remaining protons, neutrons and electrons were no longer moving relativistically and the energy density of the universe was dominated by photons(negatively charged protons).\nOver a long period of time, the slightly denser regions of the nearly uniformly distributed matter gravitationally attracted nearby matter and thus grew even denser, forming gas clouds, stars, galaxies, and the other astronomical structures observable today. The details of this process depend on the amount and type of matter in the universe. The three possible types of matter are known as cold dark matter, hot dark matter and baryonic matter. Measurements available show that the dominant form of matter in the universe is cold dark matter. The other two types of matter make up less than 18% of the matter in the universe.\nLol, directly lifted from wikipedia, PLAEY-JAAR-ISUM!!! Jk ;D\nNo, it is not DIRECTLY lifted from wikipedia. I simpliflted some stuff!!! :-\\\nI only got ideas from wikipedia.\nFine, this is the more simplified version:\nhigh temperatures------>rapid expansion -----> universe grow bigger------> Anti-matter and matter rapidly collided and was destroyed(boom!!!) ;D ---------> A reaction called baryogenesis violated the conservation of baryon number, ---------->small excess of matter over anti-matter—of the order of 1 part in 30 million-------->more matter than antimatter in the present universe\nSize of universe : goes up, Temperature : down--------->energy---->down ----------->not big enough------>create new proton-antiproton pairs ------>mass annihilation(yay!!!)-------> After long long time------>Gravity------>attract each other----->form many many many many many things(yeah!!!)\nI think that the most simplified version could be that a really really really tiny speck exploded a waaayyy long time ago. The explosion created everything we know and love and the force from the explosion is still pushing all the stars and rocks and whatnot away from each other.\nBut anyway, I saw this show on TV once that said that there are 5 “ages” of the universe. The first is the Primordial Age where the Big Bang occurred(lasted about 300,000 or so years I think). We’re currently in the 2nd age, which will last a few trillion years(I think). Then the 3rd Age will be when all the stars start to burn out. The 4th age will be when the black holes(dead stars with extreme gravitational pull: not even light escapes) will remain. The last age is when all that’s left of the universe are tiny particles that have low energy.\nWhat do you think of this?\nHow’s this for interesting? (and I don’t care if you buy into it or not because it’s not my theory)\nAnother question is what started the big bang? Some of our top physicists believe that there are 11 dimensions. We can perceive three, and comprehend the fourth, time. But there are 11. They think it’s possible that among these dimensions our universe is just one of an infinite number of universes floating around almost like water molecules in the ocean. And possibly when two such universes collided it provided the energy to spark our big bang.\nAnd like I said, it’s not my theory so I don’t care if you believe any of it or not. I just find it interesting.\nCan you please explain this theory? I don’t really understand it, especially about the part about the infinite number of universes. Can you please elaborate?\nI can only explain so far. Most of it goes well beyond what I can get my head wrapped around.\nWhat they think is that it’s possible that there isn’t just this universe. It’s possible that there are actually several (as in an infinite number) other universes out there existing at the same time. These aren’t places we can see or go visit, but they are supposed to exist.\nIf I remember right they came up with this idea for a few different reasons. One is that mathematically there are 11 dimensions. Another is that, again mathematically, electrons do some super squirrelly stuff that can only be explained by there being these 11 dimensions and other universes. This is stuff like (if I remember right) electrons appear to sometimes be two places at the same time, and at other times are gone - as in not existing anywhere. So they may be slipping between dimensions and in and out of other universes.\nSo what I wonder is, does that mean that the electrons that make up the molecules that make up the cells in our bodies - that they are slipping into and out of this universe and into another? And if so does that mean a few of my electrons may make up another living thing somewhere else, a rock, a potato sack or who knows what?\nAnd then another reason for the infinite universe theory is that gravity doesn’t behave as it should on paper. Mathematically it’s wrong. But yet there it is. Evidently it should be much much stronger than what it is. It’s actually a very weak force. So some believe it’s actually a force that is leaking into our universe from elsewhere.\nSo again, I’m not making any of these claims myself. I tried to keep my stuff straight here as best as I can remember it. If anyone is working on their PHD in physics, feel free to elaborate or fix something I said wrong.\nIt’s mostly over my head but I found it all to be fascinating just the same.\nAnd instead of clarifying what I had said earlier, I probably just dug a deeper hole here.\nBut I teach history not theoretical physics.\nIf you would like to read something written by someone who is actually qualified to talk about stuff like this check out The Theory of Everything.\nI never have really gotten this completely…who cares? honestly", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "The Bruce Murray Space Image Library\nNASA / JPL / SSI\nMost NASA images are in the public domain. Reuse of this image is governed by NASA's image use policy.\nOriginal image data dated on or about September 15, 2006\nExplore related images:\nBill: 2014/03/12 01:37 CDT\nComet close-up, August 30, 2016\nEarth and the Moon from Chang'e 5 T1\nApparent trajectory of Alpha Centauri B around Alpha Centauri A\nBack to Meridiani's sand seas\nExtremely thin crescent Jupiter\nMars Reconnaissance Orbiter\nBecome a member of The Planetary Society and together we will create the future of space exploration.\nSupport the Bruce Murray Space Image Library and help us share the wonders of other worlds.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Updated April 15, 2021 at 8:53 pm.\n- Astronomers provided the first image of the black hole just two years ago.\n- A total of 19 observatories have now examined the object in more detail.\n- The observations exceed experts’ expectations.\nThe Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) – a global network of radio telescopes – is exceeding astronomers’ expectations. Especially in combination with observations in other wavelength bands, the EHT provides detailed insight into the surrounding regions. A supermassive black hole In the center of the galaxy M87.\nThe data now available to scientists around the world will not only be able to provide new insights into the complex physical processes involved in matter falling into a black hole. As the researchers reported in The Astrophysical Journal Letters, the observations provided by EHT also allow close verification of Albert Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity.\nA supermassive black hole under a magnifying glass\nThe “Event Horizon Telescope” collects radio antenna measurements around the world, thus achieving the accuracy of a telescope the size of Earth. In April 2019, EHT made headlines when it was first with the Telescope Network A “photograph” of a supermassive black hole Succeeded.\nThe image recorded in the radio band shows the hot disk of matter around 6.6 billion solar masses from the black hole at the center of galaxy M87, 55 million light-years away.\nScientists then examined this supermassive black hole not only with EHT, but also with many other telescopes observing at other wavelengths: in the range of visible light, infrared, high-energy X-rays and gamma rays.\nA total of 19 observatories and nearly 200 research institutes with 760 scientists participated in the observations. It is the largest simultaneous observation campaign ever conducted of a supermassive black hole.\nThis dataset is unique\n“This unique data set is essential for our understanding of physical conditions in the immediate vicinity of one of the most massive black holes in our cosmic neighborhood,” explains Stephanie Comosa of the Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy in Bonn. At EHT.\nThanks to their enormous gravity, black holes attract matter from their environment, which collects and heats up in an extremely fast spinning disk. From there, only a portion of the matter flows into the black hole.\nStrong magnetic fields ensure that matter is ejected from the rotating disk into powerful bundles of matter called “jets” by astronomers – at nearly the speed of light away into space.\n“These jets were able to transmit the energy released by the black hole at scales larger than the host galaxy,” explains EHT astronomer Serra Markov of the University of Amsterdam. “The obtained results will help us in calculating the amount of energy transmitted and the effect of black hole jets on its surroundings.”\nAccurate tests of general relativity\nWith publication, EHT network scientists are launching the huge dataset of their observations for the M87 center. This means that any interested astrophysicist can analyze the data on their own and use them in their own investigations.\nSeveral research groups around the world are working hard to see if their models match the enriching observations of EHT.\nAdditionally, some scientists are planning to run high-resolution tests of general relativity on the data.\nMeanwhile, observations continue with the “Event Horizon Telescope”: This week, astronomers will target EHT M87 as well as the supermassive black hole at the center of our Milky Way and several distant black holes for six nights. (ff / dpa)\nStunning exoplanets with two suns, protoplanetary disks around young stars, and a black hole eating planets: Artists regularly create impressions from space for NASA that no telescope in the world can capture.\n“Subtly charming coffee scholar. General zombie junkie. Introvert. Alcohol nerd. Travel lover. Twitter specialist. Freelance student.”", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "The SMART-1 (Small Missions for Advanced Research in Technology 1) is an ESA mission consisting of a lunar orbiter designed to test spacecraft technologies, primarily a solar-powered ion thruster, for use on future missions. SMART 1 is scheduled to launch on 3 September 2003 and study the Moon from lunar polar orbit.\nNSSDCA Planetary Science Home Page\nNSSDCA Home Page\nTo search for information on another mission enter the spacecraft name in the box below.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Why do stars twinkle?\nWhat makes stars appear to twinkle in the night sky, as seen from Earth? And why is it that stars twinkle, but planets do not?\nIf you look up at the stars on a dark night, you might notice that these bright points of light appear to twinkle. In actual fact, stars do not actually twinkle: they just appear to do so from our perspective on Earth.\nOur atmosphere reaches about 10,000km up from the surface of the Earth, and within the atmosphere air gets blown around, while hot air rises and mixes with cooler air.\nStars appear to twinkle because as light from those stars passes through our atmosphere, it is bent and distorted by varying temperatures and densities of air.\nThere is even a scientific term for stars' twinkling, and that's 'atmospheric scintillation'. This is the astronomical term for those quick changes in the apparent brightness of a star (more on this in our guide to stellar magnitude) or even the colour of a star produced by the aforementioned atmospheric irregularities.\nSimilar effects are seen in the way our view of an object might be distorted by heat rising from a hot radiator or roaring fire, for example.\nIt is possible to capture these effects of atmospheric distortion in an image, by photographing the changing colours of a twinkling star. For more basic stellar astrophotography, read our guide on how to photograph the stars.\nFor most people, the concept of a twinkling star is quite romantic, and conjures up memories of one of the most famous nursery rhymes of all time.\nBut for astronomers, the effect of twinkling stars can be a nuisance as it can cause the image seen through a telescope to shake and jump around.\nThe extent to which astronomical objects appear to shake and jump around is known by astronomers as 'seeing'.\nYou will often hear practical astronomers complain about 'bad seeing' or praising 'good seeing', for example. For more on this, read our guide to astronomical seeing.\nWhy do stars twinkle, but planets don't?\nStars twinkle while planets don't because stars are so much further away from Earth. This makes them appear as concentrated points of light, and that light is more easily disturbed by the effects of Earth's atmosphere.\nPlanets, on the other hand, are much closer, and the sunlight reflected off them comes back through Earth's atmosphere in a much thicker beam of light than starlight, so it is not as noticeably affected by the distorting effects of the atmosphere.\nThe fact that planets don't twinkle, and the fact that they are found along the ecliptic, are worth remembering if you are looking up at the night sky and trying to work out whether that bright dot is a star or a planet. For more on this, read our guide on how to find planets in the night sky.\nIain Todd is BBC Sky at Night Magazine's Staff Writer.\nIain Todd is BBC Sky at Night Magazine's Content Editor. He fell in love with the night sky when he caught his first glimpse of Orion, aged 10.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Your email has been added to our waiting list and we will send an invite to you as soon as possible. Thank you for your patience.\nIn the meantime, if you happen to run a blog, our newly launched Blog Enhancement Suite can utilize the immense power of community to help you get more audience, engagement, content, and revenue with your own embeddable community! It will breathe new life into your blog and can automate many of the tedious tasks that come with the territory, so you can focus more on what matters most... writing.\nHelp spread the word about Snapzu:\nLet others know about Snapzu by tweeting about us. We appreciate every mention!\nFastest-growing black hole ever seen is devouring the equivalent of 1 Earth per second\nThe fastest-growing black hole ever seen is swallowing the mass equivalent of an entire Earth every second.\nThis gargantuan black hole has a mass 3 billion times that of the sun, and its rapid consumption is causing the behemoth to grow rapidly, an international research team found. The black hole gorges via a process called accretion, in which it siphons matter from a thin disk of gas and dust rotating around the massive object.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Please join me to get this done so we can send in something awesome! Checking for people to sign up now so we can set up the story and process of achieving it. Come on Kamloops!\nENTRIES DUE AUGUST 2018\nNASA is leading the next steps of human space exploration in the vicinity of the Moon and on toward Mars. When astronauts venture to Mars, what will they see? How will they feel? What will they experience? What will they do? Project Mars invites college students and early career professionals to learn about NASA's deep space endeavors, including the Orion spacecraft, Space Launch System rocket and deep space gateway concept, and create their visualization of what this expedition may look like.\nSHOOT A FILM\nBring your interpretation of NASA's work to send humans to Mars to life through breathtaking cinematography, amazing animations and state-of-the-art special effects. You have up to 5 minutes to tell an inspiring story about a 9-month trek to the Red Planet, so captivating creativity is a must! The winning short film will be selected by a team of film and graphic design industry judges including Gareth Edwards, director of Rogue One: A Star Wars Story.\nTELL OUR STORY OF NASA'S PLANS FOR MARS!\nIn collaboration with NASA, SciArt Exchange presents Project Mars Competition: our chance to tell the story of human exploration of deep space.\nNASA's exploration missions will help build a flexible, reusable and sustainable infrastructure that will last multiple decades and support missions of increasing complexity to enable missions to Mars. Orion is NASA's new spacecraft that will take astronauts to the Moon and beyond to make new discoveries about our solar system and unlock the mysteries of our own planet Earth.\nOrion will launch from a modernized Kennedy Space Center in Florida on NASA's new heavy-lift rocket, the Space Launch System, the most powerful rocket in the world, capable of launching and carrying habitation, propulsion and logistics modules for a proposed deep space gateway, as well as landers, rovers and other surface systems that will be needed for a Martian voyage.\nVideos can be submitted as private Vimeo or YouTube links. Winning entries will need to be provided at the following settings:", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Looking farther afield, the prospects for learning more about the nature of supermassive black holes look very promising indeed - in both the near and distant future. Several major undertakings will improve our imaging and spectroscopic capabilities in both the radio and X-ray portions of the spectrum, and LISA (the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna) will open up a whole new window of opportunity for studying the distortions induced on the fabric of spacetime by violent gravitational interactions. As we have already seen (see Chapter 4), LISA's\n3 See Green, Aldcroft, Mathur, et al (2001).\nexpected launch in 2010 will herald a bright new age of space exploration, stretching our frontier well beyond what radiation can let us see. By detecting gravitational waves undulating from distant blackhole sources, astronomers will be able to sense the behavior of massive objects in the presence of unimaginably strong fields, testing general relativity, and possibly even uncovering flaws that hint at new, more comprehensive descriptions and theories of nature.\nThe windows to be opened by ARISE (Advanced Radio Interferometry between Space and Earth; see Chapter 5) and more elaborate ground-based millimeter arrays will be equally fascinating and conducive to profound change in our communion with nature. Both of these developments - one stretching the baseline of radio interferom-etry into space, the other creating a worldwide baseline for interferom-etry at millimeter wavelengths - are geared toward greatly enhancing the resolving power of instruments designed to probe deeper and deeper into the bottomless well of gravity in supermassive objects. Many astrophysicists suspect that an image of the event horizon in a nearby black hole will be feasible within a matter of only years.4\nTheir impressive stature notwithstanding, existing radio telescopes (see Figs. 5.4 and 5.5) are not all usable at the shorter wavelengths because they cannot maintain sufficient structural integrity to provide a pure millimeter or submillimeter signal. So a major problem with conducting worldwide coordinated observations at these wavelengths is simply the paucity of appropriate sites.\nThe idea for developing a global network of millimeter telescopes, which has come to be known as CMVA - an acronym derived from Coordinated Millimeter VLBI Array - actually goes back to the mid 1990s, when members of the Haystack Observatory in Massachusetts developed plans to create the network for initial observations at 3 millimeters and additional experimental observations at 1.3 millimeters. Since then, the goal of the CMVA has been to\n4 See, for example, Falcke, Melia, and Agol (2000), Bromley, Melia, and Liu (2001), and Melia (2003).\ncontinually break new technological ground for later exploitation at progressively shorter wavelengths. Thus far, up to 12 stations around the world have been able to participate in global VLBI sessions at 3 millimeters, organized twice a year through the CMVA. Although unfavorable weather conditions and technical problems at some sites sometimes affect them, these campaigns are generally successful and provide good observations of compact emitting regions, including the galactic center.\nAt 1 and 2 millimeters, however, the number of telescopes is much smaller than at 3 millimeters, which greatly reduces the coverage. Thankfully, this situation is rapidly changing. For example, the new Heinrich-Hertz telescope on Mount Graham near Tucson recently participated in a VLBI experiment at 1 millimeter for the first time. Even more exciting is the proposed development of the giant radio telescope known as ALMA, which conveys better than any other project the growing enthusiasm from the world's astronomical community. The Atacama Large Millimeter/Submillimeter Array is conceived as a radio telescope composed of 64 transportable 12-meter-diameter antennas distributed over an area 14 kilometers in extent. In the early part of 2001, representatives from Europe, Japan, and North America met in Tokyo to sign a resolution affirming their mutual intent to construct and operate this facility in cooperation with the Republic of Chile, where the telescope is to be located. ALMA will be built on the Andean plateau at 5000 meters altitude near the Atacama Desert, and is considered to be the first truly global project in the history of fundamental science. The telescope is scheduled to be fully operational in 2010.\nX-ray astronomy, on the other hand, must be conducted entirely above Earth's soupy atmosphere. The Chandra satellite - the latest NASA innovation - has merely given astronomers a taste of what X-ray images with exceptional spatial resolution can reveal. Scientists and engineers at the Goddard Space Flight Center in Maryland, at Columbia University in New York, and at CALTECH in Pasadena, among others, are conjuring up one of the most ambitious advances in the history of high-energy astronomy. Taking as their cue the lessons learned from the evolution of ground-based optical telescopes, in which many smaller units working in unison are in the end more powerful and easier to build than one single cumbersome device, these investigators are designing and building the Constellation-X Observatory (see Fig. 6.3). Four individual X-ray telescopes working together will have a combined sensitivity 100 times greater than any past or present X-ray mission.\nMore imaginative still is a NASA mission now under planning that purports to achieve nothing short of actually photographing the event horizon of several nearby supermassive black holes in X-ray light. A duo of powerful new NASA telescopes, with costs estimated in the billions of dollars, are being developed collaboratively by NASA and the University of Colorado at Boulder, and are proposed for flight before 2020. These telescopes are part of the Microarcsecond X-ray Imaging Mission, or MAXIM for short. The main mission would consist of a fleet of 33 spacecraft, each containing a relatively small telescope. But by combining the data gathered by so many separate instruments distributed over an extraordinarily large baseline in space, one may achieve a resolution of the sky about one million times better than what is currently attainable. A ground-based optical telescope with this same capability would enable us to read a newspaper on the lunar surface!\nTo put this achievement in context, note that at a distance of 60 million light-years, the event horizon of the 3-billion-solar-mass black hole in the nucleus of M87 (see Figs. 5.9 and 5.10) projects a diameter of 5 microarcseconds. MAXIM's intended resolution - the angular separation of features that it can identify - is about one microarcsecond, so future X-ray astronomers will be able to see the dark depression shimmering at the center of this giant elliptical galaxy. But with a projected width of over 30 microarcseconds, the easiest dark pit of all to photograph with MAXIM will be that projected by Sagittarius A* at the heart of the Milky Way.\nThis technology has its own problems to contend with.5 The wavelength of an X-ray is about 1000 times smaller than that of visible light, making X-ray telescopes very difficult to build. Surface irregularities that are too small to affect visible light can easily scatter X-rays. In addition, to obtain a true focus, X-ray photons must reflect twice from very carefully figured hyperbolic and parabolic surfaces, nested concentrically in very precise formation. Instead, MAXIM will utilize a method similar to VLBI, in which two or more telescopes are coupled in order to synthetically build an aperture equal to the separation of the individual instruments. Instead of precisely focusing X-rays with expensive mirrors onto a detector, the MAXIM team will use readily made flat mirrors to mix the photons, producing an even sharper image, similar to the way sound waves can be combined to either cancel each other out (resulting in silence) or amplify the sound when one crest adds to the other.\nThe concept calls for the fleet of smaller telescopes to be spaced evenly in orbit around the perimeter of a circle, the diameter of which will vary from 1 to 10 kilometers, and for the whole assembly to be orbiting about the Sun. From there they would collect X-ray beams and funnel them to a larger telescope stationed at the hub, which could then relay the accumulated data back to Earth, several million miles away.\n6.5 is the universe itself a big black hole? The field of black-hole research is clearly in a period of renaissance, with wave upon wave of breathtaking discoveries creating headlines on a regular basis, it seems, and with future missions promising to take us to the edge of validity of current physical laws. Supermassive black holes are no longer the oddity of decades past, but rather a necessity in any comprehensive description of structure in the universe.\n5 This work has been spearheaded by Webster Cash and his group at the University of Colorado, in collaboration with NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama. They announced their design in the 14 September 2000 issue of Nature.\nSome astronomers are taking this essential role to a rather daring conclusion, wondering, in fact, if we ourselves may be living inside the biggest black hole of all - the universe itself. Well, this question is not really well posed, as we shall soon see, but it does make for some intriguing reflection on cause and effect, and on the origin of all things.\nA black hole is a parcel of closed spacetime embedded within a larger space (and time) that may contain matter, radiation, and probably other black holes as well. On the other hand, the universe as we know it is all encompassing, so for us to view it as a black hole, it would be necessary to hypothesize the existence of an undetected -and probably forever undetectable - hyperspace within which it is ensconced.\nThe major difficulty in maintaining a scientific posture with this discourse is that physicists do not yet have a complete theory unifying all the fundamental forces of nature at the instant of the Big Bang. They can say with some precision what transpired 10-43 second later, and any time thereafter, but that first fleeting moment borders on philosophy and aesthetics, not the rigor of verifiable hardcore science. For example, there is no possibility of linking current theories to experimentation with the early universe - that is, we cannot simply \"build\" another cosmos - so our theorizing must be accepted or rejected primarily on the basis of pure reasoning, and perhaps the power of prediction at later times.\nThe most unsettling, yet the most engaging, aspect of the Big Bang is the problem of beginning - the apparent singularity from which expansion started. An initial state of arbitrarily high density seems to be inescapable, just as catastrophic gravitational collapse evidently squeezes to zero volume matter falling into a bottomless well of gravity. In principle, understanding the process of gravitational contraction may resolve the mystery of our distant past, perhaps revealing new laws of physics along the way.\nStill, certain issues pertaining to the question of the universe as a black hole may already be addressable within the current framework. Questions such as \"Does the universe lie within its own gravitational radius, i.e., within its own event horizon?\" and \"What happens toward zero time in the current universe should we reverse the clock?\" can at least be broached with the language of scientific principles already recognized and tested.\nIt may seem surprising to hear that the average density of matter within a black hole need not be extraordinarily large. Its value depends critically on how big the object is. The problem is simply to get enough material within a given radius to produce an event horizon at that radius. From Chapter 3, we recall that the Schwarzschild radius is 2GM/c2, so in effect the black hole's size scales directly with its total mass M. But for a given value of M, its density drops off inversely as the enclosed volume, which is proportional to the radius cubed. Thus, ponderous black holes actually have a significantly lower density than their lighter brethren. For example, if a 100-kilogram person were to suddenly shrink to black hole proportions, he would need to have a radius no bigger than about 10-23 centimeter, but his density would then rise to the extraordinary value of 1073 grams per cubic centimeter. The Sun, squeezed into a black hole, would have a 3-kilometer radius, but its density would be only 1016 grams per cubic centimeter.\nNow consider what happens as we increase the mass further, to a value not unlike that of a typical supermassive black hole in the nucleus of an active galaxy. For a 100-million-solar-mass object, its Schwarzschild radius grows to 2.4 hundred million kilometers -roughly the size of Mars's orbit about the Sun. But its average density is incredibly only about 1 gram per cubic centimeter - the density of water!\nAn extremely large region of space, such as the universe, does not have to be very densely filled with matter in order to create curved light paths or even to entomb spacetime itself by forming an event horizon. Given that we see the universe from \"inside,\" how does one then go about determining whether it is above its black-hole density or not? Part of the answer actually goes back to the work of Sir Isaac Newton who, in order to describe the moon's motion around the Earth, used the newly invented calculus to prove a very important theorem\n122 the edge of infinity for his universal law of gravitation. He showed that the gravitational field outside a spherically symmetric body behaves as if the whole mass were concentrated at its center. In other words, the moon feels exactly the same gravitational influence from the Earth as it would from an object with the same mass, though only the size of an apple situated at the center of where Earth now stands.\nIn 1923, not long after general relativity was established, George Birkhoff (1884-1944) made the surprising discovery that Newton's theorem was valid even for this more comprehensive description of gravity, though with some appropriate corrections. He demonstrated that even if a spherically symmetric body were collapsing or expanding radially, the Schwarzschild metric describing its gravitational field in empty space would not change in time. In other words, the effect of gravity outside a spherically symmetric body does not depend on how big that object is - it is based solely on how much mass is enclosed within its surface.\nThe Birkhoff theorem seemed peculiar because in general relativity a nonstatic body generally radiates gravitational waves. We now know that in fact no gravitational radiation can escape into empty space from an object that looks the same from all directions, unlike the pair of black holes orbiting about each other in Fig. 4.5. His result may be applied with equal validity inside an empty spherical cavity at the center of a spherically symmetric (though not necessarily static) body. Here, however, there is no enclosed mass at any point within the cavity so, according to his theorem, there is no gravitational field anywhere inside it.\nThe value in Birkhoff's work is that, under the assumption of uniformity, we can calculate the gravitational field anywhere in the universe relative to another point a distance d away, by simply estimating how much mass is enclosed within a spherically symmetric volume of radius d centered on that other point. For the sake of specificity, let us just put ourselves in the middle and see how far out we need to go before we hit the universe's event horizon.\nAccording to Hubble's discovery of an expanding universe back in the 1920s and 1930s, distant objects are receding from us with a velocity proportional to their distance. It turns out that this rate of recession approaches the speed of light for matter 12 billion light-years away, and this must therefore be the radius of that part of the universe with which we have interacted via influences that travel at the speed of light. (Two specific examples are electromagnetic and gravitational waves.) It is what astronomers call the size of the visible universe.\nBirkhoff's theorem tells us that the average internal density required to produce an event horizon at 12 billion light-years is about 5 x 10-30 grams per cubic centimeter - an incredibly small number, the equivalent of only six hydrogen atoms per cubic meter. Even so, it exceeds the best current estimates astronomers have made by a factor of roughly three to five, depending on which newspaper vendor you talk to. Could the dark energy invoked to explain the universe's acceleration make up the difference (see Chapter 3)? Without it, the visible universe could not be a black hole in the strictest sense of the term, though it would come alarmingly close. Let us think about this for a moment. Of all the possible average densities that the universe could have had, why is it that the one with which it is apparently endowed is so strikingly close to the value needed to create an event horizon at the edge of what is visible?\nPerhaps the answer lies in another important consideration we have so far ignored in this discussion. According to current cosmo-logical models, the expansion of the universe is driven not by matter moving through space, but rather by the stretching of space itself. This is more than just an idle concept since the very idea of inflation depends critically on the validity of an expanding space, and without inflation (see Chapter 3), many problems with the basic Big Bang model would go unsolved. The expansion of space, however, can proceed faster than the speed of light. The postulates of special relativity do not apply to this phenomenon, since they only specify what the maximum speed of transmission through the space can be, and that is the speed of light. So although we may not be able to see the \"rest\" of the cosmos beyond the visible limit at 12 billion light-years, it may nonetheless be there and expanding in concert with our own visible universe.\nCan we therefore extend the radius of our Birkhoff sphere and intersect an event horizon by going beyond the \"visible\" limit? Well, no. For one thing, if this region is beyond the visible edge of the universe, then it is forever inaccessible to us, and we to it. The influence of gravity cannot travel faster than light either, so whatever mass is present there would never have communicated with the universe we can see, and they could never conspire to pool their influence and produce a common event horizon.\nNonetheless, the answer to the question \"Is the universe itself a big black hole?\" is a qualified \"yes\" because of several truly amazing observations completed by an international team of astronomers using the BOOMERanG experiment in 2000. We already touched on the significance of their findings in Chapter 4, but let us now revisit this discovery in the context of the present topic.\nDesigned to study the cosmic microwave background radiation with unprecedented accuracy, BOOMERanG surveyed 2.5 percent of the sky with an angular resolution of 0.25 degrees during a ten-day balloon flight over Antarctica. This microwave telescope was built to measure fluctuations in the background radiation (see Fig. 4.1) driven by pressure variations propagating throughout the nascent universe. A peak in the frequency of these variations was expected to occur 300 000 years after the Big Bang, when the matter and radiation ceased to interact via photon scattering. Earlier calculations had shown that a universe with a current average density of 5 x 10-30 grams per cubic centimeter would have produced fluctuations with a characteristic angular separation of about 0.75 degrees, well within BOOMERanG's resolving capability.\nThe team of astronomers who conducted this investigation, led by Paolo de Bernardis of the University of Rome and Andrew Lange of CALTECH, reported that BOOMERanG not only confirmed a primordial origin for the fluctuations, but also clearly identified a peak precisely where these predictions had placed it. The location of the peak means that the density of matter in the universe is within a statistically determined error of only 10 percent of its critical value.\nPhysicists already know that the combined density of visible and dark matter, and radiation, amounts to only about one-third of the required 5 x 10-30 grams per cubic centimeter. So the rest of it must be the \"dark energy\" inferred from the accelerated expansion of the universe. Although the evidence for this phenomenon is still rather tentative,6 cosmologists find it very gratifying that together with the completely independent determination rendered by BOOMERanG, they now paint a self-consistent picture. The cosmos is evidently dominated by dark energy, but in such a way that its overall equivalent mass density is precisely 5 x 10-30 grams per cubic centimeter. The universe, it seems, has an event horizon with a radius of 12 billion light-years, right at the edge of what we can see before the velocity of expansion exceeds the speed of light.\nThis universe, however, has no apparent singularity right now -its mass is spread out everywhere. Could it be that the Big Bang was nothing more than the initial collapse of the universe to something approaching a point, followed by a bounce? Yes, it's possible, but we may never know for sure because the first 10-43 second of the expansion is completely unresolvable with current scientific methods. Let us reverse the clock, and see how far back our present knowledge can take us toward the beginning, and why this interval of 10-43 second, known as the Planck time, appears to be impenetrable.\nThe shortest interval of time that can be probed with current physical laws pushes their applicability to the limits set by three so-called fundamental constants of nature. These are the measured values of quantities that characterize the strength of gravity, the speed of light, and the fuzziness of quantum mechanics. Physicists assume\n6 See Brian P. Schmidt et al. (1998) and Saul Perlmutter et al. (1999).\nthat these quantities are constants in time, in the absence of any evidence to the contrary.\nQuantum mechanics argues that we can never be entirely sure of a particle's position or its energy, because in order for us to even know of its existence we must disturb it to sense its presence. Thus, there should always be some positional uncertainty, or an imprecision in energy and time, and any description of the particle's physical behavior must therefore acquire some minimal level of \"fuzziness.\" In our everyday lives, we develop the illusion of precision only because the fuzziness induced by these uncertainties is very small, and our mind clings to the apparent clarity of the outside world as a convenient simplification of the way things really are. Certainly, on a macroscopic scale, this fuzziness does not manifest itself readily, and our description of nature using exact positions and times is quite adequate for our need to interpret much of the activity in our environment. But on a microscopic scale, this fuzziness is paramount, and nothing can happen without the consequences of the implied imprecision.\nThe uncertainty in the particle's position is characterized by Planck's constant, h. The Planck length - the shortest distance we can probe - depends on how strong the effect of gravity is on such scales. This in turn is specified by the gravitational constant, G, in Newton's universal law of gravitation. The bigger this coupling constant is, the stronger is the attraction between two given masses. The Planck time is then the interval of time required to communicate information across this distance, given that the apparent maximum rate of transmission is the speed of light, c. Together, these constants yield the shortest physical time, (Gh/c5)2 (which is approximately 10-43 second), that anyone (or anything) can sample.\nHowever, cosmologists do have some confidence in beginning to describe the expansion of the universe from 10-43 second onwards. This is where our quantum physics has meaning, because on this level the Schwarzschild radius from general relativity first becomes equal to the smallest scale permitted by the quantum fuzziness, roughly\n10-33 centimeter, which is still much smaller than the nucleus of an atom. But there is still some remaining uncertainty because physicists diverge in their views of how one should best describe the universe at this point. They still do not know if extra dimensions exist (see Chapter 3), or if string theory is correct. One view has it that during the Planck era (when the universe was about 10-43 second old), the cosmos should best be described as a quantum \"foam\" of ten spatial dimensions containing Planck-length-size black holes, continuously being created and annihilated, with no cause or effect. The reason for the latter is that, on quantum scales, particles can be created without the conservation of energy, as long as they exist only fleetingly so that the violation falls within the uncertainty prescribed by Planck's constant.\nOne of the reasons our physics is incomplete near the Planck era is related to the hierarchy problem we discussed in Chapter 3. Science does not yet provide a description of how the forces of nature unify during this time. At the excruciatingly high energies and temperatures prevalent then, the forces of nature would have become symmetric, meaning that they would have resembled each other and would have acquired a similar strength - they would have unified into a single entity. Physicists are actively pursuing the grail of grand unification of all four forces, and have already achieved some notable success in this pursuit. Toward the end of the twentieth century, the interactions due to the weak and electromagnetic forces were framed into a single phenomenon known as the electroweak force by Sheldon Glashow, Steven Weinberg, and Abdus Salam, who were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for this effort in 1979.\nThe weak force, which is mediated by very heavy particles known as W and Z, is responsible for the transformation of a neutron into a proton within the nucleus of an atom, whereas the electromagnetic force provides an interaction between charged particles, such as the electron and a proton. At the time of their discovery in 1983, the W and Z particles were the most massive known - each weighing in at almost 90 times the mass of the proton - whereas the photon, the carrier of the electromagnetic force, is massless. The unification of these two forces occurs when the energy available for the process is so high that even this enormous mass difference between the two sets of carriers becomes inconsequential. In the early universe, this would have been the situation until the ambient temperature dropped below about 1015 Kelvin, after which the mass difference would have split the rates at which these particles could interact, thereby creating the appearance of two independent forces.\nAttempts are now underway to unify the strong and electroweak forces, a process known as Grand Unification, but this is proving to be much more challenging, in part because what is required is the conversion of certain particles, such as electrons, into completely different types of entities, known as quarks. This unification, if possible, would result in a split of the rates of interaction when the temperature in the early universe dropped below about 1027 Kelvin, much closer to the Planck era.\nThe final unification, between the electroweak, strong and gravitational forces, is well beyond the realm of study with earthbound experiments, because the energies and temperatures required to approach the necessary scale of interaction are simply unreachable. It may seem peculiar, but learning more about the early universe may actually be necessary for this branch of particle physics to make progress of its own toward a \"complete\" understanding of what governs the substance and behavior of particles.\nThese unknowns impact the cosmologists' view progressively more and more, as they labor closer and closer to the Planck scale. The exploration terminates - indefinitely it would seem - at 10-43 second. Only the development of a completely new, overarching description of nature that obviates the fuzziness of quantum mechanics could change this situation. Still, physicists are a clever lot, so there is always hope. Is the Universe itself a big black hole? It now seems that the answer is yes, but how and why it got that way persist as the most profound mysteries in nature.\nsupermassive black holes in the universe 129 6.6 ultimate fate\nCounterposing the uncertainty of what transpired at the very beginning of the Big Bang, the question of how the universe will play itself out may be easier to address, though, as always, the story unfolds through the prism of human perception and interpretation. It would be utterly presumptuous and self-debilitating for us to view this prognostication as absolute and fully written. On the contrary, it is an evolving narrative, likely to be swayed by many future developments and discoveries in particle physics and astronomy.\nFor now, the three leading characters in this play are the total mass enclosed within the visible universe, the Grand Unified Theory (GUT) that will ultimately account for the unification of all known forces, and Hawking radiation. Up until the era when the reservoir of primordial matter - primarily hydrogen and other light elements - is fully exhausted, stars will continue to form and galaxies will collide and grow. Looking into the future, however, matter will ultimately partition itself into several quasi-terminal states, among them dying stellar embers, white dwarfs and neutron stars, asteroids and planets, and tenuous gas dispersed throughout the cosmos. But regardless of what the eventual configuration will be, life as we know it will not be viable forever. Without the energy released from nuclear burning, life-sustaining environments will become untenable. In the meantime, supermassive black holes will continue to grow as clump after clump of gas succumbs to the inexorable inward pull of gravity, adding to the total mass entombed below the growing number of event horizons.\nLife will undoubtedly evolve considerably and survive much longer than we could now imagine. In the absence of nucleosynthesis, our descendants may even find a way of using energy liberated by accretion onto black holes in order to power their survival. But certain processes predicted by the GUT will change the universe dramatically and irreparably, making any such attempts futile in the long run. In these theories, all sorts of particles can (and must) mutate into other entities, a process that may be induced by either collisions or spontaneous self-decay. A proton, for example, will eventually split into a positron (the electron's antiparticle) and a pion, the particle that helps to mediate the nuclear force. Neutrons are already known to be unstable; in a matter of only minutes, they decay into protons (this process is induced by the weak force), so they too must eventually split into sub-components. By permitting this conversion - nay, requiring it -the GUT will guarantee that the two most significant constituents of atomic nuclei will be removed permanently from the composition table. Diamonds are not forever!\nPhysicists still do not know the mass of several particles that mediate the unified force, so the time required for protons and neutrons to decay is uncertain. The best current estimates endow the proton with an expected lifetime somewhere between 1032 and 1041 years.7\nBy this time, galaxy collisions (see Chapter 4) will have been relegated to ancient history by the expansion of the universe, which would have continued to drive the participants apart. Supermassive black holes will therefore stop growing some day because they will have absorbed all the limited supply of matter in their environment. Estimates place the terminal mass of these objects somewhere between 1 billion and 10 billion Suns.\nThe universe in this era will be completely unrecognizable to sentient beings living now, since it would have mutated to the point where life itself would be impossible. As best as physicists can tell, the cosmos will be an extremely thin dark veil of fundamental particles, such as electrons, positrons, neutrinos, and highly redshifted photons. Very few atoms will be left, and these too will eventually vanish as their constituent protons and neutrons disintegrate. And floating aimlessly through this enormous sea of virtually nothing will be the ensemble of billion-solar-mass black holes roaming freely for a near eternity, sucking up whatever scant morsels they encounter.\n7 A full discussion of the relevant parameters and other considerations may be found in Adams and Laughlin (1997).\nEvidently, supermassive black holes appeared early in the history of the universe and will stay late - very late. After 1032 to 1041 years, they will be the only structures of any significance left in the cosmos. But in what appears to be the final act of fair play, even they will not exist forever. Once black holes stop growing, they slowly begin to shrivel via a loophole created by the application of quantum mechanics, a theory that is known to be correct, if not complete. General relativity is a classical theory, operating on the basis of precise measurements of physical quantities, such as distance and time. The very notion of defining an event horizon makes sense as long as we can precisely place this surface and particles around it at perfectly known locations. But quantum mechanical fuzziness requires some positional uncertainty, or an imprecision in energy and time. Physicists are therefore uncomfortable with the idea of a perfectly localized and sealed event horizon, since these notions completely ignore the quantum mechanical uncertainty on the smallest scales.\nA phenomenon discovered in 1974 by Stephen Hawking may be the first step in the eventual resolution of this problem.8 The name itself, quantum mechanics, reveals the essence of the physical description on a microscopic scale. It tells us that at this level all measurable entities are to be thought of as comprising tiny bundles (or quanta) of \"something,\" which in the case of light are known as photons. In the appropriate terminology, one says that fluctuations in a field, say the gravitational field, are associated with the manifestation of these quanta, which can appear or vanish as the fluctuations grow or subside. The connection between these bundles and the fuzziness is that their size, energy, and lifetime are directly related to the scale of the imprecision, that is, how fuzzy the measurements of position or energy turn out to be.\nQuanta such as photons bubble up spontaneously out of vacuum if an adequate source of energy lies nearby. But a crucial fact that we\n8 Readers who would like to learn more about the technical aspects of this phenomenon, and the evaporation of black holes in general, will find the discussion in Thorne, Price, and Macdonald (1986) very helpful. See also Wald (1984).\nhave gathered from the observed behavior of these fields is that when the bundles materialize spontaneously, they always do so in pairs, as if something must be split in order to create the fluctuation. So a quantum, or particle, with negative charge can only materialize if at the same time its counterpart, with positive charge, also comes into being. Given that every characteristic we can assign to this bundle must be matched by the opposite attributes of its partner particle, it makes sense then to talk of these as particles and antiparticles, or matter and antimatter.\nThe phenomenon discovered by Hawking9 is directly associated with this creation of quantum particles in vacuum due to fluctuations in the gravitational field of the black hole. Particles created in this way live fleetingly and then annihilate with each other's counterpart to re-establish the vacuum after the fluctuation has subsided. We note, however, that fluctuations in the gravitational field of the black hole have a wavelength commensurate with its size. So when these fluctuations manifest themselves as photons, or any other type of particle whose rest mass is small compared to the amplitude of the fluctuation, their wavelength, too, corresponds to the size of the black hole. The fleeting quanta produced beyond the event horizon of very massive black holes are therefore much redder, and hence of lower energy, than those associated with their smaller brethren.\nThe paired quanta produced in this fashion annihilate outside the event horizon very quickly (in about one-millionth of a millionth of a millionth of 1 second). But some pairs, argued Hawking, will have a member that dips below the membrane of no return, abandoning its partner to the whim of the outside universe. Without a partner to annihilate, the detached particle flees the black hole's sphere of influence and merges into the flux of escaping radiation headed for infinity. To an observer on Earth, this looks like the black hole is actually radiating, though the mechanism is clearly indirect. Nevertheless, the\n9 Some of Hawking's early discussion on this topic appeared in a paper published by Nature in 1974.\nsource of energy for these fleeing particles is ultimately the black hole itself, and although we cannot claim that the radiation originated from within the event horizon, its energy surely did, and the dark object pays the price with a consequent decrease in its mass. If this simple application of quantum mechanics survives the test of time, it appears that all black holes must evaporate eventually.\nThe Hawking radiation from a black hole with barely the mass of 30 Suns has such a long wavelength, and is therefore so feeble, that it would take such an object 1061 times the current age of the universe to evaporate completely. But after 1098 years, even the 100-billion-solar-mass behemoths will be gone, completely and forever - the final act of fair play. And thus will end the saga of the most powerful objects in the universe, facing eternity as ghosts in a lifeless darkness.\nWas this article helpful?", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "The Planetary Society Blog 22 Feb 2019, 00:24 UTC Japan's Hayabusa2 spacecraft has successfully touched down on the surface of Ryugu! The touchdown happened about 35 minutes earlier than expected, catching even some of the project scientists off-guard. During a live broadcast from JAXA's control room in Sagamihara, cheers suddenly erupted, causing some initial confusion about whether Hayabusa2 had actually touched down. Soon afterward, via a superb Japanese-to-English translator who narrated the broadcast, a JAXA scientist reported, \"There was some deviation from the simulation graph, but the results are that everything went according to plan.\"\nSpaceflight Now 21 Feb 2019, 22:23 UTC The Beresheet moon lander will attempt to become the first privately-funded spacecraft to reach the moon, and these photos show the robotic probe’s journey through testing inside a clean room at Israel Aerospace Industries, followed by its attachment to a multi-satellite stack for launch on a Falcon 9 rocket.\nJapan’s Hayabusa2 is About to Shoot Up the Surface of Ryugu with Tiny Impactors so they can Collect a Sample21 Feb 2019, 17:54 UTC Japan’s Hayabusa2 mission is about to get down to business. After arriving at asteroid Ryugu at the end of June 2018, and dispatching its tiny rovers to the surface, the spacecraft is about to approach the surface of the asteroid and get some samples.\nStarts With a Bang! 21 Feb 2019, 15:01 UTC There are people alive today who can remember a time where no human-made creation had ever crossed the line from Earth’s atmosphere into space. Even today, it’s incredibly costly to launch a device into space, and it requires even more power than that to escape from the gravitational pull of our planet entirely. As the space race unfolded, humanity left the bonds of Earth’s orbit, walked on the surface of the Moon, and sent space probes to every other planet in our Solar System. A couple of those spacecraft sent to the farthest reaches of space have now exited our Solar System: Voyager 1 and 2. On their way out, however, powered by their fading nuclear power sources, one of them took a look back at the planet that spawned its existence. On February 14, 1990, Voyager 1 captured this photo of Earth: the Pale Blue Dot. Our view of our home world has never been the same since.\nThe Planetary Society Blog 20 Feb 2019, 19:49 UTC InSight has placed its second science instrument on the ground and set it free.\nCentauri Dreams 20 Feb 2019, 17:35 UTC It seems increasingly clear that the factors that govern what kind of a planet emerges where in a given stellar system are numerous and not always well understood. Beyond the snowline, planets draw themselves together from the ice and other volatiles available in these cold regions, so that we wind up with low-density gas or ice-giants in the outer parts of a stellar system. Sometimes. Rocky worlds are made of silicates and iron, elements that, unlike ice, can withstand the much warmer temperatures inside the snowline. But consider: While we now have 2,000 confirmed exoplanets smaller than three Earth radii, the spread in their densities is all over the map. We’re finding that other processes must be in play, and at no insubstantial level. Low-density giant planets can turn up orbiting close to their stars. Planets not so dissimilar from Earth in terms of their radius may be found with strikingly different densities in the same system, and at no great distance from each other.\nStarts With a Bang! 20 Feb 2019, 15:01 UTC When it comes to the elements of the Universe, every one of them has its own unique story. Hydrogen and helium were created in the earliest stages of the Big Bang; light elements like carbon and oxygen are created in Sun-like stars; heavier elements like silicon, sulfur and iron are created in more massive stars; elements beyond iron are made when those massive stars explode in supernovae. But the most massive elements of all at the very high end of the periodic table — including platinum, gold, radon, and even uranium — owe their origins to an even rarer, more energetic process. The heaviest elements of all come from merging neutron stars, a fact that was long suspected but only confirmed in 2017. Here’s the cosmic story of how the Universe got there.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Published September 14, 2006\nby AuthorHouse UK DS .\nWritten in English\n|The Physical Object|\n|Number of Pages||88|\nThis book did help me somewhat, but I just wish there was more information that incorporated the 13th sign, and its effect on us all. And as a bonus, she also introduced me to flower remedies, which I think could be beneficial to many, as well as certain foods which might help each of us improve our well-being.4/5(20). At the dawn of time, there were 13 Houses in the Zodiac Galaxy. Now only 12 remain Embark on a dazzling journey with ZODIAC, the first novel in an epic sci-fi-meets-high-fantasy series set in a galaxy inspired by the astrological signs. Astrology of the Thirteen Signs of the Zodiac is a book which explains a new theory in this ancient field of study. It was prompted by the fact that Western Astrology has outlived its lifetime and its elements have been rendered obsolete by its cousin, the science of astronomy. The precession of the. Book Review: Astrology of 13 Signs of the Zodiac: An Interesting Insight About Zodiacs Astrology is an interesting subject as far as most of the people are concerned. During my college days I read Linda Goodman’s Sun Signs many a times and every time I used to /5.\n14 rows The 13th zodiac is Ophiuchus. Zodiac Signs Aries MarApr Taurus AprMay . The legend of Ophiuchus’s downfall exists mainly as a common myth in Zodiac storybooks, told as a cautionary tale to all the children across the galaxy. Each House tells different versions of the story, but the most common form of the legend goes like this. \"I’m so grateful for an awesome store and workers at Nirvana! A mother and daughter combo that makes the shopping experience the best! Thank you for giving me a taste of Colorado in Fort Wayne 🏼🏔\"😃. “Under the 13th sign, I would be a Libra, which makes absolutely no sense to me. As the people-pleasing and most indecisive sign of the zodiac, Libras like to weigh both sides of every story.\nIf we return to the true astronomical roots of the signs of the zodiac, we will see that there are 13 signs, not 12 as the modern horoscope tells us. Reclaiming the forgotten Ophiuchus invites each of us to discover our correct astrological sign and contemplate the spectacular zodiacal constellations that dominate the nights at this time of year. Read A/N Special: About this Book from the story Zodiac High: The 13th Zodiac by Lucid_fantasies_ (💖Destiny💖) with reads. aries, libra, fantasy. Three ye Reviews: 6. According to Zodiac Books, qualities of an Ophiuchus are: “House Ophiuchus represented unity. Its people were spirited, magnetic, impulsive, clever, flamboyant, and at times jealous, power Author: Tess Koman. Zodiac is a non-fiction book written by Robert Graysmith about the unsolved serial murders committed by the \"Zodiac Killer\" in San Francisco in the late s and early '70s. Since its initial release in , Zodiac has sold 4 million copies worldwide. Graysmith was a cartoonist for the San Francisco Chronicle and later also wrote Zodiac Unmasked.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Galaxy Zoo Talk\nFull subject data (JSON)\nRead the post, so I thought I would add the tag #asteroid\nPosted October 9, 2015 12:56 PM\nwhat are the green and purple \"doughnuts\" at about 2:00?\nPosted November 24, 2015 8:02 PM\nAccording to one of the project scientists they are asteroids 😃\nPosted November 24, 2015 8:06 PM", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "November 30, 2020\nDownload MP3 (right click to save)\nOne vacation morning, my wife and I woke up real early for some reason - so we decided to make the most of that pre-dawn time. We went out to the porch of the mountain cabin we were in and we just sat there to watch the sunrise. It was awesome! We watched the eastern sky slowly brighten over the mountains, and it turned the sky these beautiful shades of pink and yellow. It took a while for the old sun to rise. I mean, we were waiting for almost an hour as the sky gradually got brighter. At last, there was this brighter spot over one particular peak, and then suddenly there it was - the sun crested the mountain. And even though we had to wait a while for the sun to come up, wow! Man, when it did, it totally cleared the mountain and it began ascending the sky in less than two minutes! Literally, as it rose, everything seemed to come to life across the valley. It's incredible to watch how God begins a day!", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "2:30 PM - 2:45 PM\n[MTT48-04] Iron isotopic compositions of Luna 16, 20, 24 soils\nAt present, there are no lunar meteorites collected as fall, thus, returned samples of the Moon are important for lunar Fe isotopic studies. In this study, we have measured Fe isotopic ratios of soil samples from the Soviet Luna missions, Luna 16, 20, and 24, using MC-ICP-MS. A highly matured sample from Luna 16 shows clearly distinguished Fe isotopic compositions between the fine-grain and coarse-grain fractions, while such Fe isotopic discrepancies among different size fractions were much smaller in submature (Luna 20) and immature (Luna 24) samples. The Fe isotopic ratios of separated grains show that agglutinates have higher δ57Fe values than the bulk and monomineralic grains, indicating the abundant np-Fe0s in agglutinates and the partial evaporation of Fe during its melting.\nThe δ57Fe value for the coarsest grain fraction of very low-Ti basalt from Luna 24 was found to be 0.08 ± 0.04‰, which is the first Fe isotopic composition reported for very low-Ti mare basalts. This value is clearly lower than previously reported δ57Fe values for high-Ti and low-Ti basalts, and is nearly identical to those of Mg-suites. This observation is consistent with the Fe isotopic evolution model during differentiation of lunar magma ocean . Furthermore, the Fe isotopic ratio of the very low-Ti basalt is indistinguishable from that of the Earth’s mantle, thus, the bulk silicate Earth and Moon are considered to possess an identical or very close Fe isotopic composition.\nReferences:  Poitrasson et al. (2009), EPSL, 223, 253-266.  Liu et al. (2010), GCA, 74, 6249-6262.  Sossi and Moynier (2017), EPSL, 471, 125-135.  Wang et al. (2015), EPSL, 430, 202-208.  Wiesli et al. (2003), EPSL, 216, 457-465.  Moynier et al. (2006), GCA, 70, 6103-6117.  Wang et al. (2012), EPSL, 337-338, 17-24.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Please note: the AAS Obituaries are temporarily being hosted on this website while their full content is being ingested into the PubPub publishing platform newly adopted by the Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society. When the migration is complete, your existing links will take you to the final, migrated content. Contact firstname.lastname@example.org with any questions.\nAn obituary for Phyllis Freier, cosmic ray researcher and longtime member of the Physics Department of the University of Minnesota, will appear in approximately the December, 1993 issue of Physics Today.\nBAAS Citation: BAAS, 1993, 25, 1496", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "t When Patrick passed away , i made a comment that the show should be taken off air and a new show put in it's place. They can still use the same people and maybe a few new ones . It also needs a better time slot and a bigger slot too so younger audiences can also view. With all that is going on in the world of astronomy and Space, they will not run short of topics. Also should include a section on getting started e g :- teaching Constellations,all about the planets , equipment to use , so on and so forth. It saddens me that the program is ending , I grew up with it like most of us , but it was Sir Patrick's baby. The current team, I feel , are constantly walking in Sir Patrick's shadow while the show is called Sky at Night ? When I think of that program I think of Patrick . Also an half hour show is just not long enough for this type of program. If they had their own show , the team's own personality would come shining through , they may have their own ideas they would like included. It is so important for something to continue . I bet most of us got started with Patrick and sky at night , myself included. We have to give the younger ones the same opportunity. |Thank you for letting me make this comment . Pam Ward.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Two hi-tech Westcott based companies are working together to develop steam technology for satellites.\nSteamJet Space Systems and Total Carbide will work together on producing a steam-fuelled propulsion system which will be used on small satellites including miniature CubeSats.\nThe companies met at the monthly Space Innovators networking event at the Westcott Space Cluster and realised their technologies had real synergy. As a result, Total Carbide, which specialises in highly durable tungsten carbide manufacturing, will support the production of SteamJet’s innovative propulsion system, believed to be the first of its kind in Europe.\nFunding has come from support provided by the Westcott Incubation Centre (WBIC) which led to SteamJet receiving a £5,000 grant from the UK Space Agency.\nBoth firms are also part of the Westcott Space Cluster of companies and members of the Government’s SPRINT programme which provides funding for innovative firms in the sector.\nSteamJet Director Dr Marco Pavan said: “We were the first company to join the Westcott Business Innovation Centre in June 2018 and it has been an ideal location as there is an ecosystem of space sector firms on the Park which has led to this collaboration.\n“Total Carbide specialises in the sort of skilled, highly accurate manufacturing to deliver this type of production and we have also had business and funding support which has been really helpful.”\nA prototype of the propulsion system has now been built and will be tested in space-simulated conditions in Southampton by the end of March with a patent due to be filed.\nMore than 3,000 CubeStats will be sent into orbit in the next five to six years driven by demand for earth observation and telecommunications. The technology will enable satellites to stay longer in space, change and optimise their orbit, avoid collisions, operate in constellations and de-orbit.\nAndreas Hohmann, Managing Director of Total Carbide, said: “It’s great to be working with another Space Cluster business at Westcott. We have worked in the space and aviation sectors for years and produce components for the Rolls Royce jet engines and for Collins Aerospace, so this is an exciting addition to our client portfolio.”\nWith its six-strong workforce likely to expand, SteamJet will soon require larger office space and are hoping to move into the new Westcott Innovation Centre at the Park once built in 2020.\nNigel MacKenzie, Project Manager at Westcott, said: “A big part of our message is collaboration and we are committed to building a positive eco system which will attract like-minded companies and individuals to develop their ideas.\n“It’s great to see SteamJet and Total Carbide working together to bring this new innovation to life.”", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "I was first hooked on the night sky when I was a much younger and much shorter version of myself. It was at a campground beside a creek that is the beginning of the Rio Grande River. The trout fishing was excellent. So was the stargazing because the campsite was near Creede, Colorado, elevation 8,700 feet.\nThe nights are chilly even in the summer, and the sky usually crystal clear. It took a couple such nights before I moved away from our campfire and into the surrounding darkness. I do not know why I looked up but I did and was stunned by the Milky Way and an uncountable number of stars — at least a billion it seemed to me. It appeared close enough to touch.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Mr Moon - The Mysterious Invention\nMr Moon, Episode 47 - The Mysterious Invention\nDuring this intergalactic animated series, Mr Moon and his friends, Silva and Gold Star, explore the universe on his superfast moon rocket.\nEpisode 47 - The Mysterious Invention\nMr Moon finds Gold Star's latest invention - and everybody comes up with different imaginative suggestions as to what it is... until Gold Star returns and tells them it's an imagination sparker.\nPrevious Episode Synopsis\nEpisode 44 - Sunny's Funnies\nLeft alone to babysit Sigma, Sunny makes up a funny story about two Space Pirates - Draco the Dreadful and Captain Great Bear.\n- 6:15pm Tuesday, April 02 (R)\n- 6:15pm Wednesday, April 03 (R)\n- 6:15pm Thursday, April 04 (R)\n- 6:15pm Friday, April 05 (R)\n- 6:15pm Saturday, April 06 (R)\n- 6:15pm Sunday, April 07 (R)", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "This is a difficult question to answer without knowing the specific location of your house. In general, houses in the northern hemisphere will get more sun on the south side, while houses in the southern hemisphere will get more sun on the north side. The amount of sun your house gets can also be affected by trees or other buildings nearby.\n- The Animals – House of the Rising Sun (1964) HQ/Widescreen ♫ 58 YEARS AGO\n- Sun Path Over My House\n- How Much Sun Does My House Get for Solar Panels\n- Sun Path Over My House Google Maps\n- Sun Path Over My House App\n- Sun Position Calculator\n- How Do You Know How Much Sunlight an Area Gets?\n- Can Google Maps Show Sun Path?\n- Where Does the Sun Hit My House the Most?\n- What Part of My Roof Gets the Most Sun?\nThe Animals – House of the Rising Sun (1964) HQ/Widescreen ♫ 58 YEARS AGO\nIf you’re wondering how much sun your house gets, there are a few things you can do to find out. First, you can look at a solar map of your area to get an idea of the average amount of sunlight that hits your region. You can also use a compass to find out which direction your house faces and then look up the sunrise and sunset times for that day.\nFinally, you can go outside and take a look around to see if there are any trees or other obstructions that might block the sun’s rays. Knowing how much sun your house gets is important for a few reasons. If you’re considering installing solar panels, for example, you’ll want to make sure there’s enough sunlight available to make them worth the investment.\nAdditionally, if you have plants inside your home, they’ll need a certain amount of sunlight to thrive; too little sun could result in unhealthy plants. So how much sun does YOUR house get? Take some time to find out and then use that information to determine whether solar panels or other measures are right for you.\nSun Path Over My House\nThe sun is one of the most important things in our solar system. It is the largest object in our solar system. The sun gives us day and night, it warms our planet, and it helps to keep us alive.\nThe sun is a star that is located in the Milky Way galaxy. It is about 150,000 times the size of Earth and has the mass of about 333,000 Earths. It is so large that it takes up about 99.86% of the total mass in our solar system.\nThe sun is huge and bright because it is made mostly of hydrogen gas. This gas makes up about 74% of the sun’s mass. Helium makes up about 24% of the sun’s mass while all other elements make up less than 2%.\nThe sun produces its own light and heat through nuclear fusion reactions. These reactions occur when atoms combine to form new atoms. This process releases a tremendous amount of energy that travels to the surface of the sun where it escapes as sunlight and heat energy.\nNuclear fusion reactions require very high temperatures for them to occur which explains why the inside of the sun is so hot! The temperature at the center of the sun can reach 27 million degrees Fahrenheit (15 million degrees Celsius). That’s almost 10 times hotter than what scientists think is necessary to fuse hydrogen atoms together!\nAll this heat energy creates convection currents within the Sun. Convection occurs when heated fluid rises while cooler fluid sinks due to gravity forces pulling downward.\nHow Much Sun Does My House Get for Solar Panels\nIf you’re considering solar panels for your home, one of the first things you’ll need to know is how much sun your house gets. This will determine the size and number of panels you’ll need to generate enough electricity to power your home.\nThere are a few ways to measure the amount of sun your house gets.\nOne is to use a solar tracker, which is a device that tracks the movement of the sun across the sky and calculates the amount of sunlight hitting your property. You can also use a digital camera or smartphone with an app like Sun Seeker to take pictures of the sun’s position at different times throughout the day. Or, you can simply observe how much direct sunlight hits your property at different times throughout the day and estimate from there.\nOnce you have an idea of how much sun your house gets, you can start sizing up solar panel systems. The average residential solar panel system ranges from 5kW-10kW, so if your house gets a lot of sun, you may be able to get by with a smaller system. Conversely, if your house doesn’t get as much direct sunlight, you’ll need a larger system to generate enough electricity to power your home.\nSo how much sun does YOUR house get? Get out there and find out! It’s an important step in going solar.\nSun Path Over My House Google Maps\nWhen I was younger, I was fascinated by the sun. I would spend hours outside tracking its movements across the sky. As an adult, I still find myself drawn to the sun and its power.\nSo, when I found out that there was a way to track the sun’s path over my house using Google Maps, I was intrigued. To use this feature, simply go to Google Maps and type in your address. Then, click on the “Sun” icon in the top right corner of the map.\nA box will pop up showing you the current position of the sun and its path for the next few hours. This is a great tool for planning outdoor activities or for simply admiring our amazing star. So next time you’re curious about where the sun is, be sure to check out Google Maps!\nSun Path Over My House App\nDo you ever look up at the sky and wonder where the sun will be at different times of the day? Well, now there’s an app for that! The Sun Path Over My House app allows you to see a map of the sun’s path over your house at any time of year.\nThis app is great for planning solar projects, such as solar panels or solar ovens. It can also help you plan your garden so that you can maximize the amount of sun exposure your plants get. And if you’re just curious about where the sun will be at different times of day, this app is for you too!\nThe Sun Path Over My House app is available for iOS and Android devices.\nSun Position Calculator\nThere are a lot of things to consider when trying to calculate the sun’s position. The first thing you need to know is the latitude and longitude of the location where you want to calculate the sun’s position. You also need to know the date and time that you want to calculate for.\nOnce you have all of that information, you can use a sun position calculator like the one at TimeAndDate.com to get detailed information about the sun’s position. The results from the calculator will tell you things like the azimuth and elevation of the sun, as well as how long it will be until sunset. If you’re trying to figure out when sunrise will be, you can use the “inverse” function on most calculators to get that information.\nKnowing the sun’s position can be helpful for a variety of reasons. For example, if you’re an astronomer, photographer, or even just a casual stargazer, being able to find the sun in relation to other objects in the sky can be very useful. Or, if you’re trying to get a tan without getting burned, knowing when the sun is at its highest point in the sky can help you plan your day accordingly.\nHow Do You Know How Much Sunlight an Area Gets?\nThere are a few ways to determine how much sunlight an area gets. One way is to use a light meter. A light meter is a device that measures the amount of light in an area.\nIt is important to note that the amount of sunlight an area gets can vary depending on the time of day and the season. Another way to determine how much sunlight an area gets is to use a solar calculator. A solar calculator takes into account the latitude, longitude, and elevation of an area to calculate how much sunlight it receives.\nCan Google Maps Show Sun Path?\nYes, Google Maps can show sun path. To do so, simply search for a location and then click on the “Satellite” view. From there, you’ll be able to see an overlay of the sun’s current position and path.\nWhere Does the Sun Hit My House the Most?\nAssuming you would like tips on how to maximize solar exposure for your home:\nThe sun hits my house the most in the morning, around 9 or 10 o’clock. This is when the sun is just starting to peek over the horizon and it’s not too hot yet.\nThe sun also hits my house in the afternoon, but it’s not as direct and it’s much hotter. I try to avoid being outside during those hours. There are a few things you can do to make sure your home is getting enough sunlight.\nFirst, you can trim any trees or shrubs that are blocking the sun from hitting your house. Second, you can open up your curtains or blinds during the day so that sunlight can come in. And third, you can paint your walls a light color so that they reflect more light.\nWhat Part of My Roof Gets the Most Sun?\nIf you are looking to install solar panels on your roof, it is important to know which part of your roof gets the most sun. The amount of sunlight that your roof receives will determine how much energy your solar panels can produce.\nIn the northern hemisphere, the south-facing side of a roof is typically the one that receives the most sun.\nThis is because the sun is generally in the southern sky during the daytime. If your home has a gable or hip roof, the south-facing slope will likely get more sun than the north-facing slope. However, if your home has a flat roof, both sides may receive an equal amount of sunlight.\nTo maximize energy production from your solar panels, it is best to install them on a south-facing slope that receives full sun exposure throughout the day. If this is not possible, another option is to install them on a east- or west-facing slope that receives partial sun exposure throughout the day.\nHow Much Sun Does My House Get?\nIt’s no secret that the sun is a powerful source of heat and light. But how much sun does your house actually get?\nThe answer may surprise you. The average house in the United States gets about 2,000 hours of sunlight per year. That means that if you were to spend every waking hour outside, you’d be exposed to the sun for about half of the year.\nBut of course, we don’t spend all our time outdoors. In fact, most of us spend the majority of our time indoors where we’re shielded from the sun’s rays. So how much sun does your house actually get?\nIt turns out that it depends on a few factors, including the location of your home, the orientation of your windows, and even the type of glass used in your windows. If you live in a sunny climate, like California or Florida, your house is likely to get more sun than if you live in a more temperate climate like Washington or Oregon. And if your windows face south or west, they’ll probably get more sun than if they face north or east.\nFinally, if your windows are made with special “low-e” glass that reflects sunlight away from your home, they’ll also let in less light than regular window glass.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Astronomers have recently carried out further research on a planet called K141-2B to find out about the things and features that take place here, such as a hailstorm, about a kilometer from the sea of lava. It is deep and the wind travels four times faster than the speed of sound. It was discovered in 2018. Astronomer Tu Jian Newgen says that this planet is very interesting because the weather here is severe, mineral rain. It snows. According to Professor Nicholas Cowan, the place is uninhabitable, but there is much to study. Astronomers in India and Canada say it is a rocky planet similar to our Earth.\nIt is 202 light-years from Earth. What is special is that the planet 141-2B revolves around its star in a few hours, but does not revolve around its orbit like Earth. This means that the planet The two-thirds of which is always in the direction of its star is always there during the day and the temperature there reaches 3000 degrees Celsius. While in some parts it is always night and the temperature there drops to minus 200 degrees. Astronomers say that due to such different weather conditions, it rains here.\nAs water evaporates on earth, it goes into the atmosphere where its clouds form. Rains refill lakes and rivers and then the same process is repeated. The same thing happens with K2-141B, but there the process is done with rocks.\nResearchers say we need to keep in mind that everything on this planet is made of rock. During the day the heat is so great that the rocks evaporate, but on the other hand the cold is so great that there is no air. And everything freezes and becomes solid.\nResearchers say that due to the hot and cold sides of the planet, strong winds blow at the speed of sound. And sometimes they reach 5,000 miles per hour. Professor Cowan says that these winds rapidly take the rock vapor to the cool side and begin to form droplets of rock, then rain of rocks and bring down. The sea is formed.\nAccording to Professor Newgen, by researching this new planet, we can learn about the origin of our earth and the lava planets tell us about important parts of planetary evolution. All the rocky planets, including Earth, began as a melting earth. Astronomers will continue to do more research on this in the future.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "A Magazine for All Space Enthusiasts\nIs print dead? Yes, certain large print publications are struggling. But we aren’t trying to compete with them. Our goal is not to provide a large dividend to shareholders. Our goal is to provide people with space related articles, especially those relevant to the Houston area, that are informative and interesting. This is why we will be able to cover costs even though we are printing less than 1% of the magazines some of these failing but popular magazines print. Plus…It really helps the bottom line when your entire staff are volunteers.\nOur organization have a long history of writing on space, more than thirty years in fact for AIAA Houston Horizons. Our online newsletter is already read by thousands of space enthusiasts, engineers, and scientists. See the newsletters.\nWith a little more push, our reports on what’s new in space and reflections on the past in spaceflight can be spread to even more people around the country and the world!\nIs space dead? We don’t think so. The shuttle may have retired but space is very much alive and kicking. Just look at the successful landing of the NASA Curiosity, the success of Space X’s Dragon capsule, Virgin Galactic’s plans to offer suborbital flights for space tourists this year, etc. Initiatives like Mars One and Inspiration Mars is taking people’s imaginations (and realities) even further! For the uninformed, space may seem to be dying but you don’t have to be uninformed. We’re here to inform you, if you’ll support us.\nWho is behind this magazine?\nThe dedicated team of writers of AIAA Houston Horizons who all have studied and are working in aerospace engineering (aka rocket science) include:\nDouglas Yazell, Chief Editor\nShen Ge, Writer and Kickstarter Manager\nEllen Gillespie, Editor and Writer\nDr. Steven Everett, Editor and Writer\n+ It costs roughly $1500 to print 200 copies of 36 pages, full color, saddle stitched magazine.\n+ $250 for kickstarter and amazon fees\n+ The rest for prizes and postage to send out the majority of the magazines and letters of thanks", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Full Moon (Travel Bug) For Geocaching\nTrackable Tag – Unactivated\nThe moon has always been a celestial object used for navigation and time.\nNow you can have your own moon and watch it travel around the world.\nAll tags are made of aluminum, just like travel bugs, and come with\na chain so that it may be attached to another item.\nThe Moon Tag measures just under 2″.\nTrackable on Geocaching.com", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Read full article on original website\nIt will take days to weeks for astronomers to confirm whether or not NASA's asteroid smasher DART changed the orbit of its target, asteroid Dimorphos.\nOn Monday (Sept. 26) at 7:14 p.m. EDT (2314 GMT), if all goes well, DART will crash into Dimorphos in an attempt to alter the moonlet's trajectory.\nAstronomers are using the James Webb Space Telescope to look back in time. How is this possible? It's just the nature of light, according to NASA.\nIt's rare for spacecraft mission personnel to cheer at the words \"loss of signal,\" but tonight, that's exactly what happened.\nRELATED LOCAL CHANNELS\nDuring a media briefing on Thursday (Sept. 22), the DART mission team said they are confident that the craft will smash into the asteroid Dimorphos as planned on Monday (Sept. 26).\nNASA will crash a spacecraft into an asteroid on Sept. 26 and you can watch it through telescopes online for free\nThe Virtual Telescope Project will attempt to show DART's impact through its network of ground-based telescopes.\nNASA's DART spacecraft is no more, but its final view is incredible.\nAn astronaut's photo of Mount Ruapehu, the real-life \"Mount Doom\" volcano shows the contrast between the hydrothermal lake at its summit and the snow surrounding its peak.\nNASA's DART mission, which will slam into an asteroid on Sept. 26, is not just a planetary defense exercise; it's also an opportunity to learn how binary asteroids form.\nThis marks a rather auspicious week, for we will see Jupiter loom as large and as bright as it ever can get from our earthly vantage point.\nHurricane Ian made landfall on the Gulf Coast of Florida as a dangerous Category 4 storm, which NASA watched live from orbit as it reached the U.S. mainland.\nFor NASA's DART spacecraft, the drama happens in space, but mission success relies on telescopes back on Earth.\nIN THIS ARTICLE\nA Falcon 9 rocket launched 52 of SpaceX's Starlink internet satellites to orbit Saturday evening (Sept. 24) and also aced a landing at sea.\nDART may have completed its journey, but the work is only just starting for scientists as they set about learning how much the asteroid Dimorphos was deflected by its impact.\nYOU MAY ALSO LIKE\nNASA will slam the DART spacecraft into an asteroid for target practice to get ready for the next big hit, but don't worry: nothing big is set to come at us for the next 100 years.\nThe iconic 20-sided Dungeons and Dragons die soared close to the 'Astral Plane' to advertise a new space campaign for the role-playing game.\nTelescopes here on Earth captured the DART asteroid probe's spectacular deep-space death.\nDART truly made a mess last night.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Full Rose Moon & Penumbral Lunar Eclipse Blessings. In a tight square with Mars, God of War and Revolution, this Full Moon Eclipse, also happening during the Inferior Conjunction of Venus with the Sun King, is calling forth our inner Warrior to tear down any barriers to Love and Unity, both within ourselves and in society.\nFor Resources on ‘Un-doing Racism’, please see Heather’s Resource page on her website, which she is updating regularly.\nMay these revolutionary energies serve the change that we all need to be.\nWith my love & blessings from Avalon\nAnnabel Du Boulay ?♥️?\nPhoto by Yuzuru Gima / Getty Images", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Welcome, celestial voyagers, to the cosmic dance of July 2023! This month, the stars have choreographed a celestial ballet that will guide us through lessons of responsibility, renewal, and reflection. So, fasten your cosmic seatbelts, and let’s embark on this astral journey together!\nFull Moon in Capricorn: Embrace Your Responsibilities (July 3rd)\nAs the Full Moon bathes the sign of Capricorn in its silvery glow, we are reminded of our commitments to the world beyond our doorstep. This is not a time for shying away from responsibilities. Instead, it’s a cosmic call to action, urging us to step up, act maturely, and take charge. Remember, dear stargazers; the universe rewards those who are not afraid to roll up their sleeves and get their hands dirty. So, let’s embrace our duties with grace and determination!\nNew Moon in Cancer: Nurture Your Foundations (July 17th)\nMid-month, the New Moon nestles into the comforting arms of Cancer, prompting us to turn our gaze inward. This lunar event is a gentle reminder to nourish our personal lives, our homes, and our families. It’s a time to feed our foundations, both the physical ones we live in and the emotional ones we carry within us. Remember, the strength of a tree lies in its roots. Similarly, our strength lies in the love and security we derive from our personal circle of friends and family.\nTrue North Node Enters Aries: Cultivate Independence (July 17th)\nOn the same day, the True North Node strides confidently into Aries, encouraging us to cultivate independence. This celestial shift is a cosmic nudge to address co-dependency issues and indecision. It’s a period of learning to love ourselves, trust our instincts, and lead without fear. Remember, the journey to self-love is the most rewarding journey of all. So, let’s embark on this path of self-discovery and empowerment!\nJupiter Semi-Square Neptune: Beware of Illusions (July 22nd)\nAs Jupiter forms a semi-square with Neptune, a thread of idealism weaves its way into our lives. While hope is a beautiful thing, this astral event warns us against unrealistic or inflated expectations. Beware of illusions, dear stargazers, for they can lead us astray. Remember, the universe encourages us to dream, but it also teaches us the importance of grounding our dreams in reality.\nVenus Retrograde in Leo: Reflect on Relationships (July 22nd)\nVenus, the planet of love and beauty, begins its retrograde dance in the flamboyant sign of Leo. This celestial backspin offers us a chance to review our affections, relationships, and finances. It’s a time for introspection, for looking back before moving forward. Remember, sometimes, the universe asks us to pause and reflect so that we can make better decisions in the future.\nChiron Retrograde: Heal from Within (July 23rd)\nFinally, as Chiron, the wounded healer, turns retrograde, we are encouraged to reassess the mental and physical health programs in our lives. This is a time for introspection and healing. Remember, healing is not a destination but a journey. So, let’s embark on this healing journey with courage and compassion.\nSo, dear voyagers, are you ready to dance to the cosmic tunes of July 2023? Remember, the universe is always guiding us, teaching us, and helping us grow. Let’s embrace these celestial lessons with open hearts and open minds. Here’s to a month of responsibility, renewal, and reflection!", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Disappointingly, scientists say they've been able to establish where the methane on Mars comes from - and it's not from living organisms.\nBritish scientists say they've established a link between the sun's 11-year cycle and cold winters in Northern Europe and parts of America.\nThe bulky Polaroid camera - like bell bottom jeans and leg warmers - has (thankfully) been relegated to the trash heap of embarrassing fashion faux pas.\nScientists have created organic macromolecules by zapping a Titan-like atmosphere with UV rays. The discovery supports the idea that the moon of Saturn could support life.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Sunday, August 15, 2021 16:30 PM (GMT+7)\nWhile the faces of Nasa’s Mercury Seven astronauts flooded the global press, the Russian cosmonauts trained in secrecy, unbeknownst to the public.\nThe first group of potential astronauts is reduced to just 20, including Yuri Gagarin, second from left.\nOn April 13, 1961, special correspondent Georgi Ostroumov of the Soviet newspaper Izvestia met the first man in space. The day after returning to Earth, “space pilot” Yuri Gagarin was, in Ostroumov’s account, “excited, healthy, and fit… a wonderful smile spread across his face. “\n“Sometimes dimples appear on his cheeks,” Ostroumov wrote. “He appreciated everyone’s curiosity when he asked in detail about what he saw and experienced during the hour and a half he spent on Earth.”\nIn the pamphlet published to commemorate the flight, “Soviets in Space”, the interview with Gagarin spanned several pages.\nThe astronaut described the experience: “The horizon is unusually beautiful and extremely unique.” He also praised the Soviet Union: “I dedicate my journey to… all of our people who marched to the front lines of humanity and built a new society.”\nIn a political system where the press tends to propagate rather than portray facts, it is easy to assume that Gagarin’s words are fabricated. But while they may have been tweaked by the censors, it’s likely they’re still the cosmonaut’s true words.\nA fighter pilot who grew up in a small Russian village, Gagarin is a beloved family man. Indeed, he is handsome, charming and especially has a party card, showing his loyalty to the communist party.\nWhile the dramatics of the early stages of Nasa’s manned space program were well known to the public, it was not until recently that the full story of how the Soviets recruited and trained their cosmonauts became known. known.\nAfter qualifying as a fighter pilot, Gagarin was assigned to a remote airfield near the border with Norway, and flew MiG-15s on the Western Front during the War. Cold.\nAt the end of the summer of 1959, two doctors arrived at the airbase, conducting interviews to pre-select a group of pilots.\nAfter starting with a list of about 3,500 potential candidates, the doctors narrowed their search to about 300 pilots across western Russia.\n“The interviewees had no idea why they were being interviewed,” said Stephen Walker, author of “Beyond”[Ngoại vi], spent years rummaging through Russian archives to piece together the full story of Gagarin’s mission.\nThe interview has quite intimate content such as asking about career, aspirations and family. Some people were invited to come back for a second interview. Although the doctors revealed that they were looking for candidates for a new flying device, they never revealed their true intentions.\n“They’re looking for military pilots who accept the possibility that they’re willing to die for their country, which is really what you have to deal with, because the odds of coming back alive aren’t necessarily high,” Walker said.\nWhile Nasa recruited military test pilots to serve as cosmonauts for the first time flying in the Mercury complex spacecraft, the Soviet Vostok’s cockpit was designed with remote control from the ground. Except in the event of an emergency, the pilot doesn’t do much to operate the flight.\n“They’re not looking for people with that much experience,” Walker said. “What they were looking for was simply a human version of a dog – someone who could sit there and endure the mission, respond to the acceleration, and come back safely.”\nAnd just like the cosmonaut dogs that Russian rocket scientists launched into space more than a decade ago, astronauts must be physically fit, obedient, and small enough to fit in the capsule. narrow driving.\nIn the end, 134 people selected – all young pilots, less than 1m68 tall – were given the opportunity to “volunteer” for a new and extremely secret mission.\nSome were told the mission was to train to fly the spacecraft, others believed it was a new version of the helicopter.\nNone of the pilots were allowed to discuss work with colleagues or consult with family.\nMeanwhile, in April 1959, the United States announced the names of the first seven astronauts to fly Mercury. Candidates must undergo a series of grueling physical exercises, medical and psychological tests – all written in the book by Tom Wolfe (followed by a movie and TV series). ) called The Right Stuff.\nWhen asked during the press conference which exercise they disliked the most, astronaut John Glenn said: “It’s very difficult to choose which exercise to watch because if you find out how many holes, holes in the human body. and how deep you can go in each of those holes or niches… then tell me, which hole makes you most hesitant to go in.”\nBut with many questions remaining about how humans can adapt to the extremes of space flight – such as acceleration, zero gravity and solitude – the rationale is imperative. considered when choosing a person, that is the person chosen must have the best physical and most stable mentality.\nThe person in charge of the examination of candidates for the post of Soviet cosmonauts was Vladimir Yazdovsky, professor at the Moscow Academy of Aviation and Space Medicine.\nBefore that, he was the supervisor of the program to send astronaut dogs into space. Colleagues describe (in private) that he is arrogant and harsh.\n“He’s kind of like a horrible James Bond character,” Walker said, “and he’s incredibly cruel to these people.”\nIn most cases, the Soviet exercise was longer, more difficult, and more intense than that of the American cosmonauts.\nWithin a month, the candidates had to experience pressure in holes and holes in their bodies, endurance tests in every part of their bodies, and being provoked to become easily agitated.\nThey were put in a room with a temperature as high as 70 degrees Celsius, or the room was gradually depleted of oxygen and forced to sit in a chair that caused the shaking simulation like when launching a ship. Some candidates fall, others give up.\nThis extremely austere training program places less emphasis on ship piloting skills than Nasa\nDuring the process, attendees were prohibited from telling family and friends what they were up to. Even in the month of admission, some people still don’t know what they’re applying for.\nIn the end 20 of those young people passed their training at an astronaut training center.\nThis place was later renamed Star City, but at first it was just a place of a few military tents in a forest near Moscow.\nNo one held a press conference or announced anything. Officially, the Soviet spaceflight program did not exist on paper.\n“If they leave the base, they’re told not to tell anyone what they’re doing, why they’re there, if someone asks, they’ll say they’re part of the athletic training team,” Walker described. . “Everything is controlled, everything is secret. Everything is hidden behind closed doors.”\nThe training program itself is similar to the US program, but has less content related to spacecraft control.\nLike astronaut dogs, these people were rotated at increasing speeds on a centrifugal rotator, locked in a sealed, soundproofed cockpit for several days and subjected to constant physical and mental health checks. .\nAnother typical difference from the US space program is the amount of skydiving training that Russian cosmonauts have to do. That’s because they needed to escape the spacecraft during a rapid fall to the ground to avoid serious injury from the impact. The fact that the cabin and pilot would land separately is another secret that was not revealed until many years later.\nWith more and more people falling, the first group of six astronauts was selected for the first flight.\nWhen Nasa publicly announced its hope to launch people into space for the first time in 1961, Soviet space program leader Sergei Korolev knew he had a chance in a limited amount of time.\nRussian cosmonauts go through the same journey as many American cosmonauts, for example training in zero gravity.\nOn April 5, 1961, the astronauts arrived at the so-called Baikonur spacecraft launch site in the Kazakh desert, where Korolev’s massive R7 rocket was ready.\nUntil then, still none of them know who will be the first to fly into space. Finally, just days before the launch, Gagarin was allowed to fly.\nUntil it was officially announced that Gagarin was in Earth’s orbit, no one but those closest to the space program knew his name.\nAccording to Ostroumov, a special correspondent for the Izvestia newspaper, on the morning of April 12, Gagarin “wagged for the last time to friends and comrades below. [tên lửa] when he entered the spaceship, a few seconds later the command was given… the giant ship rose from the fiery cloud to the stars.”\nHe returns to Earth and becomes the Soviet son that pops up all over the posters – Russian-style astronaut.\nThere are a number of places in the world that make everyone curious, because they are considered “top secret” and very few people have…", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Mr Mark LintonPosition: PhD StudentE-mail: mark.linton(at port.ac.uk)\nTelephone: +44 (0)2392 845165Office: DS2.05\nResearch interests: Interacting dark energy, The cosmological constant problem, Modified gravity.\nI am a third year PhD student working with Dr Alkistis Pourtsidou and Prof Robert Crittenden. I am currently working on models of interacting dark energy with the aim of using recent cosmological data to examine which of these models best describe our Universe.\nI completed a Theoretical Physics masters degree (MPhys) at the University of Sussex, graduating in 2015. My research here involved exploring how AdS/CFT holography could be used to model high temperature superconductors, I was supervised by Dr Veronica Sanz.Qualifications: MPhys University of Sussex, MSc University of Sussex\nPublications from UKADS\nPublications from INSPIRE\nPublications from arXiv\nPublications from the UoP Research Portal\nExternal talks (academic)\nExternal talks (outreach)", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Watch: NASA astronauts perform spacewalk outside ISS\nOn Sunday, December 22, 2013, NASA astronaut Mike Hopkins tweeted on Saturday’s spacewalk, saying, “Wow… can’t believe that is me yesterday. Wish I could find the words to describe the experience, truly amazing.” Expedition 38 Flight Engineers Rick Mastracchio and Mike Hopkins wrapped up a 5-hour, 28-minute spacewalk outside the International Space Station completing the first in a series of excursions aimed at replacing a degraded ammonia pump module associated with one of the station’s two external cooling loops that […]\nPosted at 7:51 AM, Mar 29, 2018\nand last updated2018-03-29 13:03:09-04\nHOUSTON – Two NASA astronauts performed a spacewalk Thursday outside the International Space Station.\nNASA says Expedition 55 flight engineers Andrew Feustel and Ricky Arnold planned to install two new handrails with built-in wireless communications equipment, replace a malfunctioning camera, and remove a set of hoses from the ISS’s cooling system.\nFuestel and Arnold arrived at the ISS on March 23 after launching to the station on March 21 on board a Soyuz MS-08 spacecraft with Russian cosmonaut Oleg Artemyev.\nAccording to Space.com, this is Fuestel’s 7th spacewalk and Arnold’s 3rd. It’s the 100th spacewalk overall by Expedition crew members and the 209th overall in support of ISS assembly and maintenance.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "To go along with the rover tracking feature in MMB2.0, there will soon be a \"Rover Model\" feature, where you can move a 3D model of the rover along the rover's actual path to see what it looks like in relation to the surroundings. UnmannedSpaceflight.com maestro Doug Ellison created the 3D rover model that MMB will use. Check it out an early version in these QuickTime movies:\nOpportunity Sol 1061-1066 w/model\nSpirit Summit movie\nAnd there are some screenshots here.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Q: What will it take for the U.S. to make another \"giant leap\" in space technology? (It seems that there is a lot of industry inertia in using proven technology based on a lot of risk aversion.) Bill Tandy, Boulder, Colorado\nFranklin Chang-Díaz: It does take leadership and vision from the very top. However, the private sector is becoming an increasingly important element in the equation, driven by entrepreneurship and new business opportunities. It may very well be that the new driver for space exploration does not come from the traditional government sector but rather from a more agile and dynamic private sector.\nQ: How would you control a plasma rocket since it is traveling at such high speeds? Joanne, Albany, New York\nChang-Díaz: The trajectories of space vehicles, regardless of their speed (so long as we don't get too close to the speed of light-unlikely anytime soon) are fortunately determined by laws of physics that we understand well today. Controlling the speed of a spacecraft is done by pointing its rocket engines in particular directions at particular times during the flight. In the case of VASIMR, we would accelerate continuously half way to Mars and then turn the ship around to fire the rocket backwards so we begin gradually slowing down as we reach the planet. Eventually, the planet's own gravity pulls us in, and we finish the breaking maneuver by diving a little into the planet's atmosphere. The friction of the air on the ship slows it down to an acceptable final speed so that conventional chemical rockets can take over and do the landing. We have produced a video that shows this that you might like to see athttp://www.adastrarocket.com/plasmarocket.mpg\nQ: If you manage to create a rocket that will be able to heat argon up to millions of degrees F, what will you construct the rocket out of in order to withstand such extreme temperatures? Would being in space cool the rocket's body to a point where the parts of the rocket would not melt? Would the fact that the plasma is shooting out the back of the rocket save the body from melting? Lynette BW - Hampstead Middle School teacher 8th grade, Hampstead, New Hampshire\nChang-Díaz: The plasma is so hot that no known material would be capable of \"holding\" it, so we do not use \"materials\" to do so. Fortunately, plasma is also an electrical conductor and, as such, it responds very well to magnetic and electric forces. We use a magnetic force field to contain the plasma and electromagnetic waves to heat it (so nothing really touches it). The magnetic field acts as an invisible \"duct,\" which of course, being a force field, does not melt. We call this \"duct\" a magnetic nozzle and it is one of the key components on the VASIMR engine. You can find a good explanation of this at http://www.adastrarocket.com/VASIMR.html\nQ: Dr. Chang-Díaz,\nWith the idea of your plasma drive, do you believe that the idea of a \"warp\" drive can be developed in time? And I do believe that your plasma drive is just the first step. What is the temperature range of your plasma drive? David Elliott, Jackson, Michigan\nChang-Díaz: Warp drive requires a major upgrade in our understanding of the laws of physics. I am, however, an eternal optimist and I believe that someday this knowledge will come to us. Until then however, VASIMR provides a stepping-stone to much faster space travel than is possible today, and its development will open the entire solar system to us for exploration. This will keep us busy for a long time and make humanity a true space-faring species. VASIMR is also a precursor to fusion rockets, which will give us extremely powerful engines, capable of accelerating continuously at nearly 1g. This will provide us with an \"artificial gravity,\" and the astronauts will not just travel fast but also will not be debilitated by long exposure to weightlessness. Ultimately though, the \"Holy Grail\" in space propulsion is Warp drive—hopefully some day that will be possible.\nQ: I understand the basics of a plasma rocket, but what are you using to heat the gas? To get something to a million degrees, it seems like that would take a lot of energy, which would take a lot of fuel. Pat Bradford, Huntsville, Alabama\nChang-Díaz: We heat the plasma with electromagnetic waves, not unlike the way one heats food today in microwave ovens. We use radio waves of lower frequency than microwaves, because the hardware that produces them is a bit more efficient and lightweight, suitable for space, but the principle is basically the same. The plasma will reach extremely high temperatures as long as we contain it properly and not let its heat escape too quickly. This containment is done with very strong magnetic forces to which the plasma responds. You can have a look at http://www.adastrarocket.com/VASIMR.html\nQ: How would you protect the rocket from small debris tearing through it traveling that fast? Very cool idea by the way!! Thanks, Nick Nick Palassis\nChang-Díaz: Space debris is a real problem even in today's rockets. We have been developing special material shields that are used in spacecraft now. The problem with space debris is concentrated near Earth due to all the derelict satellites we have put in orbit and are no longer usable. In the open interplanetary void however, the collision with debris is less likely—though still a matter of concern. We will have to build our ship with sufficient \"redundancy\" so that it can tolerate some of these impacts and not be completely crippled. By the way, in a side note, our \"space ship\" Earth has no such redundancy should a wayward asteroid decide to cross our path, something to think about...\nQ: Is it possible to produce the high temperatures needed by static sparks? (For instance, can you make and contain a huge bolt of lightning using nuclear fuel? Thanks and good luck. Chuck Charles P. Richardson, Elkhart, Indiana\nChang-Díaz: Hmm!! That would be hard to do. Capturing large quantities of energy delivered in a short time is always very hard. It is akin to capturing the energy of a bomb. There is actually a project that approaches this though. It is called the National Ignition Facility (NIF) at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. They use gigantic lasers that all concentrate their light onto a small central point where a tiny piece of deuterium-tritium ice is heated to hundreds of millions of degrees in a billionth of a second. The hoped for result is a miniature Sun that explodes like a tiny hydrogen bomb and releases fusion energy. The hope is to capture this energy as useful electricity.\nQ: I've been hearing about plasma engines for sometime. The story was, a favorite book review once said, 'Detailed sketches and sketchy details'. What makes your plasma generator practical?\nChang-Díaz: A lot of sweat and hard work, the transition from physics feasibility to engineering practicality is what we are witnessing now in our laboratory today. But there is still a lot of work ahead. It does remind me of a similar transition in the evolution of the automobile engine, an extremely complex system that, over time, has become extremely practical. Most people have no idea when they turn their ignition key in the morning when they go to work what it has taken to bring such a complex system to such a high level of practicality.\nQ: Why is xenon used more often to create plasma than other gases? Anonymous\nChang-Díaz: The short answer is: because it is easy to ionize and heavy enough to provide a good kick.\nXenon, however, may not be suitable to feed a robust space propulsion infrastructure, as the world's supply of the gas is quite limited. It costs about $5000/kg to buy laboratory-grade xenon, so scientists are investigating other alternatives, such as argon ($40/kg) and, for deep space missions, the choice may be hydrogen, the most abundant element in the known universe.\nQ: What is the difference between plasmas in very hot places like the Sun and plasmas created with lasers, microwaves, electric fields etc? Harrison Becker\nChang-Díaz: There is really no difference. One of the goals of controlled thermonuclear research on Earth is precisely to create a small Sun in the laboratory, so we can learn to harness the power of thermonuclear fusion to provide us with abundant energy.\nQ: Can you apply your technology to reduce the fuel consumption of airplanes? This may be quite a challenge; however, if the technology were developed it may greatly reduce the greenhouse gases that airplanes produce. Anonymous\nChang-Díaz: Plasma technology in general has many more uses beyond rocket propulsion. There are techniques to improve the combustion efficiency of gasoline and other fossil fuels in our conventional engines with small plasma discharges that stimulate the chemical reactions that control combustion. There are many others. I would suggest you have a look at this document http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?isbn=0309109434\nQ: Dear Mr. Chang-Díaz,\nWhile in space, what was your favorite food? According to the Travel Channel, tortillas were introduced to space as an alternative for bread. Did you, on any of your many missions, experience any zero-G tortillas? Mark Martinez, Portland, Oregon\nChang-Díaz: Yes, in all of my missions. Tortillas are very practical in space.\nQ: What's so special about argon and xenon that makes them so widely used in plasma engines? Perry High School 9th grade, Gilbert, Arizona\nChang-Díaz: The short answer is: Both are easy to ionize and heavy enough to provide a good kick.\nXenon however may not be suitable to feed a robust space propulsion infrastructure, as the world's supply of the gas is quite limited. It costs about $5000/kg to buy laboratory grade xenon, so scientists are investigating other alternatives, such as argon ($40/kg) and, for deep space missions, the choice may be hydrogen, the most abundant element in the known universe.\nQ: I watched the NOVA episode where you explain the methods that will be used in the future to propel man into the farthest reaches of space, to start, Mars. Your company is developing a rocket based on your thesis. Perhaps I did not hear you mention the type of element that will be used to create the plasma. I thought that one of the most abundant elements present on Earth is probably the best to use, and that is sulfur. It is almost free and accessible from any place where there is a volcanic vent.\nCould your method utilize sulfur? Mind you that if other planets are also made in the similar manner as Earth, the feasibility of harvesting sulfur in places other than Earth makes traveling into other solar systems or planets at so called \"warp speeds\" or at the speed of light an attainable feat.\nI hope that you can make this a reality for the future of mankind.\nBest regards, Nelly Nelly Villacreses, Takoma Park, Maryland\nChang-Díaz: We have been working with argon as the main feedstock gas to make the plasma; however, VASIMR can work with a variety of gases, such as hydrogen, deuterium, nitrogen, as well as mixtures such as ammonia. We have not experimented with sulfur. We do have to be careful with the elements we use, as these could combine chemically with components near the rocket and create unfavorable conditions.\nQ: Is there any way that plasma thrusters can be used to launch an object from Earth?\nThank you! Harrison Becker, Gilbert, Arizona\nChang-Díaz: Plasma rockets are better suited for in-space propulsion and not to lift off from Earth because they tend to like to work in a vacuum. The venerable chemical rocket will probably continue to get us off the planet and allow us to land nicely and efficiently, but plasma propulsion will provide the \"long haul\" and high speed capability to travel far and fast once in space.\nQ: I am a high school student from Michigan who has always been interested in the cosmos and wanted to be an astronaut. As a high school student I am aware that the decisions that I make right now will affect me the rest of my life. I would greatly appreciate it if you could advise me on what I should focus on (what I should do) to achieve my dreams to become an astronaut.\nThank you Anonymous\nChang-Díaz: There are not only extraordinary opportunities for young people today to fly in space, but to also do extremely productive things there. Space will be a place of exploration, of business, of commerce, and lots of people will live and work there in your lifetime. So, being an astronaut takes on a much larger meaning. It needs to be connected with something else you dream about. In my case. it has always been science and exploration. I wanted to not just ride the rockets, but to also design them and build them. You need to find that special thread that guides your personal path to space. There is no set \"recipe\" and yours may be different than that of others. The traditional image of the astronaut as the military pilot has been expanded to include that of the scientist, the explorer, the entrepreneur. As such, you have a very bright future and a very high probability of achieving your dream if you apply yourself and work really hard. Follow your star...and be sure to enjoy the road to success, as you will spend the best years of your life getting to where you want to go.\nQ: How does someone who believes in what you are trying to do contribute other than money today? With a 39-day trip to Mars, exploration is almost certain because of the manageable timeline this creates! It is so exciting, for a while I thought NASA would surely kill manned exploration beyond the moon due to the muscle loss and health problems associated with long-term space travel. This rocket is truly a game changer, in my estimation. My only engineering question is how to ensure the safety of anything that has temperatures in the millions architecturally. I'm sure the materials are exotic, but will they be safe for a 39-day burn? I'm sure it is proprietary, but nevertheless I am very intrigued. Perhaps some cross-pollination with the cold-fusion folks could net some reliable clean-power sources. If the materials science works in both genres, would there be applicable technology transfer in the future?\nScience has the Answers to our problems, and inspires our dreams to go as far as we can go! Roy Koons, Davidsonville, Maryland\nChang-Díaz: I agree completely. It is amazing what science and technology can achieve for the betterment of humanity. The VASIMR engine has many new technologies without which it would not be possible to think of such propulsion system. These technologies have already begun having a positive effect in our lives on Earth. For example, plasma technology is used today to improve the efficiency of electric lamps and light sources. It is used in the manufacture of computer chips with plasma etching devices that reduce the need for toxic chemicals to process these materials. It is also used to dissociate highly toxic wastes, eliminating them and converting them into a source of clean electrical power. Superconducting magnets, needed to control and guide the plasma in the VASIMR, are the basis for MRI machines in modern hospitals and could lead to breakthroughs in high-speed rail transportation and power transmission. I could go on. I suggest you review the following document http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?isbn=0309109434\nQ: How long do you think it will take to develop the 40-day mission to Mars plasma drive? How soon do you think it will be ready for flight test? How long until you think it will be operational? Ron, Kew Gardens, New York\nChang-Díaz: The 40-day mission to Mars would require the development of a nuclear reactor to generate about 200 MW of electrical power for the engines, something similar to the reactors in use today in nuclear submarines (about 1/10 the power of a conventional nuclear power plant). Such reactors have not yet been developed for space, and they need to be if we are truly serious about humans exploring space. This may be pursued by the U.S. or any other country that has a mature nuclear power industry. We will have to see. As for the VASIMR engine itself, our company plans to develop the plasma propulsion technology in a stepwise fashion, focusing first on engines that will be used near Earth and the Moon and powered by solar electricity. Eventually, we will build more powerful engines, at tens of megawatts, suitable for a 40-day mission to Mars. These engines cannot be tested on Earth or on the International Space Station. We plan to test these engines on the surface of the Moon, using solar electric power to drive them.\nQ: I was curious about the effects of the extreme temperatures of the plasma rocket. How would these very high temperatures affect the atmosphere and the ozone layer? I have heard that every rocket takeoff now causes a hole in the ozone, but I am not sure of the fact or effects. I must commend you on encouraging your children to live their dreams and be such a strong example. Our continent needs to encourage a work ethic more. Thank you, JJ Crouch JJ Crouch, Winchester, Kentucky\nChang-Díaz: Thank you for your comment. The plasma engine will not be used in the atmosphere but even if it were, the exhaust is a harmless noble gas (argon), which has no chemical reactions with the environment. However, the engine will be used exclusively in space. There, the plasma exhaust will not be much different from the plasma from the solar wind. Another important point to note is that, while the plasma is very hot, its density is very low, and so the \"heat\" content in the plasma jet is lower than the heat content in the exhaust of a conventional chemical rocket. Think of the difference between heat and temperature. A lit match has a high temperature but very little heat (some tough guys can put it out with their fingers). In contrast, a bathtub full of hot water has a lot of heat but the temperature is low enough to take a bath in it.\nQ: I remember reading some years ago about a \"Project Daedalus\" that was attempting to develop a \"continuous pulsed-fusion\" rocket that supposedly could achieve 10% of light speed. Are you familiar with this project, and does it have anything in common with the rocket you are working on? Lyle Gentry, Wichita, Kansas\nChang-Díaz: There are several of these ideas I remember from my early university years. One of them would \"scoop\" hydrogen plasma from the interplanetary medium and compress it in a magnetic trap to produce fusion. I believe it was called the \"fusion ramjet.\" In another concept, the ship would explode thermonuclear bombs in a magnetic nozzle to create a rather bumpy plasma pusher that would propel the ship. These all do have something in common with VASIMR in that they rely on plasma as the ultimate propulsion fluid and use strong magnetic fields to control it and guide it in the right direction. A variant of this was project VISTA in which I did collaborate in the early 1980s. In such a concept, a powerful laser array would trigger thermonuclear ignition in small pellets of deuterium and tritium. The explosions would result in hot and dense plasma that would also be expelled out of the ship in a magnetic nozzle to provide thrust.\nQ: I watched NOVA last night and was impressed with the Plasma Rocket you invented. I would like to know if you currently reside in the State of Florida? We would like to know more about your work and share that with our readers. Our publication is a bilingual magazine that reaches both Hispanics and Non-Hispanics. Readership 150,000 print / online over 200,000 viewers a month.\nPublisher, Susan Pagan\nAhora Orlando Susan Pagan, Orlando, Florida\nChang-Díaz: I do not live in the State of Florida, though our company is thinking of establishing a presence there. Our main operation is in Houston, just a couple of miles from the NASA Johnson Space Center. We also have a research facility in northwestern Costa Rica and a small representation in Frankfurt, Germany. However, we are keen to reach all interested people and would be happy to collaborate with your magazine.\nQ: When you get into space, do you have free time to play around, browse Earth, contemplate space, or is the astronaut's schedule too tight? Do you play pranks onto other astronauts during the missions (any one you can share)? Vladimir Sanchez, San Francisco, California\nChang-Díaz: We do have time for all of that and enjoy our time together as a crew. There is a lot of sharing and a strong sense of kinship that comes from being in a space mission. There are some pranks that we do play on others, but we have to be very careful with pranks in space, as they can be misconstrued. The most frequent one is to hide food, as crewmembers are sometimes highly attached to their food stuff. Nothing too serious, though.\nQ: NASA is planning a manned mission to Mars around the year 2030. Do you think the VASIMR rocket will be incorporated in the mission? Zachary Neubauer, Wasilla Alaska\nChang-Díaz: We are certainly working hard to make it so. A lot of things can happen in 20 years.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "The atmosphere of the hottest known exoplanet is boiling away, and its escaping gases are being captured by its parent star, according to a new study published in the journal Nature Astronomy.\nA hot Jupiter, or gas giant planet orbiting very close to its star, KELT-9b was discovered last year by a team of scientists using the Kilodegree Extremely Little Telescope (KELT) at Winer Observatory in southeastern Arizona.\nKELT uses the transit method to search for exoplanets, looking for periodic drops in a star’s brightness caused by a planet transiting or passing in front of its parent star.\nThe extremely hot star, KELT-9, is both hotter and larger than the Sun, with temperatures of 17,540 degrees Fahrenheit (9,726 degrees Celsius). Because the planet is in such a close orbit, circling KELT-9 once every 1.5 days, it is tidally locked to the star, with one hemisphere always facing the star and the other always facing away from it.\nTemperatures on KELT-9b’s dayside are hotter than those of most stars and can reach 7,800 degrees Fahrenheit (4,300 degrees Celsius). The planet is about twice the diameter of Jupiter and has nearly three times its mass.\nIn spite of being in such a close orbit, KELT-9b will not fall into its star, as some hot Jupiters do.\n“This planet reminds me of the mythical Icarus, who came close to the Sun and crashed. Our planet will not crash, but it certainly will lose an essential part of itself, namely its atmosphere,” said Thomas Henning of the Max Planck Institute for Astronomy in a public statement.\nWhen the researchers viewed the planet with the CARMENES instrument on the 3.5-meter telescope at Calar Alto Observatory in Spain, they found it to have an extended hydrogen atmosphere, a discovery that indicated the star’s gravity is not just heating the planet’s atmosphere, but sucking in its hydrogen.\n“The large size (of the atmosphere) suggests the planet is losing hydrogen gas at a significant rate of more than 100,000 tons of hydrogen per second. The star is ‘boiling off’ the planet’s atmosphere, and pulling the gas onto itself, in a blatant case of interplanetary theft,” the researchers note in their statement.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "For in-house development or as a service to customers - we know what it takes to bring hardware in space!\nThis Engineering Know-How is our core competence.\nOur main activity is the development, manufacturing, testing and supply of structures for space applications including large spacecraft primary structures.\nOther areas of expertise include instrument structures, opto-mechanical systems, solar array structures, electronic equipment, propulsion systems, ISS instruments & experiments, MGSE.\nSpace Structures is successfully involved in R&D projects. These provide the fundament for our innovative products.\nWe supply SpaceBolt™, the only commercially available European software for bolt analysis according to space standards.\nNews will from today on be published exclusively on our LinkedIn page.. 10 Jul 2019Show News archive\nSpace Structures welcomes MT Aerospace and C3S as new customers for Bolt Analysis Software SpaceBolt™. 16 Oct 2018\nSpace Structures contracted for analysis & verification of ESA BIOMASS satellite structure. 17 Jan 2018", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "MAJOR FLAW FOUND IN SPACE STATION PLANNED BY NASA\nBy WILLIAM J. BROAD\nPublished: March 19, 1990\nFederal experts have belatedly found that the $30 billion space station Freedom, the planned centerpiece of the nation's program for the manned exploration of the solar system, cannot be built as designed because its vast array of parts would start to break down before the station was completed.\nThe trouble could force a redesigning of the 500-foot-long, 290-ton station, officials of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration said last week, adding that the agency had only preliminary ideas of how it might be fixed.\nThe setback was uncovered by a team of NASA investigators early this year. They found that the construction, expected to take five years, would be only 60 to 70 percent complete before space-walking astronauts would have to turn from assembly to an elaborate program of preventive maintenance, inspections and repairs.\nOutpost for Astronauts\nThe station is envisioned as an orbiting outpost from which astronauts would conduct a variety of scientific studies and venture into the solar system.\nThis year's budget for the station is $1.8 billion, and the Bush Administration has requested $2.5 billion for next year. So far $3.9 billion has been spent on design studies and the building of prototype parts.\nIf built as now conceived, the station would require about 2,200 hours of maintenance each year by space-suited astronauts, NASA experts said. They characterized the figure as alarmingly high.\nIn the 30-year history of the American space program, astronauts have logged 400 hours in ''space walks,'' which are considered dangerous because of radiation risks and possible injury or death from speeding debris and micrometeorites. The last time an American walked in space was more than four years ago.\n''It's pretty serious,'' said Charles R. Price, a NASA engineer at the Johnson Space Center in Houston who is co-leader of the investigation team. He said the study was scheduled to be finished in June and would include a set of recommendations on how to address the problem. Most of the recommendations have yet to be determined.\nCarolyn S. Griner, director of space station operations and utilization at NASA headquarters in Washington, said the station could be redesigned to incorporate solutions. ''It's the beginning of a process, not the end,'' she said. ''It's a recognition of a potential problem out there, and that's very positive.'' She said the remedies might include building parts with longer lifetimes, a move she conceded could greatly increase the station's cost.\nLiving and Working in Space\nDavid M. Walker, an astronaut who is manager for space station assembly at the Johnson center, said the station as conceived probably could not be built. But he quickly added that design changes could reduce the hours of upkeep. ''We're just going to have to become better at living and working in space,'' he said. ''We can solve these problems.''\nJohn E. Pike, director of space policy for the Federation of American Scientists, a private group based in Washington, said the finding was a serious blow to the station program.\n''The general lesson on this is the same as with the shuttle,'' he said. ''These things are easier to design and build than to operate.''\nBut he added: ''Politically, it's not a death blow. The station is too big to cancel. They'll muddle through. There's no other choice.'' #31 Shuttle Trips Are Planned Planning for the station got under way in 1984 after President Ronald Reagan called on the nation to build its first permanently manned space outpost ''within a decade.'' The schedule was repeatedly pushed back as the station's cost and complexity increased.\nToday a total of 31 space shuttle flights are planned to carry trusses, solar power panels, other equipment and supplies and nine pressurized modules in which astronauts would live and work. The first part is to be launched in early 1995, with assembly to be completed in late 1999. The station would orbit about 250 miles above the earth and house as many as eight crew members. It is meant to last 30 years. It is by far the most complex spacecraft that NASA or anyone else has ever tried to build.\nLast year, on the 20th anniversary of the moon landing, President Bush said the station was ''a new bridge between worlds,'' proposing it as a stepping stone to manned bases on the moon and Mars.\nSigns of a Problem\nHints of the upkeep problem were seen in the mid-1980's as NASA officials began to sketch firm plans for the station. ''We had concerns,'' said Dr. Anthony England, a former astronaut and program scientist for the station who now teaches at the University of Michigan. ''There were too many maintenance EVA's,'' he said, referring to extravehicular activity, or space walks.\nTo allay the problem, a NASA panel recommended in September 1986 that much of the electronics equipment on the station's rigid external framework of beams and girders be moved inside pressurized modules, where astronauts could service it without having to go outside.\nEven so, the problem grew. By last year, contractors had achieved much detail in their designs for the station's electrical power, data management, guidance, navigation and communications. At NASA's space station office in Reston, Va., a team headed by Dr. D. Bryant Cramer, an engineering official, again went over the maintenance issue, and was surprised to find that about 1,700 hours of space walking would be needed each year for upkeep.\nIn January, the head of NASA's station program, Richard H. Kohrs, told a gathering of station contractors in Dallas that the figure was absurd.\n''This program has too much EVA,'' he was quoted by Space Station News, an industry newsletter, as saying. ''If you believe the project estimates, and I don't, they're talking about 1,700 man-hours of EVA a year just for maintenance. That's about two and a half EVA's a week. If that is true, we don't have the right design.'' He said it would be acceptable to have one assignment a month outside the station.\nRepair Job in 1985\nAs Mr. Kohrs spoke, a NASA team was re-examining the issue at his behest. Its director was Dr. William F. Fisher, an astronaut who is a doctor, Dr. Fisher and another astronaut fixed a malfunctioning communication satellite in a September 1985 shuttle mission. It took two days instead of the one day planned, with the two astronauts laboring a total of 12 hours outside the winged spaceship.\nJoining Dr. Fisher to direct the inquiry was Mr. Price, a 26-year NASA veteran. At the Johnson center, he heads development of ''teleoperated'' systems, or robots linked by wires or radio to human operators.\nTeam members began by determining the number of parts outside the station's inhabited modules that could be replaced if they failed, finding 5,578 of them. These included solar power panels, structural elements and a bevy of electronic devices. The team then calculated the likelihood of failure and required time for replacement. To that they added preventive maintenance and inspections meant to fend off serious failures.\nUnexpectedly, the new calculations increased the prospective work load by ''about 30 percent,'' Mr. Price said, sending it from 1,700 hours to about 2,200. He added that the study assumed replacement parts would be on hand in space. ''That's a huge assumption,'' he said. ''It might not be that rosy.''\nAsked why such an assessment was being done now, nearly six years after the start of station-design work, he replied: ''Part of the answer is that the hardware was not ready. But frankly, somebody should have done some of these things earlier.''\nSome Possible Solutions\nThe team is starting to consider a number of solutions, Mr. Price said. One would be to standardize parts, easing their replacement. He said substantially increasing the lifetime of parts was ''not realistic'' because of the cost.\nSome maintenance could eventually be done by remotely operated robots, Mr. Price said. But their predicted powers are rather feeble. At best, he said, they could probably do only 25 percent of the chores. He also noted that such systems were so new that years of experimentation would be needed before robots play a useful role in station maintenance.\nComplicating the astronauts' job is a spacesuit shortage. In a cost-cutting move, NASA recently dropped development work on a station suit that would have been easier to wear, operate and maintain than the ones on the space shuttle. The current plan is for space walks to be done exclusively in shuttle suits, and then only when the winged spaceship is docked to the station.\nThe maintenance findings have prompted discussions within NASA on whether the station is unbuildable, Mr. Price said. He said his own attitude was to forge ahead with the study, ''to lay out the numbers'' and let high NASA officials decide how extensively the station might need to be redesigned.\nA radical solution would be to send the station into space more quickly, with the aid of an unmanned, cargo-carrying version of the shuttle that could carry heavier loads. The plan would allow rapid assembly of the station before the need arises for extensive repairs.\nNo Panacea for the Problem\nNASA is considering the plan. But developing the new vehicle would be expensive. And it could force a major redesign of the station to fit the new craft, delaying the start of construction. Even then, said Mr. Walker, the NASA astronaut, the new vehicle ''would not be a panacea for maintenance'' after assembly.\nMr. Kohrs, the head of the space station project, said in an interview that the NASA inquiry was still in its early stages. ''I think as we work it harder and harder, we'll drive those numbers down,'' he said. ''I'm optimistic we'll work this out.''\nNASA and private experts note that upkeep problems are not merely theoretical. Four years ago, the Soviet Union lofted the core module for its Mir space station. Today construction is two years behind schedule, hampered by planning lapses, equipment failures and close brushes with death. The troubles have often forced Soviet astronauts to lay aside scientific experiments to concentrate on repairing the 100-foot, 80-ton flying laboratory.\nDiagram: The proposed NASA Space Station (NYT) (pg. B8)", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Space exploration is a field which has always consistently amazed mankind, and Mars has always been the object of curiosity for researchers and conspiracy theorists alike. By far a lot of objects have been spotted on the surface of Mars by those fascinated with stories of alien life, be it a woman, spider or lizard.\nBut this time there is news from a far more reliable source revealing a giant 13 feet thick slab of ice, spread over an area same as Texas and California combined, right under the surface of Mars. It is believed that the reason for the formation of such a gargantuan glacier buried under the surface, is a snowfall that occurred tens of millions of years ago.\nThe discovery came after the rare phenomenon of terraced craters, as opposed to the more common bowl shaped craters, were noticed. The research was carried out by the shallow radar or SHARAD equipment on the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, following 3D images generated by a HiRISE camera.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Apollo 8's crew took NASA's first deep-space photo of Earth in 1968.\nNASA wants you to wave at Saturn on July 19.\nThe space agency plans to take an interplanetary photo and wants you looking attentive when its photographer snaps the image from 898 million miles away.\nBetween 5:27 p.m. and 5:42 p.m. July 19, NASA plans to train the Cassini spacecraft's highest-resolution camera toward Earth. Cassini, which launched from Cape Canaveral in 1997, is currently exploring Saturn. ...", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Russia sets new date for Mir mission\n- Russia sets new date for Mir mission\nMarch 3, 2000\nWeb posted at: 12:29 PM EST (1729 GMT)\nMOSCOW (Reuters) -- Russia will launch a new mission to the aging Mir space\nstation on April 3, three days later than originally planned, a spokeswoman\nfor Mission Control said Friday.\nThe spokeswoman said the delay was for technical reasons and the original\nMarch 31 date was only a rough guideline that allowed for schedule changes\nfor Soyuz spacecraft launch.\nEarlier Friday, Itar-Tass news agency quoted a spokesman at a space training\ncenter outside Moscow known as Star City as saying the launch had been\npostponed due to technical reasons. He gave no further details.\nMir was due to be scuttled this year but got a new lease on life when\nforeign investors agreed to pay $20 million to fund further missions on the\ncraft, which currently is unmanned.\nRussia's Western space partners have been worried that plans to prolong the\nlife of Mir could divert Russia's scarce funds from a $60 billion project to\nbuild an International Space Station.\nActing President Vladimir Putin urged the government Thursday to find funds\nto preserve Mir without sacrificing Russia's role in the International Space\nRussian-built living quarters for the International Space Station, grouping\nthe United States, the European Union and Japan, are due to take off from\nRussia's cosmodrome in Baikonur, Kazakhstan later this year.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Europa is one of Jupiter’s moons, one of the few worlds in the solar system that could support conditions suitable for life\n09 October 2023 – 11:33\nNASA’s James Webb Telescope continues to surprise the world with its discoveries. This time, he discovered signals that could confirm the possibility of life on Jupiter’s moon Europa.\nAccording to jwst.nasa.govThe space observatory had found a source of carbon on the surface of the moon in question.\nIt was also highlighted that Europa – one of the largest moons in the solar system, discovered by Galileo in 1610 – “is one of the few worlds in our solar system that could harbor conditions suitable for life.”\nNASA explains that, thanks to previous research, it has been proven that “underneath its icy water crust there is a salty ocean of liquid water with a rocky sea floor. However, planetary scientists have not confirmed whether this ocean contains the chemicals necessary for life, especially carbon.” .\nThe astronomers behind Webb have likely found traces of carbon in Europa’s chaotic terrain known as Tara Reggio and Powys Reggio.\n“The surface ice in these regions has been altered, and there may have been a relatively recent exchange of materials between the subsurface ocean and the icy surface. Carbon, a universal component of life as we know it, likely originated in Europa’s ocean.” This discovery indicates the existence of a habitable environment in the salty ocean beneath the surface of this moon.\nThehill.com explains that this moon of Jupiter has already been closely examined in recent years, especially by the Galileo probe, which orbited Jupiter between 1995 and 2003.\n“This discovery has important implications for the habitability of Europa’s vicinity. The Moon appears mostly blue because it is brightest at shorter infrared wavelengths,” NASA’s website highlights this new discovery.\nThe presence of carbon dioxide is further evidence that the underground ocean of this moon could become a home for life. Carbon is the basis of all life on Earth, as NASA indicates on the aforementioned site.\nAccording to the article on thehill.com, the European Space Agency launched the Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer (JUICE) last April, and it is expected to enter Jupiter’s space in July 2031.\nNASA, for its part, plans to launch Europa Clipper in October 2024, with a planned arrival at Jupiter in April 2030.\n“Proud web fanatic. Subtly charming twitter geek. Reader. Internet trailblazer. Music buff.”", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "The petrology record on the Moon suggests that a cataclysmic spike in the cratering rate occurred ∼700 million years after the planets formed1; this event is known as the Late Heavy Bombardment (LHB). Planetary formation theories cannot naturally account for an intense period of planetesimal bombardment so late in Solar System history2. Several models have been proposed to explain a late impact spike3,4,5,6, but none of them has been set within a self-consistent framework of Solar System evolution. Here we propose that the LHB was triggered by the rapid migration of the giant planets, which occurred after a long quiescent period. During this burst of migration, the planetesimal disk outside the orbits of the planets was destabilized, causing a sudden massive delivery of planetesimals to the inner Solar System. The asteroid belt was also strongly perturbed, with these objects supplying a significant fraction of the LHB impactors in accordance with recent geochemical evidence7,8. Our model not only naturally explains the LHB, but also reproduces the observational constraints of the outer Solar System9.\nPrevious work9 explains the current orbital architecture of the planetary system by invoking an initially compact configuration in which Saturn's orbital period was less than twice that of Jupiter. After the dissipation of the gaseous circumsolar nebula, Jupiter's and Saturn's orbits diverged as a result of their interaction with a massive disk of planetesimals, and thus the ratio of their orbital periods, PS/PJ, increased. When the two planets crossed their mutual 1:2 mean motion resonance (1:2 MMR, that is, PS/PJ = 2) their orbits became eccentric. This abrupt transition temporarily destabilized the giant planets, leading to a short phase of close encounters among Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. As a result of these encounters, and of the interactions of the ice giants with the disk, Uranus and Neptune reached their current heliocentric distances and Jupiter and Saturn evolved to their current orbital eccentricities9. The main idea of this Letter is that the same planetary evolution could explain the LHB, provided that Jupiter and Saturn crossed the 1:2 MMR roughly 700 Myr after they formed. Thus, our goal is to determine if there is a generic mechanism that could delay the migration process.\nIn previous studies9,10,11,12, planet migration started immediately because planetesimals were placed close enough to the planets to be violently unstable. Although this type of initial condition was reasonable for the goals of those studies, it is unlikely. Planetesimal-driven migration is probably not important for planet dynamics as long as the gaseous massive solar nebula exists. The initial conditions for the migration simulations should represent the system that existed at the time the nebula dissipated. Thus, the planetesimal disk should contain only those particles that had dynamical lifetimes longer than the lifetime of the solar nebula. In planetary systems like those we adopt from ref. 9, we find that they had to be beyond ∼15.3 au (Fig. 1), leading to the initial conditions illustrated in Fig. 2a.\nIn this configuration, the initial speed of migration would be dependent on the rate at which disk particles evolve onto planet-crossing orbits. The time at which Jupiter and Saturn cross their 1:2 MMR depends on: (1) their initial distance from the location of the resonance, (2) the surface density of the disk near its inner edge, and (3) the relative location of the inner edge of the disk and the outer ice giant. On the basis of the above arguments, we initially performed a series of eight simulations where the location of the inner edge of the disk was set as the unique free parameter (Fig. 1). As expected, we found a strong correlation between the location of the inner edge and the time of the 1:2 MMR crossing. For disks with inner edges near 15.3 au (see above), we find crossing times between 192 Myr and 880 Myr (since the beginning of the simulation).\nWe also performed eight simulations where we varied the initial location of the ice giants by ∼1 au, Saturn's location by ∼0.1 au, the total mass of the disk by 5 Earth masses (5ME), and its initial dynamical state by pushing the particles' eccentricities up to 0.1 and inclinations up to 3.5°. We found that we can delay the resonant crossing to 1.1 Gyr since the beginning of the simulation, although longer times are clearly possible for more extreme initial conditions. Therefore, we can conclude that the global instability caused by the 1:2 MMR crossing of Jupiter and Saturn could be responsible for the LHB, because the estimated date of the LHB falls in the range of the times that we found.\nFigures 2 and 3 show the evolution of one of our runs from the first series of eight. Initially, the giant planets migrated slowly owing to leakage of particles from the disk (Fig. 3a). This phase lasted 880 Myr, at which point Jupiter and Saturn crossed the 1:2 MMR. After the resonance crossing event, the orbits of the ice giants became unstable and they were scattered into the disk by Saturn. They disrupted the disk and scattered objects all over the Solar System, including the inner regions. The solid curve in Fig. 3b shows the amount of material that struck the Moon as a function of time. A total of 9 × 1021 g struck the Moon after resonance crossing—roughly 50% of this material arrived in the first 3.7 Myr and 90% arrived before 29 Myr. The total mass is consistent with the estimate4 of 6 × 1021 g, which was determined from the number and size distribution of lunar basins that formed around the time of the LHB epoch1. Such an influx spike happened in all our runs. The amount of cometary material delivered to the Earth is ∼1.8 × 1023 g, which is about 6% of the current ocean mass. This is consistent with upper bounds on the cometary contribution to the Earth's water budget, based on D/H ratio measurement13. The average amount of material accreted by the Moon during this spike was (8.4 ± 0.3) × 1021 g.\nThe above mass delivery estimate corresponds only to the cometary contribution to the LHB, as the projectiles originated from the external massive, presumably icy, disk. However, our scheme probably also produced an in flux of material from the asteroid belt. As Jupiter and Saturn moved from 1:2 MMR towards their current positions, secular resonances (which occur when the orbit of an asteroid processes at the same rate as a planet) swept across the entire belt14. These resonances can drive asteroids onto orbit with eccentricities and inclinations large enough to allow them to evolve into the inner Solar System and hit the Moon4.\nWe investigated the role of asteroid impactors in our LHB model by the following numerical integrations. The orbits of an asteroid belt, composed of 1,000 massless particles with semimajor axes between 2.0 and 3.5 au, were integrated under the gravitational influence of the Sun, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn. Because formation models15,16 predict that the asteroid belt was partially depleted and dynamically excited well before the LHB, we set the particles' eccentricities between 0 and 0.3 and inclinations between 0° and 30°, but kept the perihelion distances, q, >1.8 au and aphelion distances, Q, <4 au. Jupiter and Saturn were forced to migrate at rates that varied from run to run (adopted from ref. 9) by adding a suitably chosen drag-force term to their equations of motion.\nWe find that objects that reach Earth-crossing orbits follow one of two general paths. Some, referred to as class 1 particles, get trapped in the periapse secular resonance with Saturn (which affects eccentricities) and are driven directly onto Earth-crossing orbits. Other particles, referred to as class 2, stay in the asteroid belt, but are dynamically excited by resonant sweeping onto unstable orbits. These objects slowly leak out of the asteroid belt and can evolve into the inner Solar System. The two classes produce impact spikes with different temporal behaviours. Roughly 50% of class 1 particles arrive in the first 10 Myr, while 90% arrive within ∼30 Myr. Conversely, the median arrival time for class 2 particles is ∼50 Myr and 90% arrive within ∼150 Myr. Class 2 particles dominated in our runs (Fig. 3). However, a preliminary investigation into this issue shows that this result is probably sensitive to the exact evolution of the giant planets and the dynamical state of the asteroid belt. Thus, the best we can conclude is that the impact spike due to asteroids is between these two extremes.\nWe find that (3–8) × 1021 g of asteroids hit the Moon during our simulations (Fig. 3). This amount is comparable to the amount of comets. So, our model predicts that the LHB impactors should have been a mixture of comets and asteroids. Unfortunately, we cannot say with any certainty the exact ratio of comets to asteroids in our model because, although the amount of cometary material is fairly well constrained (probably better than a factor of 2), the amount of asteroidal material is not well known (and could be outside the range reported above), because we do not have good estimates of the mass distribution in the asteroid belt before the LHB. It should also be noted that this ratio is probably a function of impactor size, because comets and asteroids probably have different size distributions. This ratio probably also varied with time. Within the first ∼30 Myr comets dominated according to these simulations, but the last impactors were asteroidal. This is consistent with recent cosmochemical findings suggesting that some of the Moon's basins were formed by asteroids7,8.\nOur results support a cataclysmic model for the lunar LHB. Although many aspects of the LHB are not well known1, our simulations reproduce two of the main characteristics attributed to this episode: (1) the 700 Myr delay between the LHB and terrestrial planet formation, and (2) the overall intensity of lunar impacts. Our model predicts a sharp increase in the impact rate at the beginning of the LHB. Unfortunately, the available lunar data are not yet capable of addressing this prediction.\nOur model also has the advantage of supplying impactors that are a mixture of comets and asteroids. Our model predicts that the asteroid belt was depleted by a factor of ∼10 during the LHB. This depletion does not contradict collisional evolution models17,18. On the contrary, the late secular resonance sweeping could explain why we do not see a large number of asteroid families that were produced during the LHB18. Our model predicts that the LHB lasted from between ∼10 Myr and ∼150 Myr. Correspondingly, the drop-off in impact rates could be quite fast (with 50% of the impacts occurring in the first 3.7 Myr and 90% in 29 Myr) or moderately slow (with 50% of the impacts occurring in the first 50 Myr and 90% in 150 Myr) We are unable to pinpoint more exact values because the duration and the drop-off of the LHB depends on the relative contributions of class 1 asteroids, class 2 asteroids, and comets, which in turn are very sensitive to the pre-LHB orbital structure of the asteroid belt.\nMost importantly, our scheme for the LHB is the result of a generic migration-delaying mechanism, followed by an instability, which is itself induced by a deterministic mechanism of orbital excitation of the planets9.This revised planetary migration scheme naturally accounts for the currently observed planetary orbits9, the LHB, the present orbital distribution of the main-belt asteroids and the origin of Jupiter's Trojans19.\nR.G. thanks Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico for support for his sabbatical year in the OCA observatory in Nice. K.T. was supported by an EC Marie Curie Individual Fellowship. A.M. and H.F.L. thank the CNRS and the NSF for funding collaboration between the OCA and the SWRI groups. H.F.L. was supported by NASA's Origins and PG&G programmes.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Ionospheric D region: VLF‐measured Electron Densities compared with Rocket‐Based FIRI‐2018 Model\nGround-based very low frequency (VLF) radio propagation in the Earth-ionosphere waveguide has enabled extensive electron number densities in the D region of the Earth’s ionosphere to be determined, by day typically below heights of 70-80 km and by night in the height range ∼75-90 km. Many rocket-based electron density measurements have also been reported in the literature from ∼60 km upwards using current probes, and radio propagation at a few MHz between the rocket and ground. Recently these rocket measurements have been summarized, and supplemented with D region production-loss modeling, giving rise to a near global model named FIRI-2018 (Faraday-International Reference Ionosphere) which provides electron number densities as functions of height, latitude (<60°), solar zenith angle and F10.7 cm solar flux. These rocket-based electron density values are here compared with corresponding values from VLF measurements, by day at a low-latitude (∼20°) and a high mid-latitude (∼55°), and by night mainly at mid-latitudes. At night the average agreement (over 75-90 km) is remarkably good. By day, at low latitude the agreement is also fairly good (in the common height range ∼60-75 km), with the changes with solar zenith angle being moderately comparable. For daytime high mid-latitudes, the agreement is less satisfactory, particularly at the lowest common altitudes, with the VLF measurements showing the expected effects of cosmic rays much more than the rocket-based values. Overall, we find that the D region description in the FIRI-2018 model is a significant advance on the earlier International Reference\nAuthors: Thomson, Neil R., Clilverd, Mark A. ORCID record for Mark A. Clilverd, Rodger, Craig J.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "2023 March Monthly Horoscope Predictions by KT Astrologer\nClick here for Latest Updates in YouTube\nRead 2023 - 2025 Saturn Transit Predictions in Google Play.\nClick here to buy this book in Amazon\n2023 March Monthly Horoscope. Sun is transiting from Kumba Rasi to Meena Rasi on March 15, 2023. Mars will be moving from rishaba rasi to Midhuna rasi after its retrograde cycle on March 13, 2023.\nVenus will be moving from Meena Rasi to Mesha Rasi on March 12, 2023. Mercury will be moving from Kumba Rasi to Meena Rasi on March 16, 2023.\nMars transit to Midhuna Rasi is a big change because Mars has stayed in Rishaba Rasi for about 7 months instead of its regular transit cycle of about 7 weeks. The impact of Mars will be felt more after March 12, 2023.\nSaturn will be moving from Avittam Star to Sadhayam Star on March 14, 2023. The impact of the upcoming Jupiter transit can also be felt as soon as March 15, 2023. There are significant events in the galaxy that change the fortunes starting around March 15, 2023. Rahu will be in Aswini Star in Mesha Rasi and Ketu will be in Swati Nakshatra in Thula Rasi for the entire month.\nJupiter will also deliver its transit effects aggressively as it is getting ready to move into Mesha Rasi on April 22, 2023.\nClick your moon sign to read how it will impact you during this month.\nContent copyright 2010-2023. Betelgeuse LLC. All rights reserved.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "What if they threw a miracle but no one came? We sat outsdie eating icecream cones on a beautiful summer day. I looked up and noticed something looking down at me.\nClick here to view my sky buddy. We live in a world full of mystery…Be open to primary knowledge. See what you see…\nI used the youtube online editing features of ‘autofix’ which enhanced the color contrasting, however it is much more dramatic in the night sky, even though I have zoomed in close up on this iphone video. It is brighter than a star, and has a wierd phase of flicker that just sticks out like a sore thumb in the night sky. Let me reiterate that I zoomed in to show it close up in the video. It wasn’t huge in the night sky as the video may imply. I also slowed it down 2x slow motion so it\nflicker’s half as fast. And, the youtube ‘autofix’ feature enhanced the contrast color of my sky buddy.\nWhat caught my attention, was that when I took this video, the night sky was full of stars. But the chinzy iphone video eye caught only the anomaly. What’s more, I took several videos, but only this one caught it. I got other still photos but almost none show it. I found I had to have the right attitude for it to show up. You have to be friendly, otherwise if takes on its appearance of just another star in the night sky….\nEverything matters…or nothing matters. It’s either all good, or every breath, every moment, every instant is important. Only matter doesn’t really matter and what isn’t matter, matters. Ofcourse, matter matters too. Everything matters. Relativism is a useful myth of the epoch and the sand upon which our realm is built. They are trying to convince you that a moment doesn’t matter, and that is why it can be frittered away, wasted. We have all the time in the world. The trouble is our time is almost up.\nThe emptiness of a coffee afternoon; to try to remember what it was like to observe the day pass with the comings and goings of people, waiting for the next thought like waiting for that blind date. Will it work out?+\nKeep looking up. If you look down deep enough and long enough, you’re actually looking up.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Forensic scientists collecting evidence from the spot after a fireball fell from sky at Karumaloor in Kochi on Saturday.\nThiruvananthapuram: Different parts of Kerala witnessed mysterious fireballs in the sky alongside sonic booms on Friday night, fuelling multiple theories about the reasons behind the phenomenon.\nEarly indications pointed to the likelihood it could even have been normal meteors brightening up the night sky. The phenomenon occurred on Friday around 10.30pm local time in the state. In some places in Ernakulam district, a few residents even alerted the police and fire and rescue personnel.\nSocial media, too, got into the act, with people posting their experiences of witnessing the aerial spectacle accompanied by a booming sound. Some of those who experienced it even mistook it for an earthquake. One person tweeted that a ball of fire had fallen over Kochi.\nSome people in the state's commercial capital, Kochi said they felt mild tremors after witnessing a luminous object falling from the sky. Interestingly, the phenomenon seemed to be visible right to the southern end of the state. Sightings of the light in the sky were also reported from the northern districts of Malappuram, Palakkad and Kozhikode.\nSome have speculated that the pieces that fell from the sky could be rocket debris that re-entered the earth's atmosphere. However, no special activity appears to have been spotted by the radars. Ernakulam district collector M.G. Rajamanickam said no clues had been received for any apparent earthquake.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "How often do you look at the sky? Have you ever wondered why the sky is blue? To find the answer, here are the explanations given by NASA.\n4 Facts about NASA, The World's Leading Space Institution\nTheIndonesia.id - NASA or the National Aeronautics and Space Administration is an aviation and space agency whose job is to conduct space research and exploration, as well as provide reports on everything related to earth and outer space.\nThis space agency is one of the best and most prestigious space agencies in the world.\nHere are four facts about NASA that you might not know.\nNASA was founded 62 years ago on July 26, 1958. At first, the Soviet Union launched the satellite Sputnik I on October 4, 1957, followed by Sputnik II the following month. The launch of this satellite greatly surprised America and made the country anxious that the Soviets sent missiles into American territory.\nWith all its ambitions, the United States does not want to bear the shame on the world stage. As reported on the History page, in 1958 a congress was formed in the United States which aimed to form a special agency dealing with extraterrestrial events. This agency was later named NASA, which is currently the best space agency owned by the United States.\n2. NASA's first mission\nAs written on the NASA page, in 1959 NASA carried out its first mission called the Mercury Project. This mission was carried out for several years and succeeded in flying humans into space, competing with the Soviet Union at that time.\nAfter the success of Mercury, NASA re-published a new mission called Gemini. The Gemini mission is the foundation of the Apollo mission which successfully landed humans on the moon for the first time.\n3. Success in sending humans to the moon\nAfter experiencing several failures, finally on July 20, 1969, NASA successfully landed the first humans on the moon via Apollo 11. Neil Armstrong was the first astronaut to set foot on the moon, followed 19 minutes later by Buzz Aldrin.\nAs reported on the NASA website, there were three crew members on the Apollo 11 mission, but only Neil Armstrong and Adwin E. Aldrin Jr (Buzz Aldrin) stepped onto the lunar surface, while Michael Collins was in charge of driving the main plane around the moon while waiting. Both counterparts are on the surface of the moon.\n4. Currently, NASA is focusing on exploring Mars\nNASA is currently busy with an exploration mission to Mars. As reported by Space, NASA has the ambition to send the first humans to Mars. It is a very big and risky ambition considering that landing on Mars will be much more difficult than landing on the moon.\nCurrently, NASA has sent advanced equipment to the red planet several times, including reconnaissance robots. This 2-ton robot will become a data collection tool that NASA scientists need.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "So, as it was the first clear(ish) night for a while I thought i'd give it half an hour and check out my new scope.\nI had to set up low down in my decked area so that I could best avoid street light glare and also someone's security light! (Turn the damn thing off when you're at home!).\nThe scope is a 102mm (4in) Mak. I stuck to a low power - 52x, so to maintain a wide field.\nWell I am soooooo impressed by the new scope. Checked out Jupiter - only Northern band visible still and the Red Spot not in transit.\nAll four Galilean moons were clearly visible. Then I swung east to the Andromeda Galaxy M31. This never ceases to amaze me. The central \"bulge\" clearly visible.\nI then went on a hunt for Comet Hartley, but couldn't find it. What I did observe was the Double Cluster just South-South East of Cassiopeia - a lovely sight.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Home > Lifestyle > Features\nSaturday March 22, 2014 MYT 5:30:00 PM\nSaturday March 22, 2014 MYT 9:11:33 AM\nby laila kearney\nThis image, captured by the Solar Dynamics Observatory, shows the M5.3 class solar flare that peaked on July 4, 2012, at 5:55 AM EDT. REUTERS/NASA/SDO/AIA/Helioviewer.\nFierce solar blasts that could have badly damaged electrical grids and disabled satellites in space narrowly missed Earth in 2012.\nThe bursts would have wreaked havoc on the Earth’s magnetic field, matching the severity of the 1859 Carrington event, the largest solar magnetic storm ever reported on the planet.\nThe 1859 blast knocked out the telegraph system across the United States, according to University of California, Berkeley research physicist Janet Luhmann.\n“Had it hit Earth, it probably would have been like the big one in 1859, but the effect today, with our modern technologies, would have been tremendous,” Luhmann said in a statement.\nA 2013 study estimated that a solar storm like the Carrington Event could take a US$2.6tril (RM8.6tril) bite out of the current global economy.\nMassive bursts of solar wind and magnetic fields, shot into space on July 23, 2012, would have been aimed directly at Earth if they had happened nine days earlier, Luhmann said.\nThe bursts from the sun, called coronal mass ejections, carried southward magnetic fields and would have clashed with Earth’s northward field, causing a shift in electrical currents that could have caused electrical transformers to burst into flames, Luhmann said. The fields also would have interfered with global positioning system satellites.\nThe event, detected by Nasa's STEREO A spacecraft, is the focus of a paper that was released in the journal Nature Communications on March 18 by Luhmann, China’s State Key Laboratory of Space Weather professor Ying Liu and their colleagues.\nAlthough coronal mass ejections can happen several times a day during the sun’s most active 11-year cycle, the blasts are usually small or weak compared to the 2012 and 1859 events, she said.\nLuhmann said that by studying images captured by the sun-observing spacecraft, scientists can better understand coronal mass ejections and predict solar magnetic storms in the future.\n“We have the opportunity to really look closely at one of these events in all of its glory and look at why in this instance was so extreme,” Luhmann said. – Reuters\nTags / Keywords:\nLifestyle, Science, Earth, Sun, solar, blast, magnetic storm, 2012\nMulti-nation drill tests disaster response\nSun bear Natalie begins new life\nFuji X-T10: The digicam for the budget-conscious\nBalancing work and life\nChroma Squad: Colourful champions\nWhen heat is good for hair\nStar People's Food Award: Cast your vote now for your favourite nasi kandar eatery\nHypermarket teams up with local designers to launch Raya apparel\nFantasy world comes to life\nDim sum with a twist\nHave a 'whale' of a good time in Queensland\nHong Kong eyeing implications for banks of FIFA corruption probe\nRoad to adventure\nCopyright © 1995-2015 Star Media Group Berhad (ROC 10894D)(Formerly known as Star Publications (Malaysia) Berhad)", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Congratulations to the Mojave resident that won Hyperbola’s $100 Virgin Galactic video bounty. That will be with you shortly via electronic banking\nVirgin Galactic bounty won\nSeradata produce the renowned SpaceTrak Launch & Satellite Database. Trusted by 100 of the world’s leading Space organisations, SpaceTrak is a fully queryable database used for market analysis, failure/risk assessment, spectrum analysis and space situational awareness (SSA).\nFor more information go to www.seradata.com/spacetrak", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "by Michael Mommert\nDepartment of Physics and Astronomy\nWe could study an asteroid up close by sending astronauts to one somewhere out in space—or we could simply bring one to the astronauts.\nThat’s basically the idea behind NASA’s announced Asteroid Robotic Retrieval Mission, which aims to catch a near-Earth asteroid and redirect it in an orbit around the moon. There, the asteroid could be visited and scrutinized by astronauts.\nSurprisingly, the biggest problem with this idea is not its technical feasibility but finding a suitable target asteroid. The perfect candidate should have an orbit that closely resembles that of the Earth in order to minimize the amount of fuel needed to change its orbit. For the same reason, it cannot be too big and heavy.\nThe perfect size for this mission is from 20 to 30 feet in diameter. Despite the fact that presumably millions of asteroids of this size exist, only a few of them are on Earth-like orbits and even fewer have been found.\nOne promising candidate asteroid, named 2009 BD, was observed in October last year by an international team led by myself and NAU associate professor David Trilling using the Spitzer Space Telescope. Although we did not detect the asteroid, a combination of models allowed us to determine its size and other physical properties.\nUnfortunately for NASA, we found that 2009 BD has a diameter of approximately 12 feet—too small for the planned mission.\nScientifically, however, 2009 BD provides unique information on the properties of such small asteroids. Our observations point toward two possible scenarios for the nature of 2009 BD: The object is either made from pure rock that is covered by a thin layer of snow-white dust, or it is a collection of bare rock slabs that are somehow held together.\nEither scenario is significantly different from what has been observed in larger asteroids.\nSo the search for a candidate target asteroid for the Retrieval Mission goes on. The next candidate on the list, 2011 MD, will be observed by our team using Spitzer in a few weeks. Let’s hope for NASA that this object better fits its needs. From a scientist’s point of view, we are looking forward to see what surprises 2011 MD can offer us.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Jupiter will be key to unlocking new information on biology and beings from beyond the stars according to Dr Michelle Thaller, a research scientist at the space agency.\nDr Thaller seems certain of alien activity on the second planet from the sun, a place where conditions are less than ideal for those on planet earth.\nBut it could house \"bacteria\" which is far from human, and could even be reproducing due to the atmosphere found on the planet.\nThe NASA representative said: \"I never expected Venus. Venus is now one where we see something in the atmosphere that looks very much like it could be produced by bacteria.\n\"I think it’s only a matter of time until we have proof that it’s in the Solar System.\"\nProof could be closer than possible, with NASA in possession of potential evidence to point toward the existence of life forms beyond our planet, LADBible reported.\nThe space organisation is yet to sign off on the details of the document as they are not yet 100% sure of existence on Venus, and according to Dr Thaller, they do not want to get into \"trouble\" should they find nothing on the rocky sphere.\nShe added: \"But that’s the thing, we’re waiting until there’s nothing else it could possibly be because can you imagine the kind of trouble we’d get in.\n\"We don’t have absolute proof yet. Do I think there’s life out there? Absolutely.\"\nHer claim of life on the planet which inspired a popular Bananarama song comes as \"five detections\" of life beyond the stars were made by Jane Greaves of Cardiff University.\nShe said: \"We’re getting a clue here that there is some steady source, which is the point of legacy surveys—to show whether that’s true or not.\"\nFor the latest breaking news and stories from across the globe from the Daily Star, sign up for our newsletter by clicking here.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "A NASA space telescope has snapped a stunning photo of a huge, flower-shaped cloud of dustand gas about 5,000 light-years from Earth.\nTheWide-field Infrared SurveyExplorer (WISE) capturedthe new cosmic photo of the star-forming Rosette nebula, which is in theconstellation Monoceros (or Unicorn) in our Milky Way galaxy. [New photo of theRosette nebula.]\nThe nebula,also known as NGC 2237, has a cluster of young stars at its heart. The mostmassive of these stars produce huge amounts of ultraviolet radiation, and theyblow strong winds that erode away the nearby gas and dust. This creates thelarge central hole seen in the image.\nThe streakat lower left is the trail of a satellite around Earth that crossed WISE's field of view as it snapped themultiple frames that make up the new image.\nAlthough the Rosette nebula is too faint to see with the nakedeye, it is visible through a small telescope or a good pair of binoculars. TheEnglish astronomer John Flamsteed discovered the Rosette nebula's central star clusterwith a telescope around 1690, but the nebula itself was not identified until astronomerJohn Herschel observed it almost 150 years later.\nThe image is a four-color composite created by all four of WISE's infrareddetectors. Color is representational: blue and cyan represent infrared light atwavelengths of 3.4 and 4.6 microns, which is dominated by light from stars.Green and red represent light at 12 and 22 microns, which is mostly light fromwarm dust.\nScanningthe infrared sky\nGet the Space.com Newsletter\nBreaking space news, the latest updates on rocket launches, skywatching events and more!\nThe newimage is just one tiny piece of the massive sky atlas WISEtelescope isassembling. The satellite, launched in December 2009, is scanning the entiresky in infrared light during its 10-month mission. Astronomers hope WISE willuncover objects never seen before, including the coolest stars and some of thedarkest near-Earth asteroids and comets.\nWISEcompleted its main mission, a full scan of the entire sky, in July. So far, thetelescope has captured more than 1.5 million images, uncovering hundreds ofmillions of objects, including asteroids, stars and galaxies. It has observed morethan 29,000 previouslyunknown asteroids to date, more than 100 near-Earth objects and 15 comets.\nWISE isstill scanning, but it has encountered some age-related hiccups. A few weeksago, NASA reported that the telescope's secondary coolant tank is depleted,causing the telescope to heat up slightly. WISE relies on super-cold liquidhydrogen coolant to chill its infrared detectors, but it does not have anunlimited supply of the stuff.\nOne ofWISE's infrared detectors stopped producing useful data once the telescopewarmed from 12 Kelvin (minus 438 degrees Fahrenheit) to 31 Kelvin (minus 404 degrees F).\nBut theprimary tank still has plenty of coolant, NASA officials said. In May, a NASApanel rejected a proposal to extend WISE's mission for an extra three months.\n- Gallery: WISE Up: Space Telescope's Stunning First Photos\n- Spectacular Nebulas in Deep Space\n- Video: Getting WISE to Brown Dwarfs\nSpace.com is the premier source of space exploration, innovation and astronomy news, chronicling (and celebrating) humanity's ongoing expansion across the final frontier. Originally founded in 1999, Space.com is, and always has been, the passion of writers and editors who are space fans and also trained journalists. Our current news team consists of Editor-in-Chief Tariq Malik; Editor Hanneke Weitering, Senior Space Writer Mike Wall; Senior Writer Meghan Bartels; Senior Writer Chelsea Gohd, Senior Writer Tereza Pultarova and Staff Writer Alexander Cox, focusing on e-commerce. Senior Producer Steve Spaleta oversees our space videos, with Diana Whitcroft as our Social Media Editor.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Since its launch in 1990, the Hubble Space Telescope has revolutionized our understanding of the cosmos. With its high-resolution images, this telescope has played a crucial role in numerous groundbreaking discoveries. In this article, we will explore several advantages that images taken by the Hubble Telescope have brought to astronomy, astrophysics, and our overall comprehension of the universe.\nA Sharper View of the Cosmos\nThe Hubble Space Telescope orbits Earth at an altitude of approximately 570 kilometers (350 miles), far above our planet’s atmosphere. This advantageous position allows it to capture images with unprecedented clarity. The absence of atmospheric distortion gives Hubble a much sharper and more detailed view of celestial objects than ground-based telescopes can provide.\nThanks to its high spatial resolution, Hubble has been able to resolve details on the surfaces of planets and moons within our solar system, as well as distant galaxies and nebulae. As Dr. Robert O’Dell, an astronomer who worked on the Hubble project, said: “Hubble is like having a microscope that can also be used as a telescope.” It is this unrivaled ability to see both near and far objects clearly that makes Hubble such a powerful tool for astronomers.\nExpanding Our Understanding of Galaxies\nOne area where Hubble’s images have had a particularly significant impact is in the study of galaxies. Beyond merely capturing their beauty, these high-resolution pictures have provided vital information about galaxy morphology, interactions, and evolution over time. For example, researchers using Hubble data discovered that most galaxies in the early universe were small and irregularly shaped, a finding that has helped refine theories on galaxy formation.\nHubble has also been instrumental in determining the age of the universe. By observing variable stars and supernovae in distant galaxies, scientists have been able to calculate a more accurate estimate of the universe’s expansion rate. This groundbreaking discovery was made possible by Hubble’s ability to capture images of objects billions of light-years away with unprecedented clarity.\nRevealing the Secrets of Star Formation\nAnother area where Hubble’s images have proven invaluable is in the study of star formation. Nebulae – vast clouds of gas and dust – are the birthplaces of stars, and Hubble’s detailed images have allowed astronomers to study these complex processes more closely than ever before. Hubble has observed stellar nurseries in our own Milky Way galaxy, as well as those in nearby galaxies such as the Large Magellanic Cloud.\nBy observing these star-forming regions over time, researchers have been able to gain a better understanding of how stars form and evolve. This knowledge is crucial for understanding the lifecycle of stars, including our own Sun, and how their evolution affects their host galaxies.\nUnraveling the Mysteries of Dark Matter and Dark Energy\nThe Hubble Space Telescope has also played a significant role in our understanding of two mysterious phenomena: dark matter and dark energy. Although these invisible substances make up about 95% of the total mass-energy content of the universe, their nature remains largely unknown.\nOne way that Hubble has contributed to research on dark matter is through its observations of gravitational lensing – a phenomenon where light from distant galaxies is bent by massive objects (such as clusters containing dark matter) along its path. These observations have helped scientists map the distribution of dark matter in the universe and provided further evidence for its existence.\nSimilarly, Hubble’s images have been essential in studying dark energy – a mysterious force responsible for the accelerated expansion of the universe. By observing distant supernovae, researchers have been able to measure the rate of this expansion over time, leading to the discovery of dark energy and its puzzling properties.\nA Lasting Legacy\nThroughout its three decades of operation, the Hubble Space Telescope has transformed our understanding of the cosmos. Its stunning images have not only captivated the public but also provided invaluable data for researchers across various fields of astronomy and astrophysics. As Hubble nears the end of its mission, it leaves behind a legacy that will continue to inspire and inform future generations of scientists.\nThe advantages offered by Hubble’s images are vast and varied, from refining our knowledge of galaxy formation and evolution to shedding light on the mysteries of dark matter and dark energy. As we look forward to new telescopes like the James Webb Space Telescope, set to launch in 2021, it is worth remembering the incredible contributions made by Hubble – a true icon in the field of space exploration.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "If you look up into the sky tonight you could be treated to the wonderful sight of the annual Draconid meteor shower.\nVisible around the world this year between 6 and 10 October, the meteor shower peaked yesterday but there's still more to be seen if you look up at the night's sky in a north-westerly direction tonight.\nWhat you get to see can be a bit hit-and-miss depending on a number of other factors and with a full moon out tonight it could be trickier than usual to treat your eyes to the sight of a meteor shower.\nThe bright moonlight will make tonight's sky less dark, making it harder to pick out the meteors.\nSome years the Draconid meteor shower can have hundreds or even thousands of visible meteors each hour depending on your location.\nThis year you could see up to 10 meteors per hour if you set yourself up for viewing at the right time, and just after nightfall is tipped as the best time to set up if you want to see something.\nMeteor showers are caused when the Earth passes through a cloud of comet debris, with the Draconid meteor shower coming from comet 21P/Giacobini-Zinner which orbits the sun.\nMeteors are caused by these chunks of debris entering the Earth's atmosphere at great speed, what we see is them burning up as they head towards us.\nVisible to the naked eye, there will still need to be some preparation if you want to see the meteor shower for yourself.\nYour best bet for watching the shower is to get somewhere dark where you can lie back and look up at the night sky.\nIt's bad news for people living in cities as you'll want to be somewhere away from all the light pollution that might block your view.\nGetting to your preferred spot early is also important as it'll take your eyes a bit of time to adjust to the darkness and some of the meteors are very faint.\nDepending how much stock you put in the words of people on TikTok claiming to be time travellers from the far future, you might not want to try and have a look at the meteor shower.\nSomeone claiming to be from the year 2236 has said this year's Draconids will result in a 'deadly' meteor shower over Europe on 12 October and kill lots of people.\nThen again, they also said humanity would make first contact with an alien species called the Azarx on 7 July, and as far as we can tell that didn't happen.\nAlso, this year's Draconids are supposed to come to an end after 10 October, so a deadly meteor of them hitting Europe two days later sounds unlikely.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "A brilliant orange Full Hunter’s Moon casting its spectacular glow across the October sky is an icon of the Halloween season, and this weekend is your chance to see the phenomenon for real.\nThe Hunter’s Moon is the name given to October’s full moon, which is also the first full moon after the Harvest Moon—the one closest to the autumn equinox in the Northern Hemisphere.\nThanks to the “moon illusion,\" the Full Hunter’s Moon appears huge and bright while it hangs low in the sky close to the horizon, and thanks to its hourly proximity to sunset, it should reflect the sun’s orange color around that time.\nThis year, the moon will reach peak fullness on Sunday, October 13 at 5:07 p.m., EDT, but it won’t rise above the horizon until twilight settles in, after 6:30 p.m.\nIf the skies are clear, sky-gazers should be in for a big orange treat, and to that end, here’s a look at the cloud cover forecast around that time in Upstate NY. Temperatures are expected to be in the 40s across Upstate NY on Sunday night, so if you’re going out, bring a coat.\n- In Buffalo, partly cloudy skies with a 20% chance of precipitation\n- In Rochester, mainly clear skies with a 10% chance of precipitation\n- In Syracuse, mostly clear skies with a few clouds\n- In Albany, mostly clear skies with a 10% chance of precipitation\n- In the mid-Hudson Valley, partly cloudy skies with a 20% chance of precipitation\nSo why the name Hunter’s Moon? According to Time and Date, Anglo-Saxons named it to reference the time of year when hunted game is fattened. It was a sign that the time had come to hunt, slaughter and preserve meats for the coming winter months.\nIt is sometimes also called the “blood moon,\" for similar reasons, but this shouldn’t be confused with the name also used to refer to lunar eclipses.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Week 45 – A Dark Night Sky\nI’m so thirsty for a really dark night sky. I live in a tiny city where light pollution makes it absolutely impossible to view the band of the milky way with my own eyes. I have a strong wish to see it. Two years ago, I went to Lijiang hoping to get a chance to see the milky way at night, but it ended up realizing that the place where I had spent the night was not dark enough to see it. I still enjoyed the trip, even though the wish of stargazing was not fulfilled.\nI’ve seen so many pictures of the milky way in the internet, and most of the pictures I’ve seen were taken in remoted area located so far away from where my home is located. I don’t know what I’m going to do to realize my wish.\nTravel 10,192 kms (6333 miles) for viewing stars or just burry the wish silently in my heart. How do you think about that?\nHere is one of the most interesting video I found on youtube that I would like to share with you. The milky way, clusters, shooting star and southern lights all can be seen at once in one single location: at Lake Tekapo! 😀", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "MGS MOC Release No. MOC2-463, 25 August 2003\nThis Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) Mars Orbiter Camera (MOC) picture shows a mesa in the Avernus Colles region of Mars, near 3.9°S, 190.8°W. The mesa and the very large blocks that have been shed from its slopes are all that remain of a once much more extensive suite of layered rock that used to cover the entire area shown here. This full-resolution (1.5 meters--5 feet--per pixel) image covers an area 3 km (1.9 mi) across. Sunlight illuminates the scene from the left.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "August 26, 2015: Roque Ruiz-Carmona (Ph.D. candidate, Institute of Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics, Radboud University Nijmegen, The Netherlands) has requested AAVSO assistance with his campaign to observe (a new set of) 17 cataclysmic variables (CVs) with the William Herschel Telescope (WHT) next week.\nAugust 20, 2015: Prof. Simon Jeffery (Armagh Observatory; Trinity College Dublin) has requested photometric monitoring of the pulsating helium and zirconium-rich hot subdwarf LS IV -14 116 in support of upcoming HST and VLT/UVES spectroscopy. AAVSO observations will supplement photometry due to be obtained with the SAAO 1.0-m and IAC 0.8-m telescopes from 18 August to 2 September 2015. Photometry is requested beginning immediately through 2 September.\nAugust 7, 2015: Further to AAVSO Alert Notice 525, we are entering the critical period of observations for KIC 02856960. Time series observations are urgently requested for this eclipsing binary beginning immediately (2015 August 07, JD 2457242) and continuing for the next five days, through the end of 2015 August 12.\nAugust 4, 2015: Dr. Gregory Sivakoff (U. of Alberta) has requested optical monitoring of the galactic microquasar V4641 Sgr beginning immediately, and continuing for the next 120 days, or until it is no longer observable from your location.\nJuly 31, 2015: The AAVSO requests time-series observations of the eclipsing binary system KIC 02856960 beginning immediately, with intensive coverage urgently requested during the window of 2015 August 8.0 through August 12.0. Observations are requested on behalf of an international campaign coordinated by Dr.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Saturday, September 18, 2021\nPublished: August 02, 2021\nChinas space-tracking ship Yuanwang-3 returned to its homeport in east Chinas Jiangsu Province Sunday after completing a new round of maritime monitoring missions.\nPublished: June 18, 2021\nAs Chinas Shenzhou-12 manned spaceship successfully docked with the Tianhe space station core module on Thursday, experts and media worldwide applauded the landmark progress in Chinas manned space expeditions.\nCopyright ��� 2021 Nationthailand - All rights reserved.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "On the average, the side of the Moon facing us remains constant because of its synchronous rotation (that is, the time it takes to rotate once on its axis is the same as the time it takes to orbit the Earth). As a result, save for changes in the portion that is lit (the cycle of phases during a lunation), we see essentially the same features at all times. Careful examination of the animation shows that as first daylight then darkness (night) sweeps from right to left (from west to east) across the face of the Moon, the features visible from day to day remain nearly the same. However, there are subtle differences in the appearance of the Moon during each 29 1/2 day cycle of phases:\n(1) The Moon appears to move toward us, then away from us, as a result of the fact that its image gets bigger for half the cycle, then smaller for the other half. This is a real effect, caused by the fact that the Moon really does get closer to us as it moves from apogee to perigee, then further from us as it moves from perigee to apogee. The change in distance is about 6% either way, relative to its average distance, or almost 12% in the difference in distance from perigee to apogee (or vice-versa). As it gets closer to perigee it looks close to 12% larger in diameter and 25% larger in surface area than at apogee, and as it gets closer to apogee it looks close to 12% smaller in diameter and 25% smaller in surface area than at perigee. The average brightness per square degree of apparent size remains the same throughout this process, so the perigee moon also looks about 25% brighter than the apogee moon (see Pictures of the Moon\nfor a comparison of the apparent sizes near perigee and apogee). Although in this animation, which simply repeats the same cycle of phases over and over, the part of the cycle of phases that represents perigee or apogee is the same\n, the fact that the Moon's cycle of phases is two days longer than its rotation rate (see Rotation Period and Day Length\nfor a discussion of this sort of thing) means that the time when the Moon is closest or furthest from us gradually moves through the cycle of phases. Sometimes it is closest to us at new moon, sometimes at quarter moon, and sometimes at full moon. When perigee occurs near full moon the media run rampant with stories about a \"super Moon\"; but the Moon is actually just about the same distance from us at every perigee, no matter when it occurs in the cycle of phases.\n(2) Although the Moon always shows nearly the same side to us, there are small changes in what part of the Moon we can see due to librations in latitude and longitude\n(libration comes from the same root as the constellation Libra, the scales, and refers to the tendency of balance scales to bob up and down for a while, before settling into a steady position). The libration in latitude (north and south changes) is caused by the fact that the Moon's orbit around the Earth is tilted by about 5 degrees relative to our orbit around the Sun. This means that sometimes the North side of the Moon (on the top in this animation) tilts toward us (when the Moon is near the bottom of its orbit, and we can look \"over its top\", and sometimes the South side of the Moon (on the bottom in this animation) tilts toward us (when the Moon is near the top of its orbit, and we can look \"under its bottom\". Just as in the case of phases, the time when we can see \"over the top\" or \"under the bottom\" of the Moon changes from one cycle of phases to the next. Most of the change in when this occurs is due to the 2 day difference between the cycle of phases and the rotation period, but there is also a slow (once every 18 years) change in the orientation of the orbit of the Moon, so that at one time during the cycle we can see over the Northern edge of the Moon in January and the Southern edge in July, but 9 years later that is reversed, and another 9 years later things are back to where they were at the start of the 18 year period. This 18 year change in the orientation of the lunar orbit's tilt is also related to a change in the timing of solar and lunar eclipses, which over that 18 year period tend to gradually occur earlier and earlier in the year, averaging about 3 weeks earlier each year, compared to the year before. This leads to a predictable cycle of eclipses known as the saros\n, first noticed in Hellenic (ancient Greek) times.\n(3) The previous paragraph dealt primarily with the libration in latitude caused by the tilt of the Moon's orbit relative to ours. However, there is another libration (in longitude) caused by the fact that the rotation rate of the Moon is constant, but its orbital motion is not. As the Moon moves toward us (looking larger and larger as it moves from apogee to perigee) it moves around us faster and faster (as described by Kepler's Second Law of Planetary Motion, the Law of Areas\n). Since keeping the same side of the Moon toward us requires the orbital motion of the Moon to (on the average) be the same as its rotational motion, if the Moon is moving around us faster than usual the rotation can't keep up, and we get to see a little around the trailing (western) side of the Moon, which is shown on the right in the animation. (There can be some confusion here involving directions because the Moon is rotating around its axis from west to east, just like the Earth rotates on its axis, and orbiting us from west to east, just like the Earth orbits the Sun. For someone on the Moon\neast is to the right in this animation, just as it would be on a globe of the Earth. But since we are looking at the Moon in the opposite direction from the direction that someone on the Moon looks at the Earth, the eastern side of the Moon for a lunar inhabitant is on the western side of the Moon in our sky. As a result, old maps of the Moon label the right-hand side of the Moon as the western side, just as we see it in our sky; but modern maps, based on the idea that eventually we may once again have people working on the Moon (though since it has been over 40 years since the last man left the Moon I wouldn't hold my breath waiting for the next one), show the right-hand side of the Moon as the eastern side, the way that astronauts or whatever the next men on the Moon (lunatics?) happen to be called.) In any event, no matter what you call the right-hand side of the Moon (the western side as seen from the Earth or the eastern side for currently nonexistent lunar inhabitants), that is the side we get to look \"around\" when the Moon is moving faster than usual. As a result you can see (though with a little difficulty because even though I have considerably slowed this animation compared to the original, to give you more time to examine the changes) small changes in how far features on the western side are from the \"limb\" (or for us, the \"western edge\") of the Moon. In particular, Mare Crisium in the upper right part of the image gradually moves away from the limb as the lunar orbital motion speeds up (namely, as it moves toward us), then back toward the limb as the lunar motion slows down (namely, as it moves away from us). You cannot see all of this change because sometimes that part of the Moon is lit, and sometimes it is not lit, according to the current phase. Similarly, features near the (as we see it) eastern (or left-hand) \"edge\" of the Moon gradually move away from that limb as the Moon's orbital motion slows down (as it moves away from us) and we can look a little \"around\" that side of the Moon, then move back toward the limb as the Moon's orbital motions speeds up (as it moves toward us again).\n(4) The changes in the part of the Moon that we can see due to libration in longitude and latitude led fairly early on to the best maps of the Moon being printed as two nearly but not quite overlapping circles (as shown in a 1647 map by Hevelius, from his Selenographia\n). Where the circles overlap represents those parts of the Moon that we can always see (at least when they are lit up), and where they do not overlap represents those parts of the Moon only visible at the extremes of libration in longitude and/or latitude. The result is that we can always see (fairly well) 41% of the lunar surface, and at various times see (not as well, due to foreshortening near the limb) another 18% of the surface, leaving only 41% of the Moon's surface always on the \"back\" side and never visible from Earth.\nBelow, Hevelius' map of the Moon, published in 1647 but according to a scroll held by cherubs in the upper left corner of the original plate, based on observations made in 1645. Note that West and East are shown here as seen from the Earth, and as labeled on (almost?) all maps of the Moon prior to the space age; post-space-age maps often reverse those directions so that they correspond to the view of someone living on the Moon. Also, to fit the image on this page I have cropped out the aforementioned cherubs and anything else outside the map of the Moon itself.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "The space shuttle Discovery embarked on its 39th and final mission Thursday afternoon. Since its maiden trip in 1984, Discovery has logged 352 days in orbit, circling the Earth 5,628 times and traveling 143 million miles. The ship will be retired after this flight, as NASA winds down the 30-year-old shuttle program. (The agency plans only two more space shuttle missions, one each for Endeavour and Atlantis.) Here, a look at some of Discovery's milestones through the years:\nAugust 27, 1979\nConstruction begins on Discovery, the third space shuttle in NASA's fleet. It would take four years to complete. Inside the space agency, Discovery is also known as Orbiter Vehicle-103, or OV-103.\nAugust 30, 1984\nDiscovery blasts off for the first time. Astronauts deploy three satellites during a six-day mission.\nSeptember 29, 1988\nDiscovery undertakes the first shuttle mission since the Challenger disaster of January 28, 1986, in which seven crew members were killed.\nApril 24, 1990\nThe shuttle carries the Hubble Space Telescope into orbit.\nFebruary 3, 1995\nEileen Collins becomes the first female to pilot a space shuttle, taking Discovery on NASA's first mission to rendezvous with the Russian space station Mir.\nOctober 29, 1998\nAt age 77, John Glenn returns to space aboard Discovery, becoming the oldest person to travel in space.\nJuly 26, 2005\nDiscovery is again used for a NASA \"Return to Flight\" mission following a tragedy — in this case, the disintegration of the space shuttle Columbia on Feb. 1, 2003, in which seven astronauts were killed.\nFebruary 24, 2011\nDiscovery blasts off from the Kennedy Space Center at Cape Canaveral, Fla., for its 39th flight. It carries a crew of six astronauts on an 11-day mission to deliver supplies and a human-like robot to the International Space Station.\nSources: Digital Trends, NASA, Voice of America, Washington Post\nTHE WEEK'S AUDIOPHILE PODCASTS: LISTEN SMARTER\n- How academia's liberal bias is killing social science\n- Why Pakistan won't hunt down the terrorists within its borders\n- 43 TV shows to watch in 2014\n- What would a U.S.-Russia war look like?\n- How to be the most productive person in your office — and still get home by 5:30 p.m.\n- Pope Francis' American problem\n- Diagnosing the Home Alone burglars' injuries: A professional weighs in\n- A brief history of the Christmas present\n- Sorry, GOP, tax cuts don't pay for themselves\n- 7 enduring lessons from It's a Wonderful Life\nSubscribe to the Week", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "NASA has awarded two universities prototypes of its R5 humanoid robot for advanced research and development work, the space agency announced today.\n“Advances in robotics, including human-robotic collaboration, are critical to developing the capabilities required for our journey to Mars,” said Steve Jurczyk, the associate administrator for NASA’s Space Technology Mission Directorate. “We are excited to engage these university research groups to help NASA with this next big step in robotics technology development.”\nNASA’s R5 is a bipedal humanoid robot. Its white body has trimmings of orange throughout. The NASA emblem is situated at the center of its chest plate. According to NASA, “Robots, like NASA’s R5, could be used in future NASA missions either as precursor robots performing mission tasks before humans arrive or as human-assistive robots actively collaborating with the human crew.”\n“R5 initially was designed to complete disaster-relief maneuvers, however, its main goal is to prove itself worthy of even trickier terrain—deep space exploration,” the agency continued.\nMassachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Northeastern Univ. were selected for NASA’s award. MIT’s group is led by principal investigator Russ Tedrake and Northeastern Univ.’s group is led by principal investigator Taskin Padir. The two groups were selected from a pool entered in the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) Robotics Challenge. The groups will receive as much as $250,000 a year for two years and have access to onsite and virtual technical support from NASA.\nThe two robots upgraded will be instruments in NASA’s upcoming Space Robotics Challenge, which aims to create software that gives robots autonomy during space missions.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "As NASA announces it’ll crash land the space station in eight years, astronomers reveal their discovery of a trojan asteroid orbiting in a Lagrange Point and for the first time more astronomers have discovered a lonely black hole…\nShare This Podcast\nOur Latest Blog Entries\nTrekzone’s Fan Films Done Right series is heating up with another exclusive premiere event set for April 15 thanks to Aaron Vanderkley!\nLeading Australian launch service provider, Southern Launch, and peak body Engineers Australia have signed a service level agreement that will propel the careers of the company’s Engineering team.\nFollow Our Podcast\nBecome A Member\nGet a cool badge on YouTube, our thanks PLUS behind the scenes goss and first play access to all of our podcasts by becoming a member today!", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "- sherpa.astro.ui.get_exposure(id=None, bkg_id=None)\nReturn the exposure time of a PHA data set.\nThe exposure time of a PHA data set is taken from the EXPTIME keyword in its header, but it can be changed once the file has been loaded.\nid (int or str, optional) – The identifier for the data set to use. If not given then the default identifier is used, as returned by\nbkg_id (int or str, optional) – Set to identify which background component to use. The default value (\nNone) means that the time is for the source component of the data set.\nexposure – The exposure time, in seconds.\n- Return type:\nReturn the fractional area factor of a PHA data set.\nReturn the area scaling of a PHA data set.\nChange the exposure time of a PHA data set.\nReturn the exposure time for the default data set.\n>>> t = get_exposure()\nReturn the exposure time for the data set with identifier 2:\n>>> t2 = get_exposure(2)\nReturn the exposure time for the first background component of data set “core”:\n>>> tbkg = get_exposure('core', bkg_id=1)", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "A functional block diagram of the system is shown in Figure 3. Table 1 provides a list of the system specifications. The imaging capability is obtained from a 16-element antenna array and a Butler matrix phasing system. Each of the 16 beam-forming outputs from the Butler matrix feeds an individual radio receiver tuned to 38.6 MHz. The receiver output voltage, which is proportional to the received power, is digitized for transmission to the data acquisition computer for display and recording. An RF switch assembly between the Butler matrix outputs and the receiver inputs permits calibrated noise levels to be input to the receivers so that the data can be calibrated against a reference.\nThe 16-port Butler matrix phasing system, the 16-receivers system, and the calibration system (consisting of a stable RF noise source, a precision programmable attenuator, and the RF switch assembly) are constructed as modular units. This will enable the full-scale HAARP imaging riometer diagnostic to be built up from multiple modular units.\nThe 16-element antenna has been installed as a 1x16 linear array oriented in approximately a north-south magnetic direction. Figure 4 shows the projection onto a flat ionosphere at 90-km altitude of the antenna beam pattern (-3 dB contours) and the orientation of the beams with respect to the north geographic and geomagnetic poles. The straight lines labeled 61 through 65 are segments of contours of constant magnetic invariant latitude. The range of latitudes covered by the array permits an investigation of the subauroral region of the polar ionosphere.\nBecause the antenna is phased in one dimension (north-south) only, the prototype instrument is not a true imager, but it does offer a meridional view of ionospheric disturbances, similar to that of a meridional scanning photometer. The proximity of the riometer to the HAARP RF transmitter (it is only a few hundred yards away) often results in significant interference to the riometer signal, making the data unusable during some modes of heater operation. It is likely that a more remote location, as well as the full imaging capability of the proposed instrument, will be needed in order to observe small-scale modifications of the ionosphere during heater operations. However, during off times of the heater, the riometer has provided high-quality data on naturally-occurring auroral activity, including some surprising observations. An example is presented below.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "The radio-occultation observations taken by Tianwen-1 are aiming to study the properties of solar wind. A new method of frequency fluctuation (FF) estimation is presented for processing the down-link signals of Tianwen-1 during the occultation period to study the properties of the coronal plasma at the heliocentric distances of 4.48–19 R. Because of low S/N as well as the phase fluctuation phenomena caused by solar activity, a Kalman based on polynomial prediction methods is proposed to avoid the phase locked loop loss lock. A new detrend method based on multi-level iteration correction is proposed to estimate Doppler shift to get more accurate power density spectra of FF in the low frequency region. The data analyze procedure is used to get the properties of the solar corona during the occultation. The method was finally verified at the point when the solar offset is 5.7 R, frequency tracking was successfully performed on data with a carrier-to-noise ratio of about 28 dBHz. The density spectra obtained by the improved method are basically the same when the frequency is greater than 2 mHz, the uncertainty in the result of the rms of the FF obtained by removing the trend term with different order polynomials is less than 3.3%. The data without eliminating interference show a large error for different detrending orders, which justifies the need for an improved approach. Finally, the frequency fluctuation results combined with the information on intensity fluctuation obtained by the new method are compared with the results of the integrated Space Weather Analysis system and theoretical formula, which verifies that the processing results in this paper have a certain degree of credibility.\nIt accepts original submissions from all over the world and is internationally published and distributed by IOP", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Two Mars-bound spacecraft are both in excellent health ahead of their September arrivals in orbit around the Red Planet, managers for both missions report.\nIndia's Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM) is more than 80 percent of the way to Mars and performing well, according to a Facebook update posted July 21 by the Indian Space Research Organization. MOM is expected to enter orbit on Sept. 14.\nThe second craft, NASA's Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN), is also performing well. MAVEN is scheduled to embark on its final approach to the Red Planet on Sept. 21, one week after MOM's arrival, principal investigator Bruce Jakosky said. After months of checkouts and tests, the spacecraft will now be left quiet until close to the big day. [See images of the MAVEN mission]\n\"We have eight science instruments, and they've all been turned off now,\" Jakosky, who is also the associate science director at the University of Colorado's laboratory for atmospheric and space physics, told Space.com. \"We're trying to settle things down to focus on orbit insertion.\"\nBoth MOM and NASA's MAVEN probes launched toward Mars in November 2013.\nWith the MAVEN mission, NASA scientists are hoping to learn more about the history of Mars' upper atmosphere. For the past few months, controllers have done \"operational readiness\" tests, such as a mission-control-like simulation of the craft's approach to the Red Planet. These drills can help controllers get ready for any emergencies that might crop up.\nOne important feature of the spacecraft is its ability to maneuver six hours or 24 hours before entering orbit if controllers find out the vessel is on the wrong path, Jakosky said. This was a \"lesson learned\" from the 1998 Mars Climate Orbiter, which was destroyed in the planet's atmosphere because controllers could not correct a navigation error until too late.\nGet the Space.com Newsletter\nBreaking space news, the latest updates on rocket launches, skywatching events and more!\n\"The key thing about the orbit insertion burn is we have one shot at it, and it has to go right. If it doesn't go right, we just go right on past Mars and never get to go back,\" Jakosky said.\nMeanwhile, the science team has been making sure MAVEN's hardware is ready to collect the data. One instrument has already gathered information on solar activity.\nIn India, MOM spacecraft controllers have been priming the probe for its arrival at the Red Planet. On Thursday (Aug. 7), flight controllers tested the MOM probe's antenna that will serve as its primary communications link to Earth.\n\"MOM successfully completed the characterization of its Medium Gain Antenna, which will be used for communicating with Earth during the critical Mars Orbit Insertion (MOI),\" ISRO officials wrote in a MOM update on Facebook yesterday. \"Only 14 percent of the journey remains in its heliocentric arc towards Mars Orbit Insertion.\"\nCosmic close encounter\nThe scientists monitoring the spacecraft will also find themselves with a rare opportunity just one month after arriving at the planet. Comet Siding Spring will make its closest approach to Mars on Oct. 19, while MAVEN is still being readied for full operations to start Nov. 8. But the team will pause this work to watch the comet, Jakosky said.\n\"We'll make observations for about two days before and two days after the comet's closest approach,\" Jakosky added. \"We will make observations in spectroscopic imaging, which shows us a lot about the [comet's] composition, and then observe the upper atmosphere.\"\nWhile scientists are excited to catch sight of the comet — and current predictions show that spacecraft orbiting Mars should be safe during the close pass — researchers also need to keep the health of the spacecraft in mind during the flyby. MAVEN controllers aren't taking any chances, Jakosky added.\nThey will have the spacecraft behind the planet for 20 minutes during the comet's closest approach, and will point the solar panels edge-on to the dust to minimize the chance of a strike. Ground controllers will also turn off nonessential instruments.\nThe mission is designed to last one Earth year, but NASA hopes it will stretch a lot longer as it will also serve as a communications relay for the Opportunity and Curiosity rovers on the Martian surface. MAVEN's science team would also prefer a longer mission so they can continue observations.\nIf funding is extended, there's enough fuel to last perhaps 10 years, Jakosky said. Many components \"have a lot of heritage\" from the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, he added, which is still in good health after eight years of operations at the planet.\nElizabeth Howell (she/her), Ph.D., is a staff writer in the spaceflight channel since 2022 covering diversity, education and gaming as well. She was contributing writer for Space.com for 10 years before joining full-time. Elizabeth's reporting includes multiple exclusives with the White House and Office of the Vice-President of the United States, an exclusive conversation with aspiring space tourist (and NSYNC bassist) Lance Bass, speaking several times with the International Space Station, witnessing five human spaceflight launches on two continents, flying parabolic, working inside a spacesuit, and participating in a simulated Mars mission. Her latest book, \"Why Am I Taller?\", is co-written with astronaut Dave Williams. Elizabeth holds a Ph.D. and M.Sc. in Space Studies from the University of North Dakota, a Bachelor of Journalism from Canada's Carleton University and a Bachelor of History from Canada's Athabasca University. Elizabeth is also a post-secondary instructor in communications and science at several institutions since 2015; her experience includes developing and teaching an astronomy course at Canada's Algonquin College (with Indigenous content as well) to more than 1,000 students since 2020. Elizabeth first got interested in space after watching the movie Apollo 13 in 1996, and still wants to be an astronaut someday. Mastodon: https://qoto.org/@howellspace", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Extremal Cosmological Black Holes in Horndeski Gravity and the Anti-Evaporation Regime\nExtremal cosmological black holes are analysed in the framework of the most general second order scalar-tensor theory, the~so-called Horndeski gravity. Such~extremal black holes are a particular case of Schwarzschild-De Sitter black holes that arises when the black hole horizon and the cosmological one coincide. Such~metric is induced by a particular value of the effective cosmological constant and is known as Nariai spacetime. The~existence of this type of solutions is studied when considering the Horndeski Lagrangian and its stability is analysed, where the so-called anti-evaporation regime is studied. Contrary to other frameworks, the~radius of the horizon remains stable for some cases of the Horndeski Lagrangian when considering perturbations at linear order.\n- Pub Date:\n- November 2020\n- General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology;\n- High Energy Physics - Theory\n- 15 pages, version published", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "The rise of the moon from Kalochori in Thessaloniki. Incredible place to watch the city lights or to take images as there are also many birds there.\nNobody has marked this note useful\nCritiques | Translate\narnie (1805) 2014-04-17 3:01\nBeautiful blue hour capture. The lights of the city dissecting the shot. Blue calm sea with a great reflection of the moon. A super moon peeping out of the clouds giving a great atmospheric mood to the shot.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Canes Venatici is a small constellation, consisting of only two stars. However, it is quite easy to find due to its location just south of the Big Dipper. Like many of the surrounding constellations, Canes Venatici holds quite a few galaxies.\nM51, the Whirlpool Galaxy, is one of the most well-known galaxies in the sky. Although it is within the boundaries of Canes Venatici, the easiest way to find M51 is by looking 3½° southwest of Alkaid, the star at the end of the Big Dipper’s handle. M51 is a face-on spiral galaxy with a smaller companion galaxy connected to it by an extension of one of the spiral arms.\nLike all galaxies, M51 is much easier to find and observe under a dark sky with little light pollution. From a dark site, M51 is faintly visible with binoculars as a small fuzzy spot of light. The unique shape of the two interacting galaxies is easily visible with most telescopes, although the spiral structure is a bit harder to observe. By carefully observing M51 using averted vision, the spiral structure can be seen with mid-sized telescopes.\nM106 is another relatively bright spiral galaxy in Canes Venatici. M106 is tilted at an angle toward Earth, giving it an oblong shape. To find M106, imagine a line connecting the star Chara in Canes Venatici with Phad, the star on the southeast corner of the Big Dipper’s bowl. M106 is near the midpoint of this line, just to the west of it. M106 is similar in brightness to M51, but its spiral arms are less obvious and are not visible in smaller telescopes.\nCor Caroli, the brighter of the two stars making up Canes Venatici, is a beautiful double star. The component stars are separated by about 20 arcseconds, making them easy to split with low magnification (50x or less). The primary star is white, while the secondary is slightly yellow.\nNGC 4631 (the Whale Galaxy) and NGC 4656 (the Hockey Stick Galaxy) are a fascinating pair of galaxies in the southern part of Canes Venatici. The two galaxies lie about ½° apart, so they are visible in the same telescopic field of view at moderate magnifications. This galaxy pair is located about 6° southwest of Cor Caroli.\nBoth galaxies are oriented edge-on to Earth, but they look fairly different from each other. NGC 4631 is the larger and brighter of the two galaxies, and it really does bear some resemblance to a whale. This galaxy is quite mottled with light and dark areas.\nNGC 4656 is smaller and fainter, but one of its ends is bent at nearly a 90° angle, giving the galaxy the appearance of a hockey stick. Low magnification works well for finding these galaxies and comparing them in the same field of view. Higher magnifications will help reveal the details in each galaxy.\nNearly all of the deep sky objects in Canes Venatici are galaxies, but the constellation holds one beautiful globular star cluster, M3. This cluster is located between Cor Caroli and Arcturus, the brightest star in the nearby constellation Bootes. M3 lies straight between the two stars and slightly closer to Arcturus. The cluster looks like a small fuzzy spot with binoculars. An 8” telescope should resolve the cluster fairly well.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Supermoon - perigee-syzygy\nSupermoon, scientifically known as perigee-syzygy, occurs when our only natural satellite, the Moon, in its orbit, moves closest to the Earth.\nSince the orbit of the Moon is an elliptical in shape, rather than a perfect circle, there are two positions in its orbit around the Earth, when it is going to be at its closest position to the Earth. It is called, perigee position.\nOn Monday 14 in 2016, the Moon is going to be at the perigee position: hence, it is going to be brigher and bigger - very noticebly. In fact, it is going to be 30% brighter and 14% bigger, according to astronomers due to the fact that the Moon gets 30,000 miles closer to the Earth than it is at apogee.\nIt occurs after 70 years and we have to wait until 2034 to see the biggest supermoon in this century. So, it is not a good idea to miss it!\nSo, in order to get a good views of the supermoon, it is recommended that if you live in a city to head out of town to minimize the urban glow effect, owing to excessive street lighting. Anyplace where you can easily get minimum urban lights and the least cloud cover would provide an ideal environment for supermoon viewing.\nFacts about the Moon\n- The moon is not a planet, but a natural satellite of the Earth.\n- The surface area of the moon is 14,658,000 square miles or almost 10 billion acres.\n- The visible part of the Moon is just 59% with the dark side being 41%.\n- The speed of rotation of the Moon is 10 miles per hour whereas that of the Earth is about 1000 miles per hour.\n- When a month has two full moons, the second full moon is called a blue moon, which perhaps led to the English saying, once in a blue moon.\n- You always see the same side of the moon from the Earth; the other side, the dark side, is always hidden.\n- The moon is full of craters due to the impact of asteroids.\n- The moon, the only extraterrestrial body that has ever been visited by man, is almost 384,000 km away for the Earth.\n- Neil Armstrong is the first human being who landed on the moon; it took place in 1969..\n- The moon has no magnetic field - so, a compass may not work.\n- The moon's diameter is about 1/4 the diameter of the Earth. If the Earth is an empty container, about 50 moons will fill it up.\n- The gravitational pull on the moon is about 17% of that of the Earth; so, you can jump much higher on the moon than on the Earth!\n- The moon plays a major role in the formation of tides on the Earth.\n- The moon is about 4.53 billion years old.\n- The moon orbits the Earth every 27.3 days.\nResources at Fingertips\nThis is a vast collection of tutorials, covering the syllabuses of GCSE, iGCSE, A-level and even at undergraduate level.\nThey are organized according to these specific levels.\nThe most popular tutorial is the Book of Electricity, which comes at the top of Google search for electricity tutorials for GCSE / AS/ A-Level at present.\nIn addition, there are a few more which come at the top of Google search.They are all supported by an extensive collection of animations and interactive labs.\nStand Out - from the crowd\n\"There's no such thing as a free lunch.\"\nThe best things in nature are free with no strings attached - fresh air, breathtakingly warm sunshine, scene of meadow on the horizon...\nVivax Solutions, while mimicking nature, offers a huge set of tutorials along with interactive tools for free.\nPlease use them and excel in the sphere of science education.\nEverything is free; not even registration is required.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "How much further away is the Sun than the Moon? How much bigger is the Sun than the Moon? And how are you supposed to work out the answers if you are an ancient Greek who doesn't even have a telescope?\nIf you are Aristarchus of Samos, who lived around 2300 years ago, then you'll rely on your excellent geometrical expertise combined with an important insight: that the Moon shines at night because it is illuminated by the Sun. On the face of it, this latter fact is far from obvious, but then Aristarchus was a pioneer. Unlike many, many astronomers who came after him, he recognised that the Earth moved around the Sun, rather than the other way around.\nArmed with the knowledge that the Sun illuminates the Moon, Aristarchus realised that at half Moon, the triangle formed by the Earth (E), the Moon (M) and the Sun (S) has a right angle at M.\nDiagram not to scale.\nYou can convince yourself of this by imagining the Sun in different places in the diagram above and checking that the parallel rays of light emanating from it illuminate exactly half of the Moon (as seen from Earth) only when there is a right angle at M.\nAristarchus was after the relative distance to the Sun and the Moon, that is, he was after the ratio , where is the distance from the Earth to the Sun and is the distance from the Earth to the Moon. If you know your trigonometry you know that\nwhere is the angle at the corner of the triangle. Therefore\nTaking the estimate gives the answer\nSo the Sun is just short of 400 times further from Earth than the Moon. Aristarchus also noticed that during a solar eclipse the Moon completely covers the Sun. This gives us the following diagram:\nDiagram not to scale.\nUsing the fact that the ratio between and is the same as the ratio between and (because we are looking at two similar triangles) we can deduce that the Sun’s diameter is about 400 times bigger than the Moon’s diameter.\nThe result Aristarchus came up with was very different. He estimated the Sun to be between 18 and 20 times further away than the Moon. This is partly because he didn’t have the means to measure accurately enough and took it to be equal to Using this value in the calculation above gives that the Sun is about 19 times further away than the Moon: a small variation in an angle close to leads to a large variation in .\nThe reason why Aristarchus could only come up with the range from 18 to 20, rather than a single number, is that trigonometry hadn’t been developed yet. He didn’t have the notion of a cosine, let alone any tables in which to look up the cosine of a given angle. Instead, he had to use a more complicated geometric argument to come up with his approximate answer. Which illustrates why trigonometry is so useful for astronomers.\nAbout the author\nMarianne Freiberger is Editor of Plus.\nPlease can you explain why you would estimate alpha to be almost 90 degrees? The angle at corner M is 90 degrees but the angle at corner E is much closer to 60 degrees.\nThe diagram is not drawn to scale, which is why the angle alpha in it doesn't reflect the angle you would observe in reality.\ni mean how could we know it is 89.5? please explain the way to find 89.5\nThe value 89.5 degrees comes from observation.\nHello! Are you familiar with the Unit Circle? The unit circle is like the lifeblood of trigonometry. Look up an image right now. Learn about it. If you look at the circle E and notice the location of the line EM as it intercepts the circle E, and then you compare it to the unit circle, you will notice that the line intercepts at the location ~90 degrees on the unit circle (or pi/2 in radians).\nThat might not make sense right away, but study the unit circle and you'll get it!!\nHope that helps!\nSince the sun is very far away, the rays from the sun will be almost parallel to both the earth and the sun. So this means the angle of rays between the sun and the moon will be very small. Given the moon is perpendicular to the earth, we have 90 deg on that angle. Since the angles of a triangle add up to 180 deg, the remaining angle is very close to 90 deg, so 89.5 is a good approximation. (It could be 89.8 or 89.7) The result will be similar.\nIn angles very close to 90 degrees, a small error can make a very large difference. If the angle was really 89.8 degrees, the result would be very far from the result with 89.5 degrees.\nTriangle of sun and moon and earth\nSince we have assumed that it is a situation at night thus the sun from you (observer) is very far away as compared to the moon (at night). Now about the angle -->\nAngle ESM is the angle of elevation of the sun from earth and as already stated that sun is very far away thus angle of elevation is very less. Thus angle MES (α) is assumed to be 89.5", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Anyone travelling to the far north this year – and in 2013 and the beginning of 2014, will be travelling when the sun is at a time of “solar maximum” – a peak in the cycle regulating output of solar storms. That means that displays of the Northern Lights, when they happen, will be more frequent, vivid and even more captivating than you can possibly imagine.\nAtmospheric conditions just now are particularly good for seeing the Northern Lights – a giant bonus on top of enjoying an exhilarating cross country ski holiday somewhere suitably northern! Our Norwayand Finland destinations are as cosy as they are beautiful, with acres of snow, miles of trails along which to glide, and as soon as the sun goes down – which is relatively early at this time of year – the Northern Lights may just come up.\nAlthough they are never guaranteed, this next few months will be a great time to get lucky, as they are becoming more and more visible further and further south.\nSeeing them is a genuine fairytale, so why not swop our mediocre chilly winter with wet sleet and black ice and salt all over the windscreen for a proper Scandinavian adventure and who knows?\nYou may just be one of the lucky many who have ticked off this ‘Must Have’ travel experience.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "The Chinese news agency Xinhua announced on July 31 that China will be sending its first unmanned lander to the Moon in the second half of 2013. Chang’e-3 will be the third lunar probe launched by the China National Space Administration (CNSA) and the first attempt at a landing. The lander/rover combination will launch from the Xichang Satellite Launch Center in China’s Sichuan province as part of China’s continuing Lunar Exploration program.\nOctober 29, 2007 The Chang’e-1 spacecraft successfully blasted off from the Xichang Satellite Launch Centre, Sichuan, atop a Long March 3A rocket last week bound for lunar orbit. The launch by the Chinese National Space Administration (CNSA), is China’s first step in a program that aims to land robotic explorers on the Moon before 2020.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "This unique book offers a new approach to the study of the large-scale structure of the Universe. Though considered to be governed by the same Newtonian gravitational interaction, the dynamics of galactic clusters differs drastically from that of stellar dynamics, and therefore a different mathematical approach is required. The theory of dynamical systems provides a powerful method for the study of the profound properties of multi-dimensional nonlinear systems. This monograph offers a consistent geometrical treatment of observational cosmology from the concepts of the theory of dynamical systems.\nSince this mathematical technique is not yet a familiar tool in the field of astrophysics, a summary of the fundamental ideas of differential geometry, ergodic theory and catastrophe theory is presented. Such a unified approach facilitates the study of a wide range of, at first sight, very different phenomena within the same physical framework, thus revealing their universal underlying properties. This book will be of great value to astrophysicists and mathematicians for its pioneering approach to the study of the large-scale Universe.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "|John Charles is a lead project scientist for the Space and Life Sciences\nDirectorate at Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas.|\nJohnson Space Center,\nJohn Charles has spent a career dedicated to realizing the potential\nof space exploration and helping people to travel in space safely\nJune 2002 -\nAs a child, John Charles dreamed of being an astronaut and exploring space. Like many other children of the 1960s, he avidly followed\nthe \"space race,\" especially John Glenn's journey into space. Although he never became an astronaut, he has fulfilled his\ndream in other ways. From investigating crew health and supporting\nresearch on the Russian Space Station Mir to training John Glenn for a return trip to orbit and overseeing the upcoming STS-107 science\nmission, Charles has worked to discover and solve the challenges\nthat will arise as humans take the next step into space.\n\"At about age 10, I decided to quit dreaming and actually focus\non a career in the space business.\" Charles was interested\nin physics but knew that he was not strong enough in math to be\nsuccessful in that course of study. He also had an interest in biology,\nespecially physiology, and realized that a career as a research\nphysiologist could combine with his desire to do space-related work.\nTo that end, he obtained a bachelor's degree in biophysics from\nOhio State University in 1977 and a Ph.D. in physiology and biophysics\nfrom the University of Kentucky in 1983. Charles arrived at Johnson Space Center (JSC) in Houston, Texas, in 1983 as a postdoctoral\nfellow in the medical research branch. He was hired as a full-time\nemployee in the cardiovascular laboratory in 1985.\nlater, he became the director of that lab. Charles spent a large\npart of his lab career at JSC looking at the problem of orthostatic\nintolerance, the feeling of faintness that astronauts experience\non their return to Earth from orbit. The condition is caused by\ninsufficient blood pressure in the brain resulting from the body.s\ninability to adjust blood pressure after adapting to reduced gravity.\nCharles. team helped to formalize a postflight test of orthostatic\nfunction and developed the lower body negative pressure (LBNP) technique\nto pull fluids out of the upper body and back into the lower body.\nthe cardiovascular lab in 1994 when he joined the shuttle/Mir program,\nwhich encompassed a series of 11 U.S. space shuttle missions to\nthe Russian space station. He worked as a deputy to Peggy Whitson,\nthe project scientist for the program, and took over her position\nwhen she was selected for the astronaut corps. After his tour with\nthe shuttle/Mir program, Charles was assigned to be the liaison\nbetween the Human Space Life Sciences Programs Office (now the Office\nof Bioastronautics) and the Mars Exploration Planning Office at\nJSC. He also became the lead for the Bioastronautics Critical Path\nRoadmap Project. Charles notes that this project, a collaborative\neffort with the National Space Biomedical Research Institute that\nwas conceived in 1997, was originally designed to target physiological\nproblems that need to be solved to make a crewed mission to Mars\npath roadmap is currently focused on the problems of the space station,\"\nsays Charles, \"and I view that as also providing a very strong\nfoundation for any subsequent decision to move beyond low Earth\norbit. Many of the problems that would confront humans going to\nMars are the same problems we would have on any long-duration space\nstation mission. It's really not apples and oranges; it's really\none size apple versus a different size apple.\"\nto his planning work for NASA, Charles has continued to contribute\nto the success of the shuttle program. He served as project scientist\nfor the experiments that John Glenn conducted during the flight of STS-95 in1998 and is the mission scientist for STS-107. He defines\nhis role as mission scientist as \"being an advocate for the\nmission experiments that come through the Office of Biological and\nPhysical Research.\" He believes that his years of lab work\nat JSC provided him with a greater capacity for representing the\nscientists in dealing with program offices, mission planners, and\nmanagement: \"I.d like to make sure that the people who are\nactually answering the questions are not forgotten in the big bureaucratic\nshuffle that seems to surround huge programs like the space shuttle\nor the space station.\"\na high point of his career with NASA: \"I have to rate as one\nof the highest the chance to work with John Glenn, because he inspired me way back in 1962 to be interested in spaceflight. Then 36 years\nlater, when he flew on the shuttle, I dealt with him on a fairly\nregular basis to prepare our experiments for him to do in flight.\nIt was always a thrill for me to see and speak to him. It was sort\nof a full circle, going from being inspired by him to working with\nhim and having him consider me a part of his team.\"\nhimself remaining part of the NASA team for the future and expects\nto continue to be involved in strategic planning to help find the\nanswers to the problems of long-duration spaceflight.\nis to have the answers ready. When they say, 'We want to send people\nto Mars or the Moon. Are we ready to do that?' I would like to be\nin the position to help the life sciences [people] say, 'Yes, and\nhere are the answers to the questions.'\"\nand photos for this story were provided by Marshall Space Flight", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "So far we’ve seen different views of Mars, but NASA decided to offer something new. Have you ever wondered what the Red Planet would look like when captured from the International Space Station orbiting this world? You don’t have to anymore, because the US agency was able to capture it with pictures from one of the orbiters.\nNASA benefited The Odyssey orbiter and its THEMIS instrument (Thermal Emission Imaging System). Preparations took three months and the goal was achieved It shows the Red Planet from a perspective similar to Earth seen from the International Space Station. The images were taken from a height of about 400 kilometers above the Earth’s surface. The International Space Station orbits our universe in a similar way.\nThe task was difficult and therefore took several months to implement. This is primarily due to the fact that the THEMIS instrument is usually pointed downward at the Red Planet’s surface all the time because it is used for mapping. So, in order to get a different perspective, the entire Odyssey orbiter had to stay put Slanted 90 degreesWhich is made possible after a special sequence is sent to the ship.\nRotating the orbiter was one thing, but then Odyssey had to remain in that position for a long period of time. This was necessary to take a series of photos. Then it was processed and this is how it worked Get the whole panorama. Throughout the entire mission, the ship’s antenna was pointed away from Earth and therefore had no contact with it.\nThe final effect is stunning and was definitely worth the work. Below you can see the surface of Mars, and above its thin atmosphere, where there are, among other things, clouds of water ice. NASA intends to use these images and compare them with images taken from the International Space Station. In this way, it would be possible to compare the two planets more accurately from a similar perspective, which could be very important for science.\nEcho Richards embodies a personality that is a delightful contradiction: a humble musicaholic who never brags about her expansive knowledge of both classic and contemporary tunes. Infuriatingly modest, one would never know from a mere conversation how deeply entrenched she is in the world of music. This passion seamlessly translates into her problem-solving skills, with Echo often drawing inspiration from melodies and rhythms. A voracious reader, she dives deep into literature, using stories to influence her own hardcore writing. Her spirited advocacy for alcohol isn’t about mere indulgence, but about celebrating life’s poignant moments.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "NASA called the dates of the destruction of Phobos Mars\nScientists have named the deadlines for Mars to destroy one of its two satellites, Phobos. About this, as reported on the NASA website, planetologists told during the 47th annual meeting of the Planetary Division of the American Astronomical Society in Maryland.\nAccording to the model proposed by the authors, after about 30–50 million years, the gravitational pull of Mars will lead to the destruction of Phobos into smaller fragments, some of which fall to the surface of the planet.\nPlanetologists came to such conclusions by analyzing the spread of cracks (grooves) in the vicinity of the Stickney crater (on the right-hand side of the CDPV). They, as the researchers found out, were formed not because of the collision of Phobos with an asteroid, but as a result of the occurrence of internal stresses in the celestial body.\nThe appearance of deformations scientists associate with two main factors. First, Phobos (with a radius of 11.1 kilometers) is located at a distance of six thousand kilometers from the surface of Mars.This makes him the closest satellite to his planet in the solar system.\nAccording to the calculations of scientists, every hundred years, the satellite becomes closer two meters to its planet. Secondly, Phobos has inside a multitude of cavities, which make up about a quarter of its total volume, whereas outside the celestial body is covered with a hundred-meter layer of regolith.\nFor the first time cracks on the satellite of Mars discovered the station Viking. Similar structures are observed on Triton - the satellite of Neptune. According to scientists, over time, Triton, as well as Phobos, will break the gravitational pull of its planet.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Indrajit Das, Ph.D.\n|2013||Physics||George Mason University, Washington, DC|\nMean distance: (not calculated yet)\nParentsSign in to add mentor\nChildrenSign in to add trainee\nCollaboratorsSign in to add collaborator\nBETA: Related publications\nYou can help our author matching system! If you notice any publications incorrectly attributed to this author, please sign in and mark matches as correct or incorrect.\n|Das I, Weingartner JC. (2016) Alignment of interstellar grains by mechanical torques: Suprathermally rotating Gaussian random spheres Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 457: 1958-1987|", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "In 2013, the May full moon presents the third full moon after the March equinox. In North America we often call this particular full moon the Flower Moon, Rose Moon or Strawberry Moon. That star by tonight’s full moon is Antares, the brightest star in the constellation Scorpius the Scorpion. Plus the moon is one day away from lunar perigee – the moon’s closest point to Earth for this month. By a newly coined popular definition, that makes this May 24-25 full moon a supermoon. And the moon will undergo an extremely minor penumbral lunar eclipse tonight. With a penumbral eclipse magnitude of 0.0158, just 0.5 arc-minutes of the moon’s southern limb will pass into Earth’s pale penumbral shadow. It’s such a shallow eclipse that it’ll be mainly of academic interest and very difficult to detect. For more about the May 2013 lunar eclipse, click here.\nWhat will most of us actually see tonight? Nothing unusual. Just the same wonderful full moon we see every month. Enjoy it.\nWhen exactly is the May 2013 full moon? The May 2013 full moon falls at the same instant all over the world: May 25 at 4:25 Universal Time.\nClock time and/or date for this full moon – and every full moon – will vary by time zone. For London, the moon turns will at 5:25 a.m. BST on the morning of May 25; that means the moon will appear more full on the night of May 24-25 than on the night of May 25-26. Likewise, for the U.S. East Coast, the moon turns full on May 25 at 12:25 a.m. EDT. Meanwhile, for all places to the west of the U.S. Eastern Daylight Time zone, the moon turns full not on May 25 … but on May 24 at 11:25 p.m. CDT, 10:25 p.m. MDT and 9:25 p.m. PDT.\nTechnically speaking, the moon turns full at the instant that the moon lies most opposite the sun for the month. For general reference, though, we can say the moon is full all night long. Because the May 24-25 moon stays more or less opposite the sun throughout the night, watch for the full moon to rise in the east around sunrise, climb highest up in the sky around midnight and to set in the west around sunrise.\nThree planets close together in west this evening! Don’t spend all your time moon gazing this evening. Be sure to look toward the western sky as soon as the sun sets for three planets, Mercury, Venus and Jupiter. They are now forming a cool planetary trio – which some are, mistakenly, calling a triple conjunction. In other words, these three planets are located within a circle on the sky’s dome whose diameter is less than 5 degrees. Clouded out tonight and can’t see the planetary trio? Never fear. It’ll last through May 29. Read more about the planetary trio here.\nFull moon mirrors sun’s path for six months hence Any full moon mirrors the sun’s path across the sky for six months hence. As seen from the Northern Hemisphere, tonight’s full moon will follow the low path of the late autumn sun; as viewed from southerly latitudes, the moon will follow the lofty path of the late springtime sun.\nBottom line: Full moon for May 2013 falls during the night of May 24-25. For most of us around the world, the moon will appear more full on the night of the 24th than on the 25th. This May 2013 full moon is one day away from perigee – its closest point to Earth – and so will be called a supermoon. There is a slight penumbral eclipse tonight that’s extremely difficult to detect and mainly of academic interest. We’ll all see a bright full-looking moon tonight near the bright red star Antares in the constellation Scorpius!", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "|Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 2009. 47:\nCopyright © 2009 by Annual Reviews. All rights reserved\nIn this review we have provided an overview of the current understanding of the detailed properties of dwarf galaxies from studies of their resolved stellar populations. This includes CMD analysis, to determine accurate SFHs, as well as low and high resolution spectroscopy, to determine kinematic and chemical properties of stars over a range of ages.\nMost dwarf galaxies in the Local Group have structural properties similar to each other and to larger late-type and spheroidal systems (section 1). Early-type dwarfs tend to extend to fainter magnitudes, with transition types being found at the faint end of the dI distribution. The fact that there exists a transition type, intermediate in properties between a dSph and a dI, supports the idea that there is an evolutionary pathway. The transition between early and late types may indicate the average mass at which galaxies will always loose their gas, especially if they spend time in the vicinity of a large galaxy. But of course this mass will be dependent on the environment that a galaxy has passed through, which could explain why this is not a sharp cut-off. Despite numerous caveats and regardless of size, luminosity and SFH all dSph and dI galaxies in the LG (and beyond) appear to overlap along a straight line in the MV - µV, plane (see top panel, Fig. 1), a relation which is unchanged over a range of 15 magnitudes in MV.\nThe continuity of structural properties from dwarf galaxies to larger spheroidal and late-type systems is most likely dominated by physical processes that scale with mass. For example, the efficiency with which gas and/or metals can be lost to a system during its evolution through supernova winds and/or interactions. Thus, early-type dwarf galaxies in the Local Group must have suffered the largest effect due to interactions with large galaxies, as has already been suggested from the morphology-density relation. Accurate SFHs have been determined for a range of dwarf galaxy types (see section 2), The different classes of dwarf galaxies have different rates of present day star formation activity and possibly also different degrees of past disruption. However the past SFHs of early and late-type systems bear strong similarities to each other (see Fig. 5). There is evidence for interruptions and enhancements in the SFHs of dwarf galaxies. This is especially true of early-types, a few of which have experienced star formation activity only at the earliest epochs, but most have had extended or recurrent star formation activity. No genuinely \"young\" galaxy (of any type) has ever been found; stars are always found at the oldest lookback times observed.\nThe SFHs of BCDs (i.e., comparing Fig. 5 with Fig. 8), are also broadly similar to dIs. However the recent SFRs in BCDs are usually much higher than in dIs. The SFRs in BCDs are more similar to those found in active star forming zones with HII regions in the SMC (Fig. 7) or in the MW, with the difference that the BCDs are forming stars globally, dominating the entire galaxy. All the BCDs which have been studied in detail (see section 2.3) have apparently had their strongest star formation episode recently, unlike dIs. This is most likely a selection effect due to the difficulty in finding distant low luminosity dwarf galaxies, unless they happen to be currently actively forming stars.\nSpectroscopy of individual stars has helped to define the detailed chemical and kinematic properties of stellar populations of different ages in nearby dSph systems and in comparison to larger systems such as the MW and the LMC (sections 3 & 4). The chemical enrichment of dwarf galaxies seems to be dominated by effects that are most likely dominated by gas and metal loss. The least massive systems actually seem to loose such a large fraction of their metals during star formation episodes that star formation has a slow effect on the global chemical evolution (see section 5). This means that galaxies with the same mass but quite different SFHs end up with the same final metallicity, consistent with the well known mass/luminosity-metallicity relation for dwarf galaxies.\nOne clear mismatch in the physical properties between early and late type dwarfs is that the HI gas in the brighter late-types, such as SMC, NGC 6822 and IC 1613, is rotating with ~ 20-60 km s-1. Such high rotation values are never seen in the stars of early-type dwarfs. However, we really do not know if old and young stars in dwarf galaxies can have different kinematic properties, such as is seen in the MW. The kinematics of late-type galaxies has always been measured using HI gas, out of which their young populations are currently forming. Early-type galaxies, on the other hand, are of necessity probed using only their old or even ancient stellar populations. A careful comparison of the kinematics and metallicity distributions of equivalent tracers in early and late type galaxies has still to be made.\nThe abundance patterns of RGB stars for large samples of individual stars, typically in dSph galaxies (section 4), show that there are distinct differences in the chemical evolution paths between galaxies. The rate at which -enrichment occurs varies between systems. There are not yet large enough samples in a diversity of environments to really say how this may or may not relate to the mass of a system, its SFH or the rate of mass and/or metal loss. But stars do retain a clear abundance signature of the galactic environment in which they were born. These patterns also extend to younger stars in late-type systems, see Fig. 17.\nThe hierarchical theory of galaxy formation contains at its heart the concept of smaller systems continuously merging to form larger ones. This leads to the general expectation that the properties of the smaller systems will be reflected in the larger. Thus the relationship between the properties of individual stars in small dwarf galaxies around the MW, and stars in the MW is a recurrent theme (see section 4). From recent abundance studies of low metallicity stars in dSphs, see Fig. 16, it seems likely that there exist only narrow windows of opportunity when the merging of dwarf galaxies to form larger systems would not lead to inconsistencies. To properly understand the constraints that these kinds of data can put on the merger history of the MW requires more extensive abundance studies of metal poor stars in dwarf galaxies, as well as a better theoretical understanding of supernovae yields (including the r-process) and the mixing of ejecta into interstellar gas. It also remains an open question how the uFds may relate to the merger history of the MW, and if they can fully account for the deficiencies of the larger types of dwarf galaxies as building block of the MW.\nThe Dark Matter content of dwarf galaxies is also of importance for the verification of cosmological theories, as it indicates how galaxies we see today which may have lost a significant fraction of their initial baryons relate to structures in cosmological simulations. For an accurate determination of the dynamical properties it must be realised that dwarf galaxies are not the simple systems they were once thought to be. To make assessments of the total mass of small galaxies is complicated, not least because the dark matter halos are likely to extend beyond the baryonic tracers, but also because there are multiple components in the baryonic matter.\nThis review shows the inherent complexities that are involved in understanding even the smallest galaxies. These low metallicity systems show a wealth of variety in their properties, such as luminosity, surface brightness, star formation history (both past and present), kinematics and abundances. However, there is strong evidence that they are all part of a continuous distribution of galaxies from small to large.\n... E quindi uscimmo a riveder le stelle.\n(Dante Alighieri, La Divina Commedia, Inferno XXXIV, 139\nThe authors are grateful to M. Cignoni, A. Frebel, C. Gallart, S. Hildago, M. Mateo & M. Monelli for providing us with data and analyses ahead of publication or as private communication.\nWe thank M. Cignoni, D. Romano, A. Cole, G. Battaglia, V. Belokurov & A. Helmi for useful comments and help in the preparation of figures and tables. We thank F. Matteucci, M. Irwin, R. Sancisi, F. Fraternali and P. Jablonka for useful conversations, and E. Skillman S. Salvadori, M. Breddels, E. Starkenburg, T. de Boer, P. van der Kruit & G. Clementini for careful comments on the text. Very detailed and useful comments from the Editor, J. Kormendy were also highly appreciated.\nET thanks Bologna Observatory for hospitality & Paris Observatory for hospitality and financial support. ET grateful acknowledges support from an NWO-VICI grant. VH acknowledges the financial support of Programme National Galaxies (PNG) of CNRS/INSU, France.\nThis research has made use of the NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database (NED) which is operated by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Friday, 11th September 2015 at 3pm - 4pmMonday, 14th September\nLocation:Camp Iona, Herbert\nThis event is in the past.\nThe Herbert Star Gazer's Getaway will be a great celebration this year. If you are passionate about astronomy and you enjoy meeting other astronomers, both amateur and professional, then don't miss this event. If you love trying out a variety of astronomy gear, don't miss this event. If you want to learn more about the cosmos, don't miss this event! It will be held at Camp Iona, Herbert, between September 11 and 14.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Planetarium activities in September 2010\nMoon and Venus Carnival A celebration of Astronomy at the Jantar Mantar - on the 11th of September from 2:00 PM to 8 PM. A daytime viewing of Moon and Venus using the Ram Yantra and night time telescopic views of Moon and planets. Activities to be conducted in collaboration with Science Popularisation Association of Communicators and Educators (SPACE).\nAutumn Equinox Day Autumn Equinox will be celebrated through user-friendly observations of the Sun using the Jantar Mantar Observatory instruments, from sunrise to sunset on the 23rd of September 2010. Activities to be conducted in collaboration with Science Popularisation Association of Communicators and Educators (SPACE).\nPlanetarium activities in October 2010\nChandra - A stellar life - Inauguration of the new planetarium program, at 11:00 AM on the 1st of October 2010. Timings for the planetarium program on Chandrasekhar for the public shows English : 3:00 PM, 5:00 PM and 7:00 PM Hindi : 1:30 PM and 4:00 PM. Tickets Rs. 50/- Available at the bookshop/bank counter at the planetarium.\nUniverse at the Planetarium Live shows in the first week of October celebrating the Universe in the planetarium. Timings : 12:30 PM on the 5th, 7th and 9th of October.\nFrom the First Indian in Space to budding space scientists? A meeting of Rakesh Sharma, first Indian in Space, with students and special invitees. 11:00 AM on the 26th of October.\nDelhi : A celebration Live shows in the planetarium sky theatre in the second week of October, celebrating the city of Delhi. Timings : 12:30 PM on the 12th, 14th and 16th October.\nIndian Astronomy : A celebration Exhibition on view from the 1st of October 2010. Public lectures following the inauguration of the exhibition celebrating Indian Astronomy, in the first and second week of October (Dates to be announced).", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Volume 459, Number 3, December I 2006\n|Page(s)||901 - 907|\n|Section||Stellar structure and evolution|\n|Published online||12 September 2006|\nXMM-Newton observation of a spectral state transition in the peculiar radio/X-ray/γ-ray source LS I +61 303\nIstituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica, Sezione di Milano, INAF-IASF, Milano 20133, Italy e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org\n2 CIFS, Torino 10133, Italy\n3 Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica, Sezione di Roma, INAF-IASF, Roma 00133, Italy\n4 Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Tor Vergata, Roma 00133, Italy\nAccepted: 24 August 2006\nWe report the results of XMM-Newton and BeppoSAX observations of the radio and X-ray emitting star LS I +61 303, likely associated with the gamma-ray source 2CG 135+01 and recently detected also at TeV energies. The data include a long XMM-Newton pointing carried out in January 2005, which provides the deepest look ever obtained for this object in the 0.3–12 keV range. During this observation the source flux decreased from a high level of ~13 10-12 erg cm-2 s-1 to 4 10-12 erg cm-2 s-1 within 2–3 h. This flux range is the same seen in shorter and less sensitive observations carried out in the past, but the new data show for the first time that transitions between the two levels can occur on short time scales. The flux decrease was accompanied by a significant softening of the spectrum, which is well described by a power law with photon index changing from 1.62 ± 0.01 to 1.83 ± 0.01. A correlation between hardness and intensity is also found when comparing different short observations spanning almost 10 years and covering various orbital phases. LS I +61 303 was detected in the 15–70 keV range with the PDS instrument in one of the BeppoSAX observations, providing evidence for variability also in the hard X-ray range. The X-ray spectra, discussed in the context of multiwavelength observations, place some interesting constraints on the properties and location of the high-energy emitting region.\nKey words: X-rays: binaries / X-rays: individuals: LS I +61 303 / X-rays: individuals: GT 0236+610\n© ESO, 2006\nCurrent usage metrics show cumulative count of Article Views (full-text article views including HTML views, PDF and ePub downloads, according to the available data) and Abstracts Views on Vision4Press platform.\nData correspond to usage on the plateform after 2015. The current usage metrics is available 48-96 hours after online publication and is updated daily on week days.\nInitial download of the metrics may take a while.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Ancient Structures Mark the Winter Solstice\nTomorrow, December 21, is the Winter Solstice, the shortest day of the year in regards to the number of daylight hours. In the Northern Hemisphere, the Winter Solstice marks the turning point in the calendar…the day that the sun begins to stay around longer and longer, signaling the coming Spring. People in antiquity figured this out pretty quickly. So important was the Winter Solstice that they even erected huge stone structures to herald the Winter Solstice. England’s Stonehenge is probably the most well-known of these monuments, but it certainly isn’t the only one. Let’s examine how ancient cultures around the world noted the coming of the Winter Solstice.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "The potentially hazardous asteroid 2012 TC4 made an Earth close approach at a distance of 0.11 lunar distance on 12 October 2017. Photometric observations were carried out between October 11 and October 12 at the Lulin Observatory at short cadence. Data analysis of the light curves shows that this PHA has a fast rotation period of 12.25 min, a light curve variation amplitude of 1.2±0.1 mag corresponding to an axial ratio of about 3.0. Our BVRI photometry also indicates that 2012 TC4 is a C-type asteroid. With the C-type albedo of 0.065 and an absolute magnitude of H = 26.613± 0.350, its effective diameter can be derived to be 24.8−8.0 +19.1 m.\n- 2012 TC4\n- Near earth asteroids", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "PI: Todd Hillwig, Valparaiso University, firstname.lastname@example.org\nAddress: Physics Department, 1610 Campus Drive, Valparaiso, IN 46383, USA\nCoI: David Frew, Macquarie University\nCoI: Orsola De Marco, Macquarie University\nCoI: Sam Schaub, Valparaiso University\nTitle: Determining the Nature of EGB1 and its Central Star\nAbstract: We have recently found the central star of the planetary nebula EGB 1 to be photometrically variable with a period of about 0.147 days. The variability suggests that the central star is a close binary system exhibiting either an irradiation effect due to a close cool companion, or an ellipsoidal effect due to one or both components filling a significant fraction of their Roche lobe. The central star (WD 0103+732) has been identified as a hot DA white dwarf. The nebula itself is clearly asymmetric, presumably due to interaction with the ISM. However, some studies suggest that EGB 1 may \\it not be a planetary nebula but is instead ISM ionized by the hot WD. We request time resolved long-slit spectroscopic observations with the KPNO Mayall 4-meter. These observations will allow us to identify the nature of the photometric variability of the central star and provide a more certain classification of the surrounding nebulosity. In addition, if the variability is due to irradiation the spectra will also provide radial velocity measurements for both components in the binary system. If the variability is due to an ellipsoidal effect, then radial velocities for at least the white dwarf will be obtained. The spectroscopic observations will be supported by photometric observations using the 0.9m SARA telescope at KPNO.\nNational Optical Astronomy Observatory, 950 North Cherry Avenue, P.O. Box 26732, Tucson, Arizona 85726, Phone: (520) 318-8000, Fax: (520) 318-8360", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "posted on Sep, 23 2011 @ 07:43 PM\nI've been watching it circle the globe on Heavens-Above, and this morning it was quite far away from North America. This evening, it is inching\ncloser (last orbit in the 7 CST hour), slicing over Central America and the Caribbean Islands. I can see its trajectory changing and slowing. There\nis a chance it could fall in North America.\nThe last time I saw space debris was when I was living east of the DFW area when the shuttle exploded overhead in February 2003. I took a drive and\nsaw blackened debris off I-20 going east towards Louisiana. The pieces I saw fell in the grassy median of the highway. I was amazed that nobody was\nhit. It was also a terrible tragedy which made me feel awful just to see the debris of the Columbia which was supposed to carry the astronauts home\nsafely but blew up instead.\nBest case scenario for this event is that nobody gets hit ANYWHERE in the world, nobody's property is damaged, and perhaps a few people walk away\nwith a few little souvenirs.....In any case, I'll be out this evening watching the skies....", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Humans have been journeying to space my entire life, although I was not quite old enough on July 20, 1969 to have clear memories of when astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin landed on the moon.\nMy memories of the big moments in space exploration that followed, including the six lunar missions that followed Apollo 11 and the 1975 Apollo – Soyuz joint orbit, are much more vivid.\nI remember as a nerdy teen tracking the descent of Skylab in 1979 with pushpins on a map.\nI remember as a first year university student in 1984 following the flight of the first Canadian in space, Marc Garneau, and two years later hearing in the cafeteria that Challenger had blown up – and watching the news coverage on the common room TV in our residence, which is what you did during a big event in the days before social media.\nI remember holding down the weekend desk at a radio station on Feb. 1, 2003 and delivering the news that the shuttle Columbia had burned up on re-entry.\nAnd, I remember thinking in 2018 that launching a car into space was pretty dumb, then coming around to acknowledge that SpaceX and its enigmatic founder Elon Musk are masters of the reality that in an age when space launches don’t get the wall-to-wall media coverage they used to, a little showmanship goes a long way.\nI’ll confess to becoming a bit jaded about space launches over the years, but like a lot of us who remember the missions to the moon, I’ve been immersing myself in the history of NASA’s Apollo program in the run-up to the 50th anniversary of Apollo 11.\nAnd I’m rediscovering how improbable, cool and awe-inspiring it all was.\nMy memories of those days come to me in grainy black and white TV transmissions and images of the models experts used as visual aids while explaining the mission to the audience.\nNick Proach of Sechelt got his start in professional model making building some of the models used for those TV broadcasts, and the company he and his wife Connie founded in 1994 has created replicas for museums, planetariums, collectors, and even an astronaut or two.\nI first met Nick in the early 2000s when he was advocating for a better highway for the Sunshine Coast, and it wasn’t until some time later that I learned about his day job and the amazing local business that keeps the allure of spaceflight alive in miniature.\nOn July 17, Proach Models is opening its doors to the general public to help celebrate the Apollo 11 anniversary. Click here to read the story.\nSeeing Proach’s recreation of Tranquility Base and a model Saturn V rocket that stands a head taller than Kawhi Leonard may just be enough to get the space enthusiast in you that’s become a little jaded since the “giant leap for mankind” in the summer of 1969, looking up and getting excited about Artemis, NASA’s program to send astronauts back to the moon by 2024.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Japanese billionaire to take private flight to the moon with guests\nTue, Sep 18, 2018, 02:19 PM\nJapanese billionaire Yusaku Maezawa( the founder of Japanese e-commerce giant Zozo) and a group of artists are going to become the first private citizens ever to fly beyond low-Earth orbit. SpaceX CEO Elon Musk has announced the same at an event of the company's rocket factory in Hawthorne, California. They will visit the moon as early as 2023, it is said. Yusaku Maezawa said he will choose six to eight artists, from all across the World and added that after their return, they will contribute and share the experience with all.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "This winter and spring, we are pairing our popular monthly sky tours with astronomy topic talks and full dome planetarium shows. We will take you on a tour of the current skies, highlighting visible planets, deep sky objects, and any upcoming special astronomical events. Once you've had your introductory tour, feel free to ask your astronomy questions! We'll use our state of the art planetarium visualization system to take you to see objects of curiosity and wonder. Each evening will conclude with an immersive planetarium presentation about a different astronomical topic.\nSojourner, Spirit, Opportunity, Curiosity – an armada of robots from Earth have been exploring Mars, but the best is yet to come. In July of 2020, the latest and greatest rover is set to lift off and head for the Jezero Crater on the red planet. Come and learn about all the technology packed into this mechanical marvel and what we hope to learn as it conducts its explorations and science experiments on Mars.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Prophet of the day (according to Ibn 'Arabi): Joseph\nLunar phase: Last Quarter - Re-orientation (Phase names and keywords from Dane Rudhyar, The Lunation Cycle)\nThe Sun is in 15 Aquarius (in my 5th house): A big businessman at his desk. (Symbol for 16 Aquarius from Dane Rudhyar, An Astrological Mandala)\nIn a little less than two hours, the Moon will enter Capricorn (in my 4th house). At around 9:00 p.m., the Moon will enter its Balsamic phase, whose keyword is Release.\nMoving on to another phase of my project. I finally got around to following up on some business-related things.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Iran has confirmed that it plans to launch a new scientific observation satellite in the \"coming days,\" the head of the country's national space agency said in an interview with AFP.\nMorteza Barari on February 1 did not give a specific date for the launch of the Zafar (“Victory” in Persian) satellite, but he said the 113-kilogram satellite will be launched by a Simorgh rocket 530 kilometers above the Earth, and that it will make 15 orbits a day.\nHis remarks came five days after satellite images suggested that Iran was preparing to launch a satellite into space after three recent failed rocket launches.\nIran’s telecommunications minister tweeted last month that two satellites, which completed their tests were sent to a space facility January 19, to soon start their launch process.\nSome Western leaders, including those in the United States, have complained that Iran is using technology involved in the launch of satellites that could also be used to develop ballistic missiles.\nBarari told AFP that Iran advocated for the \"peaceful use of outer space. All our activities in the domain of outer space are transparent.\"\nThe preparations for a rocket launch follow two failed launches of the Payam and Doosti satellites in January and February last year and a launch-pad rocket explosion in August.\nThe U.S. pullout from Iran's 2015 nuclear deal with world powers last year and its reimposition of sanctions against the country has heightened tensions between Tehran and Washington.\nThe United States has placed crippling sanctions on the Iranian economy, while Iran has gradually reduced its commitments under the deal.\nBarari, who is chief of the Iranian Space Agency, said manufacturing of the Zafar satellite \"began three years ago with the participation of 80 Iranian scientists,\" adding that it was designed to remain operational for \"more than 18 months.\"\nHe said the primary mission will be to collect imagery to study earthquakes, prevent natural disasters, and develop agricultural resources.\n\"It will be a new step for our country,\" Barari said, adding that Iran previously had been able to put a satellite into orbit 250 kilometers above the Earth.\nThe agency hopes to construct five more satellites by March 2021, Barari added.\nIn January 2019, Tehran acknowledged that its Payam satellite -- which it said was designed to collect environmental data -- had failed to reach orbit.\nWashington called the launch a \"provocation\" and a violation of a 2015 UN Security Council resolution that had endorsed the international accord on curbing Tehran's nuclear program.\nIran’s last attempt to launch a satellite was on August 29, 2019 but the rocket exploded on the launch pad at the Imam Khomeini Space Center in Iran’s Semnan Province.\nLess than a week after the explosion, on September 3, Washington imposed sanctions on Iran's space agency (ISA) for the first time, accusing it of developing ballistic missiles under the cover of a civilian program.\nTehran has insisted its space program is solely for non-military purposes. However, the program is directly under the control of Iran's defense ministry.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Our Meade Telescope Accessories Reviews are a very good way to obtain an impartial viewpoint on Meade Telescope Accessories. Consumer reviews are a terrific way to evaluate numerous Telescope Accessories from Meade quick and simple. These customer written testimonials consist of consumer ratings, recommendations and feedback. Check out the pluses and minuses from individuals who have experience and knowledge using each Meade Telescope Accessories. We have all the best Meade products here at OpticsPlanet which include, Meade Telescope Accessories. We know the significance of having the knowledge and an overall understanding of whatever you get, so take time to go through what individuals just like you are saying about our leading Meade Telescope Accessories in our on-line reviews. If you would like to be involved in a discussion about Meade Telescope Accessories, take a look at our OpticsPlanet discussion forum.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Rotational excitation of carbon monosulfide by collisions with helium\nLERMA and UMR 8112 of CNRS, Observatoire de Paris-Meudon, 92195 Meudon Cedex, France e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org\n2 DAMIR. IEM-CSIC, c/ Serrano 121 28006 Madrid, Spain\nAccepted: 15 January 2006\nContext.Over the next few years, Alma and Herschel missions will open the universe to high spatial and spectral resolution studies at infrared and sub-millimeter wavelengths. Modeling of the observed spectra will require accurate radiative and collisional rates on species of astrophysical interest.\nAims.The present paper focuses on the calculation of new rate coefficients among the 31 first rotational levels of the CS molecule in collision with He for temperatures ranging from 10 K to 300 K.\nMethods.A new 2D potential energy surface for the CS-He system, calculated at a CS r-distance frozen at its experimental equilibrium distance was obtained with accurate quantum chemistry methods. Quantum close-coupling calculations lead to collisional cross sections and rate coefficients.\nResults.The new rate coefficients are calculated up to 300 K. These new coefficients differ significantly from previously published ones. The consequences for astrophysical models are evaluated.\nKey words: molecular processes / molecular data\n© ESO, 2006", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "[amsat-bb] New APRS Rocket Antenna concept needed\nbruninga at usna.edu\nTue Mar 30 16:04:23 PDT 2010\nI need someone interested in adding quadrature 2 meter antennas\nto the outside of a 10\" diameter sounding rocket by middle\nThis launch is going to space (100 miles up) from White Sands on\na sounding rocket to then come back down by parachute. Antennas\ncannot stick out far (maybe an inch?) but can be bent back along\nthe surface. Temperatures will approach 800F during the 10\nminute flight. G' forces will be huge.\nThe payload will be (what else) an APRS trackign system and\n2-way APRS communications transponder.\nSo, if anyone wants to take on this antenna, lemme know.\nAll I need is the detail design and analysis. The machining is\npaid-for. Oh, it also needs quadrature GPS antennas, but that\ncan just be a pair of 1.5\" monopoles...\nMore information about the AMSAT-BB", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "In Northern Colorado on June 5 the shadow of Venus will begin creeping across the disk of the sun near sundown. This happened eight years ago in 2004, but won’t happen again until 2117. It didn’t happen at all in the twentieth century, but twice in the 19th. In the 18th century, this transit of Venus sparked the powerful countries of the day to launch ships and take measurements that forever changed our view of the size of the solar system. Today, the same event may help us discover Earth-like planets around other stars. Yet, as one 17-year old said while waiting to get a view of the event in Sydney in 2004, “It’s a pretty big turnout for a dot.”\nA shadow dot is all an observer will see. The dot punctures one rim of the sun’s disk; then plows across the face of our mother star for nearly 7 hours before exiting at the other side. Venus is partially eclipsing the sun as it passes in front of the Earth’s orbit. If Earth and Venus orbited the sun in precisely the same plane, this event would occur five times every eight years. Because Venus’ orbit tilts 3.40 relative to Earth’s orbit, Venus only provides her shadow show in a 243-year repeating pattern that consists of two transits 8 years apart separated by 121.5-year gaps.\nIn the 18th century, precise measurements of transit times from widely separated spots on the globe allowed scientists to estimate planetary distances using some basic trigonometry. History buffs may recall that Captain James Cook upheld British scientific expertise and honor by taking measurements on June 3, 1769 in Tahiti. Last year, Andrea Wulf wrote Venus—the race to measure the heavens, a book that details the personal trials and triumphs of the men and women that risked lives and careers to chronicle Venus’ moving shadow.\nToday, scientists using the Hubble telescope will watch light from the event bounce off the moon. 1/100,000th of that sunlight will filter through the atmosphere of Venus revealing the chemistry of its atmosphere in spectroscopic “bar codes.” Because scientists already know what that chemistry is from space probes, their measurements will test the resolution of their technique. Astronomers currently use similar methods to look for and measure the chemistries of planets orbiting other star systems. Venus, a near sister of Earth in size and mass, serves as a good proxy for Earth-like planets elsewhere in the universe.\nVenus’ heft and dimensions mask serious differences with our own water world that scientists still fail to understand completely. Venus blazes in morning and evening skies near our neighborhood star, the brightest object other than sun and moon in the sky, partly because she is closer to the sun, but partly because her perpetually cloudy atmosphere reflects a lot of light. If Venus ever had oceans, they have long since evaporated. Her carbon rides in the sky as carbon dioxide rather than locked in carbonate rocks as on Earth. Venus represents a greenhouse planet set on “high pressure broil.” Surface temperatures melt lead. Surface pressures exceed Earth’s by 90 times. Volcanoes fill the atmosphere with sulfur compounds. Venus turns sluggishly, providing a day that’s longer than her year.\nThe Soaring Eagle Ecology Center (SEEC) will hold a viewing event for the transit of Venus at Red Feather Lakes beginning at 4 pm on June 5. Current plans call for the event to be held at either RFL elementary school or adjacent SEEC land. The Northern Colorado Astronomical Society (NCAS) will equip several telescopes with solar filters. The sun CANNOT be viewed directly without eye damage. Observers not looking through properly filtered telescopes will need solar eclipse glasses, welder’s goggles, or paper to make a pinhole projector and screen. Other stations will feature physics and weather-related activities. See more complete details at the SEEC website: http://www.isbn.org/standards/home/isbn/us/isbnqa.asp.\nFind a complete listing of local viewing events featured by NCAS throughout the summer (sometimes in conjunction with the City of Fort Collins Master Naturalists) at http://ncastro.org/Admin/Volunteer.htm. Another useful website containing detailed information about the Venus transit is http://transitofvenus.nl/wp/. They also have a page detailing eye safety at http://transitofvenus.nl/wp/observing/eye-safety/.\nJune skies will feature a full moon on the 4th with a partial lunar eclipse visible in the Americas at moonset, just before dawn. The Lyrid meteor shower peaks over the weekend of June 15 and 16 with up to 9 meteors per hour visible. On the morning of June 17 Venus joins the moon and Jupiter just before sunrise. Summer solstice occurs June 20. By then, only the memory of Venus’ shadow on the sun will remain—along with moon-reflected bar codes that may help tag other suns containing planets with rare and beautiful planets like our own—or near misses, like the glowing jewel of incendiary Venus.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "A true binary star is a double star system that consists of a pair of stars that are gravitationally linked such that both stars are in orbit around their common centre of mass. Over half the stars in the sky are part of a binary star system.\nOther stars might appear to be binaries, due to a line of sight effect even though they are not gravitationally bound. These are known as visual or optical doubles and are not true binaries.\nA system of three gravitationally bound stars is known as a trinary star, ternary star or a triple star. A quadruple star is a system of four gravitationally bound stars, while systems with more than four stars are generally known as multiple stars.\nMizar and Alcor in the constellation Ursa Major are an example of a double star that can be visually recognised as two separate stars if you have good eyesight.\nAlthough Mizar and Alcor move together, as members of the Ursa Major Moving Group, it has yet to be demonstrated conclusively that they are gravitationally bound. However, through a small telescope, Mizar can also be resolved as a double. In fact, Mizar is actually a quadruple system and Alcor is a binary, making a six-star system.\nStars can also be gravitationally bound to neutron stars or black holes. Binary black holes also exist, which can sometimes coalesce to form a single black hole giving off huge amounts of energy as well as gravitational waves, which were detected for the first time in 2016. See starparty.com/gravitational-waves-detected/\nNote that a type Ia supernova is a supernova that occurs when a white dwarf in a binary system accretes material from its companion star causing it to explode.\nSee also Star Clusters.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "A theory of the Universe which postulates that we live in a five-dimensional spacetime, though we are confined to a four-dimensional Slice of it. This model is still being explored as an accurate description of the Universe in which we live.\nDark-heaving—boundless, endless, and sublime, The image of eternity— the Throne of the Invisible...\nFrom Lord Byron's Childe Harold's Pilgrimage Canto IV, Stanza 183\nThe SXS project is a collaborative research effort involving multiple institutions. Our goal is the simulation of black holes and other extreme spacetimes to gain a better understanding of Relativity, and the physics of exotic objects in the distant cosmos.\nThe SXS project is supported by Canada Research Chairs, CFI, CIfAR, Compute Canada, Max Planck Society, NASA, NSERC, the NSF, Ontario MEDI, the Sherman Fairchild Foundation, and XSEDE.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Video: Scientist Says the Dead will Rise from the Grave\nThe first half of this lecture looks at various Bible verses that speak into the reality of the resurrection. The 2nd half (starting at about 15 mins in) looks at our chemical make-up and how some of the objections to resurrection don’t follow logically.\nDrJamesTour: UPDATE 10/12/21: We deleted a portion of the original video regarding the comments on the origin of the universe. Being a scientist, I am held to different strictures than some other social media posters. Hence, correction is warranted. While one cannot re-run the creation of the universe and take data on it several times, the Big Bang model of the universe’s origin has certainly been exquisitely verified through mathematical prediction followed by experiment. The Einstein Field Equations, Thermodynamics, and the current state of the universe as measured by astronomy are used to predict the cosmic background radiation. When one puts the current observed conditions of the universe into the EFE and uses the universe as a homogenous and isotropic material of the observed mass-density, momenta, temperatures, etc., and then applies thermodynamics to that gas in the EFE, the consequent prediction is today’s currently observed cosmic microwave background radiation distribution. The physics test is this: if the EFE is true, and if thermodynamics is true, then the Black Body Radiation law dictates that the universe should be filled with the remaining Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) temperature of 2.725 Kelvin and its associated distribution function. That radiation is suggested to represents the leftover echo of the Big Bang. That prediction results from the above laws when given the “initial” conditions of this observed universe, those conditions determined by measurement. When one plays the solved equations in reverse, as it were, they arrive at the Big Bang. So, the Big Bang is the consequence of the Einstein equations, thermodynamics, and the current measurements of our universe. This cosmology falls apart when the universe is extremely small and extremely hot, very near the beginning, because there is no successful union of quantum mechanics with general relativity at this time. But the Hot Big Bang model’s agreement with the measurement of the CMB, for which Arno Penzias and Wilson won the Nobel Prize, is regarded as strong scientific evidence for this being the correct model of cosmology. (It suggests that the entire universe has a beginning analogous to the Genesis 1:1 description. However, care must be taken in fitting biblical events to scientific data, especially regarding the early chapters of Genesis. Scientific facts remain, as do biblical claims. Scientific data interpretations and biblical interpretations are both subject to change.) As for dark matter, scientists have shown that a large, non-radiating, gravitational mass exists in our universe, but the source of that mass and its properties unknown and under intense scrutiny. Finally, most things are measured using electromagnetic (EM) tools, and the highest precision measurements in the world are made with EM-based measurements. But there are other measurement methods such as mechanical techniques. If you found this helpful and a blessing to you or learned something new, please share and give this a like or thumbs up.\nAnd if you haven’t already, please follow/like/subscribe, so you can stayed tuned in. God bless you. ~ http://drjamestour.com", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "CELESTRON Astronomical Telescope 80EQ PRO Multi-layer Coating HD Zoom Refractive Astronomical Telescope 80mm Caliber Clear Image Phone Holder 3X Barlow Lens LED Red Spot GPS Positioning of Stars High Magnification Telescope\nHigh strength stainless steel tripod.\nWith clear imaging and high light transmission.\nAccurate scale window, can be recognized from a distance.\nMobile phone holder, you can use your mobile phone to take photos at any time.\nLED Red Light Spot Finder, have a big field of view.\nItem name: CELESTRON Telescope 80EQ PRO\nModel: 80EQ PRO\nObjective Lens: 80mm\nFocal Length: 900mm\nFocal ratio: F11\nBarlow lens: 3X\nDiag mirror: 90°Erecting Prism\nOptical structure: Refraction\nCoating: Multi-layer Coating\nBracket type: Equatorial telescope\nTripod Material: Stainless Steel\nPackage Size: 103.8*36.6*24.2cm\nProdut Weight: 7.9kg\nPlease do not use this telescope to directly observe the sun, otherwise it will cause permanent damage to your eyes!\nThere is a little of difference according to manual measurement.\nItem color displayed in photos may be showing slightly different on your computer monitor since monitors are not calibrated same.\n1*Stainless steel tripod", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "A swarm of tiny spacecraft propelled by a powerful laser could enable us to more rapidly explore space, and they would work as a network to map out the properties of bodies in our solar system like the sun and distant planets.\nOne possible method for reaching other planets and stars is by using a light sail, a thin material that can be pushed through space by particles of light, or photons, at high speed. …\nNo commitment, cancel anytime*\nOffer ends 14th March 2023. *Cancel anytime within 14 days of payment to receive a refund on unserved issues.\nExisting subscribers, please log in with your email address to link your account access.\nInclusive of applicable taxes (VAT)", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "KSat Stuttgart e.V. has successfully participated with its sensor MICU (Mineral Investigation Camera using Ultra-violet) in the NASA competition “Honey, I Shrunk the NASA Payload”. The competitions task was to propose payloads for a future moon rover of NASA. The proposals were evaluated in several categories and a total of 14 prizes were awarded.\nWith our proposal KSat reached second place in the category “Lunar Resource Potential” and won a prize money of 15.000$.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Technical & Admin\nMerle A. Tuve Fellows\nAstronomy and Astrophysics\nCosmochemistry and Geochemistry\n100 Years of Discovery\nPostdoctoral Programs and Resources\nMichael Acierno (DTM), two loggers from the Iceland Geosurvey, Matthew Roberts (IMO), Brian Schleigh (DTM), Bergur Bergsson (IMO) at the borehole strainmeter installation site in Iceland. (Alan Linde/DTM)\nOn the duPont Telescope at Las Campanas, we have a specialized astrometric camera, designed to measure the positions of stars with great accuracy. Here is DTM Postdocs Jackie Faherty and Jessica Donaldson on the catwalk. (Alycia Weinberger/DTM)\nRichard Carlson and Finland field trip participants, left to right: Arto Luttinen, Riina Puttonen, Matti Kurhila, Elina Lehtonen, Sanni Turunen, Rick Carlson with Jussi Heinonen kneeling. (Richard Carlson/DTM)\nA DTM team installing an additional borehole strainmeter in the Campi Flegrei volcanic area. (Alan Linde/DTM)\nView of the beach at sunset from a meeting at The Scripps Research Institute in La Jolla, California. Richard Carlson, 2015.from a meeting at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography of the University of California, San Diego. Richard Carlson, 2014.\nThis image shows the Milky Way galaxy extending diagonally across the top of the image, with the galactic center near the top middle. Mars is just below the galactic center as the pale red bright object near the center of the image. Scott Sheppard, 2014.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "I’ve mentioned in the past that the International Space Station is easily visible to the unaided eye when it passes through the sky. That means it’s not hard to get pictures of it. Unless you have pretty fancy equipment you’ll only see it as a bright dot of light, but that’s still pretty cool, and worth a try.\nThis shot of the ISS is from a webcam at the Tellus Museum of Science in Georgia, which is part of the All Sky Fireball Network. That’s a collection of four cameras in the US southeast looking for bright meteors; the idea being that if one is caught by more than one camera the path can be calculated in three dimensions, and a location of any potential meteorite found.\nThe webcam shot of the ISS was happenstance, but inevitable; when you have a camera that looks up all the time it’ll get a shot of the space station eventually! But you don’t have to guess; go Heavens Above, enter your latitude and longitude (which you can get from Google Earth) and it will tell you just when interesting things will pass overhead.\nWith that knowledge beforehand, you can plan where to position yourself to get a picture. I’ve done it myself, and good shots aren’t hard at all.\nOn March 19, 2011, Ala’a H. Jawad and his nephew were photographing Orion, and didn’t notice they had something unusual until they looked at the pictures on the computer. You an see the result here: a streak left by a satellite, seen by accident. Ala’a looked it up, and discovered it was an Atlas Centaur booster launched on November 27, 1963! This was just days after JFK’s assassination, and only a couple of years after the U.S. put a man in space. But that booster is still up there, along with hundreds of other pieces of orbiting stuff you can photograph.\nThe point is, it’s not too hard to get pictures like these; you don’t need a telescope. Just preparation, a camera, and a tripod. So why not give it a shot?\nImages credit: Tellus Science Museum. Tip o’ the lens cap to Joe Schulman and Ala’a H. Jawad; both used by permission.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Meteors explode across Santa Monica, buckling lifeguard stands while sending the world-famous Ferris wheel whirling across the beach.\nMonkeys then descend on bat wings to signal the Mayan-calendar apocalypse forecast for Dec. 21, 2012.\n“Hold it, hold it!” barks a Griffith Observatory lecturer, suddenly freezing the planetarium pyrotechnics overhead. “Oh, it’s the end of the world.\n“Actually, the Mayan calender makes no such prediction. … The world will not end in December.”\nSo begins “Time’s Up,” the provocative new Griffith Observatory planetarium spectacle that opens May 31 at Los Angeles’ most visible landmark.\nBut while doomsday soothsayers say disaster will strike the planet four days before Christmas at the end of the 5,125-year Mayan calender, Griffith astronomers say: Relax, you can still buy your friends and family gifts for the holidays. And New Year’s will still dawn across an intact globe.\nAnd even 500 years from now, they predict, Griffith Observatory will still serve as a beacon of scientific truth above Los Angeles.\n“Not only that,” said observatory Director Edwin C. Krupp, an expert on ancient and modern astronomy. “Griffith Observatory will be open till midnight on the 21st, just to get over this difficult time.\n“I’m personally looking forward to many more years of negotiating the next false prediction.”\nThe dark interpretation of Mayan prophecy has gathered steam for decades, leading up to the forecast end times.\nHollywood cranked out “2012,” featuring John Cusack, depicting a global pole shift that ended in worldwide cataclysm.\nMeanwhile, nearly one in seven people around the world believes the Earth will end in his or her lifetime, according to a recent poll commissioned by Reuters. One in 10 is convinced the Mayan calendar foretells pending apocalypse.\nTo counter any last wills and testaments, some New Age naysayers said 2012 signaled a global shift in consciousness instead.\nRather than be victim of calamity, they said womankind can choose Earth’s destiny.\n“Feminine power is taking over,” said Freydoon Rassouli, 68, of Encino, a transformational artist who paints flowing earth goddesses, heavenly spirals and bright new worlds. “This is what we need, because feminine power can bring world peace.\n“This is about the Immortal Feminine – it’ll save us from disaster.”\nMore recent archeological discoveries in Guatemala show Mayan calenders went well beyond 2012 – even after Year 3500.\nThe 35-minute Griffith Observatory show, 1 1/2 years in the making, goes further in debunking a December to end all Decembers.\nIt looks at the nature of time.\nVisitors to the Samuel Oschin Planetarium can crane their necks at the Big Bang that launched the universe 14 billion years ago.\nThey can soar over 8th century Tikal, center of the time-obsessed Maya, and then watch it crumble into ruin.\nAnd they can ogle the cycles of the sun, moon and the heavens. And ponder radiant starlight energy.\nAll soaring over a future Los Angeles – with dinosaur shaped skyscrapers over the La Brea Tar Pits. With giant, oval-shaped wind turbines. And with its everlasting Hollywood sign.\nThe “Time’s Up” show, one of four featured at the planetarium, will debut May 29 during a Friends of the Observatory fundraiser. The public is welcome.\n“The year 2012 is acting like a badly behaved celebrity,” said Krupp, who has led the observatory 38 years and visited 1,900 ancient sites around the world. “Frightful rumors and gossip are spreading. Dozens of books are marketing fears and exaggerations about the 2012 end times.\n“Most of what’s claimed for 2012 relies on wishful thinking, wild pseudoscientific folly, and a level of paranoia worthy of `Night of the living Dead.”‘", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "A file or printable companion for Boom Cards\nPrice: 400 points or $4 USD\nDescription: ʕ•́ᴥ•̀ʔっ Greetings! Students will read and answer questions about The Declaration of Independence. Great for use in lesson introduction, supplement, review, and quiz in the topic. ♥♡This download includes♡ ♥ ✅ Our Solar and Interstellar Space ✅ Worksheets ✅ Key ✅Wordsearch ✅Wordsearch Key ✅Crossword ✅Crossword Key When they are done, they'll be able to have the answers to questions such as: What is the difference between a planet and a dwarf planet, and what are some examples of dwarf planets in our Solar System? What is the Kuiper Belt, and what types of objects are found within it? Check awesome listings featuring Worksheets, Decks and Clip Art by Harborsidebay. After download, You will get a zipped file.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Astronomers reveal youngest radio pulsar\nNATIONAL RADIO ASTRONOMY OBSERVATORY NEWS RELEASE\nPosted: April 21, 2002\nAstronomers using the National Science Foundation's (NSF) newly commissioned Robert C. Byrd Green Bank Telescope (GBT) have detected remarkably faint radio signals from an 820 year-old pulsar, making it the youngest radio-emitting pulsar known. This discovery pushes the boundaries of radio telescope sensitivity for discovering pulsars, and will enable scientists to conduct observations that could lead to a better understanding of how these stars evolve.\nScientists have long suspected that a pulsar - a rapidly spinning, superdense neutron star - was born when a giant star ended its life in a cataclysmic supernova explosion observed in late summer of 1181, as suggested by Japanese and Chinese historical records. For the past 20 years, astronomers have searched this supernova remnant (3C58), located 10,000 light-years away in the constellation Cassiopeia, for the telltale pulsations of a newly born pulsar. Late in 2001, data from NASA's Chandra X-ray satellite confirmed its existence, but it remained an elusive quarry for radio telescopes.\n\"We believed from historical records and certainly knew from recent X-ray observations that this star was there,\" Camilo remarked, \"but despite many attempts, no one had been able to find any radio pulsations from it because the signals are, it turns out, incredibly weak.\" For comparison, this pulsar's radio emission is some 250 times weaker than that from the famous pulsar in the Crab Nebula (the remnant of an explosion in the year 1054 recorded by Chinese astronomers and possibly also by Native Americans of the Anasazi tribe in modern-day Arizona and New Mexico).\n\"Although we knew what we were looking for,\" said Camilo \"it took the new Green Bank Telescope with its unmatched sensitivity - and, importantly, location in the National Radio Quiet Zone - to make this remarkable detection.\"\nA pulsar is formed when a massive star runs out of nuclear fuel and dies in a cataclysmic explosion called a supernova. The outer layers of the star are blown off into space, and are often seen as an expanding remnant shell of hot gas. The core of the star, with 40 percent more mass than our Sun, collapses under its own gravity to a sphere only about 10 miles in diameter, composed mostly of neutrons. These densest objects known in the Universe typically are born spinning very rapidly; the newly detected pulsar, known as PSR J0205+6449, presently rotates 15 times every second.\nThe spinning neutron star has very powerful magnetic and electric fields that accelerate electrons and other subatomic particles, causing them to emit beams of radio waves, X-rays, and other forms of radiation. If these beams intersect the Earth as the star rotates, we can then detect the pulsar, as it appears to flash on-and-off, much like a lighthouse. As the pulsar ages, it gradually slows down and loses its rotational energy. After a few million years it is no longer powerful enough to generate radio emission and \"turns-off.\"\nBy detecting this pulsar in the radio spectrum, astronomers may now follow its evolution with greater ease and flexibility than with X-ray telescopes on satellites, study the pulsar emission mechanisms, and also characterize the dynamic interstellar medium between the Earth and the pulsar.\n\"Finding a radio pulsar this young could be somewhat of a gold mine for years to come,\" noted Camilo. \"We can very precisely measure how its rate of rotation changes over time, potentially inferring fundamental clues about what causes a magnetized neutron star to spin down. We also will make valuable comparisons to the X-ray data, which may help us determine exactly how these objects generate and emit radiation.\"\nThe researchers also point to the fact that this discovery bodes well for the GBT being able to study additional young pulsars that have previously escaped detection. \"By using this magnificent new telescope, we should be able to discover other very young pulsars that we surmise are there, but are simply too weak to detect by any other means,\" said Camilo. \"Measuring the luminosity and spectrum of a large sample of these stars will be crucial for making an accurate census of pulsars in our Galaxy.\"\nThe researchers used the new Berkeley-Caltech Pulsar Machine to process the signals from the GBT and record them for later analysis.\nThe group led by Camilo in this investigation consists also of: Ingrid H. Stairs (NRAO Green Bank, West Virginia); Duncan R. Lorimer, Michael Kramer, Maura A. McLaughlin (University of Manchester, Jodrell Bank Observatory, Cheshire, U.K.); Donald C. Backer (University of California, Berkeley); Scott M. Ransom (McGill University, Montreal, Canada); Bernd Klein, Richard Wielebinski, Peter Muller (Max-Planck-Institut fur Radioastronomie, Bonn, Germany); and Zaven Arzoumanian (Universities Space Research Association/NASA-Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland).\nThe GBT is the world's largest fully steerable radio telescope. It was dedicated on August 25, 2000.\nThe National Radio Astronomy Observatory is a facility of the National Science Foundation, operated under cooperative agreement by Associated Universities, Inc.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "If you ever wondered “Why technology?” in the context of education, this will convince you.\nThese are all single exposures. I’ll shoot calibration frames and do stacked images the next time I go out. I didn’t have much time for this shoot so I wanted to get a few different targets to get an idea of what this camera can do. You can really see how the reds show up. That’s what the modified sensor is supposed to capture.\nYou can click each photo for a larger version.\nBecause several has asked, here is my current equipment.\nI currently own a Canon 6D and a modified Canon T3i. The 6D is my main camera for most things I shoot. It is full-frame and is the most affordable full-frame DSLR that I am aware of. For astrophotography I mostly use it for wide-field shots. Here is an example with the 6D.\nThe T3i for shooting deep-sky objects as it has a modified sensor that makes it more sensitive to hydrogen-alpha light. Objects like the Orion Nebula really pop with this camera. It also does a really good job with daytime shots, but it is a crop-sensor camera. I primarily use this camera with some kind of tracking when I want to shoot long exposures of nebulae, galaxies, and star clusters. Here is an example taken with the T3i.\n- Bower 14mm f/2.8 manual focus lens\n- Rokinon 8mm f/3.5 fisheye manual focus lens\n- Canon 24-105mm f/4\n- Canon 40mm f/2.8 pancake lens\n- Canon 50mm f/1.4\n- Canon 135mm f/2\n- Tamron 150-600mm\n- Williams Optics 102mm APO Refractor\n- Celestron 9.25″ Schmidt-Cassegrain\n- Orion Short Tube 80mm Refractor\n- Celestron 90mm spotting scope\n- Orion Sirius EQ\n- Vixen Polarie\nSummertime is a weird time for astronomers. We love the objects in the sky, especially the Milky Way and wide variety of Messier objects we can find in or near it. But the downside is the weather. Lots of rain, and even when it doesn’t rain it gets very muggy and dew becomes a big problem. We only get a few dry days during the summer when viewing conditions are optimal, so we try to take advantage of those precious nights. Here are a few shots I was able to get this past summer.\nSince I last posted I have gotten a bit better at photographing the night sky. I had intended to post here more often, but it has slipped my mind. I will try to improve on that.\nSo here are a few recent images.\nOne of my photos has gone viral. Sort of.\nI took this photo back in June where there was a nice conjunction of the crescent Moon, Venus, and Mercury. I posted it on my Flickr site and it got about a hundred views.\nBut a couple of days ago a Reddit user named tombh photo-shopped the Andromeda Galaxy into the photo in such a way that showed the galaxy if it were brighter. Here is that version.\nThere was an interesting discussion on Reddit about it here.\nI thought the interest in the photo had died down, but I was very pleased to see that Phillip Plait had seen the photo and even wrote a nice article on his blog and credited me.\nI can only say that I am glad my photo was used for this very interesting discussion. I used Creative Commons licensing on my images, and this is one of the reasons I believe in Creative Commons. The photo now has over 3,000 views and I am grateful for the credit that was given both on Reddit and by Dr. Plait.\nBrasstown Bald Mountain, located in northeast Georgia, is the highest mountain in Georgia. Not only is it beautiful during the daytime, but the night skies there are very good because of the lack of light pollution. The nearest towns are Blairsville, Young Harris, and Hiawasee, but they don’t generate enough light to cause much a problem when shooting up at the mountain. There is a large parking lot where you can set up you telescopes and/or cameras, and it is one of my favorite places to shoot.\nLast Friday night (November 29th) I saw that we would have clear skies in the area so I decided to pack up my scope and cameras and head up there for some night shooting. I got there just before sunset, and I managed to get a few really nice shots of that. This is my favorite of them:\nOnce it got dark, I decided to set up my Canon 60D on a regular tripod with a wide-angle lens and get some wide-field shots of the Milky Way. Here are my two favorites of that group:\nI also set up my 80mm Orion APO refractor telescope and did some observing to get a feel of how good the seeing was. I then connected my Canon 60Da directly to the telescope and did some shooting of a few deep sky objects. The 60Da has a specially modified sensor that is designed for astrophotography. Here are the best shots I got with that camera connected to the telescope.\nI had intended to shoot a few more objects such as the Andromeda Galaxy and the Double Cluster in Perseus, but it started getting a bit windy. It was already very cold up there, and wind makes for bad shooting as it’s almost impossible to keep your equipment steady. I would up staying maybe four hours, and I got some really nice shots. If you are ever in that part of Georgia, I highly recommend a daytime or nighttime visit to Brasstown Bald.\nMaybe we need to try a new approach. Our so called “reformers” in education are so focused on standardized test scores that they won’t pay attention to anything else. This is so wrong. Our students are so much more than that.\nSo perhaps we try a somewhat subversive tactic. This study shows that music helps to develop cognitive schools that can be applied to other tasks. Well, if we can convince these “reformers” that studying music would INCREASE their precious standardized test scores, maybe they would begin to value music and perhaps other arts-education programs. Instead of cutting music programs, maybe they would start funding them again.\nOkay, I know it’s silly to try to reason with these people but I thought this might just be a new approach.\nThis is the 3rd installment of my project in which I take only one lens with me as I hike up Kennesaw Mountain. I have already done this with the 24-105 f/4 and 200mm f/2.8. I am really enjoying this 50mm lens, and here are a few photos from the shoot. This was the first time I have been up there since the leaves began showing some real color. I do wish it had been a sunny day, but I think the lens did quite well. The camera is a Canon 6D.\nAnd here is a link to the entire set. – http://www.flickr.com/photos/srahn/sets/72157637167748814/\nI’m doing a new photo project, which will also help with getting some really good exercise. I’m going to hike up and down Kennesaw Mountain several more times over the next few weeks, and I’ll be taking my Canon 6D with a different lens with me each time and only shooting with that lens. This past Monday I shot with my 24-105mm zoom lens, which allows for wide angle and medium telephoto shots. Here are a few photos from that shoot.\nOn Thursday, I took my 200mm prime lens, which offers more magnification but no wide angle options. It’s interesting to see how being forced to use a different lens makes you think differently about the shots you take. Here are some shots from Thursday.\nI hadn’t seen the Milky Way for a while, and I saw that Saturday night was going to be really clear. I thought about going to my usual place, which is the Deerlick Astronomy Village, but there is a ton of construction of the Interstates right now and I didn’t want a 2 1/2 hour drive to turn into four hours or more.\nSo I decided to head up into the mountains. I know a couple of decent spots, but I wanted to go somewhere with really dark skies this time. I consulted my Dark Sky Finder app on my iPhone and saw that there was a promising area just over the line near Ducktown, Tennessee. That would still be a shorter drive than the normal drive to Deerlick, so I packed my cameras and headed north.\nWhen I go into the area that I was looking for, I was having a difficult time finding a good place to set up. You need a large clearing without any lights nearby, and you also want to make sure you aren’t trespassing on someone’s property. I did find what looked like an abandoned sawmill right off Highway 68, but there was a really bright streetlight at one end. I could have set up so that I wasn’t right in the line of the light, but it still would have caused problems with some shots. I decided to continue on a few miles with the thinking that if I didn’t find anything better I could come back to the sawmill.\nI drove about five miles and was getting ready to turn around when I saw the Coker Creek Village Retreat. It was late, but I saw that there was a lady out front. I decided to pull over and ask if she had a recommendation for me. Did she ever.\nShe told me to turn around and look for a sign that said Buck Bald Mountain. I had seen the sign earlier, but it looked like a driveway. She told me that there was a very wide open area at the top and that it was about a 2 1/2 mile drive to the top. She added that the road was not paved all the way and to not be in too much of a rush. I am very glad I took her advice.\nI found the road and headed to the top. It was pretty bumpy for a lot of the ride, but it paid off. It was dark when I got to the top, but I could tell that I had struck gold. There is a 360-degree unobstructed view and hardly any noticeable light pollution at all. I started setting up my gear and as my eye began to adjust to the darkness the Milky Way began to show itself. The Moon didn’t set until about an hour after I got there, but it wasn’t very bright and it was not a problem as the Milky Way was in the opposite part of the sky.\nI wound up taking only about 60 shots, which is not as many as I had done on other shoots. I felt like the quality was much better, and I left feeling very good about what I had. I was not disappointed when I get them onto the computer. I will definitely be returning to Buck Bald for future shooting. The next time I plan getting there in time to watch the Sun set. Here are a few photos from the shoot:\nHere is a link to entire set. I will add more to it as I continue processing them.\nI had a great time visiting the Tennessee Aquarium today. I had heard nothing but great things about it, and it did not disappoint. Of course I took a camera, and I decided to take my Olympus E-M5. It’s a small mirrorless camera and I’ve been using it a lot lately. It’s also a micro four thirds camera, and it has a 2x crop factor. So if I use a 20mm lens, it’s really like using a 40mm lens.\nPhotographing an aquarium is not easy. You have to deal with a wide variety of lighting conditions. Some of the exhibits were in rather dark rooms, while others were like being outside. Also, since you’re looking through a lot of glass you will often have to deal with light reflections.\nFor this outing, I only used two lenses. One was my 20mm f/1.7 pancake lens. It’s really small and the large aperture makes for good shooting in dark conditions. The other lens was a 12-50mm zoom. The aperture isn’t very large, but in the brighter exhibits I was able to zoom in tighter than I could with the 20mm.\nHere are a few of my favorite shots.\nI got a couple of interesting sunset shots on Thursday of this week. You can barely see the Sun in these as it is right at the horizon.\nWhat I didn’t know was the science behind the purple Sun. But thanks to one of my Google+ buddies, I learned this:\nThe explanation for this phenomenon is that the CCD sensors used in digital cameras have their peak sensitivity in the infra-red – typically at a wavelength of about 1000 nm, which is well beyond visible spectrum of 400 – 700 nm. You can test the infra-red performance of your own digital camera by pointing a TV remote control at the lens of the camera from a distance of about 15 cm (6 inches). Most remote controls transmit infra-red at wavelengths of 850 – 1000 nm. Your camera viewfinder will probably show a purple light when you press a button on the remote control. The purple colour suggests that the red and blue sensors in the camera are sensitive to infra-red – but not the green sensor. Hence, the purple sun …..\nRead more here! – http://atmospherical.blogspot.com/2007/08/purple-sun.html\nThis is from late afternoon as the Sun is casting some amazing red/orange light onto Kennesaw Mountain and into the quarry. The Sun was almost directly behind me as I shot this.\nThis was taken with my Olympus E-PL5, which is an amazing little camera. It’s a micro four thirds camera, and those are becoming pretty popular. I also have the E-M5, which is a bit larger. They both take fantastic photos and are good for “stealth” photography. Carrying a big DSLR seems to draw out all the wanna-be security guys who like to tell you how you can’t have such a big camera. These small body Olympus cameras are the size of most small point and shoot cameras, but their image quality rivals that of many DSLRs.\nI haven’t posted in a while, but I’m going to try to do so more often now. We’ll see if that happens.\nAnyway, we finally had some decent weather today in Kennesaw so I headed over to the quarry overlook and got some good shots. I decided to add some HDR effects to three of the photos. Here are the results.\nI used Photomatix Pro to add the HDR.\nNicholas Copernicus is one of the most famous and important mathematicians and astronomers in history. It was he who surmised that the Earth and other planets revolved around the Sun. His birthday in February 19th, and I decided to honor him by photographing the moon which just happened to have a crater named for him in good view. The Copernicus crater is the prominent one at the bottom left of these photos of the moon.\nNow see how much difference you can find in terms of quality of the two shots. I like them both very much, but one was taken with a full-frame DSLR (Sony A99) using a tripod and the other is a handheld shot using a point-and-shoot superzoom camera (Canon Powershot SX50). Can you really tell much difference?\nHere is the shot from the Powershot\nAnd here is the shot from the A99.\nThe first one is a bit “softer,” but not by much. I am honestly surprised at how good the first one turned out considering that I was not using a DSLR or a tripod. I was just walking to get my mail and I happened to take that camera with me in hopes of catching some good bird shots. I decided to take a few of the moon and the others were usable as there was too much camera shake. But this one turned out almost as good as the DSLR version on a tripod.\nNow don’t get me wrong here. I LOVE my full-frame camera and it is my workhorse. But having a smaller one as a “carry around” camera is a nice thing to have, especially when it shoots quality photos.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Since NASA's Dawn spacecraft began orbiting Ceres, the dwarf planet's craters have raised a lot of questions--notably over why the bottom of some contain bright spots. But scientists have uncovered another puzzle where Ceres' craters are concerned: the planet has almost certainly been struck by a number of large meteors over the past 4.5 billion years, but the craters those meteors would have left simply aren't... there.\nCeres is the largest member of the asteroid belt that lies between Mars and Jupiter, and was subject to the same pummeling by meteors during the late heavy bombardment as its neighbors. So, researchers believe, we should be able to see 10–15 craters that are over 400km in diameter, or, using an alternate model, 6-7 basins of around that size. Yet the dwarf planet's surface appears devoid of craters larger than 280km.\nSo what gives? As Dr. Simone Marchi, a senior research scientist at the Southwest Research Institute said:\nIt is as though Ceres cures its own large impact scars and regenerates new surfaces, over and over.\nThe researchers, who have published their findings in the journal Nature have a couple of theories as to how Ceres might be doing this. One, is that the icy surface of the planet has simply 'relaxed' over time, smoothing out deep craters beyond recognition. The other theory? Ice volcanoes.\nWhile here on Earth, volcanoes spew hot molten lava, ice volcanoes are believed to spout plumes of water-ice and other frozen molecules. There haven't been any signs--yet--of ice volcanoes on Ceres, but the dwarf planet's composition is calculated to be 25 percent water-ice by volume, with much of that held in its interior. So it's a pretty strong contender for having had ice volcanoes at some point in its history, and the spews from those volcanoes could have repopulated Ceres' surface over time, concealing the craters of its violent past.\nAs the authors wrote in their findings:\nRegardless of the specific mechanism(s) for crater rim removal, our result requires that large crater obliteration was active well after the late heavy bombardment. This conclusion reveals that Ceres’ cratering record is inextricably linked to its peculiar composition and internal evolution.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "This Space Science: Phases of the Moon lesson plan also includes:\n- Join to access all included materials\nLooking for a terrific lesson on the phases of the moon that has lots of good worksheets? With two excellent websites are embedded in the plan, the activity is sure to spark some interest in your astronomy unit. Some common misconceptions regarding the moon are also put to rest. Your students will be over the moon for this activity!", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "For many who believe the world will end on Friday, Dec. 21, 2012, it won't, according to Live Science, which debunked the five popular Mayan apocalypse myths regarding doomsday.\n\"On Friday, Dec. 21, some say, the Mayan apocalypse will arrive and the world will end. Fortunately, it won't,\" Live Science writer Stephanie Pappas reported.\n\"A bold claim, we know, but if it's good enough for NASA, it's good enough for us,\" she wrote, citing NASA's press release \"Why The World Didn't End Yesterday,\" which was intended for a Dec. 22 publication.\nPappas explained that apocalypse myths are a result of misinterpreting the ancient Maya Long Count Calendar, namely the b'ak'tun. The b'ak'tun, which ends of 400-year cycle this Dec. 21, is the 13th b'ak'tun of the calendar, which Pappas explained is \"a benchmark the Maya would have seen as a full cycle of creation.\"\nHowever, the word \"cycle\" is key, she explained, as the Mayans would not believe doomsday theories just because another cycle ended.\n\"The Maya had a cyclical view of time and would not have seen the end of their calendar cycle as the end of the world,\" Pappas wrote. \"It wasn't until Westerners began reinterpreting the calendar in the past couple decades that it got its apocalyptic overtones.\"\nPappas goes on to debunk the five popular apocalypse prediction theories and why, despite Internet rumors and hype, none of them will happen this Dec. 21.\n1. The Sun\nMany predictions involve the Sun, which according to doomsday theories, will kill off the world with solar storms and flares. With the sun in a \"maximum activity phase,\" believers say the intense flares will cause mass devastation. However, NASA said the current solar maximum is the \"wimpiest\" in history and will not cause any destruction.\n2. Earth's Magnetic Poles\nAnother prediction is that the North and South Poles will change places and completely flip-flop Earth's magnetic field, yielding cosmic radiation. NASA said while the magnetic field does change occasionally, the last swap was 780,000 years ago. While predicting a magnetic flip is nearly impossible, scientists said during one period in history, the poles stayed the way they were for 30 million years.\n3. Planet X\nMany predict that Planet X, called Nibiru, will collide with Earth and the rogue planet will annihilate life. However, Planet X, which was created by author Zecharia Sitchin in 1976, does not exist. NASA said psychic Nancy Lieder used this theory back in 2003 for that apocalypse, but naturally, that never happened. And scientists said if that prediction was true, Earth dwellers would have seen Planet X in the sky \"years ago,\" similar to the way we see Mars as a \"star.\"\n4. Aligning Of Planets\nOther theories say the planets will align and will cause the end of the world. However, alignments happened in 1962, 1982 and 2000 and went off without a hitch. NASA said it doesn't predict another planetary alignment in the next few decades, anyway.\n5. Total Blackout\nA prediction from a popular email chain claims a total Earth blackout will happen on Friday and cause doomsday. Many alleged the blackout will happen when the Sun and the Earth align or when Earth enters a \"still ring\" called the Photonic Belt. NASA also said this theory is impossible.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "The Tissint meteorite, a martian rock which landed on Earth in July 2011, may contain proof of ancient life on Mars, according to a new study by an international team of scientists published in the December 1, 2014 issue of the journal Meteoritics and Planetary Sciences.\nPhilippe Gillet, director of Ecole Polytechnique de Lausanne (EPFL, Switzerland) Earth and Planetary Sciences Laboratory and colleagues from China, Japan and Germany performed a detailed analysis of organic carbon traces from a Martian meteorite, and have concluded that they have a very probable biological origin. The scientists argue that carbon could have been deposited into the fissures of the rock when it was still on Mars by the infiltration of fluid that was rich in organic matter.\nEjected from Mars after an asteroid crashed on its surface, the meteorite, named Tissint, fell on the Moroccan desert on July 18, 2011, in view of several eyewitnesses. Upon examination, the alien rock was found to have small fissures that were filled with carbon-containing matter that is organic in nature. But where did the carbon came from?\nChemical, microscopic and isotope analysis of the carbon material led the researchers to excluded a terrestrial origin, and suggested that the carbon content were deposited in the Tissint’s fissures before it left Mars.\nAccording to the new study, a likely explanation is that liquids containing organic compounds of biological origin infiltrated Tissint’s “mother” rock at low temperatures, near the Martian surface.\nThese conclusions are supported by several intrinsic properties of the meteorite’s carbon, e.g. its ratio of carbon-13 to carbon-12. This was found to be significantly lower than the ratio of carbon-13 in the CO2 of Mars’s atmosphere, previously measured by the Phoenix and Curiosity rovers.\nMoreover, the difference between these ratios corresponds perfectly with what is observed on Earth between a piece of coal – which is biological in origin – and the carbon in the atmosphere. The researchers note that this organic matter could also have been brought to Mars when very primitive meteorites – carbonated chondrites – fell on it. However, they consider this scenario unlikely because such meteorites contain very low concentrations of organic matter. Gillet said:\nInsisting on certainty is unwise, particularly on such a sensitive topic. I’m completely open to the possibility that other studies might contradict our findings. However, our conclusions are such that they will rekindle the debate as to the possible existence of biological activity on Mars – at least in the past.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Part 8 of the 12-part Galactic Encyclopedia. Focuses on the stars and constellations visible during the summer in the northern hemisphere and the winter in the southern hemisphere, including Cygnus and Centaurus, Andromeda, and the Magellanic. Also contains information on clouds.\nEncyclopedia Britannica, 331 N. LaSalle St., Chicago, IL 60610, Phone: (312)347-7159, Toll-free: 800-323-1229, Fax: (312)294-2104, URL: http://www.britannica.com\nAvailable on VHS\nRunning time 20 minutes.\nCopyright © 2019 Net Industries - All Rights Reserved", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "iPhone Imaging: Lunar Craters Copernicus & Tycho Rays\nPosted: 22 November 2018\nCloudy skies and wind returned on Wednesday, 21 November 2018, during the day but went away by sunset.\nOpen: Wednesday, 21 November 2018, 1816 MST\nConditions: Mostly clear\n1821 MST: LX600 ON, StarLock OFF, High Precision OFF.\nViewed Saturn and its moon Titan, low in the southwest, 102X. Then viewed Mars, 102X. Seeing was not great.\n1837 MST: viewed the waxing Moon, 102X and 81X. A slight terminator was visible.\nMounted the iPhone 8 Plus on the 30mm eyepiece using the Levenhuk adapter. Took this afocal 81X photo of the Moon with NightCap Camera (ISO 22, 1/4400sec):\nNext, did some lunar observing, 271X. The ray patterns from the craters Copernicus and Tycho looked fascinating. Decided to image them with the iPhone. Mounted the iPhone on the 9mm eyepiece with the Levenhuk adapter. Here are Copernicus (ISO 22, 1/1500sec) and Tycho (ISO 22, 1/1800sec), afocal 271X:\n1853 MST: the clouds began increasing.\n1913 MST: the clouds were now more extensive. Decided to end the session.\n1914 MST: LX600 OFF.\nClose: Wednesday, 21 November 2018, 1923 MST\nSession Length: 1h 07m|\nConditions: Partly cloudy\nComments are welcome using Email. Twitter users can use the button below to tweet this report to their followers. Thanks.\nCopyright ©2018 Michael L. Weasner / email@example.com\nURL = http://www.weasner.com/co/Reports/2018/11/22/index.html", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Turning out very differently from what I sketched out here, this is a shot for a Star Trek Sim of a ship departing an Asteroid base.\nThe story required a holodeck-type effect on the doors, so I added this here but I thought it might be a little hard to explain outside the storyline:\nA very simple model, but it’s design seems to be quite popular – So here’s some raw shots of the station to see what actual detail is there:\nHere is a close up shot, well, as close as I’m willing to go on a model that was only meant to be some background dressing in a scene!\nBefore I ruin it by putting a spaceship in the foreground, thought I’d post this up.\nThe barren planet texture was from a picture that Chrissie took of the rust on the surface of an iron garden roller.\nUpdate: I fianlly got round to ruining it by adding that space station here:", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Frames: 67x300\" ISO1600\nIntegration: 5.6 hours\nAvg. Moon age: 24.16 days\nAvg. Moon phase: 32.97%\nMean SQM: 21.40\nAstrometry.net job: 1870129\nRA center: 53.425 degrees\nDEC center: 31.484 degrees\nPixel scale: 2.789 arcsec/pixel\nOrientation: 4.816 degrees\nField radius: 2.511 degrees\nLocations: Edmund G. Kline Dark Site , Deer Trail, Colorado, United States\nNGC133 is a bright reflection nebula about 1000 light years away in the Perseus Molecular Cloud. It contains a very active star forming region and is surrounded by Dark Nebula Barnard 205. Nearby are reflection nebulas VdB12 and VdB13. Also, the upper left shows Dark Nebula Barnard 3, in the middle is Barnard 1, and the lower right shows Barnard 203, 204, and 206.\nI first discovered this region in a widefield shot with my camera lens and I was looking forward to revisiting with my new setup. This was taken over two nights as I worked around cold temperatures and passing clouds. Here is my version of NGC1333:\nCanon 6D modified\n67 x 300 sec\nSV80ST at 480 mm f/6\nThis page or operation is not available at the moment, because AstroBin is in READ ONLY mode. For more information, please check out our Twitter feed: https://twitter.com/AstroBin_com\nIf this image is the result of your processing of a public data pool, you can send it the pool so it's displayed there.\nUse this form to select an existing public data pool.\nIf this image is the result of your processing of a private shared folder, you can send it the folder so it's displayed there.\nSuch limitation improves the website as a whole by discouraging people from creating fake accounts to like their own images. Thank you for understanding!\nCurrently, your AstroBin index is 0.00.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Partial Solar Eclipse Set to Delight Sky-gazers in Southern Japan\n12:39 JST, April 19, 2023\nA partial solar eclipse is expected to be visible in parts of southern Japan on Thursday afternoon.\nThe phenomenon occurs when the moon passes between the sun and Earth, casting a shadow on Earth that partially blocks the sun’s light.\nThe last time sky-gazers in Japan had an opportunity to see a solar eclipse was in June 2020.\nAccording to the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, the best view of the eclipse will be in the southeast, where up to about 16% of the sun will be obscured.\nThe partial eclipse is expected to start at around 1:30 p.m. in Japan, reaching its maximum between around 2:20 p.m. and 2:40 p.m. depending on the area.\nAbout 16% of the sun will be obscured at mid-eclipse in the remote Ogasawara isles, about 6% in Naha, about 0.3% in Shingu, Wakayama Prefecture, and about 0.1% in Tateyama, Chiba Prefecture.\nSpecial equipment such as eclipse glasses must be worn when observing a solar eclipse because looking at the sun with the naked eye can seriously damage your eyesight.\nSky-gazers in Japan who miss Thursday’s solar eclipse will have to wait until June 2030 for the next opportunity, when an annular solar eclipse will be visible over most of Hokkaido.\n\"SCIENCE & NATURE\" POPULAR ARTICLE\nEurope’s Euclid Space Telescope Releases First Images\nAutonomous Driving Could Get ¥2.7 Billion Boost from Japanese Govt\nJapan Environment Chief Urges China to Base Stance Over Treated Water on Scientific Evidence\nG7 to Share Information on Invasive Alien Species; Members Agree to Create Database, Strengthen Research\nKeep or Cull? Romania Divided over Bear Population\nJN ACCESS RANKING\n- Japan, Vietnam Trade Ministers Discuss Supply Chains, IPEF\n- BOJ Ueda: Japan Increasingly Likely to Hit Inflation Target\n- Stimulus Package Set to Drive Greater Govt Borrowing; Likely Effectiveness Called into Question\n- Japan 2023 Food Exports Reach 1 Tril. Yen at Record Pace", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Rory Rammer: The Planetoid of Doom\nPublisher: Atlanta Radio Theatre Company\nDate: January 2009\nDuration: 0 hours 13 minutes\nCome away with us now to the far off future days of 1985 AD, after men have landed on the moon! When Space Marshal Rory Rammer, and his sidekick, \"Skip\" Sagan, guard the rule of law and the rights of the innocent from the skies of Earth to the orbit of the moon!\n\"The Planetoid of Doom\": Rory and Skip, with the help of a robotic deputy, must stop an asteroid miner who wants to cut out the \"mining\" step of getting his ore to Earth -- by nudging the whole asteroid towards Earth with a hydrogen bomb!\nPresented by Atlanta Radio Theatre Company", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "New Delhi. ISRO is ready to launch Chandrayaan-3 today. On this occasion, Prime Minister Narendra Modi extended his best wishes to the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) and said that this historic moon mission furthers the ‘hopes and dreams’ of the country. PM Modi is currently on a visit to France. “As far as India’s space sector is concerned, July 14, 2023 will always be written in golden letters. Chandrayaan-3, our third moon mission, will embark on its journey. This remarkable mission will further the hopes and dreams of our nation.”\nWith the launch of its Chandrayaan-3 mission, India is trying to become the fourth country to make a control landing on the moon. Chandrayaan-3, made with a budget of less than $ 75 million, is scheduled to be launched today at 2:35 pm from Satish Dhawan Space Center in Sriharikota, Andhra Pradesh. In 2019, ISRO’s attempt to make a soft landing on the lunar surface of Chandrayaan-2 failed. This is India’s second attempt at a soft landing on the moon. ISRO’s most moon mission Chandrayaan-1 was sent into the moon’s orbit and then deliberately crash-landed on the lunar surface in 2008.\n14th July 2023 will always be etched in golden letters as far as India’s space sector is concerned. Chandrayaan-3, our third lunar mission, will embark on its journey. This remarkable mission will carry the hopes and dreams of our nation. pic.twitter.com/EYTcDphaES\n— Narendra Modi (@narendramodi) July 14, 2023", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Amazing Discoveries in Outer Space Stats\nNothing just yet. Be sure to check back soon as we update all video game stats as soon as they are provided.\nAn odyssey through the galaxy where physics-based space-flight and platforming action blend seamlessly together. Explore a colorful universe filled with amazing discoveries, alien races, and fashionable hats. Unfortunately, your only company is ZING, a navigation computer with no memory of your whereabouts and a slightly faulty social circuit.\nHere is pretty much everything you ever wanted to know about Amazing Discoveries in Outer Space.\nNote: Some of these links may be affiliate links. For a list of the programs I belong to, please visit my disclosures page.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "\"Saturn, the sixth planet from the Sun, was named after the Roman God Saturn. The planet Saturn is a gas giant and one of the Jovian planets.\" Researching the conditions and colours of Saturn, Sun Ra's supposed home planet (Cora Clarke for TT Brief)\nThis image from Voyager 2 combines images taken in ultraviolet, violet, and green filters to bring out features in Saturn’s atmosphere. Changes in the atmosphere from Voyager pass a year earlier suggested seasonal variations taking place on the planet.\n25 Mind Blowing Space Art Concepts of Cosmic Scenes", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "(Photo of Sally Ride by NASA)\nIn the early days of spaceflight, doctors suspected that in microgravity, menstrual blood wouldn't flow out of the vagina, but remain inside and lead to infections.\nBut the experiences of more than 50 women who have been to space prove that assumption completely untrue. The New York Times quotes astronaut Dr. Rhea Seddon:\nIn a NASA oral history, Dr. Rhea Seddon, an astronaut who flew on three space shuttle missions in the 1980s and 1990s, said, “I’m not totally sure who had the first period in space, but they came back and said, ‘Period in space, just like period on the ground. Don’t worry about it.’”\nThere are, however, logistical difficulties with cleanliness, the management of menstrual blood, and the physical task of changing tampons in microgravity:\n“The waste disposal systems onboard the U.S. side of the International Space Station that reclaim water from urine were not designed to handle menstrual blood, thus idealizing the minimization of breakthrough bleeding during menstrual suppression,” write the authors, whose review included discussions with the astronauts Dr. Ellen Baker and Serena Aunon, among others. Also, “the practicalities of personal hygiene while menstruating during spaceflight could be challenging, e.g., limited wash water supply or the task of changing hygiene products in microgravity.”\n-via Glenn Reynolds", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "- iOS App Store\n- Vito Technology Inc.\n- Education, Entertainment\nBased on 12.8K votesRelease Date: April 2010Last Update On: August 2019\nSolar Walk is an amazing 3D model of our Solar system bringing the universe to the palm of your hand and allowing you to interact with planets, satellites, moons, comets and other space objects any...", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article.Join Britannica's Publishing Partner Program and our community of experts to gain a global audience for your work!\nJohn Pond, (born 1767, London, England—died September 7, 1836, Blackheath, Kent), sixth astronomer royal of England, who organized the Royal Greenwich Observatory to an efficiency that made possible a degree of observational precision never before achieved.\nPond was elected a fellow of the Royal Society in 1807 and served from 1811 to 1835 as astronomer royal. During Pond’s term, obsolete and worn-out instruments at Greenwich were replaced and the staff increased from one to six, enabling him to complete in 1833 a catalog of positions of 1,112 stars with an accuracy previously unknown. He was a member of the Royal Astronomical Society from the time of its founding in 1820.\nLearn More in these related Britannica articles:\nRoyal Greenwich Observatory\nRoyal Greenwich Observatory, astronomical observatory and, until its closure in 1998, the oldest scientific research institution in Great Britain. It was founded for navigational purposes in 1675 by King Charles II of England at Greenwich, and the astronomer in charge was given the title of astronomer royal. Its primary contributions…\nRoyal Society, the oldest national scientific society in the world and the leading national organization for the promotion of scientific research in Britain. The Royal Society originated on November 28, 1660,…\nRoyal Astronomical Society\nRoyal Astronomical Society (RAS), British scientific society founded in 1820 to promote astronomical research. Its headquarters are located in Burlington House, near Piccadilly Circus, London, England. First named the Astronomical Society of London, it received its royal charter on March 7, 1831. Its founding members included such notable astronomers and mathematicians…", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Blue moon: Two chances to see this rare event\nBlue moon: Early risers will see the blue moon Friday morning and in the evening. What's a blue moon?\nThe saying âonce in a blue moonâ refers to something thatâs exceedingly rare. But in Los Angeles youâll have two chances to see this lunar occurrence Friday, when a so-called blue moon comes into view.\nThe first opportunity will be Friday morning â yes, the morning â as the blue moon is setting for the day, said Anthony Cook, astronomical observer at Griffith Observatory. Look for the early-morning blue moon between 6:30 and 7 a.m. PDT, he said.\nLater in the day, youâll get a second chance to see the blue moon, when it rises at 7:13 p.m. PDT.\nSo what is a blue moon? Itâs the second full moon within one calendar month.\nThe moon isnât actually blue. And it might even take on an orange hue as it starts to rise in the sky, Cook said. If anything, the Friday night moon will most likely appear an especially brilliant white.\nâThereâs nothing unusual really about the moon itself,â Cook said. âIt will look like the usual moon.â\nThe genesis of the term âblue moonâ is unclear.\nâItâs not really certainâ where it came from, Cook said. âWhy âblueâ was chosen isnât really known for sure.â\nThere are, on some occasions, atmospheric conditions that could produce a blue-looking moon, he said. And itâs believed that such conditions sometimes took place at the same time as the second full moon, perhaps leading to the moniker.\nA blue moon occurs because the average lunar cycle is 28 to 29 days long. Thatâs why most months see just a single full moon.\nThe average month, however, is about 30 days long. âAs a result, the lunar cycle gets out of phase with the calendar,â Cook said. âIf you have a full moon right at the beginning of the month, you can get one at the end of the month.â\nThe last time a blue moon occurred was December 2009. âThe next time will be on July 31, 2015,â Cook said.\nHe added that there is another definition of âblue moon,â one that comes from the Farmerâs Almanac. When four full moons occur during the course of a single season, the third of those is referred to as the blue moon, Cook said.\nâThat kind of full moon is just as rare as a second full moon in a month,â Cook said. âIt also occurs every two or roughly three years.â The next seasonal blue moon will occur in August 2013.\nŠ2012 Los Angeles Times", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Kepler is changing the face of satellite communications by launching a constellation of telecommunication nanosatellites! With the recent success of our Series A funding, a handful of early customers, and our first satellite in orbit, Kepler is currently doubling in size!\nWe invest heavily in making sure we have the best communications technology and people in the world. So we're on the hunt for talented interns that can help us continue our growth.\nAt Kepler, you’ll have the opportunity to work with a small dedicated team of engineers building our spacecraft. You will support the design, build, and test of many electronics that will go directly on our satellites.\nDay to day you will interface with hardware, and software engineers on your team to design schematics and perform layouts. Though this is an internship position we expect you to be directly contributing to the core tasks for the system. We won't bring you on-board unless we think you can be treated like any other team member. Here is a little more detail on the things we expect you to do:\nI. Support iterations on our communications subsystem and other spacecraft related electronics\nIterate on the schematics and layout of various circuit boards within the Kepler spacecraft\nAdd new features to different circuit board designs\nManufacture boards and support both functional / performance testing\nDevelop software to support functional testing\nII. Integration of subsystems on-board the Kepler spacecraft\nIntegrate various circuit boards on the Kepler spacecraft and perform integration testing\nDevelop integration software for various subsystems", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Recently, a Chinese rocket debris was reported to have made its way back to Earth. Unfortunately, it is among the millions of space junk that we fail to clean. But as hard as it is, there are several reasons we should try to minimize and remove lots of it.\n\"Space-age\" is starting to be pumped up again, bringing additions to new discoveries. But despite the research and innovation, space projects come with a price: multiple residues of craft and rocket segments floating on the face of space.\nAlmost half a century since the space race, many countries are still fond of sending sets of missions that leave junks orbiting outside of Earth. Chunks of satellites, chips, and rocket stages are just a few of our sacrifices to receive new knowledge, but is the payment worth it? It could possibly affect other missions, damaging crafts resulting in a crowded space, reports Scientific American.\nSpace Junk Removal Regulation Can Help\nSpace junk is getting out of hand. A combined number of tiny and huge space mission remnants total an estimate of 100 million floating scraps orbiting around the Earth's orbit. To lessen the garbage out on space, countries should do preemptive, compulsory junk removal through regulations.\nColossal projects using the advantage of space, such as Elon Musk's Starlink, for example, are getting more frequent. The project has already functioning satellites active in space which is enough to confuse skywatchers and astronomers.\nCountries and private companies are expected to launch missions in the coming years, much more than the missions from the past half a century combined, reports CNBC.\nOne of the new challenges we will face in the coming decades is the risk of satellite population. People might not be aware, but numerous close-calls of collisions have already occurred by fully functioning crafts, too.\nIf we are eager to achieve new advancements, the best way to remove space junks is to regulate space activities. A set of treaties was already in place regarding the matter. The 1967 Outer Space Treaty and four supporting international treaties paved the way for responsible space activities. In this way, we will be able to set updated and essential guides to trace remainders back to their respective owners.\nWith that said, systems are made to counter the increasing growth of junks in space. Technologies such as active debris removal (ADR) are being developed to start cleaning Earth's backyard.\nADR: Simple Technology Retrieves Space Junks\nMost of the ADR system uses simple mediums such as magnets, tentacles, harpoons, and nets to retrieve space junks.\nOne of the leading choices to clean space junks using ADR is ground-based lasers, a technology manufactured by Electro Optic System.\nAccording to Firstpost, this type of ADR can track debris in space, preventing potential collisions by moving them away from each other or pushing them out of orbit.\nAside from Australia, several companies have managed to create ADR systems. For example, Japan's Astroscale also took a step towards a cleaner space. The company is presently developing its very own ELSA system, a magnet-using cleaner. The European Science Agency also tests ClearSpace-1, a space claw designed to capture and crush debris. In addition, RemoveDEBRIS have been testing to use harpoons and nets to catch space junks.\nCheck out more news and information on Space on Science Times.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "High school science tells us that planets orbit stars and stars are found in galaxies. For the most part, that’s right. But astronomers have identified a new type of star system which doesn’t emerge in any galaxies.\nIn a press release, University of Arizona astronomers have noted their identification of five examples of the new stellar system. The new system is not quite a galaxy and seems to exist only in isolation – outside any parent galaxy.\nAnd the systems have a fun name. After their appearance as seen through telescopes, the astronomers have been referring to the structures as “blue blobs”.\nThe examples discovered are located within the relatively nearby Virgo galaxy cluster (a mere 54 million light years away) – a collection of more than 2000 galaxies. The blue blobs are “tiny” – the size of “dwarf galaxies” which contain anywhere from 1000 to several billion stars (compared with our Milky Way galaxy and its 200–400 billion stars).\nBut, beguilingly, the blue blobs of bloated gas balls belong to no “parent” galaxy. Some of the blue blobs are as much as 300,000 light years from the nearest potential host.\nBlue blobs are made predominantly of very blue and very “going” stars – an indication that the systems contain very little hydrogen gas. But atomic hydrogen gas is the stuff which condenses to form stars in the first place.\nSo, where did the blue blobs come from and how did they form? This remains a mystery.\nThe blue blobs were discovered by accident when another research group based in the Netherlands compiled a list of gas clouds which may give rise to new galaxies. The University of Arizona team and others analysed the list, looking for stars in the gas clouds using data from the Hubble Space Telescope, the Very Large Array telescope in New Mexico and the Very Large Telescope in Chile.\nThe first collection of stars, named SECCO1, was found to be further away than originally thought – the first of the “blue blobs”.\nLead author of a study on the blue blobs, University of Arizona postdoctoral fellow Michael Jones presented the findings at the 240th American Astronomical Society meeting, which wrapped up at the Pasadena Convention Center on June 16.\n“It’s a lesson in the unexpected,” Jones says. “When you’re looking for things, you’re not necessarily going to find the thing you’re looking for, but you might find something else very interesting.\n“We observed that most of the systems lack atomic gas, but that doesn’t mean there isn’t molecular gas.\n“In fact, there must be some molecular gas because they are still forming stars. The existence of mostly young stars and little gas, signals that these systems must have lost their gas recently.”\nGas can be stripped from stellar systems, like a galaxy, in two main ways: tidal stripping, when big galaxies pass and tear gas and stars away from each other gravitationally; and ram pressure stripping. “This is like if you belly flop into a swimming pool,” Jones explains. “When a galaxy belly flops into a cluster that is full of hot gas, then its gas gets forced out behind it.\n“That’s the mechanism that we think we’re seeing here to create these objects.”\nThe team believes blue blobs formed in this latter method because the speed of the process explains the systems’ isolation.\nAlso surprising is the lack of older, redder stars in the systems.\n“Stars that are born red are lower mass and therefore live longer than blue stars, which burn fast and die young, so old red stars are usually the last ones left living,” Jones says.\n“And they’re dead because they don’t have any more gas with which to form new stars. These blue stars are like an oasis in the desert, basically.”\nJones says that the abundance of metal in the systems may hint at how they might have formed.\n“To astronomers, metals are any element heavier than helium,” Jones says. “This tells us that these stellar systems formed from gas that was stripped from a big galaxy, because how metals are built up is by many repeated episodes of star formation, and you only really get that in a big galaxy.”\nAs the blue blobs drift through space, astronomers predict they will break apart into individual star clusters.\nLead researcher and co-author David Sand, astronomy associate professor at the University of Arizona, says the team’s findings add to the broader “story of recycling of gas and stars in the universe”. “We think that this belly flopping process changes a lot of spiral galaxies into elliptical galaxies on some level, so learning more about the general process teaches us more about galaxy formation,” Sand says.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Autocollimator 2 Inch\n|Delivery time:||In Stock|\nThe Autocollimator is used to fine tune the optical alignment after using the LightPipe/SightTube or a laser collimator. It utilizes a flat mirror that gives a multiple reflections through the optical system. This is 2-4 times the accuracy of a Cheshire, LightPipe or laser collimator. Our autocollimator is precision laser aligned to better than 3 arc minutes and the adjustment screws are locked to insure lifetime accuracy. Includes a 14 page instruction booklet.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Your cart is currently empty!\nOn The Energies…\nWe are moving through the Sirius Gateway and the 7/7 Portal. We have huge cleansing energies at play in your life. The Galactic Energies will be strong this month. Happy 4th Of July!! The Earth, and Sun are in conjunction with Sirius right now. All about liberation, freedom, and the deeper clearing work happening in your life. Sirius is Isis the beloved wife of Osiris (Orion). Sirius brings blessings of abundance, fertility and a rebirth. Sirius is where the souls of the dead go after they leave Earth. Sirius also lights up and illuminates the spiritual world, opening up spiritual dimensions. Cancer Season is a time to tune into and to tap into your intuition. This is a time of deep emotional exploration and connection. Cancers are known for their intense sensitivity, fierce loyalty, and intuitive nature. Cancer Season activates the constellation of Canis Major and Sirius. We are still feeling those Supermoon energies. In fact the Moon will be full with this one, another two nights. An amazing time to be tapping into the energies. They are amazing for healing and manifesting thru the 7:7 Portal. Expect the energies to continue to climb and intensify until then.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "- Recliner seat\n- Reserved Seating\n- Stadium Seating\n20 years after three teenagers disappeared in the wake of mysterious lights appearing above Phoenix, Arizona, unseen footage from that night has been discovered, chronicling the final hours of their fateful expedition.\nStarring: Luke Spencer Roberts, Justin Barber, Florence Hartigan\nDirected by: TBC", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "What type of clock was used in early days?\nAncient civilisations and the first clocks\nSundials were among the first types of clocks. The ancient Egyptians started using obelisks to measure the sun’s shadow as early as 3,500 BC. They developed water clocks, which were also used in Babylon, ancient Greece, Persia, Mesopotamia, India and ancient China.\nWhich one is the ancient clock?\nThe earliest household clocks known, from the archaeological finds, are the sundials (1500 BC) in Ancient Egypt and ancient Babylonian astronomy. Ancient analemmatic sundials of the same era (about 1500 BC) and their prototype have been discovered on the territory of modern Russia.\nWhat do all clocks have in common?\nWhether they are highly accurate atomic clocks or slightly less accurate quartz watches, electric alarm clocks or grandfather clocks with slowly swinging pendulums, all clocks have one thing in common – they consistently count precise units of time.\nWhat is a shadow clock?\nShadow clocks were modified sundials that allowed for greater precision in determining the time of day, and were first used around 1500 BCE. … The shadow clock gnomon was made up of a long stem divided into six parts, as well as an elevated crossbar that cast a shadow over the marks.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "NASA’s Cassini spacecraft has taken stunning new photos of Venus, according to a space agency news release.\nThe Cassini-Huygens is a three-axis spacecraft prepared for 27 different science investigations, making it one of the most ambitious missions ever sent into space. In addition to a variety of powerful instruments and cameras, Cassini-Huygens can take precise measurements and amazing images in a variety of atmospheric conditions and light spectra.\nLast November, Cassini captured a particularly special image of Venus when it was located in the shadow of Saturn. The spacecraft’s placement allowed it to shoot a backlit image of Saturn and its rings in a special viewing geometry called “high solar phase.” According to NASA, high solar phase can reveal details about both the rings and atmosphere that cannot be ascertained in lower solar phase.\nIn January, Cassini spied Venus through Saturn’s rings and across interplanetary space. Venus “shines like a bright beacon” in the spacecraft’s stunning new photos, says the space agency.\nAccording to NASA, Venus is a world of intense heat and volcanic activity. Sometimes referred to as Earth’s twin, Venus’ toxic atmosphere traps heat in a runaway “greenhouse effect.” Space.com adds that Venus is the hottest world in the solar system. In fact, temperatures on Venus reach 870 degrees Fahrenheit, which is more than hot enough to melt lead. The website notes that the probes that have landed on Venus have only survived a few hours before getting annihilated by the planet’s intense heat. Venus’ atmosphere consists primarily of carbon dioxide with clouds of sulfuric acid.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "How to get a shot in front of the Milky Way and the stars at night\nWith the Milky Road winding through the night sky, a few things you need to know.\nBe sure to be looking up at the stars with your eyes open.\nThis is the best way to get your best shot of the night.\nThe stars can be easily hidden by the night’s clouds, and it’s easy to miss them if you don’t look up at them.\nYou can also try shooting with a night vision device, like a night camera.\nA digital night camera works by recording your images through a series of lenses, which can be controlled with your smartphone.\nBut it doesn’t require a telescope or binoculars.\nA night camera also comes with a mount, which is handy for taking a long exposure on the horizon.\nAnd of course, if you’re willing to do some research, you can also find out what the Milky Ways can do for you by reading our guide to night photography.\nPlan your trip carefully.\nSome people will like to take a tour, and some people will prefer to walk around the Milky Path.\nIf you’re interested in exploring the night skies, the Milkyway is one of the best places to do it.\nHere’s a quick guide to where to go in the night to see what the night is all about.\nYou’ll need a good night-vision camera, too.\nIf there’s a lot of clouds, you’ll need to wear a special night-viewing hat to avoid getting too close to the MilkyWay.\nBut if you prefer to see the stars directly from the sky, there’s plenty of great options.\nIf not, you might want to check out our guide on Night Photography, where we detail some of the most popular night-sights to capture in the field.\nYou need to plan ahead.\nYou may want to bring along some night-adaptive filters, such as a night-light filter, or some binocular goggles.\nAlso, it’s best to have some kind of night vision headset for night-scouting.\nAnd if you need a night shot, you should have a few binocular lenses to help you spot the stars, and to help orient yourself.\nAnd there’s always the option to use your phone, tablet, or laptop to take pictures of the stars.\nGet out there and take some good shots.\nThe Milky Way can be a challenging place to shoot a night sky photo.\nIf the stars aren’t bright enough for you to see, you may have to adjust your camera settings.\nBut for the most part, it will work out fine.\nFor the best results, you need something to focus your eyes on, and you can always take a photo using the night viewfinder.\nBut that’s only if you’ve got good night vision.\nA smartphone or tablet can do the trick, and a night lens will let you focus on the stars without distracting the Milky Light from your subject.\nIf you don’ want to miss out on some stars, you could always try some other night-time activities.\nYou could take some photos of the starry night sky from your balcony, or you could take a picture of the Moon or Venus from your backyard.\nAnd you could try out some other astronomy activities, such the Milky Bush Project.\nBe careful with your exposure.\nThe better your night vision, the easier it is to focus on your subject and the more you can see them.\nIf your stars are not as bright as you’d like them to be, it can be easy to get lost in the stars and miss them altogether.\nBut just be aware that if you try to focus too much on one star, you won’t be able to see everything.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Almost one and a half years after its launch Planck has so far fulfilled\nall the expectations of a vast team of scientists and engineers working\non the mission in some cases for more than 15 years. After two full sky\nscans the quantity and quality of the data gathered is on a completely\ndifferent league from all previous CMB experiments. At the moment a 1\nyear extension has been approved and fully funded that would see Planck\noperating until early 2012. With the public release of the first Planck\nproduct (the Early Release Compact Source Catalogue) planned for early\nJanuary the mission has so far been an outstanding success.\nIn this talk I will discuss some of the less well known aspects of the\npreparation and planning necessary to keep the mission running smoothly\nand I will briefly review our current prospects for the fulfillment of\nthe mission\\'s scientific requirements.\nPlace: Physics department Meetign room on the 2nd floor.\nDate and Time: 19 Nov, 2010; 14:30", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Caterpickles Central is abuzz with news that NASA has just launched the largest Mars Rover yet. The Curiosity, a one-ton, six-wheeled, one-armed robotic explorer, set off for Mars from Cape Canaveral this morning (with a targeted assist from an unmanned Atlas V rocket). Its trip to Mars will take 8 1/2 months. Once there, the Curiosity will use its arsenal of 10 scientific instruments to take samples from rocks and analyze them on the spot. The nuclear-powered rover will spend two years looking for evidence of life on Mars.\nCaterpickles Parenting Series: Book 1. Get it at Amazon now!\nLooking for a book for a child between the ages of 4 and 9?\nFollow Caterpickles on TwitterMy Tweets", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "In preparation of our solar eclipse PBL workshop, my parents came to play. And they brought the Astromedia solar projector cardboard kit! It took us the better part of a day to assemble, but when we were done we could even test it in a sunny corner of my couch!\nThere were tiny twigs between the projector and the sun, which made for beautiful projections.\nPlus it was amazing to watch how fast the sun was moving (or, to be precise, the Earth was turning). In the space of 30 seconds, the projection changed from the left to the right photo below!\nPingback: Watching the solar eclipse using “household items” |", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Naseby unwittingly found itself in the middle of an international dispute between Russia and the United States last week.\nThe LeoLabs Kiwi Space Radar – an international space tracking facility in Naseby – detected debris from a Russian anti-satellite weapons test conducted on November 15.\nThe weapons test – labelled “reckless and irresponsible” by United States Secretary of State Antony Blinken – generated an orbital debris field which endangered the International Space Station (ISS).\nThe seven-member ISS crew took shelter in docked spaceship capsules for two hours after the test as a precaution, allowing for a quick getaway if necessary, Nasa said.\nUS officials said the event created an ongoing hazard “for years to come”.\nExperts said testing weapons that shattered satellites in orbit posed a hazard by creating clouds of fragments that could collide with other objects, setting off a chain reaction of projectiles through Earth’s orbit.\nThe Kiwi Space Radar was the first in the LeoLabs radar network to detect the debris.\nLeoLabs New Zealand director Tom Hooper said the organisation’s radar network specialised in identifying debris and objects in low earth orbit, and straight after the Russian experiment new debris was detected and tracked.\n“What is significant is . . . the radar in Naseby was the first part of the network to find the debris,” he said.\nThe risk caused by new debris was that as it travelled it could come into the path of existing satellites and the ISS, he said.\n“The Kiwi Space Radar operates continuously . . . tracking existing debris, but in events like this it will be noticing when there’s new debris and start tracking it.”\nThe LeoLabs network’s mission in low earth orbit was for transparency and to make sure people took responsibility for the debris they created, Mr Hooper said.\n“It’s really providing air traffic control services for lower Earth.”", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Phoenix Work Area Animation\nMars Hand Lens Imager Sends Ultra High-Res Photo from Mars\nThe So-Called \"Face on Mars\"\nEstimated Radiation Dosage on Mars\nSpirit's Rear View After Parking for Fourth Winter\nBeagle 2 Lander on Mars, With Panels Deployed\nCandor Chasma on Mars, in Color\nFrost in Dune Shadows\nSouth Polar Clouds\n'Matijevic Hill' Panorama for Rover's Ninth Anniversary\nMore Arsia Mons Flows\nNeighborhood for Curiosity's First Drilling Campaign\nCuriosity Color Close-Up upon Landing\nPolygonal Surface Patterns at the South Pole\nA Well-Traveled 'Eagle Crater'\nCuriosity's View Past Dune at 'Dingo Gap' (Stereo)\nCuriosity's Front View, Linearized\nEquatorial Gullies on Mars\nCuriosity Mars Rover Beside Sandstone Target 'Windjana'\nA Rover's Journey Begins\nPathfinder Landing Site Observed by Mars Orbiter Camera - \"Big Crater\" in Stereo View\nUltraviolet Views of Martian Atmosphere\nRock 'Burwash' Near Curiosity, Sol 82\nSeasonal Changes in Dark Marks on an Equatorial Martian Slope\nTEGA Sample Delivery and Analysis (Animation)\nLoose Rock Leads to Incomplete Drilling\nRidges and Grooves That Wave and Buckle on a Valley Floor\nLander Petal & Twin Peaks - 3-D\nFilters for Color Imaging and for Science\nChanges in Scars From 2012 Mars Landing\nMars Hand Lens Imager Nested Close-Ups of Rock 'Jake Matijevic'\nCaught in Action: Avalanches on North Polar Scarps\nSome Gullies on Mars Could Be Tracks of Sliding Dry Ice", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "The Race to Space: The Story of the Mohammed bin Rashid Space Centre\nFriday 1 March, 4pm-5pm\nAl Ras 2, InterContinental, DFC\nLearn all about the UAE’s Mission to Mars – and meet the first Emirati astronauts!\nThe Race to Space: The Story of the Mohammed bin Rashid Space Centre charts the evolution of the UAE's space programme, from the law establishing the Centre to the launch of Khalifasat, the first satellite designed and built entirely by Emiratis, to the UAE Astronaut Programme and the rapidly-approaching mission to Mars.\nSalem Al Marri, Assistant Director General for Scientific and Technical Affairs, Mohammed Bin Rashid Space Centre (MBRSC), will be joined by Hazzaa Ali AlMansoori and Sultan Saif AlNeyadi, the UAE’s two professional astronauts – one of whom will soon travel to the International Space Station – in their first public appearance.\nThe panel will be moderated by Isobel Abulhoul, CEO of the Emirates Literature Foundation.Language: English with Arabic Translation. Sign Language.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "The Cumbrian Sky, a great astronomy blog by Stuart Atkinson, is this week's host of the Carnival of Space. Check it out for some great photos taken over the last week from the Opportunity rover, still trucking along through Barsoom on its way to Endurance crater. The Carnival of Space is a series of posts that is hosted each week by a different space or astronomy blog. These posts highlight the best articles in the space and astronomy blogosphere that week. This week, the Carnival of Space looks at the near-future of space exploration, the anniversary of the Voyager encounters with Saturn, and the distinction between Earth-like planets and Earth-sized planets (Stuart's own post on this latter topic has the funniest scientific graphic involving a kitten ever made).\nSpeaking of blogs, Emily Lakdawalla's Planetary Society blog has a new post up in reporting on the possibility of mud volcanoes in northern plains of Mars. I personally assumed they were pingos, but Emily's article, covering a paper by Oehler and Allen, makes mud volcanoes as the origin of the many flat, rounded mounds that dot the lands seem pretty reasonable. I am not a Martian geologist so I can provide any useful commentary, however. Mud volcanoes are cool though.\nFinally, the documentary series, Wonders of the Solar System, is premiering tonight here in the United States on the Science Channel. I brought this up a couple of week ago on this blog, and you can see that original post to view a trailer for the five part series. The show airs at 9pm EDT/6pm PDT, and re-airs for an encore at 12am EDT/9pm PDT. The first episode is called, \"The Empire of the Sun,\" and covers solar science and the long reach of the sun in the solar system through the solar wind and the Sun's magnetic field. The other four episodes of the series air over the next four Wednesday at the same times.\n- Wednesday, August 11: \"Order out of Chaos\" - the formation of the Solar System; Saturn's rings\n- Wednesday, August 18: \"The Thin Blue Line\" - Planetary atmospheres\n- Wednesday, August 25: \"Dead or Alive\" - Planetary geology (impact cratering, volcanism, long segment on Io)\n- Wednesday, September 1: \"Aliens\" - Astrobiology, Water, the Mars/Europa episode", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Personal: Male, Married, one child. Born in Rostov-on-Don, Tula, Russia. MD Institute of Medical Biological Problems Medical Doctor. Civilian Physician, Institute of Medical Biological Problems.\nAstronaut Group: IMBP Group 1 - 1972. Inactive Entered space service: 22 March 1972. Left space service: 1 June 1995. Number of Flights: 2.00. Total Time: 678.69 days.\nPolyakov Spaceflight Log\n27 May 1964 - Voskhod passenger candidates. After screening the flight candidates have been boiled down to four: Lazarev, Yegorov, Polyakov, and Sorokin. Moskalev and Katys are the remaining scientist-passenger candidates. Kamanin believes Katys, with a doctorate in technical sciences, is the better candidate and definitely superior to any of the OKB-1 engineer candidates.\n29 May 1964 - Voskhod passenger candidates. Following final review, the General Staff ordered Lazarev, Yegorov, Polyakov, Sorokin, and Katys to enter training for flight aboard the Voskhod spacecraft.\n2 July 1964 - Voskhod and Soyuz crewing. Benderov has been washed out of training after haemorrhaging excessively during centrifuge training, and Polyakov after reacting poorly to the barometric chamber. This leaves only seven cosmonauts in training for the first mission: Volynov, Katys, Komarov, Yegorov, Sorokin, Lazarev, and Feoktistov. The first six are qualified for flight, but Feoktistiov cannot be admitted for parachute or flight training; his visual acuity is only 0.3. Later the cosmonaut party collective meets to take up the problem of Titov. He has made many errors: he drives and flies too fast, he has bad marital relations. But he is known not only to the entire country, but to the whole world. To disgrace him would not reflect only on him, but on all of the cosmonauts and the Soviet Union. Therefore it is finally decided not to take any public action, but to switch him and Beregovoi in the training order for the fourth Soyuz flight.\nLater Finogenov, head of the VVS range at Vladimirovka, informs Kamanin that flight trials of the new combination parachute/soft landing system will be delayed at least two weeks after the failure of one of the parachute canopy rings in static test.\n22 March 1972 - IMBP Cosmonaut Training Group 1 selected.. Physicians and biomedical specialist cosmonauts for planned missions to the Salyut space station.\n1980 November - Soyuz T-3A (cancelled). Planned but cancelled manned flight. Crew dissolved when Lazarev failed physical in early 1981.\n27 November 1980 - Soyuz T-3. Manned three crew. Docked with Salyut 6. Tested the improved transport ship of the 'SOYUZ T' series; transported to the Salyut-6 orbital station a crew consisting of L D Kizim, O G Makarov and G M Strekalov to carry out repair and preventive work and scientific and technical investigation and experiments.\n8 February 1984 - Soyuz T-10. Manned three crew. Docked with Salyut 7. Transported a crew consisting of ship's commander L D Kizim, flight engineer V A Solovyov and cosmonaut-research O Y Atkov to the SALYUT-7 orbital station to conduct scientific and technical studies and experiments.\n29 August 1988 - Soyuz TM-6. Transported to the Mir orbital station a Soviet-Afghan crew comprising the cosmonauts V A Lyakhov, V V Polyakov and A A Momand (Afghanistan) to conduct joint research and experiments with the cosmonauts V G Titov and M K Manarov. Returned Manarov, Titov (Soyuz TM-4), Chretien (Soyuz TM-7) to Earth. Initial orbit 195 X 228 km at 51. 57 deg. Maneuvered to a 235 x 259 km orbit, then docked with Mir at 05:41 GMT on 31 August at its 339 x 366 km orbit. Moved from aft to forward port 8 Sept 88.\n27 April 1989 - Landing of Soyuz TM-7. Soyuz TM-7 landed at 02:59 GMT with the crew of Krikalyov, Polyakov and Volkov Aleksandr aboard.\n8 January 1994 - Soyuz TM-18. Mir Expedition EO-15. Docked at the Kvant module on January 10 at 11:15 GMT. Transported to the Mir orbital station of a crew comprising the cosmonauts V M Afanasev, Y V Usachev, and V V Polyakov for the fifteenth main expedition.\n22 March 1995 - Landing of Soyuz TM-20. Soyuz TM-20 landed 22 km northeast of Arkalyk in Kazakhstan at 04:04 GMT with crew of Viktorenko, Kondakova and Polyakov aboard.\nContact us with any corrections, additions, or comments.\nConditions for use of drawings, pictures, or other materials from this site..\nTo contact astronauts or cosmonauts.\n© Mark Wade, 1997 - 2008 except where otherwise noted.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Mesmerising moment astronomy enthusiast catches Nibiru planet\nHowever, a historically high honour is the Astronomer Royal role. The role is awarded to a highly renowned astronomer and dates all the way back to June 1675.\nAstronomer Royal's don't have any specific duties but are appointed for occasional consultation on scientific matters.\nNowadays, however, the role is mainly honorary, though the current Astronomer Royal is still expected to be available if Her Majesty requests a consultation.\nSince 1995, astrophysicist Martin Rees holds the position.\nThe role has lead to many scientific discoveries. Astronomer Royal Edmund Halley is famous for predicting the return of the comet now known as Halley's Comet.\nSince 1995, astrophysicist Martin Rees holds the position\nThe first person to receive the honour was John Flamsteed after King Charles II created the position the same time he founded the Greenwich Royal Observatory.\nCharles II paid Flamsteed an annual salary of £100 and currently whoever holds the position is paid exactly the same just under 350 years later.\n£100 in 1675 translates to £20,646.85 in 2020, according to the Bank of England inflation calculator.\nAt the time the role was known as King's Astronomical Observator.\nGiant 'mega-comet' is making its way through the solar system [UPDATE]\nDark matter: Scientists map hidden bridges between galaxies [REVEAL]\nSuper Blood Flower Moon 2021: NASA reveals all you need to know [INSIGHT]\nKing instructed Flamsteed when appointing him as the first of a long line of Astronomer Royals: \"Forthwith to apply himself with the most exact care and diligence to the rectifying the tables of the motions of the heavens, and the places of the fixed stars, so as to find out the so-much desired longitude of places, for the perfecting the art of navigation.\"\nThe Astronomer Royal was also the director of the observatory from 1675 when Charles II founded it until 1972.\nKing Charles II appointed Flamsteed to “draw up a map of the heavens with enough accuracy to be reliable for navigation\", according to the Royal Museums Greenwich.\nSelf-taught astronomer Flamsteed recorded one of the earliest sightings of Uranus, though at the time it was mistaken for a star.\nFlamsteed also increased the accuracy of existing stellar catalogues which greatly aided navigation at the time.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "If you need to give a space PowerPoint presentation but don't have a good design, you might find yourself saying, \"Houston, we've got a problem!\"\nDesign a professional presentation with the help of space PowerPoint templates. Grab a PowerPoint space theme, add your details, and blast off to a successful presentation.\nRead on to see the best space PowerPoint templates from Envato Elements. Plus, we'll share eye-catching PowerPoint space themes from GraphicRiver. And you'll learn tips and tricks to customize your space PowerPoint slides. Let's get started.\nGet the Best Space PowerPoint Templates (With Unlimited Downloads)\nLet's take a look at a great selection of space PowerPoint templates. If you've never used a space theme template before, you'll love how helpful these are.\nTop PowerPoint Space Themes (Envato Elements)\nCheck out five of the best space PowerPoint presentation templates from Envato Elements:\nThis template has accurate sizing and fantastic illustrations. This solar system PowerPoint is perfect for learning. Remember: you can also use space PPT templates for abstract purposes. Imagine using a solar system for a business case by using the planets as stages of a project, for example.\nArmstrong is the perfect PowerPoint space theme for a galactic presentation. This template comes with pre-built graphics like a moon and astronaut characters. This is the ideal PowerPoint space theme to take your audience to a new atmosphere. You won't find a space PowerPoint template like this for free.\nSpace Cadet is a space PowerPoint template that feels like the future. With simple elements and a minimalist design, it's ideal for creating futuristic presentations. Add a few of your favorite space photos and graphics to add an element of outer space.\nThe Starcraft template comes with 50 multipurpose space slides and seven color schemes. It's a versatile space PowerPoint template. You'll also get a detailed set of infographics. Choose this over any free outer space PowerPoint template you might find online.\nThis space PPT template is perfect for helping your audience \"think big.\" It's got beautiful space imagery. Images like this aren't usually in space PowerPoint templates you find for free. Use the eye-catching space slides and image placeholders combined with Envato Elements' photo library to create great space PowerPoint slides.\nEnvato Elements (Design Without Limits)\nEnvato Elements has a single compelling (all inclusive) offer:\nThat’s right! Download as many professional templates (including space PowerPoint templates) and graphics as you want. Then customize them to fit any of your project needs.\nWhile Envato Elements is a powerful option, you can buy unique space PowerPoint templates one at a time (instead of getting unlimited access to hundreds of creative designs). Check out the selection from our GraphicRiver marketplace below.\n20 Great Space & Universe PowerPoint Templates from GraphicRiver to Download 2022\nSo far, you've seen templates from Envato Elements, but it's not the only source for the best space PowerPoint presentations.\nMaybe you know exactly what you're looking for when it comes to space PPT templates. In that case, turn to GraphicRiver. This is another site from Envato that offers pay-as-you-go options. It's another great option for the best space PowerPoint slides.\nOn GraphicRiver, the PowerPoint template library is just as vast. But you'll pay only for the assets you choose to use. It helps you keep your costs low if you want one space PPT template.\nLet's look at twenty of my favorite space PowerPoint template slides from GraphicRiver:\nMoon Calendar 2022 is a PowerPoint about space and the moon. It's designed to help you keep track of the cycles of the moon. The space slides contain calendars that allow you to track the cycles of the moon day by day. The space theme PowerPoint also contains slides where you can input information about horoscopes.\nHere's what you can expect from this PPT template for space presentations:\n- 22 unique PPTX slides\n- 5 color schemes\n- 16:9 widescreen aspect ratio\n- Custom animation for each slide\n- Easy editable\n2. Moon Company\nThis presentation template isn't an outer space template. But it deserves a mention here. It's got a high-quality design and versatility. The template comes with tons of ready to use icons and graphics. All the graphs and images are easy to edit and suit any PowerPoint about space.\nHere are the features for the Moon Company PowerPoint template:\n- 180 unique multipurpose slides\n- vector icons and world maps\n- 3 pre-made color templates\n- modern, simple, and clean design\nThis template isn’t space related, but you can adapt it into a space presentation. The template has a versatile and high-quality design. You’ll also find image placeholders to add all your space imagery.\nHere are some of the other features that you can expect from these space slides:\n- 64 customizable space slides\n- 16:9 widescreen ratio\n- editable elements\n- drag and drop images\nFor a universe PowerPoint template, Galaxy Gazer offers some of the best PowerPoint space slides. The font options are perfect for a futuristic mood.\nIt's easy-to-edit and just waiting for your content. Free outer space PowerPoint templates just can't match this quality.\nNebula is a versatile space theme template. It's got everything you might need for your cosmic presentation. Even better, it's flexible enough to use for other types of presentations. It also includes many infographics and illustration. Use any of the 81 slide designs to create a space-themed presentation.\nData-driven presentations explain ideas with charts and graphs. This template is the perfect PowerPoint space theme with fresh lunar views. It also includes easy-to-update content. Use it for presentations that rely on data.\nPPT templates like this are perfect for space content. It features clean fonts, minimal designs and space themed slides that offer a look at the future. Use the space animations for PowerPoint in this template to add a bit of motion to your presentation. This is unmatched by any space PowerPoint you might find for free.\nA professional space PowerPoint presentation has both the style and built-in visual assets. You can use them to inspire visions of galaxies far beyond our own. This universe PowerPoint template is a top choice with stunning graphics. It also comes with 60 unique slides and many color schemes.\nBarre is a clean and minimal template that can give your space PowerPoint presentation a dark and futuristic look. It’s perfect for adding space-related imagery to your presentations. You can build presentations inspired by either solar or lunar activity fast. The template comes with 35 unique slide designs.\n10. Earth PowerPoint\nThis excellent space PowerPoint theme has wonderful Earth imagery. Use the built-in slides and image placeholders to create the best space PowerPoint presentation.\nThis template comes with integrated space-themed illustrations. It's got all the makings of an excellent universe PowerPoint template. You'll also find image placeholders that you can use to add space photos.\nThis space PowerPoint template has pre-built graphics themed for outer space. You can use them to explain ideas. The template comes with twenty ready-made color schemes. This helps you maximize the value of this space PowerPoint theme. Add your images and content to the slide designs, and you'll launch your presentation with a boost!\nSpace always inspires visions of the future. This template is no exception to this idea. You can resize the vector graphics to any format and output. Don't miss out on the included 500 icons to create your space PowerPoint template. This is so much better than a free outer space PowerPoint template!\nLekro features space themed slides with amazing icons and graphics. This makes it perfect for PowerPoint space themes. You can use the 60 unique slides to build a perfect space PowerPoint presentation.\nMultipurpose PowerPoint presentations are great for a variety of style, and this template fits the bill. Best of all, it's got built-in graphics and imagery for a PowerPoint space theme.\nJust grab this space PowerPoint download and fill it out with your details. Don't miss out by choosing some random space PowerPoint template you download for free.\nIf you're building a space-themed PowerPoint presentation, this template has what you need.\nThe planetary graphics can help you see the Earth from a space traveler's perspective. It's the perfect file for PowerPoint space themes.\nThis dark PowerPoint template is perfect for a PowerPoint space theme. It's one of the most in-depth options with more than 80 slide designs. Start working on your space slides, use the custom image placeholders to add yours.\nNext in our selection of space themes is a unique option that includes a few extras. This template is perfect for illustrating a galactic story. You'll find space animations for PowerPoint and 26 unique animated slide designs. It's so much better than a free outer space PowerPoint template.\n19. Dark Matter\nDark Matter is a powerful, modern, and persuasive space theme PowerPoint template. It was designed for data-rich and informational presentations. This template is ideal for any PowerPoint about space. But you can also use it for any type of presentation that needs to showcase detailed information.\nFind these features when working with this space slide template:\n- 6 demo presentations\n- 16:9 widescreen and standard 4:3 aspect ratios\n- 50+ unique space themed slides\n- free fonts used\n- 6 color variations\nThis powerhouse template contains a massive collection of 600 slides! It comes with professional layered slides, skill bars, and quality graphics. This PPT template about space is great for technology, finance, and marketing presentations.\nHere's what you can expect in this space PowerPoint template:\n- 600 Total space slides\n- 20 PPTX files\n- 5 premade colors (Blue, Green, Purple, Red, Yellow)\n- dark and light space PowerPoint background\nHow to Make Space-Themed Presentations Quick With Templates\nSpace PowerPoint templates are attractive. But you might be wondering how you can use them. It's important to remember that templates are a starting point for your presentation.\nIn this section, we'll sample three space slides from three space PowerPoint templates. These templates come from the Envato Elements marketplace. We'll walk through customizing the slide to match our content's purpose:\n1. The Team Space Slide\nA team spa slide fits in every presentation that you might need to build. And in the Armstrong Space PowerPoint theme, slide 9 is perfect for the purpose.\nLet's see the flexibility that custom space theme PowerPoint templates offer. In my case, I'll narrow this slide down to just three team members for a simpler view. Click on a profile photo and the associated text, then press Delete your keyboard.\nAs you reposition the three remaining profile photos, remember to create visual rhythm with alignment. Make sure that your photos and text boxes are centered. You can use the guides that pop up while moving objects as you see in the screenshot below.\nNow, round out your slide. Add your photos by clicking on the image placeholders, and then add your text specifics.\n2. An Astronomical About Slide\nStraightforward about slides are useful for so many purposes. With a single slide, you can explain any concept. Combine simple text with eye-catching photos. Let's customize slide five from the Starcraft PowerPoint space theme.\nThree simple customizations can bring your space PPT template together:\n- Update the placeholder image. Click on the placeholder icon, then browse to a photo on your computer. Bonus points if it's space-themed!\n- Adjust the title text. In the upper left corner of the slide, type over the placeholder to match your purpose. Then, increase the font size for a more memorable title.\n- Replace the body copy. Type over the text in the primary copy and increase the size to make the slide more memorable.\n3. The Solar Project Space Slide\nPowerPoint space themes don't have to be used for space PowerPoints only. You can also use them to illustrate a point. In this example, the phases of the moon are a significant upgrade over simple flowcharts. Let's use slide 29 in the Solar System Education PowerPoint space theme.\nAgain, three steps are all that it takes to customize a lunar slide:\n- Slide title. Center the text above your space slide to emphasize the title. This sets the tone for your space PowerPoint slide.\n- Update the text. For this example, I'll use each text box for a significant phase of our project management focus.\n- Add text. Copy and paste the text boxes for the stages below to add a bit of commentary. Downsize the font to give the text appropriate emphasis.\n4 Quick Outer Space PowerPoint Slide Design Tips for 2022\nIf you've selected a space PowerPoint template, you wonder how you can make the best space presentation. Here are some tips to help you create the best space PowerPoint:\n1. Add in Simple Animation\nTo help spice up your space PowerPoint presentation and add more interest, use simple animations. Simple animations work great on titles, images, and body text.\nTo do this, click on the Animation tab in the main header in Microsoft PowerPoint. Choose the desired animation. Preview the animation you selected by using the Preview button on the far left of the menu header.\n2. Have a Visual Hierarchy\nVisual hierarchy is simply how elements are arranged on a page to show their order of importance. A visual hierarchy guarantees that the right elements on a page or slide are catching your attention.\nTo achieve visual hierarchy, first decide what elements are the most important. Then, use contrasting colors to make certain elements stand out more. Also, play around with the size of text or photos. It's as simple as that!\n3. Include Futuristic But Simple Typography\nWhen creating an outer space type presentation, your audience will expect your fonts to look futuristic and flashy. The key here is to avoid having a text that's too over the top.\nFocus on having a font that's simple clean and minimalistic. Futuristic doesn't always mean flashy. The simpler the better here.\n4. Include a Space PPT Background Slide\nSome of the slides in your presentation may have images and charts that take up the entire slide. But most of your slides will have space to show the space PowerPoint background. Include a uniform looking space PPT background with a few basic graphics on it. This can really help tie the whole presentation together.\n5 PowerPoint Design Trends for Your Space Themed Slides\nThe tips above will help you create a standout space presentation. To make your presentation even more memorable, keep in mind the current design trends. The Space Journey template below is a great example of a template with dark background colors.\n1. Dark Backgrounds For Contrast\nUse a space PowerPoint with dark backgrounds to achieve more contrast. This helps other important elements in your presentation to stand out.\nFind amazing backgrounds for your space themed slides here:\n- 20 PowerPoint Templates With Cool Background Images & Killer Graphics 2022Andrew Childress01 Feb 2022\n2. White Space\nUse white space around different elements on individual slides. This ensures that your presentation doesn’t look cluttered.\n3. Bright Colors\nUsing bright colors in calls to action, charts, and infographics adds more visual interest to your space presentation. The Space Cadet template is a great example of a template with bold colors.\nLearn how to choose your color schemes for your space slides:\n- 25 Best PowerPoint Color Scheme Templates for 2022 Presentations (Free Downloads)Andrew Childress11 Sep 2021\n4. Less Text More Visuals\nUse plenty of photos, images, and infographic elements to make your space themed slides more visual. Go easy on the text to make your space PowerPoint presentation easier to follow.\n5. Creative Image Masks\nYou don’t have to stick to square, rectangular, or circular image masks. Get creative and let your photos stand out with creative image masks like they do in the Space Technology template.\nFind images for your backgrounds and space themed slides here:\n- 20 PowerPoint Templates With Cool Background Images & Killer Graphics 2022Andrew Childress01 Feb 2022\nDownload More Templates Today!\nThe templates mentioned in this article are some of the best for your upcoming PowerPoint about space. But these space theme templates may not have exactly what you're looking for.\nI've collected a few more articles for you to check out that contain even more top-notch templates:\n- 34 Cool PowerPoint Templates (Amazing PPT Slides for Presentations in 2022)Laura Spencer29 May 2022\n- 25+ Best Fully-Customizable PowerPoint Templates (Make Custom PPTs 2022)Brenda Barron22 Jan 2022\n- 35+ Best PowerPoint Slide Templates (Free + Premium PPT Designs 2022)Laura Spencer28 Aug 2021\nNext, we'll go over a few common questions about Microsoft's PowerPoint.\nWhere to Find the Best Space Themed PowerPoint Templates in 2022 (Envato Elements vs GraphicRiver)\nBoth Envato Elements and GraphicRiver offer modern PowerPoint templates with attractive designs. They lead the pack in 2022. But should you use GraphicRiver or Envato Elements? And what are the key benefits of each?\n1. Key Benefits of Envato Elements\nEnvato Elements is a premium subscription marketplace. It's got a compelling offer. For a low, monthly fee, you can download unlimited design assets.\nDownload as many space PowerPoint templates as you need. You can also download unlimited web templates, fonts, add-ons, and graphic assets. Here are the PowerPoint templates available on Envato Elements:\n2. Key Benefits of GraphicRiver (& Envato Market)\nGraphicRiver is the best digital marketplace when you need single-use graphics and visual assets. It’s part of the Envato Market suite of online marketplaces that cater to various creative needs.\nIf you need an outer space PowerPoint template to use right now, go to GraphicRiver to make a purchase. Here are the best PowerPoint templates that are currently trending:\nYour Choice (What’s Right for You?)\nIf you’re a business owner or a designer with many clients, then Envato Elements is the most cost-effective option. Sign up for Envato Elements now.\nOr, if you need a single PowerPoint presentation template, then visit GraphicRiver (or another Envato Market site) to find what you need.\nCommon PowerPoint Questions Answered (FAQ)\nMicrosoft PowerPoint is the most advanced presentation software on the market. This leaves many unanswered questions by users and potential users of the software.\nTo help you better understand what the software is capable of, we've collected a list of frequently asked questions (with answers) below:\n1. Can I Present a Space Theme PowerPoint Online?\nAbsolutely you can! There are various way to do this. You can send out the presentation link to actually presenting the PowerPoint on Zoom. For more information on how to present your space PowerPoint presentation online, be sure to check out the article below:\n2. Is It Possible to Make Interactive Quizzes in an Outer Space PowerPoint Template?\nMaking interactive quizzes that your audience will love couldn't be easier with PowerPoint. It gives you complete control over the design process. It allows you to create completely custom slides. For more information on how to add an interactive quiz to your space themed slides, read the article below:\n- How to Make a Basic Interactive Quiz in PowerPoint From a PPT Template (+Video)Andrew Childress30 Aug 2021\n3. Can I Create Gantt Charts in PowerPoint?\nBelieve it or not, Gantt charts are possible to create in PowerPoint. Gantt charts help you understand the list of tasks that need to get done. They also help you understand the sequence and relation of those tasks.\nGantt Charts can have a powerful impact on your audience if shown to in a PowerPoint. For detailed steps on how to create a Gantt chart for your space PowerPoint presentation, follow the steps in the article below:\n4. How Do I Add Animation to My Slides?\nAdding animations to your slides is quick and simple. There's a dedicated Animations tab in the top menu of PowerPoint. It's got plenty of animations and advanced controls for you to get the exact animation you want.\nFind out how to set up animation in your space PowerPoint presentation:\n- How to Quickly Add Good Animations to Your PowerPoint PPT PresentationsAndrew Childress05 Feb 2020\n5. Can I Convert PowerPoint to Google Slides?\nPowerPoint is very flexible. Convert a Microsoft PowerPoint file into a Google Slides one. Add it to Google Drive. Then, left-click the file and choose Open With > Google Slides.\nFor more information on this, check out the article below:\nLooking for even more information on how to get the most out of Microsoft PowerPoint? In the next section, we'll go over more about how you can use PowerPoint to create beautiful space themed slides.\nLearn More About Using Microsoft PowerPoint\nBefore you start work on a presentation with a PowerPoint space theme, learn more about the app. Mastering the tools of the trade (in this case, PowerPoint) makes your work more efficient.\nOn Envato Tuts+, we've put together the deepest set of resources for learning Microsoft PowerPoint. We've pooled many tutorials together into a helpful guide, How to Use PowerPoint (Ultimate Tutorial Guide.\nCheck out a few of my favorite PowerPoint tutorials from the guide in the three articles below:\n- How to Learn PowerPoint Quickly (Complete 2021 Beginner's Guide + Video)Andrew Childress29 Dec 2020\n- How to Make & Give Great PowerPoint Presentations (In 5 Simple Steps)Andrew Childress15 Nov 2019\n- How to Work With Images in PowerPoint (Complete PPT Picture Guide)Andrew Childress19 Feb 2020\nDesign a Presentation With a Space PowerPoint Template Today\nReady to launch your mission of building a presentation with a space PowerPoint template? Don't forget the options that you saw in this tutorial.\nWith the help of the space PowerPoint templates from Envato Elements or PowerPoint space themes from GraphicRiver, you can create an excellent space PowerPoint presentation. The graphics, photos, and styles of these PPT templates about space will transport your audience to a galaxy far, far away.\nDon't wait—set the course for your outer space journey with an excellent PowerPoint presentation like the ones in this tutorial! Download one today and get started.\nEditorial Note: This post has been updated with contributions from Daniel Strongin, Brenda Barron, and Gonzalo Angulo. Daniel and Brenda are freelance instructors for Envato Tuts+. Gonzalo is a staff writer with Envato Tuts+.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Create a free profile to get unlimited access to exclusive videos, sweepstakes, and more!\nFive Years of Staring Into the Sun\nDo you have any idea how jaw-droppingly gorgeous our Sun is?\nI do. But then I’ve been keeping my eye on NASA’s Solar Dynamics Observatory, which stares at the Sun 24 hours a day, week after week. It sends back very high-resolution images of the Sun in wavelengths from the far ultraviolet—where the Sun’s violent magnetic activity is best seen—through to colors our eyes can detect.\nWednesday was the fifth anniversary of SDO’s launch into space. For the past 1,830 days it has observed our star, and seen a lot of stuff. A lot.\nTo celebrate, NASA released this sensational video with just a few highlights from this incredible machine. Make sure you’re set to hi-def and turn the volume up because this is sheer amazingness.\nThere’s so much to take in there. Rolling sunspots, eruptive prominences, collapsing filaments, solar flares, the Transit of Venus (twice!) … if you want more, then just search my blog for “SDO.” I’ve written about it many, many times.\nI remember when SDO was still being designed and built, back when I worked at Goddard Space Flight Center. I’d go to lunch with friends, solar astronomers, and we’d talk about what this mission would mean, what it would be capable of. I remember thinking it was crazy how much data it would send back to Earth, and how many different things it would see.\nThinking about those conversations makes me smile now. I had no idea. SDO is far more than I imagined, and has revealed our active and complex star far better than anything before it.\nMy sincere congratulations to all my friends who work on SDO, to everyone who watches our star and learns what they can about it. We’ve gone around that Sun five times since SDO took to the skies. May we have many more revolutions ahead.\nTip o' the dew shield to Jelle Kouwenhoven.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "And here she is on paper - some nice sunspot activity visible there in the center, too.\nThe transit is such an amazing thing. It really adds depth to our inner solar system and makes me feel something that I can’t describe.\nIt’s a similar feeling I get during a crescent moon and when it’s a more pronounced sphere, not just a circle as I typically perceive it. Something about seeing a sense of depth perception with celestial objects.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "The gravitational tensor or gravitational field tensor, (sometimes called the gravitational field strength tensor) is an antisymmetric tensor, combining two components of gravitational field – the gravitational field strength and the gravitational torsion field – into one. It is used to describe the gravitational field of an arbitrary physical system and for invariant formulation of gravitational equations in the covariant theory of gravitation. The gravitational field is a component of general field.\nthen the covariant components of the gravitational field tensor according to (1) will be:\nAccording to the rules of tensor algebra, raising (lowering) of the tensors’ indices, that is the transition from the covariant components to the mixed and contravariant components of tensors and vice versa, is done by means of the metric tensor . In particular , as well as\nIn Minkowski space the metric tensor turns into the tensor , which does not depend on the coordinates and time. In this space, which is used in the special relativity, the contravariant components of the gravitational field tensor are as follows:\nSince the vectors of gravitational field strength and torsion field are the components of the gravitational field tensor, they are transformed not as vectors, but as the components of the tensor of the type (0,2). The law of transformation of these vectors in the transition from the fixed reference frame K into the reference frame K', moving at the velocity V along the axis X, has the following form:\nIn the more general case where the velocity of the reference frame K’ relative to the frame K is aimed in any direction, and the axis of the coordinate systems parallel to each other, the gravitational field strength and the torsion field are converted as follows:\nis an antisymmetric tensor of rank 2, for it . The tensor has six independent components, three of which are related to the components of the vector of gravitational field strength , and the other three are related to the components of the torsion field vector .\nThe Lorentz transformations of the coordinates preserve two invariants arising from the tensor properties of the field:\nThe first expression is the contraction of the tensor, and the second is defined as the pseudoscalar invariant. In the latter expression the Levi-Civita symbol is used for the four-dimensional space, which is a completely antisymmetric unit tensor, with its gauge\nEquation (2) is satisfied identically, which is proved by substituting into it the definition for the gravitational field tensor according to (1). If in (2) we use nonrecurring combinations 012, 013, 023 and 123 as the indices , and if we pass from the field potentials to the strengths, this leads to two vector equations:\nEquations (3) and (4) are two of the four Heaviside's equations for the gravitational field strengths in the Lorentz-invariant theory of gravitation. According to (3), the change in time of the torsion field creates circular gravitational field strength, which leads to the effect of gravitational induction, and equation (4) states that the torsion field, as well as the magnetic field, has no sources. Equations (3) and (4) can also be obtained from equality to zero of the 4-vector, which is found by the formula:\nAnother couple of gravitational field equations is also expressed in terms of the gravitational field tensor:\nwhere is the 4-vector of mass current density, is the matter density in the comoving reference frame, is the velocity of the matter unit, is the gravitational constant.\nIn the expanded form the equation for the field strengths with field sources are as follows:\nwhere is the density of the moving mass, is the mass current density.\nAccording to the first of these equations, the gravitational field strength is generated by the matter density, and according to the second equation the circular torsion field is always accompanied by the mass current, or emerges due to the change in time of the gravitational field strength vector.\nGravitational four-force acting on the mass of a body can be expressed in terms of the gravitational field tensor and the 4-velocity of the body:\nThis expression can be derived, in particular, as the consequence of the axiomatic construction of the covariant theory of gravitation in the language of 4-vectors and tensors. \nIf we take the covariant divergence of both sides of (5), and taking into account (1) we obtain: \nThe continuity equation for the mass 4-current is a gauge condition that is used to derive the field equation (5) from the principle of least action. Therefore, the contraction of the gravitational tensor and the Ricci tensor must be zero: . In Minkowski space the Ricci tensor equal to zero, the covariant derivative becomes the partial derivative, and the continuity equation becomes as follows:\nThe wave equation for the gravitational tensor is written as: \nTotal Lagrangian for the matter in gravitational and electromagnetic fields includes the gravitational field tensor and is contained in the action function: \nwhere is Lagrangian, is differential of coordinate time, is a certain coefficient, is the scalar curvature, is the cosmological constant, which is a function of the system, is the speed of light as a measure of the propagation speed of electromagnetic and gravitational interactions, is the electromagnetic 4-potential, where is the electric scalar potential, and is the electromagnetic vector potential, is the electromagnetic 4-current, is the electric constant, is the electromagnetic tensor, is the 4-potential of acceleration field, and are the constants of acceleration field and pressure field, respectively, is the acceleration tensor, is the 4-potential of pressure field, is the pressure field tensor, is the invariant 4-volume, is the square root of the determinant of metric tensor, taken with a negative sign, is the product of differentials of the spatial coordinates.\nThe variation of the action function by 4-coordinates leads to the equation of motion of the matter unit in gravitational and electromagnetic fields and pressure field: \nwhere the first term on the right is the gravitational force density, expressed with the help of the gravitational field tensor, second term is the Lorentz electromagnetic force density for the charge density measured in the comoving reference frame, and the last term sets the pressure force density.\nThe covariant derivative of the gravitational stress-energy tensor determines the 4-vector of gravitational force density:\nGeneralized momentum and Hamiltonian mechanicsedit\nBy definition, the generalized momentum characterizes the total momentum of the matter unit taking into account the momenta from the gravitational and electromagnetic fields. In the covariant theory of gravitation the generalized force, as the rate of change of the generalized momentum by the coordinate time, depends also on the gradient of the energy of gravitational field associated with the matter unit and determined by the gravitational field tensor. \nIn the weak-field approximation Hamiltonian as the relativistic energy of a body with the mass and the charge with equals:\nIf we use the covariant 4-vector of generalized velocity\nthen in the general case the Hamiltonian has the form: \nwhere and are timelike components of 4-vectors and .\nIf we move to the reference frame that is fixed relative to the center of mass of system, Hamiltonian will determine the invariant energy of the system.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Get ready for a spectacular sight in our skies this week.\nFor the first time since 2005, the planets Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn will all be visible at the same time.\nAccording to EarthSky.org, the 5 planets will be visible just before dawn starting Wednesday, January 20, 2016.\nSunrise in Denver on Wednesday is at 7:17 a.m. Twilight begins 30 minutes earlier.\nIf you don’t get to see the planets this week, these five planets will be visible each day before dawn through February 20, 2016.\nAll five planets will be visible to the naked eye so you don’t need a telescope, but EarthSky.org recommends binoculars to help you spot Mercury.\nJupiter will be the first planet to rise each evening followed by Mars, Saturn, Venus and Mercury which rise overnight and early morning.\nVenus will likely be the easiest to spot as it is the brightest object in the sky behind the moon and the sun. You can spot Venus by looking toward the southeast.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Publication list from ADSThe Copernicus publication list through December, 1997\nis the result of a query to the ADS service using the keywords COPERNICUS and OAO-3. Note : the following link is not section 508 compliant.\nHEASARC Home | Observatories | Archive | Calibration | Software | Tools | Students/Teachers/Public\nLast modified: Tuesday, 07-Oct-2003 11:28:12 EDT", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "A strawberry moon — the first full moon in June — and the summer solstice will meet on the same day Monday, the first time that has happened since 1948.\nThe solstice means we’ll get about 15 hours and 37 minutes of daylight in these latitudes. That’s almost seven more hours of light than we got on the winter solstice, Dec. 22 (you may also remember that it was quite a bit colder, too).\nThe strawberry moon will appear at 6:02 Monday morning, while the solstice officially occurs at 5:34 p.m., when the sun shines most directly over the Tropic of Cancer, says meteorologist Todd Nelson.\nThe poetic name of this moon comes from the Algonquin tribes, who named it for the fruits ripening at this phase, according to the Old Farmer’s Almanac, while Europeans called it the rose moon.\nWith strawberries in season, a full moon overhead and Minnesota’s short summer in its full glory, Monday looks like a good day to bask.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "This event occurs daily, every 1 day(s).\nThroughout the ages, the poets and composers have been inspired by love and its relationship to the cosmos.\nValentine couples (ages 21 and up) can enjoy an evening of \"Love Under the Stars\" from 7 to 9:30 p.m. Friday and Saturday, Feb. 14 and 15, at the Earth and Space Science Center at Tyler Junior College. This year's all new dome show in the newly updated Hudnall Planetarium will include a discussion on love stories about the constellations and the mythology behind them. The dome program will also include a look at the constellations visible in the night sky and a virtual tour through the solar system and beyond to visit places in the universe that have inspired or were inspired by love. Admission includes: heavy hors d'oeuvres and beverages; brand new full-dome planetarium show; an outdoor, telescopic viewing (weather permitting); a couples' gift basket; and a commemorative photo. **ONLY ONE TICKET PER COUPLE IS REQUIRED**\n$85 per couple\nWe make every effort to ensure the accuracy of this information. However, you should always call ahead to confirm dates, times, location, and other information.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Mon, Apr 08|\nThe Well-Worn Soul Wellness Center\nSolar Eclipse Sound Bath\nDive into the transformative waves of the Solar Eclipse! Join a community of kindred spirits as the celestial vibrations of crystal singing bowls guide you towards deep relaxation and rejuvenation.\nTime & Location\nApr 08, 2024, 6:30 PM – 8:00 PM\nThe Well-Worn Soul Wellness Center, 1117 Old County Rd, Severna Park, MD 21146, USA\nAbout the event\nExperience the cosmic energies of the Solar Eclipse with us at The Well-Worn Soul. As the resonant vibrations cascade through the room, you'll find yourself enveloped in waves of rejuvenating energy. This Solar Ecipse is a unique opportunity to release the remnants of the past and manifest your brightest future. The infusion of Cosmic Reiki amplifies the healing power of each note, washing away stress and tension, and restoring a harmonious balance to your mind, body, and soul.\nJoin our community of like-minded individuals on this collective journey toward Energetic Renewal. Bring your own yoga mat to ensure maximum comfort, and consider bringing a pillow to enhance your relaxation experience. This event is a sacred invitation to align with the vibrational frequencies of releasing and manifestation. Don't miss the opportunity to be part of this transformative and uplifting experience!\nMay the vibrations of the sound bath resonate with your inner essence and pave the way for a harmonious future. Be sure to bring your own yoga mat to ensure maximum comfort. We also recommend bringing a pillow for added relaxation. This is an event you won't want to miss!\n- Ticket type\nThe Well-Worn TicketPricePay what you wantSale ended", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "The Lunar X-Prize site is featuring a design idea by the Selene team which really pushes on traditional thoughts about what landers might look like and how they work:\nWe are now pursuing a new lunar rover concept which involves deploying a rover that hovers above the lunar surface once the lander is secure on the lunar surface.\nThis new lunar rover uses a tether on a spool attached to a counterbalance. As the spool rotates, the cable unwinds in a measured and tightly controlled fashion ensuring a gradually increasing, spiral orbit for the rover around the lander as the rover attempts to travel the required 500m distance. Because centripetal force will vary based on the radius of the path travelled by the rover, the rotation speed of the spool must be constantly adjusted to hold the altitude of the rover steady.\nThis kind of thing really gets you thinking. Most excellent idea Selene team!", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "On Thursday, February 18, when NASA received the message that persistence had entered the atmosphere of Mars, the rover’s destiny was already closed. of courseIt takes exactly 11 minutes and 22 seconds for the radio signal to travel at 205 million kilometers per hour, which separates the Earth from Mars. So NASA engineers fully automated the advent of the mobile robot. A follow-up visit to Franceinfo.fr, NASA website Or, in French Cnes site.\nSeven minutes before docking\nSince its launch on July 30, 2020, the steady state has traveled 471 million kilometers, at a speed of 85,000 kilometers per hour. By the time Mars enters its atmosphere, it has only fifty kilometers to reach its exploration site.\nBut this seven-minute flight was the most dangerous of his long journey. At this moment, the speed of the capsule carrying the steady state is still 20,000 kilometers per hour. The lower the capsule drops into the Martian atmosphere, the higher its cabin temperature than 1,300. This collision with the atmosphere of the Red Planet, which is protected by its heat shield, greatly slows the capsule.\nFour minutes before docking\nThe speed of the capsule is reduced to 1,200 kilometers per hour, approximately the speed of sound. This is when the capsule activates its supersonic parachute from the rear. This parachute was designed based on what was allowed Curiosity, The forerunner of the perseverance to successfully land on the Red Planet in 2012.\nThe canvas of this parachute is 21.5 meters wide, equivalent to a large house, and deploys within half a second. Return to the steady-state capsule: the on-board device receives information about speed and altitude. So he can activate the supersonic parachute at the right time. The speed of the braking capsule, which is linked to the parachute, is reduced to 300 km / h.\nTwo minutes before docking\nThe most dangerous stage is yet to come. At an altitude of 4 km above the surface of Mars, the rover and the sky crane (named after its space crane) are removed from the capsule, which has been in orbit for seven months. Soon, eight retrorockets of the Sky Crane began to gradually reduce its speed to 30 kilometers per hour, stabilizing the machine and placing it 20 meters above the landing site, located in the Jessero crater.\nWithin 30 seconds the perseverance will touch the soil of Mars. Then, thanks to three nylon cables, the Sky Crane of Perseverance is investing a whopping $ 2.5 billion on Mars. Disconnect the cables from the rover as soon as possible. The risk is that his flying crane will be towed. It’s going to crash tens of thousands of meters away.\nAfter 11 minutes, NASA scientists will be able to determine if the rosary can begin its mission: for evidence of ancient life on the Red Planet.\nProblem solver. Incurable bacon specialist. Falls down a lot. Coffee maven. Communicator.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA\nDepartment of Physics and Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA\nAstrophysics Science Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA\nUniversity of Maryland Baltimore County/CRESST, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA\nCroatian MAGIC Consortium, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, University of Rijeka, 51000, Rijeka, Croatia\nUniversity of Zagreb, Croatia\nUniversity of Split, Croatia\nInst. de Astrofísica de Canarias, E-38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain\nUniversidad de La Laguna, Dpto. Astrofísica, E-38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain\nICRR, The University of Tokyo, Japan\nMax-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany\nTuorla Observatory, University of Turku and Astronomy Division, Finland\nUniversidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain\nINAF National Institute for Astrophysics, I-00136 Rome, Italy\n: Received: 12 July 2016 / Approved: 13 July 2016 / Online: 13 July 2016 (05:36:15 CEST)\nThis is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.\nHow to cite:\nSitarek, J.; Becerra González, J.; Buson, S.; Dominis Prester, D.; Manganaro, M.; Mazin, D.; Nilsson, K.; Nievas, M.; Stamerra, A.; Tavecchio, F.; Vovk, I. Broad Band Observations Of Gravitationally Lensed Blazar QSO B0218+357 During A Gamma-Ray Outburst. Preprints2016, 2016070025 (doi: 10.20944/preprints201607.0025.v1).\nSitarek, J.; Becerra González, J.; Buson, S.; Dominis Prester, D.; Manganaro, M.; Mazin, D.; Nilsson, K.; Nievas, M.; Stamerra, A.; Tavecchio, F.; Vovk, I. Broad Band Observations Of Gravitationally Lensed Blazar QSO B0218+357 During A Gamma-Ray Outburst. Preprints 2016, 2016070025 (doi: 10.20944/preprints201607.0025.v1).\nQSO B0218+357 is a blazar located at a cosmological redshift of 0.944. The source is gravitationally lensed by a spiral galaxy located at the redshift of 0.68. Strong gravitational lensing splits the signals emitted by the source into two components separated by 10-12 days, as observed in radio and gamma-ray bands. In July 2014 a GeV flare was observed by Fermi-LAT, triggering follow-up observations with the MAGIC telescopes at energies above 100 GeV. The expected time delay between the components allowed us to plan broad band MWL observations before, during and after the trailing component of the emission. The MAGIC observations at the expected time of arrival of the trailing component resulted in the first detection of QSO B0218+357 in Very-High-Energy (VHE, >100 GeV) gamma rays. It is both the farthest known VHE object and one of only a few Flat Spectrum Radio Quasars detected in this energy range. We report here the observed multiwavelength spectral and temporal properties of the emission during the 2014 flare.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Difference between revisions of \"Winter\"\n|(4 intermediate revisions by 3 users not shown)|\n|Line 1:||Line 1:|\nLatest revision as of 12:39, 13 April 2014\nA time in the year\nwhere the earth is furthest from the sun in it's revolution around the sun But alas! This is a common misconception. Winter is caused by the rays of the sun no longer being perpendicular to the surface of the earth in the area you live, which causes them to bounce off more or something - it's about sun ray angle, not distance from the sun. This causes colder temperatures and make me want to ride when I can't which sucks.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "“…It is said that Augustine of Hippo, the Bishop in Roman Carthage (A.D. 354 – 430), the greatest thinker of the Christian Church in its early centuries, who fused the religion of the New Testament with the Platonistic tradition of Greek philosophy, was asked, “What is time?” His answer was, “If no one asks me, I know what it is; if I wish to explain what it is to him who asks me, I do not know.”\n“…Time is essential to Earth, and all that is upon it, and to each one of us as individuals; for, as we know from our own experience and observations, what separates us from the moment we are born and the moment when we cease to live is TIME.\n“…Though we know not what Time is, we have found ways to measure it. We count our lifetime in years – which come to think of it – is another way of saying “orbits,” for that is what a “year” on Earth is…\n“…We do not know what time is, but the way we measure it makes us wonder: would we live longer, would our life cycle be different, were we to live on another planet whose “year” is longer? Would we be “immortal” if we were to live upon a “Planet of millions of years” – as, in fact, the Egyptian pharaohs believed that they would be, in an eternal Afterlife, once they joined the gods on that “Planet of millions of years?”\n“…Indeed, are there other planets “out there,” and, even more so, planets on which life as we know it could have evolved – or is our planetary system unique, and life on Earth unique, and we, humankind, are all alone – or did the pharaohs know what they were speaking of in their Pyramid Texts?\n“…Man has looked skyward from time immemorial, and has been wondering whether there are others like him out there, upon other earths. Logic, and mathematical probability, dictate a Yes answer, but it was only in 1991 that astronomers, for the first time, it was stressed, actually found other planets orbiting other suns elsewhere in the universe.\n“…The first discovery, in July 1991, turned out to be not entirely correct… they concluded that a rapidly spinning star identified as Pulsar 1829-10 has a “planet-sized companion” about ten times the size of the Earth. Pulsars are assumed to be the extraordinarily dense core of stars that have collapsed for one reason or another. Spinning madly, they emit pulses of radio energy in regular bursts, many times per second. Such pulses can be monitored by radio telescopes; by detecting a cyclic fluctuation the astronomers surmised that a planet that orbits Pulsar 1829-10 once every six months can cause and explain the fluctuation… Their calculations (British astronomers) were imprecise and, therefore, they could not stand by their conclusion that the pulsar, some 30,000 light-years away, had a planetary satellite.\n“…An American team had made a similar discovery pertaining to a much closer pulsar, identified as PSR 1257 + 12 – a collapsed sun only 1,300 light-years away from us. It exploded, astronomers estimated, a mere million years ago; and it definitely has two, and perhaps three, orbiting planets. The two certain ones were orbiting their sun at about the same distance as Mercury does our Sun; the possible third planet orbits its sun at about the same distance as Earth does our Sun.\n“…The discovery stirred speculation that planetary systems not only were fairly common but also could occur under diverse circumstances,” wrote John Noble Wilford in The New York Times of January 9, 1992; “scientists said it was most unlikely that planets orbiting pulsars could be hospitable to life; but the findings encouraged astronomers, who this fall will begin a systematic survey of the heavens for signs of intelligent extraterrestrial life.”\n“…Were then the pharaohs right?\n“…Long before the pharaohs and the Pyramid Texts, an ancient civilization – Man’s first known one – possessed an advanced cosmogony. Six thousand years ago, in ancient Sumer, what astronomers have discovered in the 1990s was already known…\n“…One long text, written on seven tablets, has reached us primarily in its later Babylonian version. Called the Epic of Creation and known by its opening words Enuma Elish, it was publicly read during the New Year festival that started on the first day of the month Nissan, coinciding with the first day of spring.\n“…Philosophers and scientists, contemplating the universe and offering modern cosmogonies, invariably end up discussing Time. Is Time a dimension in itself, or perhaps the only true dimension in the universe? Does time only flow forward, or can it flow backward? Is the present part of the past or of the future? And, not least of all, did Time have a beginning? For, if so, will it have an end? If the universe has existed forever, without a beginning and thus without an end, is Time too without a beginning and without an end – or did the universe indeed have a beginning, perhaps with the Big Bang assumed by many astrophysicists, in which case Time began when the universe began?\n“…Those who conceived the amazingly accurate Sumerian cosmogony also believed in a Beginning ( and thus, inexorably, in an End), it is clear that they conceived Time as a measure, the pacesetter from, and the marker of, a beginning in a celestial saga; for the very first word of the ancient Epic of Creation, Enuma, means When.\n“…It must have taken great scientific minds to conceive of a primordial phase when “naught existed but primordial Apsu, their begetter; Mummu, and Tiamat” – when Earth had not yet come into being; and to realize that for Earth and all upon in the “big bang” was not when the universe or even the Solar System was created, but the event of the Celestial Battle (when the planet Nibiru’s satellites and the planet itself later collided with the planet Tiamat). It was then, at that moment, that Time began for Earth – the moment when, separated from the half of Tiamat that became the Asteroid Belt (“heaven”), Earth was shunted to its new orbit and could start counting the years, the months, the days, the nights – to measure Time.\n“…This scientific view, central to ancient cosmogony, religion, and mathematics, was expressed in many other Sumerian texts besides the Epic of Creation. A text treated by scholars as the “myth” of “Enki and the World Order,” but which is literally the autobiographical tale by Enki, the Sumerian god of science, describe the moment when – When – Time began to tick for Earth.\n“…Another text, in words often repeated on Sumerian clay tablets, conveyed the notion of Beginning by listing the many aspects of evolution and civilization that had not yet come into being before the crucial event. Before then, the text asserted, “the name of Man had not yet been called” and “needful things had not yet been brought into being.” All those developments started to take place only “after heaven had been moved away from Earth, after Earth had been separated from heaven.”\n“…It is not surprising that the same notions of Time’s beginnings also ruled Egyptians beliefs, whose development was subsequent to those of the Sumerians. We read in The Pyramid Texts (para. 1466) the following description of the Beginning of Things:\nWhen heaven had not yet come into existence,\nWhen men had not yet come into existence,\nWhen gods had not yet been born,\nWhen death had not yet come into existence…\n“…This knowledge, universal in antiquity and stemming from the Sumerian cosmogony, was echoed in the very first verse of Genesis, the first book of the Hebrew Bible:\nIn the beginning\nElohim created the heaven and the earth,\nAnd the earth was without form and void\nand darkness was upon the face of Tehom,\nand the wind of the Lord swept over its waters.\n“…It is now well established that this biblical tale of creation was based on Mesopotamian texts such as Enuma Elish, with Tehom meaning Tiamat, the “wind” meaning “satellites,” in Sumerian, and “heaven,” described as the “hammered out bracelet,” the Asteroid Belt, the Bible, however, is clearer regarding the moment of the Beginning as far as Earth was concerned; the biblical version picks up the Mesopotamian cosmogony only from the point of the separation of the Earth from the Shama’im the Hammered Bracelet, as a result of the breakup of Tiamat.\n“…For Earth, Time began with the Celestial Battle.\nOf the Planet Nibiru/Marduk it is said:\nHe established the station of Nibiru,\nto determine their heavenly bands,\nthat none might transgress or fall short …\nHe established for the planets their\nHe keeps hold on their ways,\ndetermines their courses.\n“…Thus, states Enuma Elish (Tablet V, line 65), “He created the Heaven and the Earth” – the very same words used in the book of Genesis.\n“…The Celestial Battle eliminated Tiamat as a member of the old Solar System, thrust half of it into a new orbit to become Planet Earth, retained the Moon as a vital component of the Solar System, detached Pluto into an independent orbit, and added Nibiru as the twelfth member of the New Order in our heavens. For Earth and its inhabitants, those were to become the elements that determined time.\n“…To this day, the key role that the number twelve played in Sumerian science and daily life (in line with the twelve member Solar System) has accompanied us throughout the millennia. They divided the “day” (from sunset to sunset) into twelve “double-hours,” retained into modern times in the twelve-hour clock and the twenty-four hour day. The twelve months in the year are still with us, as are the twelve houses of the zodiac. This celestial number had many other expressions, as in the twelve tribes of Israel or the twelve apostles of Jesus.\nThe Sumerian mathematical system is called sexagesimal, i.e. “based on sixty” rather than on 100 as in the metric system (in which one meter is equal to 100 centimeters). This system, the sexagesimal, has been explained in previous books by Mr. Sitchin.\n“…The sar, 3,600 Earth-years, was the orbital period of Nibiru around the Sun; for any one in Nibiru, it was just one Nibiru-year. According to the Sumerians, there were indeed others, intelligent beings, on Nibiru, evolving there well ahead of hominids on Earth. The Sumerians called them Anunnaki, literally meaning “Those who from Heaven to Earth came.”\n“…Texts known as the Sumerian King Lists which describe the first settlements of the Anunnaki on Earth, list the governorship of the first ten Anunnaki leaders before the Deluge in sars, the 3,600 Earth-year cycles. From the first landing to the Deluge, according to those first texts, 120 sars had passed: Nibiru orbited the Sun one hundred and twenty times, which equals 432,000 Earth-years. It was on the one hundred twentieth orbit that the gravitational pull of Nibiru was such that it caused the ice sheet that accumulated over Antarctica to slip off into the southern oceans, creating the immense tidal wave that engulfed the Earth – the great flood or Deluge, recorded in the Bible from much earlier and much more detailed Sumerian sources.\n“…Legends and ancient lore gave this number, 432,000, cyclical significance beyond the land then called Sumer. In Hamlet’s Mill, Giorgio de Santillana and Hertha von Dechend, searching for “a point where myth and science join,” concluded that “432,000 was a number of significance from old.” Among the examples cited by them was the Teutonic and Norse tale of the Valhalla, the mythic abode of the slain warriors who, on the Day of Judgment, will march out of the Valhalla’s gates to fight at the side of the god Odin or Woden against the giants. They would exit through the Valhalla’s 540 doors, eight hundred warriors would march out of each. The total number of warrior-heroes, Santillana and von Dechend pointed out, was thus 432,000.\nA representation of Gods and Giants in the Valhalla (In one of Richard Wagner’s Operas, San Francisco, U.S.A.)\nA house stands on shores of Jokulsa, a Fjoltum river, where the myth of Odin’s horse Slaettur is remembered.\n…”This number,” they continued, “must have had a very ancient meaning, for it is also the number of syllables in the Rigveda,” the “Sacred Book of Verses” in the Sanskrit language, in which have been recorded the Indo-European tales of gods and heroes. Four hundred thirty-two thousand, the two authors wrote, “goes back to the basic figure 10,800, the number of stanzas in the Rigveda, with 40 syllables to a stanza” (10,800 x 40 = 432,000).\n“…Hindu traditions clearly associated the number 432,000 with the yugas or ages that Earth and Mankind had experienced. Each caturyuga (“great yuga”) was divided into four yugas or Ages whose diminishing lengths were expressions of 432,000:\n- first the Fourfold Age (4 x 432,000 = 1,728,000 years) which was the Golden Age,\n- then the Threefold Age of Knowledge (3 x 432,000 = 1,296,000 years), followed by\n- the Double or Twofold Age of Sacrifice (2 x 432,000 = 864,000 years); and finally\n- our present era, the Age of Discord which lasts a mere 432,000 years.\n…All in all these Hindu traditions envision ten eons, paralleling the ten Sumerian rulers of the pre-Diluvial era but expanding the overall time span to 432,000 years.\n“…Further expanded, such astronomical numbers based on 432,000 were applied in Hindu religion and traditions to the kalpa, the “Day” of the Lord Brahma. It was defined as a eon comprising twelve million devas (“Divine Years”). Each Divine Year in turn equals 360 Earth-years. Therefore, a “Day of the Lord Brahma” equaled 4,320,000,000 Earth-years – a time span very much like modern estimates of the age of our Solar System – arrived at by multiplications of 360 and 12.\nLord Brahma, always depicted with four Heads.\nLord Brahma, always depicted with four Heads.\nMr. Sitchin continues:\n…4,320,000,000 is, however, a thousandfold great yugas – a fact brought out in the eleventh century by the Arab mathematician Abu Rayhan al-Biruni, who explained that the kalpa consisted of 1,000 cycles of caturyugas. One could thus paraphrase the mathematics of the Hindu celestial calendar by stating that in the eyes of the Lord Brahma, a thousand cycles were but a single day. This brings to mind the enigmatic statement in Psalms (90:4) regarding the Divine Day of the biblical Lord:\nA thousand years, in thy eyes,\n[are] as a day past, gone by.\n“…The Hindu traditions were brought to the Indian subcontinent by “Aryan” migrants from the shores of the Caspian Sea, cousins of the Indo-Europeans who were the Hittites of Asia Minor (today’s Turkey) and the Hurrians of the upper Euphrates River, through whom Sumerian knowledge and beliefs were transmitted to the Indo-Europeans… The Vedas were held to be “not of human origin,” having been composed by the gods themselves in a previous age. In time the various components of the Vedas and the auxiliary literature that derived from them (the Mantras, Brahmanas, etc.) were augmented by the non-Vedic Puranas (“Ancient Writings”) and the great epic tales of the Mahabarata and Ramayana. In them ages deriving from multiples of 3,600 also predominate, thus, according to the Vishnu Purana, “the day that Krishna shall depart from Earth will be the first day of the day of Kali; it will continue for 360,000 years of mortals.” This is a reference to the concept that the Kaliyuga, the present age, is divided to a dawn or “morning twilight” of 100 divine years that equal 36,000 Earth or “mortal” years, the age itself (1,000 divine years equaling 360,000 Earth-years), and a dusk or “evening twilight” of a final 100 divine years (36,000 mortal-years) adding up to 1,200 divine or 432,000 Earth-years.\n“…The depth of such widespread beliefs in a Divine Cycle of 432,000 years, equaling 120 orbits of 3,600 Earth-years each of Nibiru, makes one wonder whether they represent merely arithmetical sleights of hand – or, in some unknown way, a basic natural or astronomical phenomenon recognized in antiquity by the Anunnaki. We have shown in The 12th Planet, the first book of The Earth Chronicles series, that the Deluge was a global calamity anticipated by the Anunnaki, resulting by the gravitational pull of the nearing Nibiru on the unstable ice age to an abrupt end circa 13,000 years ago, and was thus recorded in Earth’s cycles as a major geological and climatic change.\n“…The last geological epoch, called the Pleistocene, began about 2,500,000 years ago and ended at the time of the Deluge; it was the time span during which:\n- hominids evolved\n- the Anunnaki came to Earth\n- Man, Homo sapiens, was brought into being\n“…And it was during the Pleistocene that a cycle of approximately 430,000 years was identified in marine sediments…\n…Such a cyclic periodicity conforms with the Astronomical Theory of climatic modulations that takes into account changes due to obliquity (the Earth’s tilt), precession (the slight orbital retardation), and eccentricity (the shape of the elliptical orbit)…\nMr. Sitchin includes a few more cyclic details, then he continues:\n…The “myth” of Divine Ages thus appears to be based on scientific facts.\n“…The element of Time features in the ancient records, both Sumerian and biblical, not only as a point of beginning – “When.” The process of creation is at once linked to the measurement of time, measurements that in turn are linked to determine celestial motions… In the biblical version, it took the Lord two divine “days” to complete the task (of creation); hopefully, even Fundamentalists, will by now agree that these were not day and night days as we now know them, for the two “days” occurred before Earth had yet come into existence (and besides, let them heed the Psalmist’s statement of the Lord’s Day being equal to a thousand years or so). The Mesopotamian version clearly measures Creation Time or Divine Time by the passages of Nibiru, in an orbit equaling 3,600 Earth-years…\n“…Once the focus shifts to Earth and ultimately to Man upon it, the scale of Time also shifts – to an Earthly Time – to a scale appropriate not only to Man’s abode but also to one that Mankind could grasp and measure: Day, Month, Year.\n“…Even as we consider these familiar elements of Earthly Time, it should be born in mind that all three of them are also expressions of celestial motions – cyclical motions – involving a complex correlation between Earth, Moon, and Sun.\n“…But such basic truths regarding the causes of the Earthly Time cycles of day, month, year are not self-evident and required advanced scientific knowledge to be realized. For the better part of two thousand years it was believed, for example, that the day-night cycle resulted from the circling of Earth by the Sun; for from the time of Ptolemy of Alexandria (second century A.D.) until the “Copernican Revolution” in 1543 A.D., the unquestionable belief was that the Sun, the Moon, and the visible planets were circling the Earth, which was the center of the universe.\nAbove and below: Plates illustrating the Copernican system, in the Harmonia Macrocosmica Atlas.\n“…The suggestion by Nicolaus Copernicus that the Sun was at the center and the Earth was just another celestial body orbiting it, like any other planet, was so revolutionary scientifically and heretical religiously that he delayed writing his great astronomical work (De revolutionibus coelestium; English translation, On the Revolutions of Celestial Spheres) and his friends delayed printing it until his very last day, May 24, 1543. This motions (as described in The Enuma Elish text) were attributed to the “destinies” (orbits) that the Celestial Lord (Nibiru) gave Earth and its moon as a result of the Celestial Battle:\nThe Moon he caused to shine,\nto it the night entrusting;\nIn the night the days to signal\nhe appointed it, [saying:]\nMonthly, without cease, form designs with a crown.\nAt the month’s very start, rising over the Earth,\nthou shall have luminous horns to signify six days,\nreaching a crescent the seventh day.\nAt mid month stand still opposite the Sun;\nit shall overtake thee at the horizon.\nThen diminish thy crown and regress in light,\nat that time approaching the Sun;\nAnd on the 30th day thou shalt stand against the Sun.\nI have appointed thee a destiny; follow the path.\n…”Thus,” the ancient text concluded, did the Celestial Lord “appoint the days and established the precincts of night and day.”\n“…By listing the two luminaries (Sun and Moon) as responsible for the months and the days and the years, the complex lunar-solar nature of that calendar’s antiquity (Mesopotamian-Hebrew calendar) is also presented. Over the millennia of Mankind’s efforts to measure time by devising a calendar, some (as the Moslems continue to this day) have followed only the Moon’s cycles; others (as the ancient Egyptians and the Common Era calendars in use in the Western world) have adopted the solar year, conveniently dividing it into “months.” But the calendar devised about fifty-eight hundred years ago in Nippur (Sumer’s religious center) and still adhered to by the Jews retained the biblically stated complexity of time-keeping based on the orbital relationship between the Earth and the two luminaries.\n“…Scholars have been puzzled by the fact that the Zo’har (The Book of Splendor), an Aramaic-Hebrew composition which is a central work in the literature of Jewish mysticism known as Kabbalah, unmistakably explained – in the thirteenth century of the Christian era – that the cause of the day’s changing into night was the turning of the Earth around its own axis… The Zo’har’s source was the third century Rabbi Hamnuna!\n“…Such advanced knowledge, seemingly ahead of its time, can be explained only by the retention of the earlier sophisticated knowledge that permeates the Bible and its earlier Sumerian sources. Indeed, Kabbalah literally means “that which was received,” earlier secret knowledge transmitted from generation to generation… The Talmud, recording such data and commentaries from about 300 B.C. to about A.D. 500, is replete with astronomical snippets…” among them the Comet Halley is mentioned as “a star which appears once in seventy years and confounds the mariners.”\nMr. Sitchin continues “Rabbi Gamliel of Jabneh possessed a tubular optical instrument with which he observed the stars and planets – fifteen centuries before the “official” invention of the telescope.\n“…The need to know the heavenly secrets stemmed from the lunar-solar nature of the Jewish (i.e. Nippurian) calendar, which required a complex adjustment – “intercalation” – between the solar year and the lunar year, the latter falling short of the former by 10 days, 21 hours, 6 minutes and about 45.5 seconds. That shortfall equals 7/19 of a synodic month, and, therefore, a lunar year can be realigned with the solar year by adding seven lunar months to every nineteen solar years. Astronomy books credit the Athenian astronomer Meton (circa 430 B.C.) with the discovery of this nineteen-year cycle; but the knowledge in fact goes back millennia, to ancient Mesopotamia.\nOld Jewish Talmud\n“…In the purely lunar calendars, as is still the case in the Moslem calendar, the holidays keep slipping back by about a month every three years. The Nippurian calendar, having been devised to maintain a cycle of holidays connected with the seasons, could not allow such an ongoing slippage: the New Year, for example had to begin on the first day of spring. This required, from the very beginning of Sumerian civilization, a precise knowledge of the motions of the Earth and the Moon, and their correlation with the Sun and thus the secrets of intercalation. It also required understanding how the seasons come about.\n“…The discovery of the solstices has also been attributed to Meton and his colleague, the Athenian Euctemon. But in fact such knowledge goes back to much earlier times. The rich astronomical vocabulary of the Talmud had already applied the term Neti’yah (from the verb Natoh, “to tilt, inclined turn sideways”) to the modern equivalent term “obliquity” a millennium earlier the Bible recognized the notion of the Earth’s axis by attributing the day-night cycle to a “line” drawn through the Earth (Psalms 19:5); and the Book of Job, speaking of the formation of the Earth and its mysteries, attributed to the Celestial Lord the creation of an inclined line, a tilted axis, for the Earth (Job 38:5). Using the term Natoh, the book of Job refers to the Earth’s tilted axis and the North Pole when it states:\nHe tilted north over the void\nand hangeth the Earth upon nothing at all.\n“…If a line is drawn between the sunrise and sunset points for each solstice, the result is such that the two lines cross above the viewer’s head, forming a giant x that divides the Earth, and the skies above it, into four parts. This division has been recognized in antiquity and is referred to in the Bible when it speaks of the “four corners of the Earth” and the “four corners of the skies.” The resulting division of the circle of the Earth and the skies in four parts that look like triangles rounded at their bases created for the ancient peoples the image of “wings.” The Bible thus spoke of the “four wings of the Earth” as well as of the “four wings of the skies.”\n“…A Babylonian map of the Earth, for the first millennium B.C., illustrated this concept of “four corners of the Earth” by literally depicting four “wings” attached to the circular Earth.\n“…The fourfold division of the solar year (two solstices, two equinoxes) was combined in antiquity with the lunar motions to create the first known formal calendar, the lunar-solar calendar of Nippur. It was used by the Akkadians, Babylonians, Assyrians, and other nations after them, and remains in use to this very day as the Jewish calendar.\n“…For Mankind, Earthly Time began in 3760 B.C.; we know the exact date because in the year 1992 of the common Era, the Jewish calendar counts the year 5752.\n“…Between Earthly Time and Divine Time there is Celestial Time.\n“…From the moment Noah stepped out of the ark, needing reassurance that the watery end of all flesh would not soon recur, Mankind has lived with a lingering notion – or is it a recollection? – of cycles or eons or Ages of Earth’s destruction and resurrection, and has looked to the heavens for celestial signs, omens of good or bad to come.\n“…From its Mesopotamian roots the Hebrew language retains the term Mazal as meaning “luck, fortune” which would be either good or bad. Little is it realized that the term is a celestial one, meaning zodiac house, and harkens back to the time when astronomy and astrology were one and the same, and priests atop temple-towers followed the movements of the Celestial Gods to see in which house of the zodiac – in which Manzalu, in Akkadian – they stood that night.\n“…But it was not Man who had first grouped the myriads of stars into recognizable constellations, defined and named those that spanned the ecliptic, and divided them into twelve to create the twelve houses of the zodiac. It was the Anunnaki who had conceived of that for their own needs; Man adopted that as his link, his means to ascent, to the heavens from the mortality of life on Earth.\n“…It is evident from the Sumerian King Lists and other texts dealing with the affairs of the Anunnaki that for a long time – certainly until the Deluge – they retained the sar, the 3,600 Earth-years of Nibiru, as the divine unit of time. But what could they do somehow to create a reasonable relationship, other than 1:3600, between that Divine Time and the Earthly Time.\n“…The solution was provided by the phenomenon called precession.”\nAt this point Mr. Sitchin gives more details of measurements of Time, followed by a quote from the mythologist Joseph Campbell:\n“…By a miracle that I have found no one to interpret, the arithmetic that was developed in Sumer as early as c. 3200 B.C., whether by coincidence or by intuitive induction so matched the celestial order as to amount in itself to a revelation.” The “miracle” as we have since shown, was provided by advance knowledge of the Anunnaki.\n“…Modern astronomy, as well as modern exact sciences owes much to the Sumerian “firsts.”\nAfter more interesting calculations quoted from various mathematicians, Mr. Sitchin reaches to the change of zodiacal house:\n“…we have been in the “Age” (or zodiac) of Pisces since about 60 B.C., and slowly but surely we will soon enter the Age of Aquarius. It is such a shift – the change from a fading zodiacal age – to the start of another zodiacal age – that is the coming of a New Age.\n“…As Mankind on Earth awaits the change with anticipation, many are those who wonder what the change will bring with it – of what Mazal with it be a harbinger? Bliss or upheavals, an end – or a new beginning? The end of the Old Order or the start of a New Order on Earth, perhaps the prophesied return of the Kingdom of Heaven on Earth?\n“…Does Time only flow forward or can it flow backward, philosophers have wondered. In fact, Time does shift backward, for that is the essence of the phenomenon of precession: the retardation of Earth’s orbit around the Sun that causes, once in about 2,160 years, the observance of sunrise on the spring equinox not in the next zodiacal house but in the preceding one… Celestial Time, as we have designated it, does not progress in the direction of Earthly (and all Planetary) Time, counterclockwise; rather, it moves in the opposite direction, matching the orbital (clockwise) direction of Nibiru.\n“…Celestial Time does flow backward, as far as we on Earth are concerned; and therefore, in zodiacal terms, the Past is the Future.\n“…Let us examine the Past.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Why would a designer leave debris floating in space?\nAre cratered planetary landscapes and moonscapes, and colliding galaxies, evidence against an Intelligent Designer?\nWhat’s a billion years between friends?\nHow easy it seems to simply adjust an age that does not fit the evolutionary long-age narrative. Sometimes, there are no qualms about changing a ‘date’ by a billion years!\nPlanet found outside our galaxy?\nHas a planet really been discovered outside our galaxy? How could they find it? Could it support life?\nThe volcanism and age of Io\nDoes recent modelling solve the long-age problems with Io?\nDid God use a big bang?\nIs the big bang compatible with God’s creation described in Genesis?\nThe antikythera mechanism\nThe Antikythera Mechanism has proven to be an astonishingly complex mechanical computer capable of predicting the planets positions contradicting evolutionary ideas of primitive ancient man\nFaster than Light?\nA star appears to explode faster than the cosmic speed limit.\nThe origin of meteorite chondrules\nA naturalistic origin for these is not even in sight.\nMichael J. Oard\nShould we make a treaty with aliens that might have advanced weapons and could destroy us before we know it? Who would sign it; for the people, for the aliens?\nA lesson from Pluto\nGoing, going, gone! Lessons from a disappearing planet.\nMissing Matter found?\nA new study claims to have found the same amount of matter as the Big Bang predicted\nThe UK’s National Secular Society does not want religious creationism taught in schools, but they are OK with religious humanism being taught.\nThe Bible declares: In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth. Genesis 1:1\n-- Loading --\nCity / Postal Code\n-- Loading --", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "It was a great experience. I had attended two FIP seminars But Frankly speaking , this was the best .\nI had never attended any seminar like this before. This was my first experience to be a part of this. I learnt so much things related to astronomy and physics and inspired by the work done by the Astro Club of Fergusson College of managing such program. I really thanks to Astro Vlub who gave me chance to interact with eminent personalities and thanks to my teacher Dr. Lakhotiya sir which is the alumni of FC who guide me for attend this program.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "“The heavens declare the glory of God; the skies proclaim the work of his hands. Day after day they pour forth speech; night after night they display knowledge. There is no speech or language where their voice is not heard. Their voice goes out into all the earth, their words to the ends of the world.” (Psalm 19:1-4)\nI am very thankful to have captured this photo of the Aurora Australis (the Southern Lights), the southern counterpart of the Aurora Borealis in the northern hemisphere.\nIf you look carefully, you can also see the famous Southern Cross constellation, which adorns our Australian flag. However, it was diagonally upside down at the time of year when this was shot.\nI had been wanting to capture the Aurora Australis for a long time, but trying to get the solar forecast to line up with the weather forecast, the work forecast and the babysitting forecast was actually more of an improbability than the Southern Lights appearing here at 42 degrees south latitude. Thankfully one day they ALL came together, and the Lord blessed me with this wonderful shot.\nBecause this photo of the Aurora Australis was taken a couple days out from the summer solstice I needed to wait until nearly 11 pm for it to be dark enough to start capturing the aurora. And as usual, on those clear, still days, the fire service was doing a burn-off, so the horizon was blanketed with a deep orange haze. This was still visible to the camera, and it showed up in this shot. I really like it, though, because it looks like a “night rainbow” to me.\nWhenever I look at the night sky and realize that many of the “stars” I see are actually entire galaxies with countless more stars, it blows my mind. I cannot begin to comprehend the vastness of the Universe, nor the vastness of the wisdom of my God to create and maintain the natural world. God, you are AWESOME!!\n“For since the creation of the world God’s invisible qualities–his eternal power and divine nature–have been clearly seen, being understood from what has been made, so that men are without excuse [of being ignorant of the existence of God]” (Romans 1:20).\nHave you ever sat under the night sky and wondered about all of the magnificent laws of physics, which God spoke into being and caused to govern the Universe, that makes life on earth not only possible but abundant? We need just the right gravity, electromagnetism, temperatures, chemicals, water, atmosphere and location in the galaxy among many other things. What are the odds all of these factors coming together in the proper quantities in order to support life on earth (or any other planet, for that matter)?\nMathematicians say nil.\n(If you would like to investigate more about God, please see “Is God Real?”, which answers 14 common questions people have about God. There are also many links to other articles, websites and videos for further study.)", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "THE ORIGIN OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM\nIn the beginning in a cold gas cloud near where the solar system lies today, there was a competition between a physical process, gravitational collapse, and a chemical process, the formation of dust and rocks. When stars formed the strong UV light emitted by the stars evaporated the gas and stopped the formation of the dust, rocks and ultimately the planets. Such a competition is taking place today in the Trifid nebula (left) as imaged by the Hubble Space Telescope.\n\"A cocoon nebula, perhaps the primordial solar nebula\" by William K. Hartmann\nInside the early solar nebula, the sun shone dimly in visible light as the dust and protoplanets formed as illustrated in a painting by W. Hartmann (right). In the region now called the asteroid belt, this process stopped when Jupiter formed by a gravitational instability. Again physical and chemical processes were in competition. Jupiter orbited the sun at a different rate than the protoplanets, closer to the sun, and its periodic gravitational pull stirred up the bodies in the \"asteroid belt\" shutting off the planetary formation process leaving baby planets a fraction of the size of Earth but very much indicative of the protoplanets that led to the formation of the terrestrial planets.\nThe figure below shows Vesta. Ceres as seen by the Hubble Space Telescope. These two bodies are much more massive than any body yet visited in this region of Space and are truly small planets. Also shown is the Near-Earth asteroid Eros that was recently explored by the NEAR mission.\nCeres, the largest asteroid and the first to be discovered, is named after the Roman goddess of agriculture. It was discovered by Giuseppe Piazzi of the Palermo Observatory on Jan. 1, 1801. Additional observations by Piazzi were cut short due to illness. Carl Friedrich Gauss, at the age of 24, was able to solve a system of 17 linear equations to determine Ceres' orbit and to allow it to be rediscovered, a remarkable feat for this time. As a result within one year of its initial discovery, both Heinrich Olbers and Franz von Zach were able to relocate Ceres. It revolves around the Sun in 4.6 terrestrial years and has a diameter estimated at about 960 km (600 miles).\nGiuseppe Piazzi pointing at Ceres\nVesta, the brightest asteroid, is named for the ancient Roman goddess of the hearth and is the only asteroid ever visible with the naked eye. Found on March 29, 1807, by Heinrich Olbers, it was the fourth minor planet to be discovered. It is the second most massive and the third largest asteroid. It revolves around the Sun in 3.6 terrestrial years and has an average diameter of about 520 km (320 miles). Its surface composition is basaltic.\nWHY IS THERE SUCH A LARGE GAP BETWEEN THE ORBITS OF MARS AND JUPITER?\nThe large gap between Mars and Jupiter is associated with the large mass of Jupiter but there has been an evolution in our understanding of the nature of this effect. Isaac Newton, for example, regarded this gap as part of the divine plan for the stable and clockwork universe: the massive planets, Jupiter and Saturn, had been located by Providence at the outside of the planetary system, well clear of the smaller planets whose orbits their gravitational force would otherwise disrupt. Later, Johann Heinrich Lambert, who in general is as committed to an eternal, unchanging clockwork universe as was Newton, proposed that change had been brought about by the attractive power of Jupiter: \"And who knows whether already planets are missing which have departed from the vast space between Mars and Jupiter? Does it then hold of celestial bodies as well as of the Earth, that the stronger chafe the weaker, and are Jupiter and Saturn destined to plunder forever?\" This view is much closer to our modern view that the formation of Jupiter brought an end to the formation of planetary bodies in the gap between Mars and Jupiter and then caused the small bodies that had already formed in this region to collide with one another, leading to destruction of many of these bodies.\nWHERE SHOULD THE PLANETS BE? THE LAW OF PROPORTIONALITIES\nWe know today that Jupiter, the most massive body in the solar system has acted to disrupt the region we know as the asteroid belt. What if Jupiter was small? We would expect a planet to form in this region. Beginning with the work of Copernicus in the 16th century, followed by Kepler who determined the laws that govern planetary motion, the precise locations of the planets came to be understood. Early in the 18th century David Gregory, in his widely-read The Elements of Astronomy\nputs the planetary distances into proportional numbers: \"...supposing the distance of the Earth from the Sun to be divided into ten equal Parts, of these the distance of Mercury will be about four, of Venus seven, of Mars fifteen, of Jupiter fifty two, and that of Saturn ninety five.\" The same numbers - indeed, a paraphrase of the same sentence - in a work published in 1724 by Christian Wolff. In 1764, the French natural philosopher Charles Bonnet published his Contemplation de la Nature, a successful work that was quickly translated into other European languages. The German translation was undertaken by Johann Daniel Titius of Wittenberg. Translators took a greater initiative than is now thought proper; Titius, probably because he was by nature self-effacing, not only left his additions unsigned but actually incorporated them in the text itself, with no hint that they were not the original work of the author. He chose to make such an addition to the paragraph where Bonnet remarks that ``We know seventeen planets that enter into the composition of our solar system [that is, major planets and their satellites]; but we are not sure that there are no more'', going on to anticipate more discoveries as telescopes improve. Titius then inserts what we now called Bode's Law:\nTake notice of the distances of the planets from one another, and recognize that almost all are separated from one another in a proportion which matches their bodily magnitudes. Divide the distance from the Sun to Saturn into 100 parts; then Mercury is separated by four such parts from the Sun, Venus by 4+3=7 such parts, the Earth by 4+6=10, Mars by 4+12=16. But notice that from Mars to Jupiter there comes a deviation from this so exact progression. From Mars there follows a space of 4+24=28 such parts, but so far no planet was sighted there. But should the Lord Architect have left that space empty? Not at all. Let us therefore assume that this space without doubt belongs to the still undiscovered satellites of Mars, let us also add that perhaps Jupiter still has around itself some smaller ones which have not been sighted yet by any telescope. Next to this for us still unexplored space there rises Jupiter's sphere of influence at 4+48=52 parts; and that of Saturn at 4+96=100 parts. What a wonderful relation!\nAs it happened, Titius published a second edition of his translation - with the law now properly located in a footnote - just as the promising young astronomer Johann Elert Bode was putting the finishing touches to the second edition of his introduction to astronomy, Anleitung zur Kenntniss des gestirnten Himmels, which he had published in 1768 when he was only nineteen. Bode came across the relationship proposed by Titius, was convinced by it, and inserted it as a footnote in his text:\nThis latter point seems in particular to follow from the astonishing relation which the known six planets observe in their distances from the Sun. Let the distance from the Sun to Saturn be taken as 100, then Mercury is separated by 4 such parts from the Sun. Venus is 4+3=7. The Earth 4+6=10. Mars 4+12=16. Now comes a gap in this so orderly progression. After Mars there follows a space of 4+24=28 parts, in which no planet has yet been seen. Can one believe that the Founder of the universe had left this space empty? Certainly not. From here we come to the distance of Jupiter by 4+48=52 parts, and finally to that of Saturn by 4+96=100 parts.\nIt is clear from the wording that Bode is following Titius, although he of course realized that the suggestion that the missing planet was a moon of Mars was preposterous, a fact he emphasized in the third edition of his book. But he makes no acknowledgement to Titius; indeed, it is only in later editions that Bode identifies his source (possibly because Titius had pressed him to do so). In the hands of Bode the relationship assumed a new importance, for Bode was a professional astronomer soon to take on international stature, and he was well-placed to act as apostle of the new law.\nTHE SEARCH FOR A PLANET BETWEEN MARS AND JUPITER: THE FIRST INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC PROGRAM\nThe discovery of Uranus in 1781, close to the location predicted by the Titius-Bode law of proportionality, persuaded Baron Franz Xaver von Zach, the court astronomer at Gotha to search for the proposed missing planet between Mars and Jupiter. Not unreasonably, he limited his investigation to the Zodiac, and believing that only a methodical search offered hope of success, he produced for himself a catalogue of zodiacal stars arranged by right ascension; but without success. In the autumn of 1799 the idea of a cooperative attack on the problem emerged:\nIt was the opinion of these men of discernment, that to get onto the trail of this so-long-hidden planet, it cannot be a matter for one or two astronomers to scrutinise the entire Zodiac down to the telescopic stars.\nIt was on 21 September the following year that the cooperative attack - probably without precedent in the history of science - became a reality. On that day six astronomers met in Lilienthal: von Zach himself; J.H. Schröter, the chief magistrate of Lilienthal, whose world-famous collection of instruments included a Herschel reflector of 27ft focal length; H.W.M. Olbers, physician from nearby Bremen and longtime collaborator with Schröter; C.L. Harding, who was employed by Schröter and who was himself to discover the third asteroid in 1804; F.A. Freiherr von Ende; and Johann Gildemeister. They decided that even six observers were too few for the task ahead, and nominated instead a group of twenty-four practicing astronomers chosen from throughout Europe. Schröter was to be president and von Zach, secretary. The entire Zodiac was divided up into twenty-four zones each of 15 degrees in longitude, and extending some 7 or 8 degrees north and south of the ecliptic in latitude. The zones were allocated to the members by lot. Each member was to draw up a star chart for his zone, extending to the smallest telescopic stars. Accordingly von Zach sent out the invitations to join this society of celestial cops. Shortly thereafter on January 1, 1801 Guiseppe Piazzi of Palermo discovered the first asteroid, 1 Ceres, but, ironically, despite the methodical approach of von Zach and his colleagues, Piazzi was not an original member of the celestial cops. They had been scooped by a lone observer.\nNote: Some of this information was excerpted from\nBode's Law and the Discovery of Ceres\nby Michael Hoskin, Churchill College, Cambridge.\nVesta: A Brief Review of Current Knowledge by K. Tschann-Grimm\nOTHER SITES OF INTEREST\nSolar Views - Vesta\nAsteroids 2001: From Piazzi to the 3rd Millennium\nMeteorite: International Quarterly of Meteorites and Meteorite Science\nThe Minor Planet Observer", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "The massive radio telescope is moving into position now and it'll eventually point out trillions of miles into space towards a planet that we think may be able to support life. This Ukrainian space worker is a bit nervous about it all, but says the idea is eventually this planet would hopefully be able to receive these electronic messages. We've asked young people in the U.K. this summer to create airwave messages, says this mission commander. He says people often talked about their fears and hopes for the future, and it gives a good snapshot of this generation. Bebo took this seriously and invited celebrities to encourage people to leave their own message. I'm now standing in the dish of this huge radio telescope, which is 70 meters in diameter and is usually used to spot near-earth objects which could fall down to earth. Now it's looking much deeper in space and the question is, if this message is received, what will they think of us?", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "This past weekend, late Saturday night, on a long dark road back to our hotel I saw the most vivid shooting star ever. The other day I researched whether or not we were in the midst of a meteor shower. It turned out that we are. The Eta Aquarids comes around May each year and last weekend it was at its peak. The Eta Aquarids is the first round of two sets of meteor showers that arrive every year when we pass through the dust trail of Halley's Comet. The other set is the Orionids in October. The last time the comet was visible to Earth was in 1986. I figured there is a lesson in there somewhere about not being able to avoid the past.\nIf the Universe keeps us running through the dust trail of a comet that last passed by over almost 24 years ago then how can we expect to forget the things in our past, good and bad, that brought us to where we are today?\nAt some point we will pass through the dust trail of our past possibly multiple times. What we do is what is important. Do we run towards where that piece of meteorite may land hoping to be hit by it or do we run the opposite direction in fear of being hit by it or do we just admire the flash in the sky, tell our family and friends about it, and move on?\nFor what it is worth, good and bad, guilty or blameless, I was glad to have seen that shooting star and I know that if I had turned that corner any earlier or later I would have missed it.\nThis may have been a sign that I am where I need to be now or it could simply be a chunk of minerals burning up in our atmosphere. The choice is mine.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "28 Croatian students will communicate with astronauts for just over 10 minutes at the International Space Station on Wednesday by asking them one question each. The project is organised by the Amateur Radio on the International Space Station, the International Amateur Radio Union and the space agencies of the EU, the U.S., Canada, Russia and Japan, to coincide with Croatia’s EU entry.\nBelow are the 28 questions the students from Croatia’s Technical School Ruder Boskovic will ask the astronauts on the International Space Station whilst it is flying over Zagreb at a speed of 27,000 kilometers per hour at an altitude of 450 kilometers.\n1. How did you get to the space station? How long did the trip there take?\n2. How long is the training program for astronauts? Is the training hard?\n3. How long are the preparations before going into space?\n4. How long will the International Space Station (ISS) mission last?\n5. Is it difficult to manage the ISS?\n6. How to you get enough water and power at the ISS?\n7. How do you sleep at the ISS? Do you have your own bed?\n8. What do you eat and what does your food look like? Do you have an eating plan\n9. How do you maintain personal hygiene?\n10. How does the body handle the long stay at the ISS?\n11. How long does it take to go around the earth?\n12. How do you maneuver the ISS if something from space comes close?\n13. How often do you contact your family and in what way?\n14. How do you treat yourself if you get sick?\n15. What is the procedure in the case of solar storms?\n16. How do you make exterior repairs to the space station?\n17. What is your favourite pastime there?\n18. What do you miss the most in space?\n19. What are the most beautiful or the most inspiring view of the universe?\n20. Would you like to be part of the first human mission on Mars?\n21. What do you do in dangerous situations, such as when large meteors are approaching Space Station?\n22. How do you get back to earth after the mission is complete?\n23. Do you ever feel like you want to come home?\n24. What was the hardest thing to get use to when you arrived on the ISS?\n25. How long can a person stay in space for?\n26. What is the temperature on the ISS? and what is it outside of it?\n27. Is it difficult to manage such a valuable equipment?\n28. Is it difficult to be an astronaut?\nTo hear the answers to the questions you can tune in here for the live feed from 19:30 (CET) on 26 June 2013.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Why People are Going Nuts, Solar Minimum, Age of Aquarius w/ Clif High\nhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rf3lzat41Q0lif High rejoins the program to discuss possible reasons why people are acting very strange and irrational. We iscuss the solar minimum and the mass amounts of radiation that are bombarding us from every direction. We also discuss the Age of Aquarius and how Chinese history provides us amazing insights into this incredible stage of human development.\nThere are no comments to display.\nJoin the conversation\nYou can post now and register later. If you have an account, sign in now to post with your account.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Out of This World Space Bedding Set for Kids\nUsually ships in 5-7 business days\nFly them to the moon with these 100% organic cotton sheets available with matching pillow shams, quilt and decorative pillow. Makes for the best trip to outer space! You can purchase the full set, or individual items. Please make your item selection from the menu below. Click on image for greater detail.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Aurora Borealis is a mesmerising phenomena. Although solar activity is at a minimum this year the Northern Lights can still be spectacular, as was the case last night. After midnight I caught these pictures and the Northern Lights were captivating despite the temperature being minus 14° C.\nSolar activity is at a minimum this year and will probably be in the next two years as well. Although solar activity is an indicator for spectacular Northern Lights, it is not always the case. In the last few days the Earth has been inside a stream of solar winds which cause geomagnetic storms around the Arctic Circle. Thus these magnificent shows of Aurora Borealis.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "NASA’s Kepler mission recently announced that they have come one step closer to finding an Earth-like world by identifying their first exoplanet which both orbits a star similar to our own Sun, and does so within the so-called “habitable zone”. This is pretty amazing, considering what it takes to see something as small as a planet from so far away. The Kepler space telescope keeps an unblinking eye on a region of our galaxy packed with hundreds of thousands of stars, and monitors every single one of them for the slightest dip in brightness. When these dips follow a certain pattern, it indicates that the star has a planet which has passed between it and us, and the timing of the dips can reveal the planet’s orbital distance and it’s diameter. But there is a limit to what this technique has been able to achieve so far, which is why only the largest, fastest moving planets have been seen so far. Even with these limitations, Kepler has upped the official count of possible explanets to over a thousand, and the number keeps climbing.\nThe fanfair around this most recent discovery is a little misleading though. The implication is that we have found another Earth, complete with liquid water and that is is buzzing with life. This is unfortunate, since I think that what they’ve actually achieved is pretty astonishing as it stands, without the need to exaggerate. The facts are as follows: A yellow G-class star, similar to our own Sun, has been found to have an “earth-like” planet, orbiting in the habitable zone. This means that the star has the same basic properties as our Sun – colour, temperature, size. The habitable zone is a range of possible orbits in which a planet could conceivably have liquid water, which is essential to all life on Earth. Anything outside this zone would either be cold enough that ice could never melt, or that steam could never condense. And by ‘Earth-like’, they mean that the only thing anybody knows about the planet is that it is some 2.4 times larger in diameter than the Earth. It might be made of rock, like Earth, or it could be composed of Gas (like the four largest planets in our own Solar System), or it could even be made from water and ice. The occultation technique used by Kepler cannot reveal these details.\nThat said, it is astonoshing that we’re able to detect planets at all. Less than 20 years ago, exoplanets were pure speculation, but in a short time we’ve gone from wondering “Do planets even exist outside the Solar System?” to assuming that most Stars have them. And that is a huge leap forward, even without having to invoke ET in every single press release.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "I know this blog is predominately about food. But I feel so strongly this morning I have to put this into words. Or at least try.\nI just walked in from seeing one of the final space shuttle launches. Every launch I have ever seen has moved me emotionally. There are critics who say that the shuttle is old and out of date. And this is true. But really, what a beautiful machine. What incredible accomplishments it has had during its lifetime. Both scientifically, but also in bringing together a nation. Is it time for change in our space program? Yes, absolutely. But it is also time to remember the great things the space shuttle has done.\nMy memories of the shuttle range from lying on our backs in music class with our feet up on the wall pretending to be astronauts lifting off, to standing at the space center watching the shuttle take off. I have been humbled by the beauty of the launches and proud that for a short time, I was able to contribute to the program. I feel completely lucky that I have been able to live so close to the space center. That I have seen so many launches. That I got to work with the incredible team at KSC. I have been able to climb the launch pad, meet astronauts, and be within arm’s reach of a shuttle.\nThe launch this morning was beautiful. The skies were clear and the shuttle lit up the sky. A few minutes later, the rumble from the lift off made it to us and I was reminded of the shuttle’s power.\nI apologize for the ramble this morning. Like I said, every launch moves me, but the closer we get to the end of the space shuttle program, it hits me even more. I am sad that we are losing something that has been so important to the United States, to science, to space exploration, and more. I am sad that we are stopping with no alternative, with no clear future for the program. I said above, it may be time for change, but I don’t believe it is time to stop with no clear path forward.\nI just hope that a new plan, a new direction for NASA can be laid out soon. That we find some new path in space. I hope for all of you, that if you have not seen a space shuttle launch, that you take the opportunity to see one in the next couple of months. It truly is breathtaking.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Jupiter's moons are putting on an amazing show this month. The orbital path of the moons is tilting edge-on to Earth and the sun. This lineup makes it possible to watch the moons pass in front of each other and even eclipse each other with their shadows. Get all the details, including where to find Jupiter in the sky this month, in this edition of What's Up.\nTagged under: NASA JPL Jupiter moons month orbital path tilting edge-ion Earth sun lineup pass front\nClip makes it super easy to turn any public video into a formative assessment activity in your classroom.\nAdd multiple choice quizzes, questions and browse hundreds of approved, video lesson ideas for Clip\nMake YouTube one of your teaching aids - Works perfectly with lesson micro-teaching plans\n1. Students enter a simple code\n2. You play the video\n3. The students comment\n4. You review and reflect\n* Whiteboard required for teacher-paced activities\nWith four apps, each designed around existing classroom activities, Spiral gives you the power to do formative assessment with anything you teach.\nCarry out a quickfire formative assessment to see what the whole class is thinking\nCreate interactive presentations to spark creativity in class\nStudent teams can create and share collaborative presentations from linked devices\nTurn any public video into a live chat with questions and quizzes", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "pinta is a data reduction pipeline for pulsar data taken using the upgraded Giant Metre-wave Radio Telescope (uGMRT). It takes the uGMRT raw pulsar data as input, does RFI mitigation and folding, and gives partially folded profile archives as output. It is now an observatory pipeline at GMRT. This pipeline was described in this paper.\nugmrt2fil is a program to convert uGMRT raw pulsar data to sigproc-filterbank format. It is a part of the\nGWecc.jl is a Julia library used to compute Pulsar Timing Array (PTA) signals due to gravitational waves emitted by black hole binaries. It is designed to be called from PTA data analysis packages like\nENTERPRISE and provides a Python binding for this purpose. It can also be used to simulate pulsar time of arrivals using packages like\nPINT. This code is based on this paper and this paper. It is a rewrite of the GWecc code written in C++.\nThis is an implementation of Mikkola’s method for solving the classical Kepler equation.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Spacecraft running out of fuel after many years of successful service seems to be the theme the last week or so. First it was the Dawn spacecraft out in the asteroid belt and, now, it is the Kepler spacecraft built to search for alien worlds around distant stars. I captured the launch of Kepler aboard a Delta 2 rocket from a lonely cow pasture late at night way back in March 2009 as seen below: Read more about the mission’s […]\nFrom the 1 November 2018 NASA press release: NASA’s Dawn spacecraft has gone silent, ending a historic mission that studied time capsules from the solar system’s earliest chapter. Dawn missed scheduled communications sessions with NASA’s Deep Space Network on Wednesday, Oct. 31, and Thursday, Nov. 1. After the flight team eliminated other possible causes for the missed communications, mission managers concluded that the spacecraft finally ran out of hydrazine, the fuel that enables the spacecraft to control its pointing. Dawn […]\nA female Pileated Woodpecker seen hard at work foraging for insects by tearing the bark off the old oak trees in front of Audubon House. Her raucous pounding and all the debris falling to the ground were hard to miss, which made her easy to find. Dryocopus pileatus about to fly away.\nA quick afternoon walk on the first truly cool day of Florida’s short, but desperately appreciated, Fall-WInter season found a lot of insect activity along Oslo Road where it cuts through the Oslo Riverfront Conservation Area. The insects were out and about appreciating the cool weather just as much as everyone else. White Peacock Butterfly Green Orchid Bee Green Orchid Bee Honey Bee Honey Bee Honey Bee Dragonfly Bumble Bee\nCategories: Nature • Tags: Anartia jatrophae, Apis mellifera, Bombus impatiens, Bumble Bee, butterfly, Dragonfly, Euglossa dilemma, green orchid bee, Honey Bee, ORCA, Oslo Riverfront Conservation Area, White Peacock\nAfter much effort and dashing about, this Tricolored Heron splashes away gripping a little fish for a tiny meal at Pelican Island National Wildlife Refuge. From the OspreyWatch project.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus.\nsignals transmitted by radio and television at certain times of the day and used to determine the time on atomic and astronomical scales. In the USSR, time signals transmitted by broadcast radio stations and used to set clocks consist of six short signals. The beginning of the last signal coincides with the beginning of the hour. Time signals for scientific and technical purposes are transmitted by special radio stations and by television in accordance with officially approved schedules and programs; in the USSR they are approved by the Interdepartmental Commission of the Unified Time Service of the Gosstandart (State Standard Administration) of the USSR. Since 1972, the time signals of the USSR have been transmitted on an internationally coordinated scale of atomic time. The coordination of this scale with the scale of Greenwich time is achieved by having all transmitting stations simultaneously shift the minute signal by 1 sec, usually at the end of the year.\nCoded approximate values for differences between Greenwich time and coordinated time are transmitted together with the time signals.\nREFERENCEBelotserkovskii, D. Iu., and G. N. Palii. “Novaia sistema peredachi radiosignalov tochnogo vremeni i obraztsovykh chastot.” Izmeritel’naia tekhnika, 1971, no. 11.\nD. IU. BELOTSERKOVSKII", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Lunar and Solar Eclipses\nIt is claimed by the Ahmadiyya that the Prophet (saw) prophecied that the Mahdi would appear when the moon would be eclipsed on the first day of the lunar month of Ramadan and the sun would be eclipsed in the middle of the same month.\nSince this is astronomically impossible, Ahmadiyya say that first means first of 3 possible eclipse days and middle means the middle of 3 possible eclipse days. This is refuted below by David McNaughton.\nContext of the Fake Ahadith\nThis is a summary of the Dar Qutni chapter that contains this account, not a 'hadith'\n1762: Aisha(ra) said - Once Rasulullah (saw) commanded . . . . not direct quote\n1763: no narration back to Rasulullah (saw)\n1764: Aisha (ra) narrates how Rasulullah (saw) conducted eclipse prayer - no direct quote\n1765: Ahadith comparison according to various narrators\n1766: Description of Eid prayer - no direct quote\n1767: ibn Abbas narrating the instruction of Rasulullah (saw) - note he is ahl-e-bait and quotes the Nabi (saw). Ahmadis say it is not necessary for ahl-e-bait to attribute to Nabi (saw)\n1768: Aisha (ra) describing eclipse prayer of Rasulullah (saw) . . . not direct quote\n1769: Direct quote from Prophet (saw) in inverted commas\n1770: Direct quote from Prophet (saw) in inverted commas\n1771: NO MENTION of Rasulullah: and 'our Mahdi' means the mahdi of Muhammad bin Ali - whose words are quoted.\n1772: Direct quote from Prophet (saw).\n1771 is the 'hadith' of the eclipses. Can anyone imagine Rasulullah (saw) saying 'our Mahdi'. And this chapter is about eclipses under the context of Eids. That it will be an astronomical anomaly - against the laws of astronomy - and no such event has happened in the billions of years since the creation of the heavens and the earth. This was just the opinion of Imam Baqir - Muhammad bin Ali.\nNow let us look at the words:\ninna - surely\nli-mahdiyyina - for our Mahdi\naayatain - two signs\nlam takoona - not occured\nmunz - since\nkhalaqa samawati wal ard - creation of the Heavens and the Earth\nyankasiful qamaru - the moon will be eclipsed\nli-awwali laila - on the first night\nmin ramadan - from Ramadan\nwa tankasifu shams - and it will eclipse the sun\nfee nisf minh - in the middle of it\nwa lam takoona - and these two have not happened\nmunz - since\nkhalaqa samawati wal ard - creation of the Heavens and the Earth\nAnalysis by David McNaughton\nby Dr David McNaughton, E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org\nExtracted from the more detailed version at http://dlmcn.com/qadfl.html#beg\nThe Holy Month of Ramadan 1311 (March/April 1894) contained both a lunar and a solar eclipse. The Ahmadiyya community attaches great importance to them, believing that they conferred unusual and special status on their leader, Mirza Ghulam Ahmed. This is based on a claim that the lunar eclipse occurred on the earliest possible date in an Islamic month - which they argue is the 13th. For them, it was also significant that (according to their reckoning) the subsequent solar eclipse took place on 28th Ramadan, supposedly occupying the 'middle' of the permissible range of dates.\nQuestion-marks against eclipses on the 27th\nThe Ahmadiyyas maintain that a solar eclipse may be witnessed either during the 27th, or on the 28th, or on the 29th of a lunar month. At first glance the 27th does seem questionable, because a crescent-sighting on the following date would terminate the month incorrectly after just 28 days. Remembering that a New Moon is 'born' during a solar eclipse, its age just after sunset next day would exceed 24 hours - almost certainly making it visible somewhere in the world.\nAdmittedly, if people are following an Islamic calendar based on observations made just at one point, then even a 30-hour crescent will sometimes be missed, particularly if the moon lies quite a long way to the right or left of the setting sun. (Under these circumstances, incidentally, successful sightings will usually be achieved in Earth's other hemisphere).\nHowever, by looking very carefully at the beginning of a lunar month with a solar eclipse on its 27th day, we learn about a much bigger problem. A detailed analysis of the associated time-intervals (see the \"Appendix\" below) - shows that this can happen only when the crescent still remains invisible 1½ days after the 'birth' of the New Moon. This is certainly possible at a time and place where the moon sets a long way to the right or left of the sun, but only if the low-level atmospheric visibility is very poor at the same time.\nThe delay in starting Ramadan 1311\nThe new crescent was not visible from Qadian (near Lahore) on 8th March 1894, so the commencement of Ramadan was postponed to the evening of March 9th. This meant that the date of the subsequent Full Moon and lunar eclipse (21st March) became 13th Ramadan rather than the 14th, thus agreeing with the Islamic date required by the Ahmadis.\nAt Qadian at dusk on 8th March 1894, the moon was situated 10 degrees above the sun. In hazy weather, it would admittedly have then been impossible to spot the New Moon. However, the crescent would probably have been observed from high-altitude stations to the north or east of Qadian - where the air is always thinner, less dusty, and drier.\nThe associated problem of 28-day months\nAt Qadian, it would have been sounder to commence Ramadan 1311 at dusk on 8th March. Whenever haze prevents identification of a New Moon, as a general rule it is advisable to inquire whether it was detected elsewhere, and if so, to begin the new month immediately. This is because the sky could become quite clean at the end of the same month, revealing the crescent perhaps only 16 to 20 hours after it was 'born'. And if the first day of that month had been 'lost', it might then have to finish incorrectly after just 28 days. Two (or even three) successive 29-day months can occur naturally: in those circumstances an (obviously mistaken) 28-day Islamic month is possible with the later one - if its start is postponed due to local bad weather.\nDhu al-Hijjah 1411 (13th June to 12th July 1991) at 25º South, 65º East - provides a specific example of that problem, as discussed in URL http://dlmcn.com/questions9q.html#q16\nLunar eclipses on the 12th of a month\nRules for determining Islamic calendars vary according to community and nationality; one cannot be dogmatic as to whether any particular system is \"right\" or \"wrong\". However, it is essential to be consistent - always retaining exactly the same criteria through the entire year (otherwise 28-day and 31-day months will occasionally be experienced).\nIf the Ahmadiyyas wish to base their decisions on observations made just at a specified point (like Qadian, where haze may hide a young moon), then lunar eclipses will sometimes be witnessed on the 12th of an Islamic month. This is because:\n- (i) the start of a month can occasionally be delayed till 2½ days after the 'birth' of the New Moon (if crescent identification is impossible after 1½ days, as discussed earlier), and\n- (ii) because it is possible for the interval between New and Full Moon to be less than 14 days.\nHere are two examples of a late start to an Islamic month resulting in an eclipse falling on its 12th day:\nAt 42º South, 50º East on 8th February 2008 at dusk, the crescent would not have been visible in the presence of thick low-level haze. A locally determined new month at this particular place (at sea level) could quite easily not have commenced until the evening of 9th February. In that case, the subsequent lunar eclipse on 21st February 2008 would have been observed there (before dawn) on the 12th of the Islamic month.\nPoor atmospheric visibility would also have obscured the Ahmadi Ramadan crescent on 8th March 1894 at 40º South, 120º West. If based on observations made just at this point, the new month would then have had to wait till the evening of the 9th - as at Qadian. In the southeast Pacific, however, the subsequent lunar eclipse on 21st March would have been witnessed in the early hours of the morning - which in that region was still 12th Ramadan. (Less haze would be necessary for a postponement to March 9th if we moved slightly further away from the equator, say to 45º South, 120º West).\nThere are instances in the past, when the lunar crescent remained hidden in haze with a sun-moon separation and configuration similar to those above. (Indeed, cases like that are cited in articles written by Bradley Schaefer in the USA, and by Mohammad Ilyas in Malaysia).\nWeather conditions favouring lunar eclipses on the 12th are not too different from those necessary to obtain solar eclipses on the 27th of an Islamic month, namely haze which is dense enough to disguise a 1½-day crescent.\nThus, the Ahmadiyyas must either accept that eclipses may occur on the 12th of a lunar month as well as on the 27th - or else they must regard eclipses as impossible on both those Islamic dates. Whichever choice is made, requires revision of their thesis.\nTo enable an eclipse to occur on the 27th of an Islamic month, that month would need to have its commencement delayed until the moon's age was 2½ days. It is easy to prove that.\nLet us assume that (at the location being considered) the eclipse is observed near the end of the 27th date in the lunar month, say 26.95 days after that month commenced (which is always at dusk).\nThe average length of a lunar circuit is just over 29.5 days, so we will use this figure for our illustration. [In fact, it would really be better to assume a higher value. It certainly cannot be significantly less - see below**.] This 29.5-day period is then the interval between the 'birth' of the two New Moons marking - or associated with - the beginning and end of the month. Remember too that a New Moon is always 'born' during a solar eclipse.\nSubtracting the first period from the second gives\n29.5 - 26.95 = 2.55 days,\ni.e. this particular Islamic month must have started 2.55 days after the birth of its New Moon. This means that the crescent could not have been sighted at dusk on the evening just before that month commenced; i.e. the moon still remained invisible 1.55 days after its 'birth'.\n- - - -\n** A study of the patterns of the moon's behaviour demonstrates that a faster than normal lunar circuit (which can be as short as 29.27 days) is not likely to be associated with this phenomenon of an eclipse on Day 27. That is because its comparatively high speed of migration makes it easier to spot the crescent after 1½ days.\nAn article in Urdu that explains the anomalies in the theory:", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "10th December 20\nYear 13 A level Physics students have been looking at a neon tube through a diffraction grating, which splits up the red-orange neon colour into an emission spectrum.\nEach line is caused by an electron dropping down one or more energy levels in the neon atom and emitting a photon. The colour of the photon depends on the size of the energy gap.\nThis process is used to observe the light from galaxies; red shift of the light is evidence for the expansion of the universe.\nDr Louise Affleck, Director of Studies and Physics Teacher", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "WASHINGTON — Astronomers who have spent the last year worried about the effect that SpaceX’s Starlink satellites will have on their observations say they are increasingly concerned about the impact from other proposed megaconstellations.\nAstronomers became alarmed about the effect the Starlink satellites would have after the launch of the initial set of 60 spacecraft in May 2019. Since then, an American Astronomical Society (AAS) committee has been working with the company to discuss ways to mitigate the effect the satellites would have on astronomy.\nSpaceX has responded to those concerns first with an experimental “DarkSat” launched in January, whose surfaces were darkened to reduce the amount of sunlight they reflected. SpaceX followed that up with a “VisorSat” on the most recent Starlink launch June 3, a satellite that has sunshades intended to block sunlight from reaching reflective surfaces on the satellite.\nWhile the effectiveness of VisorSat will have to be measured in the weeks ahead once the spacecraft reaches its final orbit, astronomers say they’re pleased that SpaceX has been willing to work with them on the issue. “The bottom line is that significant resources at SpaceX are being devoted to these technical solutions,” said James Lowenthal of Smith College during a press conference at the 236th Meeting of the AAS June 3.\nSpaceX, however, is not the only company with satellite megaconstellation plans. Lowenthal said that astronomers have had far fewer discussions with other satellite operators. “We had one telecon with OneWeb, but then they declared bankruptcy,” he said during a presentation at the conference June 2. “We’ve had no major conversations with other operators.”\nThat lack of discussions is magnified by new proposals by some companies, including OneWeb, to expand their constellations. Despite filing for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in March, OneWeb submitted plans with the Federal Communications Commission May 27 to increase its constellation by 48,000 satellites to give it “greater flexibility to meet soaring global connectivity demands,” according to a company statement about the proposal.\n“The situation just got worse,” said Pat Seitzer of the University of Michigan, who has been studying the effect of Starlink and other satellite constellations on astronomy, at the AAS press conference. The filings by OneWeb and other companies would add as many as 50,000 satellites on top of plans for systems that proposed up to 60,000 satellites. “That’s a very serious problem.”\nThe OneWeb proposal would put its satellites into orbits about 1,200 kilometers high, far higher than the Starlink satellites at 550 kilometers. At that higher altitude, he said, the satellites would be visible for longer after sunset and before sunrise. In one scenario examining conditions at the Vera Rubin Observatory under construction in Chile, at least 500 satellites would be visible at any given time all night long in the summer.\nAt the higher altitude, the satellites will be too dim to be seen with the naked eye, assuming the new constellation uses a design similar to OneWeb’s existing satellites. However, Seitzer said that they would still be bright enough to saturate sensitive instruments at that observatory, interfering with observations.\nOther observatories are worried about the new constellations as well. Lowenthal said at the briefing that the AAS surveyed 23 observatories around the world about the impacts of satellite megaconstellations, starting with the effects of an initial set of 1,584 Starlink satellites.\n“The majority of the observatories responding expressed significant concerns, grave challenges to science and predicted significant financial costs,” he said. The affected research, he said, included wide-field surveys where it’s impossible to avoid satellites passing through the field of view as well as time-sensitive observations of transient phenomena.\nAsked to assess the effects if there are 20,000 satellites in orbit from various megaconstellations, he said, a majority said that nearly all their observations would be affected. “About half said there would be a critical failure of that facility.”\nAAS is holding an online workshop in late June to discuss the issue with astronomers and satellite companies. Besides SpaceX, Lowenthal said that Amazon, which is developing a satellite system called Project Kuiper, planned to participate.\n“Will all these companies be good citizens? We don’t know,” he said of those proposing megaconstellations, warning that such systems threaten to “draw the blinds” on the night sky. “Astronomers are working hard with SpaceX and, we hope, other satellite operators to understand and to reduce the impacts to astronomy and the night sky.”", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Volume 371, Number 3, June I 2001\n|Page(s)||1065 - 1077|\n|Section||Stellar structure and evolution|\n|Published online||15 June 2001|\nSpectra of carbon-rich asymptotic giant branch stars between 0.5 and 2.5 μm: Theory meets observation\nInstitut für Astronomie der Universität Wien, Türkenschanzstraße 17, 1180 Wien, Austria\n2 Observatoire de Strasbourg, UMR 7550, 11 rue de l'Université, 67000 Strasbourg, France\n3 Niels Bohr Institute, Astronomical Observatory, Juliane Maries Vej 30, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark\nCorresponding author: R. Loidl, firstname.lastname@example.org\nAccepted: 13 March 2001\nWe present a hydrostatic analysis of five carbon rich stars, BH Cru, T Cae, S Cen, RU Pup and Y Hya in the wavelength range between 0.5 and 2.5 μm. All except BH Cru, which is a Mira star, show only modest variability. We identify the absorption features of the molecules CO, CN and C2. The overall energy distribution, which is very sensitive to the effective temperature in the investigated wavelength range, as well as the bands of these molecules put strict limits on the possible values of effective temperature and C/O. We show that our model atmospheres and corresponding synthetic spectra are able to reproduce the observed spectra quite accurately from about 0.7 to 2.5 μm. The discrepancies are mainly due to uncertainties in the molecular input data. We discuss briefly why the variations of the molecular features are small and why dynamic phenomena do not play a very important role in this wavelength range. We identify colour indices based on commonly available filters and potentially suitable for the empirical determination of fundamental parameters of carbon stars.\nKey words: stars: AGB and post-AGB / stars: atmospheres / stars: variables / stars: carbon / radiative transfer\n© ESO, 2001\nCurrent usage metrics show cumulative count of Article Views (full-text article views including HTML views, PDF and ePub downloads, according to the available data) and Abstracts Views on Vision4Press platform.\nData correspond to usage on the plateform after 2015. The current usage metrics is available 48-96 hours after online publication and is updated daily on week days.\nInitial download of the metrics may take a while.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Call 520-360-5364 or Email email@example.com\nPeekskill Meteorite - a 37.6 gram Specimen\nThe Peekskill meteorite is among the most historic meteorite events on record. Sixteen separate video recordings document the meteorite burning through the Earth's atmosphere, whereupon it struck a parked car in Peekskill, New York on the night of October 9, 1992 at 7:50 PM. As the story goes...18-year-old Michelle Knapp was home alone when she heard the crash in their driveway while she was watching TV. It was dark...she could not figure out what on earth destroyed her family's car until the next day when it was discovered that it wasn't by anything from this earth but rather a 27-pound meteorite from the sky. They found it had created a small crater under the debris of their car. A real Twilight Zone in the making!\nThe Peekskill meteorite is an H6 monomict breccia;its filigreed texture is the result of the shocking and heating following the impact of two asteroids in outer space. The meteorite is of the stony variety and approximately 20% of its mass is tiny flakes of nickel-iron. When it struck Earth, the meteorite weighed 27 pounds (12 kg) and measured one foot (0.30 m) in diameter. The Peekskill meteorite is estimated to be 4.4 billion years old.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "This set contains 1 full moon, 2 half moon and 2 crescent moon charms for a lovely representation of the phases of the moon. In the northern hemisphere the curved sides of the crescent and half moons face towards the full moon. In the southern hemisphere they face away!\nAntique Copper Finish\nHeight: 5mm, with jump ring 10mm", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "It turns out that SpaceX is working on not one, but twoat the same time.\nMusk then answered a few questions on Twitter, saying that the competition will help SpaceX figure out which location is better for building -- and that the answer might be both.\nIn November, Muskto Starship.\nMeanwhile, SpaceX is working on itsto bring broadband to the world, starting with the launch of 60 satellites into orbit. The launch, which was rescheduled because of high winds Wednesday, is supposed to take place Thursday.\nOriginally published May 15.\nUpdate, May 16: Adds information on Starlink.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Ad blocker interference detected!\nWikia is a free-to-use site that makes money from advertising. We have a modified experience for viewers using ad blockers\nWikia is not accessible if you’ve made further modifications. Remove the custom ad blocker rule(s) and the page will load as expected.\n- \"Set your course by the stars, not by the lights of every passing ship.\"\n- –Omar Bradley\n- \"And all I ask is a tall ship and a star to steer her by.\"\n- –John Masefield\nHistorical Context Edit\nCelestial navigation (or astronavigation, which sounds more scientific than artistic) is the practice of taking angular measurements between a celestial body (sun, moon, planet or star) and a point on the horizon to determine one’s position on the globe. A very useful skill for early sailors venturing out of sight of land. The altitude of the sun above the horizon at noon when compared with the altitude of other bodies gave, for instance, the latitude of the ship. Similarly, an angular measurement to the star Polaris and a similar measurement to a star near the western or eastern horizon could give a fairly accurate longitudinal position.\nPolynesian navigation is probably the best known – not to mention earliest – form of celestial navigation; their “wayfarers” memorized the positions of the heavens at all seasons and could cross thousands of miles of open ocean with little error. In Medieval Europe, celestial navigation was considered one of the seven mechanical arts, and the first mariner’s astrolabe was used in the Mediterranean by Muslim merchants. (Perhaps by design, the astrolabe also allowed Muslim travelers to locate the Qibla and calculate the times for the Salat.) Meanwhile, the use of the magnetic compass spread from China across civilization.\nSince navigation by “dead reckoning” could have unfortunate results (like running aground and drowning or getting lost and starving), crossing the open seas using the astrolabe and the compass together reached its peak during the “Age of Discovery.” The first circumnavigation of the Earth utilized these tools, along with Magellan’s innate sense of direction (every great admiral of the period had one).\nEventually, of course, the invention of radio, radar and satellite mapping made the entire process much easier and far safer. But even today, sailors rely on the heavens to keep them on course and off the rocks.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Launching a shiny, brand new rocket isn’t exactly easy. Launching a less shiny, used rocket is apparently an even bigger challenge. Today, SpaceX was supposed to send one of its used — sorry, “flight proven” — Falcon 9 rockets skyward to deliver supplies to the crew of the International Space Station, but it has been forced to delay the anticipated event after finding that their hardware wasn’t clean enough to pass inspections.\nThe company announced the delay last last night, explaining that “particles�� were found in the second stage fuel system (which is new, not reused) . So, instead of launching today, the rocket’s next trip into space has been pushed back to Friday.\n“Taking additional time for the team to conduct full inspections and cleanings due to detection of particles in 2nd stage fuel system,” SpaceX said in a statement announcing the launch delay. “Now targeting CRS-13 launch from SLC-40 on Dec. 15. Next launch opportunity would be no earlier than late December.”\nSadly, this isn’t the first time the mission has had to be delayed, and SpaceX had originally planned on send the rocket to the ISS on December 8th. At the time, SpaceX said that the delay was required because they needed “additional time for pre-launch ground system checks.” It does not appear that the subsequent delays are related.\nTaking additional time for the team to conduct full inspections and cleanings due to detection of particles in 2nd stage fuel system. Now targeting CRS-13 launch from SLC-40 on Dec. 15. Next launch opportunity would be no earlier than late December.\n— SpaceX (@SpaceX) December 13, 2017\nThe ISS crew will be eagerly awaiting the supply ship when it arrives, as it’s bringing several thousands of pounds of food and scientific hardware. The mission is just the latest in what has become a regular partnership between SpaceX and NASA for supply runs between Earth and the space station.\nSpaceX hasn’t said whether any of the issues they’ve run into over the past week are actually related to the fact that they’re using a previously-launched rocket for the mission — and they likely wouldn’t admit such a thing anyway — but the company’s business model going forward will be heavily reliant on used hardware. The ultimate goal for SpaceX is to reduce turnaround times between launches by repurposing rocket stages and getting them ready for subsequent flights in a rapid manner.\nThe reliability of the vehicles and safety of the cargo outweighs all other considerations, which leads to delays when inspections reveal less than perfect results. That’s not to say that these delays wouldn’t have happened with a pristine, new rocket, but it’s something the company will certainly be considering either way.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "By using relevant aerospace KPl in effectiveness examination, corporations that belong to the aérospace field will be ready to assess member of staff effectiveness and the cost of their productivity efficiently. Sadhika Tanvi is a subject material Blogger at Business oriented Company Bangalore, an Corporate Natural Est brokerage house business providing specialized products and services in real estate direction, corporate headquarters leasing, online real estate products and services, transaction and investment Management. In addition, there were the Room Plan Advisory Authorities and the Analysis and Engineering Advisory Authorities. The DSW training céntre in Kampala , Uganda was the accepted place for 45 youth workers from Austria, Australia, Kenya, Belgium, Tanzania and Uganda to méet for five times open space technology training (21.-27.06.2009).\nThe Web design manager has acquired about the https://www.laval-clickandcollab.fr/problems-and-features-of-living-space-holidays/ appearance of twó alien spacecraft in the Eárth’s solar system. The spacecraft were only équipped with attitude control thrusters; aftér orbit installation but before retrofire they could certainly not transformation their orbit. In even more tests, Roberts received brain MRI runs and corresponding data from NASA’s Life Security of Astronaut Health training course for two groups of astrónauts: 18 astronauts who received been in living space for close periods of time aboard thé U.S. Living space Taxi and 16 astronauts who received long been in living space for more extensive time periods of moment, three months typically, aboard the Meeting place Space or room Section.\nIf we give that humans are morally significant in a way that robots are not, then simply the rates of human living space survey would appear to outweigh the benefits noticeably. The Magellan Assignment to Venus spacecraft entered órbit June 1990 and then proceeded to map the exterior of Venus in unprecedented aspect through 1994. Living space Laws packages the culpability for destruction caused by the place rubble to the land or maybe business responsible for a classic drive introduction. The UW will participaté in NASA’s assignment to submerge a surgeon and robotic gear in a simulated spaceship.\nBusiness Orbital Transport Solutions (COTS) is usually a NASA program that wiIl choose personal space companies to deliver cargo to the World Area Train station. We hope to gather students from around the modern world, connected together with almost any living space devices or maybe engineering design. Despite typical misconceptions, space mining , lunar watér , and space-based solar power power are not practical businesses. From the outset of thé nine-day trial, he followed a time-tested strategy favored by powerful institutions and people, from big banks to Big Tobacco to Bill Cosby’s defense team: paint the accuser as an incompetent, greedy malcontent.\nPlace areas and man spacecraft inside of orbit are generally also satellites. Putting on leading follows on mindsets, the budding writers given remarks right into the best way NASA are able to create the leading leagues attainable for you to make certain profitable long-duration tasks. With funding from the Country wide Aeronautics and Area Administration (NASA), scientists at the Wake Forest Company for Regenerative Medicine and fellow workers are using individual control tissue to estimate the results of deep area rays. This article constitutes a number of rocket unveiling sites.\nNASA is presently helping astronauts to territory on asteroids and expectation to send mankind to a single of the distant place boulders at about a fabulous few years, The weekend The Telegraph reported over. At most future moment, the costs and problems of human spaceflight might become low to accommodate the organization of living space holidays plenty , in which many people wouId be able to adventure spaceflight. The spacecraft, named Shenzhou (Dévine Yacht”), features a orbital module forward, a re-entry module thát can accommodate three astronauts, ánd an aft service module.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Sequestration: NASA Cuts Public Education & Outreach\n- Sequestration: NASA Cuts Public Education & Outreach\nNASA Internal Memo: Effective immediately, all education and public outreach activities should be suspended, pending further review.\nGlenn A. Walsh, Project Director,\nFriends of the Zeiss < http://friendsofthezeiss.org >\nElectronic Mail - < siderostat1989@... >\nSpaceWatchtower Blog: < http://spacewatchtower.blogspot.com/ >", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Ever look up at the night sky and feel small? Of course you have. Gazing at the stars has a way of putting our tiny lives in perspective and reminding us how insignificant we are against the immense scale of the universe. But what if I told you that understanding our place in the cosmos could help guide you to living a more meaningful life? It’s true. Developing a sense of “cosmic values” – an appreciation for the deep time and immense scale of the universe – has been shown to lead to greater happiness, wisdom and purpose. In this article, we’ll explore how grasping our minuscule role in the grand sweep of cosmic evolution can inspire gratitude, foster compassion, and help you determine what really matters during our brief moment in the sun. So the next time you’re feeling adrift or struggling to find meaning, look up. The answers you’re searching for may be written in the stars.\nDefining Cosmic Values\nCosmic values encompass fundamental principles that govern our universe and give life meaning. They define what really matters in existence. Unlike moral values which vary across cultures, cosmic values are absolute and eternal.\nThe first cosmic value is truth, which means aligning your understanding with the facts of reality. It requires objectively verifying beliefs and not denying evident truths. By pursuing truth, you gain a more accurate picture of the world and your place in it.\nFulfilling Your Purpose\nGoodness refers to fulfilling the purpose of your existence. For humans, this means achieving excellence of character, cultivating wisdom and virtue, and making a positive difference. When you live according to goodness, you experience meaning and inner peace.\nBeauty manifests itself in the wonders of existence, from the grandeur of galaxies to the intricacy of a single atom. By noticing beauty around you, you tap into a sense of awe and gratitude for life. Make time to stargaze, appreciate art, enjoy music, read inspirational words, observe nature, and cherish each moment.\nCosmic values serve as a compass to guide you through life’s deepest questions and help you reach your highest potential. By understanding them, you gain insight into your purpose and a vision of your role in the grand scheme of things. Make these eternal truths the foundation of your philosophy, and you’ll discover what really matters in this life and beyond.\nThe Origins of Cosmic Values in Philosophy\nSome of the earliest thinkers pondered our place in the universe and what gives life meaning. Greek philosophers Plato and Aristotle believed that the world had genuine meaning and purpose, with cosmic values of truth, beauty, and goodness.\nThe Ancients’ View of Cosmic Purpose\nThe early Greek philosopher Thales proposed that water was the first principle of the cosmos. Plato envisioned an eternal, transcendent realm of “forms” or ideals that represent ultimate realities. He believed the material world is an imperfect representation of these ideals. For Plato, cosmic values like truth, beauty, and goodness have always existed in this transcendent realm.\nAristotle built on Plato’s ideas but believed cosmic values could be found within the natural world. For Aristotle, all things in the universe have a purpose, and by understanding this purpose we can determine what is good. He believed the ultimate purpose of human life is happiness or flourishing according to virtue.\nThe Rise of Cosmic Indifferentism\nLater philosophers like H.P. Lovecraft embraced a philosophy of cosmic indifferentism, where the actions, thoughts, and moral values of gods are completely indifferent to humanity. For Lovecraft, the universe is vast, cold and meaningless. There are no cosmic values or purpose to life. We are insignifcant specks in an infinite, purposeless void.\nThis bleak view stands in stark contrast to the ancient Greeks who saw meaning, purpose and cosmic values as fundamental features of existence. While their views seem opposed, both provide insight into humanity’s place in the grand scheme of things. Perhaps the truth lies somewhere in between – a universe with room for both meaning and absurdity.\nHow Cosmic Values Provide Perspective on Humanity’s Place in the Universe\nAs inhabitants of Earth, it’s easy to adopt an anthropocentric view of the cosmos where humanity seems central. However, embracing a cosmic perspective helps us understand our true place in the grand scale of the universe.\nAnthropocentrism vs. Cosmicism\nAnthropocentrism places human beings at the center of existence and considers us the most significant entities in the universe. This self-centered view ignores the immense expanse of space and time in which humanity exists. In contrast, cosmicism recognizes humanity as a tiny speck in an ancient, vast, and mostly unknown universe. From this vantage point, human life seems fleeting and insignificant. However, a cosmic perspective can make us appreciate each moment and value human relationships.\nOur Cosmic Irrelevance\nOn a cosmic scale, humanity is but a blip in the universe’s multi-billion year history. The Earth formed around 4.5 billion years ago, yet modern humans have only walked the planet for 200,000 years. In the grand scale of deep time, humanity’s reign will likely be brief. Our solar system is one of billions in the Milky Way galaxy, which itself is just one of billions of galaxies in the observable universe.\nFinding Meaning in an Infinite Universe\nA cosmic perspective highlights humanity’s irrelevance but also allows us to create meaning. Though life may seem meaningless when faced with the infinite, we can choose to value relationships, experiences, and making the most of our short time in the universe. A cosmic worldview also fosters environmentalism by showing how humanity depends on the Earth’s fragile biosphere. By understanding our place in the universe, we can make the most of our brief moment on Earth.\nApplying Cosmic Values to Find Meaning in Life\nConnecting to something greater than yourself helps provide a sense of meaning and purpose. Recognizing our shared cosmic heritage fosters empathy, compassion, and unity. Certain principles, like love, integrity, gratitude, and compassion, can guide us to lead purposeful lives.\nApplying Cosmic Values\nTo tap into the meaning and purpose available from a cosmic perspective:\nFocus on love. Make the well-being of others and our shared humanity top priorities. Express kindness whenever you can. See others as fellow travelers in life, not obstacles or opponents.\nPractice integrity. Align your thoughts, words, and deeds. Be truthful and authentic. Take responsibility for your actions. Do the right thing, even when no one is watching.\nCultivate an attitude of gratitude. Appreciate each moment and the simple pleasures in life. Be grateful for what you have instead of resentful over what you lack. Say “thank you” often.\nShow compassion. Put yourself in others’ shoes and be sensitive to their suffering. Reach out to those in need and offer comfort. Forgive others and yourself for mistakes and imperfections.\nThink big. Consider your place in the grand scale of the cosmos. Your worries and daily troubles fade in significance against the vastness of the universe. Find meaning in living purposefully and making a positive difference however you can.\nThough life’s challenges may sometimes seem overwhelming, these principles can help provide an anchor. By living according to timeless cosmic values, you’ll discover profound meaning, purpose and connection. Focusing on what really matters – things like love, compassion and gratitude – helps make each day count.\nCultivating Cosmic Values Through Contemplation and Connection\nContemplation and cultivating deep connections are vital for understanding our place in the universe. In our fast-paced world, contemplation is challenging but necessary for spiritual growth. Set aside time each day to reflect in silence. Start with just 5 or 10 minutes and build up from there. Some tips for effective contemplation:\n- Find a quiet space free of distractions. Turn off your phone and find a place in nature if possible.\n- Focus on your breathing. Take deep, slow breaths from your diaphragm to quiet your mind.\n- Observe your thoughts without judgment. Let them come and go without attaching to them.\n- Expand your awareness. Notice the little details in your surroundings. Appreciate the beauty in small things.\nFeeling connected to something greater than ourselves gives life deeper meaning. Connecting to the cosmos allows us to transcend the ego and perceive our shared essence. Some ways to strengthen your cosmic connections:\n- Stargaze at night. Gaze up at the stars and moon in wonder. Ponder your small place in the grand scale of the universe.\n- Express gratitude. Appreciate life’s blessings and be grateful for the opportunity to experience this world.\n- Practice compassion. Show kindness to all beings, as we are all made of stardust and interconnected.\n- Find solace in nature. Spend time outside connecting to the natural rhythms of the earth. Feel the energy flowing between you and all living things.\nCultivating contemplation and nurturing cosmic connections lead to greater wisdom, joy and self-understanding. Make the time for these practices and they will enrich your life in untold ways. Our place in the universe becomes clearer when we open our minds and hearts.\nSo there you have it, a cosmic crash course on humanity’s place in the grand scheme of things. Don’t feel small or insignificant—even though we’re just tiny specks in an unfathomably vast universe, we’re still the universe becoming aware of itself. We get to gaze out at glittering galaxies and contemplate our existence. We get to love and create and find meaning.\nThe cosmic perspective reminds us that we’re all in this together on our pale blue dot. Our planet is isolated in the immense blackness of space, a lifeboat in a sea of nothingness. We have only each other. We’re fellow travelers on this spaceship Earth, hurtling through the void. Our differences seem petty when viewed from such a distance.\nSo look up at the night sky, and remember that the light from those stars has traveled for years across the galaxy just to imprint an image on your retina for a fleeting second. You are, quite literally, stardust. Now go out there and live deliberately.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "55 Cancri e\n(55 Cnc e)\n(superearth orbiting a Sun-like star)\n55 Cancri e (55 Cnc e)\nis a super-Earth of about 8.6 Earth masses,\norbiting a G-type star, but close to the star\nwith an orbital period of about 18 hours.\nIts density was estimated from estimates\nof the host star's mass and radius\nalong with data from observed transits\nand the star's radial velocity, yielding\na radius of roughly 2 Earth radii and\na density slightly (5%-10%) more than Earth's.\nGiven its proximity to he star, the temperature\nof the star-facing side has been calculated\nto be higher than 2000K.\n| || |\n|~0||12.6pc||41.1ly||55 Cancri e|\n|Coordinates:||55 Cnc e|\nequilibrium temperature (Teq)", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "- Monthly Horoscope: Taurus, January 12222\n- Your Partial Lunar Eclipse Horoscope On July 16 Is About Leaving The Past Where It Belongs\n- ascendant compatibility in vedic astrology!\n- alexandra tarot scorpio 2019;\n- January’s Super Blood Wolf Moon Is a Can’t-Miss Lunar Eclipse;\nAnd although hanging out outdoors in the middle of the night in January sounds miserable, the next total lunar eclipse won't happen until May 26, And in case you don't feel like looking IRL , there are also a number of YouTube channels that will be streaming the super blood wolf moon online. On October 8th, Venus will enter Scorpio. In astrology, the planet Venus rules love and prosperity, while the sign Scorpio is associated with passion, poss.\nWe all know about the havoc wreaked by Mercury retrograde, but what about Pluto? The dwarf planet has been retrograde since April And on October 2, it. Early in the morning on Saturday, September 28, the new moon will rise in Libra, the sign of the Scales.\nAll new moons symbolize new beginnings, and with t. I spent the weekend with Aubrey Marcus, a wellness guru soothing the souls of modern men. On September 23, the fall equinox arrives and Libra season officially begins.\nThe seventh sign of the zodiac is associated with balance, beauty, and sociab. On Monday, September 23, day and night will be equal length, and autumn will officially begin. So when the platform Keen invited me. This Friday will fall on September 13th.\n- Horoscopes by Jamie Partridge.\n- palm astrology images.\n- Post navigation.\nCue the spooky music. Mar 24, at Head, teeth, tongue, arteries.http://mcash.flexi-parking.com/3045.php\nMonthly Horoscope: Taurus, January 12222\nApr 8, at Kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, veins, skin. Apr 23, at Neck, vocal cords, throat, thyroid gland. May 7, at Genitals, anus, urethra, prostate. May 22, at Shoulders, arms, hands, bronchial tubes, lungs. Jun 5, at Liver, hips, thighs, sacrum. Jun 21, at Solar Eclipse Annular.\nYour Partial Lunar Eclipse Horoscope On July 16 Is About Leaving The Past Where It Belongs\nJul 5, at Backbone, joints, knees, skin, hair. Jul 20, at Aug 3, at Aug 19, at Sep 2, at Sep 17, at New Moon S.\nOct 1, at Oct 16, at Oct 31, at Nov 15, at Nov 30, at", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "I wrote! Reader NotesGo to section\nThey're not Argentineans around the world, they're... Argentineans through the galaxy! In this note we tell you the story of these two professionals who give us invaluable knowledge for the advancement of mankind. This is a discovery that seems to get closer and closer to the certainty that we are Infimently small in a giant universe and plagued with galaxies.\nDue to the gas, dust and stars of our galaxy, it becomes difficult to see what is behind the milky way, mainly in the brightest region. However, suspicion and curiosity drives all researchers to generate hypotheses and theories around what lies behind the milky way. While there are already millions of galaxies observed in the rest of the sky, were only known with certainty and security only tens. But thanks to the work of the astronomers and researchers, Maria Victoria Alonso and Laura Baravalle —together with a team from the University of La Serena in Chile and the collaboration of Carolina Villalón and Darío Graña in the systems area — we managed to know even if it is a little bit more the galaxy we inhabit.\nThe Cordovan Laura Baravalle and Maria Victoria Alonso led the international project of Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Astronomy (IATE). With his discovery they managed to establish the positions, colors, morphology and size of new galaxies . The two of them and their insurmountable brains discovered more than 5 thousand galaxies.\nResearchers started the project in 2012 and, after almost a decade of work, they managed to identify 5,563 galaxies, of which only a few dozen had been previously recognized. Baravalle and Alonso's work was carried out with a team from the IATE and scientists from the Catholic University of Chile, the University of La Serena and Atacama in Chile. The results, meanwhile, were presented in the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society.\nIn the first part of the study, galaxies were detected by eye, but then generated an algorithm for them to be detected automatically. That is, during these years of research, a working team was formed for the technical part, while they were in charge by observation detect and verify the various galaxies and stars.\n“From a girl I had a scientific vocation” , Baravalle tells the media. Although he also states that The astronomy career wasn't easy for him. His secrets were the dedication, patience and also the CONICET scholarships which encouraged her to achieve a rewarding result in the personal and enriching astronomical matter at the global level.\nThe cosmic and galactic duo already carries 4 international scientific publications on this subject. Their training, knowledge, vocation and dedication are on par with some scholars who since the 90s have been investigating the same region. The challenge for which astronomers continue is to know in depth the galaxies they have discovered.\n“In the optician, before you could not see the objects behind our galaxy. People who do extragalactic astronomy study the whole sky except that area. So, the realization of this catalog is a very important fact ” said Alonso, a CONICET researcher and professor at the National University of Córdoba.\nBaravalle, who dedicated his thesis on Bachelor's degree, doctorate and postdoctoral to this project, he added: “Also, as a result, the first thing we get are numbers that indicate positions, but when we're going to see the picture and a galaxy appears, it's amazing Out of the whole process, an object comes out there and no one saw! It's the most beautiful part,” he concluded.\nAfter eight years of work, the researchers Cordobesas have opened the doors for new analysis in that unexplored region of heaven. Hereafter, researchers plan, among other things, to continue with machine learning methods. The idea is that they replace the task of visual inspection of galaxy candidates and observe galaxies found with other telescopes, so that they can estimate their distance and so on to deepen the studies of its distribution.\nPublication Date: 21/03/2021\nWe suggest you continue reading the following notes:\nExcelente artículo y muy bien documentado con los link... Gracias!!!\nToday Patrizia brings us a 20 minute practice of power yoga, designed for those who already have str...\nEven that temperature can reach the thermal sensation in Dubai. There lives a Mendoza who works on t...\nSerargentino.com columnist and winner of the recognition “Ambassador of the Word”, tells everything...\nThis Sanjuanina left the province in 1978 with intentions to return to her native province. However,...", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "From the Kuiper Belt to Jupiter-Family Comets: The Spatial Distribution of Ecliptic Comets\nWe present numerical orbital integrations of thousands of massless particles as they evolve from Neptune-encountering orbits in the Kuiper belt for up to 1 Gyr or until they either impact a massive body or are ejected from the Solar System. The median dynamical lifetime of these objects is 4.5 × 10 7years. We found that about 30% of these objects became visible comets. (We refer to a comet with perihelion distance <2.5 AU as a \"visible\" comet.) Of those, 99.7% were Jupiter-family comets (as defined by their Tisserand parameter, hereafter \"JFCs\") when they first became visible, although some evolved out of the Jupiter family as time progressed. By comparing the observed orbital element distribution of JFCs to that produced by our simulations we deduce that JFCs are statistically most likely to have physical lifetimes of ∼12,000 years. Based on this estimate of physical lifetimes and the fact that there are ∼110 active, visible JFCs with HT< 9, we conclude that there are currently ∼1.2 × 10 7ecliptic comets (those with T> 2), of sizes consistent with this absolute magnitude, that originated in the Kuiper belt. This conclusion assumes that the rate of objects leaving the Kuiper belt has remained approximately constant over the history of the Solar System. We calculate the orbital distribution of this population and show that ∼90% are beyond the orbit of Neptune at any given time. In addition, we calculate the impact rates of these objects onto the planets. We find that a JFC impact onto Jupiter happens approximately once every 400 years and one on the Earth should occur once every 13 million years.\n- Pub Date:\n- May 1997\n- Earth Science", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Philae makes soft landing on a comet in new footage\nIt’s been one year since Philae landed on a comet. This new animation shows Philae first touching down. It also highlights the incredible two-hour flight to its final resting spot on the comet.\nRead more: http://on.mash.to/1N29PbW", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "edit CNEL, Paris-sur-Mizouri, Osage, Louisianne April 29, 2003 (9 Floreal, CCXI):\n- Scientists, curious to see the effects of space upon a body have announced another launch from 'le Cygne.' This launch, planned for early summer, will launch a life form into space, whjere sceintific instruments will monitor the reaction of a living organism to space. The capsule will orbit the Earth, with a landing planned for an as yet undisclosed body of water. Read More...", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Exploring Ancient Lunar Legends as first Supermoon in Three Decades set to Dazzle Tonight\nThe moon has been an object of worship, veneration, and intrigue among ancient civilizations for thousands of years. Now, it is set to capture our admiration once again as a Supermoon lunar eclipse, the first in more than three decades, will dazzle in tonight’s sky.\nSupermoons occur when the moon reaches its closest approach to Earth in a given orbit, making it appear significantly larger and brighter than usual. It will be the first Supermoon eclipse since 1982, and the last until 2033, NASA officials said in a newly released video .\nEnd of world theories\nThe rarity of the Supermoon event has given rise to a number of doomsday theories, among them that the world will be struck by a giant asteroid.\nApocalypse author Robert Rite has claimed that Israel would be the worst affected country. \"In this latest series of Total lunar eclipses, we are seeing four of them in a short span of time – this is referred to as a Tetrad: The fact that these 4 Blood moons are occurring during Jewish Holidays portends something big that will occur surrounding Israel and the Middle East,\" he said.\nAnother doomsday theorist, Texas pastor John Hagee, author of “Four Blood Moons: Something Is About to Change,\" said in a statement via The Blaze that “God is trying to tell us something”.\nHowever, NASA has dismissed claims that the Supermoon would bring a meteor strike leading to the end of the world. \"There is not one shred of evidence that an asteroid or any other celestial object will impact Earth on those dates,\" Paul Chodas, manager of Nasa's Near-Earth Object office at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory told CBS.\nThe moon has been shrouded in myths and legends for thousands of years, many of which still persist to this day, and Supermoons even more so. For example, there are many who believe that full moons can drive a person mad, cause natural disasters, and increase crime rates. These beliefs have their roots in ancient religions and superstitions. Indeed, the words “lunacy” and “lunatic” come from the Roman goddess of the moon, Luna, who was said to ride her silver chariot across the dark sky each night.\nLuna riding across the night sky in her chariot, Archaeological Museum in Milan (c. 2nd–5th centuries AD). Image source: Wikipedia\nAncient healers and health professionals believed in a strong connection between mania and the moon. For instance, ancient Greek physician Hippocrates (460 – c. 370 BC) wrote that “one who is seized with terror, fright and madness during the night he is being visited by the goddess of the moon.” Roman philosopher and historian, Pliny the Elder (23 – 79 AD), maintained that full moons had a particularly influence upon our brains, being the ‘moistest’ organ, and that this resulted in more crime and violence. In medieval England, people on trial for murder could campaign for a lighter sentence on the grounds of lunacy if the crime occurred during a full moon; meanwhile, psychiatric patients at London’s notorious mental institution, Bethlehem Hospital, were shackled to their beds as a preventive measure during certain lunar phases.\nThe moon controls fertility\nPerhaps because the menstrual and lunar cycles are similar in length, many early civilizations believed that the moon controlled women’s menstruation and could determine when women could become pregnant. Ancient Assyrian astrological texts give advice regarding when women are most fertile, according to the different phases of the moon, and moon deities, such as the Chinese goddess Chang’e, and the Incan Quilla, were believed to control fertility and reproduction.\nAn image depicting the phases of the moon, used to predict periods of fertility. Image source .\nIn ancient cultures, the moon's waxing and waning have also made it a symbol of both birth/creation and death/destruction. For example, the Polynesian islanders of the Pacific Ocean saw the moon as a symbol of creation, represented by the creator goddess named Hina, while for the Aztecs of Mexico the moon was Mictecacuiatl, a destructive force which travelled through the night sky hunting out its victims. The Maori people of New Zealand also referred to the moon as the \"man eater.\" For the Tartars of Central Asia, the moon, known as the Queen of Life and Death, was dualistic, representing both the forces of creation and destruction.\nPerhaps the greatest myth involving the full moon is the ever-popular werewolf, a mythological or folkloric human with the ability to shapeshift into a wolf or wolf-like creature during a full moon. The origin of the werewolf legend can be traced back to Germanic paganism and Proto-Indo-European mythology, where lycanthropy (the transformation of man to wolf) is reconstructed as an aspect of the initiation of the warrior class. But the link between moon and wolf is not only associated with lycanthropy. The Greek goddess of the moon was said to keep the company of wolves, while the North American Seneca tribes believing wolves sang the moon into existence.\nDepiction of a man wearing a wolf-skin (460 BC). Image source: Wikipedia\nIt is clear that the glowing silver sphere seen in the night sky has captured the imagination of humans for as long as man has walked the earth and gazed up at the cosmos, and tonight we can appreciate it in all its dazzling beauty.\nThe full eclipse of the moon will last more than an hour and be visible, weather permitting, from North and South America, Europe, Africa and western Asia. People from around the world can enjoy it through Nasa TV which will air the event from 8pm until at least 11.30pm EDT from the Marshall Space Flight Center. Click here to watch the event live stream online on Nasa's official website.\nFeatured image: A Supermoon rises over the Tien Shan mountains. Credit: Shamil Zhumatov\nSupermoon Lunar Eclipse 2015: Full 'Blood Moon' Coverage – Space.com\nThe ever persistent myths about the super moon – Edmonton Journal http://www.edmontonjournal.com/ever+persistent+myths+about+super+moon+with+video/10102910/story.html\n7 Unusual Myths and Theories about the Moon – History.Com http://www.history.com/news/history-lists/7-unusual-myths-and-theories-about-the-moon\nMoon - Myths Encyclopaedia - http://www.mythencyclopedia.com/Mi-Ni/Moon.html\nIt is actually scientifically proven that the moon does control one’s menstruation. Mostly, to be fair, it did so in pre-electricity times, since light does effect women’s body in that way, especially considering the fact that humans' bodies are made up of 75% water, and as you know, it is the moon which governs the tides, thereby having a marked impact on the human body as well, when it is full. This inevitable pull was minimized with the insurgence of electricity, since at this point we have readily available light during the night at all times of the month.\nA dreamer is one who can only find his way by moonlight, and his punishment is that he sees the dawn before the rest of the world ~ Oscar Wilde\n\"... I can't remember seeing Osiris in its totallity ...\" =\n\"... I can't remember seeing Osiris in its totallity BEFORE ...\"\nForgot to say: what made it even more impressive was that some 15 or 20 degrees to the left of the moon was the star sign Osiris, again, in a christal clear night. And actually I can't remember seeing Osiris in its totallity; whith his bough on the right side more or less aiming at the moon which looked like a planet.......\nI saw it tonight or this morning at appr. 4.40 hrs., it was a crystal clear night. Looked very bizar; the moon, cupper reddish but not 'shining' brightly. (It's amazing that you can see the moon in the first place when it's in the shade of the earth; where does the light come from?). It looked a little as if there was another planet or something. Very strange and pretty impressive.\nSadly too misty and light poluted to see it where I was, but some great photos circulating.\nThanks for an interesting article!\nSculptures, carvings & artwork inspired by a love of history & nature: www.justbod.co.uk", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Valores, Fe y Vida\nValues, faith and life on the border\nA nun crosses the border into Juárez every day despite the risks to run a women’s work cooperative.\nFrom the Foxhole\nSame Same, But Different\nReturning to Vietnam\nVeterans return to Vietnam to right wrongs and find peace.\nIt will be up to voters to decide whether to use $50 million in bonds to rebuild the interchange.\nLoud and Clear\nSpeakers show up en masse to take on APD shootings and the possible public access changeover.\nOdds & Ends\nFunny because it happens to someone else.\nUFOs: Physical Extraterrestrial or Paraphysical Interdimensional\nA discussion on how personal, physical observations vary in time and materialization.\nWoofstock Pet Expo and Adoption Festival\nFeaturing an agility course, vaccine and microchip clinic, nail trimming, pet care info booths, raffles and more.\nPieces of Other Worlds: Samples from Across the Solar System\nDr. Carlton Allen discusses scientific research of the formation and evolution of our solar system.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "One down, four to go.\nA pair of NASA astronauts completed the first of five spacewalks to repair the Hubble Space Telescope today. The entire mission is considered risky because the astronauts are in an orbit densely littered with space junk.\nJohn Grunsfeld and Andrew Feustel floated out of the shuttle Atlantis at 8:52 a.m. ET and finished their work about seven hours and 20 minutes later. Today's spacewalk was the 19th one to ever service Hubble.\nThe duo's key accomplishment was installing a new camera in the Hubble Space Telescope, giving it the ability to peer even deeper into the cosmos.\nAfter struggling for a bit with a particularly stubborn bolt, they replaced the 15-year-old Wide Field Planetary Camera 2 with a new piano-sized camera that is significantly more powerful than its predecessor. With the new camera, the telescope will be able to take large-scale, clear and detailed photos over a wide range of colors, NASA said.\n\"Good job installing it,\" astronaut Mike Massimino told his colleagues. \"Getting Wide Field 3 to unlock the secrets of the universe.\"\n\"Let there be light,\" Grunsfeld said as ground controllers checked the power hookups, the Associated Press reported.\nOnce the new camera was safely in its new home, the astronauts moved the old camera to the slot on the shuttle that had housed the new one. The old camera will be moved to the Smithsonian.\nThe pair then replaced a data processing computer responsible for sending the camera's images down to Earth.\nThey also installed a mechanism that will allow future vehicles to attach to the telescope.\nTomorrow, astronauts Mike Good and Mike Massimino, the first astronaut to tweet from space, will conduct the second space walk.\nPiece of Space Junk Passes Close to Shuttle Atlantis\nThe astronauts were told Wednesday night that there was a slight risk of a \"conjunction\" or collision with debris from an old Chinese weather satellite.\nBut the 4-inch chunk passed by the shuttle without incident, missing it by several miles Wednesday night. The satellite was intentionally destroyed in January 2007.\n\"Something the size of a pea could put a hole in the spacecraft,\" former astronaut Jeffrey Hoffman told \"Good Morning America\" Wednesday. \"They can usually track [pieces of debris] down to two inches. ... What you really worry about are the pieces too small to track, but big enough to do damage.\"\nAs his colleagues prepared for the first spacewalk, astronaut Massimino tweeted, \"Rendezvous and grapple were great, getting ready for our first spacewalk.\"\nHubble Space Telescope: Atlantis Makes Rendezvous\nAtlantis made its rendezvous with the Hubble space telescope Wednesday , beginning a week-long effort to replace or repair the aging telescope's vital systems.\nWith the shuttle's commander, Scott Altman, steering Atlantis, astronaut Megan McArthur reached out and grabbed the Hubble with the ship's robot arm. Then she gently lowered the telescope into the shuttle's cargo bay.\n\"Houston, Atlantis,\" Altman called to Mission Control. \"Hubble has arrived on Atlantis with the arm.\"\nIt was a delicate operation, with the two giant spacecraft flying in formation at 17,200 miles per hour, more than 300 miles above Earth's surface.\n\"I'm going to have to remind myself to breathe, and take it real slow,\" McArthur had said in an interview with ABC News before the flight.\nAstronaut John Grunsfeld -- an astronomer by training -- took the microphone in the crew cabin a few minutes after the capture.\n\"I'm looking out the window here, and it's an unbelievably beautiful sight,\" he said.\nGrunsfeld is on his fifth spaceflight, and his third to service the Hubble. He has said he felt strongly about the telescope -- even during the two-year period when NASA thought this mission was too risky to fly, and Grunsfeld, then the agency's chief scientist, had to go along with the decision.\nAtlantis' Risky Mission to Repair Hubble Telescope\nAtlantis' astronauts, who have been training for this mission since 2006, plan a series of five space walks on successive days. The telescope is now locked in a specially-designed cradle at the rear of the shuttle's cargo bay, so that the astronauts can safely work on it.\nThey have to replace the telescope's batteries, gyroscopes, fine guidance system and other parts. They also carry new insulation to surround the Hubble's body so that it can better withstand the extreme temperatures of space.\nThe mission, designated STS 125 by NASA, is the last chance to save the Hubble telescope, whose batteries, cameras and gyroscopes are badly in need of replacement.\nAs the shuttle gradually closed in on the Hubble Tuesday, it underwent a tedious but necessary inspection to make sure it had not been damaged during liftoff. The shuttle Columbia was lost in 2003 because damage to one wing went unnoticed.\nWhen orbiters travel to the International Space Station, they do a flip so that the space station crew can inspect the belly for damage. Since Hubble, obviously, doesn't have a crew to help them out, Atlantis' crew had to do all the work.\nThe Risks Facing Shuttle Atlantis\n\"We are going to inspect the vehicle to the same standards as a [space] station mission,\" Altman told ABC News before the launch. \"We are doing that by using the boom out there with the sensors on it.\"\nA boom attached to the end of the shuttle's robot arm was moved slowly over Atlantis' wings and underside Tuesday, with a camera and laser to look for potential damage.\nSuch work makes the flight a bit longer, Altman said.\nThis is the fifth and final space shuttle mission to the Hubble. It has been seven years since a shuttle last visited the telescope, and it is in need of a service call.\nOn this mission, astronauts will install a new wide-field camera and cosmic origins spectrograph, two instruments NASA said should significantly increase Hubble's potential.\nFull-Scale Rescue Mission Ready If Needed\nBut the mission is also the riskiest one attempted by a shuttle since the Columbia accident in 2003.\nNot only could debris hit the orbiter during launch, which was what happened to Columbia, orbiting debris could hit the shuttle while the astronauts fix Hubble.\nHubble orbits about 350 miles above Earth, in an area with a higher density of debris. Two satellites collided over Siberia earlier this year, which has increased the risk even more, as junk from that collision drifts lower.\nAs soon as Atlantis fixes Hubble, and releases it back into orbit, it will immediately maneuver to a lower altitude to reduce the chances of getting hit by space junk.\nThe most dramatic step NASA has taken to reduce risk is the preparation of a full-scale rescue mission.\nIn the event that Atlantis sustains damages the crew cannot repair, a second space shuttle, Endeavour, is standing by on another launch pad at the Kennedy Space Center to rescue crew members.\nSTS 400 can be ready in three days if a rescue is necessary.\nThe Associated Press contributed to this report.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Volume 516, June-July 2010\n|Number of page(s)||5|\n|Published online||22 July 2010|\nDerivation of stochastic differential equations for sunspot activity\nDepartment of Mathematics and Statistics, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-1042, USA e-mail: [edward.allen;chisum.huff]@ttu.edu\nAccepted: 12 April 2010\nAims. A system of stochastic differential equations (SDEs) is derived for sunspot activity.\nMethods. The SDE derivation relies on basic assumptions about a cyclic but randomly varying source of sunspots and on an average lifetime for sunspots. The SDE model parameters are fit to sunspot data for three different 11-year sunspot cycles. Results of calculations for the SDE system are compared with the data for each of the three sunspot cycles.\nResults. Certain characteristics are shared by both the SDE model and the data. In particular, the second and third moments about the mean divided by the mean are similar for the SDE system and for the data and appear to be approximately constant over the cycle.\nKey words: Sun: activity / sunspots\n© ESO, 2010\nCurrent usage metrics show cumulative count of Article Views (full-text article views including HTML views, PDF and ePub downloads, according to the available data) and Abstracts Views on Vision4Press platform.\nData correspond to usage on the plateform after 2015. The current usage metrics is available 48-96 hours after online publication and is updated daily on week days.\nInitial download of the metrics may take a while.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "From Toby Pereira, Rayne, Essex, UK\nIt's interesting to see Sean Carroll using anthropic reasoning to argue that we are not in a universe destined to expand forever (18 February, p 9). Such a universe, he says, would see a proliferation of Boltzmann brains, which would outnumber us. This would make it more likely that a random conscious observer would be one of these random fluctuations than a properly evolved human being – a potentially embarrassing situation for some theories.\nIt is not enough to argue, as Carroll does, that we are not in such a universe. If Boltzmann brains outnumber “normal” brains, then this is a problem wherever and whenever they are: in our universe trillions of light years distant, or in another corner of the multiverse.\nWe need to understand exactly what might cause some logically possible universes to exist and not others, or to get a statistical grasp on what would be the case if all logically possible universes exist.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "How to Stargaze in Utah\nTips on what to pack and when and where to go for one of Utah's favorite post-sunset activities, stargazing\nThe Milky Way is like a giant spiral neighborhood, and Earth, our perfectly inhabitable home, resides along its outer spiral arm. The Milky Way’s shape is referred to as a fried egg — flat with a bulge in the center — stretching 100,000 light years across with an estimated 100–400 billion stars. When we look into the dark skies with unaided eyes, nearly every star we see is within our galaxy.\nPerhaps it’s no wonder that so many of us are drawn to look toward the Milky Way, whether it’s simply to soak in its beauty or be changed in a way that is truly transformative.\n“The night sky connects us all in a way that is deeper than we understand,” said Bettymaya Foott, a Moab, Utah, native and director of engagement with the International Dark-Sky Association. “We feel so tiny in comparison to the Milky Way, but we’re also very much a part of it.”\n\"The night sky connects us all in a way that is deeper than we understand.\"\nWhen to Go Stargazing\nThe great advantage to astrotourism is that it doesn’t depend on seasonality. You can see night or dark skies throughout the year. From our northern hemisphere viewpoint, the Milky Way core (or bulge) is always generally south on the horizon. However, the orientation of the galaxy differs throughout the year.\nOf course, you’ll want to take note of the weather and avoid nights where cloud cover is prevalent or potential storms are on the horizon.\nWe see more of the Milky Way, its center, and the highest concentration of stars combining for the most luminous of views during the summer. Looking low on the southern horizon is the constellation of Sagittarius, and its brightest stars make a teapot shape, noted Foott, with the Milky Way rising as steam from the spout.\nIn the winter months, we are looking toward the outside edge of the galaxy, with fewer stars that are less intense and more subtle. Winter is a wonderful time of year to experience stargazing in part because it’s kinder to the non-nightowls. There are more hours of darkness as the sun goes down earlier in the day and Utah’s typical dry winter air also allows for clearer viewing.\nViewing the Galactic Core\nThe central part of the Milky Way — the galactic core — shines nightly from March to November.\n- March–May: The galactic core will first become visible a few hours before sunrise.\n- June–August: View the Milky Way as soon as the sun sets for most of the night.\n- September–November: The Milky Way will be best seen in the early evening.\n- November–February: The galaxy core will not be visible in the northern hemisphere.\nTime of Month\nPlan your stargazing during a new moon or within three days before or three days after. A new moon occurs when it is located between Earth and the sun. The moon is thus not visible from Earth, resulting in dark skies that are ideal to see the Milky Way and the faintest of celestial objects and phenomenon (details in dustlines of the galaxy, fainter light against a dark background, etc.) Any light from the moon will wash out the night sky.\nTime of Night\nFoott said the Milky Way is most clearly seen during true night, after the sun is 18 degrees below the horizon — typically an hour to an hour-and-a-half after sunset. During the northern hemisphere’s summer months, that’s after 10 p.m. And the longer you stay up, the more intense the sky becomes with stars beaming as the night gets darker.\nFear of Darkness\nThere are numerous ways to experience stargazing, even if someone is unnerved or fearful of the dark.\n“Going to view a dark sky is not saying there will be no light. It’s about using the right types and amount of light pointed down toward the ground,” Foott said. “We want people to be comfortable and don’t want them to be scared and in the dark.”\nWhen viewing a dark sky, utilize flashlights or headlamps that have a red light for night vision, versus bright white lights, which will impede your eyes from adjusting to the night and greatly decrease your ability to see the stars and the Milky Way clearly.\nYou can also ease into the natural nighttime environment through a full-moon hike, offered by numerous state and national parks or local astronomy clubs.\nStargazing with Kids\nKids can make the best astrotourists — maybe because their imaginations seem unlimited. The night sky is a way to keep their curiosity front of mind by encouraging them to find the constellations, a planet, or even make up their own stories about what they see. Kids start digging into the solar system around 3rd grade or even sooner. You may be surprised at what they see and can point out to parents. They might get sleepy sooner than adults, so just make them comfortable, bring snacks and if they doze off, no problem.\nWhere to Stargaze\nOk, so now you know when to go stargazing, how to do it and what to bring. What about where to go?\nUtah is at the heart of a dense cluster of certified parks called The Great Western Starry Way from New Mexico to Montana. The Beehive State boasts some of the finest dark skies in the world where viewing the billions of stars in the Milky Way is becoming an increasingly popular past-time for all ages (Read: Utah After Dark). In Utah alone, the International Dark-Sky Association (IDA) has certified 25 (and counting) locations, including communities, parks, and protected areas.\n“More than anything, it’s important to experience dark skies without light pollution. With that in mind, you can go and enjoy the night sky wherever you want,” Foott said. That could be camping in Utah’s deserts to a quick trip up the canyons of the Wasatch Back (Read: Seeking Starry Skies Near Salt Lake City). Of course, visiting designated International Dark Sky Places is always encouraged and you will not be disappointed.\nIf you want to go a bit deeper to learn mythology or point to constellations and view the deep sky through a powerful telescope, it may be necessary to attend a star party or guided program. Visit the websites for Utah’s state and national parks to easily find upcoming free stargazing events, which typically include a ranger or interpretative-led talk. Numerous astrological societies and astronomy clubs across the state also host star parties as enthusiasts bring along their telescopes and amazing knowledge.\n“As humans, we’ve been looking up in awe at the night sky as long as humans have been here. It’s innate within us to lay out under the stars and enjoy ourselves and have a wonderful time — it can be life-changing.”\nSee a full list of Utah's IDA-accredited Dark Sky Parks and Communities.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "I'm currently working on a method to estimate M dwarf ages combining different age indicators in a Bayesian framework. The age indicators I'm combining are Hα emission, 3D velocities, position in the color-magnitude diagram (CMD) and rotation period.\nDuring my Ph.D. (2016-2021) I was part of the BDNYC research group where I worked with my advisors Prof. Kelle Cruz and Dr. Jackie Faherty. During this time I worked on the projects described below. My thesis defense was on July 16th 2021 and the recording is available online.\nAge-relations for M dwarfs in the CMD\nI collected a sample of 74,216 M and L dwarfs with Hα measurments and Gaia DR2 photometry, parallaxes and proper motions. Using this sample I found relations between age indicators and the position in the CMD. Find more about the sample in my paper Kiman et al. 2019. And reproduce this CMD and more with this jupyter notebook.\nAge-activity relation for M dwarfs\nI characterized the Hα Age-Activity relation for M dwarfs using a sample of age-calibrators with Halpha equivalent widths from the literature. I obtained their ages from known moving groups and white dwarfs co-movers. Read my paper Kiman et al. 2021 to learn more about this work.\nAges of white dwarfs\nI developed an open source Python package called wdwarfdate to estimate white dwarf ages from an effective temperature and a surface gravity in a Bayesian framework. The paper describing the code is in prep. The source of wdwarfdate can be found in GitHub.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Top 7 Amazing Facts about the Earth we're living in!\nHere are the top 7 interesting facts about the Earth we're living in!\n1. Plate Tectonics Keep the Planet Comfortable:\nEarth is the only planet in the Solar System with plate tectonics. Basically, the outer crust of the Earth is broken up into regions known as tectonic plates. These are floating on top of the magma interior of the Earth and can move against one another. When two plates collide, one plate will subduct (go underneath another), and where they pull apart, they will allow the fresh crust to form.\nThis process is very important and for a number of reasons. Not only does it lead to tectonic resurfacing and geological activity (i.e. earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, mountain-building, and oceanic trench formation), it is also intrinsic to the carbon cycle. When microscopic plants in the ocean die, they fall to the bottom of the ocean.\n2. Earth is Almost a Sphere\nMany people tend to think that the Earth is a sphere. In fact, between the 6th century BCE and the modern era, this remained the scientific consensus. But thanks to modern astronomy and space travel, scientists have since come to understand that the Earth is actually shaped like a flattened sphere (aka. an oblate spheroid).\nThis shape is similar to a sphere, but where the poles are flattened and the equator bulges. In the case of the Earth, this bulge is due to our planet���s rotation. This means that the measurement from pole to pole is about 43 km less than the diameter of Earth across the equator. Even though the tallest mountain on Earth is Mount Everest, the feature that’s furthest from the centre of the Earth is actually Mount Chimborazo in Ecuador.\n|Photo: Dual Love|\n3. Earth is Mostly Iron, Oxygen and Silicon:\nIf you could separate the Earth out into piles of material, you’d get 32.1 % iron, 30.1% oxygen, 15.1% silicon, and 13.9% magnesium. Of course, most of this iron is actually located at the core of the Earth. If you could actually get down and sample the core, it would be 88% iron. And if you sampled the Earth’s crust, you’d find that 47% of it is oxygen.\n4. 70% of the Earth’s Surface is Covered in Water:\nWhen astronauts first went into space, they looked back at the Earth with human eyes for the first time. Based on their observations, the Earth acquired the nickname the “Blue Planet:. And it’s no surprise, seeing as how 70% of our planet is covered with oceans. The remaining 30% is the solid crust that is located above sea level, hence why it is called the “continental crust”.\n5. The Earth’s Atmosphere Extends to a Distance of 10,000 km:\nEarth’s atmosphere is thickest within the first 50 km from the surface or so, but it actually reaches out to about 10,000 km into space. It is made up of five main layers – the Troposphere, the Stratosphere, the Mesosphere, the Thermosphere, and the Exosphere. As a rule, air pressure and density decrease the higher one goes into the atmosphere and the farther one is from the surface.\nThe bulk of the Earth’s atmosphere is down near the Earth itself. In fact, 75% of the Earth’s atmosphere is contained within the first 11 km above the planet’s surface. However, the outermost layer (the Exosphere) is the largest, extending from the exobase – located at the top of the thermosphere at an altitude of about 700 km above sea level – to about 10,000 km (6,200 mi). The exosphere merges with the emptiness of outer space, where there is no atmosphere.\n6. The Earth’s Molten Iron Core Creates a Magnetic Field\nThe Earth is like a great big magnet, with poles at the top and bottom near to the actual geographic poles. The magnetic field it creates extends thousands of kilometres out from the surface of the Earth – forming a region called the “magnetosphere“.\n7. Earth Doesn’t Take 24 Hours to Rotate on its Axis:\nIt actually takes 23 hours, 56 minutes and 4 seconds for the Earth to rotate once completely on its axis, which astronomers refer to as a Sidereal Day. Now wait for a second, doesn’t that mean that a day is 4 minutes shorter than we think it is? You’d think that this time would add up, day by day, and within a few months, the day would be night, and night would be the day.\nBut remember that the Earth orbits around the Sun. Every day, the Sun moves compared to the background stars by about 1° – about the size of the Moon in the sky. And so, if you add up that little motion from the Sun that we see because the Earth is orbiting around it, as well as the rotation on its axis, you get a total of 24 hours.\n|Earth is the planet we have the best opportunity to understand in detail—helping us see how other rocky planets behave, even those orbiting distant stars. As a result, scientists are increasingly monitoring Earth from space. NASA alone has dozens of missions dedicated to solving our planet's mysteries.|\n| Facts about the MOON: Top 12 Interesting Things |\nAt a distance of 384,400 km from the Earth, the Moon is our closest celestial neighbour and only natural satellite. Like the Earth itself, the ...\n| Top 7 Loneliest Places on the Planet |\nThere are times when you want to leave everything behind and looking to take a break from the ongoing societal craps in your life, you ...\n| The tallest mountain on Earth: Mount Everest, Mauna Kea in Hawaii, and now Chimborazo in Ecuador? |\nMount Everest which is believed is the highest moutain so far is beaten by Chimborazo, in Ecuador and Mauna Kea on the island of Hawaii?", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "NOTICE: Use the parameters below to customize your search. Regular expressions and bolean \"AND\" will to match the search. In the case of \"Author name\", the search is performed using only for the last name.\nFound 4 entries in the Bibliography.\nShowing entries from 1 through 4\nMagnetic clouds are large-scale transient structures in the solar wind with low plasma-beta, low-amplitude magnetic field fluctuations, and twisted field lines with both ends often connected to the Sun. Their inertial-range turbulent properties have not been examined in detail. In this Letter, we analyze the normalized cross helicity, sigma(c), and residual energy, sigma(r), of plasma fluctuations in the 2018 November magnetic cloud observed at 0.25.au by the Parker Solar Probe. A low value of |sigma(c)| was present in th ...\nYEAR: 2020   DOI: 10.3847/2041-8213/abb021\nDuring the second solar encounter phase of Parker Solar Probe (PSP), two small solar energetic particle (SEP) events were observed by the Integrated Science Investigation of the Sun, on 2019 April 2 and 4. At the time, PSP was approaching its second perihelion at a distance of \\~24.8 million kilometers from the solar center, it was in near-radial alignment with STEREO-A and in quadrature with Earth. During the two SEP events multiple narrow ejections and a streamer-blowout coronal mass ejection (SBO-CME) originated from a ...\nYEAR: 2020   DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/aba5a1\nA statistical analysis of 15,210 electron velocity distribution function (VDF) fits, observed within \\textpm2 hr of 52 interplanetary (IP) shocks by the Wind spacecraft near 1 au, is presented. This is the second in a three-part series on electron VDFs near IP shocks. The electron velocity moment statistics for the dense, low-energy core, tenuous, hot halo, and field-aligned beam/strahl are a statistically significant list of values illustrated with both histograms and tabular lists for reference and baselines in future w ...\nWilson, Lynn; Chen, Li-Jen; Wang, Shan; Schwartz, Steven; Turner, Drew; Stevens, Michael; Kasper, Justin; Osmane, Adnane; Caprioli, Damiano; Bale, Stuart; Pulupa, Marc; Salem, Chadi; Goodrich, Katherine;\nYEAR: 2019   DOI: 10.3847/1538-4365/ab5445\nAstrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics; Interplanetary particle acceleration; Interplanetary shocks; parker solar probe; Physics - Plasma Physics; Physics - Space Physics; Plasma astrophysics; Plasma physics; Solar coronal mass ejection shocks; Solar coronal mass ejections; Solar Probe Plus; Solar wind; Space plasmas\nThe evolution of the magnetic field and plasma quantities inside a coronal mass ejection (CME) with distance are known from statistical studies using data from 1 au monitors, planetary missions, Helios, and Ulysses. This does not cover the innermost heliosphere, below 0.29 au, where no data are yet publicly available. Here, we describe the evolution of the properties of simulated CMEs in the inner heliosphere using two different initiation mechanisms. We compare the radial evolution of these properties with that found fro ...\nYEAR: 2019   DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ab4126", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "The Boundless Universe April 5, 2008 - July 3, 2008\nTell me about the stars, the galaxies, the pulsars and the suns that shine.\nTell me about how you feel when you look up into the heavens, through a telescope or the naked eye.\nWhat comes to mind.\nA badge that your profile will wear proudly\nCreated Apr 5, 2008", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "This is the Dudley Observatory Skywatch Line for Wednesday, October 7th, and Thursday, October 8th, written by Louis Suarato.\nThe 68% illuminated, waning gibbous Moon rises at 9:44 p.m. Wednesday in the constellation Taurus. This may be one of your last opportunities to see Mercury about 30 minutes after sunset. Look low over the west-southwest horizon. Binocular will help, but be careful of the bright glow of the sunset. At that time, Saturn and Jupiter will emerge about 25 degrees above the southern horizon. Jupiter will be to the right, and is the brighter of the two planets. The gas giants are about 7 degrees apart. Thursday night, beginning at 7:29 p.m., Jupiter’s moon Callisto is occulted. An occultation is an event when one object is hidden by another object that is between the first object and the observer. Callisto’s orbit will be taking it behind Jupiter. Callisto’s occultation ends at 11:40 p.m., when it reappears from behind the planet. At 7:43 p.m., Io begins its transit across Jupiter. Io’s transit ends at 11 p.m. Thursday. At 9:02 p.m., Io’s shadow will cross the planet. Io’s shadow transit ends at 11:20 that night.\nMars rises at 6:52 p.m., Wednesday in the constellation Pisces. As Mars approaches its opposition on October 13th, it will be the best time to observe the red planet for the next 15 years. Mars opposition occurs only 7 days after Mars closest approach to Earth in years. On October 6th, Mars will be within 38,568,819 miles of Earth. The combination of Mars’ close approach, and its opposition increases it brightness to -2.6 magnitude. Venus rises at 3:39 a.m., Thursday, in Leo.\nThe Draconid meteor shower peaks overnight Wednesday through Thursday. This is considered a variable meteor shower because the number of meteors per hour depends on where Earth’s orbit intersects the comet 21/P Giacobini-Zinner’s trail in any given year. There were outbursts in 1933 and 1946, and in 2011, European observers were treated to over 600 meteors per hour. The radiant of the Draconids, or the point at which the meteors will originate, is the constellation Draco. Draco is a circum-polar constellation that will be above the Big Dipper after sunset, and will be wrapped around the Little Dipper during Thursday’s early morning hours.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "The Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA) will operate several types of telescopes and cameras. The individual camera trigger rates will vary much - from 0.6 to 15 kHz - while the content of the raw data will be heterogeneous. Raw data streams of up to 43 Gbps per telescope must be handled efficiently, from the camera front-ends down to the on-site repository and real-time analysis. In addition, the system must transcode all raw data to a common, pre-calibrated format.\nWe will present the pipeline that we propose to implement this data acquisition pipeline. It will format the raw data to a common structure, provide facilities to run camera-specific algorithms and compress and write data to the on-site repository. We will also present the Python interface that allows the analysis pipeline to access the data. Eventually, the two strategies foreseen to interface the camera servers will be detailed and the current status of the developments for CTA will be given, with the last performance figures measured.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Is the Moon a UFO?\nI know what your thinking. He must be out of his mind. And I do not blame you for having that opinion, however let me present the facts to you before you decide the case of my sanity. I cannot say with conviction that the moon is actually a space ship housing \"aliens\", I have never been there. So this remains in the murky world of theories, however it is not a theory devoid of any proof or logic. Quite the opposite actually....\nThe moon has been observed by humanity for our entire recorded history. This object is identified in the aspect that it has a name and we know its there, even so it cannot yet be disqualified as a UFO. Even after six visits to the moon by US astronauts between 1969 and 1972, the moon remains an enigma to scientists in many regards. Scientists had hoped that by studying the moon they could solve some of the mysteries surrounding the formation of our solar system. Before the Apollo missions, the moon was thought to be the Rosetta Stone of the planets. Yet after the missions, lunar scientists were no closer to answering even the most basic of questions about the moon, even on how it formed. Despite 842 pounds of rocks and soil samples, photos and video tapes, and five nuclear powered scientific stations, the mysteries are still there. Indeed, what we have learned in the wake of the missions has only raised more questions.\nConsider what writer Earl Ubell wrote: \" The lunar Rosetta stone remains a mystery. The moon is more complicated than anyone expected; it is not simply a kind of billiard ball frozen in space and time as many scientists had believed. Few of the fundamental questions have been answered, but the Apollo rocks and recordings have spawned a score of mysteries, a few truly breath stopping.\" What are these \"breath stopping\" mysteries? For one, some of the lunar rocks have been found to be 5.3 billion years old. The earth by contrast is thought to be around 4.6 billion years old, while the oldest rocks on the earth are only about 3.5 billion years of age. I suppose the discrepancy lies in that the rocks did not form until the earth had cooled sufficiently. This mystery is compounded by the fact that the dust in which the rocks were located was found to be another billion years older than the rocks themselves. Another discovery was that the moon rocks were a completely different composition than the dust in which they were found. If the dust and the rocks were being formed by impacts, they would be the same. It is a problem without an easy answer.\nAnother puzzle the moon rocks presented was the fact that they were found to be magnetized. The reason this is so strange is that the moon does not have a substantial magnetic field. The argument could be made that the rocks were magnetized by the earths magnetic field, yet this argument collapses when you consider that if the moon ever got close enough to the earth to pick up a magnetic field, it would be ripped apart by earths gravity. So how were they magnetized? Again, nobody knows. Another mystery surrounds the moons large maria, the large dark areas that speckle the moons surface. That they appear to be the result of large outpourings of molten rock from the interior is not questioned. Yet they cannot easily be dismissed as being the result of natural volcanism either. The maria are relatively smooth, with few craters on them. Yet, in order to explain them as the result of volcanism, they should have been formed at the very early stages of the moons birth. The interior of the moon is relatively cool compared to the earth, and this suggests that any volcanism that took place took place while the moon was still hot: ie. in its early years.\nSo looking at the facts, it appears that the moon ejected large amounts of molten rock by an unknown means. Another interesting fact about the maria is the presence of mascons located almost directly in the center of each maria area. The mascons are large, dense nearly circular areas underneath the marias. They were detected by the space craft that orbited the moon, as fluctuations in the moons gravity. No one has a clue what they are, unless you are willing to consider they may be artificial in nature. Skeptics will often declare that they are iron meteorites, yet if that were true and they had hit the moon with enough force to go that deep they would have not only vaporized, they would have created huge craters.\nI will also quickly comment on the various times that glowing lights have been observed on the moon from the earth. The most common explanation for these events is that they are caused by gasses escaping from the moons interior. Yes that's it, magical glowing gasses (please note my use of sarcasm here). By them self, these events would not seem that odd, yet when considered in light of everything else, they are.\nThere are many indications that the moon may be hollow. There was actually quite a debate going on about it in the 60's. A NASA scientist named Dr. Gordon MacDonald stated \" If astronomical data are reduced, it is found that the data require that the interior of the moon be less dense than the outer parts. Indeed it would seem that the moon is more like a hollow rather than a homogenous sphere.\" MIT's Dr. Sean C. Solomon wrote \" The lunar orbiter experiments vastly improved our knowledge of the moons gravitational field...indicating the frightening possibility that the moon may be hollow.\" Why did he choose the word frightening? The great skeptic Carl Sagan summed it up in his book Intelligent Life in the Universe: \"A natural satellite cannot be a hollow object.\"\nThe most startling evidence came on November 20, 1969 when the Apollo 12 crew, upon returning to the orbiter sent the lunar module (LM) crashing back down into the moon. The LM struck the surface about forty miles from the Apollo 12 landing site, where sensitive seismic equipment had been left. It recorded something both astounding and unexpected. The moon reverberated for more than an hour like a bell. The vibration wave took 8 minutes to reach a peak and then decrease. At a news conference that day, one of the co-directors of the seismic experiment, Maurice Ewing, told reporters scientists were at a loss to explain the ringing. \"As for the meaning of it, I would rather not make an interpretation now. But it is as if someone had struck a bell, say in the belfry of a church in a single blow and found that the reverberation continued for an hour.\" Dr. Frank Press of MIT added \"None of us have ever seen anything like this here on Earth. In all of our experience it is quite an extraordinary event. That this rather small impact... produced a signal that lasted an hour is quite beyond the range of our experience.\" The phenomenon was repeated with the Apollo 13's third stage, which was sent crashing by radio command. This time the reverberations lasted 3 hours and 20 minutes.\nMany people may recall the astronauts vain attempts to drill into he moons marias. The specialized drills were unable to penetrate more than a few inches, obstensibely due to the presence of titanium. However, this mystery was compounded by the discovery of what appeared to be processed metals. Rocks were found to contain brass, mica and amphibole in addition to the near pure titanium. Uranium 236 and Neptunium 237 - elements not found previously in nature were also found in moon rocks. While trying to explain the presence of these materials, scientists were startled to find rust proof iron in samples from the Sea of Crisis. Iron that does not rust is unknown in nature and is well beyond mans present technology.\nNow for myself, the most compelling piece of evidence of the moons unnatural origins come from one of my favorite books The Cambridge Atlas of Astronomy. In the chapter on the moon, three possible origins for the moon are given.\n1) It formed with the Earth ; ie from the same material that formed the Earth.\n2) It was created during a collision with a large comet or planetoid with the Earth.\n3) It was a rogue satellite captured by the Earth.\nI am happy to say that according to The Atlas, all three theories have been completely debunked. ( Happy because I love a good mystery). The composition of the moon is different than the Earth. The Earth has a lot of iron, the moon has almost none. The age of the moon rocks and samples is older than anything on the Earth. So that totally rules out number 1 and most of number 2. Indeed, the differing compositions of the 2 bodies and their age difference really does rule out number 2. However, in support of debunking that argument, the fact is there is no evidence that the Earth was ever involved in such a collision, and there is no debris left over orbiting the Earth. Another puzzling fact, the moon is the only satellite in the solar system which does not orbit a planet in the plane of the planets rotation.\nWhich brings us to number 3, the moon was a wandering planetoid that was captured by the Earth. Not only that, but was captured in such a way that the same side always faces the Earth, (thus the dark side of the moon). And the moon is the exact distance away to be the exact same apparent size as the suns disc. You can see that if you are fortunate to be in an area of totality during a solar eclipse. Taking into account the size of the moon, you know what the chances of this all occurring naturally are? Well they are so close to being zero that it is considered the most unlikely of the scenarios. The odds are so astronomical as to be impossible. So there you are, the moon is a UFO!\nThis page was last updated on: 1/30/2011\nWebsite designed and created by TJ Elias - Houston, Texas\nCopyright© 1996-2011 - TJ Elias", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Finally, we have a wedding date for Rapper Kanye West and reality star Kim Kardashian. The couple will walk down the aisle on 24 May.\nThe couple, who already have one child, only got engaged in October but Kanye West seems to be so keen to make Kim his wife that he has brought their Paris wedding forward to 24 May.\nAccording to reports, the couple chose that date because it’s when astronomers are predicting a comet will burst through Earth’s atmosphere and create a brilliant meteor shower, lighting up the sky – we wouldn’t expect anything less from Kimye’s wedding!\nKim, 33, recently revealed the ceremony will be small, intimate affair, but apparently Kanye, 36, has taken the lead when it comes to wedding planning.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Occasionally, I while away sleepless nights turning the pages of Zdeněk Kopal’s A New Photographic Atlas of the Moon. I discovered it in a second hand bookshop on the Isle of Man. It’s an intriguing book, packed with full-page photos of the lunar surface, photos dating from the earliest unmanned Russian missions to the Apollo programme. Especially interesting are the images of the elusive far side of the moon. (One cannot help but be reminded how much the Russian space programme achieved where the moon is concerned, despite the fact that no cosmonaut has yet set foot on it).\nReading it at night, on the verge of sleep, it is easy to imagine yourself dropping into the pages and walking on the surface, trecking, for example, across the floor of the crater Ptolemeus, towards its distant, mountainous rim, or traversing the uncanny, double-walled basin of Schrodinger on the far side. Since the gravity of the moon is one sixth that of the Earth, it seems reasonable to assume one could cover, roughly, six times the distance on a moon walk as one could walking on Earth.\nHowever, despite the fantastic landscape and the starlit sky, there is something missing from my moon walks. They lack something I inevitably encounter on my real walks across the earth’s surface: signs of human activity. It strikes me as interesting that, although I seek out wild places, there is a satisfaction to be found in encountering faint paths, ruins, the traces of earthworks and so on.\nThinking along these lines, I happened to pick up Robert Macfarlane’s book, The Old Ways and read this quote from Emerson:\nAll things are engaged in writing their history… Not a foot steps into the snow, or along the ground, but prints in characters more or less lasting, a map of its march. The ground is all memoranda and signatures; and every object covered over with hints. In nature, this self registration is incessant, and the narrative is the print of a seal.\nPerhaps when out walking I’m seeking not wilderness but a wildness where my species’ presence feels not overwhelming but proportional, like the presence of one species among many. And perhaps, although history can seem nightmarish when written or spoken about, perhaps there is comfort to be found in the unspoken history, the traces. It strikes me that, whether or not I care to admit it, were I walking on the moon in real life, even though I had travelled through space for days to get there, to encounter the landing site of a probe or an Apollo mission would be a highlight of the trip.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "If an asteroid was heading for Earth, could we stop it?\nIf a large asteroid was heading for Earth, do you think that we now have the technology to either stop it or deflect it?\nI have my doubts about that, after watching a few shows on the science channel. If it happens I hope I'm at ground zero so I can watch! lol\nNo. There are many things headed toward Earth. Because of the way time and space work, the image of light that we see from the stars and visible planets are many, many years old. We would have to enact time travel to change the course set billions of years ago.\nWe are basically cockroaches waiting for the Big Shoe, a really big Shoe...\nHere's a Magnetar, a dead star that resembles Earth's core, has been coming for a while. (geologically) If a Magnetar were to reach half way to our Moon's surface, it would wipe out the information on every credit card on Earth. Their magnetic field are 10,000 million times stronger than Earth's.\nThis image is courtesy of www.ESA.int\nby John B Badd7 months ago\nI am not asking about the effect of burning oil or spilling it in the ocean. I am looking to find out how removing oil from the ground effects the ecosystem. Imagine we drained it and did not use it or spill...\nby Stacie L6 years ago\nAll eyes are on huge asteroid buzzing Earth on Nov. 8 By Leonard Davidupdated 10/27/2011 1:53:20 PM ETMark Nov. 8 on your calendar. A huge asteroid that could potentially threaten Earth in the far future will pass close...\nby Oztinato2 years ago\nIs towing an asteroid to the moon a stupid idea?Scientists now want to capture an asteroid and tow it to the moon to put it into orbit. Along with the A-bomb, thalidomide, asbestos etc etc this has to rank as a really...\nby Eugene Hardy5 years ago\nShould humanity make the long term investment in establishing and maintaining industrial and technical colonies for access to resources and research?\nby PeterStip2 years ago\nThe scientific opinion on climate change is that the Earth's climate warming up..Why still argue ?There is a 99% Probability that Manmade Emissions Have Caused Climate ChangeWhy do we still debate if there is a climate...\nby A Ercoli5 years ago\nWhy do things burn up on re-entry into earth's atmosphere?\nCopyright © 2018 HubPages Inc. and respective owners.\nOther product and company names shown may be trademarks of their respective owners.\nHubPages® is a registered Service Mark of HubPages, Inc.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Dr. Steven Dick, Former NASA Chief Historian, will present a public lecture in Notre Dame’s Digital Visualization Theater, Jordan Hall of Science, on Saturday, February 23rd at 7 PM.\nIn 2006 Pluto was controversially demoted to dwarf planet status. This infamous episode is the point of departure for a discussion of the nature of discovery over the last 400 years of telescopic astronomy. What constitutes a “new class” of astronomical object? Who decides if a spiral galaxy, quasar, or pulsar is a new class? Has dark matter really been “discovered”? And how do these claims come to be accepted among scientists and the public?", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "This may be a silly question, but is it possible to do full moon landscapes with the moon so bright when it's full? Haven't quite figured it out yet if it IS possible. I've got a D300, a 28-80mm, 70-210mm, and borrowing a 70-300mm lens. Any tips or input?\n#1. \"RE: Full moon landscapes?\" In response to Reply # 0\nYes, you can, but timing is critical and a lot depends on the exact time of the full moon, which determines the exact time of the full moon rise on any given month. Some months work out better than others.\nYou can not shoot in full darkness or deep dusk unless you do some sort of HDR processing with multiple images.\nOn the night of the full moon the moon rises as the sun sets, or +/- 20 minutes or so in any given month.\nWhen the full moon first rises the light is very well balanced with the moon. As the moon rises the sky and your terrestrial scene darkens.\nThe moon also gets about 2 stops or more brighter the first 3-10° of altitude. But that depends on atmospheric conditions and in the dry Southwest you probably get less atmospheric extinction than most other places.\nThe full moon, high in the sky, is about 1 stop under sunny 16, sometimes called \"luney 11\". When first rising above the horizon the moon is perhaps 3 stops under sunny 16. That is probably about the overall ambient exposure sometime around sunset or just after.\nAnd remember you are shooting opposite the setting sun. The sky is not as bright as it is doing the traditional sunset or dusk shot into the west.\nYou then quickly run into dynamic range problems. You can buy a few stops, maybe up to 4 or so?, using grad filters.\nHere is an example:\nThe image was shot within one minute of sunset. The moon rose 12 minutes prior and is at 2°. The moment of full moon was 7 hours prior, causing the moon to rise shortly before sunset.\nNikon D2h 70-200 f/2.8 VR @180mm f/5.6 1/160s ISO 400 Aperture Priority - Exp Comp -1.0 stops (I wanted it on the dark side and did not want to burn the red channel in the moon or the reflection on the water)\nThese are unique images because the exact circumstances can rarely be repeated. Each full moon is different; I thought this one worked out well.\nNot sure if this is what you have in mind, but I think this is what you have to do. You balance the ambient to the moon, and that generally happens within moments of sunset.\nWith a thick humid air, or thin clouds, sometimes the time can be extended because the moon is unusually extinguished near the horizon.\nThe day before full moon you can generally shoot a nice full moon within an hour or so before sunset. Those can be nice too, especially when the timing of the full moon is such that it rises only about 30-40 minutes before sun set.\n#2. \"RE: Full moon landscapes?\" In response to Reply # 0\nI'm adding this image to illustrate that the moon brightness gets out of hand very quickly.\nThis was shot 5 1/2 minutes later. Neither image has any exposure adjustments or localized brightness/contrast type of work.\nThis image is on the ragged edge of blowing the red channel in the moon. Personally I don't like that color/contrast (the look) of the moon; I prefer a darker look, like my first image, that better images the details.\nSince this is not blown I can fix this although my PP skills may not be up to turning it into something I like. But if I had shot it a few minutes later it would have been hopeless.\nIt's a very tight window and it depends on getting a low horizon. If you are trying to get a moon rising over the mountains, for example, that is a more difficult problem because the moon will likely be luny 11 before it rises over the mountain.\nAnd you would have to do that the day before the full moon so that the moon rises over the mountain just about at sunset. I would think that would be a complex set of timings to put together.\n#4. \"RE: Full moon landscapes?\" In response to Reply # 2 Wed 22-May-13 03:06 AM by scara36\nExcellent tips! and excellent explanation. Yes, my thought/hope was to get it rising over our highest mtn (I live in Northern Arizona at 7000ft, and out tallest mtn is nearly 13000ft). From what I'm finding on PhotoEphemeris, yes the moon will have to be over 10degrees (actually closer to 14) before it is high enough to be seen above the mtn, and I've checked many different vantage points. As you've explained, tho, the best shots would be closer to the horizon. I am going out tomorrow to capture it nearly full rising over the mtn, and it's at a time of day that I'm sure it will come out well. With a completely full moon, tho, I too had noticed that the higher it got, the darker the foreground, etc got, making landscapes near impossible without making the moon just a ball of light, which I absolutely didn't want.\nOk, well for now, I will work with this information and perhaps not this month's full moon, but the next I will try to find a vantage point that will allow me to see the horizon...or at least something less than 13000ft!\n#5. \"RE: Full moon landscapes?\" In response to Reply # 4 Wed 22-May-13 03:36 AM by nrothschild\nOn Thursday evening, May 23, at Flagstaff the moon will be at 13° 54' at the moment of true sundown. What more could you ask for\nRemember what I said about the day before . And don't forget your grad filters . I think you might need a grad to do that, or you might have to do a two frame HDR.\nI've blown a few of these shots because I didn't have my filters in hand at the critical moment. Now I would probably just do an HDR.\nBecause of all those nice mountains you have, it would actually help you to have some sort of altitude/angle gauge.\nSomething like this is very inexpensive and readily available. You would use that with your camera set up. If you have a lens hood, take it off. You frame the scene, then place it flat against the front of the lens.\nEdit: not touching the glass, but against the rim of the lens (the filter ring)\nEdit 2: for angle measurement, use the longest lens you have, pointed exactly where you expect the moon to peep over the mountain\nI use something very similar to help align my equatorial mounts. That Home Depot gauge is actually better than what I use because it can be used in two different axis. (I think?)\nYou should also consider doing the conjunction challenge. I was thinking about you, after that great new moon shot. You may be one of the few Nikonians in the world that has at least fairly reliable clean horizons.\n#6. \"RE: Full moon landscapes?\" In response to Reply # 5\nWill look into the altitude/angle gauge. I was actually just checking on PhotoEphemeris a completely different area to try to get the moon where I want it on Thursday, since you suggested the day before a full moon to shoot it easier. It's not so much that I can't find a place closer to the horizon (I can, if I drive far enough. High desert you can see forever and it's within an hour 1/2 drive). I just have always wanted a photo of it coming over Mt Humphreys; it's the tallest mtn in the state, and I just have this fascination with it. It's so photogenic and majestic. Now that I'm exploring the astro side of photography (which also has always been a fascination; blame that on a junior high crush! LOL), I thought can it be done? Full moon over Humphreys? Combination of both fascinations. So, that said, it was also about finding the moon rising in the right place. So many variables here! Think I found a place. I post anything if it works.\nAbout that challenge, I remember you mentioned it in another thread. Remind me: what was it and what were the best times for it? If it's this weekend, not so sure I can do it. At the base of Mt Humphreys is a place called Hart Prairie and there's a nature preserve there that I'm volunteering at all weekend. (If you're familiar with the Nature Conservancy, it's one of their preserves). If it's not this weekend, I might give it a shot. I was pleasantly surprised at the new moon shot. Great learning experience...and lesson in patience.\n#8. \"RE: Full moon landscapes?\" In response to Reply # 6\nI think you should shoot the full moon over that mountain. It's a great idea! It is a complex setup, and remember that the moon rises in a different place each successive day. What works in a trial run may be a problem the day or two. Similarly two successive full moons will rise in somewhat different places.\nFor that you need a compass, your magnetic declination (from the NGS web site) and the azimuth at moon rise from Photographer's Ephemeris.\nIt may take some effort, and many tries, but I suspect the results will be worth it!\nMercury, Venus and Jupiter are bunching together to form a \"Conjunction\". It is actually happening right now.\nMay 26 is the tightest arrangement of the conjunction but it is also very good several days before and after. You may be able to sandwich it on either side of your weekend.\nJune 10 has a very challenging new moon, plus two of the planets.\nJune 11 has a still fairly challenging new moon, plus two planets in the scene.\nI think that after May 30 it will become very tough to get all 3 planets because Jupiter is fairly rapidly sinking lower each day. But you might find a window for that.\nAny time between now and mid-June or so is a great time to shoot those planets. You need a very low horizon around where the sun sets, but you seem to have found one already for that new moon shot. But the closer you can get to the true horizon (and I mean within a degree if possible), the better off you are. And with your dry air and altitude you could get some amazing dusk shots at the horizon.\nIf you like the idea of this, remember that you can shoot that full moon just about any month of the year, but this planetary arrangement, with 3 planets in the dawn or dusk sky, is very rare. It will be years before you can do it again. I've looked several years ahead and see nothing similar.\n#3. \"RE: Full moon landscapes?\" In response to Reply # 0\nSarah - I don't have any readily available samples of my efforts, but I want to heartily endorse Neil's detailed and correct explanation. His discussion of timing is exquisite.\nLike a great many questions like this, the answer is rooted in thoroughly understanding what is happening. For example, the \"Loonie 11\" rule is based on the fact that the sun lights the full moon much as it does the earth at noon. The moon however, has a reflectivity -- or albedo, as astronomers say -- that is somewhat less than that of the earth: it's a little darker overall.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "This post is in direct response to a Tweet that I received this morning. The Tweet was in response to a graphic showing relative contributions to Earth's radiative (heating or cooling) system. In that well-understood chart within the climate science community (this link), greenhouse gases are shown to be the dominant radiative forcing mechanism for Earth's climate system. The aforementioned Tweet seems to suggests that the sun's influence is undervalued or that climate scientists mysteriously misunderstand its role. It was worth cutting short my morning workout to debunk this common misconception.\nThe sun is the vital energy source for our planet's weather and climate system. Without it, things would be very different around here. The sun is hot. We see it and feel its heat. For many people, they understand the concept of sitting next to a fire or heater. The warmth that they feel likely informs their interpretation of how the Earth is warmed by the sun. However, there is far more to the story.\nThe Greenhouse Effect is very important for earthlings. As Colorado State University Professor Scott Denning says, \"we survive night\" because of it. What is the Greenhouse Effect? It is an analogy used to describe how the Earth's surface is heated due to certain things being present in the atmosphere like greenhouse gases, water vapor, aerosols, and clouds. The atmosphere behaves like a very interesting filter. The sun sends energy to Earth at different wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum. Thankfully for us, much of the harmful ultraviolet radiation is absorbed by the stratospheric ozone layer. Also thankfully for us, visible light passes through much of the atmosphere. As shortwave energy (visible light and shortwave infrared) reaches the surface of the Earth, it is absorbed.\nAt this point, we are only halfway through the story. Like almost everything on the planet with a measurable temperature, the Earth's surface emits longwave infrared (heat) energy back to the atmosphere (graphic above). As an example of this radiative process, there are mornings in which some much heat is radiated away from Earth that the surface cools to the dewpoint temperature. The dewpoint temperature is the point at which the air becomes saturated. When this happens, you might notice fog or dew on the ground.\nWhat happens to the longwave energy emitted from the surface? Some of it escapes to space, but a significant portion is absorbed by Greenhouse gases or clouds. It doesn't stop there, however. The gases or clouds emit heat back to the surface or into the atmosphere. This emitted radiation adds to the surface warming from sunlight. This is the Greenhouse Effect in a nutshell. According to the American Meteorological Society's (AMS) Glossary of Meteorology, \"as a result of the greenhouse effect, Earth’s annual mean surface temperature of 15°C is 33°C higher than an equally reflective planet in Earth’s orbit with no atmosphere.\" Venus and Mars have very carbon dioxide-rich atmosphere. However, Mars is relatively cold and has frozen surface because its atmosphere is so thin, and there is little water vapor or methane (also Greenhouse gases). Venus, on the other hand, has roughly 154,000 times the carbon dioxide of Earth's atmosphere and a surface temperature hot enough to melt lead, according to NASA.\nThe AMS Glossary also makes a point that I routinely share with my students at the University of Georgia:\nThe term “greenhouse effect“ is something of a misnomer in this context. It is used as an analogy to the trapping of heat by the glass panes of a greenhouse, which let sunlight in. In the atmosphere, however, heat is trapped radiatively, while in an actual greenhouse, heat is mechanically prevented from escaping (via convection) by the glass enclosure.\nThese processes are very complex, and there is much more to the story than I have written here. I hope this clarifies that \"yes\" the sun is vital to Earth, but \"no\" it is not the only part of Earth's \"heating-cooling\" system. The energy that the Earth receives from the sun varies, and one of the most significant reasons is the 11-year sunspot cycle. According to a NASA website,\nThe total solar irradiance (TSI), improperly called “solar constant” until a few years ago, has been found to change about 0.1% in an 11-year solar sunspot activity. The current most accurate TSI values from the Total Irradiance Monitor (TIM) on NASA’s Solar Radiation and Climate Experiment ( SORCE ) is 1360.8 ± 0.5 Watts per meter squared during the 2008 solar minimum as compared to previous estimates of 1365.4 ± 1.3 W/m2 established in the 1990s.\nHowever, these slight changes to the solar constant are not the major driver of temperature trends that we are now observing in the climate system. I hope this information cleared up any misconceptions and brightened your day.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Control of Periodic Variations in Saturn’s Magnetosphere By Compressional Waves\nFriday, 19 December 2014\nMany of the periodic variations observed in Saturn’s magnetosphere can be linked directly to the presence of a rotating pattern of field-aligned currents that link the northern and southern ionospheres with each other and with the magnetosphere. Such a current system is incorporated in a magnetohydrodynamic simulation that has previously been shown to reproduce many of the observed periodic properties of the system (Jia et al., 2012; Jia and Kivelson, 2012). Here the simulation is used to investigate a range of phenomena that can be attributed to the effects of compressional waves launched from the rotating current sources. The compressional waves are found to drive the flapping of the plasma sheet and the expansion and contraction of the magnetopause in each rotation period. Because the compressional perturbations weaken as they rotate from morning to evening around the day side of the magnetosphere, the boundary develops a strong morning-evening asymmetry. A fit to the shape is provided that may be useful in further investigation of magnetopause properties, but there is already evidence of the proposed asymmetry in the Cassini observations of Clarke et al. .", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "A full \"Buck\" Moon makes an appearance on Tuesday night, July 19. Native Americans call the July moon a \"Buck Moon\" because it is the time of the year when a buck deer gains a pair of new, fuzzy antlers.\nAt 6:57 p.m. Eastern time on Tuesday night, the moon will reach its technical fullness prior to becoming visible in the eastern sky. The moon will still be full as it rises in New York at 8:03 p.m., in Washington at 8:12 p.m. and in Cleveland at 8:37 p.m. Residents in Los Angeles can also view the Full Buck Moon at 7:52 p.m. Pacific time while folks in Chicago can witness the event at 8:02 p.m. Central time.\nOn Wednesday evening, July 20, folks can still enjoy the sights of an almost full Buck Moon just in case Tuesday evening becomes particularly cloudy.\nThe moon in July is also called the Full Thunder Moon because of the frequent thunderstorms during this month. A third name — Hay Moon — is also given to the moon for the month of July because it signals the time when farmers are working hard to get their hay safely inside barns in anticipation of the thunderstorms during the month.\nBased on the Farmers' Almanac, the monthly full moon has many names. The full moon in January is called the \"Full Wolf Moon\" because during the deep snows and freezing cold in the midwinter, packs of wolves would howl hungrily just outside the Indian villages. It is also called \"Moon After Yule\" or \"Old Moon.\"\nFebruary's full moon is given the name \"Full Snow Moon\" because this is the time of the year when snowfalls are usually the heaviest. It is sometimes called \"Full Hunger Moon\" because this is also the time when some tribes find it difficult to hunt for food, hence the hunger.\nThe full moon in March is called the \"Full Worm Moon\" because at this time, the ground starts to soften and earthworms start to reappear. This phenomenon then invites the robins' return. Other names include \"Full Crown Moon\" because the crows' cawing is taken as the sign of winter's end; \"Full Crust Moon\" because of the crusted snow covers; and \"Full Sap Moon\" because it marks the time when maple trees start to tap.\nApril's full moon is called \"Full Pink Moon\" as it marks the budding of wild ground phlox, which is one of spring's earliest widespread flora and is colored a beautiful shade of pink. Other names include \"Full Sprouting Grass Moon,\" \"Egg Moon\" and the \"Full Fish Moon.\"\nThe full moon in May is called the \"Full Flower Moon\" which highlights the abundance of flowers during the month. Other names include \"Milk Moon\" and \"Full Corn Planting Moon.\" June's full moon is called the \"Full Strawberry Moon\" because it signals the time to gather ripe fruits among the Algonquin tribes. In Europe, tribes call it the \"Full Moon\" and the \"Honey Moon.\"\nAugust's full moon is called the \"Full Sturgeon Moon\" because the sturgeons in the Great Lakes, Lake Champlain and other areas are easily caught. Other names include \"Grain Moon,\" \"Green Corn Moon\" and \"Full Red Moon.\" The full moon in September is called the \"Full Harvest Moon\" as it signals the harvest time for chief staples among Indian communities such as corn, squash, beans, wild rice and pumpkin.\nOctober's is called the \"Full Hunter's Moon\" as it signals the time to hunt while November's is called the \"Full Beaver Moon\" because it marks the time to set beaver traps, ensuring the supply of warm winter furs. Others call it the \"Frosty Moon.\" Lastly, the full moon in December is called the \"Long Night Moon\" describing the long midwinter nights as well as the moon's extended time above the horizon. It is also called the \"Moon Before Yule.\"", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "LightSail 2 Just Deployed Its Sails in Space, And Its a Glorious Moment For Science\n- Eco News\n- August 4, 2019\nLightSail 2 has successfully deployed its solar sails. Shortly after 12:00 pm PST (19:00 UTC) The Planetary Society tweeted that the sails were deployed, and that the spacecraft was sailing with sunlight.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "1909 Penny on Mars?\nBelieve it or not but a 1909 VDB Penny has been on a mars rover collecting dust for over 6 years. A red cent...on the red planet. That's a first for the numismatic community.\nNASA's rover Curiosity has been roaming around on Mars collecting data and photos since 2012. It's mission was to collect data for a total of 687 earth days, or 1 year on Mars. Part of the calibration system used to focus and fine tune the cameras includes one 1909 VDB Lincoln Cent. In the photos attached the penny has been exposed to more than 6 earth years worth of martian dust, freezing temperatures, solar radiation, and more.\nA Martian Penny Worth Millions?\nI just hope that one day Elon Musk or NASA find a way to recover the penny, and bring it back to earth. Can you imagine that auction? For sure the Penny would sell for a cool million or more. It's the first interplanetary piece of currency in the history of the human race. I don't think you can even put a price tag on that. It’s sale would likely beat that of the 1943 Copper and 1943 D Copper Pennies.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Windows 8 astronomy apps are really cool for those passionate about anything related to space, planets and anything astronomy-related. SkyORB is an awesome Windows 8 astronomy app that has recently been updated with even more features.\nIf you have been following Wind8Apps, then you probably know that in the past we have featured some other cool Windows 8 astronomy apps, such as Star Chart for Windows 8, SkyMap, and Lunar Phases. SkyORB is another interesting astronomy app that has recently received some new features in the Windows Store. The app comes with a 3D star map, 3D planetarium, ephemeris with notifications, search engine, sun clock, point to sky, weather, and many other features.\nExplore the Universe from your Windows 8 tablet\nSkyORB features many functions as a 3D real-time representation of the planets position around the sun, warn the user when a phenomenon is occurs as a full moon, a planet really visible, which is worth the observation. The app also features an interactive 3D visualization of the stellar neighbourhood, including over 100000 nearby stars, and 3D visualization of the Milky Way.\nThe app is available as a free download (follow the link at the end), but to be able to enjoy all its features, you can choose to upgrade to the premium version which costs $3.49. SkyORB is updated with comets and satellites positions, and even with weather forecast for the location that you have chosen to share with it so it can aggregate relevant data. For those who don’t know, an ephemeris\ngives the positions of naturally occurring astronomical objects as well as artificial satellites in the sky at a given time or times\nand the ephemeris included with this app comes with the next 60 days astronomy events, as well as the peak day of meteors showers, date of planet elongation and opposition. The app has full Windows 8.1 support, so you can use any live tile size you want, and it will get updated with relevant information. The app comes with plenty other features:\n- Day/night terminator display on world map\n- Powerful universal search engine\n- Moon phases with dates, including rise and set times\n- Simulate the sky from any place in the world and even from other planet like Mars\n- Move fast forward and backward in time\nBesides the above mentioned features, the app has been enhanced for Direct3D 11 and it also comes with Windows 8 integration with Charm bar search and notifications. As for the latest update that it has received, the developer has improved the local view rendering, navigation on touch, rendering of the horizon, the night and day worldmap display, and the ability to show sub-lunar and sub-solar points has been added. Also, planets culmination charts in world map view option is now available. The app is now also faster and more stable on Windows RT devices and Windows 8 tablets.\nStill having issues? Fix them with this tool:\nIf the advices above haven't solved your issue, your PC may experience deeper Windows problems. We recommend downloading this PC Repair tool (rated Great on TrustPilot.com) to easily address them. After installation, simply click the Start Scan button and then press on Repair All.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Silent Sky, by Lauren Gunderson, tells the story of Henrietta Leavitt (1868-1922) an American astronomer who worked at Harvard College Observatory reviewing data about the skies. Together with her female colleagues, known as “computers,” they developed scientific information regarding the size of the universe and the scope and position of the stars. The group worked in a male-dominated field where women’s ideas were often not taken seriously. Even denied access to a telescope, Henrietta and her colleagues nevertheless developed ideas which redefined our understanding of the universe and made ground-breaking discoveries which resonate today in the field of astronomy.\nLauren Gunderson is the most produced playwright in America since 2015. Other of her plays produced at The Stagecrafters include The Revolutionists and Miss Bennet: Christmas at Pemberley.\nNov. 24, 25 @ 8pm, 26 @ 2pm\nNov. 30, Dec. 1, 2 @ 8pm, 3 @ 2pm\nDec. 7, 8, 9 @ 8pm, 10 @2pm\nFor tickets: www.thestagecrafters.org\nFor reservations 215 247 9913\nTickets $26.00 online (+$1.00 processing fee) $30.00 at the door", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "How do cosmic rays occur?\nHow do cosmic rays occur?\nCosmic radiation is produced when primary photons and α particles from outside the solar system interact with components of the earth’s atmosphere. A second source of cosmic radiation is the release of charged particles from the sun, which become significant during periods of solar flare (‘sun storm’).\nWhat term is commonly used for a cascade of particles created by the interaction of a primary cosmic ray with the Earth’s atmosphere?\nSecondary cosmic rays The interaction produces a cascade of lighter particles, a so-called air shower secondary radiation that rains down, including x-rays, protons, alpha particles, pions, muons, electrons, neutrinos, and neutrons.\nWhat can stop cosmic rays?\nThe Earth’s atmosphere and magnetic shield protect us from cosmic radiation. Earth’s magnetic shield protects us from the cosmic radiation and is strongest at the equator and weakest near the poles. The magnetic shield diverts most of the radiation around the earth.\nDo space suits protect against radiation?\nSpace suits provide protection from the UV rays, but they provide limited protection from particle radiation and gamma and x ray. If particles have enough energy they simply pass through the space suit. So EVAs are planned during low solar activity or they try to make the EVA short.\nCan cosmic rays give you superpowers?\nTo acquire superpowers, you would need a place steeped in high-energy radiation. Such a source lurks 600 to 12,000 miles outside Earth in the Van Allen radiation belt, where the planet’s magnetic field traps radioactive particles, like gamma rays created by solar wind or cosmic rays from other galaxies.\nAre cosmic rays and gamma rays the same?\nCosmic rays are charged particles or atomic nuclei moving at relativistic speeds. Gamma rays formed in this manner are about an order of magnitude less energetic than their cosmic-ray parents, which means that those cosmic rays reached energies far in excess of one peta-electronvolt (1015 eV).\nWhich term is commonly used for the break in the cosmic ray energy spectrum around an energy of 1019 eV?\nThere is an additional, somewhat less distinct feature at an energy of about 1019 eV, termed the ankle. Characteristics of this high-energy feature will be discussed later. 9.2 Propagation and origin The most commonly used toy model for galactic cosmic rays is called the ”leaky box” model.\nHow can humans survive in space?\nThe vacuum of space will pull the air from your body. Without air in your lungs, blood will stop sending oxygen to your brain. You’ll pass out after about 15 seconds. 90 seconds after exposure, you’ll die from asphyxiation.\nHow do astronauts stay safe in space?\nSpace suits and the Space Station have special shielding that helps to protect astronauts from harmful radiation. Astronauts have to exercise almost 2 hours a day on special exercise equipment to make their muscles work and stay healthy for their return to Earth.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "The ultraviolet extinction curve of intraclump dust in Taurus (TMC-1): Constraints on the 2175 Å bump absorber\nUltraviolet extinction curves for three early-type stars that sample dust in the Taurus dark cloud in the vicinity of TMC-1 are analyzed to examine the contribution of internal (intraclump) dust to the total line-of-sight extinction. One of our selected targets samples only dust in the \"diffuse-screen\" component of the cloud, where the dust grains lack ice mantles and have optical properties similar to average \"diffuse- ISM\" dust. Comparison with data for more heavily reddened stars that also sample dust within TMC-1 (where grains are mantled) allows us to determine the intraclump extinction. Our principal result is that the 2175 Å \"extinction bump\" is extremely weak or absent inside the clump. The feature present in the observed extinction curves appears to arise almost entirely in the diffuse screen. This dramatic reduction in bump amplitude in the high-density environment is consistent with the prediction of the graphite model that the feature is suppressed by hydrogenation. Amplitude reduction is accompanied by a more subtle change in the profile of the bump, specifically, an increase in width. Comparison of Taurus and other clouds strongly suggests that the increase in width results from accumulation of surface coatings on the carrier grains rather than from particle clustering.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "You have no items in your shopping cart.\nHigh resolution astrophotography of planets and the Moon with powerful telescopes and planetary cameras is simpler with the EAGLE. In order to record the best pictures with telescopes, planetary cameras (usually USB 3.0) are used and are connected to a control computer where a special software allows recording a video. A special processing software allows you to extract only the best and sharper images, stack them and apply contrast filters to improve the visibility of planets and Moon details.\nAstrophotography automation softwares control all the devices that compose the telescope (camera, electronic focuser, motorized filter wheel, mount, autoguide, etc.) and automate images capture of deep-sky objects (such as galaxies, nebulae or star clusters). This way they maximize the recording time and do not require the operator to stay in front of the computer during the several hours of capture required in astrophotography. In this video, Filippo explains features of astrophotography automation software and shows that they are perfect for use with the EAGLE control unit.\nDoes light pollution affect astrophotography? Is it possible to photograph galaxies, nebulae or star clusters with our telescope also from the backyard with light pollution but using narrowband filters? Discover the result of our test comparing the image of a nebula recorded with the same telescope and the same exposition time but from a place with low light pollution and from an area near the city center.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Two neutrinos arrive at Earth from SN 1987A. The observed energies of the neutrinos measured on Earth ranged from 8 - 41 MeV. If the distance L = 168000 light-years, and the observed spread in arrival times of the neutrinos was 12 seconds, what is the upper bound on the neutrino mass placed by SN 1987A? Give your answer in eV/c2.\ndelta(t) = (L/c)[1+(m2c4/2E2)]\n(Answer should probably be around 20 eV/c2 )", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Sun Diver Mega sits on the launch pad. The mission: A careful survey of the Sun's surface. Kerbal scientists had expected the sun to be essentially an oblate spheroid, but reports from close flybys indicate that the surface may have a more detailed topography.\nThe lift vehicle is overkill, but will help take care of some of the delta v. Estimated delta v to our target orbit is 40 km/s.\nEven with nuclear rockets, the mass at Kerbin's orbital radius would need to be 60 times the final mass of the probe in the target orbit. Ion engines are a must.\nHere, the fairing has just been released and the solar panels extended\nThe probe. 42 Xenon tanks arrayed in seven groups, six of which will be ejected in pairs as we go. One ion engine to keep things light, but that's going to make for a very long mission.\nAlmost two days into the mission, we've got a very elliptical polar orbit. The apoapsis is set to 300,000 km -- better to establish a higher-than-expected circular orbit than to run out of fuel going for the target altitude of 100,000 km.\nOn our way to the sun\nThe first set of tanks is ejected.\nThe orbit shrinks more...\nand more... Almost 30 days into the mission now.\nAnother set of tanks is ejected\nDown to the last of our fuel now. With a circular orbit at 300,000 km altitude established, the probe descends further.\nWith 1400 units of Xenon gas remaining, the probe achieves a circular polar orbit about the Sun at an altitude of 100,000 km.\nTime to gather some data. The Logomatic is activated and set to a sample density of 0.2 degrees.\nThe answer is obtained more quickly than expected. With the probe in orbit around the Sun for 50 days, a preliminary data check is done. The Sun does not have a surface with a varied topography. In fact, the Sun does not have a surface at all.\n... Or rather, the sun does not have a surface that the probe's terrain instruments can detect. Further study is planned, including potential analysis of the position of features such as sunspots using data from the probe's cameras.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "[amsat-bb] Re: Space Track Beta Web site\nDavid A Johnson\ndave at g4dpz.me.uk\nThu Jun 7 15:46:29 PDT 2012\nThey are using RESTful APIs for web services so that should make life a\nlot easier for those of us\nwriting apps and other services.\nOn 07/06/12 14:22, Steve Daniels wrote:\n> Space Track are beta testing a new website. It includes an API for element\n> look under the docs section\n> Steve Daniels\n> Sent via AMSAT-BB at amsat.org. Opinions expressed are those of the author.\n> Not an AMSAT-NA member? Join now to support the amateur satellite program!\n> Subscription settings: http://amsat.org/mailman/listinfo/amsat-bb\nMore information about the AMSAT-BB", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "by Staff Writers\nMoscow (UPI) Aug 22, 2012\nEurope's ATV-3 unmanned supply spacecraft has raised the International Space Station's orbit to about 261 miles, a mission control spokesman said Wednesday.\nThe successful orbital readjustment follows a failed attempt Aug. 15 when the ATV-3's engines shut down prematurely because of an increase in temperature on one of the units, leaving the ISS short of its intended orbital height, RIA Novosti reported.\nThe orbit adjustment Wednesday was done in two stages, with the ATV-3 engines firing for 348 seconds to lift the orbit to 257 miles followed by another burn four hours later that brought the space station to its final altitude.\nThe maneuver was to prepare for the return to earth of Russia's Soyuz TMA-04M manned spacecraft on Sept. 17 and the docking of the Soyuz TMA-06M manned spacecraft with the ISS on Oct. 15.\nStation at NASA\nStation and More at Roscosmos\nS.P. Korolev RSC Energia\nWatch NASA TV via Space.TV\nSpace Station News at Space-Travel.Com\n|The content herein, unless otherwise known to be public domain, are Copyright 1995-2014 - Space Media Network. AFP, UPI and IANS news wire stories are copyright Agence France-Presse, United Press International and Indo-Asia News Service. ESA Portal Reports are copyright European Space Agency. All NASA sourced material is public domain. Additional copyrights may apply in whole or part to other bona fide parties. Advertising does not imply endorsement,agreement or approval of any opinions, statements or information provided by Space Media Network on any Web page published or hosted by Space Media Network. Privacy Statement|", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "After zipping hundreds of millions of miles through space, the Mars rover Perseverance is just minutes away from attempting to land on the red planet in what has been described as one of the most daring robotic maneuvers in NASA’s history.\nThe car-size rover, which launched in July 2020, is aiming to touch down on Mars on Thursday at around 3:55 p.m. ET. If successful, Perseverance will become NASA’s fifth rover to land on the red planet and will kick off the agency’s most ambitious mission yet to examine whether life ever existed on Mars.\n“Perseverance is attempting to answer one of the biggest questions in the history of humanity: Is there life elsewhere in the solar system?” said Chris Carberry, co-founder and CEO of Explore Mars, a nonprofit organization that advocates for human exploration of the planet. “If people can’t get excited about this mission, I don’t know what’s wrong with them.”\nCarberry said the mission could reveal tantalizing new details about Mars’ history and geology. But first, Perseverance has to stick its landing. And that will be no small feat.\nLike its predecessor, Curiosity, the Perseverance rover’s descent to the Martian surface has been dubbed the “seven minutes of terror.” This is because a complex sequence of programmed events must occur at precise times in order for the landing to be successful. And because of limits with deep-space communication, engineers in NASA’s mission control may not be able to follow along in real time.\n“Once it enters Mars’ atmosphere, the entire spacecraft is pretty much acting autonomously,” said Janet Ivey, president of Explore Mars. “You can’t send a message from Earth to divert it from landing on a hill or near a big rock. It’s a nail-biter for sure.”\nOnly around half of all previous attempts to land a spacecraft on Mars have succeeded, according to NASA, and Perseverance’s planned touchdown is particularly risky.\nOnce the rover enters Mars’ atmosphere, it will be traveling at roughly 12,000 miles per hour, according to NASA. A parachute will then be deployed and shortly before touchdown a “jetpack” will fire a series of retrorockets to slow the spacecraft. An intricate sky-crane — similar to the one used during the Curiosity rover’s landing — will then lower the rover to the Martian surface.\nDuring the nerve-racking entry and descent phase, friction from Mars’ atmosphere will also subject the spacecraft to temperatures of more than 2,300 degrees Fahrenheit, mission managers have said.\nThe rover is aiming to settle in Jezero Crater, a 28-mile-wide basin just north of the Martian equator that scientists think was once home to an ancient river delta. If Mars once supported life billions of years ago, it’s thought that Jezero Crater could be the best place to look for potential fossilized clues in the region’s sediments and mineral deposits.\nBut Jezero’s landscape is also characterized by large boulder fields, sand dunes and cliffs that make a landing unpredictable and challenging.\n“No Mars landing is guaranteed, but we have been preparing a decade to put this rover’s wheels down on the surface of Mars and get to work,” Jennifer Trosper, deputy project manager for the Perseverance mission at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory, said in a statement.\nIf successful, the Perseverance mission could be the start of a new era of Mars exploration, according to Robert Zubrin, author of “The Case for Mars” and founder of The Mars Society, a nonprofit organization that aims to advance human missions to the red planet.\n“Perseverance could conceivably find fossilized microbial life,” Zubrin said. “If we could drill, find these microfossils, bring them up and subject them to all kinds of examination, we would find out the truth about life in the universe. That is powerful stuff.”\nThe mission will also lay the groundwork for future human missions to the red planet.\nThe rover is outfitted with a suite of seven tools to study the planet’s geology and past climate. In addition to high-powered cameras, Perseverance is equipped with a drill and robotic arm to collect samples, an instrument to examine the chemical composition of rocks and sediments, a tool to measure weather on Mars and an experiment to test if oxygen can be produced from Mars’ carbon dioxide-rich atmosphere.\nThe rover is also carrying a helicopter, known as Ingenuity, that mission controllers will use to attempt the first controlled flights on another planet. The 4-pound drone is designed to fly around and scout out nearby areas in and around Jezero Crater.\nThe Perseverance mission is part of a broader NASA initiative with the European Space Agency that aims to collect samples of rocks and sediment from Mars and return them to Earth.\nNASA and the European Space Agency are not the only ones with their sights set on Mars. Earlier this month, separate space probes from the United Arab Emirates and China successfully entered into orbit around Mars, making them just the fifth and sixth nations to do so.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "When we see patterns in the atmosphere from space, they tend to be in the clouds of powerful storms. These all have roughly the same form: they look like a spiral galaxy with arms spinning out from the core.\nBut meteorologists have detected other organizational principles at work. Like, take the fascinating image above. It shows .... well, I wasn't sure exactly what it showed. A meteorologist's blog post described them as \"convectively-generated mesospheric airglow waves,\" but that did not quite explain how they worked or what they were.\nSo I got in touch with Steven Miller, senior research scientist and deputy director of the Cooperative Institute for Research in the Atmosphere (CIRA) at Colorado State University. Miller and his colleagues discovered these concentric rings while working with the newish satellite Suomi satellite's next-generation low-light sensor. (They published a paper on the discovery in PNAS.)\nMiller told me I was looking at glowing ripples in the atmosphere itself!\n\"These are literally 'ripples of glowing atmosphere' whose structure is the result of a train of gravity waves that is passing through a thin layer of the atmosphere that produces a very faint veil of light called 'nightglow,'\" he said. \"These are not clouds (although they were forced by the thunderstorms below), and they do not occur in the troposphere, where our 'weather' is. They are much higher up—at the interface between the mesosphere and the thermosphere—about 90 km [55 miles] above the surface! The glow is revealing important dynamics of our atmosphere that would otherwise be completely invisible to us.\"\nSatellites carry imaging equipment that can see light far outside the human visual range. So I figured that these ripples would not be visible to a person. It turns out, though: they are! Nightglow shines, in part, in the spectrum our eyes work in. While the light is strongest in the infrared we can't see, it is present in the range that we can: violet (380 nanometer) to deep red (740 nanometer).\n\"And we do have some sensitivity to it—in fact, the nightglow is a source of background light in the nighttime sky that explains why on the darkest of nights and far away from surface lights you can still see the silhouette of your hand held up against the blackness of space,\" Miller said.\nBut, sadly, \"for the most part, this light is simply too faint for us to notice,\" Miller said. \"However, there is indeed enough overlap with human eye's response to permit detection of the strongest nightglow features with dark-adjusted human vision on a moonless night. There have been cases when the waves can be discerned by the naked eye, but this is rare.\"\nImagine being out somewhere in Texas, way out beyond where the cities' light pollution reaches, on a moonless night. A thunderstorm arrives. You dismount and take cover. When it passes, you look up, and it's like there's a faintly glowing bullseye in the sky. No wonder people used to believe in magic.\nOK, ending cowboy fantasy. Back to nightglow waves.\nThe next step in understanding what's going on here is to understand why a layer of our atmosphere glows. Reactions in the atmosphere can release excess energy. For example, UV light can break down oxygen molecules, which then recombine to form new molecules. Sometimes, the energy release of the reaction releases a photon of light. The general term for the phenomenon is \"airglow\" and the process that creates it is chemiluminescence.\nSit back for a minute and appreciate this: our planet glows.\n\"The exact processes vary between the day (dayglow), terminator (twilight glow), and the night (nightglow—which we are seeing here), but the basic idea is that chemical species react with each other to form other species, and sometimes the result is an amount of 'leftover energy' that must be dissipated,\" Miller explained.\n\"Lower in the atmosphere, where there are lots of molecules, this energy can be dissipated kinetically through collisions with other molecules. At very high altitudes where the atmosphere is very thin, the preferred mechanism is the release of a photon of light. But if you get too high up, there just aren't enough light-emitting reactions taking place to produce an appreciable amount of light. There is a kind of sweet spot in the atmosphere where there are enough reactions taking place to produce appreciable (detectable) light, but not so many that the dissipation is going to be predominately via molecules running into each other.\"\nThat sweet spot is about 85 to 95 kilometers, or roughly 52-59 miles, up. And that layer is, of course, where the Texas bullseye shows up.\nThe process that created it, however, began much lower in the atmosphere, with a thunderstorm that blew across the southwestern tip of Texas in the wee hours of the morning on April 4.\nIn a thunderstorm like this, there is a very strong convective current moving upward: the updraft. As water vapor condenses and the resulting droplets freeze into ice, the thunderstorm releases heat into the air.\n\"This dramatically warmed air strengthens the updraft further and as this buoyant air accelerates and eventually impacts against the 'lid' of the troposphere,\" Miller said.\nImagine tossing a stone into water: what we're seeing here is the remnant of the collision of a storm and the tropopause (the \"lid\"), around 12-15 km above the surface.\nIn that kind of impact, Miller said, \"a whole spectrum (many different amplitudes, many different wavelengths) of upward-moving waves are formed, carrying energy to the upper atmosphere.\" Most of them break up before they reach the airglow sweetspot, but some of them don't. And as those \"pass through [the] critical layer of the atmosphere where nightglow occurs, the layer is perturbed ... and the structure of the wave is revealed.\"\nIt's important to understand that these kinds of waves happen all the time, all over the world, \"not just by thunderstorms but by many other processes, including air flowing over the mountains, strong changes in wind speed associated with the jet stream, etc.\"\nAnd that's what makes this research more than a quirky exercise in planetary lightshows. It's not just that there are these previously hidden features of the atmosphere that we can now see, but that they are significant features of the way the earth's global circulatory system works. If we want to model weather and the climate, scientists need to understand the interactions between the lower levels of the atmosphere we're familiar with and the more mysterious upper reaches.\n\"Models that attempt to predict weather and climate must account for the full circulation of the atmosphere, since circulations happening in the upper atmosphere can feed back down to influence our near-surface weather at a variety of space and time scales,\" Miller said. \"Right now, these models have little information on what is going on with the upper atmospheric waves—they must make simple assumptions that are likely not capturing the true processes. This limits the skill of prediction.\"\nBut, of course, until the Suomi satellite launched, it was difficult to study those interactions.\nThe bullseye, then, isn't only the remnant of a storm's encounter with the outer atmosphere, but a target for climate scientists, too. As we seek to explain the planetary changes that we've unintentionally set in motion, this is one areas of dynamism that bears further scrutiny.\nThis week, Miller watched for nightglow through the satellite's eyes as the Earth moved between the sun and the moon, causing a lunar eclipse. That allowed him, he said, \"to catch a glimpse of some nightglow waves, which was kind of neat. These hidden signals in the darkness.\"\nVia Jayson Prentice", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "For the ham radio guys (and gals)\nLink to article\nSuitSat Status 4 February\nParaphrasing Mark Twain....the demise of SuitSat-1 is highly exaggerated!!\nIt is now nearly 24 hours since the successful deployment of the SuitSat-1 experiment. These past 24 hours have been a wild ride of emotions...tremendous highs...deep lows when people reported no signals and said SuitSat-1 was dead and now....some optimism.\nIt is absolutely clear that SuitSat-1 is alive. It was successfully turned on by the ISS crew prior to deploy and the timing, micro-controller functions and audio appear to be operating nominally. The prime issue appears to be an extremely weak signal.\nI have heard several recordings and have monitored two passes today. When the signal is above the noise level, you can clearly hear partials of the student voices, the station ID and the SSTV signal. One of the complicating factors in reception is the very deep fades that occur due to the spin of SuitSat.\nBased on the information we know thus far, one can narrow down the issue to the antenna, the feedline, the transmitter output power and/or any of the connections in between. Through your help, we would like to narrow down the issue further and also gather some internal telemetry from the Suit.\nIf the transmitter is running at full power, we would expect the Suit to end operations in the next few days to a week. If it is not, then it will operate much longer. Since we do not know how long this experiment will last, we ask for those with powerful receive stations to listen for Suitsat---especially during direct overhead passes when the Suit is closest to your area. If you can record these passes and send the audio to us, it would be most appreciated. We will continue to be optimistic that this issue will right itself before the batteries are depleted. So please KEEP LISTENING!\nBased on what we have learned, we would like to provide the following guidelines to save you time and facilitate gathering information:\n1) You need as high a gain antenna as possible with mast mounted pre-amps. An arrow is the minimal set...it provides very brief snipets of the communications. HTs and scanners won't cut it.\n2) I would not waste your time on passes below 40 degrees elevation. SuitSat is too far from your station to receive a reliable signal. We have found that closest approach provides several seconds of SuitSat communication with 22 element yagis.\n3) The \"gold\" we are looking for right now is the telemetry information and how long the vehicle stays operational. So if you hear any of the telemetry, please let us know.\nWe are also working to get the voice repeater set up on ISS to downlink SuitSat audio on 437.80 in the event that the ISS Kenwood radio can receive the SuitSat transmissions. The repeater may be operational as early as mid-day Sunday. Please do NOT transmit on 145.99, voice or packet, until we have confirmed that SuitSat is no longer transmitting. These transmissions interfere with our ability to hear SuitSat.\nWhile the transmission part of the SuitSat experiment has not been stellar, SuitSat-1 has been tremendously successful in several areas. Some of these successes include:\n- We have captured the imagination of students and the general public worldwide through this unique experiment.\n- The media attention to the SuitSat project represents one of the biggest ever for amateur radio.\n- We have had well over 2 million internet hits on http://www.suitsat.org today.\n- Our student's creative artwork, signatures and voices have been carried in space and are on-board the spacesuit---the students are now space travelers as the Suit rotates and orbits the Earth.\n- Carried in the spacesuit CD are pictures of Roy Neal, K6DUE, and Thomas Kieselbach, DL2MDE, two of our colleagues who have contributed to the ARISS program and have since passed away.\n- We successfully deployed an amateur radio satellite in a Spacesuit from the ISS, demonstrating to the space agencies that this can be safely done.\n- This ARISS international team was able to fabricate, test and deliver a safe ham radio system to the ISS team 3 weeks after the international space agencies agreed to allow SuitSat to happen. This was a tremendous feat in of itself.\nSuitSat-1/Radioskaf is a space pioneering effort. Pioneering efforts are challenging. Risk is high. But the future payoff is tremendous. As you have seen, we have not had total success. But we have captured the imagination of the students and the general public. And we have already learned a lot from this activity. This will help us and others grow from this experience.\nKeep your spirits up and let's continue to be optimistic. And please keep monitoring!!\n73, Frank H. Bauer, KA3HDO\nARISS International Chairman\nAMSAT-NA VP for Human Spaceflight Programs\nNASA site on SuitSat\nUsing a simple police scanner or ham radio, you can listen to a disembodied spacesuit circling Earth.\nJanuary 26, 2006: One of the strangest satellites in the history of the space age is about to go into orbit. Launch date: Feb. 3rd. That's when astronauts onboard the International Space Station (ISS) will hurl an empty spacesuit overboard.\nThe spacesuit is the satellite -- \"SuitSat\" for short.\n\"SuitSat is a Russian brainstorm,\" explains Frank Bauer of NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center. \"Some of our Russian partners in the ISS program, mainly a group led by Sergey Samburov, had an idea: Maybe we can turn old spacesuits into useful satellites.\" SuitSat is a first test of that idea.\nRight: ISS astronaut Mike Finke spacewalks in a Russian Orlan spacesuit in 2004. SuitSat will have no one inside. [More]\n\"We've equipped a Russian Orlan spacesuit with three batteries, a radio transmitter, and internal sensors to measure temperature and battery power,\" says Bauer. \"As SuitSat circles Earth, it will transmit its condition to the ground.\"\nUnlike a normal spacewalk, with a human inside the suit, SuitSat's temperature controls will be turned off to conserve power. The suit, arms and legs akimbo, possibly spinning, will be exposed to the fierce rays of the sun with no way to regulate its internal temperature.\n\"Will the suit overheat? How long will the batteries last? Can we get a clear transmission if the suit tumbles?\" wonders Bauer. These are some of the questions SuitSat will answer, laying the groundwork for SuitSats of the future.\nSuitSat can be heard by anyone on the ground. \"All you need is an antenna (the bigger the better) and a radio receiver that you can tune to 145.990 MHz FM,\" says Bauer. \"A police band scanner or a hand-talkie ham radio would work just fine.\" He encourages students, scouts, teachers and ham radio operators to tune in.\nFor years, Bauer and colleagues at Goddard have been connecting kids on Earth with astronauts on the ISS through the ARISS program (Amateur Radio on International Space Station). \"There's a ham rig on the ISS, and the astronauts love talking to students when they pass over schools,\" Bauer explains. ARISS is co-sponsoring SuitSat along with the Radio Amateur Satellite Corporation (AMSAT), the American Radio Relay League (ARRL), the Russian Space Agency and NASA.\nRight: Tune your FM radio to 145.990 MHz.\nWhen will SuitSat orbit over your home town?\nUse Science@NASA's J-Pass utility to find out. The online program will ask for your zip code—that's all. Then it will tell you when the ISS is going to orbit over your area. (Be sure to click the \"options\" button and select \"all passes.\") Because the ISS and SuitSat share similar orbits, predictions for one will serve for the other. Observers in the United States will find that SuitSat passes overhead once or twice a day—usually between midnight and 4 o'clock in the morning. At that time of day, SuitSat and the ISS will be in Earth's shadow and, thus, too dark to see with the naked eye. You'll need a radio to detect them.\n\"Point your antenna to the sky during the 5-to-10 minute flyby,\" advises Bauer, and this is what you'll hear:\nSuitSat transmits for 30 seconds, pauses for 30 seconds, and then repeats. \"This is SuitSat-1, RS0RS,\" the transmission begins, followed by a prerecorded greeting in five languages. The greeting contains \"special words\" in English, French, Japanese, Russian, German and Spanish for students to record and decipher. (Awards will be given to students who do this. Scroll to the \"more information\" area at the end of this story for details.)\nNext comes telemetry: temperature, battery power, mission elapsed time. \"The telemetry is stated in plain language—in English,\" says Bauer. Everyone will be privy to SuitSat's condition. Bauer adds, \"Suitsat 'talks' using a voice synthesizer. It's pretty amazing.\"\nThe transmission ends with a Slow Scan TV picture. Of what? \"We're not telling,\" laughs Bauer. \"It's a mystery picture.\" (More awards will be given to students who figure out what it is.)\nRight: In a laboratory at Goddard, SuitSat bends over to display its antenna and control box. [More]\nStudents and teachers who want to try this, but have no clue how to begin, should contact their local ham radio club. There are thousands of them around the country. Click here to find a club near you. \"Hams are notoriously outgoing; most would be delighted to help students tune in to SuitSat,\" believes Bauer.\nBauer expects SuitSat's batteries to last 2 to 4 days. \"Although longer is possible,\" he allows. After that, SuitSat will begin a slow silent spiral into Earth's atmosphere. Weeks or months later, no one knows exactly when, it will become a brilliant fireball over some part of Earth—a fitting end for a trailblazer.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "This weekend brings with it our Full Moon in Pisces, which is also our final Eclipse of 2016.\nFull Moons (when the Sun and Moon oppose one another in the sky) tend to illuminate our unconscious behaviours and this can be especially strong when the Full Moon is also an eclipse (like this one).\nWhat’s coming up for you this week?\nThe Need for Compassion and Release\nPisces is a sign associated with letting go and surrender and this message is amplified with this eclipse being a South Node eclipse – what do you need to relinquish?\nThe build up to any Full Moon can see an increase in energy, but with sensitive Pisces; sign of compassion, finality and oneness in the hot seat and with this being a lunar eclipse, which can intensify our emotions, don’t be surprised if you’re feeling tired, overwhelmed or even exhausted.\nView original post 820 more words", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Southwestern’s large research-quality reflecting telescope was donated to the Physics Department by Max Allen, a local engineer and builder who was also an amateur astronomer. This instrument is used by faculty and students for research, and programs of general interest to the public are conducted each month during the academic year.\nPublic Night, Saturday, April 25, 2015, 8:00 PM to 10:30 PM CDT.\nSunset 8:05 PM CDT. Astronomical twilight ends 9:31 PM CDT. Lunar Phase: 43% waxing crescent, above the horizon for the entire event.\nOn hand to guide viewing will be S.U. Physics Department faculty and talented observers from the Williamson County Astronomy Club. Regular Fountainwood Viewing Nights are always FREE and OPEN TO THE PUBLIC.\nThe Observatory is located on the northeast side of campus adjacent to the Rockwell Baseball Field.\nFor weather-related updates call the Fountainwood Observatory Hotline at 512/ 863-1242.\nSPRING 2015 OBSERVATORY EVENTS\nSun and Moon data from the USNO website.\nYoga Under the Stars Fundraiser Event, 8:00 PM to 9:00 PM.\nPublic Night, Sunday, March 1, 2015, 8:00 PM to 10:30 PM CST.\nPublic Night, Saturday, January 24, 2015, 8:00 PM to 10:30 PM CST.\nBest of Austin\nThe Austin Chronicle gave the Fountainwood Observatory a Best of Austin Award. Read what they said about the observatory’s public viewing nights here.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "The first of each Jewish month—the celebration of the new moon, its slender crescent barely visible in the night sky—is a day historically associated with women’s renewal and celebration.\nIn recent decades, Rosh Chodesh has become an occasion for Jewish women to gather for learning, ritual, and spiritual exploration, and to mark life passages. Rosh Chodesh groups, meeting monthly, offer a women’s space in time. (Some men’s gatherings have begun as well, sometimes associated with kiddush levanah, celebrating the coming full moon.)\nPhoto from istockphoto.com", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Exploration Phase of NASA's Galileo Mission Comes to End\nThe NASA spacecraft Galileo makes a final flyby of Jupiter's moon Amalthea as the probe ends the science-gathering portion of a 13-year mission.\nCopyright 2002 NPR\nNHPR is nonprofit and independent. We rely on readers like you to support the local, national, and international coverage on this website. Your support makes this news available to everyone.\nGive today. A monthly donation of $5 makes a real difference.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Designed by Elizabeth Hartman for Robert Kauffman, Planetarium includes a galaxy of suns, moons, and stars that are waiting to be a part of your next project. Planetarium is perfect for a variety of quilt projects, including my Robots, Star Systems, and Cats in Space patterns.\nContains 42 x 5 inch squares in co-ordinating colours. Some prints may be duplicated. 100% cotton\ntop of page\nbottom of page", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "FloripaSat is a group located on UFSC (Federal University of Santa Catarina) at Florianópolis - Brazil. We capacitate students in complete space missions and do researches that pushes the community foward.\n27/08/2018 - 09:10\nThe group FloripaSat opens new selective process on Marketing, Verification and Hardware and Software Development.\n29/07/2018 - 09:57\nWe were part of CubeDesign 2018 CubeSat contest and we finished in 2º!", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Electric Universe / Astrophysics\nDr. Donald Scott described his investigation of the inherent properties of Birkeland currents and subsequent discovery that they produce unexpectedly far-reaching magnetic fields in cosmic space. These fields collect matter and compress it into concentric hollow cylinders. They also produce a long-range attractive force on other such currents. Without involving mathematics, Scott describes the results of his analysis of the magnetic structures that are produced by, and that surround, Birkeland Currents. This work and its results gives new insight into the understanding of the electrical properties of space.\nDr. Scott earned his Bachelors and Masters degrees in Electrical Engineering at the University of Connecticut. He earned a Doctorate in Electrical Engineering at the Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts, and was a member of the faculty of the Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering at the University of Massachusetts/Amherst from 1959 until his retirement in 1998. During that time he was the recipient of several good-teaching awards and authored numerous scientific papers and chapters. In 1987, the McGraw-Hill Book Company published his 730-page textbook, An Introduction To Circuit Analysis -- A Systems Approach. In addition, Dr. Scott published the classic, Electric Sky (2006), 256 pages of compelling material on the Electric Universe and plasma cosmology.\nDr. Scott's paper: http://electric-cosmos.org/BirkelandF...", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Visions of the Future: The Official Stephen Hawking Wall Calendar 2022\nA dazzling marriage of science and art.\n“Remember to look up at the stars and not down at your feet.” —Stephen Hawking\nIn celebration of what would have been Stephen Hawking's 80th birthday, Visions of the Future pairs Stephen Hawking’s quotes with breathtaking images of the universe captured by the European Space Agency. Fascinating phenomena: light disappearing into a black hole is accompanied by “It is said that fact is sometimes stranger than fiction. And nowhere is that more true than in the case of black holes.” Existential truths: “We each exist but for a short time. And in that time explore but a small part of the whole universe.” And calls to action: “Climate change is one of the great dangers we face and it’s one we can prevent,” paired with an image of Earth as seen from space. It’s an exquisite gift for students, scientists, or anyone fascinated by the cosmos.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "|1||In terms of event rates the current best estimates for neutron-star–binary merger rates, based on the known population of neutron-star–binary systems, gives a 95% confidence interval between 1 – 1000 × 10–6 per year per Milky Way Equivalent Galaxy (MWEG), where MWEG is equivalent to a volume that contains a blue light luminosity with (MWEG was used in the S1 and S2 LIGO search, but was then changed to the unit, where is given as 1010 times the blue-light luminosity of the sun, although there is only a 10% difference between the two), [3, 196, 197], with a peak in the distribution at 100 × 10–6 per year per MWEG – or 0.02 per year for initial LIGO at design sensitivity. The expected rate of black-hole binary systems, or black-hole–neutron-star systems is far harder to infer as none have been observed, but estimates can be made on the population for a wide variety of models and give a 95% confidence range of 0.05 – 100 × 10–6 per year per MWEG and 0.01 – 30 × 10–6 per year per MWEG respectively [3, 248, 249, 39]. As an example of how to convert from rates to event numbers, cumulative blue-light luminosities with respect to distance from the Earth in Mpcs, and the horizon distances of the LIGO detectors from S2 through to S4, can be seen in Figure 3 of .|\n|2||The result published in  give an upper limit value of , but this is for a Hubble constant of 100 km s–1 Mpc–1, so for consistency with later results it has been converted to use a Hubble constant of 72 km s–1 Mpc–1 as in .|\n|3||There is currently a plan that has been approved by the LIGO Laboratory and the NSF to potentially construct one of the Hanford detectors at a site in Australia , although this is reliant on construction and running costs being provided by the Australian government. Such an observatory in the southern hemisphere would greatly improve sky localisation of any transient sources and enhance electromagnetic follow-up observations (e.g., ).|\nLiving Rev. Relativity 14, (2011), 5\nThis work is licensed under a Creative Commons License.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "FLAVORHEAD Beach Towel 006\n• 52% cotton, 48% polyester\n• Fabric weight: 10.6 oz/y² (360 g/m²)\n• Printed on one side only (white on non-printed side)\n• direct to garment print\nabout the art- This is a pattern made from an original acrylic screenprint painting from 2011. It combines found images and hand drawn elements. Part of the found images are from The Voyager Golden Records which are two phonograph records that were included aboard both Voyager spacecraft launched in 1977. The records contain sounds and images selected to portray the diversity of life and culture on Earth, and are intended for any intelligent extraterrestrial life form who may find them.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Mercury can be grouped together with Earth as another tectonically active planet in our Solar System, according to a study that used images captured by the MESSENGER space probe.\nObservations using the Hubble Space Telescope may have revealed surprising activity in Europa's subsurface ocean, causing water vapour to erupt from its surface.\nA study has calculated that Pluto could be hosting an ocean below its surface with a salt content similar to the Dead Sea on Earth.\nAstronomers have been able to discover an exoplanet orbiting two suns by observing how its mass warps spacetime.\nAstronomers believe they may have solved the mystery behind a huge, bright cloud of gas found 11.5 billion lightyears away.\nNew discoveries of ancient lakes and valleys on the Red Planet are helping scientists uncover the story of water on Mars, and whether microbial life could once have existed.\nAstronomers using the Hubble Space Telescope have been able to observe a key stage in the evolution of a star in real time.\nQuasars are thought to be some of the first light sources to have formed in the Universe, but finding ancient specimens to study is a tricky task. A team of astronomers has found a batch of specimens that nearly doubles the amount of ancient quasars that we know of.\nA globular cluster 19,000 lightyears away could be a relic from the early days of the Milky Way, according to new analysis of Hubble Space Telescope data.\nThursday 8 September 2016 marks 50 years to the day that audiences sat down to watch the first episode of Star Trek: The Original Series. Science writer Paul Cockburn explores how 19th century astronomers once believed that a planet called Vulcan genuinely existed in orbit around our own Sun.\nDwarf planet Ceres' mountain Ahuna Mons could be an ice volcano, according to analysis of data collected by the Dawn spacecraft.\nNASA's Juno spacecraft has sent images back to Earth following its first close encounter with Jupiter.\nA new study has found that the first stars were soley responsible for the reionistation of atoms in the cosmos, leading to the development of the Universe as we know it today, and that they formed much later than thought.\nA galaxy cluster has been found that is not only the most distant from Earth yet observed, but which has been caught just as it is going through an intense period of star formation.\nA search for missing matter in the Milky Way has revealed the Galaxy went through a fierce burst of actvity six million years ago.\nThe exact nature of the elusive substance known as dark matter remains a mystery, but observations of massive cosmic structures may hold the key. The latest discovery is a galaxy that consists almost entirely of dark matter.\nThe search for exoplanets continues in the hope of finding a rocky, habitable planet like our own. The latest discovery is a rocky planet orbiting the closest star outside of our Solar System.\nAstronomers have spotted a young, massive star still in its early ages of formation, offering a rare glimpse into an important stage in the formation of massive stars.\nA spectroscopic method used by geologists on Earth could help NASA's new Mars rover look for signs of life on the Red Planet.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "SOLAR SYSTEM MOON 17,5 GRAMM 500 FRANCS CFS SILVER COIN CAMEROON 2023\nThis product is no longer in stock\nUnveiling the Solar System Moon Coin: A Masterpiece\nAmong Mennica Polska's remarkable creations, the Solar System MoonCoin stands out as a true work of art. Weighing 17,5 grams and featuring a denomination of 500 francs, this silver coin showcases the moon, one of the celestial bodies that have fascinated humanity for centuries. Crafted in 2023, this coin captures the beauty and allure of the moon with exceptional detail and precision.\nExploring the Significance of the Solar System Moon Coin\nThe Solar System Księżyc Coin holds immense historical and numismatic significance. As a limited edition piece, it represents a rare opportunity for collectors to own a tangible piece of celestial wonder. The coin's intricate design and flawless craftsmanship make it a prized possession, sought after by numismatists and space enthusiasts alike.\nMennica Polska's Commitment to Excellence\nMennica Polska's dedication to excellence is evident in every aspect of the Solar System Moon Coin's creation. From the initial concept to the final product, the company employs a meticulous process to ensure unparalleled quality. Their team of skilled artisans and technicians work tirelessly to bring each detail of the coin to life, resulting in a masterpiece that surpasses expectations.\nInvesting in the Solar System Moon Coin\nFor avid collectors and investors, the Solar System Moon Coin offers a unique opportunity to acquire a valuable asset. With its limited mintage and captivating design, this coin is not only a symbol of aesthetic beauty but also a potential investment that may appreciate in value over time. Its rarity and desirability make it a sought-after item within the numismatic community.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Dog Days of Summer\nI am sure we have all heard or used the term “Dogs Days of Summer” before. KMG even has a LinkedIn Campaign right now, called the Dog Days of Summer, featuring some of our Corporate Team’s four legged furry friends. So, I got to thinking…what does that really mean? Dog Days?\nHistory of the Phrase “Dog Days”\nAccording to the Old Farmer’s Almanac, in North America the “Dog Days” of summer are the 40 days between July 3 to August 11. Traditionally referring to a period of particularly hot and humid weather. This is soon after the Summer Solstice in late June, which also indicates that the worst summer heat will soon set in. And all along, I just thought it was the name of the Summer festival at our local winery.\nThis period of sweltering weather coincides with the year’s astronomical rising of the star Sirius, the Dog Star. Sirius is part of the constellation Canis Majori, the “Greater Dog.” Sirius is the brightest star in the sky, if you don’t count our own Sun. Sirius can be seen from every place on Earth. Under the right conditions, it can even be seen with the naked eye during the day.\nMany people think that the North Star is the brightest star, but in fact it ranks 50th. The North star is pointed directly at the Earth’s axis, and during the course of the night, it does not rise or set, but remains in the same spot all year while the other stars circle around it. The North Star is the anchor of the sky. So not the brightest, but certainly the most important!\nHow to Find Sirius\nYou can look for Sirius quite low in the east-southeast in early twilight. First, find Orion, the unmistakable constellation that looks like a giant bow tie. And follow Orion’s belt to the left until you hit something. This is Sirius.\nSirius is so bright that if you’re at all familiar with how it looks, you could only mistake it for a planet, however, none of the planets display the blue-white shine of Sirius.\nSo as you enjoy the Dog Days of Summer, let your eyes wander the horizon looking for Sirius. Also, take a peek at our Dog Days of Summer posts on Linked In! Happy star gazing!", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Context. A large portion of stars is found to be part of binary or higher-order multiple systems. The ubiquity of planets found around single stars raises the question of whether and how planets in binary systems form. Protoplanetary disks are the birthplaces of planets, and characterizing them is crucial in order to understand the planet formation process.\nAims: Our goal is to characterize the morphology of the GG Tau A disk, one of the largest and most massive circumbinary disks. We also aim to trace evidence for binary-disk interactions.\nMethods: We obtained observations in polarized scattered light of GG Tau A using the SPHERE/IRDIS instrument in the H-band filter. We analyzed the observed disk morphology and substructures. We ran 2D hydrodynamical models to simulate the evolution of the circumbinary ring over the lifetime of the disk.\nResults: The disk and also the cavity and the inner region are highly structured, with several shadowed regions, spiral structures, and streamer-like filaments. Some of these are detected here for the first time. The streamer-like filaments appear to connect the outer ring with the northern arc. Their azimuthal spacing suggests that they may be generated through periodic perturbations by the binary, which tear off material from the inner edge of the outer disk once during each orbit. By comparing observations to hydrodynamical simulations, we find that the main features, in particular, the gap size, but also the spiral and streamer filaments, can be qualitatively explained by the gravitational interactions of a binary with a semimajor axis of ~35 au on an orbit coplanar with the circumbinary ring.\nAstronomy and Astrophysics\n- Pub Date:\n- July 2020\n- stars: individual: GG Tau A;\n- protoplanetary disks;\n- methods: observational;\n- methods: numerical;\n- techniques: high angular resolution;\n- techniques: polarimetric;\n- Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics;\n- Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics;\n- Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies\n- Accepted for publication in A&", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Blue, red, and white NASA logos scattered across a light grey background. 3,2,1, BLAST OFF! Head to space with NASA in this far-out space collection! NASA logos and patches, astronauts, and the beauty of space will have you shooting for the stars!\nManufacturer SKU: C7800-GRAY\nMSQC SKU: FBY72431", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "INDIANAPOLIS — Did you see some strange lights in the sky Thursday night over central Indiana?\nNo, it wasn't a UFO.\nThe line of bright objects was actually Space X's Starlink satellites.\nSpace X launched the satellites Thursday afternoon. It brings internet access to rural places across the globe.\nThe satellites are especially bright right now as they reach its final orbits.\nNo, that wasn't a string of UFOs you saw in the sky Thursday night! :flying_saucer: That was the Starlink satellites! They are responsible for bringing high-speed internet to different parts of the planet.— WRTV Indianapolis (@wrtv) April 22, 2022\n(🎥: Taylor Ruhnow) pic.twitter.com/pfztP4mxpj", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "More Space - Page 13\nHow the powerful Webb telescope will peer 13 billion years back in time\nThrough it, we can observe the birth of the first stars and galaxies to form after the Big Bang.\nA spacecraft ‘touched’ the sun. Here’s how it survived.\nThis NASA probe became a trailblazer without burning up.\nDramatic NASA video shows James Webb telescope's extremely ambitious space maneuver\nThe \"most complex sequence of deployments ever attempted in a single space mission.\"\nNASA shared some extraordinary new sights and sounds from Jupiter orbit\nNow you can hear what the moon Ganymede sounds like.\nStunning views of the James Webb telescope before it's blasted into space\nIt'll observe far-off cosmic objects other telescopes can't see\nSpaceX doctor finally gets his shot to be a NASA astronaut\nThe physician with the dragon tattoo.\nNASA's tough spacecraft dives into the sun's atmosphere, captures wild footage\nAn unprecedented journey.\nNASA's Perseverance rover beamed back postcard-worthy views of Mars\nInsta-worthy views of the Martian wastes.\n8 extraordinary space moments that made headlines in 2021\nCapt. Kirk boldly goes into space for real, NASA flies a drone on Mars, and more.\nNASA's deep space satellite captures the dark shadow of an eclipse on Earth\nAn eerie dark blotch.\nNASA filmed a magical, eerie eclipse in Antarctica. You can watch it.\nIt's a rare, wondrous event.\nMars satellite captures wild image of an ancient Martian crater\nPeer into extraterrestrial geology.\nNASA wants to build a nuclear reactor on the Moon — Future Blink\nTrust us, it's not a sci-fi movie plot.\nNASA successfully launches mission to slam into an asteroid\nWe're off to give it a little nudge.\nSpace travel’s surprising impact upon humanity\nDiscover how space-travel-inspired innovations can make a world of difference.\nBy Mashable BrandX and Polestar\nEerie Martian sunset captured by NASA's Perseverance rover\nIt's an unusual twilight, even for Mars.\nBlown-up satellite pieces circling Earth shown in scientist's unsettling simulation\n\"It wasn't a good outcome. It was never going to be a good outcome.\"\nSpaceX's latest Starlink launch looks like a sci-fi fantasy\nYou may not be able to get Starlink yet, but you can still see some pretty rocket pictures.\nThere's an asteroid following Earth, and it may be from the moon\nSomething's different about this space rock.\nWhy NASA just ground a circle into this Martian rock\nScientists might find important clues inside.\nNASA astronauts grow first ever peppers in space – Future Blink\nSpace tacos, anyone?\nStephen Colbert boldly jokes about SpaceX capsule's broken toilet\nIn space, no-one can help you pee.\nCome for Elon Musk, best not miss: The problem with 'Muskism'\nOne podcast takes aim at a legit phenomenon — \"X capitalism\" — but only makes the Tesla and SpaceX CEO look more sympathetic.\nBy Chris Taylor", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "The Vostok was built in 1960, and under the name Vostok 1K, flew in six unmanned test missions prior to 1961. Resembling some sort of metallic insect, the Vostok was roughly 4.4m tall and 2.3m wide. The Vostok 3KA could hold a single cosmonaut and was built to survive 10 days in space.\nGagarin’s trip was, of course, secret and accounts of the flight didn’t surface for quite some time after the fact. But after the initial trip on this day in 1961, the Vostok 3KA flew in seven more missions, five of which were manned. For it’s final flight, which was part of the Vostok 6 mission, the 3KA flew cosmonaut Valentina Tereshkova up into orbit to test the effect of space on the female body.\nThe Vostok 3KA may have lacked the long lifespan of the Soyuz, and the glamour of the Apollo missions, but it holds the very important distinction of being the first craft to carry man into space. [Braeunig and Astronautix via Wikipedia]", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "A privately constructed rocket blasted off\nFriday on a cargo run to the International Space Station (ISS),\nlifting off without a hitch from a launch pad in Cape Canaveral,\nOn its third flight to the ISS, the SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket was topped by a Dragon 9 capsule, holding some 1050 kilograms of supplies and scientific experiments. It is due to dock with the station on Saturday.\n\"SpaceX continues the US mission to resupply the International Space Station from US soil,\" a NASA official said as the white rocket lifted into the air atop its nine Merlin engines.\nIt will stay at the station until March 25, when it will carry some 2,000 kilograms of cargo back to earth and splashdown in the Pacific Ocean off the California coast.\nThe first demonstration flight took place in May, while an October mission marked the first of 12 planned resupply missions to the station under a 1.6-billion-dollar contract between SpaceX and NASA.\nSpaceX is a private company established by Elon Musk, the founder of electronic payments firm PayPal and electric car company Tesla.\nSpaceX's rockets are meant to play a vital role in resupplying the ISS following the retirement of the space shuttle fleet last year. Another company, Orbital Science Corp, has a separate NASA contract to begin deliveries to the space station later this year.\nCargo can also be delivered to the space station on Russian, Japanese and European transports, but only SpaceX currently has the capability to bring cargo back down.\nMost Popular Stories\n- Americans Still Pessimistic Despite Economic Growth\n- Apple to Unveil New Items on Sept. 9\n- Janet Yellen's Assets Grew by 8 Percent in 2013\n- Friends Followed Similar Paths to Violent Jihad\n- Obama Puts Ukraine Violence on Russia\n- California Moves Toward Ban on Plastic Bags\n- Hillary Clinton Breaks Silence on Ferguson\n- Petit Retires 46 Batters in a Row, MLB Record\n- Identity Thieves Prey on Job Seekers\n- Garcia Takes a Long Shot at McCarthy", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "SourceAs of May 6, 2016, Juno is approximately 450 million miles (724 million kilometers) from Earth. The one-way radio signal travel time between Earth and Juno is currently about 40 minutes.\nJuno is traveling at a velocity of approximately 60,000 miles per hour (about 26.9 kilometers per second) relative to Earth, 15,000 miles per hour (about 6.7 kilometers per second) relative to the Sun, and 13,000 miles per hour (about 6 kilometers per second) relative to Jupiter. Juno has now travelled 1.74 billion miles (2.8 billion kilometers, or 18.73 AU) since launch, and has another 19 million miles to go (31 million kilometers, or 0.20 AU) before entering orbit around Jupiter.\nJuno will arrive at Jupiter on July 4, 2016, at 8:35 p.m.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "So far today:\n-read in fits file of Andrew's DR7 spectroscopic sample\n-put into fits binary table\n-picked out some arbitrary values for plate, fiver, and mjd\n-used getspec.pro to pull out corresponding spectra from sdss\n-used readsloanspec.pro to return wavelength and flux information\nVoila, my first spectra plot!\n(plate = 53789, mjd = 2212, fiber = 356)\nThen I looked at a relatively flat section, in order to calculate its velocity\nAlso learned that putting $ before my commands allows me to go back to my directory/files from within idl. Very useful trick.\nSo next up is to write a program that connects the spectra to templates. Dylan helped me out and downloaded the templates for me. First off, I need to figure out which templates correspond to which star spectra. To do this, I need to use a chi-squared fit. From there, I'll need to use the spline function in order to shift the template and star's spectra so that the wavelength values for each occupy the same bin number. From there I can start to connect the spectra to templates with the xcorl procedure.\nNotes to self:\nwhere x is star wavelength, y is star flux, t is template flux --> should return adjusted wavelength so in same bin?\nresult = xcorl, star, temp, range\n(-->not sure about how to use adjusted wavelength in the xcorl procedure; I think the input is should be adjusted flux, and that spline returns adjusted wavelength, which would make the spline procedure useless for xcorl.....so I definitely need to check that out)\nNot quite sure about what function will make the best fit graph using a chi-squared distribution. From what I can gather, I can use the curvefit command, but definitely need to discuss with Andrew.\nOn another note, I also created a document that will serve as a reference list for all the codes/procedures I make. Last summer I learned the hard way that two months of coding adds up to a lot of files that you forget the purpose of. Hopefully this will help avoid this.\nI couldn't have done any of this without help from Bertie, Saurav, and Dylan (and Andrew, of course)! It's great to have such wonderful resources.\nthings to do tomorrow morning:\n-look at red part of m dwarfs (larger than 7000 A), pick a section that is relatively flat, calculate mean value --> from this, divide both template and spectra by this, and compare using where command\n-look at .rv in sdss spectra -- calculate velocity change and compare to see if it is the same (Andrew's catalog says v = 18.3088?)", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "A stunning display of shooting stars is set to light up the winter sky today and tomorrow – Tuesday – as Earth collides with the Geminid meteors.\nThe brightest will appear as yellowish streaks that appear to radiate from the constellation of Gemini.\nAlthough the shower’s peak occurs at around 11am tomorrow it may be possible to catch the shooting stars during dark periods any time up to Wednesday morning.\nBy 2am tomorrow the ‘radiant’ – or point of origin of the meteors – will be almost overhead in the UK.\nThe first quarter moon will have set by that time offering the prospect of a good view, weather permitting.\nThe Geminids consist of tiny particles ranging in size from a grain of sand to a pea shed by 3200 Phaethon, an object thought to be an extinct comet.\nAs the Earth crosses their path they hit the atmosphere at around 22 miles per second and burn up.\nA dramatic ‘fireball’ with a green trail that shot across Britain last Wednesday may have been an unusually large Geminid meteor arriving early.\nRobin Scagell, vice-president of the Society for Popular Astronomy: ‘The Geminids are certainly going to be one of the major shows of the year, and there’s a good chance it will be a fine display.\n‘The forecast is for up to 120 meteors per hour, but that’s under perfect conditions.’\nMost meteors originate from icy comets, but 3200 Phaethon behaves more like a rocky asteroid.\nMr Scagell compared the object with a dirt-filled ‘snowman’ in space.\n‘You have a chunk of ice that eventually gets clogged up, a bit like the way all the dust and grit accumulates when you make a snowman,’ he said. ‘My feeling is that it was a comet and over a period of time it has lost most of its cometary characteristics.’\nOver the centuries, debris from 3200 Phaethon has left a river of rubble hundreds of millions of miles long.\nEarth’s orbit carries it through the stream of particles every year in the middle of December.\nA spokesman for the Royal Astronomical Society said: ‘As with most astronomical events, the best place to see meteors is at dark sites away from the light pollution of towns and cities.\n‘In good weather, rural sites such as Galloway Forest Dark Sky Park in Scotland are potentially excellent locations to see the Geminid shower.’\nA planned meteor watch will take place at the park tonight and tomorrow.\nGalloway Forest has one of the darkest skies in Europe. Britain’s first Dark Sky Park was established there in November last year.\nThe Geminids will also feature in Meteorwatch, a Twitter event that allows observers under clear skies to share images and videos.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "SG Home Slideshow\nCOSGC Robotics Challenge at the Great Sand Dunes National Park\nALL-STAR Student built 3U CubeSat at delivery\nStudents prior to the ELaNa I launch of Hermes 1U CubeSat\nThe Annual COSGC Space Research Symposium\nGerardo is a sophmore in aerospace engineering at the University of Colorado at Boulder (CU). He currently serves at the student project manager for the COlorado Undergraduate Retention in Science and Engineering program. Gerardo transferred to CU from Community College of Aurora, where he engaged with the CCA Space Grant program in an engineering design course in which he and his team designed, built, and launched a high altitude balloon payload. At CU Space Grant he also works on the PropSat cubesat mission. Gerardo plans to complete graduate study and hopes to work for NASA or in industry, specifically on innovative propulsion methods.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Nano satellite helps students train for space scienceUpdated: 2013-12-16 15:55\nIn South Africa,young engineers are being encouraged to push the boundaries of space science through nano satellite technology. It's a cost effective way for students to get a feeling of working with technology in an actual space environment.\nAt a Cape Town university students have built Africa's first nano satellite,which will be used to monitor the effect of the sun in space. It will also be used as a platform, for students from other universities across the continent to train for a future in the space industry.\nFirst it was the successful Square kilometer array bid,the largest radio telescope to built in the world,then the SuperDARN radar which will monitor space weather from Antarctica, now South Africa’s next space adventure,lies with an object smaller than a football.\nThis is a nano satellite, it's prototype of a version that was recently launched and currently orbits the earth,its main aim is to monitor the effect of the sun in the upper atmosphere.\nBuilding satellites undoubtedly costs billions but the cubesat is a far more affordable way of giving students to peak their interest in space.\nProf. Robert Van Zyl, Director of French S. African Institute of Technology, said, \"ZACUBE is South Africa’s first cubesat, now cubesats are meant to get universities and students involved in space technology,the technology threshold and the cost threshold and the launch cost is greatly reduced with nano satellites so you can really expose a bigger number go youngsters and attract them to get real hands on experience in space technology, now that is very important for South Africa and Africa.\"\nWhile ZACUBE 1 was designed and built by engineering students in Cape Town, universities from across Africa will get the opportunity to benefit from its services.\nThe students are being prepared for a future in the space industry, so their skill as engineers were tested when they were asked to developed the entire satellite in 18 months.\nFrancois Visser, Chief Engineer of ZACUBE 1, said, \"From the very beginning we defined a mission that all the students could work on,many students took part they developed a lot of the subsystems that we used later on in the satellite that was actually launched,so these students developed prototypes like the radio the software,the computers,the power systems and so forth that would be used in later missions.\"\nThe success of ZACUBE 1, doesn't stop with its successful launch because a second more advanced version is already being developed and while space remains a new frontier for the continent, its new explorers are already pushing new frontiers.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "How Super was the Supermoon?\nWritten by Pats Papers | Sunday, 20 March 2011 12:58 AM\nWhen I looked out my window tonight all I saw was a regular-looking full moon. After tweeting that I was underwhelmed with how “super” the moon was, I got a couple of replies with photos far superior to mine. Maybe the moon was “super” after all.\nThe “super perigree moon” meant that the moon tonight was supposed to be bigger (and closer to earth) than any full moon since 1993. My photo is above.\nThen @stacygratz tweeted back with this shot from Brooklyn:\nAnd earlier, NASA posted this one from Washington DC.\nTickets are on sale now for my final trivia event of the year at Bell House.\nMy thanks to the Village Voice for honoring me as New York’s “Best TV News Anchor”\nMost Popular Posts\nFrom the Pat's Papers Archive: Today in HistoryNovember 24, 2013\n- Online/Offline Gap Widening\n- Harry Potter Stamps Cause Stir\n- New Flying Car Design Could Take Off\n- Opinion: The Good Wife Now TV’s Best Show\n- New TV Technology May Be a Marriage Saver", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "The eShel, an off-the-shelf, fiber-fed echelle spectrograph (R ≈ 10,000), was installed on the 1 m telescope at the Wise observatory in Israel. We report the installation of the multi-order spectrograph, and describe our pipeline to extract stellar radial velocity from the obtained spectra. We also introduce a new algorithm-UNICOR, to remove radial-velocity systematics that can appear in some of the observed orders. We show that the system performance is close to the photon-noise limit for exposures with more than 107 counts, with a precision that can get better than 200 m s-1 for F-K stars, for which the eShel spectral response is optimal. This makes the eShel at Wise a useful tool for studying spectroscopic binaries brighter than mV=11. We demonstrate this capability with orbital solutions of two binaries from projects being performed at Wise.\n|Journal||Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific|\n|State||Published - 1 Jun 2017|\n- Binaries: spectroscopic - instrumentation: spectrographs - techniques: radial velocities Online material: color figures", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "SpaceX launched Turkmenistan's first telecom satellite aboard a Falcon 9 rocket on Monday, after taking a chance on some touch-and-go weather in Florida.\nThe launch of the TurkmenÄlem 52E spacecraft came just 13 days after SpaceX used a different Falcon 9 to send a Dragon cargo capsule to the International Space Station.\nMonday's launch, like the earlier one, unfolded at Launch Complex 40 at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida — but there were a couple of differences. First, because it wasn't a launch to the space station, SpaceX didn't have to hit a launch time to the second. The weather was too cloudy for liftoff at the scheduled time of 6:14 p.m. ET, but cleared up enough for launch at a revised T-minus-zero of 7:03 p.m.\nThe second difference is that TurkmenÄlem 52E is destined to go into geosynchronous orbit, to provide telecommunication services to Europe, Central Asia and Africa in cooperation with Monaco-based Space Systems International and Luxembourg-based SES.\nThe orbital requirements ruled out an attempt to bring the first-stage booster back down for a controlled landing on an oceangoing platform — as was attempted spectacularly but not completely successfully after the Dragon launch. Instead, the first stage dropped away after it did its work and burned up in the atmosphere.\n- SpaceX Launches Dragon, Then Rocket Hits the Deck\n- So Close! Watch Falcon 9 Rocket Land on a Ship\n- On-the-Deck Video Shows SpaceX's Landing Try", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Prediction on detection and characterization of Galactic disk microlensing events by LSST\nUpcoming LSST survey gives an unprecedented opportunity for studying populations of intrinsically faint objects using microlensing technique. Large field of view and aperture allow effective time-series observations of many stars in Galactic disk and bulge. Here, we combine Galactic models (for ) and simulations of LSST observations to study how different observing strategies affect the number and properties of microlensing events detected by LSST. We predict that LSST will mostly observe long duration microlensing events due to the source stars with the averaged magnitude around in band, rather than high-magnification events due to fainter source stars. In Galactic bulge fields, LSST should detect on the order of microlensing events per square degree as compared to in disk fields. Improving the cadence increases the number of detectable microlensing events, e.g., improving the cadence from to days approximately doubles the number of microlensing events throughout the Galaxy. According to the current LSST strategy, it will observe some fields times during a year survey with the average cadence of (I) and other fields (mostly toward the Galactic disk) around times during a year survey only with the average cadence (II). We anticipate that the number of events corresponding to these strategies are and , respectively. Toward similar lines of sight, LSST with the first observing strategy (I) will detect more and on average longer microlensing events than those observable with the second strategy. If LSST spends enough time observing near Galactic plane, then the large number of microlensing events will allow studying Galactic distribution of planets and finding isolated black holes among wealth of other science cases.\nThe Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST) is an optical and wide-field telescope whose primary mirror has diameter and is now under construction in Chile (Ivezic et al., 2009). LSST is supposed to observe the most of the visible sky every days. Its field of view (FoV) and lifetime will be and years, respectively. The exposure time for each field will be . During a night, LSST will observe each field twice with visits separated by minutes (LSST Science Collaboration et al., 2017). Hence, LSST will take about images for most fields in the visible sky during its lifetime, i.e., the total number of visits in years is anticipated to be about million. Also percent of its time will be allocated to uniform observations with a constant cadence and during the rest of time, LSST will observe with other strategies.\nLSST will (i) measure weak gravitational lensing to probe for any signals of dark energy and dark matter, (ii) map our galaxy and its objects, (iii) make an inventory of solar system components, and (iv) detect transient phenomena in optical band such as supernovae (Ivezic et al., 2009). However, other astrophysical events will be detected during the LSST lifetime. For instance, if Galactic disk is observed uniformly, then many microlensing events toward the Galactic bulge and disk will be detected. In this regard, Gould (2013) studied the possibility of probing the planet distribution in the Galactic plane by microlensing detection in addition to the transit technique.\nWhen the light of a background source star passes through the gravitational field of a foreground massive object, it is bent toward the center of gravity, the so-called gravitational lensing event. In the Galactic scales, the light from a distant star can be lensed and as a result magnified by a collinear massive object which is called a gravitational microlensing event (Einstein, 1936). In these events the light from the background source star is magnified and produces two deformed images with unresolvable angular separation.\nDetecting microlensing events toward the Galactic disk by a survey telescope helps constraining the mass, spatial and velocity stellar distributions in the Galactic thin and thick disks and the Galactic bar. Probing microlensing events during seasons toward directions in the Galactic plane was done by EROS-II (Rahal et al., 2009). As a result of this project, microlensing candidates have been found. By performing a Monte Carlo simulation according to the EROS-II observing strategy and comparing the results from simulation with the real observation, Moniez et al. (2017) could test the Galactic models, different mass functions, etc. The problems with microlensing events toward the Galactic plane are: (i) we do not know source distances, whereas toward the Galactic bulge almost all of the source stars belong to the Galactic bulge and are located at the distance of approximately far from us and (ii) the interstellar extinction is high and variable in both quantity and quality toward the Galactic disk. We lack detailed knowledge about extinction in the disk because there is no group of stars for which we apriority know colors and can be easily selected (red clump stars serve in the bulge). The poorly known extinction hampers optimizing observations and makes determination of event properties harder, (i.e., the source angular size, the size of the Einstein ring). These issues increase the number of degenerate physical parameters. However, the overall distributions of the observable parameters from observations can be used to examine the different models in the Galaxy.\nLSST is suppose to uniformly observe the galactic plane. As a result, it will detect large number of microlensing events toward the Galactic disk and bulge and its results will help to probe different Galactic models of mass, velocity, special distribution, etc. In this work, we aim to simulate LSST observations toward the the Galactic bulge and disk with its observing strategies to predict detections of the Galactic disk microlensing events. We aim to specify the characteristics and statistics of the disk microlensing events which will be detected during its era. However, we do not consider the case of LSST providing supporting observations for the WFIRST microlensing survey to measure free-floating planet masses.\nWe perform a Monte Carlo simulation of detectable microlensing\nevents during the LSST lifetime according to its observing strategy\nin details explained in section (2). In the following\nsection, we discuss the optical depth, the rate of events and the\nnumber of observable events toward different directions resulted\nfrom the simulation. Also we discuss the impact of observing cadence\non the results. In the section (4), we simulate observing\nmicrolensing events by considering two strategies for observation\n(I) epochs during years observation with the\ncadence and (II) epochs during the first year\nwith the cadence, to predict statistics and\nproperties of detectable microlensing events with these strategies.\nWe summarize the results and conclude in the section\n2. Modeling of LSST microlensing observations\nIn order to simulate the microlensing events detectable by LSST, we (i) simulate an ensemble of model microlensing events toward different directions in the Galactic plane, (ii) generate synthetic data points for each of them by assuming that these events are being observed by LSST, and finally (iii) exert some criteria as detectability threshold to simulated microlensing events to determine (a) the LSST ability of detecting bulge and disk microlensing events and (b) the characteristics of these events. These three steps are discussed in the following subsections, respectively.\n2.1. Simulating disk microlensing events\nIn the following, we illustrate how to generate the parameters of the source and the lens stars to make microlensing model light curves. For the source stars, their locations are specified according to the overall mass density throughout the Galaxy versus distance in a given direction , where is total mass density due to all stellar structures in our galaxy, i.e., the thin and thick disks, Galactic bulge (and bar), and the stellar halo, is the source distance from the observer, and and represent the Galactic longitude and latitude respectively. We model these mass densities using the Besançon model (Robin et al., 2003, 2012). One can find all details of these mass density profiles in the Appendix B of Moniez et al. (2017). The map of total mass in the unit of per line of sight in the Galaxy is shown in Figure 1. In the simulation, the area corresponding to each line of sight is .\nWe indicate the intrinsic photometric properties of the source stars in the same way as Penny et al. (2017) and use the old public version of the Besançon model111 We used the version available at http://model.obs-besancon.fr/. There is a newer version from 2016: http://modele2016.obs-besancon.fr/. For each structure, we simulate a sample of stars in CFHTLS-Megacam photometry system222 http://www.cfht.hawaii.edu/Instruments/Imaging/Megacam/ without considering extinction. Then, the magnitudes in these filters, , are converted to the magnitudes in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) filters as (Gwyn, 2008):\nLSST filters are the same as the SDSS photometry system (Ivezic et al., 2009; Fukugita et al., 1996). These magnitudes can also be transformed to the standard Johnson-Cousins photometry system333 http://www.sdss3.org/dr8/algorithms/sdssUBVRITransform.php. We do not simulate the magnitude of source stars in the band filter. The Besançon model does not give the magnitude of stars in this band. However, the LSST photometric uncertainty in this band is high, i.e., the 5 depth for point sources in band, , is whereas that for band is .\nIn order to determine the apparent magnitude of the source stars, we add the distance modulus and the extinction due to the interstellar gas and dust to the absolute magnitudes. We use the 3D extinction map presented by Marshal et al. (2006). They measured 3D extinction map for the Galactic latitude in the range of and the Galactic longitude in the range of with the step and the distance step . Then, we convert it to the extinction in band using (Marshall et al., 2006). The band extinction is converted to the extinction in other bands using Cardelli et al.(1989)’s relations. We assume of for Galactic bulge and for thin disk, thick disk, and the stellar halo (Nataf et al., 2013; Cardelli et al., 1989). We also add a Gaussian fluctuation to each extinction value with the width in the range depending on the wavelength (Cardelli et al., 1989). The source radius is estimated using the Stefan-Boltezman relation: , where is the source luminosity, is the effective surface temperature and is the Stefan-Boltzmann constant.\nThe blending effect in the LSST observations is significant, because this telescope is anticipated to detect stars as faint as those with in band. The number of such faint stars in the Galaxy is very high, which makes high blending effects for these faint stars. Therefore, it is crucial to consider and accurately calculate the blending amount for each source star. In order to calculate the contribution of background stars in the each LSST Point Spread Function (PSF), we calculate the averaged number of collinear stars toward the source line of sight whose light enters the PSF area which is given by:\nwhere in square arcsec is the LSST PSF area for a typical source star. is the Full Width at the Half Maximum of the brightness profile due to a typical source star which is in arcsec unit corresponding to the filters , respectively. The is the total number density of stars in a given direction and at the distance from the observer, which is given by:\nwhere is the mass density for the th structure of our galaxy, is the averaged mass amount for the th structure and the summation is done over different structures. The equation (2) gives the average number of blending stars and the true number in each measurement has a gaussian fluctuation around this value with the width . Figure 1 represents the map of in the Galaxy averaged over of observable microlensing events. For each of these blending stars, we calculate their apparent magnitudes as explained in the previous paragraph and as a result the overall flux due to all of blending stars, i.e., . One of these blending stars is the source star itself. The blending parameter is given by , where is the flux of the source star. In the real observation, if the overall magnitude due to all blending stars into a PSF reaches to the detection threshold, in that PSF one star is discerned, whereas in the simulation all of these blending stars pass the detectability criterion. In order to accordingly correct the simulation, we weight each simulated source star with its blending factor .\nFor the lens population, we first indicate the lens distance from the observer using the lensing probability function . According to the contribution of different structures in the total mass density at the location of the lens , we determine to which structure the lens belongs to. Then, the lens mass is chosen from the corresponding mass density function to the lens structure. The Besançon model provides separate mass functions for different structures. We assume both source and lens stars have global and dispersion velocities (Kayser et al., 1986; Binney & Tremaine, 2008). In order to determine the lens-source relative velocity, we (i) obtain the velocity components in the observer coordinate system which axes are parallel with and normal to the line of sight direction and (ii) after projecting the source velocity in the lens plane subtract each component of the lens and source velocities. In the Besançon model, the values of different components of dispersion velocities depend on the stellar age and structure. In the simulation, we discard the events with the Einstein crossing time shorter than or longer than days. The longer microlensing events are hard distinguish in real observations (see, e.g., Mróz et al., 2017; Wyrzykowski et al., 2015). The lens impact parameter is chosen uniformly from the range .\n2.2. Generating synthetic data points\nAfter generating the model microlensing events, the observability of their source stars by LSST is checked. From simulated model microlensing events, we ignore the microlensing events (i) which source stars are too faint to be detected at least in one of the LSST filters even when they are at the peak of their light curves and (ii) which source stars are fainter than the saturation limit of LSST in all filters. These events certainly are not observable. We had the detection threshold (i.e., limiting magnitude) for different LSST filters as given by Ivezic et al. (2009) (Table 2).\nIn order to test the observability of microlensing signatures of the remaining microlensing events, we generate the hypothetically data points taken by LSST and then verify if they can be discerned as microlensing events by exerting some criteria. The data points are simulated in the range , where is the Einstein crossing time, is the time of the closest approach that was uniformly chosen in the range of , where is the LSST lifetime. If the start time is less than zero (i.e., ) we start simulating data points from and if the end time is greater than we interrupt simulating data points on . The exposure time is fixed on . For timing the data points we also consider the seasonal gaps, i.e., the LSST observations happen only during about seven continuous months of each year. We assume that the weather is not suitable for the LSST observation with the probability of for each night. However, during each night, the uniform observation by LSST will take place with the probability of which is considered in the simulation.\nFor calculating the magnification factor, we consider the finite size effect of the source star and use the adaptive contouring algorithm (Dominik, 2007) to calculate the magnification while the lens distance from the source center is in the order of the source radius projected on the lens plane. The synthetic data points which are between saturation and detection limits of the LSST are considered. We ignore the microlensing parallax effect during magnification calculations.\nWe assume that the observed magnitude of each data point has a gaussian fluctuation with respect to model value with the width equal to expected photometric error filter (): . The contains the random and systematic photometric errors. We take into account these two uncertainties from Ivezic et al. (2009). For calculation we assumed sky brightness as given by Table 2 of the mentioned paper, i.e., ignoring impact of other stars and actual zenith distance. The photometric errors depend on wavelength and significantly decrease for the bright stars. In order to determine the epoch, airmass and filter used for taking each data point, we make a big ensemble of these parameters from Operations Simulator (OpSim) with the approved reference run minion444 https://www.lsst.org/scientists/simulations/opsim. Each data point is reported in one filter.\n2.3. Detectability criteria\nAfter generating synthetic data points of each model microlensing event, we probe if that event can be discerned. Our criteria for detectability are (i) there are at least consecutive data points (in any filter) with the observed magnification deviating from constant flux more than , (ii) the difference of from fitting the constant flux model and the microlensing model to the synthetic data points is larger than , and finally (iii) the peak of the light curve should be between and . As a result from the third criterion, we ignore the microlensing events for which the time of the closest approach is out of the LSST lifetime.\nSix example simulated microlensing events with the synthetic data points are represented in Figures (2) and (3). The parameters used to make each of them are mentioned at the top of each light curve. is the baseline band brightness due to cumulative fluxes entered in the source PSF. The and are expressed in the days. The amounts of the background and intrinsic source flux depend on the filter used. We assume that these fluxes for each source star in all filters are measurable during the LSST observation. As a result, we can convert the measured magnitude in each filter to the corresponding magnitude in band and easily model all data points with one light curve, as shown in the figures.\nThe first microlensing event shown in Figure 2 is not detectable by LSST, because of high blending. The source star is magnified enough, but the blending causes the enhancement in the stellar brightness due to the lensing effect to shrink and become on the order of the photometric noise. The microlensing event shown in Figure 2 is not recognizable although it is a high-magnification event. Indeed, its time scale is too short in comparison with the LSST cadence so that only a single data point is taken during the magnification. The next event represented in Figure 2 is not detectable also, although there is no blending effect and the event’s time scale is long enough. Because of the seasonal gap, the peak of the light curve is not covered by the LSST data points.\nThe microlensing events shown in Figure (3) are observable by LSST. The first event has the large impact parameter, i.e., small lensing effect. Most microlensing events with small blending effect and the bright source stars can be detected. The next one (represented in Figure 3) is detected. In contrast to the high-magnification microlensing event 2 which was not detectable, this high-magnification event is detected. The duration of this event is long enough to take several data points while the source star is magnified. The last microlensing event shown in Figure 3 is also recognizable. The long-duration microlensing events have higher chance to be detected during the LSST lifetime in comparison to the short duration events.\nFigures (2) and (3) show that the microlensing events of very faint source stars (specially those fainter than the LSST detection threshold) can not mostly be detected. These events need to be highly magnified to be detected, whereas the durations of high-magnification microlensing events are proportional to , mostly too short in comparison with the LSST cadence. Whereas, the microlensing events of bright source stars even with low magnification or long-duration ones are more likely to be detected. For these events the time scale of the magnification is of order of the Einstein crossing time, most likely long enough for taking several data points by LSST. In the next section we study the characteristics and statistical properties of the detectable microlensing events.\n3. Observable Microlensing events with LSST\nFor each direction specified with the Galactic longitude and latitude with the steps , we perform a Monte Carlo simulation of microlensing events and probe their detectability, so that for every direction we have an ensemble of the detected events. In the following subsection we plot the map of characterizations and statistics of these events to study them. The numbers behind these maps are listed in Table (6) and (5) of the online version.\n3.1. Characterizations and statistics\nIn Figure (4), we plot the maps of the averaged physical parameters of the lens and source stars for the observable microlensing events. These parameters are the source and the lens distances from the observer, the relative lens-source velocity, and the Einstein crossing time from top to bottom. Toward the small latitudes (), the interstellar extinction is very high which causes mostly the microlensing events with closer source and lens stars to be detectable, see Figure 4 and 4. According to Figure 4, toward the Galactic bulge excluding the points with most of the lens stars belong to the Galactic bulge and are located at the average distances around .\nThe Einstein crossing times of microlensing events far from the Galactic bulge are intrinsically much longer than those toward the Galactic bulge because the averaged relative lens-source velocity of the events far from the Galactic bulge is much smaller than that of the events toward the Galactic bulge, see Figures 4 and 4. For events that are far from the Galactic bulge on the sky, the relative lens-source velocity is smaller because the lens and source are close to each other and close to the Sun. Generally, the detectable microlensing events with LSST (due to long cadence) are a little longer than the detectable events with OGLE or MOA surveys toward similar lines of sight.\nFigure (5) represents two maps: the top one, shows the blending parameter per line of sight averaged over the detectable microlensing events in -band. The blending parameter is a function of the stellar number density and decreases while increasing the stellar number density (plotted in Figure 1). In the bottom map, we plot the probability of discerning microlensing events which their source stars are visible at least at one filter toward a given direction, . For each line of sight, this probability is the fraction of the simulated microlensing events with detectable source stars (at least at one filter) which pass the detectability criteria (mentioned in the subsection 2.3). Generally, LSST detects the microlensing events with longer durations than typical values. Far from the Galactic bulge, the averaged Einstein timescale of microlensing events is longer than that of the events toward the Galactic bulge. On the other hand, the blending effect is ignorable toward the Galactic disk. These two effects make the probability function toward the Galactic plane be more than that toward the Galactic bulge.\nFor the statistics properties, we first calculate the overall optical depth due to all structures for the simulated microlensing events which are recognizable with LSST. The optical depth in given direction and distance can be calculated as (e.g., Moniez et al. (2017)):\nwhere . Toward the Galactic disk, the distance of the detectable sources has a wide distribution. In that case the optical depth results from averaging over optical depths due to different source distances (Rahal et al., 2009). We consider the source stars are visible at peak (but not at baseline), the so-called DIA optical depth (Kerins et al., 2009), . The maps of the DIA optical depth is shown in Figures 6. The DIA optical depth is reduced in region due to the high extinction and blending, which prevent detection of events with sources at large distances.\nUsing the DIA optical depths, we estimate the observed event rate per line of sight as:\nwhere is the LSST efficiency for detecting microlensing events with the duration toward a given direction. Indeed, this function is the mentioned probability function for special group of simulated microlensing events which have the timescale about . The efficiency function toward the Galactic bulge and the Galactic disk with is much smaller than those toward the other directions, because of their high blending effect and interstellar extinction, see Figure 5. In Figure (7), the LSST efficiency averaged over different directions versus the Einstein crossing time is plotted. This efficiency is calculated via a Monte-Carlo simulation over the whole Galactic plane. The efficiency function increases with increasing the Einstein crossing time. The event rate per line of sight through the Galaxy are represented in Figure 6. The event rate is high wherever the stellar number density is high, except the directions with , i.e., toward the Galactic disk with very high interstellar extinction.\nNote. – For each direction, the averaged value of each parameter and its standard deviation from the mean value are mentioned in the first and second rows, respectively. and are calculated over the area .\nIn order to estimate the number of observable microlensing events, we evaluate the number of background and visible stars. Our criterion for visibility is that blended stellar brightness should be between LSST detection and saturation limits at least at one filter. The total number of these stars toward a given direction and per square degree is given by:\nwhere is the efficiency for specifying stars located at a given distance toward a given direction at least at one LSST filter. We multiply by a factor of because around one third of stars are in binary systems and can not be discerned separately. Figure 6 shows the map of per square degree throughout the Galactic plane, which is very high toward the Galactic bulge in comparison with other directions. Because of the high extinction toward the Galactic disk () the number of visible stars reduces for these directions.\nFinally, we can estimate the number of observable microlensing events per square degree during the observing time , using:\nFigure 6 represents the map of per square degree per year in the logarithmic scale. The number of microlensing events toward the Galactic bulge and disk are in the order of and per square degree, respectively. Therefore, on the average the LSST fields toward the Galactic bulge and disk the number of events will be and , respectively during years observation with the cadence. Accordingly, LSST will detect very large number of microlensing events in comparison with the nowadays surveys because of (i) large FoV and (ii) its deep observations. Certainly, the probability of observing special events, e.g., the events with stellar black holes as microlenses, is high in large population of detected microlensing events.\nIn order to quantitatively compare the detectable microlensing events toward different directions in the Galaxy, in Table (1), we report the characteristics and statistics of these events for four different directions. The first column of this table specifies the Galactic latitude and longitude of these directions. The first direction is toward Baade’s window, the second one is toward the Sct ( which is one of four directions observed by EROS-II, the end of the Galactic bar is visible from this line of sight), other directions are toward the Galactic plane. In each row, the values of the physical parameters (first rows) and their standard deviations (second rows) calculated over the detectable microlensing events are reported. Two last columns are calculated over the area of the given line of sight, i.e., and . The number of visible stars per line of sight and the blending effect toward the Galactic bulge is higher than those toward the Galactic disk. As one can expect, the optical depth toward the Galactic bulge is higher than that toward the Galactic disk which causes the high number of detectable microlensing events toward the Galactic bulge. In the next subsection, we check the validity of our simulation by comparing with other microlensing observations.\n3.2. Comparison of the LSST simulation with other observations\nThe EROS-II team has searched the microlensing events toward the Galactic spiral arms, away from the Galactic bulge (Rahal et al., 2009). Moniez et al. (2017) simulated the EROS-II observations and from comparing the real observations with the simulation constrained the kinematics of the disk, the stellar mass function and the maximum contribution of a thick disk in the form of the compact objects. In order to test our code by replicating the results of EROS-II, we repeat the simulation toward the four directions of EROS-II observations with the same conditions. Also, we use the function of the EROS-II efficiency for detecting microlensing events versus the Einstein crossing time (plotted in their Figure (6)) as the detectability function. Toward Sct with the coordinates we get the average value of the Einstein crossing time of days, which is in the agreement with the observed value of days. The quoted uncertainty is the standard deviation from the mean value. Toward Sct, , we get days, while the observed value was days. Toward Nor with , from simulation days, again in the same order of the observation amount, i.e. days. Finally, toward Mus with from simulation and observations are and days. The small differences between the results from our simulations and real observation are due to difference photometry systems for the source stars, their observing strategies, etc.\nWe also compare the optical depth map from this simulation with one resulted from Manchester-Besançon Microlensing Simulator (MaBlS)555http://www.mabuls.net/ which was developed by Awiphan et al. (2016). This simulation was based on the MOA-II observations of microlensing events. The map of the optical depth for DIA sources brighter than mag in -band (the faintest limit in their simulation) from MaBlS is shown in Figure 8 and our optical depth map in the same range of the Galactic latitude and longitude is plotted in Figure 8. These two maps are similar, but the optical depth from LSST simulation is larger than that from MaBLS. One reason is that LSST is deeper than mag in -band, even by considering the difference in their exposure times (the exposure time of MOA-II observations is seconds twice the LSST exposure which results the difference in their limiting magnitude diminishes by mag).\n3.3. The impact of the LSST cadence on the Microlensing observation\nIn order to study the effect of improving the cadences on the microlensing detections with LSST, we perform the simulation with several cadences equal to days. In table (2), we report the physical parameters that depend on the cadence. These simulations are done for two directions toward (i) the Baade’s window with and (ii) the Galactic disk with . According to the table, improving the cadence makes the shorter-duration microlensing events due to somewhat fainter source stars be more observed. Since, the number of these events are intrinsically high, so by improving the cadence the number of detectable microlensing events raises. According to Table (2), changing the cadence from days to days doubles the number of observable microlensing events throughout the Galaxy.\n4. LSST observing strategies\nLSST is supposed to observe fields of the Galactic plane, i.e., with the coordinates and . Each field is almost circle-shape with the diameter and the area which corresponds to lines of sight in our simulations. of these fields will be observed by LSST with the cadence during years (I) and of these fields LSST will be observed only during the first year and with a cadence (II). These fields are shown in Figure (9). The fields will be observed with the cadence are represented with yellow circles and the others are shown with green ones.\nNote. – Averaging is done over the detectable microlensing events toward different fields. The last column is the summation number of detectable events over all related fields.\nNote. – A complete electronic version of this table is available at: ….\nWe used LSST OpSim simulations to extract epoch of observation, airmass, seeing FWHM, and filter for each visit in each field separately. These parameters have impact on the results of the simulation. We perform the Monte Carlo simulation for all of these fields to estimate the number of microlensing events that are detected by LSST by considering the corresponding their realistic strategies (I) and (II) and use the sequence of time, airmass, FWHM, filter for simulating syntectic data points for each simulated light curve. The table (3) contains the results of these simulations. The first row represents the characteristics of detectable microlensing events toward the fields shown with yellow circle in Figure (9) during years observations with the cadence and the second row, (II), shows the properties of the detectable microlensing events toward the other fields (green circle in Figure 9).\nAccording to this table, LSST with the second strategy (II) will detect shorter-duration events than those are detectable with the first strategy (I). According to Figure (9), most of fields with small Galactic latitude (toward the Galactic bulge and disk) will be detected with the second strategy, whereas toward these directions the optical depth is higher. Consequently, the number of detectable microlensing events with the strategy (II) during one year with the cadence is more than those detected by the first strategy. Also, the stellar extinction for these directions is high which makes the averaged impact parameter of the detectable events be a little smaller. However, the microlensing events potentially detectable the strategy (II) will be of low value. The reasons are (i) the number of baseline data points is rare so that the source fluxes can not be estimated accurately. (ii) Lack of baseline data intensifies the degeneracy between the source flux and the Einstein crossing time which in turn causes weak estimations of the events’ timescale. During one year observation, (iii) measuring the parallax effect for long-duration microlensing events and (iv) discerning the variable stars from microlensing events are difficult. All of these issues can be solved by increasing the observational time to longer than one year.\nHere, we compare these strategies in the regard of detecting microlensing events toward similar fields, by simulating detectable microlensing events. Table (4) contains some characteristic and statistic parameters of detectable microlensing events toward different fields by considering the LSST observing strategies (I) and (II) (the first and second values of each parameter are due to strategies I and II, respectively). This table can be used to optimize LSST observing strategy for disk microlensing events. As an example, when some of the fields currently scheduled for strategy (II) could be observed with strategy (I), one can select the bins of Galactic longitude and in each bin select a field for which the change of strategy would give the highest increase in . We note that the ratio of values for any given field in the two strategies is less dependent on simulation details than the raw values themselves. According to this table:\nGenerally, during years observation with epochs (I) LSST will detect more and on average longer microlensing events than those detectable during one year observation with epochs (II). Detecting longer microlensing events somewhat justifies the negative effect of long cadence in the observing strategy (I) on detection of short signals in microlenssing events, e.g., planetary ones. Usually, the longer microlensing events have longer planetary signals, because the time of caustic crossing is proportional to the Einstein crossing time. Hence, with the first observing strategy (I) although the time interval between data points is long and around days, but detectable events are on average longer and as a result have longer planetary signals.\nWith the second strategy (II) the probability of detecting microlensing events is higher than that with the other, because the number of short-duration microlensing events is intrinsically higher than long-duration ones. This cause that increasing the observing time from one year to years does not enhance the number of detectable events by a factor of .\nMostly, the source stars of detectable events with the strategy (I) are somewhat fainter with higher blending effect than those with the second strategy.\nAccordingly, LSST can have significant sensitivity to exoplanets throughout the Galaxy, if either if cadence better than day is executed, or follow-up observations are conducted. By detecting planets toward different directions in the Galaxy, we can study their Galactic distribution (Gould, 2013).\n5. Summary and conclusions\nWe studied the detection of microlensing events toward the Galactic disk and bulge with LSST. In this regard, we performed a Monte Carlo simulation according to its strategy toward the Galactic longitude and latitude in the ranges of and . We assumed that the cadence of the LSST observations is equal to days and its exposure time is seconds. The results of the simulation were\n(i) LSST mostly detects the microlensing events of source stars with the average magnitude around in band. Although fainter stars (up to mag in this filter) are visible by LSST, but microlensing events due to these faint stars have small chance to be realized. Because of large blending effect they have to be highly magnified to generate high enough signal to noise ratios. But on the other hand, the high-magnification microlensing events’ durations are scaled by the lens impact parameters, i.e., their durations are mostly short in comparison to the LSST cadence.\n(ii) Generally, the detectable microlensing events are (little) longer than common events observable with nowadays surveys. Thus, LSST partly helps to study microlensing events with more massive microlenses or closer events, etc.\n(iii) We predicted that LSST on average detects around and microlensing events per square degree (or and per LSST’s FoV) during its lifetime toward the Galactic bulge and disk, respectively. This large number of visible microlensing events are due to its large FoV and its observing depth.\nWe performed some simulations with different cadences to study the effect of cadence on the statistics and properties of observable microlensing events. Our simulations show that improving the cadence increases the detection efficiency for short-timescale events. The number of these events is intrinsically high. Therefore improving the cadence raises the number of detectable microlensing events, e.g. improving the cadence from days to days approximately doubles the number of detectable microlensing events throughout the Galaxy.\nThe current strategy for LSST is that it observes (I) some parts of the sky with the average cadence during years and (II) some other parts of the sky with epochs during the first year of its lifetime. We performed the simulation by considering the corresponding strategies for these fields (shown in Figure 9) and concluded that the number of events corresponding to these strategies are and , respectively. Most of fields with small Galactic latitude (toward the Galactic bulge and disk) are supposed to be detected with the second strategy. Toward these directions, the stellar number density and as a results the optical depth and the event rate are higher which results the larger number of detectable microlensing events.\nWe have also presented expected number of events for each field under both observing strategies (Table 4) which could be used to optimize the LSST observing strategy. Toward alike field, LSST with first observing strategy (I) will detect more and on average longer microlensing events than those observable with the strategy (II). Although the cadence in the first strategy is long, but on the other hand long observing time ( years) helps carefully measuring the baseline source fluxes and the parallax effect for long events, discerning the variable stars from microlensing events, etc., whereas they are difficult to measure if only one year of observations is available. In addition, because of longer observing time the statistic of detectable events is higher with the first strategy than that with the second strategy.\nLastly, LSST can have significant role on detecting planets throughout the Galaxy and studying their Galactic distribution; either with the first strategy as well as follow-up observations or with the second strategy, i.e. day cadence or shorter, but with somewhat longer observing time. In addition, LSST Observation of the Galactic disk during several years with day cadence, first strategy (I), will allow finding isolated black holes. Long observing time helps to measure their parallax effects and baseline magnitudes, etc.\n- Awiphan et al. (2016) Awiphan, S., Kerins, E., & Robin, A. C. 2016, MNRAS, 456, 1666\n- Binney & Tremaine (2008) Binney, J., & Tremaine, S. 2008, Galactic Dynamics: Second Edition (Princeton University Press)\n- Cardelli et al. (1989) Cardelli, J. A., Clayton, G. C., & Mathis, J. S. 1989, ApJ, 345, 245\n- Dominik (2007) Dominik, M. 2007, MNRAS, 377, 1679\n- Einstein (1936) Einstein, A. 1936, Science, 84, 506\n- Fukugita et al. (1996) Fukugita, M., Ichikawa, T., Gunn, J. E., Doi, M., Shimasaku, K., & Schneider, D. P. 1996, AJ, 111, 1748\n- Gould (2013) Gould, A. 2013, arXiv[astro-ph.GA]: 1304.3455\n- Gwyn (2008) Gwyn, S. D. J. 2008, PASP, 120, 212\n- Ivezic et al. (2009) Ivezic, Z., et al. 2009, in Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society, Vol. 41, American Astronomical Society Meeting Abstracts #213, 366\n- Kayser et al. (1986) Kayser, R., Refsdal, S., & Stabell, R. 1986, A&A, 166, 36\n- Kerins et al. (2009) Kerins, E., Robin, A. C., & Marshall, D. J. 2009, MNRAS, 396, 1202\n- LSST Science Collaboration et al. (2017) LSST Science Collaboration et al. 2017, arXiv[astro-ph.IM]: 1708.04058\n- Marshall et al. (2006) Marshall, D. J., Robin, A. C., Reylé, C., Schultheis, M., & Picaud, S. 2006, A&A, 453, 635\n- Moniez et al. (2017) Moniez, M., Sajadian, S., Karami, M., Rahvar, S., & Ansari, R. 2017, A&A, 604, A124\n- Mróz et al. (2017) Mróz, P., et al. 2017, Nature, 548, 183\n- Nataf et al. (2013) Nataf, D. M., et al. 2013, ApJ, 769, 88\n- Penny et al. (2017) Penny, M. T., Rattenbury, N. J., Gaudi, B. S., & Kerins, E. 2017, AJ, 153, 161\n- Rahal et al. (2009) Rahal, Y. R., et al. 2009, A&A, 500, 1027\n- Robin et al. (2012) Robin, A. C., Marshall, D. J., Schultheis, M., & Reylé, C. 2012, A&A, 538, A106\n- Robin et al. (2003) Robin, A. C., Reylé, C., Derrière, S., & Picaud, S. 2003, A&A, 409, 523\n- Wyrzykowski et al. (2015) Wyrzykowski, Ł., et al. 2015, ApJS, 216, 12\nNote. – A complete electronic version of this table is available at: ….\nNote. – A complete electronic version of this table is available at: ….", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Scientists who use high-altitude scientific balloons have high hopes for their instruments in the future. Although the floating behemoths that carry their instruments far into the stratosphere can stay aloft for days on end, data collection typically happens during the night when starlight can be detected. The instruments that operate during the day are limited in their field of view due to overbearing sunlight.\nAn engineer at NASA's Wallops Flight Facility (WFF), located on Virginia's Eastern Shore, is working on a low-cost, off-the-shelf solution to overcome the challenges of collecting data in daylight.\nUnder WFF's Balloon Program, engineer Scott Heatwole and his team are developing a precision attitude sensor or star tracker that would be able to locate points of reference, or in other words, stars, during daylight hours. These points of reference serve as landmarks that help orient the instrument so that it can find the target of interest.\nThe star tracker is being developed specifically for the Wallops Arc Second Pointer (WASP), which would use the star tracker's data to point a balloon-borne scientific payload with incredible accuracy and stability. Currently, WASP usually employs the commonly used ST5000 star tracker. However, this device cannot image in the daytime even at 120,000 feet where scientific balloons operate. Though relatively dark at those altitudes, the scattering of sunlight off the atmosphere can overwhelm the starlight in most star cameras.\n\"A precision attitude sensor capable of working in the daylight would extend science operations through the day which would significantly increase the amount of science collected,\" Heatwole said. \"Currently, the only precision attitude sensor available in daytime is a sun sensor, and this isn't ideal because it provides only two axes of attitude and is not precise over a range of targets across the sky.\"\nAlthough others have developed custom star trackers that enable around-the-clock science gathering, no one has pulled together an inexpensive, ready-to-go package that includes cameras, computers, and the algorithms necessary to process data and eliminate excess visible light in real time. \"That's what we're trying to do,\" Heatwole said, adding that his daytime star tracker consists of a commercial firewire camera attached to a lens and baffle that help filter out visible light, allowing it to sense points of reference in the near-infrared wavelength bands.\nIn 2014, a prototype of the device flew on two WASP missions. The first, the flight of the HyperSpectral Imager for Climate Science (HySICS) collected radiance data as WASP pointed the instrument toward the Earth, the sun, and the Moon. The goal was to see what the star tracker saw at 120,000 feet.\nThe second WASP mission, launched a couple months later in October, carried the Observatory for Planetary Investigations from the Stratosphere (OPIS). Its mission was to gather time measurements of Jupiter's atmospheric structure -- a challenge for the new star tracker because the gas giant is a bright object.\n\"Our algorithm didn't work as we had hoped,\" Heatwole said, adding that it did not filter out the excess light as expected.\nHeatwole, however, is unfazed. Over the coming months, he plans to fine-tune the algorithms to eliminate the extra light experienced during the OPIS mission and then retest the technology during a sounding rocket flight this summer and additional WASP missions in 2016 and 2017.\n\"We're trying to increase the capabilities of WASP,\" Heatwole explained. \"No company is going to go out and build this. No one is going to develop an off-the-shelf, low-cost daytime star tracker and put all the components in one package. WASP requires an attitude sensor that is capable in the daytime. That's what we hope to create.\"\nFor more Goddard technology news, visit:\nLori Keesey | EurekAlert!\nWhat happens when we heat the atomic lattice of a magnet all of a sudden?\n18.07.2018 | Forschungsverbund Berlin\nSubaru Telescope helps pinpoint origin of ultra-high energy neutrino\n16.07.2018 | National Institutes of Natural Sciences\nFor the first time ever, scientists have determined the cosmic origin of highest-energy neutrinos. A research group led by IceCube scientist Elisa Resconi, spokesperson of the Collaborative Research Center SFB1258 at the Technical University of Munich (TUM), provides an important piece of evidence that the particles detected by the IceCube neutrino telescope at the South Pole originate from a galaxy four billion light-years away from Earth.\nTo rule out other origins with certainty, the team led by neutrino physicist Elisa Resconi from the Technical University of Munich and multi-wavelength...\nFor the first time a team of researchers have discovered two different phases of magnetic skyrmions in a single material. Physicists of the Technical Universities of Munich and Dresden and the University of Cologne can now better study and understand the properties of these magnetic structures, which are important for both basic research and applications.\nWhirlpools are an everyday experience in a bath tub: When the water is drained a circular vortex is formed. Typically, such whirls are rather stable. Similar...\nPhysicists working with Roland Wester at the University of Innsbruck have investigated if and how chemical reactions can be influenced by targeted vibrational excitation of the reactants. They were able to demonstrate that excitation with a laser beam does not affect the efficiency of a chemical exchange reaction and that the excited molecular group acts only as a spectator in the reaction.\nA frequently used reaction in organic chemistry is nucleophilic substitution. It plays, for example, an important role in in the synthesis of new chemical...\nOptical spectroscopy allows investigating the energy structure and dynamic properties of complex quantum systems. Researchers from the University of Würzburg present two new approaches of coherent two-dimensional spectroscopy.\n\"Put an excitation into the system and observe how it evolves.\" According to physicist Professor Tobias Brixner, this is the credo of optical spectroscopy....\nUltra-short, high-intensity X-ray flashes open the door to the foundations of chemical reactions. Free-electron lasers generate these kinds of pulses, but there is a catch: the pulses vary in duration and energy. An international research team has now presented a solution: Using a ring of 16 detectors and a circularly polarized laser beam, they can determine both factors with attosecond accuracy.\nFree-electron lasers (FELs) generate extremely short and intense X-ray flashes. Researchers can use these flashes to resolve structures with diameters on the...\n13.07.2018 | Event News\n12.07.2018 | Event News\n03.07.2018 | Event News\n19.07.2018 | Earth Sciences\n19.07.2018 | Power and Electrical Engineering\n19.07.2018 | Materials Sciences", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Calibration of the Hubble Space Telescope polarimetric modesStellar and galactic polarimetry from space is an unexplored observational regime and one which holds exciting promise for answering many fundamental astrophysical questions. The Hubble Space Telescope will be the first space observatory to provide a variety of polarimetric modes to astronomers including spectral, imaging, and single-aperture UV polarimetry. As part of the calibration program for these modes, the Space Telescope Science Institute has initiated a ground-based program to define faint standard fields and solicited community support to establish a temporal baseline for these potential standard targets. In this paper, the polarimetric capabilities of the Hubble Space Telescope, the philosophy and complications of in-flight calibration, and the status and direction of the standard targets program are discussed.\nLupie, O. L. (Space Telescope Science Inst. Baltimore, MD, United States)\nStockman, H. S. (Space Telescope Science Institute Baltimore, MD, United States)", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Unlocking the Secrets of the Universe 3-11\nThroughout history humans have gazed in awe at the starry vault overhead. But for millenniums the enormity and significance of what they saw were veiled to them, veiled by the limitations of their eyesight, their superstitions, and their presumptuousness. Now, by means of optical telescopes and radio telescopes and other devices, many secrets of the universe are being unlocked. On the cover of this magazine is a photo of the Trifid Nebula. Inside it, new stars have been born.\nEconomic Anxieties—When Will They End? 13\nThe bad news is: As long as greedy commerce holds its grip on the masses, economic anxieties will continue. The good news is: Its grip will soon be broken.\nWhat Is This Thing Called Intuition? 16\nWhat is its source? Is it the sole province of women, or do men also possess it?\n[Picture Credit Line on page 2]\nCover photo: D. F. Malin, courtesy of Anglo-Australian Telescope Board", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "New Manual 5-Position Filter Wheel\n8 November 2012 | Steve\nSome consider a filter wheel to be an astro-imaging accessory but filter wheels are used by visual observers too. Consider, you could load a number of visual filters into the wheel then simply dial them into the field of view. It beats manually moving a filter from eyepiece to eyepiece when changing magnification, so less chance of it dropping onto the patio! You could fit a Moon filter (or two with different densitys) a light-pollution-reduction filter, a UHC, fringe-killer or whatever other visual filter you find most useful. One compartment can be left empty for unfiltered viewing.\nThis simple manual filter wheel will hold up to five 1.25\" filters in threaded, numbered, compartments. The filter wheel can be attached to your focuser either by the supplied 1.25” nosepiece adaptor or via a T-thread.\nThe robustly constructed wheel is supplied with a 1.25” eyepiece adaptor, 1.25” focuser nosepiece, T-2 camera adaptor and locking ring.\nPlease note: your focuser will require 20mm of inward focusing distance from the normal focus position to compensate for the thickness of the filter wheel.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Re: Mars Curiosity Rover... to land 10:31 pm 8/5/2012\n^ Stay up. You don't need to go to work tomorrow.\nRimmer, on what period of history to live in-\n“Well, It’d be the 19th century for me, one of Napoleon’s marshals.\nThe chance to march across Europe with the greatest general of all time and kill Belgians” - (White Hole).", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item:\n|Title:||Thermal evolution of the Kramer radiating star||Authors:||Govender, Megandhren\nMaharaj, S. D.\nLorton, L. B.\n|Keywords:||Schwarzschild solution;Gravitational collapse;Heat flow||Issue Date:||Jan-2016||Publisher:||Springer Link||Source:||Govender, M. et al. 2016. Thermal evolution of the Kramer radiating star. PRAMANA - Journal of Physics. 86(1): 49-58.||Abstract:||The Kramer radiating star uses the interior Schwarzschild solution as a seed solution to generate a model of dissipative collapse. We investigate the thermal behaviour of the radiating star by employing a causal heat transport equation. The causal temperature is explicitly determined for the first time by integrating the transport equation. We further show that the dissipation of energy to the exterior space-time renders the core more unstable than the cooler surface layers.||URI:||http://hdl.handle.net/10321/2950||ISSN:||0304-4289 (print)\n|Appears in Collections:||Research Publications (Applied Sciences)|\nShow full item record\nchecked on Aug 16, 2018\nItems in DSpace are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved, unless otherwise indicated.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "The John Glenn Astronomy Park (JGAP) is dedicated to sparking an interest in science, learning, and exploration by sharing with visitors the wonders of the sky, both day and night. If you have an interest in the night sky and the beauty of the stars, certainly check out the JGAP while you’re in the hills.\nAbout The John Glenn Astronomy Park\nThe building of an astronomy park in the Hocking Hills State Park was inspired by our ever-vanishing view of the night sky in modern urban settings. The Hocking Hills, in rural southeastern Ohio, is one of the few areas left in the state of Ohio where the night sky can be seen clearly without being obscured by light pollution from the cities. The observatory provides a venue for visitors to the Hocking Hills State Park to experience the night sky through a large telescope and with their eyes.\nThe observatory also draws on the countless generations of humans who marked the important changes of the seasons through the motion of the sun and who built great structures, like Stonehenge in England, the Chaco Canyon Kiva in New Mexico or many Hopewell and Fort Ancient Earthworks in Ohio, that commemorated these days. The plaza has been designed to allow the rays of the sun to fall upon a special central point on the first day of each of the four seasons.\n“The greatest thing we can do is inspire young minds…”\n– JOHN GLENN\nThe JGAP is named for John Glenn, an inspiring man who was a military pilot, US Senator for Ohio, and famously the first American astronaut to orbit the Earth.\nVisiting the John Glenn Astronomy Park\nThe JGAP is open all hours of the day all year long, and is completely free to the public. Visiting the John Glenn Astronomy Park is a beautiful experience at any time of the day. When you visit the park at night, you will have access to their 28-inch telescope in the roll-off roof observatory or the option to set up your own telescope and gear. If the moon, planets, stars, and galaxies are within view, you are sure to see them! Night programs begin at sunset.\nIf you visit the park during the day, you’ll get to look out at the Earth’s closest star: the sun. JGAP’s telescopes are outfitted with special filters so you can view the sun during the day for a whole new view of our solar powerhouse. Plus, you can learn all about the solar system at the exhibits and activities found around the park.\nFor more information about the John Glenn Astronomy Park,\nincluding information on donating to the non-profit that operates the park, visit jgap.info.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Star Cluster Westerlund 2 and Starforming Nebula Gum 29\nThis image from the Hubble Space Telescope shows a giant cluster of about 3,000 stars called Westerlund 2. The cluster resides inside a vibrant stellar breeding ground known as Gum 29, located 20,000 light-years away in the constellation Carina. The comparatively young, 2-million-year-old star cluster contains some of our galaxy's hottest, brightest, and most massive stars. The largest stars are unleashing a torrent of ultraviolet light and hurricane-force winds that etch away the enveloping hydrogen gas cloud. This creates a fantasy celestial landscape of pillars, ridges, and valleys.\nThe Hubble Space Telescope just passed the 25th anniversary of its launch on April 24, 1990 and continues to operate at the peak of its capabilities.\nCredit: NASA, ESA, the Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA), A. Nota\n(ESA/STScI), and the Westerlund 2 Science Team", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Can the universe really be as weird as quantum theory suggests? Ingenious experiments are coming close to settling the issue\nWHEN Rupert Ursin stood in the darkness at the highest point of La Palma in the Canary Islands he found it scary. “Really scary,” he says. It was less the blackness stretching out towards the Atlantic Ocean some 15 kilometres away. It was more the sheer technical challenge ahead- and perhaps just a little because of the ghosts he was attempting to lay to rest.\nUrsin and his colleagues from the Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information in Vienna, Austria, were there that night to see if they could beam single photons of light to the 1-metre aperture of a telescope on the island of Tenerife, 144 kilometres away. Even on a fine day, when Teide, Tenerife’s volcanic peak, is clearly visible from La Palma, that would be a", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "This THEMIS image captures a portion of several lava flows in Daedalia Planum southwest of the Arsia Mons shield volcano. Textures characteristic of the variable surface roughness associated with different lava flows in this region are easily seen. The lobate edges of the flows are distinctive, and permit the discrimination of many overlapping individual flows. The surfaces of some flows look wrinkly and ropy, probably indicating a relatively fluid type of lava flow referred to as pahoehoe. The surface textures of lava flows can thus sometimes be used for comparative purposes to infer lava viscosity and effusion rates. Numerous parallel curved ridges are visible on the upper surfaces of some of the lava flows. These ridges make the flow surface look somewhat ropy, and at smaller scales this flow might be referred to as pahoehoe, however, these features are probably better referred to as pressure ridges. Pressure ridges form on the surface of a lava flow when the upper part of the flow is exposed to air, cooling it, but the insulated much warmer interior of the flow continues to move down slope (and more material is pushed forward from behind), causing the surface to compress and pile up like a rug.\nNote: this THEMIS visual image has not been radiometrically nor geometrically calibrated for this preliminary release. An empirical correction has been performed to remove instrumental effects. A linear shift has been applied in the cross-track and down-track direction to approximate spacecraft and planetary motion. Fully calibrated and geometrically projected images will be released through the Planetary Data System in accordance with Project policies at a later time.\nNASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory manages the 2001 Mars Odyssey mission for NASA's Office of Space Science, Washington, D.C. The Thermal Emission Imaging System (THEMIS) was developed by Arizona State University, Tempe, in collaboration with Raytheon Santa Barbara Remote Sensing. The THEMIS investigation is led by Dr. Philip Christensen at Arizona State University. Lockheed Martin Astronautics, Denver, is the prime contractor for the Odyssey project, and developed and built the orbiter. Mission operations are conducted jointly from Lockheed Martin and from JPL, a division of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "It looks like you're using an Ad Blocker.\nPlease white-list or disable AboveTopSecret.com in your ad-blocking tool.\nSome features of ATS will be disabled while you continue to use an ad-blocker.\nFor several years, I have been conducting what has become the most comprehensive forensic investigation into the validity of the Apollo lunar landing program and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration ever carried out before - and I am now ready to begin showing the world what they have been missing.\nOriginally posted by Electro38\nWhy did the USSR not protest or reveal the hoax.\nOriginally posted by QBSneak000\nWell my friend, a great find indeed!! star and flag!!\nThere has got to be a way to somehow photograph from earth, the structures and other secrets on the moon that NASA has kept from the public for years.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "BAIKONUR /Kazakhstan/, September 21. /TASS/. The cooperation on the ISS project will depend on the International Space Station’s technical condition, and will highly likely continue until 2028, Roscosmos CEO Yuri Borisov said Wednesday.\n\"We plan [to work at the station] through 2024, and then we will continue depending on the ISS’ condition. Highly likely, until 2028,\" Borisov said during a press conference after the Soyuz MS-22 spacecraft’s docking.\nAccording to the Roscosmos CEO, Russia always strictly fulfills its international obligations. On Wednesday, negotiations with NASA representatives took place at the Baikonur Cosmodrome.\nOn July 28, Borisov said during the meeting with Russian President Vladimir Putin that the decision on Russia’s withdrawal from the ISS project after 2024 has been made, adding that all obligations before the partners will be fulfilled. On July 29, Borisov explained on Russian TV that the exact date of Russia’s withdrawal from the ISS program will depend on the station’s condition.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "“Geminids over Gates Pass”\nWhat an incredible show we had here in Tucson, Arizona! This was definitely the best show of the year. I was able to see about 50 per hour! We were fortunate enough to have clear skies on the first Peak night on 12-12-12 through the morning of 12-13-12 but the desert had other, rainy plans for the best peak night.\nEverlasting Productions hired me to shoot some time-lapses of this incredible event for their documentary…and I am sure glad they did! I mean…I would’ve shot it anyway, but, they loaned me their Canon 5DMKIII to shoot with! I’ve been wanting to try this beast out and I absolutely loved it. And to top that…they let me use their Carl Zeiss glass! I got some pretty sharp images with it. Time to start saving.\nI may put together a short 1 minute video so you can see what the Geminids had to show, so stay tuned!\nAnyways, here are some composites of about 30 frames from a time-lapse I shot of the Geminid Meteor shower at Gates Pass in Tucson, Arizona on the morning of 12-13-12. You can see M31 (Andromeda Galaxy 2.5million light years away) at the left next to the Milky way.\nThese imagse took a lot of work as I had to scroll through about 400 frames and find which frames had shooting stars in them, then cut out every meteor and blend.\nSpace.com used my photo on their Geminid Meteor shower write-up!\nEarthsky.org also used my image in their daily news!\nIO9 Favorite List:\nSharing is Appreciated!\nCarl Zeiss 21mm F/2.8 Distagon\nISO 3200, 20 seconds.\nIf you’d like to purchase or use this photo please email Sean@Sean-Parker.com", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Sculpted by stellar winds and radiation, a magnificent interstellar dust cloud by chance has assumed the shape of a horse. Fittingly named the Horsehead Nebula, light from it takes about 1,500 light-years to reach us.\nIt is embedded in the vast Orion cloud complex within the Orion constellation. Although the constellation is easily visible in the evening sky towards the south, it is very difficult to see the Horsehead Nebula through the telescope, as a large telescope and dark skies are required.\nAbout five light-years “tall”, the dark cloud is visible only because its obscuring dust is silhouetted against the glowing red emission nebula IC 434 in the background.\nThe gigantic gas clouds making up the Horsehead Nebula have been captured excellently by Leonard Ellul-Mercer in this colour image shot by the skilful use of astronomical cameras through his telescope.\nAlso known as Barnard 33, the unusual shape was first…\nView original post 166 more words", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Although, yes, you should just keep them until the eclipse in the US in 2024 (or the one in the Andes in 2019, which I haven’t completely ruled out just yet, because I’ve become a crazy person), there’s another good reason to keep a pair or two handy:\nMore specifically: GIANT sunspots!\nRight now, there are two fairly-large sunspot areas on the face of the sun. They’re so big, in fact, that they can be seen without magnification. Just put on your eclipse glasses and take a gander. Both of them are pretty close to the center of the solar disk, as seen by the picture above (which is from late yesterday). These will continue to rotate left-to-right across the face of the sun over the next several days.\nTake a look; this is pretty cool (bonus points if you work in an office and go out and stand in the parking lot looking up at the sun for no apparent reason).\nMy favorite site to keep up on this sort of thing is spaceweather.com. Our “space weather” is almost-entirely affected by the sun, so most things on the site lean that way. If civilization as we know it is about to be ended by another Carrington Event, this will be one of the early places to hear about it.\nQuick note about eclipse glasses. Although I heard a few mixed reports about whether or not eclipse glasses would degrade over time and therefore only be safe to use for the next few years, this appears to not be the case:\nSuch warnings are outdated and do not apply to eclipse viewers compliant with the ISO 12312-2 standard adopted in 2015.\nSo, keep track of those things, as long as you’ve got good ones.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "- Create your own projector with this amazing astronomy kit that includes a 4.5-inch diameter lamp, star charts, and more.\n- Four cardboard panels fold and mold around the small light device. Switch it on and projections of both northern and southern hemispheres shine brightly on the walls for hours of observation and study.\n- Now you can invite your friends to enjoy the star show in the comfort and convenience of your own living room.\n- Give the gift of science with toys and gadgets that foster curiosity and encourage scientific learning.\n- Recommended for ages 3 and up.\n- Challenge your child's imagination with 4M toys and kits.\n- 4M educational toys cover a wide range of educational subjects and include science kits, arts and crafts kits, robotics kits, and more.\n4M Create A Night Sky Projection Kit", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "The incredible sparking soil on the MOON: NASA reveals solar storms can cause 'miniature lightning strikes'\n- Study found sparks occur in frigid, permanently shadowed regions near poles\n- May possibly produce 'sparks' that could vaporize and melt the soil\n- Could have as much effect on the surface as a meteoroid impact\nPowerful solar storms can produce sparks on the moon's surface, NASA has revealed.\nA new study has found the sparks occur in the frigid, permanently shadowed regions near the lunar poles, and may possibly produce 'sparks' that could vaporize and melt the soil.\nNASA said it could have as much effect on the surface as a meteoroid impact.\nScroll down for video\nA new study has found the frigid, permanently shadowed regions near the lunar poles, and may possibly produce 'sparks' that could vaporize and melt the soil. . Nasa said it could have as much effect on the surface as a meteoroid impact, affecting up to 10% of the soil. This is a map showing the permanently shadowed regions (blue) that cover about three percent of the moon's south pole.\nTHE CHANGING MOON\nThe moon has almost no atmosphere, so its surface is exposed to the harsh space environment.\nImpacts from small meteoroids constantly churn or 'garden' the top layer of the dust and rock, called regolith, on the moon.\n'About 10 percent of this gardened layer has been melted or vaporized by meteoroid impacts,' said Andrew Jordan of the University of New Hampshire, Durham.\n'We found that in the moon's permanently shadowed regions, sparks from solar storms could melt or vaporize a similar percentage.'\nJordan is lead author of a paper on this research published online in Icarus August 31, 2016.\nExplosive solar activity, like flares and coronal mass ejections, blasts highly energetic, electrically charged particles into space.\nEarth's atmosphere shields us from most of this radiation, but on the moon, these particles - ions and electrons - slam directly into the surface.\nThey accumulate in two layers beneath the surface; the bulky ions can't penetrate deeply because they are more likely to hit atoms in the regolith, so they form a layer closer to the surface while the tiny electrons slip through and form a deeper layer.\nThe ions have positive charge while the electrons carry negative charge. Since opposite charges attract, normally these charges flow towards each other and balance out.\nIn August 2014, however, Jordan's team published simulation results predicting that strong solar storms would cause the regolith in the moon's permanently shadowed regions (PSRs) to accumulate charge in these two layers until explosively released, like a miniature lightning strike.\nThe PSRs are so frigid that regolith becomes an extremely poor conductor of electricity.\nTherefore, during intense solar storms, the regolith is expected to dissipate the build-up of charge too slowly to avoid the destructive effects of a sudden electric discharge, called dielectric breakdown.\nThe research estimates the extent that this process can alter the regolith.\n'This process isn't completely new to space science -- electrostatic discharges can occur in any poorly conducting (dielectric) material exposed to intense space radiation, and is actually the leading cause of spacecraft anomalies,' said Timothy Stubbs of NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, a co-author of the paper.\nThe team estimated the energy that would be deposited over a million years by both meteoroid impacts and dielectric breakdown driven by solar storms, and found that each process releases enough energy to alter the regolith by a similar amount.\nWhat's happening: Frigid, permanently shadowed regions near the lunar poles, and may possibly produce 'sparks' that could vaporize and melt the soil.\n'Lab experiments show that dielectric breakdown is an explosive process on a tiny scale,' said Jordan.\n'During breakdown, channels could be melted and vaporized through the grains of soil.\n'Some of the grains may even be blown apart by the tiny explosion.'\nThe next step is to search for evidence of dielectric breakdown in PSRs and determine if it could happen in other areas on the moon.\nThere may even be 'sparked' material in the Apollo samples, but the difficulty would be determining if this material was altered by breakdown or a meteoroid impact.\nMost watched News videos\n- Fiona Shaw plays head of MI6’s Russian division in Killing Eve\n- Luton CCTV shows moment Azaan Kaleem is attacked and stabbed\n- Subway owner assaults customer after dispute over sandwich\n- Alleged ISIS video shows an armed 'woman' fighting in Baghouz\n- Fierce cat pounces on only men and dogs outside Istanbul market\n- Moment plane crashes into 'venue hosting a baby shower'\n- ISIS 'women' are allegedly fighting against SDF in the front line\n- Shocking moment gang of yobs attack south London shopkeeper\n- Theresa May and Stephen Barclay leave Downing Street\n- Luton teenagers heavily wounded after The Mall stabbing incident\n- CCTV shows moment Luton teenager is stabbed in The Mall\n- Hundreds of thousands of people flock to London to protest Brexit", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Can gas escape from a very large gravity grasp? Black Hole Are you forming a “tsunami” in space?\nIn a new NASA-funded study, astrophysicists used computer simulations to model the environment around a supermassive black hole in deep space. They discovered that a huge tsunami-like structure could have formed near these black holes.They even think of it Supermassive black hole You can host the largest tsunami-like structure in the universe.\n“It’s the laws of physics that can explain things here in space and even far outside black holes,” said Daniel Proga, an astrophysicist at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV). It was. Said in a NASA statement..\nIn this study, researchers explored the strange environment around a supermassive black hole and how gas and radiation interact there.\nSupermassive black holes have large disks of gas and matter that swirl around them and over time. Active galactic nucleus.. These systems often emit a jet of matter, emitting bright, glowing x-rays onto a disc that is out of the reach of gravity in a black hole. This X-ray radiation pushes the wind flowing from the center of the system. This is called a “spill”.\nthis X-ray radiation Researchers also believe that it may help explain the denser gaseous regions in the environment around supermassive black holes called “clouds.”\n“These clouds are ten times hotter than the surface of the sun and move at the speed of the solar wind, so they are exotic objects that you don’t want to fly,” said lead author Dr. Tim Waters. UNLV, a guest scientist at the Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico, said in the same statement.\nIn computer simulations, the team showed how the atmosphere of a disk rotating around a black hole begins to form waves of gas and material when it is far enough away from the black hole and out of reach. With the addition of outflows pushed out by X-ray radiation, these waves can grow into huge tsunamis.These swirling gas waves can extend up to 10 Light year On the disc, the researchers found it. Once these tsunami-like structures are formed, they are no longer affected by black holes. gravity, According to the statement.\nIn these simulations, researchers showed how bright X-ray radiation near a black hole penetrates into a pocket of hot gas outside the disk. These hot plasma bubbles expand to nearby cooler gases at the edge of the disc, helping to spur tsunami-like structures. Bubbles also block outflowing wind and swirl into separate structures up to light-year size. These lateral structures are known as the Karman vortex streets. This is a weather pattern that also occurs in the following locations: Earth (On Earth, this pattern of swirling vortices Looks quite different.. )\nThe Kalman Vortex Street is named after the Hungarian-American physicist Theodore von Kalman. Earth’s atmosphere And space.\nAccording to the statement, this study goes against previous theories suggesting that clouds of hot gas near active galactic nuclei form spontaneously due to fluid instability. This study also contradicts the previous notion that a magnetic field is needed to move colder gas from the disc around a supermassive black hole.\nCurrently operating satellites cannot confirm their work, but the team hopes to enhance their findings with future research and hopefully telescope observations.Furthermore, observation of plasma near the active galactic nucleus of NASA Chandra X-ray Observatory And of the European Space Agency XMM-Newton According to a NASA statement, the space telescope is in line with the team’s findings.\nThis work Released on June 15 It is published in the Astrophysical Journal.\nSend an email to Chelsea Gohd to email@example.com or follow her on Twitter @ chelsea_gohd. Follow us on Twitter @ Spacedotcom and Facebook.\nSupermassive black holes can host huge swirling gas “tsunamis”\nSource link Supermassive black holes can host huge swirling gas “tsunamis”", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "The astronomy picture of the day is Laniakea, the newly discovered/defined super-structure that includes our Milky Way Galaxy. There’s already a Wikipedia entry. The massive Virgo Supercluster is now just an “appendage” in the bigger scheme of things.\nIt’s hard to discern shape when you’re sitting within. The thing I’ve never heard referenced is how astronomers map structure taking into account the tens and hundreds of millions of years between one end and another. Not just big space, but long stretches of time.\nWe’re on one side of Laniakea, but we view the other side not as it is today, but as it was almost five hundred million years ago. All galaxies are in movement relative to each other. Most are flying apart. Only close associations share a gravitational attraction. Astronomers admit the boundaries of superclusters are vague. We know, for example, the Triangulum Galaxy, imaged here by Alexander Meleg …\n… is gravitationally bound to our Local Group. It’s a probable satellite of the Andromeda Galaxy. We might be colliding with that whole array in a few billion years. But will our star stuff be mixing it up with aliens on the other side of Laniakea in the endless eons to come? Who can be sure?", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "The spacecraft lasted more than 50 times longer than originally planned, delivering groundbreaking science and inspiring a generation\nPublished By @EMPIREGENIUS\nAfter more than 14 years driving across the surface of Mars, the NASA rover Opportunity has fallen silent—marking the end of a defining mission to another world.\nAt a press conference at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California, NASA bid farewell to the rover it placed on Mars on January 25, 2004: before Facebook, before the iPhone, and even before some of the scientists now in charge of it graduated high school. In its record-breaking time on Mars, the rover drove more than 28 miles, finding some of the first definitive signs of past liquid water on the red planet’s surface.\n“With this mission, more than other robotic missions, we have made that human bond, so saying goodbye is a lot harder. But at the same time, we have to remember this phenomenal accomplishment—this historic exploration we’ve done,” says John Callas, the project manager for the Mars Exploration Rovers mission. “I think it’ll be a long time before any mission surpasses what we were able to do.”\nNASA had not heard from the rover since June 2018, when one of the most severe dust storms ever observed on Mars blotted out much of the red planet’s sky and overtook the solar-powered rover. Initially, the storm didn’t give the team pause. From about November to January, the red planet saw seasonal winds strong enough to wipe accumulated dust from Opportunity’s solar panels, which is one of the major reasons the rover lasted so long in the first place. But when “rover cleaning” season came and went without signals from Opportunity, hopes that it had survived began to dim\nOn January 25, the team sent Opportunity a set of last-ditch commands, hoping that the rover had fallen silent because of malfunctioning antennae and an internal clock on the fritz. But the commands meant to fix this admittedly unlikely scenario didn’t wake the rover.\nNow, as Martian fall and winter overtake it, NASA says that the rover will remain forever paused halfway down a windswept gully, named Perseverance Valley for the rover’s dogged effort.\nThe announcement marks the end of the record-smashing Mars Exploration Rovers mission, which built and operated Opportunity and its sibling rover, Spirit. The two rovers were each designed to go less than a mile and last 90 to a hundred Martian days, or sols. But the pair surpassed every conceivable expectation. After landing on January 4, 2004, Spirit drove hard through rugged terrain until it got stuck in 2009 and went silent in 2010. Meanwhile, Opportunity went farther for longer than any other vehicle on another world—and all other Mars rovers combined.\n“It was one heck of a mission, wasn’t it?” Mike Seibert, a former driver of Opportunity, says in an email. “I am looking forward to the future when Opportunity’s records fall, because that will mean that we continue to explore our solar system. And I look forward to congratulating the team that puts Opportunity into second place.” (See amazing pictures from 20 years of nonstop rovers on Mars.)\n“I always felt that were really two honorable ways for a mission like this to end,” adds Cornell planetary scientist Steve Squyres, the mission’s longtime principal investigator. “One is simply that we wear the vehicles out. The other is Mars just finally reaches out and kills them. To have Opportunity go for 14-and-a-half years and then get taken out by one of the most ferocious Mars dust storms in decades—if that’s the way it plays out, we can walk away with our heads held high.”\nPublished By @EMPIREGENIUS", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "See the amazing photos from the Expedition 61 crew on the International Space Station in our full gallery here!\nSpaceX successfully conducted an in-flight abort test of its Crew Dragon crew capsule on Jan. 19 to test the emergency escape system for astronauts. See photos of the test here!\nIf you haven't signed up for the Space.com forums yet, now is a great time, as there's a ton of things to get involved in.\nThe astronauts of Expedition 61 have tackled some historic spacewalks at the International Space Station, including the first all-woman spacewalk and four of the most challenging spacewalks ever.\nThe 237th meeting of the American Astronomical Society will unveil the latest discoveries in space and the future of astronomy.\nIt's shopping season, space fans, so here's a round-up of the best deals online for out-of-this-world telescopes, toys and more.\nWe've scoured the web for Lego sets that are space or science-themed, as well as many science-fiction-themed sets.\nPete Conrad and Alan Bean make a jolly, blind, pinpoint lunar landing and grab rock samples revealing the Moon's strange birth.\nWith the return of the Space.com forums, we're hosting an AMA with NASA JPL's Charles White, aka the \"Space Pope.\"\nSpace.com is relaunching our space community forums as we celebrate our 20th anniversary. Welcome back and let's talk some space!\nElon Musk founded SpaceX primarily to help humanity settle Mars, and here's a look at how he plans to do it — a giant rocket called Super Heavy and a 100-passenger vehicle called Starship.\nPrivate rocket company SpaceX is a leader among the new space push to send humans to orbit on commercial craft.\nNASA's Apollo program put the first humans on the moon. See how the missions flew in this photo tour.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Context. The thermal conductivity of highly porous dust aggregates is a key parameter for many subjects in planetary science; it is not yet fully understood, however. Aims. We investigate the thermal conductivity of fluffy dust aggregates with filling factors lower than 10-1. Methods. We determined the temperature structure and heat flux of the porous dust aggregates calculated through N-body simulations of static compression in the periodic boundary condition. Results. We derive an empirical formula for the thermal conductivity through the solid network ksol as a function of the filling factor of dust aggregates φ. The results reveal that ksol is approximately proportional to φ2, and the thermal conductivity through the solid network is significantly lower than previously assumed. In light of these findings, we must reconsider the thermal histories of small planetary bodies.\n- Comets: general\n- Radiative transfer", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Multiple codes are available to derive atmospheric parameters and individual chemical abundances from high-resolution spectra of AFGKM stars. Almost every spectroscopist has its own preferences regarding which code and method to use. But intrinsic differences between codes and methods lead to complex systematics that depend on multiple variables such as the selected spectral regions and the radiative transfer code used. I expanded iSpec, the popular open source spectroscopic tool, to support the most known radiative transfer codes and I assessed their similarities and biases when using multiple setups based on the equivalent width method and the synthetic spectral fitting technique (interpolating from a pre-computed grid of spectra or synthesizing with interpolated model atmospheres). This work shows that systematics on atmospheric parameter and abundances between most of the codes can be reduced when using the same method and a careful spectral feature selection is executed, but it may not be possible to ignore the remaining differences depending on what is the scientific case and the required precision. Regarding methods, equivalent width-based and spectrum fitting-analyses exhibit large differences that emerge due to their intrinsic differences, which is relevant given the popularity of these two methods. The results help us identify the key caveats of modern spectroscopy that any scientist should be aware of before trusting its own results or being tempted to combine atmospheric parameters and abundances from the literature.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Volume 378, Number 3, November II 2001\n|Page(s)||1067 - 1077|\n|Section||Planets and planetary systems|\n|Published online||15 November 2001|\nCoordinated observations of the quiet Sun transition region using SUMER spectra, TRACE images and MDI magnetograms\nMax-Planck-Institut für Aeronomie, Max-Planck-Str. 2, 37191 Katlenburg-Lindau, Germany\nAccepted: 20 August 2001\nThe relationship between the transition region ultraviolet emission and the underlying magnetic field is explored through a detailed analysis of SUMER Siiv line profiles, TRACE Civ, continuum and 171 Å intensities, and MDI high resolution magnetic field measurements. The observations track a narrow area of quiet Sun near disk center over a period of 3 hours. Highly variable emission is found throughout. The most dramatic line Doppler shift and brightness variations come from a region of complex field evolution. The brightenings sometimes have faint elongated extensions in the TRACE Civ images. In most events with high Doppler shifts, the Siiv line wing reveals plasma flow 1-2 min before the line core brightens which suggests that plasma acceleration precedes plasma compression and/or heating. Simultaneous measurement of transition region densities using Oiv line ratios imply large density fluctuations in the transition region plasma. There is an indication of waves of compression and rarefaction crossing the spectrometer's field-of-view. The waves' speed across the solar surface is between 20-40 km s-1, and the compression may be as high as 10. In space-time images density fluctuations are much more prevalent and conspicuous than brightenings. In several cases the waves seem to start at the position of Siiv brightenings.\nKey words: Sun: magnetic fields / Sun: transition region / Sun: UV radiation\n© ESO, 2001\nCurrent usage metrics show cumulative count of Article Views (full-text article views including HTML views, PDF and ePub downloads, according to the available data) and Abstracts Views on Vision4Press platform.\nData correspond to usage on the plateform after 2015. The current usage metrics is available 48-96 hours after online publication and is updated daily on week days.\nInitial download of the metrics may take a while.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "[email protected] - a 5 GeV energy threshold array of imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes at 5 km altitude\nWe discuss the concept and the performance of a powerful future ground-based astronomical instrument, [email protected] - a 5 GeV energy threshold stereoscopic array of several large imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes installed at a very high mountain elevation of about 5 km a.s.l. - for the study of the -ray sky at energies from approximately 5 GeV to 100 GeV, where the capabilities of both the current space-based and ground-based -ray projects are quite limited. With its potential to detect the “standard” EGRET -ray sources with spectra extending beyond several GeV in exposure times from 1 to seconds, such a detector may serve as an ideal ”Gamma-Ray Timing Explorer” for the study of transient non-thermal phenomena like -radiation from AGN jets, synchrotron flares of microquasars, the high energy (GeV) counterparts of Gamma Ray Bursts, etc. [email protected] also would allow detailed -ray spectroscopy of persistent nonthermal sources like pulsars, supernova remnants, plerions, radiogalaxies, and others, with unprecedented for -ray astronomy photon statistics. The existing technological achievements in the design and construction of multi (1000) pixel, high resolution imagers, as well as of large, 20 m diameter class multi-mirror dishes with rather modest optical requirements, would allow the construction of such a detector in the foreseeable future, although in the longer terms from the point of view of ongoing projects of 100 GeV threshold IACT arrays like H.E.S.S. which is in the build-up phase. An ideal site for such an instrument could be a high-altitude, 5 km a.s.l or more, flat area with a linear scale of about 100 m in a very arid mountain region in the Atacama desert of Northern Chile.\nkeywords:Atmospheric imaging Cherenkov technique, GeV detector\nAstroparticle Physics, accepted for publication\nThe high detection rate, the ability of effective separation of electromagnetic and hadronic showers, and the good accuracy of reconstruction of the direction of primary -rays are three remarkable features of the imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescope (IACT) technique (see e.g. [1, 2, 3]). The recent detections of TeV -rays from several galactic and extragalactic objects (see e.g. ) provide the basis for the further development of ground-based gamma-ray astronomy.\nQualitative improvements of the IACT technique in the next few years will most probably be linked to stereoscopic observations of -rays . This approach not only allows an unambiguous determination of the energy and of the arrival direction of -ray primaries on an event-by-event basis, but also significantly improves the efficiency of rejection of hadronic showers produced by cosmic rays , as it was recently demonstrated by the HEGRA system of 5 imaging telescopes operating in the energy region from 500 GeV to 20 TeV [7, 8].\nOne of the important issues for future detectors is the choice of the energy region based on two principal arguments: (a) astrophysical significance (goals) and (b) the experimental feasibility/reliability (cost). If one limits the energy region from above to a relatively modest energy threshold around 100 GeV, then the performance of IACT arrays and their practical implementation can be predicted with confidence. In practice, an energy threshold of GeV can be achieved by a stereoscopic system of IACTs consisting of 10 m diameter class optical mirrors and equipped with high resolution cameras, based on conventional photo-multipliers (PMTs). Currently three such arrays are under development/construction in Australia (CANGAROO-3 ), in Namibia (H.E.S.S. ), and in Arizona (VERITAS ). With their superior angular resolution of several arcminutes and energy flux sensitivity close to , these projects perfectly suit to the energy range from 50 GeV to 10 TeV, which, from the point of view of scientific motivations and the potential astronomical targets, can be considered as a spectral domain in its own right.\nOn the other hand, it is expected that the next generation major satellite -ray mission GLAST (see e.g. [12, 13]), the successor of the EGRET instrument aboard the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory, will extend the exploration of the -ray sky up to 100 GeV. Thus the gap between space-based and ground-based -ray instruments will eventually disappear. It should be noticed, however, that in many cases this statement has a rather conditional or even symbolic character. Although at GeV energies GLAST will improve the EGRET sensitivity by almost two orders of magnitude, the capability of GLAST (and likely that of any post-GLAST space-based project) at energies well beyond 10 GeV will be quite limited because of the limited detection area.\nThis circumstance justifies recent activities to reduce the energy threshold of atmospheric Cherenkov detectors below 100 GeV. Currently two low threshold projects, CELESTE in France  and STACEE in USA , based on the concept of conversion of existing solar power plants into atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes, are in their final stage of realization. Although this technique allows in principle a reduction of the energy threshold down to 20-30 GeV (see e.g. Ref. ), the challenge remains to reach an adequate detection efficiency of -rays at such low energies. Another approach has been proposed by the MAGIC collaboration with a single imaging Cherenkov telescope having a large, 17 m diameter reflector. Equipped with a standard PMT-based high resolution camera this telescope is expected to allow effective detection of -rays at energies above 30 GeV .\nWith some exceptions, the GeV -ray sources () are expected to be quite different from TeV sources (). The proximity of the intermediate domain below 100 GeV to the energy range covered by EGRET suggests that many objects established as GeV emitters have a good chance to be detected also by the above mentioned ground-based instruments. This argument, however, cannot yet guarantee definite success. Indeed, although the two largest -ray source populations identified by EGRET, radiopulsars and distant AGN, do not show a significant steepening or cutoff up to 10 GeV, the theoretical studies of -ray production and absorption conditions in these objects, as well as rather general phenomenological considerations predict cutoffs in the energy spectra around 10 GeV or less. In addition, for any reasonable model of the diffuse extragalactic cosmic background radiation, we should expect sharp cutoffs in the spectra of distant extragalactic objects with redshift at energies as low as 50 GeV (see e.g. ). This implies that for the study of cosmologically distant sources, like the GeV blazars discovered by EGRET, or Gamma Ray Bursts (GRBs), the energy threshold of the detectors should be less than 10 GeV at which energy the Universe is most likely transparent up to at least . An instrument like GLAST, operating effectively in the 0.1 to 10 GeV energy region, nicely suits this task. In particular, it is expected that the number of AGN that GLAST will detect could exceed several thousands . At the same time, the relatively small detection area of GLAST, , limits the potential of this instrument for detailed studies of the temporal and spectral characteristics of highly variable -ray sources like blazars, which have variability timescales less than a few hours, or of solitary events like GRBs with a duration of to seconds. In this regard, GLAST can hardly match the performance of current X-ray detectors that have similar detection areas but operate in a regime of photon fluxes that exceed the fluxes of MeV/GeV -rays by many orders of magnitude.\nThe idea of a “Gamma-ray timing explorer” to study transient -ray phenomena with an adequate photon detection rate motivated, to a large extent, the present investigation. It concerns the possible extension of the domain of ground-based Cherenkov technique with its huge detection area of to down to energies of several GeV. We shall argue that such a goal could be best achieved by stereoscopic systems of several large, 20 m class imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes located at very high, , mountain altitude.\n2 Concept of an IACT array with 5 GeV threshold\nThe concept of stereo imaging is based on the simultaneous detection of a single air shower in different projections by at least two telescopes, separated at a distance comparable with the “effective radius” of the Cherenkov light pool. The stereoscopic approach allows (i) unambiguous and precise reconstruction of shower parameters on an event-by-event basis, (ii) superior rejection of hadronic showers, and (iii) effective suppression of the background light from different sources - the nigh sky background (N.S.B.), local muons, etc. . All these three advantages over single IACTs have been convincingly demonstrated at TeV energies by the HEGRA IACT system [7, 8].\nCompared with single (“stand alone”) telescopes, which can adequately measure the shower inclination in the direction perpendicular to the plane containing the telescope axis, but poorly in the in-plane direction, the stereoscopic approach allows full reconstruction of the arrival direction of individual -ray showers. Apart from the good directional information, stereoscopic IACT systems make use of the fact that the Cherenkov images of a shower detected by several different, spatially separated telescopes, are only partially correlated. Therefore the stereoscopic measurements significantly improve the efficiency of rejection of hadronic (background) showers at both the hardware (trigger) and the software levels. The only disadvantage of the stereoscopic approach is a non-negligible loss in the detection rate because of the overlap of the shower detection areas of individual telescopes located from each other at distances . However, this loss of statistics is compensated, especially for steep spectra of primary -rays, by a significant reduction of the energy threshold of the telescopes operating in coincidence mode.\nAt -ray energies above 100 GeV stereoscopic IACT arrays do provide an excellent angular resolution of about or less, and a “gamma/hadron” separation efficiency (including the hadron rejection at the trigger level) of 1000:1. This improves the flux sensitivity dramatically compared with the sensitivity of single telescopes. The efficiency of the imaging technique is somewhat lower at energies below 100 GeV. In particular, the Cherenkov images become less elongated and less regular. In practice this introduces significant uncertainties in the reconstruction of image parameters. Even so, below it will be shown that the performance of the stereoscopic imaging remains adequately high even below 10 GeV.\nThe effective energy threshold of IACTs is basically determined by two conditions: (i) the number of photoelectrons in the image should be sufficient for an appropriate image analysis; typically, “good imaging” requires electrons111For example, in the case of the HEGRA stereoscopic IACT system the minimum number of photoelectrons corresponding to the showers classified as “high quality events”, i.e. the showers which are accepted for the further image analysis, is close to 40 electrons per telescope ., (ii) the accidental trigger rate introduced by the N.S.B. should not exceed the detection rate of -rays. For an ideal IACT the first condition in principle should dominate over the second, technical condition.\nThe number of photoelectrons detected by the imager - a multi-pixel camera placed in the focal plane of the mirror - depends on (i) the telescope photo-electron response (or aperture), (where is the geometrical area of the mirror, and is the photon-to-photoelectron conversion factor), and (ii) the density of optical Cherenkov photons produced at the typical distance from the axis of the shower initiated by a primary -ray of energy .\nThe density of the Cherenkov light at an elevation of km a.s.l. within 100 m of the shower core produced by a primary -ray photon of energy is close to . Correspondingly, the number of photoelectrons detected by a telescope with aperture is equal to . Thus, for reduction of the energy threshold down to 5 GeV, the telescope aperture should be as large as , assuming that the minimum number of electrons required for an image analysis . Detailed Monte-Carlo calculations presented below confirm that the energy threshold of such an instrument, determined as the energy at which the differential -ray detection rate reaches to its maximum, could indeed be as low as 5 GeV. For conventional aluminized optical mirrors and PMT-based cameras with typical conversion factor , would require a large optical reflector of approximately 20 m diameter. With the successful development of novel, fast (nsec) detectors of optical radiation with a quantum efficiency exceeding , the energy threshold of the telescopes could be pushed further down to 2 or 3 GeV, which is an absolute limit determined by the minimum energy of secondary electrons capable of producing Cherenkov light in the upper atmosphere.\nThe Cherenkov light density increases monotonically with elevation. Thus, for the given telescope configuration, the installation of an IACT array at very high altitude would allow a straightforward and unconditional reduction of the energy threshold. At the same time the increase of the telescope aperture leads not only to a proportional increase of number of photoelectrons registered per shower, but also to an increase of the accidental rate caused by the N.S.B. Thus, a significant gain from large aperture telescopes, with the ultimate goal to operate the telescopes in the linear regime, , can be achieved only through effective suppression of the N.S.B. Otherwise the reduction of the energy threshold would be rather slow, , and therefore would be difficult to justify economically.\nIn the imaging technique, the accidental events introduced by the N.S.B are suppressed by a trigger condition that requires signals above a threshold (photoelectrons) in adjacent pixels. A smaller pixel size not only reduces significantly the noise level due to the N.S.B., but it allows higher trigger multiplicity as well. At the same time the optimal size of the pixel is determined by the condition of “good imaging”, which implies that the area which is covered by the minimum number of pixels (typically 10) used in the image analysis, should not exceed the characteristic size of the image. At , the image area of electromagnetic showers is less than square degree. Therefore at such low energies high resolution cameras with a pixel size close to provide an adequate imaging quality. Although such small pixels allow also significant reduction of the N.S.B., it appears that for a single IACT with aperture , even a pixel size of is still not sufficient to operate the telescope at the minimum possible energy threshold, i.e. in the regime when the detection threshold is determined by the Cherenkov light amplitudes rather than by the N.S.B. noise. Further reduction of the pixel size makes the design of the imager with many thousands of channels technically very difficult. A solution of this dilemma is the stereoscopic mode of observations which offers a more feasible and economic approach. It requires simultaneous detection of a shower by at least two telescopes. Because of the flat lateral distribution of the Cherenkov radiation from electromagnetic showers, this requirement does not effect the -ray detection efficiency (if the distance between telescopes does not significantly exceed 100 m), but significantly reduces the accidental rate caused by the N.S.B. Below we will indeed show that the suppression of the N.S.B. by a stereoscopic system of IACTs with camera pixel size is sufficient to operate the aperture telescopes in the energy regime below 10 GeV.\nThe arrangement of an IACT array, in particular the number of telescopes, and the spacing between them, can be understood from the following simple considerations. The Cherenkov light pool on the ground produced by primary -rays of energies has a flat radial distribution with a pool radius of approximately 100 m. Hence the optimal spacing between the telescopes should be of the order of 100 m. A significantly smaller spacing reduces not only the detection area, but also the quality of images. A spacing of significantly more than 100 m reduces the coincidence rate dramatically, especially at low energies, and thus increases the energy threshold. The special investigation carried out for 100 GeV class telescopes [6, 23], generally confirms this simple conclusion. We expect that this should be the case also for the sub-10 GeV array, although detailed Monte-Carlo simulations are needed for optimization of the arrangement of reflectors in this array. Here we consider a reasonable arrangement with a spacing of 100 m. The question of optimization of the spacing will be discussed in a separate paper. The minimum number of telescopes is determined from the consideration that at least 3 stereoscopic views are needed to reconstruct the shower parameters reliably . For clarity, we assume here a square baseline with telescopes at the four corners, placed at an altitude of 5 km a.s.l. In order to have more homogeneous coverage of distances of impact parameters, especially for showers with cores outside the square, we assume in addition a further (5th) telescope in the center of the square. The main objective of this paper is to study the basic performance of a 5 GeV IACT array placed at very high altitude. The optimization of the arrangement of the array is outside of the scope of this paper, but we believe that the suggested layout is not far from the optimum design.\n3 Basic characteristics of Cherenkov radiation induced by sub-10 GeV gamma-rays\nThe results discussed in this section have been obtained by using the ALTAI code  that simulates electromagnetic and hadronic showers and their Cherenkov radiation in the Earth’s atmosphere. This code has been used before for calculations of the performance of the HEGRA system of IACTs , as well as for studies of the expected characteristics of the new generation “100 GeV - threshold” IACT arrays  that are the basis of the H.E.S.S. (High Energy Stereoscopic System) project in Namibia . The predictions for the HEGRA IACT system have been thoroughly checked using the detected hadronic (background) showers produced by cosmic rays with a relatively well known energy spectrum and mass composition [8, 20]. More importantly, the calculations of the characteristics of the instrument for primary -rays, in particular the lateral distribution of the Cherenkov light, which determines the -ray detection area, the angular resolution, and the gamma/hadron separation efficiency, have been experimentally confirmed by the HEGRA collaboration using -ray data obtained during the active state of Mkn 501 in 1997 [21, 22]. This extraordinary high state of the source, with a duration of several months, resulted in approximately 40,000 -rays in the energy interval from 500 GeV to 20 TeV, detected by the HEGRA IACT system under almost background-free conditions .\nIn this paper we are interested in the possibility of detecting primary -rays over an interval of very low energies from several GeV to 100 GeV, by a system of IACTs located at a.s.l. Both conditions are rather extreme, and exhibit features which differ significantly from traditional studies of air showers. In particular, at energies of primary -rays below 10 GeV, we deal with Cherenkov radiation from only a handful of first generation electrons, while at TeV energies the Cherenkov radiation is contributed by a large number of electrons produced during the full cascade development. At such low energies we have therefore to expect more fluctuations of the parameters characterizing the showers and their Cherenkov radiation. In particular, the Cherenkov images of sub-10 GeV showers are expected to have a less regular shape, as well as to be more strongly affected by the geomagnetic field, as compared with the showers in the energy region. Also, both the very low energy domain and the very high elevation of the location of the suggested IACT array imply not only better transparency conditions for the Cherenkov radiation, but also a non-negligible reduction of the light produced above the telescopes from hadronic showers. All these effects add new features to the characteristics of the Cherenkov radiation of air showers.\n3.1 Lateral and longitudinal development of showers\nThe lateral distribution of Cherenkov radiation from air showers, induced by -rays of energy 10 GeV and by protons of energy 100 GeV, are shown in Fig. 1 at 3 different observational levels - 2.2 km, 3.5 km and 5 km. It is seen that within the radius of 100 m from the shower core which typically determines the detection area of IACTs, the density of Cherenkov radiation from -ray induced showers has (i) a rather flat lateral distribution, and (ii) increases significantly with elevation above sea level. In particular, the rise from 2.2 km to 5 km results in an increase of the density of the Cherenkov light by a factor of 2 to 3 (Fig. 1a). This elevation effect is less pronounced for proton-induced showers ( per cent at ; see Fig. 1b). This implies that the choice of very high elevation for the operation of telescopes would allow a significant reduction of the energy threshold, by a factor of , as well as a noticeable improvement of the background rejection of hadronic showers.\nThe slow increase of the Cherenkov light density from hadronic showers with the rise of elevation is explained by the effect of deep penetration of the “-branches” (sub-showers) of the cascade into the atmosphere (Fig. 2), which results in the production of a non-negligible amount of Cherenkov light below the observation level at . This effect is quantitatively demonstrated in Fig. 3 where the longitudinal distributions of the Cherenkov light, produced by a 10 GeV -ray photon and a 100 GeV proton, are shown.\nThe low energy threshold itself already leads, in fact more strongly than the elevation effect, to a significant improvement of the gamma/hadron ratio. This effect, caused by the reduction of the yield of Cherenkov light by sub-100 GeV hadronic showers (see e.g. ) is demonstrated in Fig. 4 for 5 km a.s.l. The density of Cherenkov light in the electromagnetic showers is approximately proportional to the -ray energy down to , the dependence becoming a bit stronger below 10 GeV (Fig. 4a). At the same time, the density of\nCherenkov light from hadronic showers drops significantly faster with reduction of the primary energy (Fig. 4b). In Fig. 5 we show the ratio of densities of the Cherenkov light and produced by -rays and protons at 100 m distance from the shower core.\nDramatic rise of this ratio below 100 GeV implies a monotonic increase of the gap between the energies of electromagnetic and hadronic showers that produce the same amount of Cherenkov light. This effect is demonstrated in Fig. 6. The solid line corresponds to the relation between energies of -rays and protons defined from equation . For comparison, the line “” is also shown. It is seen, in particular, that the gap between and , which is close to at high energies (e.g. 1 TeV electromagnetic showers versus 2 TeV hadronic showers), becomes significantly larger at very low energies below 10 GeV (e.g. 2 GeV -ray events versus 30 GeV hadronic showers).\n3.2 Field of view and pixel size\nOne of the principal parameters of the imaging camera is its field of view (FoV). At TeV energies the image centroids of showers detected at distances or beyond are shifted in the focal plane from the center of the camera by . Therefore an inner region with diameter provides high detection efficiency for -rays, and can be treated as optimal zone for the hardware trigger. On the other hand, the IACT technique requires that the camera should be larger than the trigger zone by about one degree, in order to avoid a distortion of the Cherenkov images because of a limited FoV; for lower -ray energies the shift of the image centroid decreases . This effect becomes significant especially at very low energies.\nIn particular at the shift does not exceed (Fig. 7). Thus in the energy range , the camera can be more compact compared with the conventional (FoV) cameras designed for high energies. In fact, a FoV seems a reasonable for point-like or even moderately extended () -ray sources. This is an important circumstance which keeps the number of the channels of the imager within reasonable () limits, especially taking into account that at such low energies the pixel size must be small, or less, dictated by two the equally important conditions: effective suppression of the N.S.B., and high image quality (see Sec. 2).\n3.3 Trigger integration gate\nTruncation of the Cherenkov pulse integration gate is another effective way to suppress the N.S.B. Ideally, the integration gate should be comparable with the duration of the time impulse of the Cherenkov light which for 10 GeV -rays, detected at 5 km a.s.l. altitude, is less than 5 ns (Fig. 8). The compression of the integration gate from conventional 20 ns to 5 ns reduces the average noise level - the number of photoelectrons produced by the N.S.B. - by a factor of 4, and correspondingly lowers the energy threshold significantly.\nNote that both techniques, fast timing and small pixel size, have already been successfully employed by the CAT collaboration . A further suppression of the N.S.B. can be effectively achieved in the stereoscopic approach by requiring simultaneous detection of showers by two or more telescopes. This technique has been convincingly demonstrated by the HEGRA collaboration [7, 8]. Below we will show that, even for telescopes with an aperture as large as , the combination of all three techniques - small pixel size (), fast timing (), and stereoscopy - allows effective operation of the IACT system in the energy regime as low as several GeV.\n3.4 Effect of geomagnetic field\nAn important issue concerning the quality of Cherenkov images at very low energies\nis connected with the deflection of the secondary (cascade) electrons in the geomagnetic field (see e.g. Ref. ). Generally, our results agree well with the conclusion of\nPatterson and Hillas  that down to -ray energies of 100 GeV the geomagnetic field has a rather small effect on the lateral distribution of the Cherenkov radiation as long as the perpendicular component of the magnetic field is less than 0.3 G. One cannot a priory exclude, however, that at very low energies the effect of the geomagnetic field is stronger. The main parameter characterizing the effect of the geomagnetic field is the average energy of the electrons radiating Cherenkov light at the shower maximum, rather than the energy of primary particles. In Fig. 9 we compare the parameter for showers produced by primary -rays at three energies - 10 GeV, 100 GeV, and 1 TeV. It is seen that, at any fixed depth, the average energy of electrons producing Cherenkov light is larger for cascades induced by higher energy -rays. However, the average electron energies become quite similar when we compare at the depths corresponding to the shower maxima for the given energy of the primary -ray photon. This interesting effect is explained by the fact that at low primary energies the maximum of an electromagnetic shower occurs at high altitudes where the density is low, and therefore the electrons need to be more energetic to produce Cherenkov light. In practice this implies that lowering the energy of -rays should not result in significant amplification of the geomagnetic effect. In Fig. 10 the density of the Cherenkov light from 10 GeV showers at the observation level are shown for three different values of the perpendicular component of the geomagnetic field - =0, 0.5 G, 1 G. The split of the patterns (azimuthal asymmetry) produced by electrons and positrons due to their deflections in opposite directions becomes noticeable only for a very large perpendicular component of the field, =1 G. More quantitatively, the effect of the geomagnetic field on the lateral distribution of Cherenkov photons from 10 GeV -rays is shown in Fig. 11. It is seen that for a reasonable field , the effect is less than 15 per cent.\n4 Detection areas\nFor a given telescope configuration and arrangement of the IACT array, the energy threshold and the effective detection area of primary -rays are determined by the lateral and angular distributions of the Cherenkov light and the hardware trigger conditions.\nThe configuration of the IACT array assumed in this paper is the following: the system consisting of 5 IACTs is installed at the altitude a.s.l., four telescopes are located at the corners, and one in the center of a square with a linear size ; each telescope has an aperture , and is equipped with a -channel camera of individual pixel size . This comprises an effective field of view FoV. The hardware trigger is organized in a way that requires (1) signals above some critical threshold in adjacent pixels (“”) in each individual telescope (the “local trigger”); (2) detection of a shower by at least 2 telescopes (the “system trigger”). For calculations of the threshold we assume a 5 ns trigger gate, and require that the accidental rate caused by the N.S.B. is less than 1 Hz, i.e. less than 1 per cent of the detection rate of cosmic ray electrons (see below).\nIn Fig. 12 we show the detection areas for -rays from 1.5 GeV to 100 GeV calculated for 3 local trigger conditions: 6 ph.-e., 5 ph.-e. 5 ph.-e., assuming a standard N.S.B. flux (see e.g. ). It is seen that for a chosen pixel size of , a multiplicity greater than two () actually reduces the detection area, even though the requirement of higher multiplicity allows a lower trigger threshold . Therefore all calculations presented below were performed for .\nIn Fig. 13 the detection area of the IACT array for a somewhat higher threshold, ph.-e., is shown in order to demonstrate how sensitive the detection area is to the choice of , especially at low, sub-10 GeV energies (compare curves 1 in Fig. 12 and Fig. 13). For comparison, we show also the overall detection area of 5 telescopes if they would be located at large, distances from each other and operating independently in a stand alone mode, i.e. being not integrated in the system trigger. It is seen that at energies the array of independent telescopes has a larger detection area, but the difference compared with the array operating in the stereoscopic mode at energies does not exceed a factor of two. On the other hand, the analysis of images obtained in the stereoscopic mode provides much better suppression of the background caused by the cosmic ray protons and electrons which effectively results in a significant improvement of not only the quality of the data, but also of the flux sensitivity of the instrument.\nAt energies below 100 GeV, the cosmic ray background detected by the system of IACTs operating in the stereoscopic mode is essentially dominated by electromagnetic showers produced by cosmic ray electrons. This is seen in Fig. 14 where the detection rates of both cosmic ray protons and electrons are also shown. The strong dominance of the electronic component is explained by the combination of several effects, in particular (i) the large, up to a factor of 10, difference between the energies of electrons and protons producing the same amount of Cherenkov light, (ii) the high altitude of observations, (iii) the compact Cherenkov images of electromagnetic showers compared with hadronic showers, (ii) the noticeable increase (approximately ) of the electron-to-proton ratio of cosmic rays down to .\nIn Fig.14 we show also the detection rate of -rays from a point source with a power-law spectrum , and integral flux . The latter is somewhat larger than the fluxes of most of the EGRET sources . This implies that the -ray detection rate shown in Fig. 14 should be considered as an upper limit for “standard” EGRET sources. This curve still lies significantly below the rate of detection of cosmic ray electrons. However, for a point-like source the electron background can be reduced significantly if we select showers arriving from the direction of the -ray source.\nThe detection rates of electromagnetic showers within the detector’s energy-dependent Point Spread Function (PSF), given by the angle , which is the half-angle of the cone around the source direction containing of events at energy , are determined as follows:\nfor -rays and cosmic ray electrons, respectively, where is the differential flux of -rays from a point source, is the differential flux of cosmic ray electrons per solid angle, is the detection area for electromagnetic showers, , and is (by definition) the -ray acceptance.\nFor the chosen configuration of the IACT array, the Monte-Carlo calculations of the effective detection area (Fig. 15) in the interval from 1.5 GeV to 100 GeV can be presented in the following form\nwhere E is the energy of a -ray or electron in units of GeV.\nThis presentation shows a strong energy-dependence of the detection area at energies below 10 GeV, , but at higher energies it gradually turns into a slow increase with energy, Close to 1 TeV the detection area actually becomes constant, in essence because of the limited field of the view () of the camera.\nThe stereoscopic approach allows the determination of the arrival direction of primary -rays on an event-by-event basis. The determination of the arrival direction of primary -rays is described in ref., and its practical implementation in the case of the HEGRA IACT system can be found in ref. [8, 28]. In Fig. 16 we show the Monte-Carlo calculations of the PSF which can be approximated in the simple form\nDespite the small pixel size , the angular resolution of the 5 GeV IACT array at energies is significantly poorer than the resolution of “100 GeV” threshold instruments, which could be as good as , even for a larger pixel-size of about . Since for both categories of instruments the number of photoelectrons, or the so-called size of the image, from a detected -ray photon are comparable ( photoelectrons), the lower performance of the IACT technique is rather an intrinsic feature of Cherenkov images at very low energies (the images are less elongated and less regular). This effect can be seen also in the so-called alpha-distribution of images in a single telescope, where the alpha parameter is indicative of the orientation of the image in the camera (see e.g. ref.): while at TeV energies most of -rays from a point source have an angle alpha less than 5-8 deg , the alpha distribution is significantly broader in the energy region around 10 GeV (see Fig. 17). The suppression of the cosmic ray background at such low energies becomes correspondingly less effective. The characteristic values of the acceptance of the isotropic cosmic ray showers , and the point-source -ray showers , as well as the so-called Q-factor, , which characterizes the improvement of the signal-to-noise ratio after application of the image cuts, are shown in Table 1. It is seen that the best improvement of the signal-to-noise ratio is achieved for an alpha cut at which gives a rather modest Q-factor, . In contrast, at 10 GeV the stereoscopic measurements allow the determination of the shower direction with an accuracy of (Fig. 16). Therefore the -ray signal could be improved by a factor of , where the efficiency of the rejection showers from cosmic ray electrons is determined by the FoV of the imager, , and the angular resolution . Thus, despite the smaller (by a factor of two) detection area of the array operating in the stereoscopic mode compared with the overall area of 5 independent IACTs (see Fig. 13), the stereoscopic array would have at least by a factor of 2 better sensitivity, even disregarding other advantages of the stereoscopic approach, in particular, the complete removal of the hadronic background.\n5 Detection rates and the energy threshold\nThe differential detection rates of -rays from a point source, calculated for the collection area given by Eq. (3) and assuming pure power-law spectrum in the form\nare shown in Fig. 18a. Eq. (5) implies that, independent of the spectral index , the differential -ray flux is normalized at 1 GeV to . The latter corresponds to the typical flux of “standard” EGRET sources.\nIn Fig. 18b we show the differential detection rates of -rays with a hard power-law spectrum with and an exponential cutoff at :\nfor 4 different values of , and assuming the same absolute flux normalization at 1 GeV as in Fig. 18a.\nIt is seen from Figs.18a and 18b that for a large variety of -ray spectra the peak of the detection rate appears in a rather narrow band between 4 and 6 GeV. Now, defining the energy threshold as the energy at which the differential -ray detection rate reaches to its maximum, we may conclude that the suggested IACT array has an effective energy threshold of about 5 GeV.\nIn Fig. 18a,b we show also the differential detection rate of cosmic ray electrons within the cone limited by the PSF of the instrument given by Eq. (4). The energy spectrum of cosmic ray electrons is shown in Fig. 19. At energies above 10 GeV the differential spectrum is very steep with a power-law index . Below 10 GeV it becomes flatter. Within the uncertainties of the measured fluxes, the electron spectrum can be approximated in the entire region from several GeV to 1 TeV by the following function shown by the solid line in Fig. 19 :\nIn Fig. 20 we show integral detection rates for power-law -ray spectra represented by Eq.(5). It is seen that for a relatively flat -ray spectrum with and for an integral flux above 1 GeV of (this approximately corresponds to the total, i.e. pulsed plus unpulsed, flux from the Crab), the detection rate of -rays from the EGRET sources can be as high as 6 events per second, against the cosmic-ray background rate of about 25 events per sec caused by cosmic-ray electrons. This implies that an observation time of approximately 20-30 sec would be sufficient to detect a statistically significant signal from such a source. Remarkably, for the brightest persistent -ray source, the Vela pulsar with photon index from 100 MeV to 10 GeV, and the integral flux , the detection rates would exceed 100 events per 1 sec. Thus a statistically significant signal from the source could be obtained during an observation time less than 1 sec ! For the given normalization of the differential flux at 1 GeV, , the detection of sources with steep -ray spectra would require significantly longer exposure. Even so, the time needed for detection of sources with very steep power-law spectra with an index (like curve 4 in Fig. 18a), or with a sharp, e.g. exponential cutoff at a few GeV (like the curve 4 in Fig. 18b), does not significantly exceed 1 h.\n6 Flux Sensitivity\nThe curves in Fig. 14 correspond to the detection rates before the image analysis. Remarkably, even after such effective rejection of hadronic showers at the trigger level, there still remains room for further suppression of the background from cosmic ray protons and nuclei by analyzing the shapes of the Cherenkov images of the detected showers. In Fig. 21 we show the so-called mean-scaled width parameter distribution of showers which have already passed the hardware trigger condition. This parameter represents the mean value of the width parameter measured by all telescopes and normalized to the impact distances and the image amplitudes . It is seen that the distributions of the electromagnetic and hadronic showers are rather well separated. The efficiencies of the acceptance of both type of showers for different mean scaled width cuts are presented in Table 2. We see that even very loose cuts at the level of provide suppression of the hadronic showers by a factor of 5, while the -ray acceptance can be as high as 90 per cent. This implies that after such a loose cut, which practically does not reduce the -ray (or CR electron) statistics, we may push the detection rates of cosmic ray protons and nuclei further down, and thus make -ray detection in the entire energy region below 100 GeV essentially free from hadronic background.\nThis makes the calculations for the differential flux sensitivity of the instrument straightforward and simple and, more importantly, there is no need to specify the spectrum of primary -rays. Indeed, because the showers produced by electrons are very similar to -ray showers222Actually there are some differences. In particular the primary electrons start to produce Cherenkov light earlier, but in this paper we will ignore these effects., the condition of detection of a -ray signal with statistical significance -sigma in the energy interval , , provided that the number of detected -rays , gives the minimum detectable differential flux for the observation time :\nwhere it is assumed that , which corresponds to a rather conservative 25 per cent accuracy of reconstruction of the energy of the primary electron or -ray photon. The results of calculations for the so-called spectral energy distribution (SED), , based on Eqs.(3),(4) and (7) requiring 3-sigma detection () at each energy , are presented in Fig. 22 for 2 different observation times, 1 h and 25 h.\nIn the same figure we present also the power-low fluxes of -rays represented by Eq.(6). It is seen that 1 hour observations by the IACT array would be sufficient to detect a statistically significant signal from a “standard” EGRET source even at the presence of an exponential cutoff in the -ray spectrum as low as 3 GeV. In the case of a cutoff at 10 GeV or higher energies, the detection time () could be reduced to min.\nFor comparison in Fig. 22 we show the expected sensitivity of GLAST for an observation time . Since at energies above several GeV GLAST will operate at almost background free conditions (for point-like sources), the flux sensitivity is determined by the photon statistics, (see e.g. [12, 13]). Note that at energies above 5-10 GeV, 1 hour observation time by the IACT array could provide better sensitivity that the minimum detectable fluxes achievable by GLAST during 1 month of continuous observations. Moreover, even very short observations by the IACT array can give unusually rich (for -ray astronomical standards) photon statistics over the whole energy region from few GeV to 100 GeV; the number of detected -rays exceeds 100 at each energy interval (see Fig. 23). This would guarantee an appropriate -ray spectroscopy with energy resolution of about 20-25 per cent below 10 GeV, and better than 15 per cent at higher energies.\nThe flux sensitivity shown in Fig. 22 is obtained under a very robust and to a large extent non-standard condition which requires detection of a signal with at least 3-sigma significance in each energy band with width centered on , provided that the number of detected -rays in this band exceeds 10. Note that this definition of sensitivity does not require any knowledge about the shape of the spectrum of the primary -rays.\nIn Fig.24 we present the flux sensitivities determined in a more traditional way, namely requiring 5-sigma detection of -rays above the given energy, . This definition of the integral flux sensitivity obviously requires an assumption about the shape of the energy spectrum. The curves shown in Fig. 24 are calculated for observation time, assuming power-law spectra of -rays with photon indices 1.5 (dotted curve), 2 (dot-dashed curve), and 2.5 (dashed curve). The expected GLAST sensitivity shown by the solid curve corresponds to 1 year of continuous observations of the source.\nResults presented in this paper show that a stereoscopic array of large, 20 m diameter class imaging Cherenkov telescopes installed at very high mountain altitudes could effectively enter into the domain of satellite-borne -ray astronomy. A 5 GeV energy threshold array of IACTs at 5 km a.s.l. - hereafter [email protected] - could provide a deeper probe of -ray sources compared with GLAST - the most powerful current satellite-borne -ray project. However, the scientific goals of these instruments are essentially different. While GLAST with its almost steradian field of view can provide very effective simultaneous monitoring of a very large number (hundreds or even thousands) quasi-stable -ray sources, as well as a study the galactic and extragalactic components of the diffuse -ray background radiation, [email protected] has an obvious advantage for the search and study of highly variable or transient -ray sources. The flux sensitivity of this instrument at 5 GeV of about (see Fig. 22) would allow the detection of any -ray flare with apparent luminosity , lasting only 1 h, where is the distance to the source. Of special interest are the gamma-ray blazars detected by EGRET (see e.g. ). A detailed study of the time structure of -radiation for these highly variable objects on timescales of several minutes by [email protected] would provide unique information about the relativistic non-thermal processes in astrophysical jets. An effective operation of this instrument in the sub-10 GeV regime guarantees detection of -rays arriving from cosmological distances up to or so, for which the intergalactic medium becomes almost transparent. The dynamic range from several GeV to 100 GeV would allow important cosmological measurements, in particular a study of the diffuse ultraviolet extragalactic background by detecting intergalactic absorption features in the spectra of -rays below 100 GeV. The confusion problem (spectral cutoff due to the internal or extragalactic absorption ?) at such redshifts can probably be overcome by simultaneous observations at optical and X-ray wavelengths.\n[email protected] can also be effectively used for the study of galactic transient sources, in particular for the detection of short time () -ray activity expected during synchrotron radio flares of microquasars.\nAnd finally, [email protected] can serve as a very powerful instrument for a study of the phenomenon of Gamma Ray Bursts (GRBs). If the spectra of GRBs extend to high energies without abrupt cutoffs up to several GeV, which is the case at least for some of GRBs , then the sensitivity of [email protected] would allow very detailed studies of the spectral and temporal features of GRBs in this extremely important energy region. In Fig. 25 we show the minimum time required for detection of GeV -ray flares with a given energy flux at 4 different -ray energies: 2 GeV, 5 GeV, 10 GeV, and 50 GeV. The calculations correspond to the 3-sigma signal at each energy within the interval , provided that the number of detected -rays exceeds 10. In the regime of low fluxes, typically , the -rays are detected in the presence of the heavy background induced by cosmic ray electrons. Therefore . For fluxes larger than , the detection occurs under almost background-free conditions, and therefore .\nThe results shown in Fig. 25 demonstrate the capability of [email protected] for detection of GeV counterparts of GRBs. The detection of GeV episodic events with typical GRB fluxes between and would require only observation time. Thus it would be possible to monitor the spectral evolution of the source with a typical GRB duration from several second to 100 seconds. Remarkably, even for fluxes as low as , the required exposure time does not exceed 100 sec. This implies that [email protected] could serve as a unique tool to study GRBs in the late stages of evolution, i.e. during the afterglows.\n[email protected] is a detector with a small field of view. Therefore it requires special strategies for the search and study of multi-GeV -ray emitters. The proximity of this energy region to the energy range covered by EGRET suggests that almost all (more than 300) EGRET sources should also be detected by [email protected] The typical observation time for detection of a “standard” EGRET source would not exceed 1 hour, even if the spectrum of -rays cuts off at energies of several GeV. The full overlap of the energy range of this instrument with the energy domain of GLAST would make the latter a “the best guide” for developing a strategy for the study of persistent galactic and extragalactic objects. Generally, all sources seen by GLAST can be potential targets for observations with the [email protected] These observations with very large photon statistics - not achievable by GLAST - could provide detailed studies of the spectral and temporal features of -ray sources in the multi-GeV region. For highly variable objects like blazars or galactic sources with relativistic jets, a multi-wavelength approach including observations with radio, optical and X-ray detectors would be very important. These observations would not only inform about the pre-flaring or flaring states of the sources, but also would provide complementary information for understanding and comprehensive modeling of the physical processes in these objects.\nA special strategy should be developed for the search for GeV radiation from GRBs during and after the main event. Apparently, prompt information (within 10 sec or so) from the new generation GRB detectors like SWIFT (and possibly also from GLAST) would be needed, containing the angular coordinates of an event with an accuracy better than . It would be very worthwhile to have also a nearby ground-based prompt optical telescope like ROTSE . In their turn, the telescopes of [email protected] should be rather fast in order to be directed to the source not later than 1 minute after receiving the alarm from these detectors.\nBecause of effective rejection of hadronic showers by [email protected], the cosmic-ray background below 100 GeV is dominated by the showers from cosmic-ray electrons. This component of electromagnetic showers remains a part of the background which can be hardly removed, and thus it is the most serious limiting factor of flux sensitivities, especially for extended sources. On the other hand, these electromagnetic showers with a known flux and spectrum of cosmic ray electrons, measured up to energies 1 TeV, can be used for absolute energy calibration of the instrument.\nEnergy calibration with the aid of the cosmic-ray electrons provides a unique tool for the continuous (on-line) control of the characteristics of the detector (e.g. the energy threshold, the detection area, etc.) during the observations. For example, a 10 min exposure will be enough for the detection of hundreds of electrons at any energy within in the entire dynamical region from few GeV to 100 GeV (see Fig. 23). It is difficult to overestimate the significance of such calibration and control, especially for the study of the spectral characteristics of highly variable -ray sources on sub-hour timescales.\nThe basic elements of the suggested [email protected] detector are the large optical reflectors and the multichannel high resolution cameras. Presently, 20 m diameter alt-azimuth mounts with the required precision of about 1 arcminute could be designed and built by many companies specialized in the construction of large radio dishes. The area of the optical reflector could be composed of several hundreds to thousand diameter glass mirrors with protective quartz coating, quite similar to the mirrors used in the current or planned imaging Cherenkov telescope projects. The general requirements on the imagers are a relatively large ( or so) field of view with a pixel size of about . This implies less than 1 thousand fast channels. Such a camera with similar parameters has been already built and successfully operated as part of the CAT imaging Cherenkov telescope .\nThe decrease of the energy threshold of the imaging atmospheric Cherenkov technique to several GeV would depend to a large extent on the availability of exceptional sites with a dry and transparent atmosphere at an altitude as high as 5 km. Nature does provide us with such an extraordinary site - The Llano de Chajnantor in the Atacama desert in Northern Chile. This site with its very arid atmosphere was recently chosen for the installation of one of the most powerful future astronomical instruments - the Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA), a funded US-European project which will consist of 64 12-meter radio antennas with spacing from approximately 150 meters to 10 km (see http://www.alma.nrao.edu/). The large flat area on that site could certainly accommodate an additional Cherenkov telescope array as well which requires a relatively compact area with a radius of about 100 m. Another attractive feature of this site seems to be an adequate infrastructure which will be built up during the next several years for the ALMA project. The foreseen technological developments of ALMA, concerning in particular the construction of very large antennas operating in robotic or semi-robotic mode, could help very much in the design of the telescopes of [email protected] Moreover, the neighboring Cerro Toco site  offers suitable areas at even higher altitudes, and km a .s.l., with the same infrastructure advantages.\nWe thank the anonymous referee for her/his critical comments and remarks which helped us to improve the paper significantly. HQ is grateful for the award of a Presidential Chair in Science (Chile). His research is partially funded by FONDECYT Grant No. 8970009.\n-  M.F. Cawley and T.C. Weekes, Exp. Astron. 6 (1996) 7.\n-  A.M. Hillas, Space Sci. Rev. 75 (1996) 17.\n-  D.J. Fegan, J. Phys. G: Nucl. Part. Phys. 23 (1998) 1013.\n-  T.C. Weekes, in: Proc. GeV/TeV Gamma Ray Astrophysics Workshop, Eds. B. Dingus et al. (Snowbird, Utah), AIP Conf. Proc Ser. 515 (2000) 3.\n-  F.A. Aharonian and C.W. Akerlof, Annu Rev. Nucl. Part Sci. 47 (1997) 324.\n-  F.A. Aharonian, W. Hofmann, A.K. Konopelko, and H.J. Völk, Astropart. Phys. 6 (1997) 343.\n-  A. Daum et al. (HEGRA collaboration), Astropart. Phys. 8 (1997) 1.\n-  A.K. Konopelko et al. (HEGRA collaboration), Astropart. Phys. 10 (1997) 275.\n-  M. Mori et al. in: Proc. GeV/TeV Gamma Ray Astrophysics Workshop, Eds. B. Dingus et al. (Snowbird, Utah), AIP Conf. Proc Ser. 515 (2000) 485.\n-  W. Hofmann, in: Proc. GeV/TeV Gamma Ray Astrophysics Workshop, Eds. B. Dingus et al. (Snowbird, Utah), AIP Conf. Proc Ser. 515 (2000) 500.\n-  F. Krennrich et al., in: Proc. GeV/TeV Gamma Ray Astrophysics Workshop, Eds. B. Dingus et al. (Snowbird, Utah), AIP Conf. Proc Ser. 515 (2000) 515.\n-  E.D. Bloom, Space Sci. Rev. 75 (1996) 109.\n-  N. Gehrels, P. Michelson, Astropart. Phys. 11 (1997) 277.\n-  D. Smith, in: Proc. GeV/TeV Gamma Ray Astrophysics Workshop, Eds. B. Dingus et al. (Snowbird, Utah), AIP Conf. Proc Ser. 515 (2000) 416.\n-  D. Ong, in: Proc. GeV/TeV Gamma Ray Astrophysics Workshop, Eds. B. Dingus et al. (Snowbird, Utah), AIP Conf. Proc Ser. 515 (2000) 401.\n-  E. Pare, Space Sci. Rev. 75 (1996) 127.\n-  E. Lorenz, GeV/TeV Gamma Ray Astrophysics Workshop, Eds. B. Dingus et al. (Snowbird, Utah), AIP Conf. Proc Ser. 515 (2000) 510.\n-  J.R. Primack et al., Astropart. Phys. 11 (1999) 93.\n-  A.K. Konopelko, A.V. Plyasheshnikov, Nucl. Inst. and Methods 450 (2000) 419.\n-  F.A. Aharonian (HEGRA collaboration) Phys. Rev D 59 (1999) 092003.\n-  F.A. Aharonian et al. (HEGRA collaboration), Astropart. Phys. 10 (1998) 21.\n-  F.A. Aharonian et al. (HEGRA collaboration) Astron. Astrophys. 349 (1999) 11.\n-  A.K. Konopelko Astropart. Phys. 11 (1999) 263.\n-  A. Djannati-Atai et al. (CAT collaboration) Astron. Astrophys. 350 (1999) 17.\n-  P. Chadwick et al. , J. Phys. G: Nucl. Part. Phys. 25 (1999) 1223.\n-  J.R. Patterson, A.M. Hillas, J. Phys. G: Nucl. Phys. 9 (1983) 1433.\n-  C.E. Fichtel et al., ApJ Suppl. 90 (1994) 917.\n-  W. Hofmann, in: Proc. GeV/TeV Gamma Ray Astrophysics Workshop, Eds. B. Dingus et al. (Snowbird, Utah), AIP Conf. Proc Ser. 515 (2000) 318.\n-  T. Taira et al., in: Proc 23rd ICRC (Calgary) 2 (1993) 128.\n-  S.W. Barwick et al., ApJ 498 (1998) 779.\n-  K. Hurley, Space Sci. Rev. 75 (1996) 43.\n-  C. Akerlof et al., Nature 398 (1999) 400.\n-  A.D. Miller et al. ApJ 524 (1999) L1.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Today we celebrate the Summer Solstice. The midsummer celebration. A celebration of energy, light and warmth. Exploring the spiritual significance, setting intensions and celebrating. This past week we have been counting down to this glorious day by focusing on different elements of the Summer Solstice that are worth embracing. We’ve focused on three focal elements that can be incorporated into your daily life, specifically energy, light and warmth.\nThe Summer Solstice is Thursday, June 21, the day of the longest light of the year in the northern hemisphere when the Sun ingresses tropically into Cancer. Venus is exactly opposite Mars, drawing the male and female principles of life together in tension. Passions run high, and love is in the air. The Moon forms an edgy square to both Mercury and Pluto. We could use these challenging aspects to confront issues through potentially difficult discussions. Mark this special day of the year with your own ritual.\nWith the Summer Solstice we have an opportunity to harness the energy, light and warmth given to us by the power of the Sun. Opposed to the Winter Solstice, the Summer Solstice feeds our lives and souls with a special kind of empowering energy that should be appreciated. The same goes for the light. Today is the longest day of the year. Meaning we get just a little bit extra sunshine than we got yesterday, but from today on the days will slowly become shorter and shorter. Embrace the light and rise with the Sun. Warmth. There is something magnificent and comforting when it comes to the feeling of warm sunshine on our skin. Take a moment today and as much as possible to step outside, feel the Sun on your skin and soak it all up. Let it fuel you.\nThe Summer Solstice is celebrated in many different ways by many different cultures. Some embrace it as a celebration of life and for some it has a deeper spiritual significance. Nevertheless it is a day worth celebrating. It is worth celebrating the wonder of the energy, light and warmth of the Sun. Celebrating the midsummer, the longest day of the year. Celebrating what the power of the Sun does for our beautiful Earth and for our beautiful souls and bodies. Take a moment for yourself today to meditate on the matter. Take a deep inhale and soak it all in and exhale out all the worry, stress and toxic energy that may be filling your body. Fill yourself with the good and release all of the bad.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Stuck Chinese Moon Rover Sends Back Lunar Insight\nDecember 22nd, 2015, 3:38PMTwo years ago, China sent the Chang’e-3 lander and its rover, Yutu, to the moon. There was some bad news early on: A failure caused the Yutu rover to become immobile shortly after arriving, but it was still able to inspect some nearby lunar rocks and send back information to Earth. This is the first time scientists have been able to do close-up inspection of moon rocks since the U.S. Apollo and Russian Luna programs ended in the 1970s, and the new observations have led to some surprising results. The report published today in Nature Communications says that based on concentrations of titanium in the young lava bed where Chang’e-3 is stationed, the moon’s mantle is much less uniform than scientists initially thought based on Apollo and Luna samples. The research teams suspect that large impacts may have disrupted the mantle’s formation between 3-4 billion years ago. Additionally, the high concentration of olivine (a silicate common in lava rocks), could mean that when the magma-ocean was crystallizing early in the moon’s formation, heavy minerals began to sink at the boundary of the crust and mantle, and the olivine, which formed earlier, began to rise, mixing the minerals into a hybrid.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "The Hubble Space Telescope's launch in 1990 sped humanity to one of its greatest advances in that journey. Hubble is a telescope that orbits Earth. Its position above the atmosphere, which distorts and blocks the light that reaches our planet, gives it a view of the universe that typically far surpasses that of ground-based telescopes.\nHubble is one of NASA's most successful and long-lasting science missions. It has beamed hundreds of thousands of images back to Earth, shedding light on many of the great mysteries of astronomy. Its gaze has helped determine the age of the universe, the identity of quasars, and the existence of dark energy.\n- Ohio State Astronomy and Kepler: Caution, Science! - The Buckeye Battle Cry\n- New Hubble Image Reveals True Shape of Ring Nebula - Sci-News.com\n- UCSC Astronomy Lecture - Good Times\n- Accurate distance measurement resolves major astronomical mystery - Astronomy Magazine\n- Turbulence explains magnetic field misbehavior in solar flares - Astronomy Magazine", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "How big is our solar system? The short answer is it’s really, really big. The more technical answer is that it’s at least 50,000 Astronomical Units, or 7.4799 × 10^12 kilometers, or not quite a light-year to the Oort cloud on the fringes of the solar system.\nThe more fun answer is our solar system is bigger than five standard infographics, end-to-end. I’ll show you that [via, BBC] in a second, but first, here’s a video of the “Legonaut” portrayed in this graph (which was launched by Canadian teenagers Mathew Ho and Asad Muhammad this January).\nThe BBC reports that if you were to print this graphic, you’d need 27 pages of A4 paper (which is about 3/4″ longer than standard North American paper).\nAre you still reading? Pretty cool, huh?", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "While at Mosport, enjoying some fast cars and racing, I also got to enjoy some astronomy. I set up the 'scope in the middle of the paddock!\nWent Mercury chasing (I knew it was at a good elongation) but couldn't find it. Still, caught Venus at sunset. As it darkened, we checked out Jupiter.\nI was very surprised to learn that Bill is a closet astronomer! He was very knowledgeable. And it seems I lit a fire. He said he was going to dust off his old telescope when he got home.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "\"While the SBAG committee finds that there is great scientific value in sample return missions from asteroids such as OSIRIS-Rex, ARRM has been defined as not being a science mission, nor is it a cost effective way to address science goals achievable through sample return. Candidate ARRM targets are limited and not well identified or characterized. Robotic sample return missions can return higher science value samples by selecting from a larger population of asteroids, and can be accomplished at significantly less cost (as evidenced by the OSIRIS-REx mission). Support of ARRM with planetary science resources is not appropriate.\"\nSpace & Planetary Science: July 2013 Archives\n\"In preparation for fiscal year 2014, a mission formulation review on Tuesday brought together NASA leaders from across the country to examine internal studies proposing multiple concepts and alternatives for each phase of the asteroid mission. The review assessed technical and programmatic aspects of the mission.\n\"At this meeting, we engaged in the critically important work of examining initial concepts to meet the goal of asteroid retrieval and exploration,\" said NASA Associate Administrator Robert Lightfoot, who chaired the review at the agency's headquarters in Washington. \"The agency's science, technology and human exploration teams are working together to better understand near Earth asteroids, including ones potentially hazardous to our planet; demonstrate new technologies; and to send humans farther from home than ever before. I was extremely proud of the teams and the progress they have made so far. I look forward to integrating the inputs as we develop the mission concept further.\"\n\"Dear. Sr. Squyres:\nEnclosed are NASA's responses to the nine recommendations from the NASA Advisory Council meeting held April 24-25, 2013, at NASA Headquarters. Please do not hesitate to contact me if the Council would like further background on the responses. I appreciate the Council's thoughtful consideration leading to the recommendations and welcome its continued findings, recommendations, and advice concerning the U.S. civil space program.\nCharles F. Bolden, Jr. Administrator\"\n\"For the first time since exoplanets, or planets around stars other than the sun, were discovered almost 20 years ago, X-ray observations have detected an exoplanet passing in front of its parent star.\nAn advantageous alignment of a planet and its parent star in the system HD 189733, which is 63 light-years from Earth, enabled NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory and the European Space Agency's XMM Newton Observatory to observe a dip in X-ray intensity as the planet transited the star.\"\n\"NASA Administrator Charles Bolden has named planetary geologist Ellen Stofan the agency's chief scientist, effective Aug. 25.\nThe appointment marks Stofan's return to NASA. From 1991 through 2000, she held a number of senior scientist positions at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, Calif., including chief scientist for NASA's New Millennium Program, deputy project scientist for the Magellan Mission to Venus, and experiment scientist for SIR-C, an instrument that provided radar images of Earth on two shuttle flights in 1994.\"\n\"NASA Administrator Charles Bolden and the president of the Korea Aerospace Research Institute (KARI), Seung Jo Kim, met in Washington Monday to discuss collaboration in aeronautics research and space exploration, including KARI's robotic lunar mission and NASA's asteroid initiative.\nBolden and Kim also discussed NASA's plans for a new asteroid initiative, previously announced in President Obama's fiscal year 2014 budget proposal. Kim welcomed the chance to discuss opportunities for collaboration.\"\n\"The meeting will be open to the public up to the capacity of the room. This meeting is also available telephonically and by WebEx.\"\n--2013 Science Plan\n\"NASA's Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph (IRIS) spacecraft has captured its first observations of a region of the sun that is now possible to observe in detail: the lowest layers of the sun's atmosphere.\nThe first images from IRIS show the solar interface region in unprecedented detail. They reveal dynamic magnetic structures and flows of material in the sun's atmosphere and hint at tremendous amounts of energy transfer through this little-understood region. These features may help power the sun's dynamic million-degree atmosphere and drive the solar wind that streams out to fill the entire solar system.\n\"With this grand opening of the telescope door and first observations from IRIS we've opened a new window into the energetics of the sun's atmosphere,\" said John Grunsfeld, associate administrator of the Science Mission Directorate at NASA Headquarters in Washington. \"The mission is a great example of a successful partnership for science between government, industry, academia, and international institutions. We look forward to the new insights IRIS will provide.\"\n\"NASA will host a media teleconference at 1 p.m. EDT today to present the first images from NASA's Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph (IRIS), which was launched June 27 on a mission to study the sun.\"\nThe panelists for the briefing are:\n-- John Grunsfeld, associate administrator, Science Mission Directorate, NASA Headquarters, Washington\n-- S. Pete Worden, director, NASA's Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, Calif.\n-- Alan Title, IRIS principal investigator, Lockheed Martin's Advanced Technology Center, Palo Alto, Calif.\n-- Gary Kushner, IRIS project manager, Lockheed Martin's Advanced Technology Center, Palo Alto, Calif.\n-- Bart DePontieu, IRIS science lead, Lockheed Martin's Advanced Technology Center, Palo Alto, Calif.\n- Supporting information will be available online just before the briefing at: http://www.nasa.gov/sunearth\n- You can listen to audio here.\n\"NASA's Hubble Space Telescope has discovered a new moon orbiting the distant blue-green planet Neptune, the 14th known to be circling the giant planet.\nThe moon, designated S/2004 N 1, is estimated to be no more than 12 miles across, making it the smallest known moon in the Neptunian system. It is so small and dim that it is roughly 100 million times fainter than the faintest star that can be seen with the naked eye. It even escaped detection by NASA's Voyager 2 spacecraft, which flew past Neptune in 1989 and surveyed the planet's system of moons and rings.\"\nHubble Spots Blue Planet [With Video], NASA/ESA/STSCI\n\"Astronomers using the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope have, for the first time, determined the true color of a planet orbiting another star. If seen up close this planet, known as HD 189733b, would be a deep cobalt blue, reminiscent of Earth's color as seen from space.\nBut that's where the similarities end. This \"deep blue dot\" is a huge gas giant orbiting very close to its host star. The planet's atmosphere is scorching with a temperature of over 1000 degrees Celsius, and it rains glass, sideways, in howling 7000 kilometre-per-hour winds.\"\n\"Like a comet, the solar system has a tail. NASA's Interstellar Boundary Explorer (IBEX) has for the first time mapped out the structure of this tail, which is shaped like a four-leaf clover. Scientists describe the tail, called the heliotail, based on the first three years of IBEX imagery in a paper published in the July 10 edition of the Astrophysical Journal.\"\n- Audio of today's teleconference (MP3)\n\"The Mars 2020 Science Definition Team (SDT) has outlined a mission concept for a science-focused, highly mobile rover to explore and investigate in detail a site on Mars that likely was once habitable. The SDT-preferred mission concept employs new in situ scientific instrumentation in order to seek signs of past life (had it been there), select and store a compelling suite of samples in a returnable cache, and demonstrate technology for future robotic and human exploration of Mars. The mission concept fully addresses the requirements specified by NASA in the SDT charter while also ensuring alignment with the recommendations of the National Academy of Sciences Decadal Survey for Planetary Science (Visions and Voyages, 2011).\nKey features of the integrated science mission concept include:\n- Broad and rigorous in situ science, including seeking biosignatures\n- Acquiring a diverse set of samples intended to address a range of Mars science questions and storing them in a cache for potential return to Earth at a later time\n- Improved landing technology to allow unprecedented access to scientifically compelling geological sites\n- Collection of critical data needed to plan for eventual human missions to the martian surface\n- Maximizing engineering heritage from NASA's successful Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) mission to constrain costs\"\n\"NASA will host a media teleconference at 3 p.m. EDT Tuesday, July 9 to provide details about a report that will help define science objectives for the agency's next Mars rover.\nThe report, prepared by the Mars 2020 Science Definition Team (SDT) NASA appointed in January, is an early, crucial step in developing the mission and the rover's prime science objectives.\"\n\"NASA will host its first Google+ Hangout news briefing at 1 p.m. EDT Wednesday, July 10, on a new finding from the Interstellar Boundary Explorer (IBEX) mission.\nThe briefing will be shown live on YouTube, NASA Television and the agency's website. Journalists may participate in the briefing and ask questions by phone by contacting Steve Cole at 202-358-0918 or email@example.com with their affiliation by 10 a.m. July 10.\"\nMarc's note: I'm all for holding a news briefing by Google+ Hangout but why not allow questions using the Hangout features?\n\"The OIG found that although NASA has made progress towards maximizing the research capabilities of the ISS, opportunities exist for increased utilization. NASA uses three main data points to assess utilization of ISS research capabilities: average weekly crew time dedicated to research activities, number of investigations, and use of allocated space for research. While no one measure provides a complete picture of the utilization rate, NASA has generally increased the level of activity for each metric since completion of ISS assembly in 2011.\nFurther progress in maximizing Station research capabilities largely hinges on two factors: the ability of CASIS to attract sufficient interest and funding from private users and the availability of reliable transportation to and from the Station for crew and cargo.\"\n\"For the Radar instrument, one of the most significant Titan fly-bys of the extended Solstice mission occurs July 10. Measurements from this flyby, combined with data from the previous flyby, will allow scientists to produce stereo images of lakes.\nInbound, the imaging science subsystem (ISS) will acquire a mosaic of high northern latitudes on Titan's leading hemisphere, approaching northern summer. This area of Titan's surface has only recently been well observed and each new flyby adds significantly to our data set.\"\n\"The engineering team has devised initial tests for the recovery attempt and is checking them on the spacecraft test bed at the Ball Aerospace facility in Boulder, Colo. The team anticipates that exploratory commanding of Kepler's reaction wheels will commence mid-to-late July. The Kepler spacecraft will remain in PRS until and during the tests.\nLater this month, an update to the data processing pipeline software will be deployed. Called SOC 9.1, this enhancement has been underway for several months and is in the final stages of verification and validation. This software release provides additional refinements to better tease out small planet signatures from the four years of Kepler data. It will also decrease the frequency of false positives.\"\nRelated: NASA To Attempt To Revive Stricken Kepler Telescope in July, Space News\n\"I think the general feeling is that the odds are not good. We might see a wheel spin, but I suspect that it will not spin freely, that there will be noise on it -- vibrations -- which would not make the science happy,\" Charlie Sobeck, deputy project manager at NASA's Ames Research Center, told SpaceNews.\"\nMarc's note: According to the Space News article they will work on wheel 4 first and then 2. Let's hope they beat the odds and some remote engineering does the trick.\n\"This July Fourth, the solar system is showing off some fireworks of its own. Superficially resembling a skyrocket, comet ISON is hurtling toward the sun presently at a whopping 48,000 mph.\nIts swift motion is captured in this time-lapse movie made from a sequence of pictures taken May 8, 2013, by NASA's Hubble Space Telescope. At the time the images were taken, the comet was 403 million miles from Earth, between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter.\nThe movie shows a sequence of Hubble observations taken over a 43-minute span and compresses this into just five seconds. The comet travels 34,000 miles in this brief video, or 7 percent of the distance between Earth and the moon. The deep-space visitor streaks silently against the background stars.\"\n\"The sun lightens our world and enlightens our scientists as they look to our closest star for a better understanding of solar activity and what it means for our planet. Unique data from solar studies help researchers build on their knowledge of the Earth's atmosphere and climate change. June 30 marked the second time the International Space Station literally went out of its way to accommodate this research by providing a better viewing opportunity to meet Solar facility science objectives.\"", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "I don’t see or think about it nearly enough, but I’ve been fascinated by Lorser Feitelson’s 1936 collaged photo/painting Life Begins for years. 1936! LACMA acquired it in 1996.\nFeitelson’s later, post-war, hard-edge abstraction gets much more attention than the 1930s “Post-surrealist” works, which generally makes sense. Something like Life Begins is just so unusual is almost doesn’t fit into that bucket, either. But seeing images of it again recently made me wonder just what is going on here. I can’t find almost anything written about it, except Steve Roden’s discussion of it in the LA Times a few years ago: “On some days it feels as hermetic as ‘outsider art,’ and on others it seems the most experimental painting he ever made. I’ve been visiting this work for 25 years, and I still don’t understand it. I really love that.”\nWhich, it’s nice to know it’s not just me who loves it, and who’s baffled by it.\nThe basics:Life Begins is oil and collage on a shaped masonite panel around two feet square. The painted elements are the blue space, which often gets called a sky, and a half peach and pit on a small plate. The collage elements are two black&white photographs, or close to it, of a doctor holding a newborn baby, cropped to preserve the caption, which gives the work its title; and an astronomical feature.\nThe “Life Begins” photo in Life Begins is easy enough to source: it’s the first photo printed in the first issue of LIFE Magazine, which began publication on November 23, 1936. [That means Life Begins was not in the Post-Surrealism show Feitelson organized for himself, his wife Helen Lundeberg, and other California-based artists at the Brooklyn Museum in May 1936. And it wasn’t among the Feitelsons included in Alfred Barr’s Fantastic Art, Dada & Surrealism show at The Museum of Modern Art in November 1936.]\nThe other element has taken more time to track down. When they describe it at all, most sources have called it a photo of a solar flare. But it’s not. While solar flares were being observed along with sunspots, on the face of the sun, there was no technology capable of photographing a solar flare like that in the 1930s. The only online source to identify the image correctly was a letter from an MD/amateur astrophotographer of the Journal of the American Medical Association, which had used Feitelson’s painting on their cover in 2004. It is a detail of the Western Veil Nebula (NGC 6960) in the constellation Cygnus.\nWe are very used to such images now, but in 1936, there were very few observatories capable of producing such a photo. The scientific understanding of nebulae, and of the universe itself, was in flux. It was only in 1924 that Edwin Hubble announced, first in the New York Times, that many of the objects called nebulae were actually galaxies, which existed far beyond our own Milky Way. As late as 1933, it was still a matter of speculation whether the Veil Nebula surrounded a star, and was actually the remnant of a supernova.\nLet’s just say, thanks to Hubble the telescope, it’s difficult to search for historical astronomical images, which have been supplanted by higher resolution, full spectrum glitz. After a couple of evenings, though, I think I found Feitelson’s source. Wellesley astronomer John Charles Duncan, who published several articles on photographing nebulae, made a 7-hour exposure of NGC 6960 in 1921 using the largest telescope in the world, the Hooker Telescope at Mount Wilson Observatory. Duncan used the image as the frontispiece for Astronomy A Textbook, published in 1927. [above]\nThe image doesn’t match Feitelson’s in size, exposure, or cropping, obviously, but I suspect the artist either rephotographed the detail from the plate, or got access to the negative at Mount Wilson. Duncan later published a fainter, underexposed version of the image, which extrapolates to what an overexposed version like Feitelson’s would look like.\nHelen Lundeberg, Red Planet (1934)\nThis image in Life Begins is not a one-off. Both Feitelson and his wife Helen Lundeberg included astrophotography in their Post-Surrealist paintings in the early 30’s. [Maybe Post-Surrealism feels a bit like Post-Internet: a way for artists to signal to lagging institutions they’ve incorporated something and are moving ahead.] Lundeberg’s Red Planet is a paradoxically lit interior featuring a red planet-looking orange hovering over a telescope mirror-looking tabletop, and a photograph of a comet leaning against a book titled, “Mars.”\nLorser Feitelson, Genesis #2, 1934, collection Smithsonian American Art Museum\nFeitelson’s Genesis #2, also 1934, has a telescope pointing through the eyes of several aging masks and a skull, propped on books, toward a painting of what looks to me like a photograph of the Crab Nebula. There’s also a trompe l’oeil drawing of an Annunciation, a Picabian outline of a woman and her developing breast, a baby bottle, a conch, an eggshell, and a sliced melon and light bulb that immediately make me think of Matson Jones-era Johns. Which, any connection is impossible, I know, but still.\nGenesis #2 combines scientific, religious, and metaphorical accounts of birth, which makes it feel closely related to Life Begins. Now the unusual shape of Life Begins feels related to the perspectival lines and sharp, flat planes Feitelson used to define his spaces. Which makes Life Begins a variation on a Genesis II theme; when Life Magazine launched with that photo, of all photos, Feitelson must have really felt like he was onto something big.\nLife Begins [lacma.org]\nGenesis #2 [americanart.si.edu]", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Span classnews_dt12262009spannbsp018332credits to the original creators the best of eagle attacks 2018 most amazing moments of wild animal fights.\nRocket game online free build a rocket launch a rocket flying games for kids boys amp girls wonder rocket is a fun repeatplay online rocket maker good things happen daily free.\nHere are some instructions for how to launch a rocket into space here are some instructions for how to launch a rocket into space made for launching orbiting and returning to earth space.\nPlay space rocket games online including popular games such as learn to fly fly hard into space and rocket toilet our fun rocket launching games see you try to get your character as high and as far as possible attached to a rocket or some other item.\nFree vector icon download thousands of free icons of transport in svg psd png eps format or as icon font.\nGetting started from kerbal space program wiki but provides a decent understanding of the basics as modifying and launching a rocket the rest will be explored with your intuition or guidance of another tutorials to learn the editor and the basics of rocket building or move to the tutorials page where you may find many secrets of ship.\nThe neptune escape rocket is a vehicle that is used to leave planet 4546b it consists of five constructable parts the neptune launch platform the neptune gantry neptune ion boosters neptune fuel reserve and neptune cockpit the neptune launch platform can be built using the mobile vehicle.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Venus is completely covered by a thick cloud layer, of which the upper part is composed of sulphuric acid and some unknown aerosols. The cloud tops are in fast retrograde rotation (super-rotation), but the factors responsible for this super-rotation are unknown. Here we report observations of Venus with the Venus Monitoring Camera on board the Venus Express spacecraft. We investigate both global and small-scale properties of the clouds, their temporal and latitudinal variations, and derive wind velocities. The southern polar region is highly variable and can change dramatically on timescales as short as one day, perhaps arising from the injection of SO2 into the mesosphere. The convective cells in the vicinity of the subsolar point are much smaller than previously inferred, which we interpret as indicating that they are confined to the upper cloud layer, contrary to previous conclusions, but consistent with more recent study.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "With all the buzz about the Great American Eclipse of 2017, of course I had to post a playlist for the event. Hope you are all prepared with your special eclipse glasses and/or pinhole viewing apparatuses.\nTo further your viewing experience here are ten songs I plan to be playing on a loop throughout the afternoon as the moon casts its shadow across the country. So a quick list and then off to spend the day checking out all things solar.\n- Cat Stevens’ Moonshadow Is there a more appropriate song for today’s eclipse? This isn’t the best recording, but I’ve had some trouble getting this song on You-Tube today. I suggest going through Spotify or pulling out those old CDs you’ve been holding onto. Now you know why you’ve been storing them. Be careful driving out there and don’t look directly at the eclipse without proper glasses. And if I ever lose my eyes, if my colours all run dry, Yes if I ever lose my eyes, Oh if I won’t have to cry no more.\n- Eclipse from Pink Floyd’s Dark Side of the Moon Okay, Let me go on record here and say I’m adding the whole album, Dark Side of the Moon, to my playlist. I mean that just goes without saying, right? This is an album that was just made for a total eclipse.\n- Ain’t No Sunshine Bill Withers I chose this one because there’s no need to be completely literal and this is a great song. I like to mix it up.\n- Bad Moon Rising Creedence Clearwater Revival Love CCR, love this song, nuff said.\n- Here Comes the Moon George Harrison I love the spacey quality of this song. One of Harrison’s most beautiful arrangements.\n- Mountains of the Moon Grateful Dead This reminds of springtime in the San Francisco Peaks outside of Flagstaff, AZ.\n- Howlin Wolf Any and all things Howlin Wolf. Here’s a full album.\n- Elton John Bad Side of the Moon I used to listen to this for hours back in the day.\n- Drunk on the Moon Tom Waitts I love Tom Waitts. Just right for eclipsing.\n- The Moon’s a Harsh Mistress Jimmy Webb\nThere you go. Hope you enjoy the playlist and the eclipse. Have fun and stay safe. Also, be sure to share your favorite eclipse songs here on Tea Cakes and Whiskey.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Have a relaxing and fun-filled vacation on Venus\nSince the atmosphere of Venus is made of mostly carbon dioxide, most of the activities we have are air-based. Venus's atmosphere also has many toxic chemicals in its air so, come at your own risk. Venus is 162 million miles away from Earth and is 3,760 miles long. That is good for lots of exploring. Lastly, Venus's one orbit lasts 243 days, lots of time to fit in all of your activities!", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "This is the monthly meeting of the Raleigh Astronomy Club\nDetails: Members share their holiday gear gifts or purchases! Afterwards, the club will discuss Astronomy Days, a signature event for the Raleigh Astronomy Club in conjunction with the NC Museum of Natural Sciences\nLocation: NCSU Crafts Center (directions)\nDate: January 13, 2017\nSynopsis: Did you receive any Astronomy Gear over the Holiday’s? If so bring it to the NCSU Crafts center and spend 5 – 10 Minutes describing what you got and how you plan on using it in your observing program.\nAfter the meeting, we go out for a meal. Please plan to join us!", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Gem Falls is an expansion to the Woodland village, released on June 29, 2016.\nIt must be accessed by the Woodland Hero Theia. She will focus to unlock the Shining Stones that guard the Sacred Passage. This takes her 1 minute.\nAccording to Greek mythology, Theia is a Titaness said to have given birth to the Sun, the Moon, and the Dawn.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Eur. Phys. J. A 13, 383-397 (2002)\nNeutrino-nucleon scattering rate in proto-neutron star matterL. Mornas1 and A. Pérez2\n1 Departamento de Física, Universidad de Oviedo, Av.da Calvo Sotelo, E-33007 Oviedo (Asturias) Spain\n2 Departamento de Física Teórica, Universidad de Valencia, E-46100 Burjassot (Valencia), Spain\n(Received: 27 June 2001 / Revised version: 14 January 2002 Communicated by V. Vento)\nWe present a calculation of the neutrino-nucleon scattering cross-section which takes into account the nuclear correlations in the relativistic random phase approximation (RPA). Our approach is based on a quantum-hadrodynamics model with exchange of , , , and mesons. In view of applications to neutrino transport in the final stages of supernova explosion and proto-neutron star cooling, we study the evolution of the neutrino mean free path as a function of density, proton-neutron asymmetry and temperature. Special attention was paid to the issues of renormalization of the Dirac sea, residual interactions in the tensor channel, coupling to the delta-meson and meson mixing. In contrast with the results of other authors, we find that the neutral-current process is not sensitive to the strength g' of the residual contact interaction. As a consequence, it is found that RPA corrections with respect to the mean-field approximation amount to only 10% to 15% at high density.\n26.60.+c - Nuclear matter aspects of neutron stars.\n13.15.+g - Neutrino interactions.\n24.10.Jv - Relativistic models.\n© Società Italiana di Fisica, Springer-Verlag 2002", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "A mysterious, luminous object has appeared in the night sky over Seattle on Tuesday, leading some locals to question its origin.\n“I swear i just saw a spacecraft over Seattle,” Twitter user @achlngbIush posted about 10:30 p.m. local time. “It was one straight string of lights soaring slowly over the sky what is happening.”\nOther curious viewers were quick to reply, with one person asking: “Saw it too! What was that?”\n“My neighbor saw it also when she was walking her dog,” another added.\nOne man suggested the mystery sighting could be the SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket which launched 60 Starlink internet satellites into orbit on Tuesday afternoon.\nThe rocket blasted off from NASA‘s Kennedy Space Center in Florida at 3:01 p.m. EDT. Due to the three-hour time difference between Florida and Washington State, it could be feasible that the rocket was seen over Seattle after or around 6 p.m.\n“Targeting Tuesday, May 4 at 3:01 p.m. EDT for Falcon 9 launch of 60 Starlink satellites from LC-39A in Florida,” SpaceX tweeted on Monday.\nThe rocket stands at an impressive 70 meters tall and could account for the “straight string of lights” observed in the sky.\nLast week, SpaceX launched 60 satellites into orbit in another step towards building its vast Starlink satellite internet network.\nThe satellites were packed into the payload section of a Falcon 9 rocket, which lifted off from the Cape Canaveral Space Force Station in Florida at 11:44 p.m. EDT Wednesday night on April 28.\nSpaceX is known for its reusable space technology, and that particular Falcon 9 had flown six times before. It was also the fourth time that that rocket had delivered Starlink satellites into space.\nThe starlink satellites that were deployed on last week’s mission had a slightly different appearance to ones that had been delivered before them; they had been painted white for thermal reasons. That could make them appear brighter in the sky.\nThere are currently more than 1,395 Starlink satellites in orbit according to NasaSpaceFlight.\nThis sounds like a lot, but it is only the first “shell” of satellites in the Starlink network.\nSpaceX is planning several more shells, each with hundreds or thousands of satellite units. The company eventually plans to put 12,000 Starlink satellites in orbit, though it has applied for permission to deploy 30,000.\nSpaceX is now close to completing its first shell, which will consist of around 1,584 satellites. Once it’s done, Starlink will have coverage between 52 and minus 52 degrees latitude, or around 80 percent of the Earth’s surface, according to Everyday Astronaut. Subsequent shells will improve bandwidth and coverage.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "FRANKFURT/NEW YORK CITY. High-profile scientists from around the globe are convening at the Science Summit around the United Nations General Assembly in New York City for the ninth time today to present and discuss contributions to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This year, Professor Luciano Rezzolla from Goethe University Frankfurt’s Institute for Theoretical Physics is among them.\n\"It is a great honor and privilege to share my work in this context,\" says Rezzolla, who has been invited to offer insights into the creation of the first-ever image of a black hole and the first image of the black hole located at the center of our Milky Way. Images of these supermassive black holes, known as M87* and Sgr A*, are exciting not only to the astrophysical community, but have also generated significant media attention in recent years. What made these groundbreaking images possible was the global \"Event Horizon Telescope\" collaboration, which connects radio telescopes worldwide into a virtual telescope, the sheer size of which can be compared to that of Earth, and as part of which participating scientists and institutions process collected data, and conduct intricate theoretical calculations.\nEstablishing such international scientific collaborations is also a declared goal of the Science Summit, which aims to bring the realization of the SDGs closer – a goal that is also reflected in the title of the session that will feature Professor Rezzolla as the keynote speaker: \"Expanding Scientific Horizons through International Collaboration and Networking.\" Emphasizing the importance of interdisciplinary cooperation, he says: \"Unlike a century ago, many scientific breakthroughs today are made possible only through close and interdisciplinary collaboration among countless scientists worldwide. The Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration brought together more than 300 researchers from 80 different institutions and this has ultimately allowed what was till then thought to be impossible: take a photo of a black hole.\"\nInterdisciplinary collaboration continues to play a central role in Rezzolla's daily research activities. He is the spokesperson of the ELEMENTS cluster project, which brings together more than 100 astrophysicists and nuclear physicists, who work collaboratively and employ diverse methods to investigate how heavy elements originated in the universe.\nThe 78th session of the United Nations General Assembly opened on September 5, 2023. Held concurrently from September 12-29, the 9th Science Summit brings together numerous stakeholders from the fields of science and politics to discuss the contributions of science to the implementation of the SDGs. The meeting also will provide input for the United Nations Summit of the Future, which will take place in September 2024.\nVirtual participation in the 9th UN Science Summit is free of charge. Professor Luciano Rezzolla's talk will be broadcast on September 15, 2023, at 2:45 p.m. CEST. For further information, please visit https://sciencesummitunga.com.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Dragonfly Guest Investigator Program Provides Bridge to Opportunities\nFrom left, Dragonfly guest investigators Brianna Wiley, Will Suero Amparo, Andrea Bryant, Dragonfly Principal Investigator Elizabeth “Zibi” Turtle, and guest investigators Anna Engle and Karla Negrete.\nCredit: Johns Hopkins APL\nThu, 03/17/2022 - 12:04\nKarla Negrete always wondered how she could apply her mechanical engineering skills in the space field, so when she stumbled upon the Dragonfly Student and Early Career Guest Investigator Program on LinkedIn two years ago, she jumped at the chance to pursue the discipline in a formal program.\nLittle did she know that just months later, her work would be publicly available and utilized by science team members on Dragonfly, a NASA rotorcraft-lander expedition to Saturn’s large, exotic moon Titan.\nNegrete is one of many students getting a firsthand, formal introduction to planetary science through the program. She received her bachelor’s and master’s degrees in mechanical engineering from the University of Maryland, Baltimore County (UMBC), and is now in a doctoral program at Drexel University.\n“My project experience has given me a toolbox of skills I would not have acquired elsewhere,” Negrete said. “From my understanding of physical chemistry to polishing my programming skills to even inspiring parts of the research in my doctoral degree, being part of a mission like this so early in my career has shaped the trajectory of my career interests. I’ve gained niche interest in relating graduate research to space exploration.”\nArtist’s impression of the Dragonfly rotorcraft-lander, moving between investigation sites on the surface of Saturn’s moon Titan.\nCredit: NASA/Johns Hopkins APL\nThe Dragonfly guest investigator program, of which Negrete was part, is the brainchild of Elizabeth “Zibi” Turtle, the mission’s principal investigator and a planetary scientist at the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory (APL) in Laurel, Maryland. She wanted the mission to include opportunities for early career scientists and engineers to gain experience during the early phases of the mission, as well as the science operations phase at Titan. Turtle worked with Lynnae Quick, a planetary scientist at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center, who leads the guest investigator program, and other Dragonfly team members to develop the program as part of the mission proposal they submitted to NASA.\nThe program pairs students with Dragonfly scientists and engineers throughout the course of the mission. Students work on projects under the mentorship of Dragonfly team members with an aim to expand mission involvement, increase science return and provide experience to the next generation of scientists and engineers.\n“By reaching out to students who don’t already have connections to spacecraft missions or who do not have a planetary science background, the program is intended to serve as a bridge for those students, providing networking and training opportunities for the next generation of mission team members and leaders,” Turtle said.\nEach student project runs for two years, and to date, two cohorts are working on Dragonfly. Negrete and two other students began in 2020 and will participate through 2022, and two more started in November 2021 and will participate through 2023. The call for applications for the third cohort opened in January 2022, with applications due in May 2022.\nNegrete’s project, “Composition Library for Interpretation of DragonCam Data of Titan Surface Samples,” is intended to support the interpretation of color images that will be relayed back from DragonCam, Dragonfly’s camera suite, by compiling a library of VIS-IR spectra, including spectra of both individual and mixed compounds anticipated on Titan’s surface.\nHer next step is to simulate color imaging recorded by DragonCam using the VIS-IR spectra of compounds and mixtures generated. This data will be useful in constraining the range of anticipated “colors” on Titan as seen by DragonCam.\nShannon MacKenzie, an APL planetary scientist and Negrete’s mentor in the program, said it’s humbling to have the chance to provide support to the next generation of graduate students.\n“The guest investigator program is bringing students who wouldn’t normally consider space-related applications of their STEM fields into contact with all the work required to make a mission like Dragonfly a reality,” said MacKenzie, who also serves on the mission science team. “We’re reaching out to students whose institutions may not have existing connections to planetary science or NASA missions, including historically Black colleges and universities and other minority-serving institutions.”\n“The program is a real testament to Zibi’s dedication to building a strong team that serves not only the mission and each other but also the science and technical community at large,” MacKenzie added.\nQuick, the lead for the Dragonfly guest investigator program, said it’s designed to reach “high-achieving graduate students and give them experience in planetary mission work.”\n“We hope that it will inform their knowledge of potential career paths in planetary science,” Quick said. “This program brings in a group of STEM students each year to participate in Dragonfly mission development activities, and it positively impacts the diversity of science that we’re able to do on the mission while broadening representation among mission team membership.”\nThe response from mentors has also been overwhelmingly positive and attracted scientists and engineers alike.\n“These students are on the ball; they are excellent academically and in their research,” Quick said. “Broadening participation means finding talented, smart and qualified students. We are looking for that team of future leaders who can contribute to Dragonfly and other robotic missions.”\nCurrent Dragonfly mentors include MacKenzie, Richard Miller, Jorge Núñez and Patrick Peplowski from APL; Mark Panning from NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory; and Ann Parsons and Melissa Trainer from NASA Goddard.\nThe program’s first cohort of graduate student guest investigators are Negrete; Andrea Bryant, who’s studying physics at the University of Chicago; and Brianna Wylie, who’s studying mechanical engineering at Florida Agricultural & Mechanical University. The second cohort is AnnaEngle, astronomy and planetary science student at Northern Arizona University, and Will Suero Amparo, biomedical engineering student at the New Jersey Institute of Technology.\nTheir projects include seismic investigation of Titan’s interior, developing a compositional library for interpretation of Dragonfly surface observations, development of the LEDs for illumination of the DragonCam microscopic imager, interpretation of surface compositional measurements with the Dragonfly Gamma Ray and Neutron Spectrometer (DraGNS), and planning for surface operations of the Dragonfly Mass Spectrometer (DraMS).\nDragonfly is scheduled to launch in 2027 and reach Titan by the mid-2030s. Follow the Dragonfly team at http://dragonfly.jhuapl.edu as it develops this game-changing mission.\nThe Applied Physics Laboratory, a not-for-profit division of The Johns Hopkins University, meets critical national challenges through the innovative application of science and technology. For more information, visit www.jhuapl.edu.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "The Bruce Murray Space Image Library\n© This image is copyrighted with all rights reserved. Do not reuse in any way without permission. Contact us to request publication permission from the copyright holder\nExplore related images:\nDetailed Moon Composite\nMars Orbiter Mission at Mars\nPossible landing sites for Philae on Churuymov-Gerasimenko\nCrescents Dione and Rhea (contrast stretched)\nBecome a member of The Planetary Society and together we will create the future of space exploration.\nSupport the Bruce Murray Space Image Library and help us share the wonders of other worlds.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "The mission of the unit officially recognized as completed after thousands of unsuccessful attempts to establish communication with him.\nNASA on Wednesday, February 13, officially announced the termination of the mission, the Opportunity Rover, which last year got into a dust storm on the red planet and since then has not been in touch. This is stated in the press release, the aerospace Department.\nOn the eve of NASA’s last attempt to contact the Mars Rover, which again brought no result. There were about a thousand such attempts.\nOpportunity has continued to operate successfully on the red planet until the summer of 2018, after about 45 km.\nThe last time the Rover was released on bond June 10. Due to powerful and prolonged dust storm, he was transferred to the power saving mode, as bad weather prevented the flow of light on its solar panels.\nIn the autumn the storm subsided, however, the Rover on the equipment.\nThe device was originally designed to operate for 90 Martian days and had to drive a total of 1,000 meters. However, by the time the powerful storm, the Rover has been on Mars for 14 years and 195 days, exceeding the planned period is almost 60 times.\nLater, the team was able to pinpoint the location of the Rover. Found it in pictures taken by the orbiting Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. Opportunity is on the slope of the Valley of Perseverance.\nOpportunity is the second Rover two running NASA project Mars Exploration Rover. He sank down on the surface of the red planet on 25 January 2004, three weeks later, the first Rover Spirit, which landed on the opposite side of Mars.\nThey found plenty of evidence that Mars was relatively warm and wet world billions of years ago, changing scientists understanding of planet evolution and the possibility of life on it.\nOpportunity relayed to Earth 217 of thousands of images, including 15 colored panoramas. His main achievement was the discovery of minerals formed in water, and other evidence that in the past on the planet’s surface was water.\nThe first Rover Spirit operated on the surface of Mars until March 2010, after passing of 7.73 km instead of the planned 600 m, which allowed to make more extensive analyses of geological rocks of Mars. After the machine got stuck in a sand dune, it continued to be used as a stationary platform.\nIn August 2012, on the surface of Mars came down apparatus of the third generation Curiosity, which is several times heavier than Opportunity. It does not depend on sunlight because it uses a nuclear generator. This Rover worked throughout the storms on Mars last year.\nIn June 2018, NASA reported that Curiosity found molecules of organic compounds of unknown origin in rocks of the red planet.\nBorn on July 18, 1950, in Athens, Greece, Lisa Flanders went on to study economics at the University of Cambridge, eventually moving to the United States. She was a conservative commentator before switching to liberal politics and started the Web site TheKoztimes.com", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Create a free profile to get unlimited access to exclusive videos, sweepstakes, and more!\nSpinning Up a Nearby Galaxy\nPhoto by NASA, ESA, R. van der Marel (STScI), and N. Kallivayalil (University of Virginia). Click to galactinate.\nWell, this is simply too cool: For the first time, astronomers have directly measured the rotation of another galaxy. How? By actually measuring the stars in that galaxy physically move over time!\nThis really is pretty phenomenal work, and scientifically it’s pretty important, too. Let me ‘splain.\nFirst, the galaxy in question is the Large Magellanic Cloud (or LMC to those of us in the know), an irregular-looking fuzz ball that just so happens to be one of the closest galaxies in the Universe. It actually orbits our Milky Way like the Moon orbits the Earth. Its distance is about 160,000 light years away—compare that with the Andromeda Galaxy, the nearest large spiral to us, which is 2.5 million light years distant.\nThere are billions of stars in the LMC, and they all orbit the center of the galaxy. It’s a bit like the way planets orbit the Sun, but in our solar system the Sun has essentially all the mass, and therefore all the gravity. In a galaxy, the mass is distributed throughout in the form of stars and gas, giving an overall gravitational field, not a concentrated one. Still, this means stars orbit the center, and their speed depends on the mass of the galaxy and their distance from that center.\nThe speeds sound ridiculously huge: An average star might be zipping around at 90 kilometers per second, which is 200,000 mph! But remember, in human terms the LMC is a long way off, and that distance shrinks that velocity to something that’s pretty small and hard to detect. Think of how fast an airplane flies, but how slowly one appears to move when it’s far away, and you get the picture.\nWe do have an indirect way to detect that motion: the Doppler effect. If a star is heading more-or-less toward us, its light gets shifted to the blue end of the spectrum, and if it moves away the light gets redshifted. As a star orbits the galaxy center, it spends half its orbit heading toward us, and half heading away, and this is betrayed by its Doppler shift. We’ve measured the motions of thousands of stars in the LMC this way, but it doesn’t give us the physical direction of the motion; a star heading away from us at an angle is difficult to distinguish from one heading directly away from us. We need that space motion to get the actual directions the stars are moving, but that is so small it’s incredibly difficult to measure.\nBut we have an extraordinary tool at our disposal: Hubble. Not only does it have excellent eyesight, capable of detecting small changes in a star’s position even in the LMC, but Hubble has also been in use a long time, providing a nice long baseline. After all, if the stars are moving, the longer you wait the more they move! In this case, many years elapsed between observations, providing good coverage of the stars’ motions.\nFor this study, the astronomers observed nearly 6,800 stars over about seven years. During that time, the teeny tiny amount those stars moved was enough for Hubble to detect. And what they found was pretty dang cool: The stars in the LMC can be seen to orbit the center of the galaxy in a clockwise manner. Not only that, but the overall rotation tells us more about the galaxy, too. For example, although it looks like an irregular mess, the stars appear to be more or less in a flat disk, like Milky Way stars are.\nThat disk is tilted to us by about 40°, so we’re looking down on it at an angle. But it gets a bit more complicated: When the astronomers split the stars up by age, they found that older stars tend to be in a slightly different plane than the younger ones, like there are two separate disks of stars. It’s not clear why that might be, though I suspect it may be linked to another problem …\nThe center of a galaxy can be found in many ways. One way is to look at all the gas orbiting it, and use that information to map out the location of the galaxy’s center. Another is to use the motion of the stars themselves, measured as done in this new study (see the picture above). A third way is to find the center using the combined light of all the stars, what’s called the photometric center. Because the galaxy is a bit messy (and has what’s called a bar, a more-or-less rectangular clump of stars across its middle), the photometric center is off a bit compared to the other two. This may be because the galaxy recently had a close encounter with another galaxy, called the Small Magellanic Cloud (guess why?). This near passage may have poked a cosmic stick into the LMC, riling it up and distorting its shape. This would explain the difference between the centers, and it may also explain why young and old stars appear to be laid out in slightly different disks. Gas clouds may have been disturbed in the encounter, so stars born from them could have been born in slightly different orbits from the older generation. I’m speculating here, but it makes a sort of sense.\nThere’s actually quite a bit more learned from this study, including the overall motion of the LMC in the sky, its mass, the distribution of its mass, and so on. All of this is important for us to understand, because the galaxy is close by and used in many ways as a proxy for more distant galaxies. It’s our baseline, in a sense, and the more we know about it the better we can understand the more distant Universe.\nAnd I’m all for that. Up until recently we didn’t know much about the cosmos outside our galaxy because we simply couldn’t study it in detail (heck, we were unsure of the nature of our own galaxy until less than a century ago). Now, though, we have the tools and the means to get to know it a lot better, and to me that’s one of the greatest achievements of our species. We were born of this Universe and we’re part of it. Understanding it better should always be at the top of our list of priorities.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Deals The Celestron Travel Scope 70 is a great way to jump into skywatching at a great price, and makes for a perfect telescope for on-the-go stargazing adventures.\nThe U.S. Naval Academy has unveiled the NASA-inspired uniforms it will wear during this year's Army-Navy football game on Dec. 10 that feature iconic space agency logos.\nDeals Hulu and Disney Plus have fantastic selections of sci-fi and space-themed shows and movies streaming for just $4.98 a month together during this Cyber Monday 2022 deal.\nNASA officials say Artemis 1 mission teams are \"giddy\" after witnessing how well their Orion spacecraft has been performing so far on its way towards lunar orbit.\nToday's historic launch of NASA's Artemis 1 moon mission was saved by a courageous crew of technicians who stepped in to perform a critical repair beneath the fueled Space Launch System rocket.\nThe most powerful NASA rocket ever built — the Space Launch System — soared into the sky today (Nov. 16) on Artemis 1, a risky test flight to send the Orion capsule to the moon and back.\nNASA's Artemis 1 moon rocket will be visible for hundreds of miles around during its nighttime launch, scheduled for the early hours of Nov. 16.\nNASA has begun tanking up its massive Space Launch System rocket for the third attempt at a debut launch that will send the Orion spacecraft around the moon and back.\nArtemis 1 mission managers have determined that the Space Launch System rocket is still ready for a Nov. 16 launch attempt despite suffering slight damage during Hurricane Nicole.\nTropical Storm Nicole continues to batter Florida where NASA's Artemis 1 moon rocket waits on the launch pad.\nAs the launch date for NASA's Artemis 1 moon mission continues to get pushed back due to glitches and storms, a deadline for its solid rocket boosters is quickly approaching.\nNASA is sticking by its Nov. 14 launch date for its historic Artemis 1 mission even as a subtropical storm develops in the Atlantic Ocean that is heading toward Kennedy Space Center.\nThe heads of NASA and the European Space Agency have issued statements condemning the latest example of a Chinese Long March 5B rocket booster falling to Earth in an uncontrolled reentry.\nA 23-ton rocket body from China's launch of a Long March 5B rocket has fallen safely into the south-central Pacific Ocean after creating questions over where it will come down once again.\nWhile NASA officials stressed that Artemis 1 continues to be a challenging mission, they stated they are confident in the upcoming launch attempt on Nov. 14.\nOn Dec. 2, the world will finally get a glimpse at the B-21 Raider, a new stealth bomber that has been described as \"the most advanced military aircraft ever built.\"\nAnother Chinese Long March 5B rocket body will once again plummet to Earth in the coming days above a yet-to-be-determined location.\nSpace.com sat down with authors Elizabeth Howell and Dave Williams to discuss their new book on how spaceflight affects the human body, 'Why Am I Taller?'\nNASA's Artemis 1 moon rocket is once again headed back to the launch pad on Friday (Nov. 4) ahead of its historic lunar mission.\nThe White House has responded to Russia's assertion that commercial satellites are legitimate targets by stating that a U.S. response would follow any such attacks.\nThe U.S. midterm elections of 2022 are on Tuesday (Nov. 8), and several key races have the potential to influence space policy for years to come.\nThe High-frequency Active Auroral Research Program, or HAARP, is in the midst of a wide-ranging science campaign that will see the facility bounce signals off the moon and Jupiter.\nThe Orionid meteor shower lit up the skies around the world in 2022, and luckily many of our readers were able to catch wonderful images of the \"shooting stars.\"\nA cargo ship attached to the International Space Station fired its thrusters for five minutes Monday night (Oct. 24) to dodge a fragment of the destroyed Russian satellite Cosmos 1408.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "A seven-mile-wide space rock is hurtling toward Earth, threatening to obliterate the planet. Now, it’s up to the president of the United States to save the world. He appoints a tough-as-nails veteran astronaut to lead a joint American-Russian crew into space to destroy the comet before impact. Meanwhile, an enterprising reporter uses her smarts to uncover the scoop of the century.\nWatch Deep Impact 1998 online free, watch Deep Impact free online, Deep Impact FlixHQ, Watch Deep Impact FlixHQ, FlixHQ Deep Impact subbed, watch Deep Impact online FlixHQ, Deep Impact online Oceans Rise. Cities Fall. Hope survives.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "setâre-ye kutulé (#)\nFr.: étoile naine\nA star that burns its hydrogen content to produce its energy and therefore belongs to the main-sequence luminosity class.\ndwarf starburst galaxy\nkahkešân-e kutule-ye setâre-belk\nFr.: galaxie naine à flambée d'étoiless\nA → starburst galaxy that is a → dwarf galaxy. Examples include: the → dwarf irregular galaxy IC 10, the compact dwarf irregular Henize 2-10, and the dwarf irregular galaxy NGC 5253.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "A physical constant characterizing the properties of vacuum, sometimes introduced in the general theory of relativity. Einstein's equations (cf. Einstein equations) including the cosmological constant are\nwhere is the cosmological constant, is the metric tensor, is the Ricci tensor, is the curvature of space, is the energy-momentum tensor, is the speed of light, and is the gravitational constant. These equations are the Lagrange equations for the action\nwhere is the action for matter and denotes four-dimensional volume. A. Einstein introduced the cosmological constant in the general theory of relativity  in order to ensure that the equations of the gravitational field admit a spatially homogeneous static solution (the so-called Einstein cosmological model). However, since the advent of Friedmann's evolutionary cosmological model and its experimental verification, the fact that the original Einstein equations have no such solution is not considered a defect of the theory. There are no reliable indications that the cosmological constant is distinct from zero. However, the existence of a sufficiently small cosmological constant does not contradict the observed data or general physical principles.\nThe existence of a cosmological constant may essentially modify certain steps in the evolution of the most widespread cosmological models (see , Chapt. 4). In this connection, it has been proposed that cosmological models with a cosmological constant should be utilized to explain certain properties of the distribution of quasars (see , , ).\nThe term in the gravitational field equations may be incorporated in the energy-momentum tensor of vacuum (see ). In this case, vacuum has energy density and pressure , corresponding to the state equation . In a theory with a cosmological constant the properties of vacuum already appear in the non-relativistic approximation. Thus, the gravitational potential of a point mass in a theory with a cosmological constant is (see , Chapt. 16)\nThe term is invariant under transformations of the local Lorentz group, corresponding to the principle of Lorentz-invariance of vacuum in quantum field theory. The concept of the cosmological constant as an index of the energy density and pressure of vacuum makes it possible, in principle, to relate the concept of a cosmological constant with the concepts of quantum field theory. There are various formulas that link the value of the cosmological constant to the fundamental physical constants and the age of the Universe (see , Chapt. 24).\n|||A. Einstein, Sitzungsber. K. Preuss. Akad. Wissenschaft. (1917) pp. 142–152|\n|||Ya.B. Zel'dovich, I.D. Novikov, \"Relativistic astrophysics\" , 2. Relativistic astrophysics , Chicago (1983) (Translated from Russian)|\n|||V. Petrosian, E. Salpeter, P. Szekeres, Astrophys. J. , 147 (1967) pp. 1222–1226|\n|||I.S. Shklovskii, Astron. Tsirkulyar , 429 (1967)|\n|||N.S. Kardashev, Astron. Tsirkulyar , 430 (1967)|\n|||R.C. Tolman, \"Relativity, thermodynamics and cosmology\" , Clarendon Press (1934)|\n|[a1]||S. Weinberg, \"Gravitation and cosmology\" , Wiley (1972)|\nCosmological constant. Encyclopedia of Mathematics. URL: http://encyclopediaofmath.org/index.php?title=Cosmological_constant&oldid=12365", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "The scientific answer is actually pretty interesting, and has a lot to do with the ecosystem, landscape, and something called scattering. Small particles and molecules found in the atmosphere change the direction of light rays as the sun goes up or down. The color of the scattered light is determined by the size of molecule or particle and the actual wavelength of light. Because Arizona is generally dry, dust particles are able to float effortlessly on the breeze, so there’s a lot of them available for scattering. More particles equal more color. Here’s where the locals go to catch the colors:\nFreestone Park – The best view is at the lake on the north end of the park. Watch the sunrise from Juniper east of the soccer fields and large playground.\nRiparian Preserve at Water Ranch – Catch the sunrise at cactus garden near the parking lot, east of the library.\nSpectacular sunsets can be seen from the top of the parking garage east of Culinary Dropout.\nUsery Mountain Regional Park, though not in Gilbert, is a top local pick for another stellar view of the Arizona sunrise.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "I was reading this article this morning:\nScientists have discovered a gamma-ray burst whose light has taken 13.14 billion years to reach Earth. This much is cool and interesting. However, the assumption is then stated that this is \"the most distant single object yet spied by a telescope\".\nBut hold on a minute. It is also known that galaxies are moving away from each other at incredible speeds, most faster than the speed of light, because the space/time between them is expanding (or something like that... I'm no scientist!)\nSo these so-called amazingly distant objects, well for starters, they don't exist any more... They are things that happened billions of years ago. But not only that, they are probably objects that were only a few million light years away from us when they actually took place. So surely then, the objects themselves aren't the most distant ones, but the light from them has been distorted such that the light has taken that long to reach us?\nFurthermore, if the galaxies are spreading out faster than the speed of light, who is to say this explosion actually happened 13.1 billion years ago? Isn't it possible that the light was created say 5 billion years ago, but has taken much longer to reach us because of the expanding space between the galaxies?\nI'm sure this stuff has already been considered by scientists, but I find it weird the way news articles always assume that just because light travels at a specific speed, that it's always going to take the same amount of time to reach us.\nOr am I getting it wrong? I'd love to know!", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "－ISO-CERTIFIED SOLAR TELESCOPE FILTER: Certified to comply with the ISO 12312-2 international safety standard for filters for direct viewing of the Sun.\n－WORKS WITH YOUR EXISTING TELESCOPE: Compatible with Celestron AstroMaster 70AZ/EQ and AstroMaster LT 70AZ telescopes.\n－SAFE, SNUG FIT: Three safety screws keep your filter securely attached to your telescope’s objective. A safety cap protects the outer surface of the filter when not in use.\n－SOLAR FILM MADE IN THE USA: Our Solar Safe film is produced in the USA by American Paper Optics, one of the suppliers recommended by NASA for safe solar viewing.\n－GREAT VIEWS AND IMAGES: This filter features an orange tint, producing a natural look perfect for visual observing and capturing images through your telescope.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Huge space explosion catches everyone by surprise\nA nova – a massive nuclear explosion thrown from a white dwarf star – usually doesn't emit gamma-rays, the most energetic known form of light. But this one did.\nNASA/DOE/Fermi LAT Collaboration\nAn unexpected and powerful new kind of star explosion has been discovered in the heavens — a so-called gamma-ray nova that radiates the most energetic form of light in the universe.\nA nova is a massive thermonuclear explosion from a white dwarf star fueled by mass from a companion star. Unlike supernovas, novas do not result in the destruction of their stars. Researchers had expected and seen X-rays from the resulting waves of expanding gas in prior novas. But unlike with supernovas, they had not seen gamma-rays emitted by novas.\nNow researchers have discovered a nova that shed gamma rays, which are even more powerful than X-rays, by using the Fermi Large Area Telescope in orbit around the Earth, the most sensitive gamma-ray space telescope ever flown. [Photo of the gamma-ray nova.]\nGamma-ray star explosion", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Your public profile\nNaiqui Armendariz's profile\nNaiqui Armendariz is known as naikixtasy at Staracle.\nnaikixtasy signed up on 08/22/2012\nYou and naikixtasy are not connected.\nYour friend request to naikixtasy is pending.\nnaikixtasy's contact request is pending.\nYou and naikixtasy are friends.\nYou have named 1 stars.\nYou have named one star.\nnaikixtasy has named 1 stars.\nnaikixtasy has named one star.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Happy solstice, Bustle readers! As you probably already know, December 21st is the winter solstice. At 5:03 p.m. (Central Standard Time), the northern hemisphere will lean the furthest away from the sun as it does all year which, practically speaking, makes for the shortest day and longest night of the year.\nBut not, as some believe, the longest night of all time. The Internet was freaking out earlier today when reports surfaced that tonight will in fact be the longest night in the history of the Earth, which is fun to think about, I guess, but not exactly true. Why would we have thought that in the first place? It has something to do with the astronomy of the solstice. Since its birth as a planet, the Earth's rotation has generally been slowing, scientists believe. This slight rotational slowing is mostly caused by the way that the Earth's oceans and the moon exert tidal friction on each other; this tidal friction causes a teensy part of the rotation energy to be transferred into heat on the Earth (i.e., part of the rotation energy is essentially lost), and keeps the Earth from spinning quite as fast as it used to. In fact, the timekeeping Powers That Be have had to add \"leap seconds\" to our official time here on Earth in order to compensate for this gradual slowing: 25 leap seconds have been added in all, periodically since 1972.\nAll other things being equal, then, each solstice on a constantly-slowing Earth should theoretically go down as the new \"longest night ever.\" But in reality, intervening factors affect how quickly the Earth rotates, like the speed of surface winds and how the lopsidedness of Earth's oceans causes them to move irregularly. Although the rotation speed of the Earth has slowed over some time periods due to tidal friction, in recent decades the Earth's rotation has sped back up a bit, possibly because the polar ice caps partially melted down and redistributed the Earth's water weight (think of how a top spins differently depending on its shape). So, while tonight will be pretty darn long, the literal longest night ever was probably sometime in the 20th century. I know, I know guys. Science reporting: it's hard!\nImage: kichigin19/Fotolia , Giphy", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Take a look at our top spots for stargazing. Safety is really important to us. We've got lots of tips on how to have fun completing our '50 things' activities, while keeping safe. Read our general advice and discover links to useful websites containing more information.\nWhy not take a walk with a difference? Walking at night in places far from light pollution can reward you with stunning views of the stars. We've created several routes that make the most of the landscape and the open skies above. Twitter Facebook Pinterest Email. Before you begin Stargazing is best done before the moon is full, so check the phase of the moon before you plan a trip. The night sky is constantly changing, depending on the time of year and the time of night. Try stargazing at different points throughout the year to spot seasonal constellations.\nWe hold stargazing events for all the family throughout the year. Give your local National Trust place a call to see if there is an event coming up near you. Download an app like Star Walk iPhone or Google Sky android to your mobile or tablet, and they will tell you what stars you can see from your current location. The next planet due to come into view will be Mars , which rises soon after a. So, the Red Planet must be a morning star.\nRevelations printed in The Evening and the Morning Star, June –June , Page 1\nWith Mercury and Venus, there is never such ambiguity, as they are never very far from the sun in the sky. In fact, in the pre-Christian era, both of these planets had dual identities — two names — as initially, it was not realized that they alternately appeared on one side of the sun and then on the other. Mercury was called Apollo when it shone as a morning star, and was called Mercury when it appeared in the evening sky. Venus was Phosphorus in the morning and Hesperus in the evening.\nWe can thank Pythagoras around the 5th century B. Because they orbit the sun more closely than Earth does, Mercury and Venus are called \"inferior\" planets. Elongation refers to the angle between the sun and a planet, as seen from Earth.\nTop tips for stargazing\nIn general, when Mercury or Venus has a western elongation from the sun, it is a morning star; with an eastern elongation, it is an evening star. This rule can be extended to the planets that orbit the sun beyond our own orbit — the so-called \"superior\" planets, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn. When a superior planet is in the same spot in the sky as the sun, it is at conjunction. While a superior planet is moving from conjunction with the sun to just a day prior to its opposition when it is directly opposite the sun in the sky , it is a morning star.\nThe first long white candlestick forms in the direction of the trend. It signals that significant buying pressure remains, but could also indicate excessive bullishness. Immediately following, the small candlestick forms with a gap down on the open, indicating a sudden shift towards the sellers and a potential reversal. This harami consists of a long black candlestick and a small black candlestick. The decline two days later confirmed the bearish harami and the stock fell to the low twenties. Merck MRK formed a bearish harami with a long white candlestick and long black candlestick red oval.\nThe long white candlestick confirmed the direction of the current trend. However, the stock gapped down the next day and traded in a narrow range. The decline three days later confirmed the pattern as bearish.\nThe long white candlestick confirms that buying pressure remains strong and the trend is up. When the second candlestick gaps up, it provides further evidence of residual buying pressure. However, the advance ceases or slows significantly after the gap and a small candlestick forms, indicating indecision and a possible reversal of trend. The third long black candlestick provides bearish confirmation of the reversal.\nThe middle candlestick is a spinning top , which indicates indecision and possible reversal.\nGet A Copy\nThe gap above 91 was reversed immediately with a long black candlestick. Even though the stock stabilized in the next few days, it never exceeded the top of the long black candlestick and subsequently fell below The bearish abandoned baby resembles the evening doji star and also consists of three candlesticks:. The main difference between the evening doji star and the bearish abandoned baby are the gaps on either side of the doji.\nThe first gap up signals a continuation of the uptrend and confirms strong buying pressure.\nHowever, buying pressure subsides after the gap up and the security closes at or near the open, creating a doji. Following the doji, the gap down and long black candlestick indicate strong and sustained selling pressure to complete the reversal. Further bearish confirmation is not required. Although the open and close are not exactly equal, the small white candlestick in the middle captures the essence of a doji. Indecision is reflected with the small body and equal upper and lower shadows. In addition, the middle candlestick is separated by gaps on either side, which add emphasis to the reversal.\n- If You Cant Calm the Waters Learn to Ride the Waves ENLARGED PRINT;\n- Cruelle Énigme (French Edition).\n- Night Without Stars by Peter F. Hamilton;\n- The Morning and Evening Stars - Windows to the Universe;\n- Top tips for stargazing | National Trust;\n- Goodman for Architects (Thinkers for Architects)?\n- The Iliad - (Annotated) Revised Derby Translation?\nCharts with Current CandleStick Patterns. Bearish Abandoned Baby 3. Engulfing, Bearish 2. Harami, Bearish 2.\nDark Cloud Cover 2. Evening Star 3. Shooting Star 1. A security could be deemed in an uptrend based on one or more of the following: The security is trading above its day exponential moving average EMA. The evening star consists of three candlesticks: A long white candlestick. A small white or black candlestick that gaps above the close body of the previous candlestick.\nThis candlestick can also be a doji, in which case the pattern would be an evening doji star. The bearish abandoned baby resembles the evening doji star and also consists of three candlesticks: A long white candlestick.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Ok I know what you are thinking: An article on Elenin AGAIN? Yes, I’m sorry but I find this evidence so thrilling that I had to share it with you. It has been circulating the Internet for a while now, yet I lost track of it and recently stumbled on it again. I did some research on my own and made some amazing discoveries. In the next few minutes you are about to see how a pioneering Swiss mathematician and physicist Leonhard Euler(1770) carefully drew out the situation of the planets and comet Elenin on September 26th 2011 on the back of a 10 Swiss Franc note, Switzerland’s national currency! Ok, he probably did not drew the image himself, but he did discover an asteroid later named ‘Euler’ which is supposed to be drawn on the Swiss bank note, yet the path of the Euler asteroid doesn’t seem to correspond with what is drawn on the 10 Swiss Franc note.\nThis particular Swiss note is from the ’6th Series’ of Swiss bank notes, issued in November 1979 and withdrawn in May 2000.\nLook at the circles. The blue-green circles represent the orbits of the planets in our solar system. The red dot in each circle represents the location of a planet. The big red dot in the center represents our Sun. The first circle represents Mercury’s orbit and the red dot on this circle represents Mercury. The second is Venus. The third is Earth. Notice the blue dot circling the Earth, this is the Moon(which is emphasised by the symbol of a moon drawn near it). The next circle is representing Mars and its orbit. The next circle represents a planet with five moons, which is Jupiter(Jupiter has 64 moons). The final circle is Saturn with its moons(Saturn has 62 Moons). The red elliptical orbit represents the path of a long period object like a comet, which I think is Elenin. Note the blue object within this elliptical orbit and its tail.\nThe symbols near the planets are the exact symbols given to these planets by astronomists(not astrologists, these are different symbols).\nOk so what does this all mean? Does it mean Leonhard Euler really predicted a comet would be coming in at a certain point in time? Well let’s find out!\nThis particular arrangement of planets points to a specific point in time. There is only one short period in time that our planets in our solar system line up precisly as in this configuration. This mathmetical drawing emphasises a specific date. To find out what date this drawing represents, we have to use NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory Tool to see if anything matches our configuration of planets as shown on the Swiss Franc bill. Let’s try Elenin’s Orbital Diagram. This diagram depicts the location of all our planets and comet ELENIN. BINGO! If you set the date to 09/26/11 (Elenin aligns perfectly with Sun-Earth-Mercury on this date), the following picture results.\nAlmost an exact copy of our 10 Swiss Franc bill. Except the elliptical orbit of Elenin is precisly mirrored in the JPL image and it seems that Jupiter is on the spot where Saturn was supposed to be. But we can’t blame Leonhard Euler for he was working on this 330 years ago.\nHere I inverted the color of NASA’s JPL image of Elenin, so that its more easy to compare.\nFurthermore, in the background of the picture you see a water turbine. This was a project Leonhard Euler used to be working on.\nDid you already notice the guy’s name is LEOnhard Euler, while the man who discover Elenin is named LEOnid Elenin? Leonhard Euler spent most of his life living in Russia, while astromoner Leonid Elenin IS Russian. All of this together is some very convincing evidence that something is going on here. Such coincidence cannot exist in my opinion.\nDue to Switzerland’s neutral position on Earth, the Swiss Franc is one of the most stable currencies of all times, maybe Leonhard Euler knew that this would be the case, thus ended up drawing his predictions on the 10 Swiss Franc bill.\nOther Swiss Franc bills show some weird stuff as well(i.e. very tall beings and a saucer-like object), you can Google them if u like!\nCIA torture is reason for France to exit NATO – Le Pen 2014-12-17 20:20 The shocking revelations of CIA torture techniques give France a reason to exit NATO, National Front party leader Marine Le Pen said on Saturday. The report on the CIA’s former interrogation practices has drawn wide criticism since its release.\n“If indeed everyone is outraged by the tortures used by the US then, let’s leave NATO,” Le Pen said during an interview ...\n900 Documented Examples of Obama's Lawbreaking, Lying, Corruption, Cronyism, Hypocrisy & Waste 2014-12-17 20:00\nBy Tim Brown from sonsoflibertymedia.com:\nOur friend, Dan from Squirrel Hill, has updated his list to 900 documented examples of Barack Obama¡¯s lying, lawbreaking, corruption, cronyism, etc. He began with 252 examples, then quickly grew to 504 and later to 694. Recently, he added more than 200 more examples of the usurper-in-chief¡¯s unlawful acts.\nEvery President, every politician, and every human ...\nA Step Closer to the Mysterious Origin of the Viking Sword Ulfberht 2014 12 16\nThe universe is full of mysteries that challenge our current knowledge. In \"Beyond Science\" Epoch Times collects stories about these strange phenomena to stimulate the imagination and open up previously undreamed of possibilities. Are they true? You decide.\nUlfberht was like a Medieval luxury brand for swords—but unlike your Gucci purse, the swords were of such high quality they were almost ...\nIsrael proposes natural gas pipeline to Southern Europe 2014-12-16 12:39\nIsrael is pushing for the European Union (EU) to approve the construction of a pipeline running from the Middle Eastern country to supply Cyprus, Greece and Italy with natural gas. The proposed EastMed pipeline will carry gas from the Tamar and Leviathan gas fields located in the Mediterranean Sea, to Southern Europe. As the Times of Israel reported in an ...\nAs Robots Grow Smarter, American Workers Struggle to Keep Up 2014 12 16 A machine that administers sedatives recently began treating patients at a Seattle hospital. At a Silicon Valley hotel, a bellhop robot delivers items to people’s rooms. Last spring, a software algorithm wrote a breaking news article about an earthquake that The Los Angeles Times published.\nAlthough fears that technology will displace jobs are at least as old as the Luddites, there ...", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Date of Award\nMaster of Science (MS)\nAerospace, Physics, and Space Sciences\nDaniel R. Kirk\nHector M. Gutierrez\nDavid C. Fleming\nThis thesis proposes a new experimental approach to extract pendulum model parameters from spacecraft propellant tank slosh data. The novelty of the approach is in the utilization of steady-state triaxial force measurements at the support points of the tank under sinusoidal excitation, which enables repeatable and accurate determination of pendulum model parameters in contrast to the single-axis force sensing and multiple repetitions averaging techniques associated with the more common decay approach. This approach may be used for tanks with free slosh; however, this thesis considers a diagram tank with three different diaphragm configurations under translational oscillatory lateral excitation. With the aid of a parameter optimization technique prevalently used in machine learning, the proposed methodology identifies the pendulum model parameters based on an adaptive gradient descent on the error surface defined in the parameter space. The proposed approach is validated by comparing experimental measurements against model-predicted behavior, and the numerical procedure is verified against a quasi-Newton method. Moreover, the extracted pendulum model parameters enable prediction of the frequency response functions for both the apparent mass and apparent mass moment as function of excitation frequency, and the methodology enables extraction of higher order vibration modes\nGao, Tengjie, \"Extraction of Pendulum Model Parameters from Steady-state Slosh Data with Adaptive Gradient Descending Optimization Method for Spacecraft Propellant Tanks\" (2021). Theses and Dissertations. 520.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "The 16th of July 2019 was the 50th anniversary of Apollo 11’s launch from Cape Canaveral to land men on the moon. Unfortunately, the Moon had not been briefed on what to expect from NASA’s Apollo programme. What he saw was strange objects periodically crashing onto his surface from 1969 onwards, scorching and blowing up his dusty regolith. Even stranger things emerged from some of them, each shrouded in white with a reflective, bowl-shaped lump on top. He had no idea that these had come from the beautiful blue planet which he has been orbiting these last 4½ billion years, and saw no reason to celebrate. Especially when he discovered what they had left behind . . .\nSaid the Man in the Moon, “Are you coming back soon\nTo collect all the junk you rejected?\nAll those stages and probes (and, maybe, microbes?)\nAnd stuff that I hadn’t expected:\n“Bags of urine and poo, a telescope too,\nTwo golf balls, three buggies, a feather,\nSix flags, a shot of the Duke family lot1,\nTwelve Hasselblads, dumped here for ever2.\n“And you bowl-headed creatures, whose internal features\nAre shrouded in shiny white skin,\nPinched some of the dust that covers my crust\nAnd a 3-metre core from within.3\n“I dread the hot burn of your rocket’s return:\nI don’t want to be a space tip.\nThings here don’t erode, wash away or corrode –\nPlease keep that in mind on your next trip.\n“Things were peaceful before you arrived to explore,\nAs quietly in orbit I’d roam;\nBut my brain’s been set stirring and a thought keeps recurring:\nI wonder where you lot call home?\n“When I look out at space, I can see a nice place:\nA beautiful dot, white and blue,\nSo pristine and pure. Too good, to be sure,\nTo be home to such vandals as you . . .”\n- A photo of Apollo 16’s crew member Charlie Duke’s family\n- ripleys.com, bbc.com and newscientist.com", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Surrey Satellite Technology LTD\nSSTL is an independent satellite manufacturer within the Airbus Defence & Space group. We have been delivering small satellite missions since 1985, employing 500 staff, Facilities in Surrey, Kent, Hampshire & Colorado. 30 years is the longest for a satellite manufacturer in our field, which gives us the experience to justify our reputation as the world’s premier provider of operational and commercial satellite programmes. In that time we have launched 47 satellites, an average of 1.5 a year since 1990.\n- Provide complete in-house design, manufacture, launch and operation of small satellites\n- Deliver complete mission solutions for remote sensing, science, navigation and telecommunications\n- Deliver space training and development programmes including on-the-job customer training\n- Design and build remote sensing and communications payloads\n- Supply avionics suites and subsystems\n- Build and install ground infrastructure\n- Provide consultancy services\nWe first changed the economics of space in the late 1970s when we pioneered ‘commercial off the shelf’ (COTS) satellite technology. This process took standard consumer technology, such as those used in personal computers, and adapted them to the unique environment of space. Until then, satellite equipment was purpose-built for space travel, at huge expense and taking many years, with the result that the technology was obsolete by the time of launch.\nTypical missions include:\n- Earth observation and imaging\n- Navigation and telecommunications\n- Scientific research\n- Military/defence purposes\n- Technology demonstration (testing an instrument in space)\nWe can develop satellites throughout their life cycle – from design and build through to launch and in-orbit monitoring and maintenance – or any stage of that cycle. For customers who want to monitor and maintain their own satellites, we set up their ground station and train their in-house team. We are able to offer such flexibility because we design, build, assemble and test our satellites and almost all their components in-house.\nMark Ferris, Mechanisms Team leader\nTel: +44 (0)1483 803873\nSSTL Official Web Page: http://www.sstl.co.uk/", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "ORLANDO, FLA.—An Atlas V rocket with the U.S. Space Force’s experimental mini space shuttle successfully lifted off from Cape Canaveral Sunday morning.\n“3. 2. 1. There’s ignition and liftoff of the United Launch Alliance Atlas V rocket with USSF-7 for the United States Space Force on a mission dedicated to America Strong,” said commentator Tyler Strickland on the company’s live stream of the launch.\nThe 9:14 a.m. launch that ferried the X-37B Orbital Test Vehicle back to space for the sixth time took place amid mostly clear skies from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Launch Complex 41.\nThe launch was the 84th for an Atlas V rocket and 139th ULA mission overall, but only the seventh time for Atlas V in this particular configuration that allowed for a wider payload and no side-mounted solid rocket boosters. The X-37B is 29 feet long with a 14-foot wingspan.\nThe launch was deemed essential amid the coronavirus pandemic, and the Department of Defense and ULA dedicated it as part of the America Strong campaign, which has also included flyovers from the Air Force Thunderbirds and Navy Blue Angels across U.S. cities in the last few weeks. ULA personnel followed health guidelines including wearing face coverings and keeping social distance during the launch countdown.\n“The success of this mission resulted from collaboration with our customer while working through challenging, and ever changing, health and safety conditions,” said Gary Wentz, ULA vice president of Government and Commercial Programs in a press release. “We were honoured to partner with the U.S. Space Force to dedicate this mission to first responders, front-line workers, and those affected by COVID-19. It is truly a unique time in our history and I want to thank the entire team for their continued dedication and focus on mission success.”\nIt was the second National Security Space Launch for the newly designated branch of the armed forces.\nBad weather on Saturday from what formed into the season’s first tropical storm created a rocket domino effect that also pushed a planned Sunday SpaceX launch of its Starlink satellites.\nThat SpaceX Falcon 9 mission now targeting a 3:10 a.m. liftoff Tuesday is slated to carry another 60 of the company’s Starlink satellites from launch complex 40, the eighth planned Starlink launch for the company.\nULA’s Sunday launch returned the uncrewed X-37B designed by Boeing back to low-Earth orbit for another long-term mission.\nOne of at least two X-37B vehicles returned from orbit on its fifth mission in late 2019, landing at Kennedy Space Center’s Shuttle Landing Facility after spending more than two years in space. All but one of the six missions were launched by ULA since its first in 2010 with SpaceX ferrying it to space the last time around in 2017. The five previous missions have seen the vehicle in orbit for 2,865 days.\nThe Department of Defense uses the vehicle to test technologies for long-duration missions and bring them safely back to Earth. The latest mission will host more experiments than any previous by using for the first time a service module attached to the rear of the spaceplane.\nSome announced missions include the FalconSat-8, a small educational satellite developed by U.S. Air Force Academy with five experiments on board; two NASA experiments to study radiation and other space effects on various materials and on seeds to grow food; and a U.S. Naval Research Laboratory experiment that seeks to transform solar power into radio frequency microwave energy that can be transmitted to the ground.\nThe vehicle remains an Air Force asset, but the newly designated Space Force is responsible for its launch, life in orbit and landing.\nGet the latest in your inbox\nNever miss the latest news from The Spectator, including up-to-date coronavirus coverage, with our email newsletters.\n“The X-37B team continues to exemplify the kind of lean, agile and forward-leaning technology development we need as a nation in the space domain,” said U.S. Space Force Chief of Space Operations Gen. John Raymond. “Each launch represents a significant milestone and advancement in terms of how we build, test, and deploy space capabilities in a rapid and responsive manner.”\nULA’s next planned launch will be the Mars 2020 mission with rover Perseverance on an Atlas V rocket on July 17 from Cape Canaveral.\nAn Asteroid Bigger Than The Empire State Building Poses ‘No Danger’ On Saturday Night, Says NASA – Forbes\nA huge near-Earth asteroid will pass our planet tonight at a safe distance of 3.2 million miles, according to NASA.\nAfter a spate of doom-laden headlines the space agency felt the need yesterday to update a previous post about near-Earth asteroids with the following note:\n“Asteroid 2002 NN4 will safely pass by the Earth on June 6 at a distance of approximately 3.2 million miles (5.1 million kilometers), about 13 times further away from the Earth than the Moon is. There is no danger the asteroid will hit the Earth.”\nAsteroid 2002 NN4’s closest approach to Earth will be at 11:20 p.m. EDT. on Saturday, June 6, 2020.\nNASA also tweeted the same advice:\nNASA Asteroid Watch then tweeted this image of the asteroid’s trajectory:\nHow big is Asteroid 2002 NN4?\nAsteroid 2002 NN4 is huge. Measuring between 820 feet and 1,870 feet (250 meters to 570 meters) according to Space.com. New York City’s Empire State Building is 443.2 meters tall, including its antenna.\nThat’s over a dozen times bigger than the asteroid that exploded over Chelyabinsk, Russia, in 2013. That was the biggest meteor for over a century.\nWould asteroid 2002 NN4 be dangerous if it hit Earth?\nYes—asteroid 2002 NN4 is city-killer size, but it’s not going to cause any harm to anyone.\nWishing you clear skies and wide eyes.\nCrew Dragon with two NASA astronauts docks to ISS – TASS\nNEW YORK, May 31. /TASS/. The Crew Dragon spacecraft with Doug Hurley and Bob Behnken on board has successfully docked to the International Space Station (ISS), as follows from a NASA broadcast on Sunday.\nThe spacecraft began approaching the ISS about two hours before docking than was carried out 10:16 ahead of the schedule. The Crew Dragon spacecraft was launched using the SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket at 22.22 pm Moscow time on May 30 from the Cape Canaveral, Florida.\nCrew Dragon is a configuration of the cargo spacecraft Dragon, which had already delivered cargoes to the ISS. A Falcon-9 rocket put the cargo vehicle in space on March 2. Its docking with the ISS was carried out automatically the next day.\nNASA stopped crewed flights in 2011 after the Space Shuttle program came to an end. From that moment on all astronauts were delivered to the ISS and back by Russia’s Soyuz spacecraft. Originally the Untied States was to start using commercial spacecraft for crewed missions in 2017.\nToddler could be battling rare syndrome in response to COVID-19 – Winnipeg Free Press\nMore than a month after testing positive for COVID-19, a Winnipeg toddler is fighting another illness – a possible rare inflammatory syndrome that could be part of the body’s reaction to new viruses.\nThe girl’s mother told CBC News doctors are trying to find out whether the one-year-old has developed Kawasaki disease, or multi-system inflammatory syndrome in children, now that she is negative for COVID-19 but is still seriously ill.\nTo read more of this story first reported by CBC News, click here.\nThe Winnipeg Free Press and CBC Manitoba recognize each other as trusted news sources. This content is made available to our readers as part of an agreement to collaborate to better serve our community. Any questions about CBC content should be directed to: email@example.com\nCoronavirus 'a devastating blow for world economy' – BBC News\nSpurs’ Gregg Popovich: U.S. ‘is in trouble and the basic reason is race’ – Sportsnet.ca\nPublic health working to contain latest COVID-19 outbreaks – StCatharinesStandard.ca\n- Tech2 hours ago\nNew release date for Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Season 4 has been leaked – PCGamesN\n- Tech22 hours ago\nCustomers are reporting a bug in their iPhone 11's display – Pocketnow\n- Tech24 hours ago\nGoogle is facing a class action lawsuit because it's incognito mode still allows websites to track your data – Mashable SE Asia\n- Sports10 hours ago\nDonald Trump says Drew Brees shouldn't have backed off flag comments – CBC.ca\n- Tech23 hours ago\nLinus apologizes to Epic boss over PlayStation 5 SSD remarks – TweakTown\n- Sports22 hours ago\nSaints’ Drew Brees responds to Trump: It was ‘never’ about the flag – Sportsnet.ca\n- Politics24 hours ago\nOPINION | Alberta premier targets Ottawa in pivot to pre-pandemic politics – CBC.ca\n- Health6 hours ago\nCOVID-19 outbreak over at Royal Rose Place in Welland – Newstalk 610 CKTB (iHeartRadio)", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Two Eastern myths about the Milky Way\nThe seventh day of the seventh month of the lunar calendar has special meaning to two Asian cultures.\nWhen it is a clear night, the stars Vega and Altair shine brightly in the night sky. Millions of Chinese and Japanese people look up the Milky Way and reminisce the touching legends about these two stars.\nThe Japanese version:\nAccording to a very ancient legend, a boy of 15 and a girl of 12 had wed and lived happily ever after into old age. They were so close that one could not live without the other. After they had passed away in each other's arms,\nthe merciful gods raised them up in the heavens together as the girl star Vega and the boy star Altair, who now dwell on opposite banks of the Milky Way. Many Japanese couples will ask their blessings of marital happiness.\nThe Chinese version:\nLegend has it that a guilty but beautiful lesser goddess in heaven had been punished and thrown down to the Earth for seven years. She fell in love and married a young farmer.\nThe supreme god granted her petition to stay on Earth, but his wife, a cruel but powerful goddess, threatened to kill the husband and a son if she would not return to the heaven immediately.\nThe poor girl flew skyward when her family was sleeping. But the husband woke up, carried their son and started to chase after her.\nResponding to his pitiful pleading, the supreme god sent many thousands of birds to carry them to the sky. Unfortunately, the birds failed to carry the hus band across the Milky Way, a huge river created by the wife of the supreme god.\nThat is how the girl star Maiden (Chinese name for Vega) and the boy star Cowboy (Chinese name for Altair) stay forever on the opposite banks of the Milky Way.\nIt is said that numerous birds will build a bridge with their wings for the two stars to meet on the eve of the seventh day of the seventh lunar month.\nThis year the seventh day of the seventh month was Aug. 24.\nEven though their legends are different, the Chinese and the Japanese all observe their customs annually.\nMDRV Shiao-shen Zedi is a native of China who lives in Pueblo West.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Year 9 enjoyed a trip to the Jodrell Bank Discovery Centre, to develop their knowledge of radio signals as part of their science studies!\nThe students enjoyed exploring the centre's fantastic interactive displays and activities, all centered around space and the science behind their huge telescope.\nStudents visited the Planet Paviliion and the Space Pavillion, before stopping for lunch at the site's famous Lovell Telescope. We especially enjoyed trying out the Whispering Dishes: These demonstrate, using sound, how the curved shape of the Lovell telescope amplifies faint signals.\nThank you to Mr. Jones and Ms. Wheelton for a great trip!", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Nasa’s Curiosity Rover Touches Down on Mars\nAugust 7, 2012\nThe Fresh Outlook\nToday Nasa’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory celebrated Curiosity Rover’s flawless landing on Mars, hoping to find evidence of ancient habitable environments.\nUniversity of Leicester scientist Dr John Bridges is leading a team of British and French experts in California to analyse data from the $2.5bn (£1.6bn) project. Writing on his blog, he said: “It’s down – Landed! What an opportunity we have now to explore this fascinating planet.” Several parachutes, cranes and other complex pieces of equipment were used in the touch down.\nThe target landing spot for Curiosity was the Gale Crater. The space machine is due to explore Mount Sharp, a 5km mountain within the crater, which is thought to have held water at some point.\nCuriosity Rover is approximately the size of a small car and composed of many high-tech gadgets including a robotic arm, a high resolution camera and a laser. Recent pictures sent from Curiosity show the ground to be relatively flat and void of big rocks, enabling the vehicle to drive around easier.\nThe Nasa team are keenly awaiting a colour image of the planet, which should arrive within the next few days. Curiosity Rover may take a test drive in a week or two, but serious exploration will not start for a couple of months.\nBy Zosia Gamgee\n[Image courtesy of Luke Bryant]", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "|Star Trek Meets |\n- Space Safari\nGoing beyond Star Trek, beyond Space 1999, and easily beyond Star Wars.\nConverging with Mutual of Omaha's Wild Kingdom and Jurassic World and Jurassic Park.\nWelcome to Space Safari.\nAh, the Final Frontier!\nSparing all effort on technological creativity and operating under a budget of $1.20, I finally finished the video accompaniment to the space soundtrack \"Space Safari.\"\nHere is the intro text to the video in case you have trouble reading:\n\"1700 years a go, a pre-Cambrian Englishman was commissioned by the Neolithic Universityfor the studies of imaginary black holes . . .\nto study strange new worlds and civilizations and boldly go where no caveman has gone before . . . but he was irascible.\nBeing a young whippersnapper with a chimp on his shoulder he decided to ditch the scientific dogma of the Big Bang and . . . embark on his own interstellar expedition to discover if there are other zoological creations in the galaxy.\nSince this was 1700 BILLION years ago, a time when space travel was very difficult, this mad Englishman, by the name of Fred Figstone, employed the assistance of his number one student, Barney Rebel, to develop a time machine to travel through the universal atmosphere.\nBarney was the discoverer of the aether, and since gravity wasn't discovered yet for billions of years, there was no gravity to hold them back.\nThey were looking to bag big game and place head trophies on their cave walls.\nUnfortunately, Barney was too advanced for machinery and their time machine - space ship exceeded warp factor five and thrust them into a wormhole which stranded them in Outer Space in the year 1985 . . .\nThey subsequently got Lost in Space on their very special Space Safari.\"\nThat last part just brings a tear to my eye. In any event, I was just having fun and hope you got a kick out of the video. The meat lies in the music. This version of Space Safari (the soundtrack) is the extended version to cover the length of the video.\nDid you know that the original song was under 3 minutes and the full video was over 10 minutes?\nSo, I extended the song (remastered it, too) and edited the visuals. Yes many cool scenes were cut and ended up on the projector floor. Oh, that's right, I didn't use movie film. Duh!\nAnyway, since this is about space, and time travel and dinosaurs and elephants, it fits in perfectly with the work we are doing here at Mad Experiment.\nStar Trek Theme (Always brings a tear to my eye!)\nStar Gate SG1 Theme - Best Sci Fi Theme in recent years\nSpace 1999 - I love Martin Landau and Barbara Baines\nJurassic World 2015\nAlthough I love the original series of Star Trek (and The Next Generation) as a kid, I did not watch Kirk and Spock. I was a fan of Lost In Space and watched that instead. NOW I watch reruns of both shows and hands down, I love the themes from Lost In Space first and foremost. (It's not as sad as Star Trek's).\nListen to this . . . .\n2 version of Lost In Space Theme\nMy Favorite Version of Lost In Space Theme\n(This version opens with computer-like sounds and has great brass, composed by John Williams. If this link breaks or is discontinued, please let me know.) And I love the robot.\nGotta get back on the big hunt on my Space Safari.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Israelian explores distant objects in the universe using spectroscopy. By looking at the spectral signature of distant object, he can infer the qualities and behaviors of the objects. He thinks spectroscopy will be how we finally discover whether there is life elsewhere outside of our solar system.\nIsraelian discovered that stars sometimes swallow their planets — not by direct observation of the event, but by looking at the spectral signature of a star, which indicated that lithium was present in the star. (Lithium, we know from physics, is not normally present in stars without them having devoured another type of object.) “The power of spectroscopy was actually discovered by Pink Floyd,” he joked.\nWe do not yet understand the spectrum of the Sun. 15% of the spectral lines we see from the Sun are not understood.\nSupernovae, the largest disasters in space, are the only places where the elements required for planets — and for life itself — are created. We owe our existence to the existence of supernovas.\nA colleague showed Israelian an interesting spectrum that included a huge amount of oxygen. This amount of oxygen had never been seen before. And the conclusion was that a supernova had occurred in a star system, and that explosion had created a black hole.\nOur galaxy also includes some “alien” stars — they are stars that have come from other galaxies. When galaxies collide, some stars are left behind, and spectroscopy allows us to detect which ones are “foreign.”\nHe also looks at a binary star with a phenomenon called a “super flare.” What causes extremely large super flares? No one knows — but he hopes that the mystery of super flares will be finally explained by spectroscopy.\nBut first, we need to understand the whole evolution of the universe, and how the objects have been producing and recycling various chemical elements. It’s an extraordinarily complex study, and occasionally some anomalies appear. Those anomalies, Israelian thinks, may help us discover other life elsewhere in the universe. Biomarkers such as oxygen and ozone may indicate whether a planet is hospitable to life. In fact, water and methane have already been detected on distant planets outside of our solar system.\nPhoto: Garik Israelian at TEDGlobal 2009, Session 6: “Curious and curiouser,” July 22, 2009, in Oxford, UK. Credit: TED / James Duncan Davidson", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Found 50 - 60 results of 111 programs matching keyword \"life on mars\"\nThe Mars Phoenix Lander will have been collecting data and sending it back to earth for a month! Exploratorium Senior Scientist Paul Doherty will examine the data and tell us what new information we've gained about Mars. We'll also get an update on our old friends, the Mars rovers Spirit and Opportunity!\nLearn more about the new mission to Mars! The Mars Phoenix Lander touched down on the Red Planet on Sunday, May 25, 2008, and began collecting data. Phoenix is designed to study the history of water and search for complex organic molecules in the Martian arctic's ice-rich soil. Join Exploratorium Senior Scientist Paul Doherty as he walks us through the mission and shows us the first pictures that the Phoenix Lander sends back! This machinima, a movie made entirely within Second Life (a 3-D virtual world), shows a simulation of the impact of a meteor on the surface of Mars. Join Exploratorium Senior Scientist Paul Doherty as he gives us an update on Mars and examines the possibility of an upcoming asteroid collision with the red planet! The two Mars Rovers are alive and well after surviving their second Martian winter. Come and see photos of discoveries they made during their third year on Mars, with Exploratorium Senior Scientist Paul Doherty.\nJoin Exploratorium biologist Karen Kalumuck as she investigates the characteristics of living organisms and ecosystems, and how climate change affects them. Setting up camp at the Kamchatka Microbial Observatory. The bath pool at the Kamchatka Microbial Observatory. Searching for diesel at the Kamchatka Microbial Observatory. The Geyser Valley is a \"candy shop\" for microbiologists and geochemists.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "The White Nights in Finland and other Nordic countries\nI spent Midsummer in the Nordic countries last year. Oh boy, what an experience. One of the things I still had on my to-do list for Finland and the Nordic countries was to spend one of the white nights fully awake. And I did well: I stayed awake three nights.\nThe sun leaves and the white night starts.\nTable of Contents\nNights with light\nIt is hard to sleep in Finland during the summer, especially for people who are not used to that. The amount of hours without direct sunlight is very small, and the sun is already shining very brightly on the horizon around 3 or 4 a.m.\nThe locals don’t seem to notice – and there are no shutters in Finland’s bedrooms – but people like me, who are used to the simple routine of daylight during the day, darkness at night, wake up more often during the white nights and don’t rest as well.\nBut while visiting Finland or any other Nordic country it is, of course, a wonderful experience: The body has much more energy and – if the clouds let it – it leaves you smiling. I enjoy spending as much time as possible under the sun after a dark winter.\nThat’s a lot of light for it being midnight.\nThe white nights\nThe white nights aren’t the same as the midnight sun, but almost.\nBoth phenomena happen in the north of Europe, but the midnight sun happens much further north; to be precise, north of the arctic circle. In this place the sun is visible in the sky during 24 hours at least one day per year. In the northernmost parts of Europe the sun stays up in the sky for weeks without setting.\nBut what happens below the arctic circle line? That’s where the white nights happen.\nDuring the white nights the sun sets for a while, but its light can still be seen on the horizon. The night sky isn’t black, it is blue.\nThe nights are brigt enough to walk in the forest or on the streets without the need of artificial light. The opposite of this phenomenon is called the Kaamos in Finland: The polar night.\nThe dotted line is the arctic circle: Above it there is midnight sun and below it the white nights happen. Source: Wikipedia.\nMy experience with the white nights\nDuring my last visit to Finland, I wasn’t sure if the area I was going to be in was an area where I could see the white nights.\nMy location was south of Helsinki’s latitude, more or less the same latitude that Tallin is, and that is very much south of the arctic circle. That’s why I was so surprised to encounter the white nights: I didn’t plan that on my trip.\nThis is how it happened.\nAround 10 p.m. the sun set below the horizon, and kept that position until 12 or 1 a.m., the darkest moment of the night. Then everything became clearer and clearer until we saw the sun again, around 3 to 4 a.m. But the clarity of the sky – and that’s the thing – never left.\nThe sky was blue and the place where the sun was below the horizon had a fantastic reddish color.\n1 a.m.: The darkest moment.\nThe effect that it had on me it was revitalizing. I wasn’t tired or sleepy. The three nights that I spent on my trip I was awake all “night” and able to see an early sunrise. No surprise: It was Juhannus – the midsummer, something we’ll talk about soon – and there were some parties with lots of friends, a ton of sauna, and a cottage outside the city.\nAnd so we did it each night. Even if during the day it was sometimes cloudy, the evenings and the mornings were clear, and that made the white nights one of the best things of my trip. I can’t wait to see the white nights again.\nHave you seen the white nights? What did you think about them?", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Tranquility museum is a lunar base from the World of 2001\nThe expansion of the space powers in the World of 2001 has not come at the expense of preserving important sites of space-heritage. Foremost amongst such sites is the location of the Earth’s first lunar landing , Tranquilty base. Though the Apollo 11 decent stage is fenced off, visitors to the site can approach to close proximity and gaze upon a mounted pictorial history of the Apollo program.\n|The World of 2001|\nSpacecraft: Aquarius | Aquarius Id | Aries | Bondarenko | Centaur-O | Draco | Gagarin | Herculis | Komarov | Komarov-bis | Merkur | Moonbus | Orion | Patsayev | Polaris 1-XE | Rocketbus | Skorpion | Taurus | Titov V | Titov G\nSurface bases: Aberporth | Baikonur | Brest | Canberra | Cape Canaveral | Clavius Base | Cuxhaven | Hainan | Kadena AB | Korolevgrad | Lunar Observatory | Moscow | Phobos Base | Port Lowell | Prime Base | Serenitatis Base | Tchalinko | Tranquility Museum | Tycho | Washington", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "NUFORC Sighting 173783Occurred: 2023-01-06 03:00 Local\nReported: 2023-01-07 17:31 Pacific\nDuration: approx 15 minutes\nNo of observers: 2\nLocation: approx 1000 nm north of Kauai Hawaii, CO, USA\nLocation details: approx 35 deg north, 150 deg west\nCharacteristics: Aura or haze around object\n3 smaller star-like objects moving around a brighter one making rapid speed changes and directions.\nI’m a airline B787 pilot. We were flying at 38,000 ft at approx 1015Z over the Pacific about 1000 miles north of Hawaii. The other pilot and I witnessed on several separate instances, 3 or 4 distant and very high altitude lights that looked like stars in the night sky. They would appear out of the darkness in the same spot of the sky, become increasingly bright, and would circle around each other. 2 of them appeared dimmer and smaller than the third, which appeared much brighter. They would accelerate and change directions rapidly at seemingly incredible speeds, then they would fly apart, the brighter one would stop momentarily, and the they would disappear until doing the same thing again a few minutes later. We saw this happen several times. I captured the last “event” on my Ipad video. Approximately 15 minutes after all of this occurred, I noticed what I thought was Venus (which I thought to myself I didn’t see it before as it was blocked by my cockpit window post). As I looked at what I thought was Venus, it appeared to be moving very slowly. Over a matter of seconds it then moved away from us to the south and ultimately dimmed as it moved away and disappeared towards the horizon. Initially when I first saw it, it appeared to be just a stationary planet until it began its movement. This was not the typical motion of a orbital satellite. I’ve subsequently expanded numerous frames of my video, and with a magnifying glass could clearly see a greenish luminescent glow from the trailing edge of the triangular shape of the brightest object. In my video the brightest object made a sudden acceleration straight downward (or away from us), it stopped, then disappeared.\n© 2023 National UFO Reporting Center. All rights reserved. Use or reproduction within any application without written consent is prohibited.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Congratulations Dr Tristan Moss- Discovery Early Career Researcher Award-2021\nDr Tristan Moss, UNSW, Canberra has won the Discovery Early Career Researcher Award-2021.\nThis project aims to be the first study to address how Australia has approached space at the public and government level from the dawn of the space age in 1957 to today. Taking a historical approach, this project employs an innovative framework that integrates Australia’s disparate space activities, analyses Australian space over a long time period, and centres the Australian experience within the global context. The project is particularly timely with creation of the Australian Space Agency in mid-2018. Through publications and collaboration with space scholars and stakeholders, this project aims to inform discussion of space policy and international cooperation in space, and develop new understandings of how Australians engage with space.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Cometary and Interstellar Dust Analyzer (CIDA)\ninstrument intercepts dust and performs real-time\ncompositional analysis for transmission back to\nEarth. The Stardust CIDA is the same instrument\ndesign that flew on Giotto and two Vega spacecraft,\nwhere it obtained unusual data on the chemical\ncomposition of individual particulates in Halley's\ncomet. The instrument is located on the underside\nof the Stardust spacecraft.\nCIDA is a mass spectrometer, which determines\nthe size of ions by comparing differences in their\nflight times. The instrument operates relatively\nsimply. When a dust particle hits the target of\nthe nstrument, an electrostatic grid extracts\nions from it. Depending on the polarity of the\ntarget grid, positive or negative ions can be\nextracted from the dust. The extracted ions move\nthrough the instrument, are bounced off a reflector,\nthen read by a detector. Heavier ions take more\ntime to travel through the instrument than lighter\nones, so the flight times of the ions are used\nto calculate their mass.\ninstrument consists of an inlet, target, ion extractor,\ntime-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometer (MS) and\nion detector. The inlet is baffled to prevent\nsunlight from entering and raising the background\nnoise in the detector. The target was planned\nto be a corrugated Ag or other heavy metal material.\nIt was not necessary to have a moving Ag foil\nfor the Wild 2 flyby, as was done for the higher\nflux at Halley. The target area was increased\nto 50 cm2 from the Halley Mission instrument's\n5 cm2 target.\nDuring its operation, a light flash, which accompanies\nthe dust impact on the target, is detected and\nused to set the zero for the TOF measurement.\nElectrostatic grids extract ions, depending from\nthe impact microplasma. These ions move down a\nbent-tube TOF MS, with an electrostatic reflector\nto focus ions of similar energies onto the ion\ndetector. By measuring their arrival time, the\nmass of the ions can be determined. It is expected\nthat at the 6.1 km/s flyby speed, molecular ions\nas well as atomic ions will be important in the\nobservations. The instrument is sensitive at least\nover the range AMU=1 to 150, though sub-micron\nsized particles produce observable signals and\ncompositional profiles too.\nuse of a recorder mode allow a superior data set\nto be collected, than what was possible from the\ndata-constrained links that were available during\nprevious PIA flights. Most of this data will be\nplayed back slowly over ensuing days or weeks\nafter the comet flyby.\nThe co-investigator in charge of the CIDA is Jochen\nKissel of MPE, the Max-Planck-Institut f. Aeronomie\nin Lindau, Finland. The instrument has been developed\nand built by von Hoerner & Sulger GmbH in\nSchwetzingen, Germany, in close cooperation with\nthe MPE under contract by the DARA, Deutsche Agentur\nf|r Raumfahrtangelegenheiten, Bonn. Software for\nthe CIDA instrument is being developed by The\nFinnish Meterological Institute, Helsinki.\nNovember 26, 2003", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "\"And you may find yourself in another part of the world.\nAnd you may find yourself behind the wheel of a large automobile.\nAnd you may find yourself in a beautiful house, with a beautiful wife.\nAnd you may ask yourself, 'Well, how did I get here?'\" -Talking Heads\nWhat would you do if you woke up one day, and found yourself in completely unfamiliar surroundings? You don't know what day it is, what year it is, or even where you are.\nIs there any way, without any other information, that you could figure out exactly where in the world you were?\nWe typically describe our location on Earth by two coordinates: a latitude and a longitude. Latitude, your distance (either North or South) from the equator, in degrees, is actually very easy to figure out, assuming you know your astronomy and have some basic measuring tools.\nAll you have to do is find either the North (or South) Celestial pole, depending on what hemisphere you're in.\nEven though the Earth orbits the Sun, traveling a distance of 940 million kilometers a year, all while orbiting on its axis, the North Celestial Pole and South Celestial Pole always appear in the exact same position from any given latitude on Earth.\nLook up at the night sky -- on a good, clear night -- and if you're in the Southern Hemisphere, you should be able to see the following.\nAlong the band of the Milky Way, there's the (true) Southern Cross, which you can tell apart from the false cross by the fifth star in the \"left hip\" position, as well as the two very bright pointer stars, Alpha and Beta Centauri. Off the band of the Milky Way are two faint but prominent clouds, the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds, small satellite galaxies over a hundred thousand light years away.\nAnd if you can find these objects in the sky, you should have no problem finding the location of the South Celestial Pole. Here's how.\nDraw an imaginary line down the long axis of the cross, and also draw one perpendicular to the two pointer stars. Where those lines intersect is (approximately) the location of the South Celestial Pole.\nWant to do a little better? The location of the Pole also makes an equilateral triangle with the two Magellanic Clouds; between these two methods, you should easily be able to locate the South Celestial Pole to less than one degree.\nOf course, if you're in the Northern Hemisphere, things are even easier.\nBecause in the Northern Hemisphere, we're fortunate enough to have a bright, prominent Pole Star! Simply follow the last two stars in the Big Dipper's \"cup\" up to the North Star, and you simply can't miss it.\nAs the video below shows, the night sky will appear to rotate around the Pole Star, with a period of just under 24 hours, no matter what your location on Earth is.\nHowever many degrees your Celestial Pole is above the horizon is equal to your latitude. So if you're in the Northern Hemisphere and the North Star is 40 degrees above the horizon, your latitude is 40° North. If the Celestial Pole is directly overhead (at 90° above the horizon), then you're exactly at the Pole itself.\nSo that takes care of latitude. But longitude is a very big problem. Unlike latitude, where different locations actually lead to significant differences in observable phenomena, longitude is arbitrary.\nSo if you want to measure your longitude, you need some sort of prior knowledge. The easiest way to do it is to identify some place as zero degrees longitude, use what you know about astronomy to calculate when the Sun rises and sets at different latitudes, and then carry a timepiece with you.\nAnd the easiest way to keep accurate time, as Christiaan Huygens discovered in the 17th Century, is with a pendulum clock. At any given location on Earth, an ideal pendulum -- that is, a heavy mass connected to a fixed point by a massless string -- has its period determined solely by two things: the acceleration due to gravity and the length of that pendulum.\nOnce this was understood, it became relatively straightforward to construct a seconds pendulum, or a pendulum where every swing, from one side to the other, took a time of (practically) exactly one second.\nIf you have a clock with you, and you know your latitude, and you also know when any astronomical body (i.e., the Sun) should be rising or setting, you can figure out your longitude with no problem at all!\nExcept, there are two problems with that. The first is that, as you move to different latitudes and elevations on Earth, the acceleration due to gravity changes!\nThe Earth bulges at the equator and is compressed at the poles due to its rotation, making the acceleration due to gravity slightly larger at higher latitudes and slightly lower closer to the equator. Additionally, higher elevations mean you're farther from the center of the Earth, and so gravity will be slightly higher at sea level and slightly lower at high altitudes.\nThis has been measured incredibly precisely by today's standards, but this effect has been known (and accounted for) since the 1670s, by Jean Richer. Anyone traveling -- and in possession of this knowledge -- could lengthen or shorten their seconds pendulum slightly, dependent on their latitude and altitude, to keep the period constant. Once you know how to account for changes in gravity, you can calculate your longitude as you move without fear that those effects will throw you off.\nBut something else happens as you travel, something that is much harder to account for, and virtually impossible to control.\nTemperature! As the temperature heats up or cools down, your pendulum will expand or contract; that's what virtually all materials do when you change their temperature!\nBut that would be terrible for your pendulum! If its length gets shorter, so does the period of one pendulum swing, and if the length gets longer, your swing time lengthens as well. If you don't know to take this into account, unlike the gravimetry problem, above, a plunge into below-freezing temperatures can throw your clocks off by a minute or two per day, where every missed minute means an error in longitude of up to 28 kilometers. (Depending on your latitude.) Since temperatures change all the time, and these errors are cumulative, using a simple pendulum clock could, over the course of a few months, lead to errors in your calculated longitude of thousands of kilometers. All because, as the mesmerizing video below shows, pendulums of different lengths have different periods.\nSo how, then, could you avoid this problem? How can you overcome the perils of your material expanding/contracting in changing temperatures? How do you keep the length of your pendulum constant?\nThe answer, discovered not by Newton or Galileo but by the virtual unknown commoner, John Harrison, was simultaneously simple and brilliant. Here's the concept applied to a pendulum.\nUse a combination of two different metals in your pendulum! Because different elements expand by different amounts, you can take a material like iron, with a modest coefficient of thermal expansion, and a material like zinc, with a much higher coefficient of thermal expansion; for the purposes of simplicity, let's assume zinc expands three times as much as iron.\nBuild two parallel iron rods that extend three-quarters of the way down the pendulum, two zinc rods that extend half the original length back up, and one more iron rod that's three-quarters of the original length. Now, attach them together as shown, above, and let the temperature change!\nWhat's going to happen? As the temperature drops, the iron and zinc both contract; the zinc contracts three times as much, but the total iron is three times as long! Since the zinc provides a negative distance but the iron a positive one, they -- in effect -- cancel each other out! If the temperature rises instead, the iron and zinc both expand, with the iron making the pendulum longer and the zinc making it shorter by amounts that, once again, cancel each other out! In other words, the temperature can change to anything it wants, and the overall length of the pendulum will stay the same, insensitive to temperature!\nFor marine use, you'd have to apply this same concept to the chronometer, as pendula are impractical. For those of you interested in learning a much richer account of this story, I actually have a book to recommend!\nSo now you know the ease with which you can find your latitudes anywhere, but longitude? That's some hard work, and it takes a reference point to mean anything! Still, how clever and simple is that temperature-compensation trick, to use different elements with different thermal expansion properties in combination, keeping the overall length constant! Thank the stars for heavy elements...\nI can find latitude with my eyes closed.\nWell, not literally, but without outside information. All I need is my trusty inertial measurement unit with its sensitive accelerometers and gyroscopes. Let it sit still for a few minutes, then the gravity vector and the earth rotation vector will be precise enough that the angle between them will give latitude to reasonable precision.\nThe history of John Harrison's quest to build a navigational chronometer is a fascinating one. In the end, of course, he abandoned the gravity-driven pendulum and used the spring balance mechanism - also with a variety of ingenious and beautifully-crafted compensating mechanisms.\nBefore cheap and reliable ship's chronometers, wasn't longitude measured by an accurate measurement of the phase of the moon at its zenith? (The moon phase would provide the \"global time\" and the moon zenith would provide the \"local time\").\nBah! Dead reckoning FTW! ;p\nQuestion, though: You said that you need to adjust the length of your pendulum to account for latitude and altitude. How do you measure altitude? (Besides GPS, hehehe...)\nI'm guessing you just use a map, where altitudes have already been determined using like surveying equipment or something?\njust go to the nearest mall and find the map with the \"You are Here\" arrow.\nYou can measure altitude to reasonable accuracy with a barometer. Also, surveying equipment. Believe it or not, the world existed before GPS.\nI think GPS corrected the altitude of Everest by 26ft compared to the 1856 measurement. Not too shabby.\nYour question states \"without any other information\" - all of your explanation is based on \"other information.\" So, in answer to your question as posed, no, you could not determine where you are.\nWith \"other information\" being allowed, I'd just ask the guy standing next to me what day it was, the year, and where I was.\ngreat post! but i think when contracting the zinc will make the pendulum longer and vice versa\nHave to say I struggled through that book Longitude, the writer's 'style' didn't do the story justice at all.\nLuckily, I am the kind of man not afraid to ask for directions.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "What the hell is he doing shooting set shots from outside the key?\ndid you see his shoulder blades??? He weighs 160 tops. At 7', that's weak as sh!t!!!! He probably gets pushed around. This will make his game better though. If he can develop the outside game. If he gains size, then your looking at Dirk, or Porzingus.\nAt 24,000 kilometers (15,000 miles) in length, the TCT — the Trans Canada Trail — will open in 2017 as the planet’s longest “trail” network.\nWhile impressive, we use quotes around trail because upon completion the route will consist of forested paths, canoe routes, urban walkways, streets, logging roads, and secondary highways.\nIt’s all linked by a huge map, available online. Signage across the country on segments of the trail will connect it all in the real world.\nA river as hot as the sun's surface has been flowing beneath our feet — and it's now moving faster.\nDecember 27, 2016, 6:58 p.m.\nJust beneath the surface is a molten river running around the Northern Hemisphere. (Photo: Hawaii Volcano Observatory/Wiki Commons)\nScientists have discovered the largest river running through Earth's underworld: a 260-mile wide jet of lava that flows between Canada and Russia that is being driven by our planet's magnetic field, reports New Scientist.\nRead more at: https://phys.org/news/2017-04-bp-oil-billion-natural-resources.html#jCp\nThe first-ever comprehensive appraisal of the financial impact on natural resources impacted by the BP Deepwater Horizon oil spill found that it did $17.2 billion in damage. Credit: US Coast Guard\nThe 2010 BP Deepwater Horizon oil spill did $17.2 billion in damage to the natural resources in the Gulf of Mexico, a team of scientists recently found after a six-year study of the impact of the largest oil spill in U.S. history.\nThis is the first comprehensive appraisal of the financial value of the natural resources damaged by the 134-million-gallon spill.\nFor the first time, scientists have detected evidence of a magnetic field that's associated with the vast intergalactic 'bridge' that links our two nearest galactic neighbors. Known as the Magellanic Bridge, the bridge is a huge stream of neutral gas that stretches some 75,000 light-years between our two neighboring galaxies, the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds (LMC and SMC). Although researchers had predicted it was there, this is the first observation of its magnetic field, and it could help us understand how these vast bridges come to be.\n\"There were hints that this magnetic field might exist, but no one had observed it until now,\" said lead researcher, Jane Kaczmarek from the University of Sydney.\nOur closest galactic neighbours, the LMC and SMC (photographed below) are 160,000 and 200,000 light-years from Earth respectively, and are visible in the southern night sky.\nESO/J. ColosimoResearchers have long known about the Magellanic Bridge that exists between these neighbours, a path with a few known stars inside it. But until now, very little was known about the magnetic field associated with the bridge. The team has now shown that this newly detected magnetic field is one millionth the strength of Earth's own protective magnetic shield - and it could provide some insight into how it formed. Two of the leading options are that the magnetic field was generated from within the bridge after the structure formed, or it may have been 'ripped' from the dwarf galaxies thought to have merged and formed the bridge in the first place. If a bridge between the stars sounds a little sci-fi to you, keep in mind that most of space is made up of different magnetic fields.\n\"Not only are entire galaxies magnetic, but the faint delicate threads joining galaxies are magnetic, too,\" said one of the researchers, Bryan Gaensler from the University of Toronto.\n\"Everywhere we look in the sky, we find magnetism.\"\nThe reason we've struggled to study this structure in the past is the fact that these types of cosmic magnetic fields can only be observed indirectly through their effect on other structures in space. In this case, radio signals from hundreds of very distant galaxies was used to pick up the magnetic field associated with the Magellanic Bridge. Radio signals can be thought of like waves on the surface of a pond, in that they vibrate along a particular plane in space. When these radio signals pass through a magnetic field, that plane is rotated, and it allows astronomers to the measure the strength and polarity (direction) of the field.\n\"The radio emission from the distant galaxies served as background 'flashlights' that shine through the Bridge,\" said Kaczmarek.\n\"Its magnetic field then changes the polarisation of the radio signal. How the polarised light is changed tells us about the intervening magnetic field.\"\nNow that we've been able to detect the field, scientists now have a chance to figure out not only how it formed, but the impact it's had on the LMC and SMC.\n\"In general, we don't know how such vast magnetic fields are generated, nor how these large-scale magnetic fields affect galaxy formation and evolution,\" said Kaczmarek.\n\"The LMC and SMC are our nearest neighbours, so understanding how they evolve may help us understand how our Milky Way Galaxy will evolve. Understanding the role that magnetic fields play in the evolution of galaxies and their environment is a fundamental question in astronomy that remains to be answered.\"\nEven cooler is the fact that this is just one study that's part of a bigger project to map the entire Universe's magnetism.\nIn a week of bad news for climate change action, bad news from Antarctica has followed.\nThe enormous crack on the Larsen C Ice Shelf has taken a sudden change of direction, meaning the creation of one of the biggest ever bergs could happen sooner than expected. Activity between 25 May and 31 May, measured by the European Union's Sentinel-1 satellite, meant the fissure is now just 13km (8 miles) from the edge of the ice.\n\"The rift has propagated a further 16km, with a significant apparent right turn towards the end, moving the tip 13km from the ice edge,\" said Prof Adrian Luckman from Swansea University in Wales.\nThe crack is now around 200km (124 miles) in total length. The recent spurt followed a period of the crack being stationary during which it entered a region of soft, flexible ice known as a \"suture\" zone. However, May saw renewed activity resulting in the sharp turn towards the ocean.\nPart of a highly troubling pattern\nIf and when a berg is carved, the likelihood is that it will drift away from the ice shelf quite slowly.\n\"It's unlikely to be fast because the Weddell Sea is full of sea-ice, but it'll certainly be faster than the last few months of gradual parting. It will depend on the currents and winds,\" explained Prof Luckman.\nHowever, once scientists declare the berg to have separated, the Larsen C shelf will be assessed to have lost 10 percent of its area, making it much less stable. Researchers are concerned that the result will mimic those previously seen on ice shelves Larsen A and Larsen B, where carving events led slowly to them breaking up completely. Although it would take years, a collapse of Larsen C would be a continuation of a pattern seen across the Antarctic Peninsula.\nThere are a dozen other major ice shelves that have in recent decades either collapsed, retreated or shrunk significantly.\nProf Luckman is working on the MIDAS Project, a UK-based Antarctic research project investigating the effects of a warming climate on the Larsen C ice shelf.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Hey Space Placers!\nHere is the latest from NASA on getting Discovery launched to the International Space Station (ISS).\nDiscovery is targeted to launch at 4:50 p.m. EST on Thursday, Feb. 24, for its mission to the International Space Station.\nAs stated by NASA, \"In NASA Kennedy Space Center's Vehicle Assembly Building, technicians will continue installing additional support structures, called radius blocks, to space shuttle Discovery's external fuel tank's support beams known as \"stringers\" through the weekend. The radius blocks are being added to 94 stringers, meaning the entire circumference of the external tank will be strengthened by the time all the repairs and modifications are finished. Teams will be off Monday, Jan. 17, in observance of the Martin Luther King Jr. holiday. At NASA's Johnson Space Center, STS-133 crew will conduct an integrated simulation of the mission's first spacewalk in the fixed based simulator today.\nFor more information see:\nSky Guy in VA", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Date : 27/04/2020\nSchool name : International School of Nanshan ShenZhen\nCity : Shenzhen\nCountry : China\nStudent's age : 11 to 12 years old\nNumber of team members : 2\nThe reason we built this camp is so that astronauts can live on the moon for one year without problems. Our moon camp is created for four people to stay. The things the astronauts will do on the moon is study and research about the moon, astrology, and other things. Lots of tools in the labs will help the astronauts research. The camp will be built in a lava tube at the poles. This is because at the poles, the temperatures are moderate and warm, and there is always sun. The functional buildings in our camp would be the bathroom, the lab, the bedroom, and the kitchen and dining room. Other functional rooms would be the greenhouse, the gym, the computer room (to store information and communicate with earth), a swimming pool (for radiation safety), and an office/workspace. We will bring a 3D printer machine.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "This is to inform you that the evening session of astronomy club for classes III to V will be held on 24th Feb 2015 from 5:30 pm to 8:30 pm in the school premises.\nReporting Time : 5:00 pm\nIt is not compulsory for the students to attend the regular school on that day.\nItinerary of the day:\nTimings 5:30 pm to 8:00 pm (only for students)\n- Moon facts\n- Planet Observation through telescope\n- Fun astronomy games and quiz\n- Moon observation through telescope\nTimings 7:00 pm to 8:00 pm (only for parents)\nTelescope Moon watch", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Atlas of Light\nAtlas of Light\nImagine that our Earth occupies the center of the Universe,\nthat every celestial body moves around it:\nthe Sun, the Moon, the planets, the stars, the galaxies.\nLet's now observe the variations of luminosity on its surface...\nThe Earth's surface is bathed in two types of light: :\n- natural lights from celestial objects located relatively close to the Earth: the Sun, the Moon, the polar auroras resulting from the multiple interactions of the solar wind with particles in the upper atmosphere. The Earth's rotation around its axis results in the alternating of day and night, whose respective durations vary according to the seasons of the year, as a direct consequence of the Earth's revolution around the Sun.\n- artificial lights generated by human activities. Added together, they amount to a form of pollution: light pollution, which masks faint celestial objects such as the Milky Way, as well as many stars, and damages the healthy functioning of terrestrial ecosystems.\nThe succession of day and night on Earth\nIn order to get the most global view possible, let's place ourselves in a geostationary orbit some 30 kilometers above the equator.\nFrom this angle, our planet looks like a perfect sphere, richly colored, surrounded by a thin layer of atmosphere. It seems to float in space, in the middle of more or less brilliant stars. Among these is the Sun, the closest star, whose apparent rotation is evidenced by the progressive illumination of the Earth's surface, as the hours of the day and the seasons of the year pass.\nAt intermediate latitudes (between -60° and +60°), day regularly follows night, which our artificial lighting now illuminates, as shown by this satellite imagery (Black Marble / Earth at Night) recently published by NASA. Consequently, from the Earth's surface, the starry sky now appears to be populated no more by a myriad of luminous points, but by a few of the brightest celestial bodies such as the Moon, the planets Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn, and stars such as Sirius, Betelgeuse and Antares.\nThe succession of days and nights on Earth at intermediate latitudes (between -60° and +60°)\nThe artificial lighting offers a night vision of the Earth's surface - a shot called Black Marble / Earth at Night (*).\nAt polar latitudes however (above +60° and below -60°), there is no trace of man-made light pollution. Only a few (northern or southern) auroras are visible in the perfectly dark night sky, filled with thousands of luminous points whose apparent movements are parallel to the horizon circle. At these latitudes, there is no appearance or disappearance of stars in the night sky. Simple rotations, eternal rotations, at variable heights above the circle of the horizon according to the seasons.\nThus, the winter Sun makes its apparent rotation below the circle of the northern horizon. Its height below the horizon is minimal on the winter solstice. At the spring and autumn equinoxes, on the other hand, its apparent path is parallel to the horizon circle. On the summer solstice, it is several tens of degrees above the horizon. Naturally, the situation is reversed at southern latitudes. For this reason, the duration of the polar day ranges from 0h - during the northern or southern winter - to 24h - during the northern or southern summer. Observe the variations of the Earth's insolation throughout the seasons with the help of the animation at your disposition.\nThe movement of the stars above the Arctic Circle is parallel to the horizon. Because, during the boreal winter, the Sun remains constantly below the horizon, the night lasts 24 hours (*).\nThe movement of the stars above the Antarctic Circle is parallel to the horizon. Because, during the austral summer, the Sun remains constantly above the horizon, the day lasts 24 hours (*).\nThe succession of seasons on Earth\nThe interactive map below shows the terrestrial zones illuminated by the Sun at the current time (date of the day and Greenwich Mean Time). Change the hour of the day, the day and the month of the current year and observe the effects of these variations on the insolation of the different terrestrial zones: continents, oceans, equator, polar latitudes, etc. The transition from one season to the next will become evident.\nSimulation of the variations of insolation of the various terrestrial zones throughout the hours of the day and the seasons of the year (**).\nBy default, the display is for the present time. Modify the date and GMT time by positioning your cursors on the areas of the following form:\nOn spring and autumn equinoxes, the lengths of day and night equal 12h anywhere on Earth. At the summer solstice, daylight hours are at their longest - between 12h and 24h, depending on the latitude. At the winter solstice, on the other hand, daylight hours are at their shortest - between 0h and 12h, depending on the latitude. Easily determine the dates on which these celestial events occur using the Culture Diff' software designed for this purpose.\nVariation of sunshine on the Earth's surface over the year (at 13:00 GMT),\nfrom the winter solstice (left) to the summer solstice (right) through the spring equinox (center) (**).\nAnthropogenic light pollution is changing our planet. At an altitude of 50,000 km, artificial lighting is shaping the contours of the Earth's continents, even though they are plunged into darkness.\nThis 3D view of the Earth illuminated by the Sun, surrounded by the constellation of Orion and the star Sirius, is the result of numerical simulations combining satellite images of the Earth and algorithms of positioning of the objects (Earth, Sun, stars) on the celestial vault. It simulates a view acquired on March 21, 2022 at a distance of 50 000 km (*). Although plunged into darkness, the artificial lighting draws the contours of the American continent.\nAnthropogenic light pollution is changing our skies. From the Earth's surface, only the brightest celestial objects are now visible to the naked eye. Because artificial light fills the sky, creating an opaque veil.\nSimulation of the heliacal rising of the star Sirius in the sky of the Occitanie region, southern France:\nshortly after appearing in the southeastern corner of the sky it will disappear, fading into the glow of the rising Sun.\nMove the cursor laterally to materialize the effects of light pollution on the landscape contours (*).\nBelow, a photograph of the Pic de Bugarach in the Upper Valley of the Aude, Occitanie region, France, illuminated only by the headlights of a car.\n(*) This simulation was performed using the WebWorldWind interface developed by the NASA/ESA consortium and distributed under the Apache 2.0 license.\n(**) This simulation was performed using the OpenLayers geographic mapping tool. The script to determine the day and night zones was borrowed from Jean-Marc Viglino. It is protected by the CeCILL-B compatible BSD OpenSource license.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "We all know that our planet, Earth aka Terran has only one moon. Many theories have been made to explain it's origins, but no one will ever get it right. Some say it's a meteor or asteroid that entered Earth's orbit. Some believe a piece of our planet broke off while it was being formed and began to orbit the Earth. Some will say it is a fabricated structure built around a dwarf star or even a space station full of aliens who study our planet as it travels through time after the aliens sowed the seeds of life in our ocean. Well, I am here to tell you these are wrong in every way. You must ready yourself, because it's time to choose the red or blue pill. Do you now want to know? The secret is that only the moon itself can know. Even if it could tell you, all you heard would, by it's own nature,l not exist in the mind. In other words, once anyone did know, they would never have known. There is a reason for this, but only the moon will ever know. How can I be so sure? Why, I am the man in the moon of course!", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "posted by Sara .\nI just want to make sure if I'm correct; does this look correct to you?\nWhen all of the hydrogen of the Sun is used up, it will turn into a red giant.\nIs red giant correct?\nSort of... it will never use up all the hydrogen, but if the core stops fusing for lack of fuel, it becomes a red giant for awhile.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "PARIS (March 21, 2013)—New findings from a look into the split second after the Big Bang indicate the universe is a bit older than previously thought, but the core concepts of the cosmos including how it began, what it's made of and where it's going seem to be on the right track.\nThe findings bolster a key theory called inflation, which says the universe burst from subatomic size to its now-observable expanse in a fraction of a second.\nGeorge Esfthathiou, an astrophysicist who announced the Planck satellite mapping Thursday, says the findings also offer new specificity of the universe's composition.\nHe said it is made up of slightly more ordinary matter and less of the mysterious dark matter and dark energy.\nViewers with disabilities can get assistance accessing this station's FCC Public Inspection File by contacting the station with the information listed below. Questions or concerns relating to the accessibility of the FCC's online public file system should be directed to the FCC at 888-225-5322, 888-835-5322 (TTY), or firstname.lastname@example.org.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "In the same vein as its award-winning Perpetual Calendar, H. Moser & Cie. unites the sun and moon in the Endeavour Chinese Calendar by combining elements of Chinese lunisolar and the Gregorian solar calendars, calculated separately, and synchronising them in a watch that requires no corrections for 12 years. A true technical and creative achievement.\n5N red gold\nMovement and Functions\nAutomatic Manufacture Movement\nThe HMC 210 is an automatic manufacture movement is a true technical feat with a one-of-a-kind calendar mechanism that ingeniously combines the Chinese lunisolar calendar with the solar-only Gregorian calendar, all without requiring any corrections for 12 years.\nThe Endeavour Chinese displays the months and days of the Chinese calendar, the days of the Gregorian calendar, the moon phases, and the signs of the zodiac that are associated with each Chinese year. It also calculates the 13th \"embolismic\" months added every 2 or 3 years to keep the lunar years aligned with the four seasons.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "42nd Year Anniversary Of First Man on the Moon\nIt's hard to believe but today is the 42nd Year Anniversary of the Apollo 11 landing on the Moon. Here is a play by play of the way the mission all happened from the take off to landing on the Moon to coming back to Earth. Check it out.\nHistorical Importance of the First Man on the Moon: For thousands of years, man had looked to the heavens and dreamed of walking on the moon. In 1969, as part of the Apollo 11 mission, Neil Armstrong became the very first to accomplish that dream, followed only minutes later by Buzz Aldrin. Their accomplishment placed the United States ahead of the Soviets in the Space Race and gave people around the world the hope of future space exploration.\nDates: July 20, 1969\nAlso Known As: First Moon Landing, First Man to Walk on the Moon\nCrew Aboard Apollo 11: Neil Armstrong, Edwin \"Buzz\" Aldrin, Michael Collins\nOverview of the First Man on the Moon:\nWhen the Soviet Union launched Sputnik 1 on October 4, 1957, the United States was surprised to find themselves behind in the race to space. Still behind the Soviets in the Space Race four years later, President John F. Kennedy gave inspiration and hope to the American people in his speech to Congress on May 25, 1961 in which he stated, \"I believe that this nation should commit itself to achieving the goal, before this decade is out, of landing a man on the moon and returning him safely to the earth.\"\nJust eight years later, the United States accomplished this goal by placing Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin on the moon.\nAt 9:32 a.m. on July 16, 1969, the Saturn V rocket launched Apollo 11 into the sky from Launch Complex 39A at the Kennedy Space Center in Florida. On the ground there were over 3,000 journalists, 7,000 dignitaries, and approximately a half million tourists watching this momentous occasion. The event went smoothly and as scheduled.\nAfter one-and-a-half orbits around earth, the Saturn V thrusters flared once again and the crew had to manage the delicate process of attaching the lunar module (nicknamed Eagle) onto the nose of the joined command and service module (nicknamed Columbia). Once attached, Apollo 11 left the Saturn V rockets behind as they began their three-day journey to the moon, called the translunar coast.\nA Difficult Landing\nOn July 19, at 1:28 p.m. EDT, Apollo 11 entered the moon's orbit. After spending a full day in lunar orbit, Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin boarded the lunar module and detached it from the command module for their descent to the moon's surface. As the Eagle departed, Michael Collins, who remained in the Columbia while Armstrong and Aldrin were on the moon, checked for any visual problems with the lunar module. He saw none and told the Eagle crew, \"You cats take it easy on the lunar surface.\"\nAs the Eagle headed toward the moon's surface, several different warning alarms were activated. Armstrong and Aldrin realized that the computer system was guiding them to a landing area that was strewn with boulders the size of small cars. With some last minute maneuvers, Armstrong guided the lunar module to a safe landing area. At 4:18 p.m. EDT on July 20, 1969, the landing module landed on the moon's surface in the Sea of Tranquility with only seconds of fuel left.\nArmstrong reported to the command center in Houston, \"Houston, Tranquility Base here. The Eagle has landed.\" Houston responded, \"Roger, Tranquility. We copy you on the ground. You got a bunch of guys about to turn blue. We're breathing again.\"\nWalking on the Moon\nAfter the excitement, exertion, and drama of the lunar landing, Armstrong and Aldrin spent the next six-and-a-half hours resting and then preparing themselves for their moon walk.\nAt 10:28 p.m. EDT, Armstrong turned on the video cameras. These cameras transmitted images from the moon to over half a billion people on earth who sat watching their televisions. It was phenomenal that these people were able to witness the amazing events that were unfolding hundreds of thousands of miles above them.\nNeil Armstrong was the first person out of the lunar module. He climbed down a ladder and then became the first person to set foot on the moon at 10:56 p.m. EDT. Armstrong then stated, \"That's one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind.\"\nA few minutes later, Aldrin exited the lunar module and stepped foot on the moon's surface.\nLeaving the Surface\nAlthough Armstrong and Aldrin got a chance to admire the tranquil, desolate beauty of the moon's surface, they also had a lot of work to do. NASA had sent the astronauts with a number of scientific experiments to set up and the men were to collect samples from the area around their landing site. They returned with 46 pounds of moon rocks. Armstrong and Aldrin also set up a flag of the United States.\nWhile on the moon, the astronauts received a call from President Richard Nixon. Nixon began by saying, \"Hello, Neil and Buzz. I am talking to you by telephone from the Oval Office of the White House. And this certainly has to be the most historic telephone calls ever made. I just can't tell you how proud we are of what you have done.\"\nAfter spending 21 hours and 36 minutes upon the moon (including 2 hours and 31 minutes of outside exploration), it was time for Armstrong and Aldrin to leave. To lighten their load, the two men threw out some excess materials like backpacks, moon boots, urine bags, and a camera. These fell to the moon's surface and were to remain there. Also left behind was a plaque which read, \"Here men from the planet earth first set foot upon the moon. July 1969, A.D. We came in peace for all mankind.\"\nThe lunar module blasted off from the moon's surface at 1:54 p.m. EDT on July 21, 1969. Everything went well and the Eagle re-docked with the Columbia. After transferring all of their samples onto the Columbia, the Eagle was set adrift in the moon's orbit. The Columbia, with all three astronauts back on board, then began their three day journey back to earth.\nBefore the Columbia command module entered the earth's atmosphere, it separated itself from the service module. When the capsule reached 24,000 feet, three parachutes deployed to slow down the Columbia's descent. At 12:51 p.m. EDT on July 24, the Columbia safely landed in the Pacific Ocean, southwest of Hawaii. They landed just 13 nautical miles from the U.S.S. Hornet that was scheduled to pick them up.\nOnce picked up, the three astronauts were immediately placed into quarantine for fears of possible moon germs. Three days after being retrieved, Armstrong, Aldrin, and Collins were transferred to a quarantine facility in Houston for further observation. On August 10, 1969, 17 days after splash down, the three astronauts were released from quarantine and able to return to their families.\nThe astronauts were treated like heroes on their return. They were met by President Nixon and given ticker-tape parades. These men had accomplished what men had only dared to dream for thousands of years - to walk on the moon.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "After graduating from a forestry school as a technical forester, Nikolayev then joined the Soviet Air Force in 1950. He was\nselected to join the cosmonaut team in 1960.\nNikolayev's first space flight was on Vostok 3, launched 11 August 1962.\nThis was a joint flight with Vostok 4. He set a new space endurance record of 3 days 22 hours and 22 minutes. Colour motion\npictures of Earth and the cabin interior were another highlight of his flight.\nNikolayev's second flight was in Soyuz\n9 on 1 June 1970. This flight was a long duration flight to test the effects of prolonged weightlessness on man. Due to the\ncramped conditions onboard, he had to be carried from the capsule. The flight lasted 17 days 16 hours and 59 minutes.\n1963, Nikolayev married the first woman in space, Valentina Tereshkova, but later divorced after having one daughter. He was\nthe First Deputy Head of the Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Centre.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Please login in order to download photos in full size\nIf you are not registered, please register for free: www.Free-Photos.biz/register\nPlease note to download premium images you also need to join as a free member..\nYou can also save the photos without the registration - but only in small and average sizes, and some of them will have the site's watermark. Please simply click your right mouse button and save the image.\nPlease login in order to like photos\nIf you are not registered, please register for free:\nSorry, non-members can download up to 100 full-size photos per month.\nIt looks like you have used up your limit.\nFree members can download an unlimited number of full-size photos - including the premium free photos.\nJoin as a member today for FREE! - and download the images without limitations:\nYou can also save the images without the membership - but only in small and average sizes, and some of them may have the site's watermark. Please simply click your right mouse button and save the image.\nIf you are a member, please login in order to see the source link of the above image.\nEnglish: This infrared image from NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope shows the Rosette nebula, a pretty star-forming region more than 5,000 light-years away in the constellation Monoceros. In optical light, the nebula looks like a rosebud, or the \"rosette\" adornments that date back to antiquity.\nBut lurking inside this delicate cosmic rosebud are so-called planetary \"danger zones\" (see five spheres). These zones surround super hot stars, called O-stars (blue stars inside spheres), which give off intense winds and radiation. Young, cooler stars that just happen to reside within one of these zones are in danger of having their dusty planet-forming materials stripped away.\nRadiation and winds from the super hot stars have collectively blown layers of dust (green) and gas away, revealing the cavity of cooler dust (red). The largest two blue stars in this picture are in the foreground, and not in the nebula itself.\nWhile O-star danger zones were known about before, their parameters were not. Astronomers used Spitzer's infrared vision to survey the extent of the five danger zones shown here. The results showed that young stars lying beyond 1.6 light-years, or 10 trillion miles, of any O-stars are safe, while young stars within this zone are likely to have their potential planets blasted into space.This image shows infrared light captured by Spitzer's infrared array camera. Light with wavelengths of 24 microns is red; light of 8 microns is green; and light of 4.5 microns is blue.\n|Author||NASA/JPL-Caltech/Z. Balog (Univ. of Arizona/Univ. of Szeged)|\n(Reusing this file)\n|This file is in the public domain because it was solely created by NASA. NASA copyright policy states that \"NASA material is not protected by copyright unless noted\". (See Template:PD-USGov, NASA copyright policy page or JPL Image Use Policy.)||\n|Orientation of image||1|\n|Image resolution in width direction||300|\n|Image resolution in height direction||300|\n|Unit of X and Y resolution||2|\n|Color space information||1|\n|Exif image width||3000|\n|Exif image length||2400|\n|Software used||Adobe Photoshop CS3 Macintosh|\nSee some ads as well as other free photos:\nWhile the copyright and licensing information supplied for each photo is believed to be accurate, Free-Photos.biz does not provide any warranty regarding the copyright status or correctness of licensing terms. If you decide to reuse the images from Free-Photos.biz, you should verify the copyright status of each image just as you would when obtaining images from other sources.\nThe use of depictions of living or deceased persons may be restricted in some jurisdictions by laws regarding personality rights. Such images are exhibited at Free-Photos.biz as works of art that serve higher artistic interests.\nBy registering your account and/or by subscribing to new and newly rated photographs you agree we may send you the links to photos and we may occasionally share other information with you.\nWe do NOT disclose your personal data.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Wednesday, December 25, 2013\nA crystal pyramid, faceted creation\nOf pressure, heat and imagination,\nFrozen purity, a trap for light with five sides,\nWhere reflection upon infinity resides.\nIn total darkness it sleeps in oblivion,\nBut a single candle ignites a refraction,\nCarving light into color in serrated planes,\nOnly as rigid as the stillness of the flame.\nBut a camera flash, like a blast of insight,\nWill bury color at its heart and leave a blight\nOf vacant lines as each facet locks to the next,\nLike pages in a closed book obliterate text.\nLet the sun burst it red, orange, yellow and blue,\nThen open your eyes, take your time, and think things through.\nTwo Men Contemplating the Moon (Caspar David Friedrich)\nWe can see the moon, but not its eclipse.\nWe drink the coldest stars with little sips;\nVenus, a tear on the horizon's cheek;\nMars bleeds; the Dipper, wan and weak,\nContains an empty trapezoid.\nThe Milky Way flows nowhere from the void.\nThis night, we want nothing to learn.\nOur regrets leak from a cracked urn\nOf lust and yearning we fling at the stars.\nShattered, it forms constellations of scars.\nThe lunar eclipse, the earth's one moment\nOf triumph over the universe's intent --\nWe grow no brighter by dimming the sun.\nWe leave chastened. There's so much to be done.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Celestial jewellery, romantic winter escapes, and a $3,000 giveaway - all in this week's Bridal Buzz!\nFrom guiding our boats across oceans to foreign shores, to helping us envision our destiny, there has always been a close and magical relationship between humanity and the stars. In light of the impending Māori New Year, we were inspired by the team at Zoe and Morgan to look to the skies to spot Matariki, the Māori name for a small cluster of stars visible from New Zealand in the last days of May or early in June. Also known as the Seven Sisters, this special constellation heralds great significance to the Zoe and Morgan team and is the design influence behind their Map of an Invisible World collection, available now. Model wears Seven Sisters Earrings, $184; Milky Way of Diamonds Ring, $3675; Milky Way Ring, $131; and Shooting Star Ring, $273.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Wednesday, October 14, 2009\nNASA and Russian Space Agency Administrators Meet http://bit.ly/5czIs http://bit.ly/sivZ8,\" is from waybis (10/5/09).\"Strapped NASA might need global space partners http://j.mp/50TYe http://bit.ly/1465qC via,\" is from waybis (10/3/09).\"Panel’s report threatens NASA’s mission: A report suggesting NASA’s space travel goals are too ambitious is jeop.. http://bit.ly/325hF3,\" is from The Hill (9/10/09).\"The full Final Report is still being prepared and will be released when complete,\" is from the NASA HSF [Augustine] Committee (9/9/09).\"See the NEW Hubble images online now: www.nasa.gov/hubble,\" is from NASA (9/9/09).", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "How the Moon Disappeared\nIt was lost, with no trail to follow back home. It began to worry that the predator stalking it would make a meal out of its fur and flesh.\nYet, when it looked up at the skies, it was fascinated by the light showering from everywhere.\nIt was the moon, the round, rocky thing hanging like a puppet held by an invisible string.\nTonight, it appeared with sharpen edges. A crescent moon! Who wouldn’t be captivated by this magnificent thing? Beheld by its enormous shape, the rabbit leapt to the sky and take hold of the moon as if it was its own.\nIt dragged the moon by its tip, and pranced to nowhere. It was thievery!\nThe village of Bellevedere was put into chaos since then. Witches began to doubt if they could still practice the congregation, a summoning of their powers.\nDanger then stalked around Mudwick, only because of a silly, little rabbit who found the moon so beautiful it couldn’t help but took it from the sky.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Investigation of the Radiation Environment in Deep Space and Its Effect on Spacecraft Materials Properties\nIn the deep space exploration activities, the spacecraft would travel through the interplanetary space and arrive at other planets. The vehicles would be exposed to the harmful space environments during traveling or while orbiting the planet. The radiation environment is one of the most important environmental factors that would affect the spacecraft performance. The radiation environment in the interplanetary space, as well as on Jupiter, Saturn and Mars is described in this paper. Radiation in the interplanetary space consists of galactic cosmic rays and solar protons. Because Jupiter has the strongest magnetic field in the Solar system, the particle energy in its radiation belt is ten times that of the Earth’s radiation belt and its flux is a few orders of magnitude larger than at the Earth. In this harmful radiation environment, many of the materials used in the vehicle design would suffer significant properties degradation or failure. Also the effects of these severe radiation environments on vehicle materials are analyzed in this paper.\nKeywordsDeep space Radiation environment Spacecraft material Effect Mars Jupiter Saturn\n- 1.Atwell W (2007) Radiation environments for deep-space missions and exposure estimates. In: AIAA SPACE 2007 conference & exposition, 18–20 Sept, Long Beach, CAGoogle Scholar\n- 2.Tripathi RK, Nealy JE (2007) Mars radiation risk assessment and shielding design for long-term exposure to ionizing space radiation. Nov 23Google Scholar\n- 3.Atwell W (2003) Solar Proton event observations at Mars with MARIE: an update. Space. 23–25 Sept, Long Beach, CAGoogle Scholar\n- 4.Garrett HB, Levin SM and Bolton SJ (2005) A revised model of Jupiter’s inner electron belts: updating the divine radiation model. Geophys Res lett 32: L04104. doi: 10.1029/2004, GL021986Google Scholar", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Pluto and the Dwarf Planets\nSince its discovery in 1906, Pluto held the title of the 9th planet from the Sun. In 2006, Pluto was demoted after the discovery of 2 large planetoids orbiting nearby. The decision came down to adding 2 new planets or removing Pluto. In the end, it was decided that Pluto and the new planetoids should form a new group called the dwarf planets.\nPlanet vs. Dwarf Planet\nWHAT IS A DWARF PLANET ANYWAYS?\n|Orbits the Sun and isn’t a moon||✓||✓|\n|Enough mass to hold a spherical shape||✓||✓|\n|Orbital path is cleared of other objects||✓||✗|\nIN OTHER WORDS…\nThe main difference between a planet and a dwarf planet is that dwarf planets orbit within debris fields. Pluto lies within the Kuiper belt, similar to the asteroid belt in that there are a large number of objects orbiting within the same space.\nThe Dwarf Planets\nDON’T THINK OF IT AS LOSING A PLANET, BUT AS GAINING A DWARF PLANET (OR FIVE)\nCeres – 963 km across\nThe largest asteroid and smallest known dwarf planet\nPluto – 2,370 km across\nThe largest dwarf planet, has 5 moons\nMakemake – 1,434 km across\nAppears to be red in color\nEris – 2,326 km across\nAlmost as large as Pluto, has one known moon\nHaumea – 1,920 km x 990 km across\nRotates once every 4 hours, so fast its shape is stretched into an oblong sphere. Two known moons.\nAsteroid & Kuiper Belts\nHOME OF THE DWARF PLANETS\nHome to the dwarf planet Ceres which contains about a quarter of the entire mass of the asteroid belt. The asteroids are thought to be leftover material from a planet that failed to form due to gravitational disturbances from Jupiter.\nThe Kuiper belt lies beyond Neptune and appears to be doughnut-shaped. The rest of the dwarf planets reside here.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "For those who have not already seen it, the next two weeks present an opportunity to witness a unique event – a very close conjunction between Jupiter and Saturn.\n“Conjunction” is the term astronomers used to describe two astronomical objects or spacecraft having either the same right ascension or the same ecliptic longitude, and thus when seen from Earth, appear to be close together.\nWith the planets, such events are not especially rare – in fact as they and the Earth circle the Sun, conjunctions between Jupiter and Saturn tend to occur once every 20 years. However, most of these only see Jupiter and Saturn close to around one degree of one another, or about one-fifth the diameter of the Moon as seen from Earth. But sometimes they appear to get much closer, creating what is referred to as a “great conjunction”. This year, the two planets will appear to be just 6 arc minutes apart as seen from Earth on December 21st, 2020; so “close” (remembering that their respective orbits around the Sun will still be separated by 883 million km), they will almost, but not quite, appear as a single point of light when seen with the naked eye.\nThese “great conjunctions” occur, on average, once every 300-400 years, although such is the nature of orbital mechanics, they can actually occasionally occur more frequently, or have longer time gaps between them. As it is, the last time Jupiter and Saturn appeared as close as the will be between December 20th and 22nd was in 1623, not long after Galileo had observed both planets – although he was unable to witness the event, as the rising Sun would have rendered them invisible in its glare.\nWhat is most rare is a close conjunction that occurs in our night time sky. I think it’s fair to say that such an event typically may occur just once in any one person’s lifetime, and I think ‘once in my lifetime’ is a pretty good test of whether something merits being labelled as rare or special.\nAstronomer David Weintraub\nHowever, the two planets can appear to be much closer. In 1226, and in the skies over the Mongol Empire, when the planets appear to be just 2 arc minutes apart.\nTracing these great conjunctions back in time reveals that Jupiter and Saturn may well have played a role in the legend of the Star of Bethlehem. In 7 B.C. not one, but three great conjunctions occurred, with the two planets again being within 2 arc minutes of one another as seen from Earth.\nThe first occurred in May of that year, when Jupiter and Saturn appeared as a morning star over the middle east. As the Magi were practitioners of (among other things) astronomy and astrology – both at that time pretty much joined at the hip – such an event may well have caused them to start out on their long journey towards Judea, the second conjunction, in September of the year, encouraging them to continue. The third conjunction occurred in December, 7 B.C., the time at which they were said to have met with Herod the Great.\nThis year’s conjunction will be not long after sunset, with the two planets located low over the south-west horizon. With a reasonable telescope or good pair of binoculars, you’ll have an ideal opportunity to see both planets and their major moons in the same field of view. Should you do so, you’ll be looking at over 90% of the planetary mass of the entire solar system.\nBeyond the 21st, the two planets will gradually move “apart” as noted, until by the 25th December, they’ll be separated in the night sky by roughly the diameter of a full Moon, and will continue to draw apart relative to Earth as they pass below the horizon.\nAnd if you miss this close conjunction between the two, the next will be along in a relatively (and unusually) short period, occurring on March 15th 2080. The next time they’ll be as apparently close as they were in 7 B.C. will be on Christmas Day, 2874.\nChang’e 5 Returns Samples\nChina’s Chang’e 5 lunar sample return mission has successfully delivered its cargo of lunar samples to Earth, where they have been recovered and transported for analysis.\nAs I’ve previously reported, Chang’e 5 was launched on November 23rd on what was to be a mission of up to 23 days in length, in which it would send two vehicles – a lander and an ascender – to the surface of the lunar nearside at Mons Rümker in Oceanus Procellarum (Ocean of Storms), a relatively “young” part of the Moon in an a to collect samples of lunar material from up to 2 metres below the surface for return to Earth and analysis.\nFollowing a safe landing on Monday, November 30th, the lander / ascender successfully gathered the desired samples, and after the lander has completed a number of other tasks, the ascender used it as a launch platform to return to orbit and a rendezvous with the orbiter / sample return capsule combination. Docking with the latter, the ascender transferred the container with its precious cargo to the capsule, and was then jettisoned, later crashing back into the Moon.\nThen on Saturday December 12th, and after waiting for the optimal return window to open, the two remaining elements of Chang’e 5 started back to Earth, a low-speed journey that took the vehicles 4 days to complete. On approaching Earth on December 16th, the return capsule detached from the orbiter and performed an initial “skip” into the upper atmosphere before bouncing back out into space very briefly, like a stone skipping the water of a pond. This manoeuvre allowed the capsule to slow itself in an aerobraking manoeuvre before it re-entered the atmosphere once more, this time passing through re-entry before deploying its parachutes to land in the Siziwang district of the Inner Mongolia region.\nFollowing recovery, the capsule and cargo were whisked to Beijing to begin the process of disassembly and analysis.\nAs our nation’s mostly complex and technically ground-breaking space mission, Chang’e 5 has achieved multiple technical breakthroughs … and represents a landmark achievement.\n– China National Space Administration\nThe spacecraft’s return marked the first time scientists have obtained fresh samples of lunar rocks since the former Soviet Union’s Luna 24 robot probe in 1976. As with the 382 kg of lunar samples brought back by U.S. astronauts from 1969 to 1972, Chang’e 5’s payload will be analysed for age and composition and is expected to be shared with other countries. Given the samples are much “younger” than the samples returned by Apollo by around 3 billion years, it is hoped the Chang’e 5 samples will help scientists better understand the history of the Moon.\nA FAST Response to the Loss of Arecibo\nFollowing the catastrophic loss of the Arecibo radio observatory (see Space Sunday: returns and a collapse), China is to open its own radio telescope array to international use.\nFAST, the Five-hundred-metre Aperture Spherical Telescope, took the crown of the world’s largest radio telescope from the 305-metre Arecibo in 2016, when its five-year construction officially came to a close, and the array commenced a 3-year testing an commissioning programme that was completed at the start of 2020.\nNot only is FAST bigger than Arecibo, as I reported at the time of its completion, it is far more sensitive in certain areas, and more capable in terms of its pointing capability. In fact, it is so sensitive, despite being located in a remote area of Guizhou Province in south-west China, it required the paid relocation of over 9,000 local villagers and the introduction of a 5-km wide exclusion zone around it to prevent even the output of modest microwave ovens from upsetting its instruments.\nChina will start accepting proposals for using the telescope from scientist and astronomers around the world starting in early 2021, with this first invitations to attend the facility being awarded later in the year.\nLong March 8 Set to Fly\nAs I’m writing this piece, China is making final preparations to conduct a test launch of their latest launch vehicle: the Long March 8.\nDeveloped from the Long March 7, the new vehicle is designed to lift a maximum of 5 tonnes to geosynchronous transfer orbits (GTO) or 2.8 tonnes to a Sun-synchronous orbit (SSO). Like all of China’s new Long March launch systems, it is designed to be “environment friendly”, burning a much cleaner mix of fuels – kerosene and liquid oxygen in all of its motors.\nHowever, the most interesting aspect of the launcher is that the core stage is intended to be reusable. While this won’t be the case for the first flight, future launches will see the core stage of the rocket making a return to Earth and a landing on a floating platform a-la the SpaceX Falcon 9. However, the Long March 8 core will return with its strap-on boosters still attached, allowing them to also be reused.\nFor the test flight, the core stage will not be recovered, however, it will carry a classified Chinese government payload, alongside commercial satellites – Long March 8 is also designed to compete in the growing commercial launch services market.\nHow to See an Exoplanet\nIn the last several decades, we have discovered thousand exoplanets orbiting other stars, and through various means, we’ve been able to assess many of them in terms of their size, mass, potential composition (gas giant, solid rocky world), the potential for them to have an atmosphere and its possible composition, and so on.\nThe one thing that remains difficult is directly imaging them, particularly the more Earth-like, solid worlds, simply because they are too small to be adequately imaged in the detail we would like. In fact, to directly image any Earth-sized exoplanet up to 100 light years away at just one or two pixels resolution, we would need a telescope with a primary mirror approximately 90 km in diameter. And even then, in order to obtain a good signal-to-noise ratio and actually resolve any real surface details, it would need several thousand years of careful image processing.\nHowever, physicists lead by Slava G. Turyshev at the Jet Proplusion laboratory, have postulated a novel approach that could potentially reveal the surfaces of exoplanets relatively close to us at resolutions where surface details could be seen – by using the Sun in what is called Solar Gravitational Lensing (SGL).\nAs Einstein predicted, gravity is all-pervasive, affecting everything it encounters – including light, which it can bend and focus. Astronomers have used the effect in what is called gravitational lensing to reveal information about very distant objects – such as galaxies – by focusing and amplifying them using the gravity of a closer, massive object (such as another galaxy).\nUp until now, gravitational lensing hasn’t required precise focusing; rather, by “bending” the light of those distant objects using the gravitational well of a closer object, astronomers have created “Einstein rings”, circles, arcs and crosses of light that appear around the “lensing object”, which can then be analysed across the full light spectrum to reveal information about the originating object.\nIn their paper, Turyshev and his colleagues propose taking the idea a stage further – using the Sun’s massive, and local gravity well as the primary “mirror” in a giant “telescope”, allowing it to focus the light reflected by exoplanets on a point in deep space, where it could be received by a robotic imaging system..\nDoing so would allow astronomers to view a planet like Proxima b, 4.2 light years away, at a equivalent resolution 0f 1024×1024 pixels. While this may not sound particularly high, with proper post-processing, it could reveal a lot about the terrain and conditions on that world – and even, by revealing any lights on the part of the planet in shadow,tell us if some kind of civilisation lives there.\nHowever, there is are several catches to this idea. The first is that such is the size of the Sun, the use of SGL means that the receiving imaging system would need to be an average of 550 AU (astronomical units – the average distance between the Earth and the Sun) away from the Sun. That’s about four times the distance from Earth to Voyager 1, the most distant man-made object from this planet.\nThe second is that at this distance, the imaging receiver would be well beyond our ability to maintain it, should it encounter operational issues. Plus, it would be facing towards the Sun, and so the light from any exoplanet would be obliterated by sunlight, and any data on a distant planet subject to possible spherical aberrations. None of these problems are insurmountable – a suitable ion drive system could help the receiver reach the desired distance from the Sun, while the sunlight issue could be resolved by using a coronagraph, and any aberrations in the image could be carefully processed out – although Turyshev’s team note that any image post-processing is liable to be on the order of a year or more to complete.\nEven so, such a capability would be an invaluable tool for astronomy and astrobiology, and the study suggests that, with suitable funding over the next couple of decades, together with the time needed to get the receiver out into interstellar space, an SGL “telescope” could be operational before the end of this century.\nIn the next 10-15 years we will discover thousands of new exoplanets by using indirect methods (transit spectroscopy, radial velocity, astrometry, microlensing, etc.). Once we have a set of exciting targets, SGL will help us to study them. We could launch a mission towards the focal region of the SGL for a particular target and study this pre-selected target or target system.\n– Slava G. Turyshev", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "As the instruments we send into space get increasingly complex and are able to collect larger amounts of data, we need a more efficient way to send that data back to Earth. The current space communication system uses radio-based communications, with agencies like NASA gradually moving to higher and higher frequencies to squeeze more data into a transmission. But for the next generation of space instrument, we’ll need a communication system that can handle even more data, and that’s where lasers come in.\nLaser communications, also known as optical communications, allows instruments to send larger amounts of data like 4K videos or months of scientific analysis back to Earth. It could increase the amount of data that can be be sent by between 10 and 100 times compared to current systems. To illustrate what that means, NASA explains: “It would take roughly nine weeks to transmit a complete map of Mars back to Earth with current radio frequency systems. With lasers, it would take about nine days.”\nNASA recently announced it will be launching a demonstration of this laser communications technology later this summer, in a mission called the Laser Communications Relay Demonstration (LCRD).\n“LCRD will demonstrate all of the advantages of using laser systems and allow us to learn how to use them best operationally,” said Principal Investigator David Israel at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in a statement “With this capability further proven, we can start to implement laser communications on more missions, making it a standardized way to send and receive data.”\nTo test out laser communications, LCRD will be launched into geosynchronous orbit around 22,000 miles above the planet in June. For the first two years of its mission, it will test out communications with various experiments involving sending data back and forth between the ground station in California and Hawaii. As laser communications can be blocked by clouds, NASA needs to figure out what the effects of various kinds of atmospheric disturbance will be on the communications system. After these two years are up, LCRD will start sending and receiving information to and from current space missions.\n- Watch NASA’s capsule with asteroid samples hurtling to Earth\n- NASA’s Artemis moon astronauts suit up for mission practice run\n- NASA astronaut describes record-breaking space stay as an ‘incredible challenge’\n- Pollution-tracking NASA satellite shares its first images of air quality\n- NASA eyes weather for Friday’s Crew-7 launch. Here’s how it’s looking", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Northrop Grumman has been advancing propulsion technology since 1958. Our earliest work involved cold gas, heated gas, and liquid bipropellant and monopropellant rockets and boosters; we continue to further these technologies today. For example, Northrop Grumman was selected in May 2001 by NASA to be one of the developers of new propulsion technology for potential use on next-generation launch and space transportation vehicles.\nWe have been developing electric propulsion since the 1970s and have made recent world-class advances in gel propellant propulsion.\nOur fundamental research and development has been applied to a range of flight hardware for a wide range of space missions. Recent flight successes of propulsion systems have included NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory, the Army's gel-powered FMTI missile, and a SCAT-powered spacecraft.\nBooster Vehicle Engines\nNorthrop Grumman is developing booster vehicle engines that will provide low-cost access to space.\nBased on Northrop Grumman's pintle engine technology, Northrop Grumman's 650,000-pound thrust TR-106 engine is one of the largest liquid rockets ever built. It has been successfully test fired at 100 percent of its rated thrust as well as at 65 percent throttle condition in tests at NASA's John C. Stennis Space Center.\nDesigned as a simple, easy-to-manufacture, low cost engine, the TR-106 has parts made from common steel alloys using standard industrial fabrication techniques, uses ablative cooling techniques in place of more expensive regenerative cooling, and features the least complex type of rocket propellant injector a single element coaxial pintle injector. The pintle injector contains only five parts (excluding seals, attachment nuts, bolts and washers).\nNorthrop Grumman has been developing selected electric propulsion technologies and systems since the 1970s. A Northrop Grumman-developed arcjet system, launched in 1999, is the highest power (30kW) electric propulsion system flown to date. The company is now developing a 200 W Hall propulsion system to support a demonstration of formation-flying three satellites.\nElectric propulsion can be used for multiple types of in-space missions, from inserting spacecraft into specific orbits to repositioning spacecraft, stationkeeping, and constellation management. Electric thrusters have much higher specific impulse than chemical thrusters, and provide two to three times more fuel efficiency. Higher fuel efficiency means less propellant is needed on-board, allowing spacecraft designers to reduce overall spacecraft weight and launch costs or to add more weight and capability to the payload.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Despite facing heartbreaking setbacks from the last-minute failure in soft-landing (far side of lunar surface) of the Vikram lander of the Chandrayaan-2 mission, the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) is all set to perform India’s first-ever space docking experiment (SPADEX) next year, as reported by Hindu Businessline.\nThe complex experiment would involve two separate satellites linking with each other in the space physically. The two satellites will be launched to space on board an indigenously made PSLV rocket.\nThe successful execution of the SPADEX will make way for India’s successful plans to have its own space station similar to the International Space Station (ISS) revolving the planet Earth. After that, the space station would then serve as a laboratory in the space.\nISRO chief Dr K Sivan added that India’s premier space research body is working hard to take up the space station project after the completion of the prestigious Gaganyaan project, under which 3 Indian astronauts will be sent to space, for which the work has already started.\nThe project is to be carried out before 2022-23 end when would be celebrating its 75th year of independence. According to Dr Sivan, the Gaganyaan project is expected to happen in December 2021.\n(With inputs from Swarajyamag)", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "The origin of how the Universe created its voids and filaments can now be studied inside seconds after researchers developed a man-made intelligence instrument known as Darkish Emulator.\nDevelopments in telescopes have enabled researchers to check the Universe with larger element, and to ascertain a typical cosmological mannequin that explains numerous observational information concurrently. However there are lots of issues researchers nonetheless don’t perceive. Remarkably, the vast majority of the Universe is made up of darkish matter and darkish vitality, of which nobody has been capable of establish their nature. A promising avenue to unravel these mysteries is the construction of the Universe. At present’s Universe is made up of filaments the place galaxies cluster collectively and appear to be threads from far-off, and voids the place there seems to be nothing (picture 1). The invention of the cosmic microwave background has given researchers a snapshot of what the Universe seemed like near its starting, and understanding how its construction developed to what it’s at this time would reveal precious traits about what darkish matter and darkish vitality is.\nA group of researchers, together with Kyoto College Yukawa Institute for Theoretical Physics Venture Affiliate Professor Takahiro Nishimichi, and Kavli Institute for the Physics and Arithmetic of the Universe (Kavli IPMU) Principal Investigator Masahiro Takada, used the world’s quickest astrophysical simulation supercomputers ATERUI and ATERUI II to develop the Darkish Emulator. Utilizing the emulator on information recorded by a number of of the world’s largest observational surveys permits researchers to check potentialities regarding the origin of cosmic constructions, and the way darkish matter distribution might have modified over time.\n“We constructed a very giant database utilizing a supercomputer, which took us three years to complete, however now we will recreate it on a laptop computer in a matter of seconds. I really feel like there may be nice potential in information science. Utilizing this consequence, I hope we will work our means in direction of uncovering the best thriller of contemporary physics, which is to uncover what darkish vitality is. I additionally assume this methodology we’ve developed might be helpful in different fields corresponding to pure sciences or social sciences,” says lead creator Nishimichi.\nThis instrument makes use of a side of synthetic intelligence known as machine studying. By altering a number of vital traits of the Universe, corresponding to these of darkish matter and darkish vitality, ATERUI and ATERUI II have created a whole bunch of digital Universes. Darkish Emulator learns from the information, and guesses outcomes for brand new units of traits with out having to create completely new simulations each time. When testing the ensuing instrument with real-life surveys, it was capable of efficiently predict weak gravitational lensing results within the Hyper Suprime-Cam survey, together with the three-dimensional galaxy distribution patterns recorded within the Sloan Digital Sky Survey to inside 2 to three % accuracy, in a matter of seconds. In comparison, running simulations individually through a supercomputer without the AI, would take several days.\nThe researchers hope to apply their tool using data from upcoming surveys in the 2020s, enabling deeper studies of the origin of the Universe.\nDetails of their study were published in the Astrophysical Journal on October 8, 2019.\nReference: “Dark Quest. I. Fast and Accurate Emulation of Halo Clustering Statistics and Its Application to Galaxy Clustering” by Takahiro Nishimichi, Masahiro Takada, Ryuichi Takahashi, Ken Osato, Masato Shirasaki, Taira Oogi, Hironao Miyatake, Masamune Oguri, Ryoma Murata, Yosuke Kobayashi and Naoki Yoshida, 8 October 2019, The Astrophysical Journal.\nLeave a Reply", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Stellar Space Activity Pack\nIncludes FREE UK shipping. Internationl delivery available. Despatched within 48 hours.\nExplore the wondrous world of stars and planets with the Space activity pack, a unique journey that unveils the secrets and wonders of the universe, one of the most intriguing frontiers known to humankind.\nFree UK Delivery\nPay in £, US$, CA$, AU$, €\nUnearth the mysteries of space with this specially curated Space activity pack. Dive into exploration as you discover the fascinating world of astronomers, astronauts, planets and the technological marvels of the Space Race. This activity pack offers engaging activities, fun puzzles and a time-travelling story that will transport you beyond the Earth's atmosphere and into the cosmic realm. Crafted with imagination and accuracy, this pack will ignite your love for discovery and bring the captivating wonders of space right to your fingertips. Order now and become the astronaut of your very own cosmic adventure!\nillustrated 50-page time-travelling adventure brings the history to life.\n28 pages of fun facts, puzzles & activities.\nThemed stickers for world map, timeline, and fun.\n|Bookmark with Timeline||\nTrack historical events with your bookmark.\n|Free World Map with interactive Timeline||\nExplore how global events are connected across history.\n|Time Machine Packaging||\nSpark imagination from the moment it arrives!", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "I was a poor PhD student at Cambridge when one day I came upon Stephen Hawking’s inaugural lecture Is the end in sight for theoretical physics?\nin a second-hand bookshop.\nBeing a life-long bibliophile, I immediately recognized how rare this book was. It was the lecture that Stephen Hawking gave when he was inducted into the prestigious Lucasian Professorship (a chair which had been once held by Sir Isaac Newton and Paul Dirac, the eminent quantum physicist).\nIt was the first edition, and until then it has never been reprinted. It is an old Cambridge tradition to “inaugurate” a professorship with a special lecture.\nHawking’s lecture, which was delivered in 1980, was especially provocative because he was predicting that an eleven-dimensional theory known as supergravity was going to solve the fundamental problems of theoretical physics.\nIt turned out that his optimism was premature, and years later when I was a student at Cambridge he gave part two of his famous lecture.\nMy string theory lecturer, Malcolm Perry, who was one of Hawking’s first PhD students (and who would become my PhD supervisor) had to reschedule his class so he could attend the lecture, complaining loudly that he wished Stephen had gotten it right the first time around!\nAnyway, back to my story. The book was about 10 pounds or so, and way too expensive for my poor wallet. Yet I bought it and kept it carefully packed away with my stuff.\nStephen Hawking was the head of my research group at Cambridge, and academically my grandfather (his PhD student was my supervisor), and we got used to seeing him every day\nStephen Hawking was the head of my research group at Cambridge, and academically my grandfather (his PhD student was my supervisor), and we got used to seeing him every day. He would pay for the lunch for the gravitational physics group lunch seminars on Friday. Many of the students in the department attended because of the free pizzas and chicken wings, and he took us out to his favourite Thai restaurant once a year.\nOften at department parties, he would get bored of talking to the bigwigs and just come and hang out with the students.\nIn 2002, right before I graduated and left Cambridge, I finally got up the courage to go and thank him during a party. He smiled and his then-wife and I made small talk. Eventually, I asked if he would autograph his Inaugural Lecture\nHe agreed, and in a day or two, I had his autograph on what would become my most prized and valuable possession. But his secretary had also inserted a smiling photo of him printed on copyright paper.\nI love that photo with his impish smile and a copy of Marilyn Monroe’s biography. Stephen really loved Marilyn Monroe.\nPerhaps Stephen’s greatest contribution to physics was his groundbreaking work on black holes. His early work on black holes established that black holes, like other large physical systems in the universe, satisfy the laws of thermodynamics.\nThe traditional understanding of black holes was that they would, due to their enormous gravity, suck up everything but would not emit anything. A black hole is surrounded by an event horizon, which is an imaginary surface beyond which nothing could return.\nEventually by using quantum theory on the vicinity of black holes, Stephen Hawking showed that black holes will emit radiation and that eventually because of this radiation, the black hole will evaporate and vanish.\nHowever, for realistic black holes in our universe, the time that it would take for a black hole to evaporate completely would be longer than the life-time of our universe.\nEven though it is unlikely that we would see a black hole evaporate any time soon, Hawking’s result caused an uproar in the physics world.\nTibra Ali works on string theory and cosmology.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Is there life in the universe? And if there is life, is there intelligent life in the universe? A cursory search of planet Earth may lead you to conclude that there is life; but whether it is truly intelligent or not is yet to be determined.\nI mean, really, look at the evidence: pollution, crime, violence, war, nuclear weapons, biological warfare, chemical weapons, insatiable greed, overpopulation, species elimination, self indulgence, celebrities, MP3 players vomiting rap music, and gigantic speakers in cars blasting heavy bass with filthy lyrics.\nI could stop there and think I will as I believe that I have made my point; and instead, turn my attention to the larger universe in hope of finding sanity in the seeming chaos of Creation.\nThe question, “Are we alone in the universe?” has probably haunted humans since they first looked up into a black night sky with innumerable sparkling lights in awesome wonder. So it has been until recent decades when man has begun to apply his intelligence and imagination in new ways to the accumulated knowledge and observation of centuries.\nFrank Drake, an astronomer at Cornell University was such a man, and devised a mathematical model for estimating the statistical probability of intelligent life evolving upon other planets and the possibility of communicating with it. His formula, appropriately named after him, states that:\nN = the number of civilizations in our galaxy with which communication might be possible;\nR* = the average rate of star formation per year in our galaxy\nfp = the fraction of those stars that have planets\nne = the average number of planets that can potentially support life per star that has planets\nfℓ = the fraction of the above that actually go on to develop life at some point\nfi = the fraction of the above that actually go on to develop intelligent life\nfc = the fraction of civilizations that develop a technology that releases detectable signs of their existence into space\nL = the length of time such civilizations release detectable signals into space\nThe great thing about this formula is that you can provide your own numbers. Scientists estimate approximately 200 billion stars exist in the Milky Way Galaxy, and that was before recent speculation that brown dwarf stars may be much more prolific than previously thought; increasing the number of stars, and therefore, the number of possible planets where intelligent life might arise.\nOnce you have estimated the number of possible planets in the Milky Way Galaxy that could conceivably host intelligent life and create a civilization that is both detectable and is technologically advanced enough to communicate across the vast distances of space; then you can multiply that result by the estimated 100 billion galaxies in the Universe to determine whether intelligent life exists somewhere else.\nFortunately, and statistically, it must: a triumph of consciousness if it does.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "With 1 down, 1 flying, and several more coming, the Chang'e program is starting off with strong successes. The Chang'E-1 mission mapped the entire moon in microwaves, with data presented at the European Planetary Sciences Congress conference last month (September 2010).\nRadar observations of the Moon are unable to provide thermal information, and microwave observations taken from Earth cannot reach the far side of the moon. So Chang'E-1's (CE-1) orbit was conducted at an altitude of 200km (124 miles) and allowed it to observe every location of the moon with a nadir view and at high spatial resolution.\n|ChangE'1 microwave (temperature) map of the entire Moon |\nAnd what's their ultimate goal? Awesomeness, with extra awesome sauce: to land a person on the moon.\n\"The most fundamental task for human beings' space exploration is to research on human origins and find a way for mankind to live and develop sustainably,\" said Qian Weiping, chief designer of the Chang'e-2 mission's tracking and control system.It seems there are 4 Chang'e missions in the works. I would say their main competition is the Lunar X-Prize: $30 million to the first private company to land a robot on the moon.\nWe live in an age where multiple nations are fighting to conquer space, in peaceful competition, while a nascent commercial space flight industry tests whether to throw its hand into the game as well. We already have all the knowledge from the 70s explorations and onward. This new space race is no longer a question of technology, but of will power. Space will belong to those who realize its worth.\nLaunching Project Calliope, sponsored by Science 2.0, in 2011\nNews every Tuesday at The Satellite Diaries, every Friday at the Daytime Astronomer", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Blazing a trail of primordial dust\n|(l-r) Professsor McDonnell and Professor Taylor outside Halley's former house in Oxford|\n|Comets played a role\nin the origins of life on Earth and might equally bring about its\nend. This view of these spectacular heavenly visitors was expressed\nby Professor Tony McDonnell of the University of Kent, giving the\neighty-eighth Halley Lecture in the\nIn contrast to the ancient belief that comets were harbingers of fate or the souls of the great departed, the prevalent view today is that comets are made up of debris from the primordial cloud from which the main bodies of the solar system, the sun, and the planets formed. As pristine examples of the primordial material from which the Earth was made, and some if not all of our atmosphere derived, comets are the focus of much research, including unmanned space missions such as Giotto, Stardust, and Rosetta.\nThe Halley Lecture was instituted at Oxfordalma mater and home to the eponymous seventeenth-century meteorologist, oceanographer, and planetary astronomerin 1910, one of the years in which the comet, whose return he famously predicted in 1705, travelled close to the earth.\nProfessor McDonnell was one of the leading academics involved in planning and monitoring the 1986 Giotto mission to Halley's comet. During the lecture, he showed a remarkable film of the nucleus of the comet, as seen from the spacecraft. Made of a material resembling frozen soil, the nucleus is a potato-shaped object about fifteen miles long. Jets of gas and dust streaming from it give rise to the spectacular tail, millions of miles long, which we see from Earth. Comet Hale-Bopp provided a similar spectacle earlier this year.\nThe lecture, organised by Professor Fred Taylor, Head of the Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Planetary Physics Department, was preceded this year by a meeting of fifty top UK planetary scientists. Under discussion was the new Rosetta mission to comet Wirtanena recent research focus for the Oxford department.\nFollowing the lecture, Oxford's planetary physicists and their guests visited Halley's house in Queen's Lane and the Turf Tavern, assumed to be a hostelry frequented by the great astronomer.\n|Other news stories this week:|\n| This week's News Home Page | This week's Gazette Home Page | University Home Page |", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "A large microwave Type Ⅳ radio burst associated with CMEwas observed withPhoenix I Corona Radio Spectrometer of Yunnan Observatory on December 16,1988 as an accompanying event. atom 0826 to 0941 UT, a long period oscillation of 12.1 minutes occurred among five main peaks on three wave bands. Ashort periodoscillation of 1.2 minutes appeared among six subpeaks on first main peak. Onthe basis of Beijing Huairou magnetogram, the concerned physical parameters ofburst source region are calculated, e.g. brightness temperature, electron power-lawdistribution, etc. The short period oscillation calculated with the slow wave modelconforms to the observational period. This large Type IVμ\nburst, CME and otheraccompanying phenomena are all interpreted preliminarily.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "A lawsuit over defective solar eclipse glasses could cast a shadow over online retailer giant Amazon\nA South Carolina couple, Thomas Corey Payne and Kayla Harris, filed a proposed class action lawsuit against Amazon in federal court on Tuesday saying they experienced headaches and eye watering after using glasses they bought on Amazon to view the Aug. 21 total solar eclipse, Reuters reported. Days after using the glasses, they also experienced blurry and distorted vision, the lawsuit claimed. They are filing on behalf of others who are in similar situations, the lawsuit said.\nAmazon declined to comment. The South Carolina couple’s lawyers did not respond to a request for comment.\nThe safety of solar eclipse glasses was a major concern of astronomy experts in the weeks leading up to the much-watched event. Third-party online vendors, such as Amazon and eBay,\nThe National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), as well as the American Astronomical Society, advised consumers to test their glasses at home before using them to view the solar eclipse (people with safe glasses should not have been able to see regular light fixtures and lamps) and to check for an ISO number that indicated international safety standards. Some schools across the country and in the path of totality, where the sun completely disappeared for a few minutes, were closed, in an effort not to be liable for any children looking at the sun in an unsafe manner.\nLooking up while the sun is completely blocked by the moon is not dangerous, experts said, but staring even at a partially visible sun during an eclipse is. Retinal damage can occur from infrared radiation, ultraviolet radiation and excessive blue light, according to a report from the Schepens Eye Research Institute at Harvard University. UV radiation can cause pain and vision loss, and risk is greatest for young eyes. Pain and the effects of vision impairment usually do not occur for at least several hours after the damage has already been done, according to NASA.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Star Zone is an amazing arcade space shooter where you must defend your damaged spaceship from waves of asteroids and escape the galaxy. In order to escape you will need to repair your spaceship. One asteroid impact and you are dead.\nReal time shooter. Decide in very short time which asteroid to destroy.\nSet your strategy. When to repair the spaceship, upgrade the turret or use the energy shield.\nSet your tactics. Energy pots, is it better to process them or blast them as a bombs?\nThe game has an end, escape the galaxy. Can you complete it?\nScary space atmosphere. You will feel lonely out there.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Note: Please continue to observe this target until further notice. - Elizabeth O. Waagen, April 3, 2023\nDecember 13, 2022\nAAVSO Forum threads (scroll to the bottom of a thread for latest posts):\n- Campaigns and Observation Reports: https://www.aavso.org/asassn-v-j02200717-6107055-campaign\nPlease subscribe to this thread if you are participating in the campaign so you can be updated by the astronomers and by HQ. Join in the discussion or ask questions there!\nFurther to AAVSO Alert Notice 794, Dr. Brandon Marshall (University of Nebraska - Kearney) informs us that the campaign by him and Dr. Charles Kerton (Iowa State University) has been extended through March 2023. The target, for which photometric monitoring has been requested, is the unique variable ASASSN-V J022007.17+610705.5 (Cas) = VES 735. Spectroscopy planned at the Dominion Astrophysical Observatory for October-December 2022 was not as successful as needed because of weather, and has been rescheduled for January-March 2023.\nDr. Marshall writes: \"VES 735 is the exciting star of the compact Galactic HII region KR 140. Hα spectra of the star show double-peaked emission indicative of material in a circumstellar disk. The Hα emission was fairly consistent in observations from DDO and DAO in 1996 and 1997 as well as in spectra taken from WIRO in 2013 and 2014; the variability was minimal over timescales ranging from hours to years. This long-lived emission contrasts with well-studied emission from the Oe star ζ Oph where emission is more episodic. The most recent observations for VES 735 came in 2021 and 2022 from the DAO and Apache Point Observatory which showed the intensity of the Hα emission between 2 - 4 times the level of the stellar continuum. This is in strong contrast to the 1.1 - 1.5 times the continuum level that had been seen in the observations between 1996 and 2014.\n\"Our goal is to arrange photometric observations to complement a new spectroscopic campaign at DAO... The goal of the DAO campaign is to determine if the emission has returned to its pre-outburst state or if the strong emission is still ongoing. The AAVSO observing campaign observations will allow us to see if there is a relationship between the star’s Hα brightness and the star’s V-band magnitude.\"\nV photometry is requested. The cadence requested per observer is a nightly snapshot (S/N > 20 (minimum S/N = 5)) from now through 2023 March 31. When the spectroscopy observations have been scheduled, they will be announced in the forum thread above. For those nights, hourly snapshots are requested. ASASSN-V J022007.17+610705.5 has a V range of 12.37 - 12.96 V and is spectral type O9.5V(e).\nCoordinates (J2000): R.A. 02 20 07.17 Dec. +61 07 05.5 (from VSX page for the target)\nCharts with comparison stars for ASASSN-V J022007.17+610705.5 may be created using the AAVSO Variable Star Plotter (VSP).\nPlease report observations to the AAVSO International Database using the name ASASSN-V J022007.17+610705.5.\nThis Alert Notice was compiled by Elizabeth O. Waagen using material supplied by Dr. Marshall.\nSUBMIT OBSERVATIONS TO THE AAVSO\nALERT NOTICE ARCHIVE AND SUBSCRIPTION INFORMATION\nAn Alert Notice archive is available at the following URL:\nSubscribing and Unsubscribing may be done at the following URL:\nPlease support the AAVSO and its mission -- Join or donate today:", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "A new EA system in Gemini has been discovered from the telescope of Astronomical observatory of University of Siena. This is UniSi_V106, an EA system observed for the very first time in december 2016 and approved only today after a lot of work.\nThe discovery has been possible with the effort of my brothers in stars Alessandro Marchini and Riccardo Papini.\nASAS-SN survey was used to fix the period.\nThe magnitues goes from 15.58 to 16.16 V. The secondary minima is placed at 15.8 (V).\nEpoch: 2457751.4112 HJD\nPeriod: 0.499520 d\nThe link to VSX record: https://www.aavso.org/vsx/index.php?view=detail.top&oid=624652", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Are we along in the universe or are there others out there? Curbside believes there we are not alone and celebrates it with their UFO Tank.\n• Fits true to size\n• Sleeveless tank top\n• Original artwork\n• 50% polyester, 25% cotton, 25% rayon\n• Model wearing a medium", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "The anticipation surrounding the upcoming launch of the European Space Agency‘s Euclid spacecraft is palpable throughout Europe. This groundbreaking mission aims to unravel the mysteries of dark matter, a perplexing enigma that shrouds our understanding of the universe. Scientists are eager for Euclid to shed light on this cosmic puzzle, illuminating the hidden corners of our celestial realm.\nDark energy and dark matter play pivotal roles in shaping the cosmos. Dark energy propels the universe’s relentless expansion, while dark matter, constituting a staggering 80 percent of the universe’s mass, acts as a gravitational force that maintains cosmic order and harmony.\nElusive and enigmatic, dark matter evades conventional detection methods, emitting no discernible light or energy. This poses a daunting challenge for scientists. Enter Euclid, a specially designed telescope poised to chart an intricate map of the universe, enabling researchers to indirectly infer the properties of dark matter.\n“The mysteries of these dark components must be unraveled for a comprehensive understanding of the universe,” asserts Professor Andy Taylor of Edinburgh University. Euclid’s significance cannot be overstated.\nBeyond the mission’s scientific importance, the mere fact that Euclid is finally ready for launch adds to its excitement. Originally intended for liftoff in the previous year aboard a Russian Soyuz rocket, geopolitical tensions disrupted the cooperative efforts between Russia’s space agency, Roscosmos, and the ESA. This unforeseen setback forced a prolonged delay. However, perseverance prevails, and Euclid is now set to embark on its journey aboard one of SpaceX’s Falcon 9 rockets on July 1.\nOnce deployed in the vast expanse of the cosmos, Euclid’s ability to trace the bending of light caused by galaxy clusters and celestial objects promises a unique glimpse into the enigmatic nature of dark matter. By surveying a third of the night sky simultaneously, Euclid, equipped with the resolving power of the Hubble Space Telescope, will provide astronomers with an exquisitely detailed map of the heavens.\nStephen Wilkins, an astronomer from Sussex University, emphasizes the significance of Euclid’s mission: “The point of Euclid is really to get the data that will allow us to start discriminating between which of the different ideas we have about the dark universe.” With this unprecedented wealth of information, scientists hope to gain profound insights into the fundamental workings of the cosmos that surrounds us.\nAs Euclid prepares to embark on its transformative odyssey, the collective aspirations of scientists soar alongside it. The stage is set for Euclid to push the boundaries of human knowledge and catalyze a new era of understanding, unravelling the secrets of the universe’s dark tapestry that has captivated our imaginations for centuries.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "- Visual display of the current moon phase\n- Dates of the next syzygies (new moon and full moon)\n- Select date in the past or future\n- Traditional names for each full moon of the year in full moon calendar\n- Choose Northern or Southern Hemisphere\n- Exploration mode: you can rotate and zoom spherical model of the moon\n- Can be installed onto SD card\nFeedback is welcome!\nIt doesn't require an internet connection anymore because the calendar data is calculated internally.\n- add moon phases to calendar\n- share moon phase dates\n- blue moon and black moon detection\n- shows current moon cover\n- no internet connection required\ncountdown, count, moon, full, new, first, last, quarter, phase, calendar, luna, celestial, astronomy, tide, sun,waning,waxing\nDON'T INSTALL DELUXE MOON TO SD CARD IF YOU USE WIDGETS\nDeluxe Moon is a beautifully crafted application with innovative moon design. The application combines traditional lunar themes with modern technology to bring you the best: style, convenience of the moon in a pocket and a feature rich interface.\nComprehensive moon information includes information about the Moon at your location, such as precise times of the moon phases, brightness, altitude, moon phase calendar, sunset and sunrise time table, specific gardening advice based on the current moon phase,animated Zodiac circles, void-of-course precise times, moon horoscope, moon day descriptions and much more!\nAre there connections between the moon and plants, human emotions, blood pressure, health or finance? Discover new amazing relationships with Deluxe Moon application!\n- Moon phase widgets: five different types and sizes.\n- Touch-n-turn: swipe the moon vertically to change the date by a month, or horizontally to change it by a day.\n- Phase scan tells you exactly when the next moon phase is.\n- Moon calendar with moon phases and zodiac signs.\n- Large compass. To switch to it tap on a small moon compass.\n- Sunrise, sunset and zenith: tap on either of moon timers to see it.\n- Automatic positioning by GPS or cellular network.\n- Network independence: the app works anywhere without Internet or cellular connections.\n- Flexibility: you can manually set any location, time, date and UTC offset.\n- Widgets are always enabled instead of SD card support.\n- Scrollable moon brightness diagram.\n- Sun and Moon rise and set time table.\n- Monthly Moon phase table.\n- Apogee/Perigee table.\n- Equinox/Solstice table.\n- Diagram menu: tap on the Moon image to activate.\n- Precise moon phases times.\n- Current moon’s age: how far along the moon is in its full cycle.\n- Percent of the illuminated moon area.\n- Zodiac sign the Moon is in.\n- Moonrise and moonset times for your location.\n- Moon timers: amount of time since moonrise and until moonset.\n- Moonrise and moonset azimuths.\n- Moon elevation.\n- Moon distance to the Earth.\n- Ecliptic longitude and latitude.\n- Sunrise, sunset and zenith times.\nGardening and Astrology\n- Specific gardening advice based on the current moon phase.\n- Animated Zodiac circles: sidereal and tropical along with astronomical constellations\n- Zodiac circles with the Moon and the Sun.\n- Precise Void-Of-Course times.\n- Detailed Moon astrology: Moon day description with aspects for business, personal life and health.\n- Lunar horoscope\n- English, German, Spanish, Russian.\n- HVGA (320x480)\n- WVGA (480x800)\n- FWVGA (480x854)\n- WXGA (800x1280) Android 3.0+\n- WXGA (720x1280) Android 3.0+\n- FULL HD (1080x1920) Samsung Galaxy S4, HTC ONE, Sony Xperia Z\n\"Your location\" Is required for rize/set calculation.\n\"Take pictures and videos\" Is required by flashlight.\n2 permissions are used:\nWe appreciate your input. Please help us make this application better – visit our website to see more screenshots and videos and let us know what new features you would like to see.\nIf you like Deluxe Moon, please write us a review on Android Market. Your support would greatly help!\nSee today’s moon phase and rise and set times right on your home screen. Three sizes of widgets to choose from 1x1, 2x2, and 4x1. Uses the style of moon you pick as well.\n---Large Beautiful Images---\nImages of the moon phases large enough for a tablet but scale down for smaller devices as well.\n---Barely Uses the GPS---\nWhen the GPS is used, it is turned off right after a location is found. Then it continues to use this \"last known location\" unless you request an updated one. This saves your battery and puts the control of the GPS in your hands.\n---Three Styles to Choose From---\nPick the style of moon phase you like the best. There is a realistic view, a moon with a sharp transition, and a simple black and white style.\n---List of Cities---\nNo need to share your location, pick a city from the list to see the results for that area.\n---Works Without An Internet Connection---\nNo internet connection is needed for the app to work. The data is calculated locally to give you an accurate moon phase, moonrise and moonset time.\n---Customize The Display---\nChoose to see more or less details. Turn on or off the illuminated fraction and days until the next full moon. Pick your daylight savings time settings, either US, EU, off, or always on.\n---Why This App?---\nKnowing the phase of the moon and when it will rise and set in your area can be useful for many reasons, such as:\n- Avoiding werewolves\n- Or for anyone who has an interest in how the moon will look\nIt's easy to find \"next\" full Moon dates/times to help plan events, fishing and hunting trips, and more.\nThis easy-to-use app also includes the Moon's age and percentage of illumination as well as a monthly calendar and the ability to swipe left to right to navigate day-by-day.\nHave you seen the headlines? Do you know that 2014 and 2015 we will have Tetrad Red Blood Blood Eclipses?\nRead the Bible...search for red moon, rapture and second coming.\nLuke 21: 25-28 “And there will be signs in the sun, in the moon, and in the stars; and on the earth distress of nations, with perplexity, the sea and the waves roaring; 26 men’s hearts failing them from fear and the expectation of those things which are coming on the earth, for the powers of the heavens will be shaken. 27 Then they will see the Son of Man coming in a cloud with power and great glory. 28 Now when these things begin to happen, look up and lift up your heads, because your redemption draws near.”\nDownload this app right now and keep informed on a daily basis of the signs that are occuring.\nAlso look at this video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iaOMatlVP6Q", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "1 Astro 21 first lecture The H-R H R Diagram helps us study how stars are born but also helps us study how they die. Stars spend most of their lives as main sequence stars. The core does change from hydrogen to filling up with Helium. Density increases in the center of the star.\n2 The core heats up and fusion The core heats up and fusion increases. Bigger stars live shorter lives, smaller stars fuse at slow rates and live longer.\n3 Life does not get a chance to form Life does not get a chance to form on planets of O and B stars. Here is the next stage of life for a star. Core fills up with He. Core shrinks and begins to heat up. Outside the core there is still Hydrogen. With this new heat outside the core the outer layers expand. With this new energy the star expands getting enormous.\n4 As it expands the outer layers of As it expands the outer layers of the star gets cooler and redder. The star leaves mainsequence and moves to the upper right on the H-R H R diagram as a Red giant. These super giants are much brighter than the sun and lower density, cooler surface and hotter core. They get so big they take up the orbits of the earth and mars.\n5 To observe stars we look in a star To observe stars we look in a star forest called star cluster. These stars are grouped together closely so they formed at nearly the same time. The only difference in them is there mass. There are three main types of clusters: Globular, Open and stellar associations. Globular clusters are old stars the others are young.\n6 One example is Omega centauri with roughly a million stars in it.\n7 The brightest in Omega have The brightest in Omega have finished there main sequence stage and are pale yellow.\n8 Astro 21 2 nd lecture We would not be able to see the Milky way thru the glow of all the stars near us. 150 globular clusters Most are in the galactic halo. Open clusters are in the disk of our galaxy. Having several dozen to several hundred stars.\n9 We only see a few of them thru the We only see a few of them thru the dust of interstellar matter in the disk of our galaxy.\n10 The Pleiades is the most famous The Pleiades is the most famous being visible to the naked eye. In association is a group of very young stars 5 to 50 very hot bright O and B stars. There is also hundreds of thousands of low mass dim stars. The H-R H R diagram predicts after a few million years massive stars have contracted to make main sequence while smaller ones are still forming.\n11 Orion Nebulae is young and a good Orion Nebulae is young and a good example.\n12 As clusters age the larger stars As clusters age the larger stars move off the main sequence becoming red giants. The older the cluster the less massive stars are left on the main sequence.\n13 Just compare the luminosities of Just compare the luminosities of the brightest stars still on the main sequence. Globular clusters are the oldest objects in the our galaxy, some being 13 billion years old. Stars spend most lives as main sequence. Range of life depends on its mass.\n14 Stars with masses of 3 solar Stars with masses of 3 solar masses or less. Red giant starts with a Helium core. Core shrinks and grows hotter. At 100 million degrees three He can fuse to make a carbon nucleus. This is the Triple alpha process. In low mass stars this starts as a quick burst of fusion called He flash.\n15 Quick heating goes thru the entire Quick heating goes thru the entire core. This rapidly heats up all the He in it. After He flash the Red Giant finds balance. Surface temperature increases while luminosity decreases. In the core it will sometimes add another He to the carbon to make an Oxygen nucleus.\n16 Astro 21 3 rd lecture Stable stage of making O and C does not last long. Gravity wins again. The core of O and C heats up. The core continues to heat up but lower mass stars do not get hot enough to fuse anything else.\n17 Giant stars lose mass into space. Giant stars lose mass into space. Our sun will lose 25% of its mass when it is a giant. These older stars can be surrounded by shells of gas having as much as 10 to 20% of its stars mass. Fusion is now over the star collapses its surface temp goes up to 100,000K. This high temp puts out UV rays.\n18 These rays sweep the gas of mass These rays sweep the gas of mass the star ejected and lights it up. This is a Planetary Nebulae\n19 The current theory is that planetary The current theory is that planetary nebulae have the same shape but look differently from different angles.\n20 Most nebulae are about 50,000 Most nebulae are about 50,000 years old.\n21 This is the last gasp for the star. This is the last gasp for the star.\n22 Each new star made from recycled Each new star made from recycled material from dying stars will have new elements in them. Bigger stars can make even bigger elements due to star cores getting hotter.\n23 They can expand out to a diameter They can expand out to a diameter equal to the orbit of Jupiter.\n24 If a star weighs more than 8 solar If a star weighs more than 8 solar masses its core can fuse Carbon into bigger elements O,Ne,, Na, Mg, and Si can be formed then the core collapses. This is Nucleosynthesis and will continue making bigger elements until Fe is formed. Elements bigger than Fe comes from stars dying from a supernova explosion.\n25 Globular clusters have 1/10 to Globular clusters have 1/10 to 1/100 percent heavier elements. Open clusters have 1-4% 1 heavier elements. So globular clusters are older from the past when first elements were only H and He. In the end stars luminosity increases and nuclear fuel is used up fast.\n26 After H runs out it fuses He and After H runs out it fuses He and other elements but the energy yield is less. The higher temp required to make bigger elements consumes it s s fuel much faster for less energy. Death is here for the star but that can happen many different ways.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Constraining the Sommerfeld enhancement with Cherenkov telescope observations of dwarf galaxies\nThe presence of dark matter in the halo of our galaxy could be revealed through indirect detection of annihilation products. Dark matter annihilation is one of the possible interpretations of the recent measured excesses in positron and electron fluxes, once boost factors of the order of or more are taken into account. Such boost factors are actually achievable through the velocity-dependent Sommerfeld enhancement of the annihilation cross-section. Here we study the expected -ray flux from two local dwarf galaxies for which air Cerenkov measurements are available, namely Draco and Sagittarius. We use velocity dispersion measurements to model the dark matter halos of the dwarfs, and the results of numerical simulations to model the presence of an associated population of subhalos. We incorporate the Sommerfeld enhancement of the annihilation cross-section. We compare our predictions with observations of Draco and Sagittarius performed by MAGIC and HESS, respectively. We also compare our results with the sensitivities of Fermi and of the future Cherenkov Telescope Array. We find that the boost factor due to the Sommerfeld enhancement is already constrained by the MAGIC and HESS data, with enhancements greater than being excluded. While Fermi will not be able to detect -rays from the dwarf galaxies s even with the most optimistic Sommerfeld effect, we show that the Cherenkov Telescope Array will be able to test enhancements greater than .\nDetection of a rise in the high energy cosmic ray fraction by the PAMELA satellite experiment [Adriani et al. (2008)] and of a peak in the flux by the ATIC balloon experiment [Chang et al. 2008] has stimulated considerable recent theoretical activity in indirect detection signatures of particle dark matter via annihilations of the SUSY LSP and other massive particle candidates [Hooper and Zurek (2009), de Boer (2009), Grajek et al. (2008), Hooper et al. (2008), Liu et al. (2008), Cholis et al. (2008), Donato et al. (2008), Cirelli and Strumia (2008), Bergström et al. (2008)]. Several hurdles must be surmounted if these signals are to be associated with dark matter annihilations, Firstly, a high boost factor is needed within a kiloparsec of the solar circle [Cirelli et al. (2008a)]. Secondly, the boost factor must be suppressed in the inner galaxy to avoid excessive gamma ray emission, synchrotron radio emission, and production [Bertone et al. (2008)]. Thirdly, the annihilation channels must be largely lepton–dominated [Cirelli et al. (2008b)].\nThe last of these requirements is addressed in various particle physics models for the dark matter candidate [Cirelli et al. (2008b)]. Here we explore the implications of the first two of these requirements. The first is resolved via the Sommerfeld enhancement of the annihilation cross-section in local dark halo substructure [Lattanzi and Silk (2008), Arkani-Hamed et al. (2008)].This boost is especially relevant on scales that are hitherto unresolved by numerical simulations [Springel et al. (2008a)]. Indeed, the second requirement can be understood because the unresolved substructures that dominates the local boost are tidally disrupted in the inner galaxy [Lattanzi and Silk (2008)]. However it is essential to test these assumptions, especially because they go beyond the range of current simulations.\nIf the Sommerfeld enhancement is indeed dominated by unresolved cold halo substructures, we show here that gamma rays from nearby dark matter–dominated dwarf galaxies may be detectable with experiments such as MAGIC and HESS. Moreover these experiments but in particular the future CTA, may allow imaging of both the smooth and subhalo components of nearby dwarfs such as Draco and Sagitarius.\n2 -ray flux from Dark Matter annihilation in Draco and Sagittarius\nThe observed photon flux from DM annihilation can be written as\nwhere is the mass of the halo, the distance from the observer, denotes the dark matter particle mass and is the differential photon spectrum per annihilation relative to the final state , with branching ratio . The volume integral refers to the line of sight and is defined by the angular resolution of the instrument and by the direction of observation. is the distance from the halo center. is the dark matter density profile inside the halo, being the concentration parameter of the halo, defined as the ratio between virial radius and scale radius and computed following the prescriptions of [Bullock et al.(2001)] [B01]. The annihilation cross section for a typical DM candidate is found to be appropriate for thermal relics that satisfy the cosmological constraints on the present abundance of dark matter in the universe.\nIn cases where the Sommerfeld enhancement is present (see the next section for the details of the model) we replace the term in eq. 1 with the velocity-dependent expression where the enhancement depends on the halo mass which in turn fixes the average velocity dispersion, and from the radial coordinate R inside the halo, which takes into account the features of the velocity dispersion curve that has lower values closer to the center of the galaxy hosted by the DM halo. The highest values for are obtained for very high DM particle masses (of the order of a few TeV). In this mass region, the primordial annihilation cross-section can be as high as , and we will use this upper value as a reference throughout our paper.\nIncluding the Sommerfeld enhancement, Eq. 1 will transform into\n2.1 The particle physics sector\nThe dark matter annihilation cross section can be enhanced, with respect to its primordial value, in the presence of the so-called Sommerfeld effect. This is a (non-relativistic) quantum effect occurring when the slow-moving annihilating particles interact through a potential [Sommerfeld (1931)]. From the point of view of quantum field theory, the Sommerfeld effect is due to the resummation of ladder diagrams like the one shown in Fig. 1.\nThe idea that the gamma-ray flux from dark matter annihilations can be enhanced in this way was first proposed in a pioneering paper by [Hisano et al. (2004)] (see also [Hisano et al. (2005)]). Recently, the possibility of explaining the large boost factor required by PAMELA using this mechanism has stimulated several studies of this effect (see for example [Cirelli et al. (2007), March-Russell et al. (2008), Arkani-Hamed et al. (2008), Pospelov and Ritz (2008), Lattanzi and Silk (2008), March-Russell and West (2008)]). In the following, we will briefly summarize some basic properties of the Sommerfeld enhancement.\nIn the presence of the enhancement, the effective s-wave annihilation cross section times velocity can be written as:\nwhere denotes the tree level s-wave annihilation cross section, and we have explicitly indicated the dependence of the Sommerfeld enhancement on the particle mass and velocity . The Sommerfeld enhancement can be obtained solving the Schrödinger equation for the reduced two-body wave function :\nwith the boundary condition . The Sommerfeld factor is then given by .\nIn the following we will consider particles interacting through a Yukawa-like potential:\nwhere is the mass of the exchange boson mediating the interaction. When we will have to specify numerical values for the interaction parameters, we will take and , corresponding to particles interacting through the exchange of a boson.\nThe Sommerfeld enhancement is effective in the low-velocity regime, and disappears () in the limit . In general, one can distinguish two distinct behaviours, resonant and non-resonant, depending on the value of the annihilating particle mass. In the non-resonant case, the cross section is enhanced for : up to a saturation value, roughly given by . This value occurs for . In the resonant case, occurring for particular values of the mass of the annihilating particle, the cross-section follows the non-resonant behaviour until ; below this critical value, the enhancement grows like before saturating. The Sommerfeld boost can then reach very large values. These different behaviours can be observed in Fig. 2.\nWe consider a WIMP dark matter candidate that annihilates mainly to weak gauge bosons. If the dark matter is a Majorana particle, such as for example the supersymmetric neutralino, its annihilation into fermionic final states is helicity-suppressed by a factor . For a dark matter particle in the 1 to 10 TeV range, this is a factor even for the heaviest possible final state, i.e. the top quark. However, for completeness we have also considered the heavy quark and lepton annihilation channels. The differential photon spectra per annihilation for the various final states have been computed using PYTHIA [Sjöstrand et al. 2001], including also the contribution from final state radiation.\nWe consider values of the particle mass very close to the first resonance that can be seen in the top panel of Fig. 2, i.e , in order to obtain the large boost factor required to explain the positron excess. In particular, we consider the following values for the mass of the particle: . Being so close to the resonance, even a relatively small change in the mass of the particle can produce order of magnitude changes in the Sommerfeld boost. In fact, the maximum achievable boost goes from for to for . We show the boost as a function of velocity in Fig. 3; its main properties, i.e. the maximum value and the saturation velocity , are summarised in Table 1 for the different masses As we show in the next sections, these large boost factors can be tested through Cherenkov telescope observations of dwarf galaxies.\n2.2 The astrophysical sector: smooth dark matter halo\nWe deal with two dark matter-dominated dwarf galaxies of our Local Group, namely Draco and Sagittarius. We have chosen such galaxies because they have been observed by the Air Cherenkov Telescopes. Draco, which is visible from the northern hemisphere, has been observed by MAGIC [Albert et al. (2008)], while the flux of -rays from Sagittarius, which is closer to the Galactic Centre and visible from the southern hemisphere, has been measured by HESS [Aharonian et al. (2008)].\nBoth MAGIC and HESS did not observe any signal and therefore put upper limits on the -ray coming from these sources.\nThe Draco galaxy lies about 80 kpc away from us, at the zenith with respect to the Galactic Center. In order to model its dark matter halo, we use the density profile obtained by [Walker et al. (2007)], who fitted the velocity dispersion measurements of its stellar population adopting a one-component King profile for the luminous component, and a Navarro, Frenk and White (NFW) profile [Navarro et al. (1996), Navarro et al. (1997)] with constant anisotropy parameter for the DM one. We find that the data of [Walker et al. (2007)] are well fitted by a total initial virial mass of , and NFW scale parameters and . The virial radius which encloses this initial mass is . As confirmed by the recent high resolution N-body simulations Aquarius [Springel et al. (2008a), Springel et al. (2008b)] and Via Lactea II [Diemand et al. (2008)], the satellites, or subhalos, of our Galaxy suffer from external tidal stripping due to the interaction with the Milky Way. To account for gravitational tides, we follow [Hayashi et al. (2003)] and assume that all the mass beyond the subhalo tidal radius is lost in a single orbit without affecting its central density profile. The tidal radius is defined as the distance from the subhalo center at which the tidal forces of the host potential equal the self-gravity of the subhalo. In the Roche limit, it is expressed as:\nwhere r is the distance from the halo center, the subhalo mass and the host halo mass enclosed in a sphere of radius r.\nIn our case, the host halo is the Milky Way, which we describe with an NFW profile (, , ).\nAt the distance of Draco, we find . We note that the condition holds, which guarantees that the binding energy is negative and the system is not dispersed by tides.\nThe Sagittarius dwarf galaxy is located at a distance of about 24 kpc from us, at low latitudes. Its vicinity to the Galactic Center causes significant tidal stripping due to the interaction with the gravitational potential of the Milky Way. Yet the surviving stellar component suggests that its inner dark matter halo also survives.\nThe observations show that Sagittarius is indeed dark matter-dominated with a central stellar velocity dispersion of about 10 km s [Ibata et al. (1997)], similar to the one observed in Draco.\nWe modeled the inner regions of the DM halo of the Sagittarius dwarf with the same scale parameters as Draco (see also [Evans et al. (2004)]) obtained assuming a NFW mass density profile and an initial mass of M.\nAt the distance of Sagittarius, the tidal radius is , still larger than the scale radius.\nThe astrophysical contribution to the -ray emission from the smooth component of a DM halo can be written as the volume integral\nwhere is the line-of-sight coordinate, the solid angle corresponding to the angular resolution of the instrument, and the angle of view from the GC; in the case of ACTs, and .\nThe integral along the line-of-sight will be different from zero only in the interval\nIn the case of the dwarf galaxies, their mass and therefore the masses of the sub-subhalos lie in the region at low where the Sommerfeld enhancement saturates. This is true for every DM mass except for the one which lies closest to the resonance (in our model, ). In this case, however, the radial dependence of the enhancement produces a variation of a few percent. As a first approximation, we can write\nwhere the latter term is just the astrophysical contribution to the -ray flux, without taking into account any enhancement coming from particle physics. We will however compute our prediction according to Eq. 7 in the case of , when comparing our results to the existing data.\nThe result of the computation of for Draco and Sagittarius are depicted in Fig.4 as a function of .\n2.3 The astrophysical sector: substructures\nBoth the Aquarius and the Via Lactea II simulations have succeeded in observing sub-subhalos, that is to say substructures inside the satellites of the Milky Way-like host halo.\nWe will therefore populate the dwarf galaxies with sub-subhaloes with masses as small as , which correspond to the typical Jeans mass for a generic CDM weakly interacting massive particle (WIMP) particle with [Green et al.(2004), Green et al.(2005)]. Such a minimum mass may vary between and depending on the particle physics [Profumo et al.(2006)].\nWe follow the results of Via Lactea II to model the population of sub-substructures. We then adopt a sub-substructure mass function at z=0\nand we model the radial distribution following [Kuhlen et al. (2008)]:\nwhere is the scale radius of the host halo and is the radial coordinate inside the host halo.\nWe normalize the subhalo distribution function such that 10 % of the mass of the host halo () before the tidal stripping is distributed in substructures with masses between and .\nThe resulting distribution function is\nAs a second step, we cut off all the subhalos which lie beyond .\nThis is indeed an upper value for the number of surviving sub-subhaloes, since we are not considering here the fifty percent of the subhalos that exit the virial radius of the parent halo during their\nfirst orbit [Tormen et al. (2005)] and are therefore dispersed into the halo of the Milky Way.\nIn the case of Draco, we end up with about 16% of\nthe present Draco mass (inside ) condensed in sub-subhalos with\nmasses in the range [.\nAs far as Sagittarius is concerned, we get sub-subhalos, accounting for\n4 percent of the total bound mass. As expected, the tidal disruption in this case is more efficient and\nsweeps away most of the substructures.\nThe contribution of such a population of sub-substructures to the annihilation signal can be written as [Pieri et al (2008a)]:\nwhere the contribution from each sub-subhalo () is convolved with its distribution function (). is the lognormal distribution of the concentration parameter with dispersion = 0.24 [Bullock et al.(2001)] and mean value :\nAgain, the integral along the line-of-sight will be different from zero only in the interval [.\nFor each sub-substructure, we use an NFW density profile whose concentration parameter depends on its mass and on its position inside the host halo, according to the results of Via Lactea II :\nThe mass dependence is taken from B01 and extrapolated with a double power law down to the smallest masses, and is the virial radius of the host halo.\nWe numerically integrate Eq. 12 and estimate the\ncontribution to from the sub-substructures in a\nsolid angle along the direction .\nThe result of the computation of for the subhalo population of Draco and Sagittarius are depicted in Fig.4 as a function of . The presence of sub-subhalos is unimportant in the case of Sagittarius. In the case of Draco, it becomes relevant only away from its center, where gives anyway a flux which is one order of magnitude smaller.\n2.4 Comparison with the experimental data\nThe MAGIC and HESS ACTs have put upper limits on the -ray fluxes from Draco and Sagittarius, respectively.\nThe upper limit for Draco integrated over energies above 140 GeV is .\nIn the case of Sagittarius, this limit is , integrated above 250 GeV.\nIn Fig. 5 and 6 we compare these values with the prediction of the -ray flux from DM annihilations. We compute the flux for the DM mass values give the greatest Sommerfeld enhancement, following eqs. 1 and 2.\nWe can observe that the data from both MAGIC and HESS already exclude the greatest values for the enhancement. The most stringent limit is given by HESS, which constrains to be smaller than .\nWe have repeated our computation in the case of photon energies greater than 1 GeV, to compare with the sensitivity of Fermi to point sources [Baltz 2008]. We find that the detection of dwarf galaxies with Fermi is out of the range of experimental feasibility (see also [Pieri et al (2008b)]), even in the serendipitous case where DM particles could have the enhancement necessary to produce the excess in electrons and positrons. This means that the ACTs\nprovide the only possibility for discovering a possible source of -rays from DM annihilations in the\ndwarfs, in the scenario where DM may be responsible for the positron excess.\nWe have therefore compared our predictions above 1 TeV with the expected sensitivity of the next-generation Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA). The result is shown in Fig. 7. If CTA will be built in the southern hemisphere, it will be able to test the enhancement down to the value of . In the case of no discovery, this means that the mechanism producing the electron-positron excess does not come from annihilating DM, since the allowed boost factors would be too low to explain the excess.\nThe results discussed so far have been obtained considering a dark matter particle of mass TeV annihilating exclusively into gauge bosons. Consideration instead of heavy quarks or leptons as possible final states changes the predicted fluxes by factors of order unity, thus leaving our conclusions basically unchanged. In particular, a particle that annihilates only to heavy quarks would produce a flux 1.6-1.7 times larger than that shown in the figures, for all experiments. The limits on the Sommerfeld boost would then be proportionally tighter. In the case of a particle annihilating to leptons, the change in the flux depends on the energy threshold: for MAGIC, HESS and CTA it is respectively 0.5, 0.8, and 3.8 times the flux from the gauge boson channel.\n2.4.1 Constraints from the HESS observation of the Galactic Center source\nThe HESS telescope has extensively observed the Galactic Center (GC) source, measuring an integrated flux above 1 TeV of in 2003 and 2004 [Aharonian et al. (2006)].\nThe Via Lactea II and Aquarius fits to the inner region of the Milky Way are not conclusive.\nApart from the fact that the simulations do not include baryons which may play an important role at the GC, they disagree on the central slope which better fits the data.\nWhile Aquarius is better fitted with an Einasto profile with , and\n(model GC-A), Via Lactea II finds an inner slope of -1.24, i.e. steeper than the NFW one, with and (GC-B), although they allow a fit with an NFW profile assuming and (GC-C).\nThe line-of-sight integral for an angular resolution of varies from 0.022 (GC-A) to 0.167 (GC-B) to 3.11 (GC-C). The HESS measurement allows us to set upper limits on the possible contribution\ndue to the particle physics sectors. That is to say, we may allow a maximum particle physics contribution ranging from (GC-A) to (GC-C). Without taking into account the Sommerfeld enhancement, the particle physics contribution to the flux is (averaged over\nthe mass range that we have explored here, 4.3 TeV 4.55 TeV).\nOur conclusion is that the maximum enhancement due to the Sommerfeld effect ranges from 60 (GC-C) through 1120 (GC-B) to 8500 (GC-A).\nThe Sommerfeld enhancement computed for ranges from 2140 ( = 4.55 TeV) to 880 ( = 4.3 TeV) so that, in the Aquarius model the upper limit does not exclude any DM mass, while in the NFW case there is still room left for a 4.3 TeV DM particle.\nThe previous estimates are competitive with HESS limits on Sagittarius, although suffering from the large uncertainty about the Galactic Center physics. It is anyway remarkable that the observation of Sagittarius with the CTA could give better limits than the GC region, in models with no DM spike at the GC.\nThe excess in cosmic-ray positrons and electrons has motivated a wealth of theoretical efforts in order to be explained in terms of DM. In particular, the annihilation mechanism has been revised in the light of the Sommerfeld enhancement, a velocity-dependent effect. Such an effect is maximal in the dwarf galaxies and in their substructures. The enhancement actually saturates for DM halo masses smaller than the dwarf scale. In this work, we have computed the expected -ray flux from the Draco and the Sagittarius dwarfs galaxies, for which observational data are available from the ACTs. We have adapted the smooth halo density profile in order to fit the measurements of velocity dispersions, and we have modeled the presence of a sub-subhalo population inside the dwarfs according to the results of the most recent N-body simulations of a Milky-Way sized halo. We found that the measurements of MAGIC and HESS are able to constrain the enhancement and put an upper limit on it of . We have shown that the future CTA would be able to test values of the Sommerfeld enhancement as small as . Since such small values could not explain the excess in positrons/electrons, this means that the CTA would be able to confirm or exclude the interpretation of the excess in terms of annihilating DM. Finally, we have shown that, in the case where annihilating DM is responsible for the excess, Fermi will not be able to observe any signal.\n- [Adriani et al. (2008)] O. Adriani et al., arXiv:0810.4995 (2008)\n- [Aharonian et al. (2006)] F. Aharonian et al. 2006, Phys. Rev. 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Schwarz, 2005, Journal of Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, 8, 3\n- [Hayashi et al. (2003)] E. Hayashi et al., Astrophys. J. 584, 541 2003!.\n- [Hisano et al. (2004)] J. Hisano, M. Nagai, M. Nojiri & M. Senami Phys.Rev.Lett. 92 (2004) 031303\n- [Hisano et al. (2005)] J. Hisano, S. Matsumoto, M. Nojiri & S. Saito , Phys. Rev. D71, 063528 (2005)\n- [Hooper et al. (2008)] D. Hooper, A. Stebbins & K. M. Zurek, arXiv:0812.3202 [hep-ph].\n- [Hooper and Zurek (2009)] D. Hooper & K. Zurek, arXiv:0902.0593 [hep-ph].\n- [Kuhlen et al. (2008)] M. Kuhlen, J. Diemand & P. Madau, 2008, arXiv:0805.4166\n- [Ibata et al. (1997)] R. A. Ibata, R. F. G.Wyse, G. Gilmore,M. J. Irwin & N. B. Suntzeff, 1997, AJ, 113, 634\n- [Lattanzi and Silk (2008)] M. Lattanzi & J. I. Silk, arXiv:0812.0360 [astro-ph].\n- [Liu et al. (2008)] J. Liu, P. f. Yin & S. h. Zhu, arXiv:0812.0964 [astro-ph].\n- [March-Russell et al. (2008)] J. March-Russell, S. M. West, D. Cumberbatch & D. Hooper, JHEP 0807, 058 (2008) [arXiv:0801.3440 [hep-ph]].\n- [March-Russell and West (2008)] J. D. March-Russell & S. M. West, arXiv:0812.0559 [astro-ph].\n- [Navarro et al. (1996)] J. F. Navarro, C. S. Frenk & S. D. M. White, 1996, ApJ, 462, 563\n- [Navarro et al. (1997)] J. F. Navarro, C. S. Frenk & S. D. M. White, 1997, ApJ, 490, 493\n- [Pieri et al (2008a)] L. Pieri, G. Bertone & E. Branchini MNRAS 384 (2008), 1627\n- [Pieri et al (2008b)] L. Pieri. A. Pizzella, E. M. Corsini, E. Dalla Bontá & F. Bertola, A&A in press, arXiv:0812.1494 [hep-ph].\n- [Pospelov and Ritz (2008)] M. Pospelov & A. Ritz, arXiv:0810.1502v2 [hep-ph].\n- [Profumo et al.(2006)] S. Profumo, K. Sigurdson & M. Kamionkowski, 2006, Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 031301\n- [Sjöstrand et al. 2001] T. Sj̈ostrand, P. Eden, C. Friberg, L. Lonnblad, G. Miu, S. Mrenna, & E. Norrbin, 2001, Comput. Phys. Commun., 135, 238\n- [Sommerfeld (1931)] A. Sommerfeld, Annalen der Physik 403, 257 (1931).\n- [Springel et al. (2008a)] V. Springel et al., arXiv:0809.0894 [astro-ph].\n- [Springel et al. (2008b)] V. Springel et al., arXiv:0809.0898 [astro-ph].\n- [Tormen et al. (2005)] G. Tormen,L. Moscardini,Y. Yoshida, 2004.\n- [Walker et al. (2007)] M. G. Walker, M. Mateo,E. W. Olszewski, O. Y. Gnedin,X. Wang, B. Sen & M. Woodroofe, 2007, ApJ, 667, L53", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "BAIKONUR, Kazakhstan – A Souyz space capsule has blasted off from the Russian manned launch facility in Kazakhstan, carrying a Russian, an American and a Japanese to the International Space Station.\nThe rocket lifted off at 3:02 a.m Wednesday (2102 GMT Tuesday) and is to dock with the orbiting laboratory about six hours later.\nThe capsule is carrying Oleg Kononenko of Russia, NASA’s Kjell Lindgren and Kimiya Yui of Japan. They will join Gennady Padalka, Mikhail Kornienko and Scott Kelly. The latter two are more than four months into a nearly year-long mission on the space station.\nWednesday’s launch was postponed by about two months after the April failure of an unmanned Russian cargo ship, which raised concerns about Russian rocketry. Another Russian cargo ship was successfully launched in early July.\n- Retail-restaurant roundup: Build-your-own pizza concept hits snag as SPIN folds; Chipotle\n- Man arrested on suspicion of firing shotgun, setting a fire and smashing windows in a San\n- IKEA in Costa Mesa evacuated\n- 4-year-old Irvine boy killed after being struck by car while crossing street on scooter\n- 3 injured in 2-vehicle crash in Lake Forest", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Friday, JANUARY 8 The Moon spends the day in observant, deep-feeling Scorpio. Both Mercury and Venus change signs today. Mercury heads into the sign of Aquarius, where\nFriday, JANUARY 8\nThe Moon spends the day in observant, deep-feeling Scorpio. Both Mercury and Venus change signs today. Mercury heads into the sign of Aquarius, where it will transit for longer than usual–until March 15th–due to an upcoming retrograde cycle starting on the 30th. When Mercury is in Aquarius, we are hungry for knowledge and open to new and original ideas. Our thinking is progressive and objective. Our communication and thought patterns are spontaneous and liberal, and perhaps somewhat fragmented.\nVenus moves into Capricorn today, and until February 1st, we are more likely to form connections with people who support our ambitions. We value enduring relationships, reliability, and faithfulness. We take expressing our feelings seriously and could take our time warming up to others.\nThe Sun forms a sextile with Neptune late morning, and we take things as they come, finding meaning in our experiences more readily than usual. This influence stimulates our imagination and sets an excellent mood for respecting our intuition. We’re tuned in, inspired, and charitable. We see things from a perspective that celebrates our differences. What feels like serendipity experienced now may have to do with a good sense of timing and a feeling of being in sync with the universe.\nHowever, as the day advances, tonight’s Mercury-Mars square can agitate. We should watch for hasty communications and skipping steps. We can find ourselves too quickly in disagreement with others, most likely because we’re communicating ineffectively or impatiently. We may be competing for the floor when expressing our ideas, thoughts, and opinions, making it difficult to engage in healthy dialogue.\nThe void Moon occurs from 8:58 PM EST, with the Moon’s last aspect before changing signs (a sextile to Pluto), until the Moon enters Sagittarius tomorrow, Saturday, January 9th, at 6:15 AM EST.\nOverview of the Day (Friday) EST", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Carter, James,Hernández, Ma. () Once upon a star :a poetic journey through spaceMLA Citation\nCarter, James,Hernández, MarOnce Upon A Star: A Poetic Journey Through Space. : . Print.\nThese citations may not conform precisely to your selected citation style. Please use this display as a guideline and modify as needed.\nOnce upon a star : a poetic journey through space /\nJames Carter ; illustrated by Mar Hernández.\n|Other Names:||Hernández, Mar|\n|Published:||New York : Doubleday Books for Young Readers, |\n|Edition:||First American edition.|\n|Topics:||Cosmology - Juvenile poetry. | Cosmology - Juvenile literature. | Cosmology - Poetry. | Cosmology. | JUVENILE NONFICTION / Science & Nature / Astronomy. | JUVENILE NONFICTION / Science & Nature / Earth Sciences. | JUVENILE NONFICTION / Technology / Aeronautics, Astronautics & Space Science.|\n|Regions:||Universe - Juvenile poetry. | Universe - Juvenile literature. | Universe. | Universe - Poetry. | Universe. | Universe.|\n|Genres:||Juvenile works. | Poetry. | Nonfiction. | Picture books for children. | Poetry.|", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Probing reionization and large-scale structure with the South Pole Telescope\nThe South Pole Telescope (SPT) is a 10-meter telescope designed to survey the millimeter-wave sky, taking advantage of the exceptional observing conditions at the Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station. The telescope and its ground-breaking 960-element bolometric camera were successfully installed at the South Pole in 2007. Since then, SPT has embarked upon a large, three-frequency survey covering 6% of the entire sky. I will report on the multi-frequency power spectrum results for this survey, including a detection of the thermal Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (SZ) power and improved upper limits on the kinetic SZ power. I will discuss how we can use the kinetic SZ power and CMB polarization data to determine when the epoch of reionization began, when it ended and how long it lasted.\nDate: Mardi, le 7 février 2012 Heure: 16:00 Lieu: Université McGill Ernest Rutherford Physics Building, R.E. Bell Conference Room (room 103) Contact: Robert Rutledge", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Astronomers have discovered a barren cosmological orb 1.8 billion light-years wide.\nDubbed the “supervoid,” this immense stretch of relative emptiness (compared to the rest of the universe) helps solve one question scientists have been teasing apart for a decade. At the same time, it brings up a host of other questions that foreshadow an era of “exotic physics,” physics that will seem new and strange even to our most seasoned experts.\nThe supervoid has about 20% less cosmic material—galaxies, dust, etc.—than our part of the universe or any other area with typical density. It’s not exactly a void, since it’s not entirely empty. But when juxtaposed against other chunks of space, the supervoid appears a frigid wasteland.\n“Frigid” may actually be the opportune word here. Scientists had been searching for a void in this region because they knew about the universe’s so-called “Cold Spot,” a part of the sky discovered 10 years ago that is unusually large and cold compared to what the CMB (cosmic microwave background) radiation—the thermal radiation leftover from the Big Bang—would have predicted for it. Over the last several years, they knew that if they could confirm that this part of the universe has a very low density, that would help explain why the Cold Spot exists, since photons speeding through an accelerating universe lose energy and cool as they cross a void.\nHere’s Hannah Devlin, explains further at The Guardian:\nThis is because the photons convert kinetic energy to gravitational potential as they travel to the heart of the void and get further from denser surrounding patches of universe—think of it as climbing a hill. In a stationary universe, the situation would be symmetrical and so the photons would regain the lost energy on the way out of the void (down the hill). In an accelerated expansion of the universe, however, everything is effectively becoming less dense as space is stretched out, so voids become relatively shallower over time. This means by the time the light descends the virtual hill, the hill has become flatter and the light cannot pick up all the energy it lost on the way in. This means the light exits with a longer wavelength, corresponding to a cooler temperature.\nTo find the void, a team led by István Szapudi of the University of Hawaii at Manoa and András Kovács of the Eötvös Loránd University in Budapest calculated the number of galaxies in a patch of sky about 3 billion light years away from Earth. They used Hawaii’s Pan-STARRS1 telescope and NASA’s Wide Field Survey Explorer satellite to get an accurate measure.\nTheir results, published in the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society , showed that there is in fact a huge, sparsely-populated region centered on the Cold Spot. Here’s Devlin again:\nThe structure may sound unremarkable—hardly a standalone object even—but scientists say it is unprecedented given how evenly distributed the universe normally is at this spatial scale. “This is the greatest supervoid ever discovered,” Kovács said. “In combination of size and emptiness, our supervoid is still a very rare event. We can only expect a few supervoids this big in the observable universe.”\nUnfortunately, the void accounts for only 10% of the difference between the Cold Spot’s low temperature and other average temperatures in surrounding galaxies. So astronomers now have some new questions to ponder: What else might be contributing to the Cold Spot’s brittle temperatures? And how did the supervoid itself come into being? They will likely be addressed in the near future, but in the meantime, scientists will use this finding as added evidence for the presence of dark matter.\nPhoto Credit: ESA and the Planck Collaboration", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Volume 566, June 2014\n|Number of page(s)||9|\n|Section||Stellar structure and evolution|\n|Published online||23 June 2014|\nXMM-Newton and Swift observations of WZ Sagittae: spectral and timing analysis\n1 Department of Mathematics and Physics E. De Giorg, University of Salento, via per Arnesano, CP 193, 73100 Lecce, Italy\n2 INFN, Sez. di Lecce, via per Arnesano, CP 193, 73100 Lecce, Italy\n3 European Space Astronomy Centre, SRE-O, PO Box 78, 28691 Villanueva de la Cañada ( Madrid), Spain\n4 CRESST and X-ray Astrophysics Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt MD 20771, USA\n5 Department of Physics, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore MD 21250, USA\nReceived: 19 October 2013\nAccepted: 19 April 2014\nContext. WZ Sagittae is the prototype object of a subclass of dwarf novae with rare and long (super)outbursts, in which a white dwarf primary accretes matter from a low mass companion. High-energy observations offer the possibility of a better understanding of the disk-accretion mechanism in WZ Sge-like binaries.\nAims. We used archival XMM-Newton and Swift data to characterize the X-ray spectral and temporal properties of WZ Sge in quiescence.\nMethods. We performed a detailed timing analysis of the simultaneous X-ray and UV light curves obtained with the EPIC and OM instruments on board XMM-Newton in 2003. We employed several techniques in this study, including a correlation study between the two curves. We also performed an X-ray spectral analysis using the EPIC data and Swift/XRT data obtained in 2011.\nResults. We find that the X-ray intensity is clearly modulated at a period of ≃28.96 s, confirming previously published preliminary results. We find that the X-ray spectral shape of WZ Sge remains practically unchanged between the XMM-Newton and Swift observations. However, after correcting for interstellar absorption, the intrinsic luminosity is estimated to be LXUna = (2.65 ± 0.06) × 1030 erg s-1 and LXUna = (1.57 ± 0.03) × 1030 erg s-1 in 2003 and 2011, respectively. During the Swift/XRT observation, the observed flux is a factor ≃2 lower than that observed by XMM-Newton but is similar to the quiescent levels that are observed various times before the 2001 outburst.\nKey words: binaries: general / white dwarfs / X-rays: binaries\n© ESO, 2014\nCurrent usage metrics show cumulative count of Article Views (full-text article views including HTML views, PDF and ePub downloads, according to the available data) and Abstracts Views on Vision4Press platform.\nData correspond to usage on the plateform after 2015. The current usage metrics is available 48-96 hours after online publication and is updated daily on week days.\nInitial download of the metrics may take a while.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "For the past few years SpaceDaily has published a series of detailed articles on the upcoming mission to Saturn which will get underway later this year as NASA's Cassini spacecraft approaches Saturn ahead of a 90 minute engine burn to place the billion dollar spacecraft in orbit about Saturn.\nCassini is one of the most ambitious missions ever and central to the mission is the goal of placing a high performance spacecraft in orbit about Saturn. The initial orbital tour will take nearly three years. In addition one of the early highlights will be the deployment of the secondary Huygens spacecraft into the atmosphere of Titan.\nAhead of the main mission, long time space author David Harland has written a desktop manual entitled \"Mission to Saturn\" that should be on the desk of every planetary scientist with an interest in Saturn.\nFor readers with a non professional interest in space exploration - \"Mission to Saturn\" is a highly accessible book that provides substantial detail on the history of Saturn exploration - both from Earth and space based telescopes, and via the three previous spacecraft that have flown by Saturn.\nCassini has already shown off its colors with its flyby of Jupiter - that was essentially a Voyager-class mission for \"free\" - and which saw breathtaking images returned of Jupiter and its various moons.\nWithout doubt, Cassini when it arrives at Saturn is going to give the world a much needed break from its Earthly worries as we behold worlds only ever glimpsed before for a few hours as our first robotic explorers sped by on route to the stars.\nSpaceDaily can recommend with confidence Mission to Saturn as a book anyone with more than a cursory interest in Saturn, will enjoy reading as we await the main event.\nSpaceDaily Book Score - Five Stars - Buy from Amazon or your favorite quality book store.\nMore about Cassini at NASA\nMore about Huygens at ESA\nSubscribe To SpaceDaily Express\nTitan: Sol's Biggest Lightweight\nCameron Park - March 20, 2001\nIn our continuing series on the upcoming Cassini mission to Saturn and Titan, Bruce Moomaw provides SpaceDaily readers with an insight into the science and technology that will make or break our first expedition to the surface of a gas giant's moon.\nCassini's Epic Tour of the Rings\nCameron Park - May 15, 2001\nIn our previous installment on Cassini mission to Saturn we looked at the activities the Huygens entry probe would conduct during its active phase as it parachutes into the atmosphere of Titan. but this brief visit to Titan is only the beginning of Cassini's epic survey of Saturn, its rings, and its moons as it orbits the Sol's mightiest ringed world.\nCassini's Tour de Saturn\nCameron Park - May 25, 2001\nIn my last article on the Cassini Saturn probe, I described the first of the four \"phases\" of its four-year orbital tour of Saturn and its rings and moons, during which it will use a constant sequence of gravity-assist flybys of Titan - 44 flybys during its 74 orbits around Saturn during those four years - to keep radically modifying its orbit to study different parts of the Saturn system. Each phase represents a period in which Cassini will carry out orbital maneuvers of a different general type to make a particular kind of scientific observation.\nRinging Out The Bugs On Route To Saturn And Titan\nCameron Park - June 26, 2001\nWorking the problem has been a keystone of the space program for decades. Whatever the cause of a problem, if at all possible, a solution must be found. And for the past year a deep space mission team has been working to solve a communication problem that will happen in 2004 when for a few hours two spacecraft communicate as they set about exploring Sol's biggest lightweight Titan during the first phase of Cassini's four-year mission to Saturn.\n|The content herein, unless otherwise known to be public domain, are Copyright 1995-2016 - Space Media Network. All websites are published in Australia and are solely subject to Australian law and governed by Fair Use principals for news reporting and research purposes. AFP, UPI and IANS news wire stories are copyright Agence France-Presse, United Press International and Indo-Asia News Service. ESA news reports are copyright European Space Agency. All NASA sourced material is public domain. Additional copyrights may apply in whole or part to other bona fide parties. Advertising does not imply endorsement, agreement or approval of any opinions, statements or information provided by Space Media Network on any Web page published or hosted by Space Media Network. Privacy Statement All images and articles appearing on Space Media Network have been edited or digitally altered in some way. Any requests to remove copyright material will be acted upon in a timely and appropriate manner. Any attempt to extort money from Space Media Network will be ignored and reported to Australian Law Enforcement Agencies as a potential case of financial fraud involving the use of a telephonic carriage device or postal service.|", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Conditions in space caused by the Sun\nActivity on the Sun’s surface, the photosphere, its inner atmosphere, the chromosphere, and in its hot outer atmosphere, the corona, ejects gas and particles into space, carried away at high speeds by the solar wind. The effects of these particles on Earth and the rest of the solar system is known as Space Weather.\nThe Earth is protected from the solar wind by its surrounding magnetic field, the magnetosphere and the Van Allen radiation belts. At its prettiest, the solar particles enter the Earth’s atmosphere to create the aurorae. However, when solar activity is more violent, the solar wind is stronger and solar flares or coronal mass ejections can occur, firing vast numbers of highly energetic particles into space. These larger solar events can damage satellites and disrupt power grids. Astronomers keep an eye on solar activity and space weather to be prepared for all eventualities.\nFor further information follow these links:\nLive feed of Space Weather information from Twitter:", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Jan 29, 2015 07:12 PM EST\nFast winds over California postponed a NASA satellite launch today, but researchers with the space agency say that the mission is far from over. Set to launch this morning, Jan. 29, the Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) spacecraft developed by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory may have had a setback but it still has plans to map the world in a way researchers have never done before.\nDesigned to detect the moisture content in land surfaces, and also determine whether land is frozen or not during its three-year mission in Earth's outer orbit, the SMAP spacecraft is planning to give environmental researchers a whole new view of the planet on a global scale by providing measurements for virtually every geographic location as it orbits the Earth.\n\"The relevance is (soil moisture) is a pretty sensitive indicator of future water availability and can be used in climate models to help improve forecasts,\" Project Manager for SMAP, Kent Kellogg says. \"One of the really nice things about this mission is we have a lot of relevance for climate science, but the data is also very useful for everyday practical applications. It will improve weather forecasting significantly, drought and flood forecasting, food productivity and diseases.\"\nThe satellite will be capable of looking beneath the clouds, vegetation and other surfaces, and will produce new global maps every two to three days. \"It's unique because for the first time they are combining a radar instrument, which has a really fine resolution and detail in what it sees, and also a radiometer, which can see through clouds and has other benefits,\" researcher with the National Snow and Ice Data Center in Boulder and the Data Management Lead for the SMAP mission, Amanda Leon says.\nThough the mission has been placed on hold, as NASA waits for another launch in more suitable weather conditions, the plans are still set in stone and soon environmentalists and researchers alike will be able to have moisture information only a click away.\n1. 10:06 PM\n2. 11:21 AM\nScientists Uncover Exotic Matter in the Sun's Atmosphere\n4. 10:48 AM\nThe Drone Market Could Triple in Size by 2023, Says The FAA\n2. 09:46 AM\nFacebook’s New Virtual Reality Headset is a Game Changer\n4. 09:44 AM\nUnusual Volcanic Rocks Lift Lid on Risks of Less-Studied Eruptions", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Welcome to the University of Texas Skywatchers' Report for Monday December 18th through Sunday January 7th 2007.\nThe new moon for the month of December is on Wednesday the 20th. The moon is at first quarter on Wednesday the 27th. The first full moon for 2007 will be on Wednesday January 3rd. The full moon for the month of January is the Moon After Yule and the Old Moon.\nThe winter solstice for the northern hemisphere occurs on Thursday December 21st at 6:22 p.m. central standard time. Some calendars may list Friday the 22nd as the first day of winter, which it is if you use Greenwich time, where the solstice occurs at 22 minutes after midnight on the 22nd.\nThe cluster of planets around the sun is joined by the moon on December 18th though the 22nd. Mercury, Mars and Jupiter are visible in the morning shortly before sunrise and Venus can be glimpsed in the west after sunset. Over the next few weeks Mercury will be sinking back towards the sun and will reach superior conjunction on Sunday January 7th.\nSaturn is rising at 9:45 p.m. on December 20th, and will be up at 9:15th by December 27th. On January 3rd, look for Saturn in the east shortly after 8:45 p.m. The moon will be above Saturn on January 5th and below Saturn on the 6th.\nPublic viewing on UT campus telescopes is finished for 2006. Open nights will resume in the second half of January 2007.\nThank you for calling the University of Texas Skywatchers' Report and Happy Holidays!", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Degradation assessment of LYRA after 5 years on orbit - Technology Demonstration -\nWe present a long-term assessment of the radiometric calibration and degradation of the Large Yield Radiometer (LYRA), which has been on orbit since 2009. LYRA is an ultraviolet (UV) solar radiometer and is the first space experiment using aboard a pioneering diamond detector technology. We show that LYRA has degraded after the commissioning phase but is still exploitable scientifically after almost 5 years on orbit thanks to its redundancy design and calibration strategy correcting for instrument degradation. We focus on the inflight detector’s calibration and show that diamond photodetectors have not degraded while silicon reference photodiodes that are even less exposed to the Sun show an increase of their dark current and a decrease of their photoresponse.\nKeywordsUV solar radiometer Onboard calibration Degradation Diamond detector\nThe detectors are either silicon photodiodes (Si-AXUV, type AXUV20 from former International Radiation Detectors, now OptoDiode Corp.) or diamond detectors, the latter having been specifically designed for LYRA . A detailed description of LYRA performances can be found in .\nIn this paper, an assessment of the LYRA instrument’s performance and degradation is presented based on our onboard calibration strategy which includes −1- detector dark current (DC) measurements with LYRA covers closed, −2- onboard Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) signal acquisition to assess the detector stability and to disentangle aging of the detectors from the optical filters, −3- parallel data acquisition sequence (redundancy concept) where data from two LYRA units can be acquired in parallel to inter-calibrate their spectral channels and −4- inter-calibration planning which combines LYRA observations with currently operating UV solar instruments.\n2 Onboard detector calibration\nThe radiometric calibration stability over years of mission time is a goal for a solar instrument such as LYRA. The bi-weekly onboard detector calibration sequence consists of 40 min of dark current (DC) measurement with the covers closed, followed by 100 min with the visible (VIS) LED emitting at around 470 nm, 100 min with (UV) LED emitting at around 365 nm and again 40 min DC acquisition (see in Fig. 8). The sequence is first applied to the nominal unit 2 and to the first backup unit 3, after which this is repeated with unit 1. For LYRA, two types of diamond detectors had been developed by IMOMEC (University of Limburg, Belgium): metal–semiconductor–metal (MSM) photoconductors  and PIN (with the n-doped layer on top) photodiodes . Si-AXUV photodiodes were selected as reference detectors  for comparison with the newly developed diamond devices. All LYRA detectors had been measured regarding their quantum efficiency, stability, response uniformity and linearity showing good radiometric characteristics under laboratory conditions .\n2.1 Dark current measurements\nRelative variation of the dark current (ΔDC) measured between semester S1 (2010) and S9 (2014). FWHM: Full Width at Half Maximum of the filter transmission range. It should be mentioned that Al and Zr filters used in ch 3 and ch 4, respectively show high transmittance below 3.3 and 1.5 nm wavelength, respectively\nUnit - channel\nBandwidth FWHM / nm\nΔDC (47 °C)/ %\nCumul. solar exposure (days)\n+4.6 ± 5\n+ 0.2 ± 0.2\n+4.0 ± 2\n+2.0 ± 2\n−32 ± 5\n+0.2 ± 0.2\n−10 ± 2\n−26 ± 5\n+14 ± 2\n+0.2 ± 0.2\n+13.5 ± 2\n+14 ± 2\nThe DC decrease in unit 2 is not fully understood. However, a possible explanation could be related to desorption of surface contaminants (mainly water) which increase conductivity. Due to the hydrogen-terminated MSM diamond surface  and the proximity of its interdigitated finger electrodes (15 μm), diamond MSM detectors are very sensitive to the ambient environment and to surface contamination. Special precautions were taken to keep the diamond MSM detectors in a dry inert environment by purging LYRA continuously with nitrogen and keeping covers always closed during on-ground activities but this was perhaps not sufficient.\nAs shown in Table 1, diamond MSMs of unit 1, that are less exposed to the Sun, show a non-significant increase of their DC during the same period. The relative DC variation (ΔDC) is approximately +4.0 % at 47 °C within the measurement uncertainty. It should be mentioned that the large error bar used, i.e., ±2 to ±5 %, is mainly related to the time needed for each MSM detector to reach a stable signal. Indeed although diamond MSM detectors have negligibly small DC at room temperature (typically 1 to 2 pA at 5 V bias voltage for a 5-mm diameter active area), they show a slow but persistent decrease of their DC, which varies with the cumulated duration and the flux of previous UV radiation exposures  but mainly with the electric field applied between the metal fingers electrodes. Solutions and progress have been already reported: new diamond MSM device architecture with optimized metal layers and with 5 μm (instead of 15) spacing between the interdigitated finger contacts have been investigated and showed excellent results in terms of stability and homogeneity .\nDifferent mechanisms could contribute to the DC increase of Si-AXUV photodiodes however it is well known that UV radiation as well as ionizing particles induce ionization damages in the Si–SiO2 interface, resulting in the formation of oxide-trapped charges and interface states that affect the performance of the device [15, 16].\n2.2 LED measurements\nIt is important to mention that a stable sensitivity to the onboard LEDs does not exclude the presence of a UV radiation-induced thin surface contamination layer on the detector, which is transparent in the near UV and visible ranges but very absorptive in the EUV-VUV spectral range. Ideally, the responsivity change should be monitored over the spectral range in which the detector is used.\n3 Exploitation of the redundancy concept\nIt should be added that in order to reduce the uncertainty of the integrated signal, LYRA uses three reference calibration voltages (0, 2.5 and 5 V) to calibrate its VFCs (AD652). After almost 5 years in orbit, the 8 VFCs show good stability with time (relative variation of 0.029 % at 5 V) and also as a function of the temperature (1.45 10−3 %/K at 5 V).\nLong-term UV solar irradiance measurement can only be achieved by combining observations of several space-based instruments. Since January 2010 LYRA has been continuously observing the Sun and, after correction, it could be calibrated with the help of a combined solar spectrum by the Solar Stellar Irradiance Comparison Experiment (SOLSTICE) onboard the Solar Radiation and Climate Experience (SORCE) and the Solar EUV Experiment (SEE) on the Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics (TIMED) mission. In addition, first results indicated that the spatial resolution of SWAP on PROBA2 complements well the high temporal resolution of the EUV LYRA channels . SWAP—the Sun Watcher using APS and image Processing—is an EUV solar telescope centered at 17.4 nm and the first on orbit that benefits from CMOS Active Pixel Sensor technology [24, 25]. The long-term variations of the EUV irradiance measured by LYRA are also compared with the EUV Variability Experiment (EVE) on board the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) satellite . It has been shown that the LYRA channel 2–4 data correlate well with the EVE/ESP (EUV Spectro-Photometer) level-1 data between 2010 and 2013 . LYRA channel 2–4 is also in good agreement with the EVE/MEGS (Multiple EUV Grating Spectrograph) channels . However, LYRA channel 2–3 has shown a much smaller variability due to the degradation of the longer wavelengths included in its passband i.e., above approximately 19 nm. A new inter calibration campaign with EVE/MEGS is under study with improved degradation correction of LYRA channels and will be the subject of a future publication.\nThe calibrated data (in physical units), corrected from the temperature effects DC, and degradation-trends are available on the LYRA website (proba2.sidc.be/data/LYRA).\nSince 2010, LYRA has been exposed to a severe environment and it has consequently experienced significant degradation. The observed degradation is caused mainly by the presence of contaminant species (organics, siloxanes and water) on the optical filter surface, which reduce the UV light transmission. Currently, there is no possibility of mitigating contamination in space once molecules have settled irreversibly after UV-polymerization, which is a classical concern for UV solar instruments. However, methods to largely recover the LYRA calibration were established and successfully implemented. In-flight detector monitoring shows that diamond detectors (both MSM and PIN) exhibit insignificant degradation after almost 5 years on orbit. By its nature, diamond has a much lower thermally induced DC and is a radiation-hard semiconductor, which significantly extend the stability of the LYRA radiometric calibration. Conversely, and despite a much lower duty cycle, the Si-AXUV photodiodes used as reference detectors show an increase of their dark current and a higher decrease of their photoresponse, as demonstrated by the onboard UV LEDs for the EUV LYRA channels, suggesting damage in the oxide passivation layer. Exposure to radiation is often the main reason for detector degradation, and its impacts (ionization and displacement-damage) are frequently underestimated. LYRA profits additionally from a redundancy design concept for tracking instrument degradation. Complemented by other solar inter-calibration instruments, LYRA started its new real-time space weather services. Finally, the successful PROBA2 technological mission offers a unique opportunity to validate diamond detector technology from which lessons are derived for future solar UV radiometers.\nLYRA is a project of the Centre Spatial de Liège, the Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos and the Royal Observatory of Belgium funded by the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office (BELSPO) and by the Swiss Bundesamt für Bildung und Wissenschaft. This work was made possible thanks to the Solar-Terrestrial Centre of Excellence (STCE), a collaborative framework funded by BELSPO.\n- 1.Hochedez, J.-F., Schmutz, W., Stockman, Y., Schühle, U., BenMoussa, A., Koller, S., Haenen, K., Berghmans, D., Defise, J.-M., Halain, J.-P., Theissen, A., Delouille, V., Slemzin, V., Gillotay, D., Fussen, D., Dominique, M., Vanhellemont, F., McMullin, D., Kretzschmar, M., Mitrofanov, A., Nicula, B., Wauters, L., Roth, H., Rozanov, E., Ruedi, I., Wehrli, C., Soltani, A., Amano, H., Van der Linden, R., Zhukov, A., Clette, F., Koizumi, S., Mortet, V., Remes, Z., Petersen, R., Nesladek, M., D’Olieslaeger, M., Roggen, J., Rochus, P.: LYRA, a solar UV radiometer on PROBA 2. Adv. Space Res. 37, 303 (2006)CrossRefADSGoogle Scholar\n- 3.BenMoussa, A., Hochedez, J.F., Schühle, U., Schmutz, W., Haenen, K., Stockman, Y., Soltani, A., Scholze, F., Kroth, U., Mortet, V., Theissen, A., Laubis, C., Richter, M., Koller, S., Defise, J.-M., Koizumi, S.: Diamond detectors for LYRA, the solar VUV radiometer on board PROBA2. Diam. Relat. Mater. 15, 802–806 (2006)CrossRefADSGoogle Scholar\n- 4.BenMoussa, A., Dammasch, I.E., Hochedez, J.F., Schühle, U., Koller, S., Gillotay, Stockman, Y., Scholze, F., Richter, M., Kroth, U., Laubis, C., Dominique, M., Kretzschmar, M., Mekaoui, S., Gissot, S., Theissen, A., Giordanengo, B., Bolsee, D., Hermans, C., Gillotay, D., Defise, J.-M., Schmutz, W.: Pre-flight calibration of LYRA, the solar VUV radiometer on board PROBA2. Astron. Astrophys. 508, 1085–1094 (2009)CrossRefADSGoogle Scholar\n- 6.Jones, A.R., McMullin, D., Dominique, M., Dammasch, I.E.: Progress towards understanding the degradation and performance characteristics of the PROBA2-LYRA instrument, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Fall Meeting 2013, San Francisco, United States, 9–12 December 2013Google Scholar\n- 8.BenMoussa, A., Theissen, A., Scholze, F., Hochedez, J.F., Schühle, U., Schmutz, W., Haenen, K., Stockman, Y., Soltani, A., McMullin, D., Vest, R.E., Kroth, U., Laubis, C., Richter, M., Mortet, V., Gissot, S., Delouille, V., Dominique, M., Koller, S., Halain, J.P., Remes, Z., Petersen, R., D’Olieslaeger, M., Defise, J.-M.: Performance of diamond detectors for VUV applications. Nucl. Inst. Methods A 568, 398–405 (2006)CrossRefADSGoogle Scholar\n- 15.Homes-Siedle, A., Adams, L.: Handbook of Radiation Effects, 2nd edn. U.K. Univ. Press, Oxford (2002)Google Scholar\n- 16.Shi, L.: Performance analysis of si-based ultra-shallow junction photodiodes for UV Radiation Detection, PhD Thesis, Delft University of Technology (NL) (2013)Google Scholar\n- 17.Ma, T.P., Dressendorfer, P.V.: Ionization radiation effects in MOS devices and circuits. Wiley, New York (1989)Google Scholar\n- 18.Palik, E.D. (ed.): Handbook of Optical Constants of Solids. Academic, New York (1985)Google Scholar\n- 24.Seaton, D.B., Berghmans, D., Nicula, B., Halain, J.-P., De Groof, A., Thibert, T., Bloomfield, D.S., Raftery, C.L., Gallagher, P.T., Auchère, F., Defise, J.-M., D’Huys, E., Lecat, J.-H., Mazy, E., Rochus, P., Rossi, L., Schühle, U., Slemzin, V., Yalim, M.S., Zender, J.: The SWAP EUV imaging telescope part I: instrument overview and pre-flight testing. Sol. Phys. 286(1), 43–65 (2013)CrossRefADSGoogle Scholar\n- 26.Woods, T.N., Eparvier, F.G., Hock, R., Jones, A.R., Woodraska, D., et al.: Extreme ultraviolet variability experiment (EVE) on the solar dynamics observatory (SDO): overview of science objectives, instrument design, data products, and model developments. Sol. Phys. 275, 115–143 (2012)CrossRefADSGoogle Scholar\n- 27.Yalim, M.S., Poedts, S.: Variations in EUV irradiance: comparison between LYRA, ESP and SWAP integrated flux. Adv Astron. 2014, Article ID 957461, 13 pages (2014)Google Scholar\nOpen Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits any use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and the source are credited.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Monday, August 21, 2017\n11:00am - 4:00pm\nFREE admission (Viewing glasses available for the first 40 people)\nCome to Owl’s Hill Meadow to view the solar eclipse. You bring the picnic!\nThe Solar Eclipse Viewing event at Owl's Hill Nature Sanctuary is sold out. Please check our calendar for all our public program days.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "The sticker is available in two choices - with white stars for dark walls or grey stars for pale walls. It is also available in 3 sizes to suit your decor.\nSMALL: The moon measures 27cm across.\nMEDIUM: The moon measures 55cm across.\nLARGE: The moon measures 87cm across.\nThe set contains the moon plus 230 stars. You can also choose to add an extra set of stars, please select white or grey from the drop-down.The stickers are easily applied - just peel and stick - and are made of fabric adhesive so they can be removed, repositioned and reapplied over and over. They are free from vinyl, PVC, BPA and phthalates so make a great choice for nurseries and kids' rooms.\nTo infinity and beyond! Create an amazing space scene with our Space Rocket wall stickers....\nAdd a fun touch to nurseries and children's rooms with these polka dot wall stickers...\nA blue whale and her calf are accompanied by a diver feature in this wall...\nSimply stars! Lots of little stars in a variety of colours to decorate walls and...", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "- Roberto Molar Candanosa\n- [email protected]\n- Office phone\n- Cell phone\nIf you have one of those household drawers where random stuff collects, you might want to rummage through it looking for an old pair of eclipse viewing glasses. It was just back in August 2017 when we needed special light-blocking eyewear to view a total solar eclipse that cut a swath across the country. Dubbed \"The Great American Eclipse,\" its \"zone of totality\"—the shadowed region where the sun is completely blocked by the moon—stretched in a narrow band from Oregon to South Carolina. (Outside this band, Baltimore experienced a partial eclipse that year with 80% of the sun blocked by the moon.)\nOn April 8, the moon and the sun will again do their sky-darkening celestial dance. This time, the band of totality stretches from Mazatlan on Mexico's west coast and moves northeast through Texas as part of sweeping cross-country arc ending in Newfoundland, Canada. Major cities in its path include San Antonio, Dallas, Little Rock, Indianapolis, Cleveland, and Buffalo. With deference to Bonnie Tyler's chart-topping hit, maybe this one could be dubbed \"Total Eclipse of the Heartland.\" In Baltimore, the optimal viewing time is expected to be 3:21 p.m. EDT, with the partial phases extending from about 2 p.m. to 4:30 or so.\nIs there anything special about this latest total solar eclipse?\nWell, for one thing there won't be another total solar eclipse visible in the U.S. until 2044. But this eclipse will be different from the one in 2017. The moon's orbit is slightly elliptical. So the angular size of the moon is a little smaller when it's farther away, and a little bigger when it's closer. This year the moon is closer to us than in 2017. The length of the time that you were in shadow in 2017, if you were right on the totality center line, was a little over two minutes. And this time it will be over four minutes long—all because the moon is closer. And the path of totality will be wider as well.\nWhat should we consider if we want to travel to experience totality?\nClouds! [laughter] The difficulty with this one is that the northeast in April is not known for being spectacularly clear. So it'll get dark in the totality zone but whether you can actually see the eclipse or not is just going to depend on the weather. I think a lot of people are heading down south to Texas and Mexico hoping that the weather is a little clearer down that way.\nWhat can we expect here in Baltimore?\nIt will be another partial eclipse here with some 90% of the sun covered. If you have the special glasses and look at it, you will see the bright disc of the sun with a substantial chunk taken out of it that will change over time. It'll get to a certain point, maximize, and uncover again. You might see the character of the light change a little bit if it's clear here. It's an odd light. The light levels go down, and if the sun's out, it is still producing crisp shadows. This is in contrast to evening twilight when things kind of soften in terms of the shadows.\nIs it worth getting closer to the totality but not all the way in it?\nNot really. The amazing thing about an eclipse is that you could be where the sun is 99% covered and it's not the same as being 100% when the solar disc is completely covered and you see the corona around the outside. In a 99% eclipse, you still have a piece of the sun that's uncovered and its light completely dominates so you don't see the corona. So people who say, \"oh, I'm close to totality—I'm going to stay here\" will not experience totality or see the corona.\nTell us more about the corona.\nIt's basically the tenuous outer layers of the solar atmosphere. When you see the bright sun, that's called the photosphere. You can see sunspots and things there. That's the so-called surface of the sun. (Well, the sun doesn't have a hard surface like the earth, but basically, there's a photosphere where the light escapes and that's what we see.) There is a tenuous region of the extended solar atmosphere called the corona, where magnetic fields and high-energy particles come out of the sun and ionize the tenuous gas around the sun. That's the halo around the sun you can see when the bright disc is completely covered during totality. During totality, you can look at it without glasses and take pictures of it.\nIt's pretty amazing, huh?\nAbsolutely spectacular. And not just the eclipse itself, but then just seeing the surroundings get dark in the middle of the day. Sometimes animals and insects and birds and whatnot start to do funny things because they don't understand what's going on. We experienced totality in the Tetons in 2017. You could see the shadow coming and then it sweeps over you and all of a sudden, you're in the dark. The only other time I experienced it was as a college student in 1972. We we're driving across Canada listening on transistor radios to figure out what the weather was going to be like and where we should try to go. It sounded like Nova Scotia had the best chance of being clear, so we kept going east until we got to Nova Scotia, and that's where we watched it.\nWait, you went up to Nova Scotia to see the total eclipse of the sun? Did Carly Simon write her chart-topping hit \"Your So Vain\" about you?\nSadly, no. I went in a college van, not a Lear jet!", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Analemma Wines -\nThe analemma is a figure 8 shape of the Sun’s annual migratory path between the northern and southern hemispheres as seen from the Earth. This pattern is caused by the tilt of the Earth’s axis and is a visual cue of the Sun’s movement through the calendar year.\nThe ribbon-like figure of the analemma is similar to the symbol of infinity. We draw inspiration from this image of “boundlessness” or “beyond calculation.” So much of what we enjoy as humans cannot be summarized by science or measured by calculation. Joy, love, pleasure, and a smile are all examples of immeasurable essences that are meaningful aspects of everyday life. Our experience reveals that the pleasure derived from wine falls into this unquantifiable category.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "By Prakash Chandra\nTo paraphrase a famous quote, it may have been one small step in launching rockets, but a giant leap for a country’s space ambitions. The debut experimental flight of India’s Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mark III (GSLV Mk III) on Thursday must have dispelled whatever doubts that lingered in the minds of India’s space scientists about their flagship launcher’s capabilities. For, India’s most powerful rocket was yet to prove its reliability, having failed in four of its previous seven flights.\nThe Mk III did not launch any satellite. Instead, the 630-tonne rocket carried aloft the hopes of Indian Space Research Organisation (Isro) scientists as they validated its flight parameters and stability during its suborbital hop of the planet at a height of around 126 km.\nThe success of this launch is crucial for two reasons. One, Isro plans to send two astronauts into space at some point as part of its human space flight programme, an ambition that hinges on an effective Mk III lifting a manned spacecraft to low Earth orbit (LEO). A prototype of the 3.65-tonne crew module to be used for India’s first manned mission rode on the Mk III on its maiden experimental flight on Thursday.\nManned space flight capability will enable India to enter an advanced field where there are few competitors, especially given Isro’s credentials as a unique organisation where the return on investment is very high. Even on a modest budget, the space agency has achieved so much. At some point, privatisation of India’s space sector could lead to a further lowering of costs, which would enable Isro to even compete in space tourism.\nThe second reason is that only a reliable Mk III booster, which can deliver four-tonne payloads to geosynchronous transfer orbit (GTO), will help India capture a sizeable chunk of the global satellite launch market. The GSLV now needs just one more test flight to become commercially operational and enter the niche market for four-tonne satellites, currently the exclusive preserve of American space boosters and the European Space Agency’s Ariane rockets. The biggest challenge before Isro in operationalising the Mk III and achieving these two goals is the development of an indigenous cryogenic engine, which is crucial for the Mk III.\nCryogenic engines use fuels like oxygen and hydrogen in liquid form — stored at extremely low temperatures —to produce enormous amounts of thrust per unit mass (engineering parlance for the mass of fuel the engine requires to provide maximum thrust for a specific period such as, say, pounds of fuel per hour per pound of thrust). Rockets powered by cryogenic motors, therefore, need to carry much less fuel than would otherwise be required.\nBut developing a cryogenic engine from such propellants is a huge challenge, and India’s indigenously developed cryo engine is still some way off. For Thursday’s launch, the Mark III carried a dummy cryo engine with inert nitrogen to simulate the characteristics of the actual flight version. The launch otherwise tested the performance of the rocket —avionics, stage separation, etc — and the re-entry characteristics of the crew module. No engine was fired at the third stage.\nIndia’s space engineers can be justifiably proud of standing up to the exaggerated jitters of the world’s most advanced space-faring nation in the early 1990s — that India might use its space launch capabilities for military purposes. (At that time, under US pressure, Russia reneged on its original deal to transfer cryogenic technology to India, forcing India to buy off-the-shelf cryo engines from Russia.)\nBut now that Isro has developed its own cryo engine that will be testflown on the GSLV’s next flight, it can put the unpleasant past firmly behind it and literally aim for the stars. There is a long way to go, though, before Mark IIIs routinely hoist fourtonne and heavier payloads to GTO.\nRockets belonging to the Mk III class are the workhorse launchers for US, Russian, European and Chinese space agencies. The future of the global satellite launch market is all about communication satellites, and it is imperative for Isro to augment its launch capability constantly to compete with powerful rockets like the European Ariane and America’s Delta and Atlas that dominate the business of heavy-lift launchers.\nAn operational Mk III will even give Isro the capability to build an orbiting space station. The space agency, however, cannot afford to ignore the fact that by then, other players would probably have saturated the market and pushed the bar still higher.\nthe second reason is that only a reliable mk iii booster, which can deliver four-tonne payloads to geosynchronous transfer orbit (gto), will help india capture a sizeable chunk of the global satellite launch market. the gslv now needs just one more test flight to become commercially operational and enter the niche market for four-tonne satellites, currently the exclusive preserve of american space boosters and the european space agencyâ s ariane rockets. the biggest challenge before isro in operationalising the mk iii and achieving these two goals is the development of an indigenous cryogenic engine, which is crucial for the mk iii.... Read More\nViews expressed above are the author's own.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "GLOBAL FORECAST (15/01/2022 12:00 - 15/01/2022 18:00)\nThe geometric figure in the sky Needle that occurs in the period described shows very weak transformational and restructuring cosmic energies. This geometric structure manifests itself when, viewed from the Earth in the Solar System, combinations occur between four luminaries, planets or other important cosmic factors. The quadruple combination symbolizes the creation of some material base for the manifestation of the planetary energy.\nThe very form of this cosmic combination represents triangle. This threefold relation between cosmic factors is much stronger than the normal aspect in Astrology.\nIn this case these objects are coming into the following angular sequence: 30°-150°-180° or Ceres (C) q North Node (¤) i Moon (W) o South Node (¥) w←.\nThis structure in the Cosmos is occurs relatively rarely in the Universe, and it shows that the Wisely Intelligent Powers use this celestial structure in special cases to turn the human civilization into a special and unique direction.\nSince this configuration possesses the quality of asymmetry, it becomes clear that the celestial energies are not so intense by their nature, and one can more easily master and transform them to his/her advantage.\nIn a global sense, The participation of the Moon in more complex cosmic connections means that they will be further enhanced, and the energy of the Universe will be directed also towards the wide public masses.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "- Iranian calendar\nThe Iranian calendar or Solar Hejri (\n19 March|| Demise of Muhammadand Martyrdom of Imam Hassan|| |\n20 March|| Nationalization of the oil industries || |\n4 June|| Anniversary of the passing of ImamKhomeini|| || 1989\n5 June|| Anniversary of the uprising against the Shah || |\n3 October|| Martyrdom of ImamAli || |\n15 October|| End of Ramadan|| Eid-e-Fitr|\n- ] .\nThe year was computed from the\nvernal equinox, and each month was determined by the transit of the sun into the corresponding zodiac region, a system that incorporated improvements on the ancient Indian system ofthe Surya Siddhanta(\"Surya\"=solar, \"Siddhanta\"=analysis, 4th c. CE), also the basis of most Hindu calendars. Since the solar transit times can have 24-hour variations, the length of the months vary slightly in different years (each month can be between 29 and 32 days). For example, the months in two last years of the Jalali calendar had:\nBecause months were computed based on precise times of solar transit between zodiacal regions, seasonal drift never exceeded one day, and also there was no need for a leap year in the Jalali calendar. However, this calendar was very difficult to compute; it required the full\nephemeriscomputations / actual observations to determine solar motion trajectories. Some claim that simplifications introduced in the intervening years may have introduced a system with 8 leap days in every cycle of 33 years. (Different rules, such as the 2820-year cycle, have also been accredited to Khayyam). However, the original Jalali calendar based on observations (or predictions) of solar transit would not have needed either leap years or seasonal adjustments.\nThe team also came up with the computation of the length of a solar year as 365.24219858156 days. The number of decimal digits reflects their high confidence in this computation. Though it may not have been known at the time, the length of theyear is changing in the sixth decimal place over a person'slifetime. Nonetheless, the result is astoundingly accurate: the length ofthe year at various points are:\n* 365.2421986 days: Isfahan team, 1079\n* 365.242196 days: end of the 19th century\n* 365.242190 days: end of 20th c. (today)\nHowever, owing to the variations in month lengths, and also the difficulty in computing the calendar itself, the Iranian calendar was modified to simplify these aspects in 1925 (1304 AP).\nIranian Calendar Reform: 1925\nFebruary 21, 1911, the second Persian parliament mandated government use of a simplified calendric computation system based on the solar calendar. The present Iranian calendar was legally adopted on March 31, 1925, under the early Pahlavi dynasty. The law said that the first day of the year should be the first day of spring in \"the true solar year\", \"as it has been\" (کماکان). It also fixed the number of days in each month, which previously varied by year with the tropical zodiac. It revived the ancient Persian names, which are still used. It specified the origin of the calendar (Hegira of Muhammadfrom Meccato Medinain 622 CE). It also deprecated the 12-year cycles of the Chinese-Uighur calendar which were not officially sanctioned but were commonly used.\nThe first six months (Farvardin–Shahrivar) have 31 days, the next five (Mehr–Bahman) have 30 days, and the last month (Esfand) has 29 days or 30 days in leap years. The reason the first six months have 31 days and the rest 30 may have to do with the fact that the sun moves slightly more slowly along the ecliptic in the northern spring and summer than in the northern autumn and winter.Fact|date=November 2007\nAfghanistan legally adopted this calendar in 1957,Fact|date=November 2007 but with different month names. The Afghan\nPashtolanguage in Afghanistan uses the Pashto names of the zodiac signs. The Afghan Dari language in Afghanistan, uses the Dari names of the zodiacsigns.\nThe Persian calendar produces a five-year leap year interval after about every seven four-year leap year intervals. It usually follows a 33-year cycle with occasional interruptions by single 29-year or 37-year subcycles. By contrast, some less accurate predictive algorithms are suggestion based on confusion between average tropical year (365.2422 days, approximated with near 128-year cycles or 2820-year great cycles) and the mean interval between spring equinoxes (365.2424 days, approximated with a near 33-year cycle).\nThe Iranian calendar year begins at the start of Spring in the northern hemisphere: on the midnight between the two consecutive\nsolar noons which include the instant of the Northern spring equinox, when the sun enters the northern hemisphere. If between two consecutive noons the sun's altitude rises through its equinoctial altitude, then the first noon is on the last day of one calendar year and the second noon is on the first day ( Nowruz) of the next year.The calendar has 12 months with Persian names.\nThe first day of the calendar year is also the day of the greatest festival of the year in Iran, Afghanistan and surrounding regions, called\nNowruz(two morphemes: IPA|now (new) and IPA|ruz (day), meaning \"new day\").\nDays of the week\nIn the Iranian calendar, every week begins on Saturday and ends on Friday. The days of the week are called: IPA|ʃanbeh (شنبه in native script), IPA|jekʃanbeh (یکشنبه), IPA|doʃanbeh (دوشنبه), IPA|seʃanbeh (سه شنبه), IPA|tʃahɒrʃanbeh (چهارشنبه), IPA|pandʒʃanbeh (پنجشنبه), and IPA|dʒomhe (جمعه originally in Arabic) or IPA|ɒdineh (آدینه) (in IPA|pɒrsi). In most Islamic countries, IPA|dʒumʕa is the holiday.\nCalculating the day of the week is easy, using an anchor date. One good such date is Sunday, 1 Farvardin 1372, which equals 21 March 1993. Assuming the 33-year cycle approximation, move back by one weekday to jump ahead by one 33-year cycle. Similarly, to jump back by one 33-year cycle, move ahead by one weekday.\nAs in the\nGregorian calendar, dates move forward exactly one day of the week with each passing year, except if there is an intervening leap day when they move two days. The anchor date 1 Farvardin 1372 is chosen so that its 4th, 8th, ..., 32nd anniversaries come immediately after leap days, yet the anchor date itself does not immediately follow a leap day.\nThe image below shows the difference between the Iranian calendar (using the 33-year arithmetic approximation) and the seasons. The Y axis is \"days error\" and the X axis is Gregorian calendar years. Each point represents a single date on a given year. The error shifts by about 1/4 day per year, and is corrected by a leap year every 4th year regularly, and one 5 year leap period to complete a 33-year cycle. One can notice a gradual shift upwards over the 500 years shown. The Gregorian calendar, introduced in 1582, is almost as accurate in the long term, but has larger swings of seasonal errors over centuries.\n* [http://pmc.khone.ir/ Persian Multi Calendar] This is a free and open source calendar program running under Windows, containing all three calendars Jalali (Persian), Hijri (Islamic) and Gregorian with much more features.\n* [http://www.alavi.us/toolbar/ An Iranian calendar toolbar for Internet Explorer and Firefox]\n* [http://www.aaahoo.com/main/dispCalendar.asp?ULanID=E&PR=y Online Persian Calendar from aaahoo portal]\n* [http://www.payvand.com/calendar Online Persian Calendar Generator and Convertor]\n* [http://www.nongnu.org/afghancalendar Online Afghan Calendar with Gregorian, Hejrah-e shamsi and Hejrah-e qamari dates]\n* [http://www.iranchamber.com/calendar/converter/iranian_calendar_converter.php An online Jalali(shamsi)/Gregorian/Islamic(hijri) Date Convertor]\n* [http://www.tondering.dk/claus/cal/node7.html The Persian Calendar] : How the leap years are calculated\n* [http://msdn2.microsoft.com/en-us/library/system.globalization.persiancalendar.aspx System.Globalization.PersianCalendar class documentation in MSDN Library] (The implementation of Persian Calendar in Microsoft .NET Framework 2.0)\n* [http://www.alavi.us/jcal/ An Interactive Iranian Calendar]\n* [http://www.calendar-ir.narod.ru/ An online Persian/Gregorian date convertor, Persian calendar for mobile (j2me)]\n* [http://ahura.TheLalis.com The Zoroastrian Calendar]\n* [http://www.iranian.com/History/April99/Months/index.html Meaning of the names of the months in the Persian Calendar]\n* [http://psoft.ir/ Sun Calendar] This is a Persian solar calendar plus some useful tools such as date converters.\nWikimedia Foundation. 2010.\nСм. также в других словарях:\nIranian festivals — The following is a List of Festivals in Iran Iranian Festivals * Nowruz: Celebration of the start of spring ( Rejuvenation ). It starts on the first day of spring (also the first day of the Iranian Calendar year) and lasts for 13 days. * Sizdah… … Wikipedia\nCalendar era — A calendar era is the year numbering system used by a calendar. For example, the Gregorian calendar numbers its years in the Western Christian era (the Coptic and Ethiopic churches have their own Christian eras, see below). The instant, date, or… … Wikipedia\nIranian reform movement — The Iranian reform movement (Persian:اصلاح طلبان), or the Reforms Front (Persian: جبههٔ اصلاحات) also known as 2nd of Khordad Front (Persian: جبهه دوم خرداد which refers to the date of President Mohammad Khatami s 1997 landslide election victory… … Wikipedia\nIranian Chess Championship — The Iranian Chess Championship is the yearly national chess championship of Iran. Below is the gallery of champions, notice the gap between 1359 and 1369 (according to the Iranian calendar), when chess was forbidden in Iran. There is also a gap… … Wikipedia\nIranian Kurdistan — (Kurdish: کوردستانی ئران Kurdistanî Iran ) [ [http://www.amude.net/Hevpeyvin Kurdi deep.php?newsLanguage=Kurdi newsId=866 www.amude.com ] ] or Kurdistana Rojhilat (Eastern Kurdistan) [ [http://www.demanu.com.tr/arsiv/06 03 2006 143sy/niv 06… … Wikipedia\nCalendar — For other uses, see Calendar (disambiguation). For the Gregorian calendar for this year, see Common year starting on Saturday. A page from the Hindu calendar 1871–1872. A calendar is a system of organizing days for social, religious, commercial,… … Wikipedia\ncalendar — calendrical /keuh len dri keuhl/, calendric, calendarial /kal euhn dair ee euhl/, calendarian, calendaric, adj. /kal euhn deuhr/, n. 1. a table or register with the days of each month and week in a year: He marked the date on his calendar. 2. any … Universalium\nCalendar of 2003 — ▪ 2004 January So long as there is a single Brazilian brother or sister going hungry, we have ample reason to be ashamed of ourselves. Lula, in his inaugural address as president of Brazil, January 1 January 1 The Socialist Lula (Luiz… … Universalium\nIranian Revolution — The Iranian Revolution (mostly known as the Islamic Revolution, [http://www.iranchamber.com/history/islamic revolution/islamic revolution.php Islamicaaaa Revolution] , Iran Chamber.] [http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia 761588431/Islamic… … Wikipedia\nIranian religion — Introduction diverse beliefs and practices of the culturally and linguistically related group of ancient peoples who inhabited the Iranian Plateau and its borderlands, as well as areas of Central Asia from the Black Sea to Khotan (modern Ho … Universalium", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Asteroid 163899, also known as 2003 SD220, is a potentially hazardous asteroid about 1.5 miles across and it is expected to pass perilously close to Earth on December 24, Christmas Eve, according to NASA astronomers.\nAsteroid 2003 SD220 is one of the biggest, near Earth asteroids (NEAs) to make such a close approach to Earth in recent years. The asteroid is so big that it could cause continent-wide catastrophe if it hits Earth. An impact by an asteroid in the 1.5-mile-range could trigger earthquakes and tsunamis that could engulf an entire continent.\nAstronomers are concerned about 2003 SD220 because it is one of the largest NEAs to make a close approach to Earth in recent years. At an estimated distance of 6.7 million miles — a hair’s breadth on the cosmic scale of distances – it could come on a collision course with Earth in the future due to physical effects, such as the Yarkovksy effect which induces subtle changes in the orbits of NEAs.\nAstronomers have detected two cases of Yarkovsky effect using radar observation methods. The effect was first detected in the asteroid 6489 Golevka using the Arecibo radio telescope. The asteroid was observed to drift 15 km from its original course over a twelve-year period from 1991 to 2003.\nAccording to NASA, asteroid 163899 (2003 SD220) was detected by the NEOWISE spacecraft on November 16. The asteroid is high on the list of 17 “top-priority” near-Earth asteroids for close radar observation by astronomers due to the potential threat they pose to Earth.\nAstronomers fear that ten of a group of asteroids — including 2003 SD220 — could be much larger than suspected. Six of the group — including 2003 SD220 — are classified as potentially hazardous asteroids (PHAs).\nThe six are considered potentially hazardous asteroids because scientists know too little about their trajectories despite the fact that their orbital trajectories bring them very close to Earth.\nSpace rocks falling into the PHA category are generally larger than 100 meters and approach Earth closer than 0.05 AU (approx 7.5 million kilometers or 4.65 million miles).\nCurrently, NASA does not know of any PHA on a collision course with Earth but astronomers are searching actively. There is a risk that the trajectory of any of the known objects could undergo subtle changes due, for instance, to the gravitational fields through which their orbital paths pass that could bring them on collision course with Earth.\nReports of the close approach of asteroid 2003 SD220 on December 24 have sparked speculations online among Planet X or Nibiru cataclysm believers. Conspiracy theorists are spooked by the timing of the approach of 2003 SD220, following the close approach of asteroid 2015 TB145 last Halloween. Some conspiracy theorists are speculating that some invisible hand could be “pushing them (large asteroids) towards Earth,” while others are speculating that the gravitational pull of 2003 SD220 could trigger earthquakes and disrupt continents.\nSpeculations are rife at a time that Nibiru cataclysm conspiracy theorists are making predictions that Planet X will be visible from Earth during December and that it will probably crash into Earth during the same month. According to Nibiru cataclysm doomsday prophets, the rogue planet will appear in the skies as a massive behemoth, about four times the size of Jupiter.\nThe force of its gravitational pull as it passes close to Earth will rip up the continents and cause a massive shower of comets that wipes out life from Earth, according to conspiracy theorists.\nBut, of course, conspiracy theorists have predicted Planet X or Nibiru cataclysm for decades and so far their predictions of doom have failed.\nNASA astronomers with the Near-Earth Objects Observation program and astronomers at the Arecibo observatory in Puerto Rico will conduct radar observations of 2003 SD220 as it approaches Earth. Radar observation is considered one of the most effective techniques for determining the physical and orbital properties of NEAs and PHAs.\nAccording to a report by a team of experts working with NASA, “Radar is particularly effective at detecting satellites around near earth asteroids having discovered two-thirds of all known binaries and all the known or suspected triple systems.”\n[Image via NASA/Wikimedia]", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "This week officials warned that Earth was going to get with large solar flare from the Sun, which could potentially affect satellites, internet connections, and more.\nOfficials at the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) warned that a coronal magnetic ejection (CME) was on a direct collision course with Earth and was expected to arrive on October 12. NOAA warned that the effects of the CME would cause minor geomagnetic storms in Earth's atmosphere, which could result in auroras being seen in locations such as north of England and Northern Island.\nThe CME has impacted Earth, and officials are happy to report that everything went as anticipated. Solar wind speed increased by nearly 62 miles a second, and total interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) strength quickly elevated to over 15 nT. Additionally, NOAA states on its website that the CME arrival caused a G1-G2 geomagnetic storm which is categorized as \"minor - moderate\". The geomagnetic storm caused gorgeous auroras to be spotted in the sky. Those can be seen in the above video.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Saviors Of Earth\nThe Unification Epicenter of True Lightworkers\n• Chandra Satellite, IBEX and Fermi stunning discoveries 2009/2010• Energy coming from the center of the Milky Way Galaxy• Mayan Long Count Calendar• Sun goi...\n© 2020 Created by Besimi.\nReport an Issue |\nTerms of Service\nPlease check your browser settings or contact your system administrator.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Objective solar filter – with Baader solar filter foil, for 250 mm telescopes\nSolar filters are mounted in front of the telescope and reduce solar radiation to safe levels and suitable for direct observation of the sun.\nSolar filters are equipped with the safe and renowned AstroSolar filter foil by Baader Planetarium. The filter foil’s quality is superior to most glass solar filters making the image quality sharper and more contrasty than standard mylar and polymer foils. The sun is depicted in neutral white color and with a resolution that’s only limited by the seeing conditions and the physical characteristics of your telescope.\nCelestron Solar Filters with Baader AstroSolar foil provide full protection agains harmful UV and infrared rays. UV is completely absorbed, rated as ND-5, which means that the film allows passage of 1/100.000 percentage of visible light (.001%) and thermal radiation is reflected by 99.999%. The amount of light that enters the telescope is equal to the brightness of the moon.\nGlass filters can break or suffer fine spots with high transmission letting UV and IR pass because they are mostly coated at only one side. The Baader foil is coated on both sides offering double security. And what is more, the foil offers some flexibility and high resistance against ripping. Breaking is absolutely impossible. The cell is very lightweight and made of weather proof ABS plastic. As long as the proper size is chosen, optimal fit to the telescope is guaranteed.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "“Look. All this Space And U really think We are Alone?”\nBy Carley Huxley\nAre we alone? There are trillions of stars in the universe – each one a solar system. Is it arrogant to think we’re the only sentient beings in the Universe? Carley poses that question to us.\nPrinted on 8-1/2\" x 11\" card stock, suitable for framing. Susan will add touches of 18K gold highlights.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "The launch is now scheduled for Saturday May 30 at 20:22 UK time (19:22 GMT).\nThe mighty rocket will be carrying two Astronauts to the International Space Station inside a new Crew Dragon Spacecraft. This is the first ever commercial launch of Astronauts into space by a private company, SpaceX Crew Dragon Demo-2.\nAfter lift off, you may be able to see the Crew Dragon spacecraft on its first orbit passing over the United Kingdom. An unmissable and historic sight!\nUnlike the earlier scrubbed launch on Wednesday, you won’t see the craft over the UK 15 – 20 minutes later, but you may be able to see it pass over the UK/ Europe around 22:15 UK time the same evening.\nThe pass will be very low in the sky near the horizon and will be a challenge to spot. It may be too low to be visible in Scotland, Northern Ireland and Northern England.\nThis will be the only time we will be able to see the spacecraft fly over before docking the following day.\nFor full information please visit https://www.meteorwatch.org/crew-dragon-watch-the-launch-then-see-it-fly-over-uk/", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Astronaut High School Sports week 5 titusville 35 astronaut 14 usa today high School High Sports Astronaut\nWe found 21++ Images in Astronaut High School Sports:\nTop 15 page(s) by letter A\n- Apollo Spaceship 3\n- Astronaut Crafts for Kindergarten\n- Astronaut Training Classroom\n- Astronaut Thumbs Up\n- Ancient Astronauts History Channel\n- Asteroids Cosmic Blue\n- Astronaut Craft Ideas\n- Asteroid Impact in a City\n- Asteroid and Moon Rings\n- Antares Star System\n- Asteroid Science Fiction\n- Aliens From Apollo 18\n- Astronauts On Moon Art\n- About Earth Science Solar System\n- Apollo 13 Crew Members Names\nAbout this page - Astronaut High School Sports\nAstronaut High School Sports Astronaut High School Wikipedia High Astronaut Sports School, Astronaut High School Sports Week 1 New Smyrna Beach 20 Astronaut 6 Usa Today High High Astronaut Sports School, Astronaut High School Sports Astronaut Names Worden To Coach Football Team Astronaut Sports School High, Astronaut High School Sports Week 2 Eau Gallie 20 Astronaut 12 Usa Today High High Astronaut School Sports, Astronaut High School Sports Astronaut 22 Bayside 20 Usa Today High School Sports School High Astronaut Sports, Astronaut High School Sports Astronaut Girls Basketball Hopes For Another Upset Astronaut High Sports School, Astronaut High School Sports Week 5 Titusville 35 Astronaut 14 Usa Today High Sports High School Astronaut, Astronaut High School Sports Astronaut Satellite Coaches Earn First Volleyball Wins School High Sports Astronaut, Astronaut High School Sports Brevard Opens District Football Astronaut Up First Usa School Astronaut High Sports, Astronaut High School Sports Astronaut Steamrolls Somerset 47 0 Usa Today High School Sports High School Astronaut, Astronaut High School Sports Week 5 Titusville 35 Astronaut 14 Usa Today High School High Sports Astronaut, Astronaut High School Sports Palm Bay Rockledge Astronaut With Big Hs Football Wins School High Astronaut Sports.\nInteresting facts about space.\nIn nature, moon jellies spend most of their time drifting on currents rather that swimming. In captivity, they will require an aquarium with a well designed turbulence system to keep them from becoming a helpless ball of gelatinous goo at the bottom of your tank.\nand here is another\nSome studies which have been performed in certain cities within the United States show that there is no correlation between the full moon phase and such things as a rise in suicides, crime rate, dog bites or births. And yet, other studies completed by such individuals as psychologists and other human behaviorists have shown that there is, in fact, a peak in certain kinds of behavior associated with a loss of contact with reality during full moons. These include murder, arson, dangerous driving and kleptomania, which is an irresistible impulse to steal due to an emotional rather than economical need.\nWith such intriguing results before them, the team of astronomers studied the data to determine if Kepler-22b actually has a moon. Unfortunately, their analysis reveals no evidence for the existence of an exomoon circling Kepler-22b. This non-detection suggests that the mass of any companion world around Kepler-22b must be less than 0.54 times the mass of our planet--with an impressive confidence rate of 95%! Therefore, it is very unlikely that Kepler-22b is circled by an Earth-like moon. Nevertheless, it is still too soon to give up hope. The Hunt for Exomoons with Kepler project has studied nine planetary systems in search of exomoons. Although none were detected, with the team's new results about the possibility of finding Earth-sized moons and the remaining treasure trove of Kepler data to sift through, large and possibly even habitable exomoons may start being spotted in the near future.\n- Creatology Solar System Kit\n- Curiosity Rover Landing Date\n- Earth Sun System\n- Earth Orbiting The Sun\n- Light Side of the Moon NASA\n- Nine Planets And Pluto\n- Original Blue Marble NASA\n- Hunter Carson Invaders From Mars\n- Rocket at Space\n- NASA Titan Rocket\n- Cape Canaveral Launch Pad SpaceX\n- Wyndcom Space Station\n- Outer Solar System Belt\n- Moon Closest to Earth\n- Bed Rest Study NASA\nIn the tragicomedy that characterizes human relationships, it has been said that the closer we get to someone, the weirder that person gets. Earth's Moon is our planet's closest neighbor in Space--mysterious, bewitching, bothersome, and bewildering, it has successfully hidden many of its secrets from the prying eyes of curious observers. In July 2017, using satellite data, a team of astronomers announced that they have, for the first time, detected widespread water hidden within ancient explosive volcanic material on Earth's nearest and dearest companion world. This discovery indicates that the interior of Earth's Moon contains large quantities of indigenous water that has finally been revealed in numerous volcanic deposits distributed across the lunar surface--and these ancient deposits contain unusually high amounts of imprisoned water compared with surrounding terrains. The discovery of water in these ancient lunar deposits, which are believed to be composed of glass beads created in the explosive fiery eruption of magma shooting out from the deep interior of the Moon, strengthens the theory that the lunar mantle is surprisingly water-rich.\nSaturn is probably the most beautiful planet in our Sun's lovely family, with its magnificent system of enchanting rings, gleaming icy moons, and myriads of tumbling moonlets that dance and somersault both within and outside of the rings. One of Saturn's moons is Titan, the second largest moon in our Solar System, after Ganymede of Jupiter. Shrouded in a dense orange mist, Titan is famous for its frozen clouds of methane, and hydrocarbon seas and lakes. Titan's thick, veiling atmosphere is composed of a wonderful icy soup of compounds very much like those thought to have been present in Earth's primordial atmosphere. Titan's thick atmosphere--which is much denser than Earth's atmosphere--contains mostly nitrogen, like that of our own planet. But Titan's atmosphere also contains significantly greater percentages of such so-called \"smoggy\" chemicals as methane and ethane. The smog on Titan is so extremely dense that it actually rains \"gasoline-like\" liquids down on the surface of this bizarre world. Indeed, some of the chemicals discovered in Titan's atmosphere might indicate that simple and primitive methane-based life (methanogens), might dwell on this truly weird moon.\nUntil 2004, no spacecraft had visited Saturn in over two decades. Pioneer 11 had snapped the very first close-up images of Saturn when it flew past in 1979, Voyager 1 had its rendezvous about a year later, and in August 1981 Voyager 2 had its brief but highly productive encounter. At last, on July 1, 2004, NASA's Cassini spacecraft went into orbit around Saturn, and started taking breathtaking photographs.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Debris from the ISS broke through the roof of a house in the USA\nAn object weighing about 1 kg fell on a private house in Florida on March 8, broke through the roof and flew two floors. It was captured by surveillance cameras. There were no casualties.\nOn the same day, the US space services reported the entry of a 2.6-ton garbage container from the ISS into the Earth's atmosphere. The fragment fell on the house five minutes after the warning was issued.\nThe origin of the object is not yet clear, but NASA believes that it is one of nine discharged nickel-hydrogen batteries from the ISS.\nUnnecessary items were thrown from the International Space Station back in 2021.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Eta Aquarids Meteor Shower | 2019\n>> Want to see our Top Picks for this week instead?\nSan Francisco Bay Area |\nSubmitted by the Event Organizer\nSet your alarm and get up before dawn to witness the Eta Aquarids meteor shower. In 2019, the forecast calls for the greatest number of Eta Aquariid meteors to fall before dawn on (or near) May 5.\nHowever, the broad peak of the Eta Aquariid shower may present a decent showing of meteors during the predawn hours on May 4 and May 6 too.\nEta Aquarids Meteor Shower\nMay 5, 2019 | Peak is the wee hours before dawn\nThis shower favors the Southern Hemisphere, ranking as one of the finest showers of the year – in a year when no moon obscures the show.\nAt mid-northern latitudes, these meteors don’t fall so abundantly – and the early morning twilight interferes at northerly latitudes.\nWhen and how should I watch the Eta Aquarids?\nThe 2019 Eta Aquariid meteor shower is expected to produce the greatest number of meteors in the wee hours before dawn on May 5.\nIn general, the best time to watch these fast and often bright meteors is in the early morning hours, before the onset of morning twilight.\nGive yourself at least an hour of viewing time for watching any meteor shower. Meteors tend to come in spurts that are interspersed by lulls. Also, it can take as long as 20 minutes for your eyes to adapt to the dark.\nCategories: **Annual Event**, *Top Pick*, Celestial Events, East Bay, North Bay, Peninsula, San Francisco, San Francisco Bay Area, South Bay", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "These ladies missed the fashion bus, on quite a few occasions this year. Enjoyed our pick of the fabulous dressers of 2014? Now, it’s time to... ...http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/pix-the-worst-dressed-actresses-of-2014/20141219.htm\nIndia has successfully launched its largest rocket and an unmanned capsule which could send astronauts into space. The Geosynchronous Satellite... ...http://www.calcuttanews.net/index.php/sid/228665407\nThe Indian Space Research Organisation (Isro) today successfully launched its heaviest rocket GSLV-Mk III on Thursday at 9:30 am from Sriharikota... ...http://www.domain-b.com/aero/space/satellites/20141218_rocket.html\nIndia's space agency Indian Space Research Organisation (Isro) on Thursday successfully tested its most powerful satellite launch vehicle GSLV Mark... ...http://businesstoday.intoday.in/story/isro-tests-its-heaviest-space-launch-vehicle-gslv-mark-iii/1/213649.html\nMethane, a gas that on Earth comes mainly from living organisms, has been measured for the first time making a sudden spike on Mars, leaving... ...http://www.asianage.com/newsmakers/methane-spike-there-life-mars-142\nThe fact that will the FX market is...", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Join me on my journey through the cosmos. Here i'll post the images I take how I shot them and maybe some guides along the way. Clear Skies!\nSunday, June 5, 2022\nMessier 106 June 4th, 2022\nMessier 106 is an intermediate spiral galaxy in the constellation Canes Venatici. FOV is 3.57˚ X 2.07˚ This is thirty 240s guided subs taken from the Darling Hill Observatory in Vesper, NY with an Optolong L-Pro filter on June 4th 2022. A Canon EOS6D camera, iOptron CEM40G mount, ZWO ASI120MM mini mono guide camera, William Optics 50mm guide scope, ASIAir Plus, William Optics FLT 91 + Flat 6AIII 0.8 reducer FL 432mm f/4.9.\nSubscribe to: Post Comments (Atom)\nPost a Comment", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Discover the cosmos! Each day a different image or photograph of our fascinating universe is featured, along with a brief explanation written by a professional astronomer.\n2016 March 29\nExplanation: Point or tilt to see a spectacular view of Mars visible to the Curiosity rover last December. In the foreground, part of Curiosity itself is visible, including its dusty sundial. Starting about seven meters back, the robotic rover is seen posing in front of a 5-meter tall dark sand dune named Namib, one of many dunes that span Bagnold field. Further in the distance is the summit of Mt. Sharp, the 5.5-kilometer peak at the center of 150-km wide Gale crater, the crater where Curiosity landed a few years ago. The featured composite spans a full 360-degrees around by combining several images taken on the same day, while the result has been color adjusted to mimic Earth lighting. Most recently, Curiosity is crossing the rocky and uneven Naukluft Plateau as it continues to make its way around and up Mt. Sharp.\nAuthors & editors:\nJerry Bonnell (UMCP)\nNASA Official: Phillip Newman Specific rights apply.\nA service of: ASD at NASA / GSFC\n& Michigan Tech. U.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "NASA's portable antennas help bring space data back to Earth\nSpacecraft wouldn't have to wait to talk to giant ground stations.\nSpaceX aims to test its Mars rocket system in first half of 2019\nYou could see 'BFR' in action sooner than you think.\nNew Horizons probe captures images at record distance from Earth\nThey're the farthest since the legendary 'Pale Blue Dot' picture.\nDream Chaser's first ISS resupply mission launches in late 2020\nIt'll ferry space station cargo and host science experiments.\nA portrait of Earth and the Moon from 3 million miles away\nSierra Nevada spacecraft completes first test flight in 4 years\nThe Dream Chaser is one step closer to space station missions.\nLockheed Martin unveils Mars space station and surface lander\nThe company claims its spacecraft will venture to the Red Planet in the next decade.\nCassini mission ends with final plunge into Saturn\n\"The signal ... is gone and within the next 45 seconds, so will be the spacecraft.\"\nHypersonic aircraft are more realistic thanks to a ceramic coating\nAircraft could survive extreme temperatures with relative ease.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Keeler is an impact crater on Mars, located at 61.0°S latitude and 151.3°W longitude in the Phaethontis quadrangle. It is 95.0 km in diameter and was named after James Edward Keeler, and the name was approved in 1973.\nThe first image below shows the relationship among three craters that are near each other. Keeler Crater is to the north of Trumpler Crater. After Keeler was formed, a later impact formed Trumpler Crater, and in the process destroyed part of Keeler.\nMOLA image showing the relationship among Wright, Keeler, and Trumpler Craters. Colors indicate elevations.\nKeeler Crater, as seen by CTX camera (on Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter)\nEnlargement of dunes along northern wall (near top of image) of Trumpler Crater, as seen by CTX camera (on Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter). Dark lines at the top are dust devil tracks on the floor of Keeler Crater. Note: this is an enlargement of the previous image of Keeler Crater.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Critiquing a legend is a tough task, let me tell you. I am a big fan of your art, and have been since the start of my own space art journey. This piece is no different. The detail in the nebula is awesome, the colors are very spacy and rare, which i really like. It does, how ever, look an awful lot like the rest of your gallery. I mean, obviously you have your own style, but you can obviously pull it off superbly. I would try pushing your limits, trying to add something completely new to your works. Push not only the limits of the \"norm\" but your own limits as a designer. Throw us all a curve ball.\nI also dont like the planet very much. The texture is good, but not very inciting. It seems a little dull to me. The planet itself also seems a bit flat. Maybe if you could see more of the planet, you could really relate the shadows with the highlights.\nOther than that, i love it. Great overall work as usual.\nI think this is a beautiful piece. Technically it's perfect. Nothing in it looks man-made or unfinished, at least not at this resolution.\nI have three issues with it, and all are closely related, conjoined twins sort of issues. Basically, while it's beautiful and very well made, it is a little boring.\nThe composision is all diagonal lines. If you took a pinstriped fabric and held it against the image at an angle, it would line up with the way the eye sees this piece. It has a little bit of a flow, but not much. The planet's curve takes me from the left edge to the top edge. The nebula and asteroid belt take me from the bottom edge to the top edge. There's no one thing, or one chain of things, that leads me around the image.\nThere's no \"heat\". It's all cool tones, greens, blues, a couple of violets and dull yellows. There are no bright spots and nothing eye-catching. The strongest thing in the image is the planet. A dull pallate can be rather boring.\nLast, the image doesn't tell a story. There's no action, no forming planets, no old planets. It's just...kinda there.\nI said that all three issues were closely related. Composision and a couple bright colors would lend it more movement (more \"story\") and make it interesting. In my experiance, good composision (and sometimes color choice) come out of \"story\". That just means you take a few seconds out of someone's life (this would be a few millinia for a star system) and ask what happened just before, during and what will happen just after the image.\nTry, say, giving the planet a moon (maybe even a half-destroyed moon) in the middle left ,between the planet and the asteroid belt, and then putting a comet in the upper right area. Something along those lines. Give the image more movement and \"story\" and a couple of bright spots.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "The Bruce Murray Space Image Library\nClick to view full image\nNASA / Bill Ingalls\nMost NASA images are in the public domain. Reuse of this image is governed by NASA's image use policy.\nExplore related images:\nThe Mountains of Tombaugh Regio\nCuriosity's observation tray, sol 571\nComet ISON's evolution from September 24 to November 15, 2013\nElektro-L views Earth's four seasons\nDesign of the face of the MarsDial\nBecome a member of The Planetary Society and together we will create the future of space exploration.\nSupport the Bruce Murray Space Image Library and help us share the wonders of other worlds.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "India’s “eye in the sky”, GISAT-1 Earth observation satellite was launched from Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota in AP. The country watched the much-touted event with fascination as GISAT-1 satellite launch was termed a game-changer. Considering it as boost to India’s space ambitions, the satellite was to keep an eye out on ‘locations of interest’ for India.\nISRO said the Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle-F10 (GSLV-F10) lifted off successfully from Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota as scheduled and completed two stages. However, Cryogenic Upper Stage ignition did not happen due to technical anomaly.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "A planet has just been discovered which, by our current understanding of the cosmos, should not be able to exist.\nNGTS-1b is a planet that our world’s newest and most advanced celestial observation equipment—the Next-Generation Transit Survey—has just observed. But, despite the observations being the absolute highest in quality and accuracy, their results show something that shouldn’t be possible based upon the conventional understanding of the universe.\nWhat they depict is a planet that’s more than a quarter the size of its sun, which it orbits once every three days. It’s completely preposterous, based upon the standard understanding of the cosmos, but repeated observations have returned the same result, leading to the question: is all of our technology wrong, or is our understanding of the cosmos wrong?\n“In theory, it is impossible. Current theories of planetary emergence dictate that only small, rocky planets – and not a giant planet – can form around a dwarf star. The most recent discovery by the Next-Generation Transit Survey (NGTS) system has thrown some doubt on this assumption. NGTS-1b is a planet of a size equivalent to that of Jupiter, orbiting a star that is only half as big as the Sun.“\nFor some, this might all sound odd. However, it’s only the most recent discovery in a long-running chain of so-called “impossible” findings that have been emerging for decades alongside the more palatable discoveries made in astronomy and astrophysics. Of course, the key difference between these two kinds of discoveries is that the palatable variety are graciously courted by mainstream news sources, while the so-called “impossible” discoveries receive little attention and are quickly forgotten. Without digressing too far, examples of such impossible findings include: black holes that are too large, galaxies that are moving too fast, distantly spread celestial objects that are somehow in harmony, stars that are too large to exist, planets with million-year orbits, red-shift, impossible traits of comets, etc, etc—this list really could go on for some time. The point is that such “impossible” discoveries occur about as often as “reasonable” discoveries, and this should raise some concern.\nAlso interesting is the fact that this planet apparently travels around its sun, the equivalent of a year for us, in 2.6 days.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Following an investigation into the Apollo 13 mishap, Apollo 14 departed for the Moon 10 months later. For the first time, difficult terrain was selected for the landing. Although the radar failed during the approach, Alan Shepard and Edgar Mitchell were able to make a precision landing with the Antares Lunar Module on 5 February 1971. While exploring Cone Crater, the astronauts made slow progress and lost their orientation. Pulling the vehicle containing the instruments - the 'lunar rickshaw' - proved tiring. As they began to run short of oxygen, they were forced to turn back, only 17 metres from the crater rim. Meanwhile, Stuart Roosa photographed the Moon from the Kitty Hawk Command Module.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Eclipse Fleece & Felting\nOct. 13th-15th Skill Building & Resiliency Intro to Felting w/ Alpaca\n- 8 hr 30 min8 hours 30 minutes\n- 890 US dollars$890\n- Starflower Eco Farm\nIncrease your resiliency by learning sustainable fiber practices and the ancient art of felting! We will pick, card and felt fleece under the auspicious energy of the eclipse! Felt is the very first fabric humans created! It has a variety of diverse applications and can be used to make anything from clothing, to boots, slippers, yurts & hats. You will get to felt your very own small project to take home! *The eclipse is visible at around 10am on Saturday. It is an annular eclipse so the moon will slide in front of the Sun blocking out the light but leaving an outer ring visible. The path of the eclipse will be about 85% visible from our farm where places like Texas will be 100%. For more info about this eclipse see link below. https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/eclipses/2023/oct-14-annular/overview/ **Price does not include food. Attendees must bring own camping gear. 50% deposit is due upon appying & remainder due by Sept. 29th. Signup for both retreats & save $90. Email w/ questions Nicole@StarflowerEcoFarm.com.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "July 25, 2011\nThe Space Shuttle Endeavour lifts off, creating billows of smoke and steam on its way into space for mission STS-111 to the International Space Station (ISS). Liftoff occurred at 5:22:49 p.m. (EDT), June 5, 2002. The STS-111 crew includes astronauts Kenneth D. Cockrell, commander; Paul S. Lockhart, pilot, and Franklin R. Chang-Diaz and Philippe Perrin, mission specialists. Also onboard were the Expedition Five crew members including cosmonaut Valery G. Korzun, commander, along with astronaut Peggy A. Whitson and cosmonaut Sergei Y. Treschev, flight engineers. Perrin represents CNES, the French space agency, and Korzun and Treschev are with the Russian Aviation and Space Agency (Rosaviakosmos). This mission marks the 14th Shuttle flight to the International Space Station and the third Shuttle mission this year. Mission STS-111 is the 18th flight of Endeavour and the 110th flight overall in NASA's Space Shuttle program.\nTopics: Valery Korzun, Human spaceflight, Spaceflight, Disaster Accident, Philippe Perrin, Expedition 5, STS-111, STS-113, Space Shuttle", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Izsak Delporte Crater Location of an Alien Spaceship?\nIzsak is a small lunar impact crater that is located on the Moon’s far side, hidden from view from the Earth. It lies about half-way between the walled plains Fermi to the northeast and Milne to the southwest. Due south of Izsak is the larger crater Schaeberle. Izsak is a circular, nearly symmetric crater formation with a sharp-edged rim that has received little erosion. At the midpoint of the interior floor is a small central peak. – wikipedia\nDelporte is a lunar impact crater on the Moon’s far side. It overlies part of the northwestern rim of the huge walled plain Fermi, and the crater Litke is nearly attached to the southeastern rim.\nThe rim of this crater is only marginally worn, although it is not quite circular and the edge is somewhat uneven. There is a shelf running along the northern inner wall. At the midpoint is a central ridge that extends to the northward. – wikipedia\nThis is the original image from NASA of the location where the famous “Alien ship” rests. http://www.lpi.usra.edu/resources/apollo/frame/?AS15-P-9625", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Project Icarus is an ambitious five-year study into launching an unmanned spacecraft to an interstellar destination. Headed by the Tau Zero Foundation and British Interplanetary Society, a non-profit group of scientists dedicated to interstellar spaceflight, Icarus is working to develop a spacecraft that can travel to a nearby star.\nAndreas Tziolas, secondary propulsion lead for Project Icarus, overviews the general Icarus mission timeline, with a focus on the secondary propulsion techniques that will be required to support the fusion-propelled interstellar vehicle.\nTo appreciate the wide range of systems needed for in interstellar mission, let us consider a nominal profile for Icarus. The Icarus study is still underway, but we will take a bird's eye view of the mission, keeping in mind the importance of achieving its scientific objectives.\nThe spacecraft construction would necessarily take place in space. If constructed in low-Earth orbit (LEO), we would most likely need a high thrust chemical propulsion system, and ideally a reliable single-stage-to-orbit solution, such as SKYLON or perhaps a revised program for mass production of launch vehicles.\nA large scale space-based infrastructure would then be needed, which would most likely use a wide range of solar powered systems.\nThis orbiting shipyard might look like a fabrication ring capable of moving around the spacecraft (pictured above), with a number of remote manipulators working on sections of it at a time.\nThe engineers may be operating the manipulators safely from Earth, working in shifts around the clock and from around the world. The sheer size of the orbiting shipyard would make it suitable for visits, effectively making the Icarus construction a tourist attraction:\n\"Hotel Icarus: All proceeds go towards building mankind's first interstellar starship.\"\nThe Daedalus starship required an enormous amount (50,000 tons) of a rare Helium isotope to power its fusion engines: Helium-3 -- extremely rare on Earth, but which can be found in the sun and gas giant planets.\nThe solar wind that has been splashing against our moon for millions of years, also contains Helium-3, and has been slowly depositing some quantities of it on its surface.\nThe most abundant source of Helium-3 however is the atmospheres of gas giants. The two best candidates are Jupiter which is the closest to Earth -- but has very powerful and tenuous gravitational field -- and Uranus -- with a slightly higher Helium-3 concentration, but is almost four times further away from Earth.\nTeam Icarus is actively researching fusion fuels and several interesting fuel acquisition methods. One option, also considered in detail by the Daedalus team, is the placement of atmospheric mining balloons in the atmospheres of gas giants, the designs for which may be informed from research into stratospheric balloons.\nAnother novel concept system being considered is based on a ramjet type aero-spacecraft, which partially uses the atmospheric gases for propulsion, and includes a forward gas collection scoop.\nYet another concept design involves an orbiting spacecraft with a very long hollow tether which is descended into the gas giant's upper atmosphere and effectively 'sucks' the atmosphere up and distils the Helium-3 in orbit. The tether could be used for power as well as propulsion in this case, because it can generate electrical current by moving through the magnetic field of the gas giant, through induction.\nInterplanetary tankers would then carry the fuel back to LEO, perhaps using some of the Helium-3 for their own propulsion. An alternative would be to store the Helium-3 in interplanetary fuel depots orbiting the gas giant, where the Icarus could pick them up on its way out of the solar system.\nNavigation and Trajectory Insertion\nAttitude control and navigation are of particular importance inside our solar system, where the initial Icarus interstellar trajectory insertion would take place.\nAn orbital insertion trajectory called the Oberth maneuver, has the spacecraft dip towards the sun and then quickly power outwards, in a move reminiscent to an orbital slingshot. In this case however, the benefit comes from using up as much of the fuel as possible deep inside the gravitational field of the sun, which saves energy because that same amount doesn't need to be carried it up and out of the gravity well.\nThis move also brings the spacecraft very close to the sun, which gives us an opportunity to use a solar sail to either supplement the main engine, or to assist in trajectory insertion.\nThe Icarus may suffer malfunctions that would need to be repaired from time to time.\nThe Daedalus team decided to deal with on-board repairs by using a type of mobile repair robot, they called \"Wardens,\" as they were made to survey and patrol the spacecraft.\nIf Team Icarus makes the decision to use something similar, these robots will also require a means of propulsion for locomotion. This would most likely be a form of electro-thermal pulsed plasma thruster, which is capable of micro-newton performance, giving the bots the ability to position themselves very accurately.\nAn alternative is to use a \"repair rail\" with robotic manipulators, inspired from the Canadarm which has served on board the Space Shuttle (Canadarm 1) and ISS (Canadarm 2) for almost 30 years ( without single event failure ).\nWhile the Icarus is on route to the target star, there are still numerous tasks required of the secondary propulsion systems. The fuel tanks, for instance, would be dropped as they are depleted, after which trajectory corrections are to be expected.\nFuel Tanks as Relays\nThe use of these dropped fuel tanks as communications relays has been proposed to assist in maintaining a robust communications link with Earth. These parabolic, clam-shelled fuel tanks could split open to reveal two telecommunications dishes, one pointing at the Icarus, while the other back at Earth.\nThese relays would be, for the most part, free-flying with whatever velocity and direction they had when they were released. To allow them to point towards the Icarus and the Earth, they would require some accurate method of orientation. In this particular case, a Radioisotope Thermal Generator (RTG) powered flywheel fits the bill quite well, as both of these systems can be used for long term operation.\nDeceleration Options on Arrival at Target Star\nThere is a current push in observational astronomy to determine if there are any Earth-like planets in our solar neighborhood.\nThe Icarus target definition has remained open for precisely this reason, where on discovery of an Earth-like planet within 15 light-years, it will almost certainly become our target star.\nIn order to carefully study the planets and moons of the target system, the Icarus would need to explore several deceleration options, which may allow the spacecraft to at least spend more time in the target system, if not fully decelerate.\nWe essentially have two alternatives. We can either decelerate the entire Icarus spacecraft mainly using reverse main engine thrust, or we can decelerate the individual probes using a combination of magsails, solar sails and perhaps nuclear rockets. This task is complicated by the fact that we would need to first survey the target solar system and acquire reliable orbital information for the planets or moons of interest.\nWhat are then the requirements for maximizing the scientific data return from the probes, and what demands does this place on the probe propulsion systems?\nPlanetary Science Probes\nLet's assume full deceleration at the target star has been achieved and planetary orbit information has been processed and assigned to a number of science probes.\nBy that time, near-Earth telescopes would be sufficiently advanced to verify and inform the Icarus computers on which scientific objectives are most desirable. As might be expected, there will be an incredible amount of \"feature creep\" at this stage, where scientists will be arguing over which objectives should take priority over others, while the probe power and propulsion systems last.\nEssentially this means a solar powered propulsion system would be needed. Solar thermal engines require a reaction mass (usually Hydrogen) for propellant that, however, will have to be carried along and stored safely for the duration of the interstellar journey.\nSolar electric engines could be used, especially if combined with a stable and inert ion source like teflon. The best overall option for a reliable and abundant propulsion method would appear to be the use of solar sails, particularly for planetary surveyors and orbiters with prolonged remote sensing agendas.\nIf we were to take it a step further, we might consider landers with rovers or even submarines. RTG power sources, combined with aerobreaking, parachutes and airbags require the least amount of propellant, but would probably only be chosen for use in relatively dense atmospheres.\nKeeping these systems operational after 100 years of storage, sends everyone back to the drawing board, as the entire history of human spaceflight isn't that long. It is however possible with current engineering practices to construct and test many of these systems.\nPerhaps testing these advanced systems in dual-role planetary exploration missions, as concurrent precursor and engineering proofing platforms for interstellar missions is the best way to both explore our solar system and prepare for interstellar exploration.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "The month as opened with very nice skies, a bit cold in the mornings at -15 C. Despite the cold start April will feature at least a few (much) warmer conditions. I’m going to order a couple new of those reclining lawn chairs, and will enjoy the spring skies at a new location.\nThere is a Penumbral Lunar Eclipse tomorrow (23 March 2016). Will you be able to see it? Check out map. Europe and Africa are pretty much out of luck for this one.\nMost of North America can see this at moon set (look west) and Asia look at moon rise.\nThis is not a total eclipse but you should see some nice color to the moon.\nFireballs are spectacular and this is a good time of year to see them. This particular fireball was reported to the American Meteor Society 45 times mostly from the UK with reports from France and the Netherlands as well.\nThe AMS website is a great place to look around and if you see a fireball you can leave a report.\nMarch is a roller coaster month climatically, we do have a few comparatively warm nights which makes observing a lot more comfortable. We do tend to have more water vapour in the sky so “seeing” is sometimes erratic.\nHubble sets a new distance record in finding GN-z11, this galaxy has a redshift of 11.1, that’s amazing!\nough space, astronomers actually look back through time. Now, by pushing Hubble to its limits, an international team of astronomers has shattered the cosmic distance record by viewing the farthest galaxy ever seen. Named GN-z11, this surprisingly bright, infant galaxy is seen as it was 13.4 billion years in the past. The astronomers saw it as it existed just 400 million years after the big bang, when the universe was only three percent of its current age. At a spectroscopically confirmed redshift of 11.1, the galaxy is even farther away than originally thought. It existed only 200 million to 300 million years after the time when scientists believe the very first stars started to form. At a billion solar masses, it is producing stars surprisingly quickly for such an early time. This new record will most likely stand until the launch of Hubble’s successor, the James Webb Space Telescope, which will look even deeper into the universe for early galaxies.\nHere’s a video version:\nLooking at that area of the sky, it would appear that not much is there, but look at it through even a small telescope reveal a completely different picture.\nThis video got me wondering if there were going to be any visible passes we might see and the answer is no, at least not at the moment.\nThere are a number of other satellites we CAN see including the International Space Station and the Hubble Space Telescope among others. Nothing too special is required other than where and when to look.\nI had started a photo collection of Iridium flares once upon a time. I have since moved of course, it might be a good project. The flares are easy to see (usually) and occur conveniently around the hours of sunrise and sunset. One or two flares a can typically be seen on any given day depending on location. The flares are sometimes visible during the day at various hours although I must confess having not seen one – due to lack of trying mostly. I should start again at this new location.\nBelow are a few sites I use for satellite tracking/spotting. There are other good sites out there too, you might check out a few to find the one you like.\nThis was the NASA Image of the Day. The aurora as seen from the ISS over the Pacific Northwest. I was outside about the right time and saw no sign of an aurora, but I DID see the planetary line-up and it was excellent, will be looking this morning too.\nNASA’s image caption:\nNASA astronaut Scott Kelly and ESA astronaut Tim Peake shared a series of aurora photographs taken from the International Space Station on Jan. 20, 2016. Kelly (@StationCDRKelly) wrote, “#goodmorning #aurora and the Pacific Northwest! #YearInSpace” and Peake (@astro_timpeake) followed up with, “Getting a photo masterclass from @StationCDRKelly – magical #aurora”\nThe dancing lights of the aurora provide spectacular views on the ground, but also capture the imagination of scientists who study incoming energy and particles from the sun. Aurora are one effect of such energetic particles, which can speed out from the sun both in a steady stream called the solar wind and due to giant eruptions known as coronal mass ejections or CMEs.\nImage Credit: ESA/NASA\nTry to get outside before sunrise and have a look at a fabulous planetary line-up! The line-up will last for a number of days so hopefully you will get a chance.\nAbout an hour before your local sunrise you will be able to see the following planets all lined up: Venus, Saturn, Mars, Spica (dwarf planet), and Jupiter.\nThe image above will show which planets are which to make it easier for you. Click the image for a large version. Ignore the time stamp on the image that is for my time zone, just look before daylight. You might even get to see a few satellites, the ISS and the HST if you are lucky.\nAmong other things in this installment of JPL’s What’s Up for January 2016 is how to see Comet Catalina, a binocular comet! I can’t wait!", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "A team of Virginia Tech researchers and students is preparing to deliver a 3U CubeSat for space launch qualification testing. The satellite, once cleared for flight, is scheduled to launch on Northrop Grumman’s Cygnus NG-19 spacecraft from Wallops Island, Virginia, later this year.\nThis flight – designed, built, and operated by students – represents the next generation of the ThickSat launched in February 2021, incorporating lessons learned and upgrading specific deployable structures and materials technologies.\nDubbed the Ut ProSat-1, this mission provides both undergraduate and graduate students an opportunity to design, fabricate, assemble, and validate a 3U satellite that will serve as a testbed for NASA Langley Research Center’s ultralightweight deployable boom technology. Throughout the deployment, the students will communicate and operate the mission through Virginia Tech’s Ground Station, execute a number of autonomous/remote deployments of the boom, and recover inertial measurement units and collect data from in-space deployment.\nCome sail away — with solar sails\nNASA’s new deployable structures and materials technologies in development will benefit solar sail propulsion systems destined for future low-cost deep space missions. Just as a sailboat is powered by wind in a sail, solar sails employ the pressure of sunlight for propulsion, eliminating the need for conventional rocket propellant.\nThese novel, lightweight booms are being tested on a small scale through deployment from CubeSats. The composite booms are made from a polymer material that is flexible and reinforced with carbon fiber.\nThis mission is made possible through a partnership between NASA Langley Research Center, the Virginia Institute for Spaceflight and Autonomy, and the Virginia Commercial Space Flight Authority, also known as Virginia Space. Two slots were secured on the Cygnus NG-19 spacecraft, reserved for educational payloads from both Virginia Tech and Old Dominion University. The student-built 3U units will test NASA’s carbon fiber technology in different capacities.\n“The boom Virginia Tech will be flying is unique in its inclusion of copper traces down the entire length, making it possible to power, control, and receive data from a sensor at the boom tip,” said Jonathan Black, professor in the Kevin T. Crofton Department of Aerospace and Ocean Engineering. “Data obtained from a variety of experiments will guide the design of future larger-scale composite solar sail systems to be used for space weather early warning satellites, near-Earth asteroid reconnaissance missions, or communications relays for crewed exploration missions.”\nVirginia Tech’s most recent space experiment was a 6T ThickSat, designed to passively deploy a much smaller boom arm once. Building off this experience and the lessons learned throughout the ThickSat flight, the new mission provides opportunities for additional experimentation, repeated flights, and testing new capabilities.\nTo support the larger payload and free-flying spacecraft, the avionics system for the Ut ProSat-1 – which includes power, battery, radio, and communications units – was built in-house by the Virginia Tech team. This year, the mission will contain three payloads, with the primary one being the boom deployer. The team will evaluate the deployer’s reliability by testing the deployment of the arm multiple times and aim to capture accelerometer data from the tip of the boom.\nTo measure the reliability of the deployer, a visible light camera will capture an image of the boom when fully deployed for ground confirmation and an infrared camera will record temperature measurements of the boom as it is deployed and retracted. Additionally, an encoder keeps track of the angular position of the spool and an inertial measurement unit records acceleration at the tip of the boom.\nThe mission is expected to last approximately 10 days, depending on exact orbital configurations. If successful, the mission will give insight into the viability of designs for future missions with novel deployable structures.\nExtreme constraints in space\n“Some of the most complex engineering projects we tackle are those in space,” said Gustavo Gargioni, a fifth-year Ph.D. candidate studying aerospace engineering and currently serving as Ut ProSat-1 project manager. “Building a spacecraft really pushes you to the limit because the constraints are so small. Each component and sub-system needs to work together and must be extremely optimized, use minimal power, and capture only the most essential data. We take the conditions we have for experimentation on Earth for granted. In space, we are working on an extremely small scale, but there is beauty in leaning into those constraints.”\nFor more than 40 undergraduate and graduate students, the Ut ProSat-1 project provides an invaluable opportunity to plan and fly a successful mission. Since April 2021, sub-teams have been working on avionics, integration, mechanical and electrical payload, and testing.\n“While their work in the classroom offers some crossover into additional engineering disciplines, a student project of this magnitude offers groups of engineers the opportunity to learn from one another and come out stronger working in multiple disciplines outside of their plan of study,” said Black.\nThe team has been testing several components in a low-pressure and microgravity environment in a series of high altitude balloon launches at Kentland Experimental Aerial Systems Laboratory. In November, their balloon reached 100,377 feet and enabled testing of the deployer, the payload control module, and multiple sensors.\nThe completed Ut ProSat-1 is scheduled to be delivered to Wallops Space Flight Facility later this month for space launch qualification testing, and then will be incorporated onto the Cygnus NG-19 spacecraft.\nLooking ahead to the launch, the team has defined its criteria for measuring a successful mission. According to Gargioni, key successes will include establishing uplink/downlink communication with the Virginia Tech Ground Station, commissioning the spacecraft into science mode, and confirming deployment through the decoder and multiple camera images.\n“For us as students, the experience gained in flying a successful mission is immeasurable,” said Gargioni. “But another major gain for our program is the development of an infrastructure for operations, easing transition from one project to another. Experienced students eventually become leaders of sub-teams, sharing their knowledge and setting the next group up for success.”\nThe Ut ProSat-1 mission was guided by faculty advisors Black and Professor Kevin Shinpaugh and research associates Sheyda Davaria, Samantha Parry-Kenyon, and Zach Leffke. Additional support came from the Center for Space Science and Engineering, also known as Space@VT, as well as departmental laboratories in aerospace and ocean engineering and electrical and computer engineering, the Puri Satellite Ground Network, and the Virginia Space Grant Consortium. Team leads and members include undergraduate and graduate students of all skill levels from across the College of Engineering, as well as some majoring in physics.\n- Suzanne Miller", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Greetings, and welcome to the official Satellite 11 space on the internet.\nYOU ARE VIEWING THE BETA / EARLY VERSIONS.\nPLEASE NOTE This website is currently and consistEntly being updated/improved so it may look different when you check back later. There is much much more coming so stay tuned! .\nsigning off for now.\n-- Satellite 11\nGET IN TOUCH : firstname.lastname@example.org", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Herschelwedges (Solar prisms) are made for the solar observation with refractors. Around 95% of the incoming solar light will be blocked. With a variable polarising filter or strong grey filters, the sunlight can be reduced to an usable amount. Unlike objective solar filters, the filtering happens close to the eyepiece or camera. Normally the resulting contrast and sharpness of the image will be qualitative better with a Herschel wedge. The full solar energy enters the telescope and the filtering happens close to the focal plane, so we only recommend refractors for the work with a Herschel wedge. And important, the refractor shouldn't have a rear corrector lens. The optical elements would heated up through the concentrated energy and could be damaged. Also filters are only allowed at the eyepiece side of the Herschel wedge and not at the front side.\nAdditional to a better image quality, the Herschel wedge offers more light. So you can use special contrast filters, like the Baader Solar Continuum. With filters like these you can increase the contrast of the sun image. Of course 5% are too much for visual solar observation. So, you need an additional filter for light reduction. A Neutral Density 3 Filter can be screwed directly in the eyepiece. Because the Herschel wedge produces polarized light, you only need to screw in a simple polarizing filter into the eyepiece or photo adapter for additional light reduction. Now you can rotate the eyepiece and so reduce the light level. With additional grey filters and the Baader Solar Continuum Filter you can reduce the brightness to the required amount and so setup the contrast.\nThis Herschel wedge comes with integrated ND3 density filter.\nThe Lunt Herschel wegde offers a really good performance for a very reasonable price.\n- High quality surfaces for best contrast values\n- Completely closed body with light catch\n- No come out light, therefore secure working\n- Delivery with solid Aluminum case\n- Lunt Herschel wedge 1¼\"\n- Integrated ND3 density filter\n- Aluminum carrying case\n|Type of filter\n|Made for telescope\n|ca. 5 oz without Case\n|Herschelwedge with inscrewed ND3.0 Filter", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "On November 30, a strong earthquake measuring 7 in Richter scale jolted Alaska. Even though the quake claimed no lives, it inflicted considerable structural damage in and around Alaska. As a strong tremor shook Alaska, many conspiracy theorists were quick to connect this quake to the predictions made by Frank Hoogerbeets, a self-proclaimed earthquake researcher.\nFrank Hoogerbeets who runs the website Ditrianum had recently claimed that a strong earthquake will hit the planet in the first week of December. Interestingly, the earthquake measuring 7 happened in Alaska just hours before Hoogerbeets' predicted timeline. As per Hoogerbeets, a rare planetary alignment is happening in the solar system now, and the quakes are the result of the gravitational pull exerted by Venus, Uranus, Neptune, and the Mars on earth.\n\"Seismic unrest is expected to continue in the coming days, possibly peaking high 6 to 7 magnitude. Throughout the week doesn't look much better. Especially from the 7th to the 10th may be highly critical with the potential of a magnitude 8+ earthquake,\" wrote Hoogerbeets on the website.\nHoogerbeets argues that he is using an advanced technology named Solar System Geometry Index (SSGI) to predict possible tremors. Hoogerbeets reveals that this advanced system analyses the geometric positions of various planets, the Sun and the moon to predict potential quakes.\nIt should be also noted that Hoogerneets had predicted the possibility of a megaquake during the Christmas period. The earthquake researcher claims that very critical planetary configuration will happen between December 21 and 25, and during these days, the chances of a megaquake measuring 7 to 8 in magnitude are pretty high. Hoogerbeets also urged people to consider this warning very seriously, as the entire world will be busy planning for Christmas in these days.\nEven though Hoogerbeets have made it a habit of predicting earthquakes, experts have always dismissed his claims. As per geological experts, it is practically impossible to predict any quakes precisely.\nIn the meantime, a section of doomsday mongers has started arguing that this increase in seismic activities is due to the arrival of Nibiru, an alleged killer planet that is pulling strings from the edge of the solar system. As per these apocalypse believers, Nibiru alias Planet X will hit the earth one day or the other causing massive destruction everywhere.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Dr. Mike Brown is a professor of planetary astronomy at Caltech. He’s best known as the man who killed Pluto, thanks to his team’s discovery of Eris and other Kuiper Belt Objects. We asked him to help us explain this unusual region of our solar system.\nSoon after Pluto was discovered by Clyde Tombaugh on February 18th, 1930, astronomers began to theorize that Pluto was not alone in the outer Solar System. In time, they began to postulate the existence of other objects in the region, which they would discover by 1992. In short, the existence of the Kuiper Belt – a large debris field at the edge of the Solar System – was theorized before it was ever discovered.\nThe Kuiper Belt (also known as the Edgeworth–Kuiper belt) is a region of the Solar System that exists beyond the eight major planets, extending from the orbit of Neptune (at 30 AU) to approximately 50 AU from the Sun. It is similar to the asteroid belt, in that it contains many small bodies, all remnants from the Solar System’s formation.\nRemove All Ads on Universe Today\nJoin our Patreon for as little as $3!\nGet the ad-free experience for life\nBut unlike the Asteroid Belt, it is much larger – 20 times as wide and 20 to 200 times as massive. As Mike Brown explains:\nThe Kuiper Belt is a collection of bodies outside the orbit of Neptune that, if nothing else had happened, if Neptune hadn’t formed or if things had gone a little bit better, maybe they could have gotten together themselves and formed the next planet out beyond Neptune. But instead, in the history of the solar system, when Neptune formed it led to these objects not being able to get together, so it’s just this belt of material out beyond Neptune.\nDiscovery and Naming:\nShortly after Tombaugh’s discovery of Pluto, astronomers began to ponder the existence of a Trans-Neptunian population of objects in the outer Solar System. The first to suggest this was Freckrick C. Leonard, who began suggesting the existence of “ultra-Neptunian bodies” beyond Pluto that had simply not been discovered yet.\nThat same year, astronomer Armin O. Leuschner suggested that Pluto “may be one of many long-period planetary objects yet to be discovered.” In 1943, in the Journal of the British Astronomical Association, Kenneth Edgeworth further expounded on the subject. According to Edgeworth, the material within the primordial solar nebula beyond Neptune was too widely spaced to condense into planets, and so rather condensed into a myriad of smaller bodies.\nIn 1951, in an article for the journal Astrophysics, that Dutch astronomer Gerard Kuiper speculated on a similar disc having formed early in the Solar System’s evolution. Occasionally one of these objects would wander into the inner Solar System and become a comet. The idea of this “Kuiper Belt” made sense to astronomers. Not only did it help to explain why there were no large planets further out in the Solar System, it also conveniently wrapped up the mystery of where comets came from.\nIn 1980, in the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Uruguayan astronomer Julio Fernández speculated that a comet belt that lay between 35 and 50 AU would be required to account for the observed number of comets.\nFollowing up on Fernández’s work, in 1988 a Canadian team of astronomers (team of Martin Duncan, Tom Quinn and Scott Tremaine) ran a number of computer simulations and determined that the Oort cloud could not account for all short-period comets. With a “belt”, as Fernández described it, added to the formulations, the simulations matched observations.\nIn 1987, astronomer David Jewitt (then at MIT) and then-graduate student Jane Luu began using the telescopes at the Kitt Peak National Observatory in Arizona and the Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory in Chile to search the outer Solar System. In 1988, Jewitt moved to the Institute of Astronomy at the University of Hawaii, and Luu later joined him to work at the University’s Mauna Kea observatory.\nAfter five years of searching, on August 30th, 1992, Jewitt and Luu announced the “Discovery of the candidate Kuiper belt object” (15760) 1992 QB1. Six months later, they discovered a second object in the region, (181708) 1993 FW. Many, many more would follow…\nIn their 1988 paper, Tremaine and his colleagues referred to the hypothetical region beyond Neptune as the “Kuiper Belt”, apparently due to the fact that Fernández used the words “Kuiper” and “comet belt” in the opening sentence of his paper. While this has remained the official name, astronomers sometimes use the alternative name Edgeworth-Kuiper belt to credit Edgeworth for his earlier theoretical work.\nHowever, some astronomers have gone so far as to claim that neither of these names are correct. For example, Brian G. Marsden – a British astronomer and the longtime director of the Minor Planet Center (MPC) at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics – claimed that “Neither Edgeworth nor Kuiper wrote about anything remotely like what we are now seeing, but Fred Whipple (the American astronomer who came up with the “dirty snowball” comet hypothesis) did”.\nFurthermore, David Jewitt commented that, “If anything … Fernández most nearly deserves the credit for predicting the Kuiper Belt.” Because of the controversy associated with its name, the term trans-Neptunian object (TNO) is recommended for objects in the belt by several scientific groups. However, this is considered insufficient by others, since this can mean any object beyond the orbit of Neptune, and not just objects in the Kuiper Belt.\nThere have been more than a thousand objects discovered in the Kuiper Belt, and it’s theorized that there are as many as 100,000 objects larger than 100 km in diameter. Given to their small size and extreme distance from Earth, the chemical makeup of KBOs is very difficult to determine.\nHowever, spectrographic studies conducted of the region since its discovery have generally indicated that its members are primarily composed of ices: a mixture of light hydrocarbons (such as methane), ammonia, and water ice – a composition they share with comets. Initial studies also confirmed a broad range of colors among KBOs, ranging from neutral grey to deep red.\nThis suggests that their surfaces are composed of a wide range of compounds, from dirty ices to hydrocarbons. In 1996, Robert H. Brown et al. obtained spectroscopic data on the KBO 1993 SC, revealing its surface composition to be markedly similar to that of Pluto, as well as Neptune’s moon Triton, possessing large amounts of methane ice.\nWater ice has been detected in several KBOs, including 1996 TO66, 38628 Huya and 20000 Varuna. In 2004, Mike Brown et al. determined the existence of crystalline water ice and ammonia hydrate on one of the largest known KBOs, 50000 Quaoar. Both of these substances would have been destroyed over the age of the Solar System, suggesting that Quaoar had been recently resurfaced, either by internal tectonic activity or by meteorite impacts.\nKeeping Pluto company out in the Kuiper belt, are many other objects worthy of mention. Quaoar, Makemake, Haumea, Orcus and Eris are all large icy bodies in the Belt. Several of them even have moons of their own. These are all tremendously far away, and yet, very much within reach.\nOn January 19th, 2006, NASA launched the New Horizons space probe for the sake of studying Pluto, its moons and one or two other Kuiper Belt objects. As of January 15th, 2015, the spacecraft began its approach to the dwarf planet, and is expected to make a flyby by July 14th, 2015. When it reaches the area, astronomers are expecting several interesting photographs of the Kuiper Belt as well.\nEven more exciting is the fact that surveys of other solar systems indicate that our Solar System isn’t unique. Since 2006, there have been other “Kuiper Belts” (i.e. icy debris belts) discovered around nine other star systems. These appear to fall into two categories: wide belts, with radii of over 50 AU, and narrow belts (like our own Kuiper Belt) with radii of between 20 and 30 AU and relatively sharp boundaries.\nAccording to infrared surveys, an estimated 15-20% of solar-type stars are believed to have massive Kuiper-Belt-like structures. Most of these appear to be fairly young, but two star systems – HD 139664 and HD 53143, which were observed by the Hubble Space Telescope in 2006 – are estimated to be 300 million years old.\nVast and unexplored, the Kuiper Belt is the source of many comets, and is believed to be the point of origin for all periodic or short-period comet (i.e. ones with an orbit lasting 200 years or less). The most famous of these is Halley’s Comet, which has been active for the past 16,000–200,000 years.\nFuture of the Kuiper Belt:\nWhen he initially speculated about the existence of a belt of objects beyond Neptune, Kuiper indicated that such a belt probably did not exist anymore. Of course, subsequent discoveries have proven this to be wrong. But one thing that Kuiper was definitely right about was the idea that these Trans-Neptunian Objects won’t last forever. As Mike Brown explains:\nWe call it a belt, but it’s a very wide belt. It’s something like 45 degrees in extent across the sky – this big swath of material that’s just been churned and churned by Neptune. And these days, instead of making a bigger and bigger body, they’re just colliding and slowly grinding down into dust. If we come back in another hundred million years, there’ll be no Kuiper Belt left.\nGiven the potential for discovery, and what up-close examination could teach us about the early history of our Solar System, many scientists and astronomers look forward to the day when we can examine the Kuiper Belt in more detail. Here’s hoping that the New Horizons mission is just the beginning of future decades of research into this mysterious region!\nWe have many interesting articles here at Universe Today on the subject on the Outer Solar System and Trans-Neptunion Objects (TNOs).\nAnd be sure to check out this article on the planet Eris, the latest dwarf planet and the largest TNO to be discovered.\nAnd astronomers are expecting to discover two more large planets in our Solar System.\nUniverse Today also has a full-length interview with Mike Brown from Caltech.\nPodcast (audio): Download (Duration: 4:28 — 4.1MB)\nSubscribe: Apple Podcasts | RSS\nPodcast (video): Download (82.7MB)\nSubscribe: Apple Podcasts | RSS\n16 Replies to “What Is The Kuiper Belt?”\nwhy would something that’s been there for 5bn years be gone in the next 100mil?\nThere is a nice parallel article to this (by Emily Lakdawalla) in the most recent Sky & Telescope. Great topic!\nAt 2:54, the transcript says “If we come back in another hundred million years, there’ll be no Kuiper Belt left.” Million with an M? It sounded to me like Billion with a B, though it’s so unstressed that it’s hard to tell. Also, 100e6 years is an eyeblink in the Solar System — it would be one heck of a coincidence if we managed to catch the very end of the Kuiper Belt.\nOne hundred million years maybe (100 billion? no). If the objects are currently being churned to dust, had they once grown larger? If so, what event reversed the trend – the gradual forming of Neptune or perhaps a change in its orbit?\nYeah that 100 million years tag is weird. Quaoar, Makemake, Haumea, Orcus, Eris, and Pluto are going to “churn and churn” from impacts into bits that escape, collide, or evaporate? MMmmmm something doesn’t seem right there.\nOn the other hand – and I forget if there is more recent work on this – if Earth got most of its water from comets and you scale per the objects of the solar system and still allow for the dry ones to dry up, a percentage to escape as well as dive into other planets, does that scale to about the size of the kuiper belt aged at some rate? There’s a PhD or more in there somewhere.\nThe Kuiper Belt is what holds up Kuiper’s pants.\nMike Brown did NOT “kill” Pluto, and it is disappointing to see a writer on this site use this wording. The article shows further bias in an issue that is a subject of ongoing debate by speaking of the “eight major planets.” According to the equally legitimate geophysical planet definition, our solar system has far more than eight major planets, as dwarf planets are simply a subclass of planets. They are not “minor planets,” a term that is a synonym for asteroids and comets. The geophysical planet definition defines a planet as any non-self-luminous spheroidal body orbiting a star, free floating in space, or orbiting another planet. If an object is large enough and massive enough to be squeezed into a round or nearly round shape by its own gravity, it is a planet. Although the bodies in the Kuiper Belt were not able to form a gas giant like Neptune, they were able to form small planets such as Pluto and Eris, which are large enough to be spherical and therefore meet the geophysical definition of planet. While the majority of objects in the Kuiper Belt are “dirty snowballs,” a small number are small planets with geology and weather, complex worlds differentiated into core, mantle, and crust just like Earth.\nWhile most of the 100,000 plus objects in the Kuiper Belt are composed primarily of ices, Pluto and the small planets in this region are rocky. Pluto is estimated to be 70 percent rock, and Eris, being 27 percent more massive, is likely more rocky and therefore more planet-like. Calling objects such as Quaoar, Makemake, Haumea, Orcus and Eris “largely icy bodies” is therefore misleading. Blurring the distinction between tiny, shapeless “dirty snowballs” and complex small planets is simply bad science.\nSince Brown represents one view in this ongoing debate, I urge you to interview a second planetary scientist who hold to the geophysical planet definition. Readers deserve to be presented with both sides of this issue.\nIt is a debate which the IAU unnecessarily created out of nowhere, and to which it has no solution. (How long is a road?) Are both Mercury and Jupiter “major planets”? This the first ever official planet definition is meaningless. We already talked about dwarf planets before the IAU held a ceremony to “unplanet” Pluto (with the worst possible timing considering New Horizons and the exoplanet boom). Just like the term giant planets was introduced, who knows when already 18th century maybe, and works well without any IAU definitional ceremonies. Incompetent organization of the IAU is the problem here. Nothing to do with astronomy.\nThanks Laurel for your insight.\nIAU classification is not in perpetuity and I hope that after New Horizons’ encounter with Pluto, its status will be reconsidered.\nPluto’s status should be unconsidered! Pluto is Pluto. What is a planet? What is anything, actually, how long is a string? The sixth planet ever discovered was Earth, 400 years ago. Or rather the eighth since the Sun and the Moon were considered planets back then.\n“….it’s just this belt of material out beyond Neptune……”\nThat is a riduculously minimizing statement. Here we are at Pluto’s doorstep, with five known moons (one of which also a fellow binary dwarf planet in Charon), and Pluto is the second-most highly contrasted solar system body, and Dr. Brown is trying to sell that line? I am not buying it. Sorry. Maybe Eris and its one moon are just space material for you, but Pluto is clearly more than mere space material. Nice try.\nThe revelations about the Kuiper Belt further prove that the IAU was out of line with their demotion of Pluto, as a massive part of their argument was based around the “hard science of the Kuiper belt being immutable and universal regarding the creation of planets and solar systems prohibiting anything within the Kuiper area from being considered a real planet”.\nThe fact is we have no real hard science about these formations, and these formations further seem to have little to nothing to do with limitations on planetary formation, and rather have more of a complex and misunderstood relationship with other factors (such as maybe the orbital gravity/rotation of a star – personal speculation).\nThe only point I may have toward your wonderful article is – I refuse to use the word “dwarf” when describing any planet wink emoticon that’s just my own little protest against the IAU and it’s unfounded influence on the field of space exploration.\nseriously though, love the article 🙂\nThanks Kevin! Good to know someone wasn’t entirely focused on Pluto and the IAU.\nMatt, I like the article too. Because much of the media has so blindly bought into the IAU view as the only “truth” about Pluto, I feel the need to present the other side for the sake of fairness and balance.\nYes, and I think that the more science is revealed, the more it strengthens the argument that Pluto is indeed a planet; the Kuiper Belt is in need of more research; and the IAU needs to be ignored.\nComments are closed.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Wave After Wave\nLearn To Surf!\nWave After Wave — Learn To Surf! – By Dr. Schavi M. Ali\nCosmic plasma particles are continually swashing into our magnetosphere like ocean waves highly flowing upwards and slushing onto a shore of golden sand.\nSolar winds are slightly above normal and pushing out solar flares at the “C-Class” level (“C.1” as of 1125 Universal Time) along with coronal mass ejections.\nClicks on the Ads Keep Us Alive 😊\nSunspot #3053 is harboring energy for stronger “M-Class” flares.\nThe “KP Index” is rating neutron counts (cosmic rays) as “High”.\nFor 14 hours a crack in our planet’s magnetic field allowed all that has just been mentioned to pour into it.\nColorful purple auroras tinged with green were painted across the skies.\nPurple auroras are relatively rare and indicate that solar activity is very high.\nWave After Wave\nThey are activated by nitrogen particles. Green auroras are seen quite often and indicate atomic oxygen.\nIn brief, auroras are created by electrically-charged atmospheric gas.\nAuroras are also seen in various shades of blue, red, yellow, and pink.\nSpiritual Science suggests that by the color green being of the heart chakra, we are being given a message that more LOVE needs to come forth towards all of creation, and the purple hue tells us that a HIGHER CONSCIOUSNESS is necessary in order for us to understand DIVINE LAW and to apply it to our lives.\nFocusing on traditional science certainly gives us intellectual knowledge; however, we need to learn how science also has a spiritual orientation.\nThus, SOUCE cannot be separated from “ITS” cosmic creation.\nFrom the modern intellectual standpoint, cosmic forces were noticed by various levels of science (Biology, Chemistry, Geology, Physics, etc.) as of 1961 to be escalating in solar dynamics.\nDecade after decade, the escalation has intensified in energy.\nHowever, if we travel back into ancient research, we discover that the intensity that we think is just a few decades old has actually been occurring for thousands of years.\nMany holy texts speak of the very times that we are witnessing.\nMagnetosphere Pressure 8 July 2022\nWave After Wave\nAge after age, era after era has been a cascade of cosmic energetics which have given elevation to our planet’s vibrational frequency and amplitude—shifting “Her”, heating “Her”, tossing “Her”—but soaring “Her” ever upwards to a faster molecular spin and envelopment in LIGHT.\nWe share “Mama Earth/Gaia’s” journey in our physical vessels, emotions, and mind. Prepare to “surf” the “waves” of LIGHT as the “Cosmic Ocean” washes onto our planetary shore with messages and with opportunities to become closer to the ultimate vibrational frequency and amplitude of the SACRED FEMININE–THE DIVINE MOTHER—from whose vast, watery womb all has been birthed.\nBirthing is continuing for the DIVINE MOTHER is “Self-Created” and “Self-Creating” which is a constant process of fertilization, gestation, and birth anew.\nObtain a prayer mala of fragrant Rosewood and recite the mantra “AUM SRI MATRE NAMAHA” (“Oh, Divine, I bow to the Holy Mother”).\nLet “Her” soothe you, heal you, and guide you as we head further through the portal of the coming “Super Full Moon” which will exit from the “birth canal” on July 13th at 2:38 PM (Eastern Daylight Time).\nMore By Dr. Schavi\nThe cosmic energetics are like the spiraling of time—not linear— but up and down at increasingly higher levels. If a person draws a spiral with a pen or pencil, for example, when the dot begins at the bottom of the page, the line goes steadily upwards with periodic downward movements as circles are made, but the line and its circles head always up higher, never going all the way back down to the bottom of the page.\nThis morning, Thursday, 1/26/2023, at 13:06 UTC, our Sun exploded another “M-Class” flare–an “M.2”, and it is crackling with further “M-Class” energy which will probably be unleashed later today.\nThis is overall yet another day of intensity in the cosmos, and it is becoming more pronounced in its heightened ferver. The days ahead will be filled with further cosmic power.\nA huge sunspot (AR3190) which NASA is calling a “giant” has an enormous negative magnetic pole surrounded by big islands of positive polarity. When they reconnect, tremendous solar flares are the result such as the most powerful “X-Class”.\nAs many people know, the concept of “time” is an artificial construction of humanity for purposes of organization of our lives and their various activities on this planet that we primarily call “Earth” or “Gaia” or “Earth/Gaia”.\nCosmic energy is continually elevating as the phenomenon of the “Shift of the Ages” transpires–a time when our solar system is being enveloped in enormous amounts of LIGHT directly from SOURCE as well as the multiversal creations of SOURCE such as Photon Belt blasts of brightness, the pulling of us towards the Great Attractor, and the power of the Great Central Sun soaring into our Sun and then that empowerment coming to our planet and others in our solar “neighborhood”.\nOur Moon arrives to embrace our Sun today, Saturday, January 21st, at 1:29 PM (EST) and reaches its Super New Moon status at 3:53 PM. Emotional energies of the human collective will be heightened.\nProtons are entering Earth/Gaia’s magnetosphere from outside of our solar system while the level of neutrons remains below normal indicating that they are behaving like proton charges due to decreased negative electron charges.\nOn Saturday, January 21st, 2023, at 20:53 UTC, we will have a “Super New Moon” in Tropical Aquarius. It is referred to as “Super” because it will be closer to our planet Earth/Gaia than typical New or Full Moons and will seem larger.\nClicks on the Ads Keep Us Alive ✨\n- 2023 Server & Site Tech Support 4200 € 1.6% 1.6%\nSupport Disclosure News Italia\nWe are working hard, and every day, to keep this blog. Like you we are fighting for the truth. If you want to work with us you are welcome, please email us! The blog costs are at our expense, advertising reimburse us very marginally so if you like our work and find it useful buy us a coffee clicking the donation button below that will direct you to your PayPal. We need the help of people like you!\nBitcoin & Cryptocurrencies Donation", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "On 9 November 2005, ESOC was the scene of intense media scrutiny as ESA prepared to launch Venus Express and all eyes were on the Main Control Room. We've prepared on online album of people and activities (additional photos added 11/11/05).\nThe launch was a success and Venus Express is now heading towards Venus! We've posted a few photos for you (more to follow...). Enjoy!\nClick on link here.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "If you are headed out on a road trip for spring break we might be able to help you out with travel tips and suggestions of neat places to visit. On top of the list is of course, Embry Riddle’s Prescott campus 🙂 A close second is the Grand Canyon, the Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, Phoenix, and Sedona. I have been to three of the above destinations and they are well worth the trip, so if you are in the Prescott area you are within a 2-3 hour drive of each area, I highly suggest taking advantage of it.\nThe grand canyon is great for hiking, seeing the sights, and learning a little about the nation’s history. The Lowell Observatory is breathtaking!! Pluto was actually discovered in the early 19th century by a scientist who worked at the observatory. The images of space and the technology that is available for visitors to see is incredible. At $20 a head with discounts available for youth, the elderly, military, and students it is well worth the trip.\nJust remeber to check your oil, brakes, windshield wipers, coolant, air pressure, etc. before you set out on a trip. We want you to arrive at your destination safely so that we can give you an awesome tour here at Embry Riddle and send you on your way to the other cool places in our area. Have a great Spring Break, and we hope to see you here soon!", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Atmospheric mineral dust may increase the potential habitability of exoplanets suggests a study this week in Nature Communications. The findings highlight the need to consider the potential effects of dust when studying terrestrial exoplanets.\nThe so-called ‘habitable zone’ is the region around a star where an Earth-like planet may host liquid water at its surface. As such, it is a preferred target when searching for extra-terrestrial life. However, habitability can also depend on the makeup of the planetary atmosphere. Mineral dust (carbon-silicate material from the surface) can have an effect on the climate system, but this has been neglected in modelling the climate of exoplanets until now.\nIan Boutle and colleagues show, via simulations, how airborne mineral dust can have a significant impact on the habitability of Earth-like exoplanets. The authors found that on tidally locked planets (where the same side of the planet always faces the star), dust cools the day-side of the exoplanet and warms the night-side, therefore widening the habitable zone for such planets to exist in. They suggest that dust can slow down a planet’s water loss at the inner edge of the habitable zone and warm planets at the outer edge.\nIn simulations of transmission spectra from exoplanets, the authors also found that the inclusion of dust can obscure the presence of key biomarkers, such as water vapour and oxygen. They argue that this should be taken into consideration when interpreting observations about the habitability of exoplanets.\nEvolution: Turtle ears may be bigger on the insideNature Communications\nEnvironment: Quantifying glacier ice loss via frontal ablationNature Communications", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Upload your image\nDSS Images Other Images\nSubmit a new article\n|Virgo Cluster Early-Type Dwarf Galaxies with the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. I. On the Possible Disk Nature of Bright Early-Type Dwarfs|\nWe present a systematic search for disk features in 476 Virgo Clusterearly-type dwarf (dE) galaxies. This is the first such study of analmost-complete, statistically significant dE sample, which includes allcertain or possible cluster members with mB<=18 that arecovered by the optical imaging data of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey DataRelease 4. Disk features (spiral arms, edge-on disks, or bars) wereidentified by applying unsharp masks to a combined image from threebands (g, r, and i), as well as by subtracting the axisymmetric lightdistribution of each galaxy from that image. Fourteen objects areunambiguous identifications of disks, 10 objects show ``probable disk''features, and 17 objects show ``possible disk'' features. The numberfraction of these galaxies, for which we introduce the term ``dEdi,''reaches more than 50% at the bright end of the dE population anddecreases to less than 5% for magnitudes mB>16. Althoughpart of this observed decline might be due to the lower signal-to-noiseratio at fainter magnitudes, we show that it cannot be caused solely bythe limitations of our detection method. The luminosity function of ourfull dE sample can be explained by a superposition of dEdis and ordinarydEs, strongly suggesting that dEdis are a distinct type of galaxy. Thisis supported by the projected spatial distribution: dEdis show basicallyno clustering and roughly follow the spatial distribution of spirals andirregulars, whereas ordinary dEs are distributed similarly to thestrongly clustered E/S0 galaxies. While the flattening distribution ofordinary dEs is typical for spheroidal objects, the distribution ofdEdis is significantly different and agrees with their being flat oblateobjects. We therefore conclude that the dEdis are not spheroidalgalaxies that just have an embedded disk component but are instead apopulation of genuine disk galaxies. Several dEdis display well-definedspiral arms with grand-design features that clearly differ from theflocculent, open arms typical for late-type spirals that have frequentlybeen proposed as progenitors of dEs. This raises the question of whatprocess is able to create such spiral arms-with pitch angles like thoseof Sab/Sb galaxies-in bulgeless dwarf galaxies.\n|IC3328: A ``dwarf elliptical galaxy'' with spiral structure|\nWe present the 2-D photometric decomposition of the Virgo galaxyIC3328. The analysis of the global light distributionof this morphologically classified nucleated dwarf elliptical galaxy(dE1,N) reveals a tightly wound, bi-symmetric spiral structure with adiameter of 4.5 kpc, precisely centered on the nucleus of the dwarf. Theamplitude of the spiral is only three percent of the dwarf's surfacebrightness making it the faintest and smallest spiral ever found in agalaxy. In terms of pitch angle and arm winding the spiral is similar tothe intermediate-type galaxy M51, but it lacks the dust and prominent HIi regions which signal the presence of gas. The visual evidence of aspiral pattern in an early-type dwarf galaxy reopens the question onwhether these dwarfs are genuine rotationally supported or anisotropicstellar systems. In the case of IC3328, we argue for a nearly face-ondisk (dS0) galaxy with an estimated maximum rotation velocity ofvc,max~ 55 km s-1 . The faintness of the spiraland the small motions within it, suggests that we could be seeingswing-amplified noise. The other possibility is a tidal origin, causedby the near passage of a small companion. Based on observationscollected at the European Southern Observatory (ESO 63.O-0055)\n|Studies of the Virgo Cluster. II - A catalog of 2096 galaxies in the Virgo Cluster area.|\nThe present catalog of 2096 galaxies within an area of about 140 sq degapproximately centered on the Virgo cluster should be an essentiallycomplete listing of all certain and possible cluster members,independent of morphological type. Cluster membership is essentiallydecided by galaxy morphology; for giants and the rare class of highsurface brightness dwarfs, membership rests on velocity data. While 1277of the catalog entries are considered members of the Virgo cluster, 574are possible members and 245 appear to be background Zwicky galaxies.Major-to-minor axis ratios are given for all galaxies brighter than B(T)= 18, as well as for many fainter ones.\n|A catalog of dwarf galaxies in Virgo|\nA catalog listing the location, apparent angular diameter, type,estimated central light concentration, and estimated brightness of 846dwarf galaxies in a 200-deg-sq region in Virgo is presented. Thegalaxies comprise 634 ellipticals, 137 IC-3475-type galaxies, 73 dwarfspirals and irregulars, and two objects which are jets of normalgalaxies, and were found on nine long-exposure IIIa-J-emulsion platesmade with the 1.2-m-Schmidt telescope at Palomar Observatory from 1971to 1976. Concordances to other catalogs, tables of additionalparameters, maps, graphs, and photographs are provided. The projecteddistributions of normal and dwarf galaxies and the dependence ofapparent luminosity on central light concentration are discussed. It isfound that dwarf ellipticals and IC-3475-type galaxies are probablemembers of the Virgo cluster, while dwarf spirals and possibly dwarfirregulars are not.\n|The distribution of Sculptor-type dwarf galaxies.|\nSubmit a new link\nMember of following groups:\nObservation and Astrometry data\nCatalogs and designations:", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Launch of Soyuz-U Carrier09 april 2014\nApril 9, 2014 at 07:26pm (msc time) from Launch Pd #1 of Baikonur space range was launched Progress-M-23M cargo spaceship with Soyuz-U carrier.\nThe launch of the cargo spaceship was performed nominally. Progress-M-23M will bring 2.5t of various goods to the International Space Station. Among the cargo are foodstuffs, water and air for the crew, propellant for ISS orbit upkeeping maneuvers, hardware for the station equipping, research hardware for experiments.\nSoyuz-U middle-class launch vehicle is designed and manufactured by TsSKB-Progress Samara State Research and Production Space-Rocket Center.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Thank you for liking\nYou have already liked this page, you can only like it once!\nIn order to precisely deliver the Schiaparelli landing demonstrator module to the martian surface and then insert ExoMars/TGO into orbit around the Red Planet, it’s necessary to pin down the spacecraft’s location to within just a few hundred metres at a distance of more than 150 million km.\nTo achieve this amazing level of accuracy, ESA experts are making use of ‘quasars’ – the most luminous objects in the Universe – as ‘calibrators’ in a technique known as Delta-Differential One-Way Ranging, or delta-DOR.\nUntil recently, quasars were only poorly understood. These objects can emit 1000 times the energy of our entire Milky Way galaxy from a volume that it not much bigger than our Solar System, making them fearfully powerful.\nThey are fuelled by supermassive black holes – which are many, many times more massive than our Sun – feeding on matter at the centre of their host galaxies. In addition to their extreme luminosity, their extreme distance means that, seen from Earth, they appear to be fixed in the sky and their positions can be mapped with high precision, making them very useful as reference points for spacecraft navigation.\nIn the delta-DOR technique, radio signals from ExoMars/TGO are being received by two widely separated deep-space ground stations, one, say, at New Norcia, Western Australia, and one at Cebreros, Spain, and the difference in the times of signal arrival is precisely measured.\nNext, errors due to current conditions in Earth’s atmosphere (which affect all radio signals passing through) are derived by simultaneously tracking radio signals from a quasar. Engineers can apply these as corrections to the signal received from ExoMars/TGO, delivering a significantly more accurate fix on its position.\nOn Wednesday this week, ESA ground stations began the first of many delta-DOR observations that will be used to precisely locate ExoMars/TGO, using quasar P1514-24, seen inset in an image of ESA's deep-space tracking station at Malargüe, Argentina, above.\nDelta-DOR observations will be increasingly performed as the journey to Mars enters the crucial phases, enabling flight dynamics teams to generate precise instructions for thruster burns and separation timing and to assess manoeuvre performance.\n“In October, in the final critical week before Mars arrival, teams will be conducting two delta-DOR observations daily,” says Mattia Mercolino, responsible for delta-DOR activities at ESOC, ESA’s operations centre in Darmstadt, Germany.\n“It’s an excellent example of critical, real-time teamwork between the flight dynamics experts, the ground station operators, the ExoMars mission controllers and our delta-DOR team, and it would be much more difficult to get to Mars without this expertise.”\nHow precisely will we know ExoMars/TGO’s location?\n“The current set of delta-DOR observations will enable us to locate the spacecraft to less than 1000 m when it’s near Mars, a distance of slightly more than 150 million km from Earth,” says Mattia.\n“This is comparable to detecting from the location of an object in Singapore from Darmstadt, to about 5 cm precision.”\n“In future, with currently planned technology improvements, we should be able to get the accuracy down to just 150 m at 150 million km.”", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Cheaper Launch Options for Science?\nLow cost launchers, like SpaceX’s Falcon family, could have a significant impact on scientific missions, which typically rely on scarce public funds. Payloads from universities and research labs often “piggy back” on the launch of commercial satellites.\nThe Tangible Benefits of Space Research Realized\nSpace-based platforms provide unique opportunities for microgravity research and international scientific cooperation. The ISS, the space shuttles, Skylab, Russia’s Mir Space Station and Soyuz, and the Chinese Shenzhou have enabled microgravity research.\nFrom the Outside Looking In: Earth Observation\nIn 2005, NOAA requested $## million for scientific research to provide funding for internal research laboratories and partnerships with academia. In addition to gathering data through Earth observation satellites, NOAA research projects use space systems for communication and navigation such as the joint NOAA/NASA Altair Unmanned Aircraft System.\nOh, the Learning You Shall Learn (through Space Telescopes)\nTelescopes placed in space have greater capabilities than those located on the ground. Light received by telescopes in Earth orbit does not travel through the atmosphere (which causes the characteristic “twinkle” in stars). Orbital telescopes are protected from vibrations and weather.\nLunar and Interplanetary Exploration\nMore than ## missions carrying scientific instruments, in the form of probes and rovers, have been launched into the solar system to study planets, comets, asteroids, and other phenomena. These instruments return valuable scientific data on the history and nature of the solar system. Recently, NASA launched the New Horizons probe in January 2006 to study Pluto.\nGlobe-spanning Education Networks\nWorld-class education services to rural and remote locations will continue to proliferate and stimulate economic development in those locations. The OECD’s Space 2030 recommends governments use satellites to provide services such as distance learning to rural and remote areas. India’s EDUSAT satellite, launched in 2005 with the goal of developing rural states like West Bengal by 2020, is a prime example of governments using distance learning in remote and undeveloped areas.\n“For the Next Hour, Sit Quietly and We Will Control All That You See and Hear.”\nRetail stores themselves have been increasing the use of “digital signage,” in-store TV or radio content that features programming and advertisements produced exclusively for viewing in the store.\nManaging Inventory Through Space Connections\nInventory management is a crucial element to the profitability of retail stores, and this process has come to incorporate satellite capabilities at critical moments. The most sophisticated retail outlets collaborate closely with their suppliers; for instance, when a Proctor & Gamble item is scanned for purchase at a retail store, a message is sent via satellite uplink to the factory.\nSatellite Terminals Saves Wal-Mart Money\nThe management of large corporations requires dedicated networks to support a number of communications applications, from the financial transactions discussed above to video conferencing, local network interconnection, wide area wireless networking, multicasting, virtual private networks, Inter… This article is for subscribers. Please sign up for a subscription or login below. Username Password Remember Me …\nBanking on VSAT and GPS\nAccording to OECD’s Space 2030, satellites have the ability to reduce the digital divide and provide telecommunication infrastructure, opening markets for e-commerce. E-commerce applications are well established and expanding broadband networks via satellites is likely to have a strong effect on the economy and electronic trade in the near future.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Spaceship Earth \"Where to From Here?\"\nSo many people!\nOur amazing journey.\nOver the last few hubs we've been looking at the Earth and just how unique she really is, but there are a few things that have come up that we seriously need to take notice of if we want to continue to live here on Earth that is.\nLast week we started looking at how many people live here, and how that number is increasing. How things are likely to change with the finite amount of resources we have at our disposal.\nBack in the latter part of the nineteenth century, a science fiction writer named Jules Verne wrote an amazing novel called 'Around the world in 80 days' where the main character is bet that he can't circumnavigate the earth in less than 80 days.\nToday, one hundred and fifty years later the ISS makes the same trip in 80 minutes, but down 'on deck' you can do the same trip in 40 hours, and wherein the days of Phineas Fogg there were a billion souls on the planet, now there are nearly eight billion and it's still climbing.\nThe spaceship that has nurtured and looked after mankind for so long is getting a little crowded, and resources are starting to get scarce.\nScarce resources WATER\nYou'd think that a planet that had 70% of its surface covered in water wouldn't have a problem finding usable water wouldn't you?\nYou'd be wrong!\nOf that 70%, only about 5% is actually 'freshwater' and even less than that is drinkable! The majority of the water we have on the planet is saltwater, good for some species of fish and crustaceans to live in, but not suitable for drinking, taking salt in like that causes the body to leech water out and creates even greater thirst.\nAnother 15% of the earth's water supply can be considered 'freshwater' but is locked up in the polar ice caps, melting those will give us more freshwater, but at the cost of much worse storms and terrible weather patterns than we face today.\nMilitary strategists admit that the next major conflict the earth will face will probably not be over oil, but over water rights, there have already been a few over it that haven't been widely reported.\n- Jordan Built a Dam on the Jabbok river preventing water from flowing into the Jordan, Israel destroyed it in a missile attack.\n- Turkey has built a dam across the Euphrates river potentially cutting off water to both Syrian and Iraq, the Kurds in Turkey re-started their guerilla war as they saw it as a breach in the peace treaty they signed with Turkey, thousands were displaced.\n- China built a dam across the Yallo river. Entire cities were bulldozed and millions forcibly resettled (but it was within China's own borders so no one really said much)\n- Egypt built the Aswan Dam to provide water even in drought seasons. During operation Desert Storm Sudan (who supported Saddam) threatened to attack the dam, Egypt replied that their response would be massive.\nAnd that's just now, in a few years time there'll be more people and more pressure.\nThat's just one of the resources, then you have the situation with growing food for a growing population, and that's just as dire.\nBut I don't want to leave things there, because there is an answer, and it's right in front of us, or rather all around us, it's just that we think it's the realm of science fiction, but it isn't, it's a reality that is coming to pass one way or the other.\nAnd now for something totally different, why not visit me on my latest blog post?\nBuilding a wall is easy right? Read how I found out you have to have the right tools, and it's just the same with writing.\nSmall step, or Giant leap?\nFifty years on\nFifty years ago mankind went to the moon on top of the most powerful engines that had ever been built, but those engines had some limitations, they could only hurl a forty-ton payload as far as the moon, and everything pretty much had to be discarded on the way, there was no way to retrieve the pieces, this made things very expensive.\nThe Saturn V rocket is still the most powerful engine ever to carry a Human being, but that may change in the next couple of years, the race is on to build a rocket that can take a spaceship out and send in on its way to either the moon or Mars and return for refuelling and re-use.\nFifty years ago the machine that took us to the Moon had so little computing power that the average kettle in your or my kitchen now has more, and the average smartphone has one hundred thousand times the computing power of all the computers aboard Apollo 11!\nDid you know that the Moon has water? Only trace amounts, but some think there may be enough to provide for a small settlement, what it does have is plenty of Silica and Aluminium oxide, both of which we here on Earth find pretty useful.\nAnd the moon is only a short 'hop' away.\nIt took us just over a week to get to the moon and back when we went in the sixties and seventies, it would probably take the same amount of time today, but the difference is we could build facilities on the moon that would enable us to reach further out into the cosmos, let's take a look at where we might go.\nStep one The Moon\nOnly just under two hundred thousand miles away, the Moon could be a very effective way of testing out our equipment as we head out into the solar system.\nThe Earth has many of the minerals we have here on Earth and a few that we don't have but would love to get our hands on to test out what we think they might do.\nImagine a fuel that's very safe in a nuclear reactor! One that makes Fusion reactions possible (think Medieval Alchemy where the goal was to turn lead into gold, but this might work!)\nHelium is one of the most abundant elements in the universe. It has an Atomic number of 2 meaning that every atom of Helium has two protons, two neutrons and two electrons, well almost every atom that is, you see in the samples we brought back from the Moon we found Helium with THREE of each of these!\nHelium 3 is very rare on Earth, but seems to be abundant on the Moon!\nThe price of Helium 3 at the moment is around $2k per litre.\nThere's also an abundance of Aluminium on the Moon, along with Iron and various other materials.\nFrom the Moon, which has 1/3 Earth gravity we could build craft that would take us out into our solar system using fuel refined on the Moon for a fraction of the fuel expended getting us to the Moon let alone getting out as far as Mars or beyond.\nAnother thing proposed for the Moon is an observatory for the far side of the Moon, away from the glaring lights of the cities of Earth, a chance to look into the heavens without interference from earth.\nAnd this is just the beginning.\nWhat we thought we'd be doing in 1999 (back in the seventies)\nTime for a break\nYou might be wondering where I'm going with this hub. We started a few hubs ago exploring how unique the Earth is, but now we seem to be going out into space on some 'wild goose chase' as it were.\nThat's because I firmly believe that while the Earth is unique, we are facing some serious issues, and the only way we're going to really be able to deal with them is by allowing people to move 'off-world' to make space for the other species on our planet to survive, but how do we get there, and why would we go?\nThat's what I want to explore in the next few hubs, want to tag along? you're most welcome to.\nBut for now, it's time for me to stop.\nHey, here's an idea, and yes I'm being very cheeky I know, but I put a link to my post on Wordpress earlier in the hub, how about popping along and having a read.\nSee you next time\n© 2019 Lawrence Hebb", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "NASA scientists detect evidence of parallel universe where time runs backward\nIn a scenario straight out of “The Twilight Zone,” a group of NASA scientists working on an experiment in Antarctica have detected evidence of a parallel universe — where the rules of physics are the opposite of our own, according to a report.\nThe concept of a parallel universe has been around since the early 1960s, mostly in the minds of fans of sci-fi TV shows and comics, but now a cosmic ray detection experiment has found particles that could be from a parallel realm that also was born in the Big Bang, the Daily Star reported.\nThe experts used a giant balloon to carry NASA’s Antarctic Impulsive Transient Antenna, or ANITA, high above Antarctica, where the frigid, dry air provided the perfect environment with little to no radio noise to distort its findings.\nSource: ny post\nYou may be interested\nPM Mitsotakis cites Greek Constitution to back mandatory vaccinationsmakis - Jul 23, 2021\nPrime Minister Kyriakos Mitsotakis cited the Greek Constitution in response to those opposing mandatory Covid-19 vaccination during his meeting with…\nWho Has Spent The Most Time In Space? (infographic)Panos - Jul 22, 2021\nAs Russia celebrates 60 years since Yuri Gagain became the first person to orbit the Earth, the state of space travel looks…\nWhat Do Americans Think Of Famous Billionaires? (infographic)Panos - Jul 22, 2021\nHot on the heels of fellow billionaire Richard Branson, Amazon founder Jeff Bezos is set to blast into space. He…", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Discovery launch 'no earlier than' December 3\nThe final launch of the space shuttle Discovery has been delayed until at least December 3 so that repairs can be carried out on a hydrogen leak, the US space agency said Thursday.\nNASA said it would review the required analysis and repairs over the next five days and hoped to hold a decisive meeting on the launch on Monday, November 29.\n\"The Kennedy Space Center 'Call-to-Stations' to begin the launch countdown will be no earlier than Nov. 30, supporting a first launch attempt no earlier than Dec. 3,\" it said in a statement.\nInspectors this week found a fourth crack in support beams on the external fuel tanks of the space shuttle.\nThe latest crack was found when technicians removed foam while inspecting the support beams, which are called stringers, in the aftermath of the hydrogen leak, the space agency said.\nTwo nine-inch (21-centimeter) cracks were found in an adjacent support beam last Friday, and a three-inch (7.5 centimeter) fissure was uncovered over the weekend.\nTo get in a flight to the International Space Station this year, Discovery must blast off before December 6. Otherwise it will have to wait until February, the same month that the last-ever shuttle launch is scheduled before the fleet is mothballed for good.\nDiscovery's 11-day mission with its all-American crew of six is to deliver a pressurized logistics module called Leonardo to the ISS, which will be permanently attached to the space station to provide more storage space.\nThe shuttle will also bring Robonaut 2, the first human-like robot in space and a permanent addition to the orbiting space station, as well as spare parts.\nTwo space walks, for maintenance work and component installation, are scheduled.\nThe Discovery has launched into space 38 times, and NASA aims to retire the shuttle after its final and 39th voyage.\nThe launch aims to be the fourth and final shuttle flight of the year, and the last scheduled for Discovery, the oldest in the three-shuttle fleet that is being retired next year.\nBut the mission has been marred by a series of delays brought on by bad weather and equipment problems.\nThe three US shuttles -- the other two are Atlantis and Endeavour -- are due to be sent off to become museum pieces after a final shuttle mission to the space station in late February.\nThat means Russian Soyuz spacecraft, a modernized version of which recently dropped off three fresh crew members to the ISS, doubling the crew to six, will for several years be the only vehicle for transporting humans into space.\nHowever, NASA's recently approved 2011 budget has left the door open to an additional shuttle flight in June.\n(c) 2010 AFP", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "The Bruce Murray Space Image Library\nClick to view full image\nThis work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License. For uses not allowed by that license, contact us to request publication permission from the copyright holder\nExplore related images:\nevents and announcements,\nRussian human spaceflight\nPaul Butler head shot\nVoyager 1 at Jupiter near closest approach\nLightSail sails-out image 2 (partially complete)\nThe RS-25 engine\nMap of Eros\nLocation of Conamara Chaos, Europa\nBecome a member of The Planetary Society and together we will create the future of space exploration.\nSupport the Bruce Murray Space Image Library and help us share the wonders of other worlds.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "The gorgeous green comet C/2022 E3 (ZTF) should now be visible to the naked eye under the right dark sky conditions.\nThe comet is rapidly approaching perigee, its closest point to Earth, which is making it easier to spot in the night sky. The comet, first discovered in March 2022 by astronomers Frank Masci and Bryce Bolin using the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) at the Palomar Observatory in California, has been brightening since November, wowing astrophotographers with its brilliant green tail.\nComet C/2022 E3 (ZTF) is currently making its way through the northern skies and should reach its brightest magnitude in early February, according to In-The-Sky.org (opens in new tab) as it approaches perigee on Feb. 1. To see the comet for yourself, look to the north just after sunset and look for a faint greenish glow. Under the right dark sky conditions, the comet could be visible to the unaided eye, but binoculars will certainly make the job easier.\nRelated: Amazing photos of the green comet C/2022 E3 (ZTF)\nMore: How to view and photograph comets\nLooking for a telescope to see comet C/2022 E3 ZTF? We recommend the Celestron Astro Fi 102 (opens in new tab) as the top pick in our best beginner's telescope guide.\nComet C/2022 E3 (ZTF) is available for tracking in most major astronomy and sky tracking apps. Additionally, University of Toronto astrophysicist Hanno Rein has created a free app (opens in new tab) available on the Apple app store dedicated entirely to locating and tracking comet C/2022 E3 (ZTF).\nAs of Monday (Jan. 23), comet C/2022 E3 (ZTF) appears close to the constellation Draco. The images below are courtesy of TheSkyLive.com (opens in new tab).\nRelated: See '3 days in the life' of green comet as it heads towards Earth (photo)\nOn Thursday (Jan. 26), the comet will appear just beside Ursa Minor, the \"Little Bear\" or \"Little Dipper.\"\nBy Jan. 30, the comet will make its way east toward Camelopardalis, where it will appear when it reaches perigee on Feb. 1.\nBy Feb. 10, the comet will have moved significantly to the east and will appear close to Mars, which might make it easier to spot.\nIf conditions aren't right for late night or early morning skywatching in your area, you're still in luck: The Virtual Telescope Project will be hosting a free livestream of comet C/2022 E3 (ZTF). The stream begins on Feb. 1 at 11:00 p.m. EST (0400 GMT) and can be watched courtesy of the project's website (opens in new tab) or YouTube channel (opens in new tab).\nComet C/2022 E3 (ZTF) has already put on quite a show for astrophotographers, leading to scores of breathtaking pictures of the gorgeously green comet. In January, strong solar winds caused part of the comet's tail to break off in what astronomers call a disconnection event.\nMore recently, SpaceWeather.com reported that comet C/2022 E3 (ZTF) formed what is known as an \"anti-tail,\" a phenomenon which causes a comet to appear to have a second, forward-facing tail. In reality, an anti-tail is an optical illusion caused when larger dust particles form a disk along the comet's orbit. As Earth passes through the comet's orbital plane, this dusty disk can be seen side-on, appearing as a reversed anti-tail.\nHoping to observe C/2022 E3 (ZTF)? Our guides on the best telescopes and best binoculars can help, as it doesn't take much magnification to see the comet as the month comes to a close. You can also check out our guides on how to view and photograph comets, as well our best cameras for astrophotography and best lenses for astrophotography to get started.\nEditor's Note: If you get a great photo of comet C/2022 E3 (ZTF) and would like to share it with Space.com’s readers, send your photo(s), comments, and your name and location to firstname.lastname@example.org.\nFollow Brett on Twitter at @bretttingley (opens in new tab). Follow us @Spacedotcom (opens in new tab), or on Facebook (opens in new tab) and Instagram (opens in new tab).\nObserved 0200-0330 EST. First Quarter Moon 28-Jan-2023 1519 UT. Easy to locate C/2022 E3 (ZTF) comet this morning. Theskylive.com reports magnitude 5.6 now. Stellarium 1.2 shows C/2022 E3 (ZTF) about 1 degree 51 arcminute angular separation from Edasich in Draco when I started observing. Distinct, bright 10x50 binocular view and simple to locate using Telrad with my 90-mm refractor telescope. I used TeleVue 14-mm Delos eyepiece (71x) for a bit more than 60-arcminute true FOV along with 10x50 binoculars. Draco stars HIP74756 (7.60 magnitude) and TYC4181-1286-1 (8.90 magnitude) are about 8 arcminutes apart from each other, visible in the FOV with the comet. C/2022 E3 (ZTF) distinct coma about same angular size (8 arcminutes), visible with slight fan shape and some tail now, perhaps 15-20 arcminutes faintly visible across the FOV at 71x using. Stellarium 1.2 reports coma diameter about 17 arcminutes or so and gas tail length close to 1.5-degrees. Other fainter stars visible along with C/2022 E3 (ZTF). This was fun comet observing with clear skies, temperature -2C, winds 280/5 knots. I started observing comet C/2022 E3 (ZTF) on 24-Dec-2022 when magnitude 8.59 was reported. I did not see unaided eyes because of light pollution towards N and NE sectors, I can see about 5.0 or so magnitude stars in those directions but very easy using 10x50 binoculars now and 90-mm refractor telescope. The woodburning stove was running when I came back inside.\nThree nights in a row in dark-sky, using my Celestron Astro Fi 130mm, seeing nothing at the target spot, recalibrating, recalibrating...\nAfter recalibrating again tonight, all I can see is the faintest huge green cloud, had to convince myself I wasn't imagining it. Nothing resembling definition or a tail, much less an anti-tail. Think I had seen this on previous nights, but dismissed it as eyestrain. This was hyped as such a great comet, \"naked eye,\" the whole works.\nFrom what I can tell just reading reports, many in my MS EDGE browser, this comet is linked backed to Neanderthals during the time of mammoths and ice age when commonly promoted to the public :). This site I use to check comet orbital elements published. https://minorplanetcenter.net//\nC/2022 E3 (ZTF) eccentricity is slightly larger than 1 so the comet is not in a closed orbit with the Sun.\nObserved 2000-2040 EST. I used 10x50 binoculars and viewed C/2022 E3 (ZTF) in Ursa Minor tonight. It was fuzzy and theskylive.com reports 5.6 magnitude. I observed the waxing crescent Moon in Pisces and M42 in Orion. Altocumulus clouds moved in. The sky was partly cloudy and then mostly cloudy, so it was difficult to view. Looking at the comet in NNE sky, at my location only about magnitude 4.5 stars visible due to light pollution in the northern sky. C/2022 E3 (ZTF) is now an evening comet but the location is in an area of sky with more light pollution. For me, it was notable that C/2022 E3 (ZTF), framed by Thuban in Draco, Beta Umi (Kochab), and Pherkad in Ursa Minor. beta UMi b is an exoplanet orbiting Kochab. In the 10x50 binocular view, it was a red giant star clearly as its spectral class K4-III. The exoplanet information can be found at: http://exoplanet.eu/catalog/beta_umi_b/, and the NASA exoplanet archive site, https://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/overview/bet%20UMi%20b#planet_bet-UMi-b_collapsible It was interesting to consider when I looked at C/2022 E3 (ZTF), the red giant star about 4.5-degrees angular separation (Kochab in Ursa Minor), had an exoplanet orbiting it. 2250 EST update. Easier to see C/2022 E3 (ZTF) using 10x50 binoculars at this time. Better elevation angle and darker sky. The comet was a large brighter fuzzy with somewhat fan shape appearance. This is now an evening comet to see.\nSwept it up at 8:20PM EST tonight, Feb 1, 2023, 13° to the east of Polaris, 19.5° higher. I observed from my front yard in Albany, GA, a city of 70,000 people, with LED streetlights on either side of me, house lights everywhere and a waxing gibbous Moon nearly straight overhead only about 50° from the comet. I had to drape a coat over everything to keep the light out. I used a set of Celestron 25x100 Skymaster binoculars on a Quickset tripod 4-70150 with a 4-72853 head. Steady as a rock and a joy to use.\nThe comet was a faint smudge, very small, no structure, no tail, no color. I tried star hopping from Polaris, scanned around for about 30 minutes to no avail, finally went inside and checked Heavens Above. It was at elevation 49.5°. I marked a protractor, took it outside and set the angle, guesstimated 13° to the right of Polaris and there it was. Much higher in the sky than I originally thought. Watched it for about 15 minutes until 8:35PM when it started to cloud over and I lost it. Quite a thrill. Thank you Rod for your persistence.\nThis is comet #4 for me:\n1965 - Ikeya Seki\n1995 - Hale Bopp\n2023 - ZTF\nPretty much my experience tonight. Clear sky, same moon (obviously). It was a spread-out, faint wisp that you could convince yourself was green if you hoped hard enough. Many of the \"pretty\" photos online of this comet are taken at long exposures, so anybody expecting to see anything that striking with eyeballs is in for a disappointment.\nMy grandson was disappointed as well, but I used the occasion to show him a nice moon closeup and a fine view of Jupiter with three bright moons, so I salvaged all my grandpa points for today.\nVery nice :) Hale Bopp was a great comet to view.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Intricate curlicues and circular patterns of storms swirl through the high latitudes near Saturn's south pole in this image from the Cassini spacecraft.\nThe view was obtained at a distance of approximately 588,000 kilometers (365,000 miles) from Saturn and at a Sun-Saturn-spacecraft, or phase, angle of 140 degrees. At this high phase angle, the sun is illuminating the limb of the planet from almost the opposite side of Saturn from the spacecraft.The image was taken with the Cassini spacecraft wide-angle camera on Jan. 5, 2009 using a spectral filter sensitive to wavelengths of near-infrared light centered at 752 nanometers. Image scale is 32 kilometers (20 miles) per pixel.\nThe Cassini-Huygens mission is a cooperative project of NASA, the European Space Agency and the Italian Space Agency. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory, a division of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, manages the mission for NASA's Science Mission Directorate, Washington, D.C. The Cassini orbiter and its two onboard cameras were designed, developed and assembled at JPL. The imaging operations center is based at the Space Science Institute in Boulder, Colo.\nCredit: NASA/JPL/Space Science Institute", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "WASHINGTON — Times are tough for the Universe. No not that universe, NASA’s $1.5 billion-Universe.\nWhen the U.S. space agency reorganized its mission enterprises last year, it combined all of its astronomy programs into a single program dubbed the Universe. Today, the Universe has more than a dozen space astronomy missions on orbit and at least that many in development.\nBetween paying for the space shuttle program and funding new forward-looking space exploration projects like the Crew Exploration Vehicle, NASA’s budget for the Universe is not getting any bigger. In fact, NASA’s 2006 budget calls for spending slightly less on the Universe than in 2005, even as the Universe is seeing significant cost growth on some of its highest priority projects.\nThe projected price tag for the James Webb Space Telescope, for example, has swelled by another $1 billion to $4.5 billion. That unpleasant surprise prompted NASA to seek ways to scale back the mission and erode the cost increase without dealing a fatal blow to the program’s science objectives.\nAnother high priority mission, an extrasolar planet finder called the Space Interferometry Mission (SIM), is facing a $500 million overrun. Kepler, a less sophisticated planet finder once scheduled to launch in 2007, is now facing a delay of un determined length.\nAn airborne telescope called SOFIA and the Gamma Ray Large Area Space Telescope slated for launch in 2006 are encountering minor setbacks on their way to service, with both requiring more money.\nAnd with NASA leaning toward sending a space shuttle crew to repair and upgrade the Hubble Space Telescope, the space agency’s strapped Universe budget is going to have to bear at least part of the cost of the estimated $750 million undertaking.\nRick Howard, NASA’s deputy director of the Universe, acknowledged that budgets are tight and that something is going to have to give to pay for Hubble servicing and astronomy projects that are close to first light, but he said cancellation is unlikely for either the Webb telescope or SIM despite their soaring price tags.\n“Given that Hubble [servicing], SOFIA and the Gamma Ray Large Area Space Telescope are in development, increases in those are going to have impacts on the other programs,” Howard said. “But cancellation? No.”\nNASA has already indicated that it is not willing to absorb the full $1 billion cost increase on Webb, so the agency plans to convene a group of senior scientists this summer that will help the agency decide how much to scale back the telescope and what other projects to cut to help pay any remaining overrun.\n“Everybody loves [the James Webb Space Telescope] and the science it can do,” Howard said. “On the other hand there is an upper dollar limit at which the science community says it’s not worth doing. So it’s a balance.”\nNASA is going through a similar exercise with SIM.\nLast year, the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif., informed NASA that SIM was going to cost about $500 million more than the $900 million the agency had budgeted for the planet-hunting mission.\n“We said we cannot afford that,” Howard said. “So we looked at what we thought we could afford.”\nHoward said the SIM team was told to plan two versions of the mission: one that could be built for $1 billion and one that could be constructed for $1.2 billion.\nThe SIM team is due to go back to NASA Headquarters in mid-July with the revised mission. Howard said NASA will then decide how to proceed and establish a new launch date. A revised 2005 spending plan NASA sent to Congress in May indicates that SIM’s launch will be delayed two years to 2013.\nKepler, a cost-capped Discovery-class mission, is in a different situation. Howard said the mission was coming along well, but had to absorb a $35 million budget hit this year to help fund other pressing priorities NASA’s Science Mission Directorate was facing. Howard said NASA has not set a new launch date for the mission, but expects it to slip about a year from its previously planned 2007 date.\nJoseph Alexander, director of the National Research Council’s Space Studies Board here, said astronomers are understandably nervous about what the future holds for both big and small space observatory projects at NASA.\n“It’s going to be a real challenge for NASA to go forward with the space exploration vision and to do it in a way that preserves a science program that is both robust and broadsided,” Alexander said. “We are probably seeing the most acute situation with the astronomy program where they are seeing big jumps in cost.”\nAlexander said that in absolute dollar value, NASA’s astronomy program appears to be seeing the most cost growth of any of NASA’s science programs — a circumstance, he said, due at least partly to the “intrinsic complexity” of the missions now in development.\nDavid Black, president of the Universities Space Research Association in Houston, said the science community is partly to blame for the situation NASA’s astronomy program is in today.\nBlack said that while most of NASA’s current budget problems can be traced back to the loss of the Space Shuttle Columbia and the cost of getting back to flying again, NASA aided and abetted by the science community have contributed to the Universe’s budget woes, he said, “by trying to do too much with too little.”\n“That works if all goes as forecast, but with the incredibly complex missions, requirements creep, and other factors, all of the missions in recent memory have ended up costing substantially more than they were advertised to be,” Black said. “There may be some element of ‘getting the nose under the tent,’ but NASA should be able to calibrate that by now. I think it is more that the technology is hard, and we keep finding ‘desirements’ becoming ‘requirements’.”\nAnother factor, Black said, is NASA’s move to full-cost accounting, or making programs pay for every man hour they use in completing a project. “My observation is that few, if any, of the [NASA field] centers really got it right when they had to estimate their costs so that we are now seeing the cost of civil service manpower at some centers going through the roof,” Black said. “That was never adequately budgeted.”\nBoth Black and Alexander said it is not clear how exactly NASA’s astronomy program will find its way through its current predicament.\n“The approach when Ed Weiler was associate administrator was very clear,” Alexander said. “Ed held his divisions responsible for solving their own problems internally. If things are done the way they were in the past, Anne Kinney [director of the Universe] will have to look across her programs to solve these problems and she can’t expect [NASA Associate Administrator for Science] Al Diaz to go elsewhere to solve her problems.”\nAlexander did not say what projects he thinks Kinney would cut to solve pressing budget demands, but he said he expects she will not tap into the money NASA sets aside to fund scientific research grants.\n“She knows she cannot dip into those because then she would be building missions but there would be no astronomers to reap the benefits of the missions. I know she is very conscious of that issue.”\nBlack, who said he sees a “slim possibility” that Congress will come through with enough extra money to fully fund a Hubble servicing mission even though Congress has made clear it wants NASA to do it, said the space science community “should probably expect a squeeze, or at least our share of the pain” in these tight times.\nBlack said he expects that NASA Administrator Mike Griffin, himself a scientist, will “do everything he can to keep the science programs healthy.”\n“[H]aving an administrator who understands and values science is a good thing as contrasted to someone whose world view is a column of numbers and the bottom line,” Black said.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Just after installing the filters.\nThe blue-looking one is the red filter, the pink one is the green, and the yellow one is the blue. (They're rejection filters). Clear one is luminance (blocks UV and IR)\nI spent Sunday afternoon taking the advice of the good folks on The Astro Imaging Channel and wrapping my cables in some of the 50 feet of flexible cable sock I bought. I had previously put off doing this because I change configurations so often -- this camera on that telescope, with or without dew heaters, multiple rigs at once while at star parties, etc -- but cables are cheap, so I just bought a bunch of duplicates. The cable sock I bought is self-closing, so instead of feeding a cable through, I wrap the sock around the cables, so it's pretty easy to add or remove cables, and it's easy to have them pop out before the end of the sock if I need to run cables farther along. The cable configuration I built for my astro club's memorial scope includes: a USB 3.0 cable for my ZWO camera, a USB 2.0 cable for my new filter wheel, and the power cable (with a couple of extensions) for my ZWO camera. My guide camera gets plugged into my ZWO camera (which has two USB ports on it), and since I have my USB hub attached to the pier, I just have the Celestron mount connection USB cable separate from the bundle. My USB 3.0 hub is velcro'd to the pier, and then a USB 3.0 cable runs to my tablet. Now I only have one thing hanging off the scope! I suppose I could also plug the filter wheel into the camera, since it only draws 100 mA max (part of the reason I picked that particular filter wheel -- no external power, and very low consumption!).\nI also made cable configurations for using my DSLR (DSLR USB cable, DSLR power, guide camera, and Celestron serial cable), and then one for either of my Celestron configurations with my ZWO (USB 3.0 cable, Celestron serial cable, filter wheel USB 2.0 cable, and two dew heater straps), and then one specifically for the Texas Star Party, where I'll be using a SBIG ST-8300M I'm borrowing with my manual filter wheel on my 11-inch Schmidt-Cassegrain (USB 2.0 cable for SBIG, SBIG power cable, guide camera cable, my other two dew heaters, and the Celestron serial cable). Yeah cable management! No more snagging on stuff by accident, and fewer things to move around and mess up guiding.\nSo I got out to the observatory around 8:20 PM, and the clouds were still thick, but I went ahead and set up. First I set up a timelapse, since watching the clouds dissipate is pretty cool. (Sorry I haven't posted last week's timelapse video yet -- I'm having some file naming issues, I think I'm just going to write my own script to do it!). Then I opened up the dome, plugged in my cameras, and connected everything to my cable bundle. It's beautiful!\nStill got a bit of a power cable mess, but that part doesn't move, so I'm less concerned...\nBuuuuuut the clouds were thick. So I decided to take some flats. I slewed the scope down to a level I could reach, attached a white t-shirt using a stretchy headband to the objective, set my Celestron PowerTank on the slit window ledge thing, and turned on the large white light. I then remembered that I probably wasn't quite in focus with the new filter wheel, but I figured I'd take them anyway. Once that was done, it was still super cloudy, but there were a couple of tiny suckerholes through which I could see Castor and Pollux. So I slewed up there, threw on the Bahtinov mask, and focused as best I could with a fuzzy diffraction pattern image (see more about that here).\nSpikes are still centered! Bahtinov masks are great.\nWhile slewing, it sounded like the motors were having a bit of a hard time, so I decided to go ahead and change the balance on the mount, since I'm the main person using it (and anyone using it with just an eyepiece won't miss being balanced as much as I will!). It was pretty decently out of balance in both RA and dec, so I adjusted that, and then went and sat inside to wait for the clouds to clear. I decided I'd wait till 11 PM.\nThe Astro Imaging Channel broadcast started a little before I came back inside, so I hopped on from my cell phone since the cell signal is better than our wifi here. I haven't gotten that to work in the past, so that was fun! I stayed on after to chat with the another panelists, from whom I always get great info.\nAround 10:30, I poked my head out, and it had cleared out pretty significantly! And the stars looked steady, plus I could see a lot of them, so the seeing and transparency were probably pretty decent.\nWorry not, I turned off the lights before starting to image.\nSo I scooted out to the dome to get rolling. I loaded my previous alignment model that I'd saved to the computer, slewed to Arcturus to check focus, and it was nearly in the crosshairs! Goto on the Celestron CGX-L we have out in the memorial dome is pretty excellent. I calibrated guiding there, and then slewed to M82, the Cigar Galaxy, which was my chosen target. I thought about taking more hydrogen alpha imagery, but I wanted to use my new filter wheel! I tested a 3-minute luminance frame and the stars looked solid, and then I tested a 5-minute frame and it still looked good! And the guide plot looked great. Now, imaging that close to the north celestial pole makes an easy job of guiding because the RA axis is moving very little, but maybe my balancing also helped. I'll have to see when I image somewhere farther from the pole.\nFlipping across the meridian, which is usually a scary process because of all my cables, was quite painless this time around. M82 ended up a tad high in the frame though, and Sequence Generator Pro is soooooooo slow at downloading even the frame & focus frames that it's hard to get something re-centered. But I didn't want to swap back over to the faster SharpCap because I didn't want to wait for it to re-cool, and getting AstroTortilla to grab the image when it's connected to SGP is dicey, and I haven't figured out how to plate solve and center in SGP yet, so I just did it myself.\nAll too soon, midnight rolled around, and I did have to work in the morning, so I packed up and headed home. I got through 17x300s subframes on the luminance channel (so didn't really use the automation on the filter wheel, boo), so I'll have to collect the RGB and H-alpha next time I'm out. Here's a single screen-stretched luminance frame:\nSingle subframe (300s)\nDate: 31 March 2019\nObject: M82 Cigar Galaxy\nCamera: ZWO ASI1600MM Pro\nTelescope: Meade 127mm ED apo f/9 (club's)\nAccessories: Starlight Xpress 2-inch filter wheel, Astronomik Type 2c LRGB 2-inch filters\nMount: Celestron CGX-L\nGuide scope: Celestron 102mm\nGuide camera: QHY5\nA successful night! And somewhat representative of the month of March as well -- in like a lion, out like a lamb.\nHere's the timelapse video:\nPrevious post: #179 - Tuesday, March 26, 2019 - Finally, a little success!\nNext post: #181 - Tuesday, April 2, 2019 - Fuzzy Colors", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "From NASA's Planetary Photojournal\nThis mosaic of four images -- taken by NEAR Shoemaker on September 21, 2000, from about 100 kilometers (62 miles) above Eros -- covers part of the asteroid's southern hemisphere, southwest of the large, 5.3-kilometer (3.3-mile) diameter crater. The ridge that trends from upper left to lower right is among the older features on Eros, as evidenced by the large number of superimposed impact craters. The whole scene is approximately 11 kilometers (7 miles) from top to bottom.\nImage Title: An Ancient Ridge\nCatalog #: PIA03110\nPhoto Target Name: Eros\nImage Credit: NASA/Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory\nSpacecraft/Mission: Near Shoemaker\nBack to asteroid index.\nBack to index.\nLast Modified On: Wednesday, February 28, 2001", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "What is light?\nIn physics, light is the smallest quantity of energy that can be transported. A photon, an elementary particle without a real size, cannot be split, only created or destroyed. Light also has a wave-particle duality, being kind of particle and a wave at the same time. However, in ordinary usages, when we say light, we actually mean visible light, which is a very tiny part of the electromagnetic (“EM”) spectrum, that are the range of all types of EM radiation. Radiation is energy that travels and spreads out as it goes. Radio waves that come from a radio station is another type of EM radiation. All types of such electromagnetic radiation travel 299,792,458 meters per second in a vacuum, also known as the speed of light (commonly denoted as “c”).\nWhat is EM radiation?\nElectromagnetic radiation includes an enormous range of wavelengths and frequencies and carries different level of energy. The EM spectrum is generally divided into eight regions, in order of decreasing wavelength and increasing energy and frequency, they are commonly named:\n- radio waves,\n- Terahertz radiation,\n- infrared (IR),\n- visible light,\n- ultraviolet (UV),\n- X-rays, and\n- Gamma rays.\nGamma rays have the smallest wavelength because they are the highest energy photons; radio wave have the largest wavelength because they are the lowest energy photons. How many energy difference among the ends of the electromagnetic spectrum? Electron-volt, or eV, is a unit of energy in physics, widely used in solid state, atomic, nuclear and particle physics. In astronomy, it is widely used to describe the energy level of light or EM radiations.\nFigure 1: Electromagnetic Spectrum\nThe Planck-Einstein relation (E = hf, where h is known as Planck’s constant) connects the particulate photon energy (E) with its associated wave length (f). As mentioned above, all types of EM wave are at the same speed of c. Therefore, the particulate photon energy has an inversed relationship with its associated wavelength. Now, let us take radio wave and gamma rays as examples. The biggest long wavelength of radio wave can span from 10,000,000m to 100,000,000m. Most gamma rays are under 10 picometers (denoted as “pm”, one picometer is 1 x 10-12, i.e. 1/1000 of nanometer), which is far smaller than a hydrogen atom. By applying the Planck-Einstein relationship, we can depict a huge energy difference between very long wavelength radio waves and gamma rays i.e., of 1020 (hundred million trillion or hundred quintillion) times!\nWhat is visible light?\nWhat makes visible light special? Um…our eyes make them special. Human eyes are also evolved to capture visible light which carries the information around us. However, not all animal eyes were evolved in the same way, for example, bird eyes can recognize ultraviolet rays which is generally invisible by human eyes. Furthermore, bug eyes like bee eyes can recognize ultraviolet rays as well.\nVisible light is not white. A beam of white light will be dispersed into a visible light spectrum as below. Rainbow is a natural phenomenon happened after raining.\nFigure 2: Dispersion of white light through a prism\nFigure 3: Rainbow after a rainy day\nSuch visible light spectrum are EM radiations of wavelength from 380 to 750 nanometers.\nFigure 4: Visible light spectrum\nBy applying the Planck-Einstein relationship, we know that gamma rays is 100,000 times powerful than the visible lights.\nIn short, light includes all electromagnetic radiations travelling at the speed of light, c, in vacuum. All those electromagnetic radiations form a continuous electromagnetic spectrum. Light, in our ordinary use, generally refers to visible light, which is just a tiny part of electromagnetic spectrum. As a matter of fact, solar light from the Sun includes not only the visible light but also other electromagnetic spectrum, like ultraviolet rays. Even the artificial light sources emitting electromagnetic radiations other than visible light, for example, tanning lamp emits the ultraviolet rays which make our skin tanning. However, as we explained above, some of the electromagnetic radiations are much more powerful than visible light, and we should avoid exposing in those high energy electromagnetic radiations.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "From CMB-S4 wiki\nJump to navigationJump to search\nRevision as of 16:40, 20 September 2015 by Dunkley (→What is the impact of delensing on r, and on nt or BB wiggles?)\nBlake Sherwin, Olivier Dore, Chris Sheehy, Josquin Errard, Stephen Feeney, Alex van Engelen, Neelima Sehgal, Hiranya Peiris, Anthony Challinor...\nWhat is the impact of delensing on r, and on nt or BB wiggles?\n- Anthony C - let's think about trying to measure the B-mode spectrum shape\n- Stephen Feeney/Josquin Errand/Peiris/Jaffe: some forecasts of S4 performance on r:\nWhat sensitivity and resolution do we need for the lensing map?\n- Blake: need high sensitivity lensing map.Plot shows residual delensed B-mode noise on large scales vs. noise of the high-res lens-reconstruction-experiment.\n- Blake:Improvement from external delensing (e.g. CIB) isn't good enough (lensing reduction is only 2-3, compared to ~5 with internal):\n- Blake: High resolution is good but not massive gain below few arcmin:\nWhat are the frequency/foreground-removal requirements for the lensing map?\n- I.e. easier to remove foregrounds at small-scales than large\nHow low a multipole is needed for the lensing-extraction-map?\n- I.e. how is delensing degraded if we have l>50/100/500 etc.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "After an impact event, the falling debris forms an ejecta blanket surrounding the crater. Approximately half the volume of ejecta falls within 1 crater radius of the rim, or 2 radii from the center of the crater. The ejecta blanket becomes thinner with distance and increasingly discontinuous. Over 90% of the debris falls within approximately 5 radii of the center of the crater. Ejecta which falls within that area is considered proximal ejecta. Beyond 5 radii, the discontinuous debris is considered distal ejecta.\n- David Darling. \"ejecta blanket\". The Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, Astronomy, and Spacecraft. Retrieved 2007-08-07.<templatestyles src=\"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css\"></templatestyles>\n- French, Bevan M. (1998). \"Ch 5: Shock-Metamorphosed Rocks (Impactites) in Impact Structures\". Traces of Catastrophe: A Handbook of Shock-Metamorphic Effects in Terrestrial Meteorite Impact Structures. Houston: Lunar and Planetary Institute. pp. 74–78.<templatestyles src=\"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css\"></templatestyles>", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "By the time of Ptolemy Greek astronomers had proposed adding circles on the circular orbits of the wandering stars (the planets, the moon and the sun) to explain their motion. These circles on circles are called epicycles.\nHow did ancient Greece contribute to astronomy?\nIn classical Greece, astronomy was a branch of mathematics; astronomers sought to create geometrical models that could imitate the appearances of celestial motions. This tradition began with the Pythagoreans, who placed astronomy among the four mathematical arts (along with arithmetic, geometry, and music).\nWhy is Greek astronomy important?\nThe ancient Greeks were some of the first people to study the sky and understand astronomy. They realized the Earth was a sphere, or a three-dimensional circular object, and tried to measure its size. They also created an idea of a geocentric solar system in which everything orbits around the Earth.\nHow were planets discovered before telescopes?\nUntil the development of the telescope in the early 17th Century, all astronomical observations were made with the naked eye. By using measuring instruments, astronomers recorded the positions of the planets against the background of stars.\nWhat are Greek inventions?\nGreeks have bestowed the world with many other inventions. According to some sources, the Greeks are responsible for the alarm clock, computer, shower, automatic doors, cartography, the odometer, the stadium, and the arch bridge.\nWhat practical value did astronomy offer?\nWhat practical value did astronomy offer to ancient civilizations? It helped them keep track of time and seasons, and it was used by some cultures for navigation.\nWhat was Aristotle’s contribution to understanding the universe?\nAristotle, who lived from 384 to 322 BC, believed the Earth was round. He thought Earth was the center of the universe and that the Sun, Moon, planets, and all the fixed stars revolved around it. Aristotle’s ideas were widely accepted by the Greeks of his time.\nHow was astronomy developed?\nThe Ancient Greeks developed astronomy, which they treated as a branch of mathematics, to a highly sophisticated level. The first geometrical, three-dimensional models to explain the apparent motion of the planets were developed in the 4th century BC by Eudoxus of Cnidus and Callippus of Cyzicus.\nWho named Planet Earth?\nAll of the planets, except for Earth, were named after Greek and Roman gods and godesses. The name Earth is an English/German name which simply means the ground. It comes from the Old English words ‘eor(th)e’ and ‘ertha’. In German it is ‘erde’.\nWho discovered Earth?\nThe exoplanet was identified by the Kepler space telescope, and its discovery was announced by NASA on 23 July 2015. The planet is about 1,400 light-years away from the Solar System.\n|Mass||5 ± 2 M Earth|\n|Surface gravity||1.9 +1.5−1.0 (est.) g|\n|Temperature||Teq: 265 K (−8 °C; 17 °F)|\nWhat is the greatest contribution of ancient Greece to the modern world?\nThe Theater. If you’ve ever gone to a concert, play or movie, you’ve benefited from one of the ancient Greeks’ most obvious contributions to the modern world: the theater. The word “theater” is derived from the Greek word “theatron,” meaning the seating section of outdoor arenas where people watched plays.\nWhat did the Greeks do for us?\nThe arts, sports, medicine, law, language, science, mathematics, philosophy, buildings and even some inventions, have all been greatly influenced by the Ancient Greeks. Groups of children could choose one of the areas mentioned in the animation,.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "The consideration of whether humankind is alone in the universe or shares it with other creatures has long been part of intellectual inquiry into the nature of the universe. The early Greek philosophers, for instance, speculated about the existence of other inhabited planets. With the recognition that the other planets of the solar system are bodies like Earth came both scientific and popular speculation about life on other planets. Much of the modern effort of exploration in the solar system has been driven implicitly, if not explicitly, by this search for extraterrestrial life. Those who investigate the possibility of extraterrestrial life and the effects of extraterrestrial environments on living organisms from Earth are called exobiologists.\nIn the late 1800s, the Italian astronomer Schiappareli thought he saw linear features crossing the surface of the planet Mars. (These features are actually just the attempt of the eye and brain to find a pattern in random features seen at the edge of detectability). His “channels” became, in English translation, “canals” and became the inspiration for Percival Lowell to not only found his own observatory for their study, but to also widely lecture to audiences about intelligent life on a dying Mars. Lowell's viewpoint was the inspiration behind H. G. Wells's fictional novel War of the Worlds, which was dramatized in the infamous Orson Wells radio broadcast of October 30, 1938.\nThe recurrent fascination with Mars was a major factor behind the 1976 NASA Viking mission, which landed a spacecraft on the planet. Part of its task was to test Martian soil for evidence of the chemicals produced by living organisms, an experiment that produced a negative result. With Viking removing doubt about the possibility of major life forms on Mars and Venus proven to be too hot to be habitable, scientific speculation turned to the outer planet, Jupiter, and its moons, as well as the cloud‐enshrouded moon Titan, which orbits Saturn. The outer atmosphere of Jupiter is now known to be too turbulent to support a stable environment for life. Additionally, Jupiter's moons are probably too ice‐enshrouded for life to be found in the oceans lying beneath the ice, and Titan has been shown to be too cold to support life. A 1996 report of the discovery of microscopic bacterial fossils in a meteorite that originated on Mars caused great excitement, but continued study suggests that the structures that were found are likely not organic in nature. Nevertheless, the announcement in early 2000 that high resolution photography of small areas of the Martian surface reveals extensive patterns of erosion features, apparently identical with drainage features on Earth due to water, has rekindled interest in the planet. If water does exist somewhere on the planet, then maybe the evidence for living organisms also is present.\nEven if life does not exist elsewhere in the solar system, there are billions of stars and potential solar systems that could provide hospitable environments. With scientific proof yet to be found, nevertheless the most popular modern genre of written fiction, television, and movie entertainment is science fiction, with its worlds ( Star Trek, Star Wars, and so on) populated by a vast variety of other creatures.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "- Slides: 24\nSolar surface circulation velocities and magnetic fields from cycle 22 to early cycle 24 Supported in part by NSF grant AGS-0958779 and NASA grant NNX 09 AB 12 G. Roger K. Ulrich Division of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California at Los Angeles http: //ulrich. astro. ucla. edu/Solar. Surface. Dynamics. html\nSolar surface dynamics Observations of surface velocities from the Mt. Wilson Observatory 150 -foot tower telescope. Use solar rotation to divide into N/S (meridional) flow and E/W (zonal) flow. These slides emphasize the zonal flow as manifested in the Torsional Oscillations.\nTorsional Oscillation This figure shows the deviation from the standard rotation curve as a function of latitude and time. The N/S asymmetry in rotation rate confuses the torsional oscillation pattern and is removed by averaging the two hemispheres.\nTorsional Oscillations as time trends The zonal velocity is a travelling pulse at low latitudes. Isolate features by fitting maxima and minima of time trends.\nSymmetric Torsional Oscillations In this figure the north and south hemispheres have been averaged together and the reflected southern hemisphere is omitted. .\nSymmetric T. O. with overlay The overlaid lines and colored bands are derived from a quadratic fit to the maxima and minima on the vzonal versus time trend lines at each latitude.\nSystematics of the T. O.\nThe T. O. and the Solar Cycle\nDefining the sense of local rotation eddys A cyclonic eddy adds to the local rotation. An anti-cyclonic opposes the local rotation. Differential rotation is cyclonic. The Torsional Oscillations have a strong zone that is anti-cyclonic. Faster than average Slower than average Opposes rotation across this zone.\nDefinition of Rotation Shear The strain rate tensor has a non-zero , component due to differential rotation. The Torsional Oscillations are a local time dependent change of this component: , . The total strain rate is the sum of both contributions. By analogy with wind shear we call , the rotation shear.\nThe T. O. as a rotation shear wave This shows the total rotation shear from vzonal plus the effect of differential rotation. The change , due to the T. O. is large compared to , Itself. The differential rotation is cyclonic while the T. O. pulse is anti-cyclonic.\nRotation Shear Change vs Latitude and time This 2 -D Plot shows the concentrated anti-cyclonic pulse which lasts about 18 months. The decrease in rotation shear is a substantial fraction of the background from differential rotation.\nThe rotation shear precedes sunspots This figure compares the times and latitudes of sunspots to the propagation of the anticyclonic rotation pulse. All available cycles are combine using time relative to sunspot number minimum. The rotation shear scale is for the darkest parts to have = -0. 6 and the lightest parts to have = 0. 1. The sunspot locations are shown by Hathaway(2011) according to a system separating cycle strength and spot group size.\nMeridional flow deviations near minimum The position of the anti-cyclonic pulse is shown by the vertical bars. The curves show the deviation of the meridional circulation velocity from the overall average. Each circulation curve is the average of the N and S hemispheres. Dashed lines show where the deviation is zero. The anti-cyclonic pulse is partly aligned with the location of upwelling as indicated by the meridional circulation.\nSome Numbers: Solar minima based on the Torsional Oscillations were at 1976. 4, 1986. 7, 1996. 9 and 2008. 7. The Torsional Oscillation anti-cyclonic pulse drifts at a rate of 4. 2 degrees/year toward the equator. Cycle 24 maximum is projected to occur at 2013. 1± 1. This projection will be updated at the end of 2011 and should have a reduced uncertainty.\nConclusions: Torsional oscillations are predictive of the solar cycle development. The Torsional oscillations are a propagating rotation shear pulse. Rotation shear drops then recovers in a space of 18 months. Activity appears about 18 months after the rotation shear recovers. Meridional flow indicating upwelling is partly aligned with the anti-cyclonic rotation shear pulse. The anti-cyclonic pulse suggests “anti-thermal shadowing”. A numerical representation of the pulse is available on the next slide which is included in the web site posting.\nHigh latitude rotation shear change is small\nMeridional Flow The flow pattern migrates from pole toward equator (the flow itself is from equator to pole except near the poles. The polar reverse flow is strongest near sunspot minimum and absent for cycle 23\nTime Dependence of the Meridional Flow The flow at all latitudes has dropped to very low levels at the start of cycle 24. The duration of the low flow rate is longer than any previous period.\nLatitude Dependence of Meridional Flow The latitudinal dependence of the meridional flow is at record low values throughout the sun except for a band within 10 degrees of the equator.\nMagnetic – Sectoral Component The polar field has not yet reversed. The cycle 23 field was half the cycle 21 and 22 fields.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Sky-gazers in Sweden recently had front-row seats to an out-of-this-world light show: The aurora borealis, also known as the northern lights.\nThe video has gotten plenty of attention, with almost 350,000 views so far on YouTube.\nFrom How Stuff Works, a technical explanation for this cool cosmic display:\nThe auroras, both surrounding the north magnetic pole (aurora borealis) and south magnetic pole (aurora australis) occur when highly charged electrons from the solar wind interact with elements in the earth's atmosphere.\nBing F. Quock, assistant director of the Morrison Planetarium at the California Academy of Sciences, picks it up from there. In an email to Yahoo News, he explains that the charged particles “interact with the atoms of gas in our atmosphere and cause the atoms to give off light, like the gas in a neon sign.”\nQuock adds that places where the northern lights can typically be seen include “Scandinavia, Greenland, Iceland, northern Russia, Canada, Alaska, and sometimes from the northern tier of U.S. states.”\nAdd to that list, the Web. This colorful clip was amassed from 2,464 raw images and is just over three minutes long.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Amazon is authorized to launch its satellite constellation in Earth orbit\nThe Federal Communications Commission (FCC), the regulatory body of the United States telecommunications area, approved on Thursday (30) the Amazon project to launch a constellation of more than 3,000 satellites in Earth’s orbit. This is the Kuiper Project , which aims to provide high-speed internet to the entire world, reaching even the most remote areas of the planet.\nSatellite constellations hamper astronomical observations, warns the IAU\nAnother space race is underway,The request had been made on July 4, 2019 , and that said, the entity’s review process took just over a year to complete. The FCC, however, made a series of requests to Jeff Bezos’ company , the main one being that the constellation has half its satellites in space by the year 2026. The constellation as a whole will need to be operating in orbit by the 2029 deadline so that the license is not revoked.\nIn addition, the agency asked Amazon to come up with a concrete strategy explaining how it intends to deal with space debris, stating that the company did not “provide specific information about certain required elements” in its action plan. After all, it is worth mentioning that the design of the satellites has not yet been finalized by the company, which makes it very difficult to present this information.\nReproduction / Tech Startups\nThe FCC endorsement does not mean that the launch will be immediate – Amazon guarantees that it needs only 578 initial satellites to get the service up and running, but it has not set a date for this to happen and has not even revealed who will be its commercial partner for launching by rockets. It is important to remember that Jeff Bezos is also the owner of the space company Blue Origin, however.\nThe company famous for the world’s largest marketplace is not the only one interested in creating satellite constellations to provide high-speed connectivity across the globe. The SpaceX , led by Elon Musk , started the launches of Starlink project in May last year and has just over 500 satellites in orbit and targeting a total of at least 30,000 units. The British OneWeb has a much simpler scope , aiming for the mark of 650 satellites launched.\nSource: FCC , The Verge", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Enter your contact information below to alert one of our representatives and someone will contact you within 1 business day.\nWhy purchase this 2022 Hubble Space Telescope colorized Titanium half dollar coin?\nThis 2022 dated titanium coin issued by the Republic of Fiji is part of an exciting continuing series dedicated to space exploration. The coin's design, which is officially approved by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), is an homage to the Hubble Space Telescope. The telescope was deployed from the Space Shuttle Discovery's cargo bay on April 25, 1990. Named in honor of revolutionary astronomer Edwin Hubble, the device reached its milestone one-billion seconds of operation on January 1, 2022.\nSensational Hubble Space Telescope Design\nObverse: A disc at the center of the obverse showcases Coat of Arms of the Republic of Fiji highlighted by a gorgeous sapphire blue color. The emblem is encircled by a frame containing the inscription \"FIJI 2022\" above, and the coin's denomination of \"HALF DOLLAR\" below.\nReverse: The reverse depicts the Hubble Space Telescope in orbit above the earth, with brightly colored galaxies and individual stars encompassing the background. The inscription \"HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE\" curves above the image, while a circular inset to the left boasts the classic red, white and blue \"meatball\" logo of NASA.\nExceptionally Minted Uncirculated Coin\nThis beautifully colorized 2022 Fiji Hubble Space Telescope Commemorative 31.5 gram Titanium half dollar coin is in Uncirculated condition. Expect the coin to be superbly struck, featuring expertly finished surfaces and magnificent eye appeal. The coin is encapsulated and housed in a stylish display case accompanied by a colorful space themed Certificate of Authenticity.\nMake this limited mintage 2022 Hubble Space Telescope 31.5 gram Titanium coin a part of your collection of precious metal treasures today!\nThis 2022 Fiji Hubble Titanium C50 Coin GEM BU OGP is proudly minted by the Fiji.\n|Year of Issue:||2022|\n|Packaging:||Original Government Packaging|\n|Weight in Grams:||31.5 g|\n|Weight in Ounces:||1.0128 oz|", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "The “The Flash! Having lightning fast movement” Award\nPresented by pluttodk to:\n|Circle Sky (Bungus)|\nCircle sky is a game about space traveler whos machine broke and got stuck on different planet.\nWe created ray-casting for this game, so the game looks kinda of 3d.\nu also need python3 and pygame\nHope u enjoy!", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "A long-time launch vehicle executive, and son of a famous moonwalker, is leaving United Launch Alliance to become president of one of the leading teams in the Google Lunar X PRIZE competition.\nMoon Express announced Tuesday that Andrew Aldrin is the company’s new president. Aldrin will be responsible for day-to-day activities at the company, which […]\nMoon Express CEO Bob Richards shows off his company’s MX-1 lander during an event in Las Vegas on December 5. (credit: Moon Express)\nOn Saturday morning (US time), China’s Chang’e-3 spacecraft successfully landed on the surface of the Moon, making it the first spacecraft to soft-land on the Moon since Luna 24 in August […]\nAn illustration of Moon Express’s lunar lander, based on NASA’s Common Spacecraft Bus. The company is working on a smaller version that takes advantage of advances in avionics, propulsion, and other technologies. (credit: Moon Express)\nMoon Express, the startup company that is among the leading teams competing for the Google Lunar X PRIZE (GLXP), […]", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "\"On his deathbed in 1601, the Danish nobleman and greatest naked-eye astronomer, Tycho Brahe, begged his young colleague, Johannes Kepler, \"Let me not seem to have lived in vain.\" For more than thirty years - mostly in his native Denmark and then in Prague under the patronage of the Holy Roman Emperor, Rudolph II - Tycho had meticulously observed the movements of the planets and the positions of the stars. From these observations he developed his Tychonic system of the universe - a highly original, if incorrect, scheme that attempted to reconcile the ancient belief that the Earth stood still with Nicolaus Copernicus's revolutionary rearrangement of the solar system some fifty years earlier. Tycho knew that Kepler, the brilliant young mathematician he had engaged to interpret his findings, believed in Copernicus's arrangement, in which all the planets circled the Sun; and he was afraid his system - the product of a lifetime of effort to explain how the universe worked - would be abandoned.\" In point of fact, it was. From his study of Tycho's observations came Kepler's stunning three Laws of Planetary Motion - ever since the cornerstone of cosmology and our understanding of the heavens. Yet, as Kitty Ferguson reveals, neither of these giant figures would have his reputation today without the other. The story of how their lives and talents were fatefully intertwined is one of the most memorable sagas in the long history of science.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Your public profile\nfhh fam's profile\nfhh fam is known as Nickkkk at Staracle.\nNickkkk signed up on 11/24/2012\nYou and Nickkkk are not connected.\nYour friend request to Nickkkk is pending.\nNickkkk's contact request is pending.\nYou and Nickkkk are friends.\nYou have named 1 stars.\nYou have named one star.\nNickkkk has named 1 stars.\nNickkkk has named one star.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "https://intothedeepestdeep.splashthat.com/ Online event\nBoston, MA 02110\nLectures & Conferences, Virtual & Streaming\nThe Fall 2021 New England Aquarium Lecture Series continues in November with Dr. Kathy Sullivan, an acclaimed scientist, astronaut, and explorer. The first American woman to walk in space, Dr. Sullivan is a veteran of three space shuttle missions. In 2020, she made history again by becoming the first woman to visit the deepest known spot in the ocean, the Challenger Deep in the Mariana Trench, which is seven miles below the surface of the Pacific Ocean. Dr. Sullivan will share details of her remarkable deep-sea expedition and discuss the challenges of exploring an environment that is in some ways harsher and less known than space.\nDr. Sullivan became the first American woman to walk in space during NASA’s Space Shuttle Challenger mission in 1984. She completed two additional space flights, helping deploy the Hubble Space Telescope and conducting experiments studying Earth’s atmosphere.\nHer esteemed career includes numerous leadership positions across government, academic, and nonprofit sectors, in addition to military service as a U.S. Naval Reserve oceanography officer. From 2014 until 2017, she served as Under Secretary of Commerce for Oceans and Atmosphere and Administrator of the National and Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. In September 2021, she was appointed to the U.S. President’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology.\nDr. Sullivan has won numerous awards and honors, including being inducted into the Astronaut Hall of Fame and elected into the National Academy of Engineering and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. She holds a bachelor's degree in earth sciences from the University of California, Santa Cruz, a doctorate in geology from Dalhousie University in Canada, and numerous honorary degrees.\nDr. Sullivan’s lecture is free to the public through the generosity of the Lowell Institute and presented virtually in partnership with Boston Globe Events.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Within its mind (of the sisumara) is the moon; on its navel, Venus; and on its breasts, the Asvini-kumaras\nSB Canto 5\nOn the upper chin of the śiśumāra is Agasti; on its lower chin, Yamarāja; on its mouth, Mars; on its genitals, Saturn; on the back of its neck, Jupiter; on its chest, the sun; and within the core of its heart, Nārāyaṇa. Within its mind is the moon; on its navel, Venus; and on its breasts, the Aśvinī-kumāras. Within its life air, which is known as prāṇāpāna, is Mercury, on its neck is Rāhu, all over its body are comets, and in its pores are the numerous stars.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "I posted this as a comment but decided that your request for Layman's terms means I've made this as an answer:\nFirst off a simple glossary makes life a lot easier, just refer back to this whenever people get stuck\n- Apoapsis: Highest Altitude compared to the Parent Body it orbits\n- Periapsis: Lowest Altitude compared to the Parent Body it orbits\nThe below are directions of the orbital line (this is for a Anti-Clockwise Direction which is standard)\n- Prograde: Forward or in the direction the orbit already follows, basically speed up\n- Retrograde: backwards or against the direction the orbit already follows, bscailly slow down\n- Radial In: Left in relation to the direction the orbit already follows\n- Radial Out Right in relation to the direction the orbit already follows\n- Normal: Up in relation to the direction the orbit already follows\n- Anti-Normal: Down in relation to the direction the orbit already follows\nThe final part is the all important orbital mechanic of the question, if you think of the orbit as a circle around central point. at the Top of the Circle is point A, and the bottom of the Circle is point B, if you slow down at A, this doesn't change the orbital line at A, it reduces the altitude of point B, on the other side of the orbit.\nSo for your answer\nif the Moon and the Planet were both orbiting the Sun and on a collision course due to impact in an more than about 6 months time, then it stands to reason that you and the moon would most likely be somewhere in the region of the Point A, (but only if the moon was not within the sphere of influence of the planets gravity), part of the Orbit whereas the collision would be at Point B of orbit, so that means that any retrograde force applied now, would stop this impact from happening, and can be made to simply capture the moon.\nHowever if the collision is taking place in less than that time, or the moon is already inside the Planets gravity Well or sphere of influence, then a retrograde force would actually only make the collision even more certain, if this is the case you would most likely need to push Radial In or Radial Out the left or right to stop the impact from happening and then once the Moon was at its Periapsis, you would want to slow it down because this would lower its Apoapsis, Again slowly down Point A to reduce the altitude of Point B. and this would bring the moon's orbit entirely into the Planets Gravity Well, , if the moon was travelling too fast then it would fling back out into a Solar Orbit rather than staying Orbiting the Planet.\nAerobraking is a way to reduce the amount of fuel and energy needed to slow an object or craft. if you don't use Aerobraking to do this then you need to burn your engines and fuel constantly to slow down. this is not required for your moon, but it is an option (as you said ignoring the massive ramifications of that happening)\nThe next and final part is if you have used aerobraking that means your Periapsis is very low, and leaving it there would mean that the moon continued to slow on each orbit and eventually it would crash into the planet, so once you've got the Apoapsis where you want it, the you need to speed up the moon at the Apoapsis to raise the Periapsis, again Speed up Point A to Raise Point B.\nHope this helps. if you wanted to see this in action, then i recommend Kerbal Space Program, (the game in your second link) it has an entire tutorial section on just this", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "A lunar eclipse occurs when direct sunlight does not reach the Moon because Earth comes in between the other two (say the sun and the Moon). During a total lunar eclipse, Earth completely blocks the sunlight from reaching the Moon. The only light that the lunar surface reflects is in fact the refracted one by Earth’s atmosphere. That is why moon appears red due to its reflected light’s color. Due to this reddish color, a totally eclipsed Moon is also called a ‘blood moon’ by some. Lunar eclipse is also called Chandra Grahan in India and Nepal.\nKnow the Moon:\nThe Moon is a cold and have rocky body. It has a diameter of about 2,160 miles (3,476 km). Moon does not have its own light but it shines as it receives sunlight and reflects the same from its surface. The Moon orbits Earth every 29 and a half days approximately. Moon is the natural satellite of the Earth. As it circles our planet Earth, the changing position of the Moon with respect to the Sun causes it to undergo a series of phases.\nMechanism involved in Lunar Eclipse:\nAn eclipse of the Moon (or lunar eclipse) can only occur at Full Moon, and that too when the Moon passes through some portion of Earth’s shadow. That shadow is actually composed of two cone-shaped components, one posited inside the other. The outer or penumbral shadow is a zone where the Earth blocks part of the Sun’s rays from reaching the Moon. In contrast, the inner or umbral shadow is a region where the Earth blocks all sunlight from reaching the Moon. Based on this happening, astronomers recognize three basic types of lunar eclipses: Penumbral Lunar Eclipse, Partial Lunar Eclipse and total lunar eclipse.\nBasic Types of Lunar Eclipse:\n1. Penumbral Lunar Eclipse: The moon passes through Earth’s penumbral shadow. These events are very subtle and in fact are hard to observe.\n2. Partial Lunar Eclipse: A part the Moon passes through Earth’s umbral/inner shadow.These events are easy to see through the unaided human eyes.\n3. Total Lunar Eclipse: The entire Moon passes through Earth’s umbral shadow.These events are quite striking because Moon’s vibrant red color appears on its surface during the total phase (totality) often called ‘Blood Moon’.\nHow to watch a lunar eclipse:\nLunar eclipses make favorite and easiest ‘sky watching’ events since time immemorial. One does not need anything such as telescope or any other special equipment to see lunar eclipse. However, binoculars or a small telescope add more details in the lunar surface while doing ‘moon-watching’ particularly during an eclipse.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "A strange mystery is going down on Mars, as scientists detected traces of methane in the atmosphere of Mars years ago. But now the team collecting data from a satellite currently in orbit around Mars has reported that the orbiter has not found any evidence of methane on Mars.\nPlease take a moment to support Amazing Stories with a one-time or recurring donation via Patreon. We rely on donations to keep the site going, and we need your financial support to continue quality coverage of the science fiction, fantasy, and horror genres as well as supply free stories weekly for your reading pleasure. https://www.patreon.com/amazingstoriesmag", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Many thanks to SWLing Post contributor, Troy Riedel, who shares the following news from Spaceweather.com:\nGEOMAGNETIC STORM WATCH (G2): A CME launched into space by yesterday’s X5-class solar flare (see below) *does* have an Earth-directed component. According to a NASA model, it should strike our planet on Jan. 2nd. G2-class geomagnetic storms are possible when the CME arrives. CME impact alerts: SMS Text\nMAJOR X-CLASS SOLAR FLARE: Mere hours after emerging over the sun’s eastern limb on Dec. 31st, big sunspot AR3536 erupted, producing a major X5-class solar flare. NASA’s Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) recorded the extreme ultraviolet flash:\nThis is the strongest flare of Solar Cycle 25 (so far) and the most powerful eruption the sun has produced since the great storms of Sept. 2017.\nRadiation from the flare has caused a deep shortwave radio blackout over the Pacific Ocean: blackout map. Mariners and ham radio operators may have noticed loss of signal at all frequencies below 30 MHz for more than 60 minutes after the flare’s peak (2155 UT).", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Saturday, December 14, 2013\nKerbal Space Program multiplayer\nKerbal space program is to get offical multiplayer support. So soon you will be able to blow up on the launch pad together.\nKerbal Space Program\nPost a Comment\nPost Comments (Atom)", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "USA squares off versus the Soviet Union\nPlot- To prove their advanced technology the countries try to reach space before the other. Each grappling for a firm grip as the worlds most powerful country. All hope seems lost as the Soviets set record after record, first aircraft in space with the satellite Sputnik, followed by Yuri Gagarin as the first human in space. However, the Americans soon shattered these feats and did the unthinkable, landing on the moon. This moment forever proved the United States superior technological intellect. This parallels to our original movie, Cold War, because the two main world powers faced off to prove each other who the dominant force was. Also, during the Cold War, America prevailed, following a series of events, which would originally be seen as failure. Paralleling the Soviet's early accomplishments during the Space Race\nJohn F. Kennedy\nPresident of America, led in space race, until he was killed, then the job was taken by his predecessor Lyndon B. Johnson.\nFirst man to walk on the moon. Gave America the push it needed to prove its seniority.\nFirst man in space, gave the Soviets the initial lead in the space race.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Planetarium Jakarta is an educational touring facility that presents simulations about astronomy and celestial objects. At Planetarium Jakarta you could see Planetarium Show, usually called as Star Theater.\nThe show takes about 60 minutes time with various themes such as Solar System, Solar Eclipse and Lunar Eclipse, Little Explorer at Solar System, Our Galaxy is Bima Sakti, Earth, the Blue Planet, Multi Star and Variable Star, From Equator to Polar, Biography of the Star, and The Formation of Solar System.\nBesides the Star Theater show there’s also a multimedia show that explain the theories about solar as the center of solar system and the theories about the formation of universe.\n- Skyrink Skating\nOne of the largest ice skating rinks in Southeast Asia (1,248m2) and one of the most beautiful in Asia, is no doubt the right choice for you and your family for recreation in an environment that is fun and wholesomely healthy.\n- Taman Impian Jaya Ancol\nAncol Dreamland or Taman Impian Jaya Ancol, is Jakarta’s largest and complete multi-themes park. A vast beach resort in the North of Jakarta facing the Java Sea, Ancol Dreamland covers\na wide 80 hectares swathe of shoreline. This is an integrated park that offers everything from beach and water sports to fun rides, swimming pools to Eco-Park and spectacular shows where international stars perform.\n- Ragunan Zoo\nLocated at Pasar Minggu in South Jakarta, the Ragunan Zoo is a favorite attraction for the entire family especially during weekends and school holidays. Covering an area of 140 hectares, the Ragunan Zoo has a collection of 295 species of animals, including Indonesia’s own famous Komodo dragons.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Volume 462, Number 1, January IV 2007\n|Page(s)||29 - 41|\n|Published online||02 November 2006|\nUnveiling the X-ray/TeV engine in Mkn 421\nLaboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, UMR 7638 CNRS, École Polytechnique, 91128 Palaiseau, France e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org\n2 Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, UMR 7095 CNRS, Université Pierre & Marie Curie, Paris 6, 98 bis Bd. Arago, 75014 Paris, France\nAccepted: 18 September 2006\nAims.Our goal was to find important clues concerning particle acceleration in relativistic jets through the analysis of multi-wavelength observations of TeV blazars.\nMethods.Simultaneous observations of Mkn 421 were taken in very high energy γ-rays (>200 GeV, CAT experiment), X-rays (RXTE), and optical (KVA). Multi-day RXTE observations are also presented, allowing for detailed modelling of the spectral variability.\nResults.Short timescale (≈30 mn) variations in VHE γ-rays are found, correlated with X-rays, but not with the optical. The X-ray spectrum hardens with flux until the photon indices saturate above a threshold flux ≈10-9erg s-1 cm-2. The fractional variability decreases from X-rays to optical as a power law with . The full spectral energy distribution is well-fitted by synchrotron self-Compton emission from cooling electrons injected with a Maxwellian distribution of characteristic energy . Fluctuations in the injected power with explain the observed variability.\nConclusions.The spectral saturation and the power-law dependence of the fractional variability are novel results that may extend to other TeV blazars. The ability of Maxwellian injections to reproduce the observed features suggest second-order Fermi acceleration or magnetic reconnection may play the dominant role in particle acceleration.\nKey words: acceleration of particles / radiation mechanisms: non-thermal / galaxies: active / BL Lacertae objects: individual: Mkn 421 / gamma rays: observations / X-rays: galaxies\n© ESO, 2007\nCurrent usage metrics show cumulative count of Article Views (full-text article views including HTML views, PDF and ePub downloads, according to the available data) and Abstracts Views on Vision4Press platform.\nData correspond to usage on the plateform after 2015. The current usage metrics is available 48-96 hours after online publication and is updated daily on week days.\nInitial download of the metrics may take a while.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "SUMMER SCIENCE PROGRAM (SSP)\nAstrophysics, University of Colorado, Boulder Campus, 2022\nThe Summer Science Program (SSP), founded in 1959, is a research-based program for high school students talented in STEM. The immersive, college-level program pushes students to overcome their limits through collaboration and perseverance. As we taught and learned from one another, tremendous friendships were formed.\nMy teammates and I studied the orbit of near-Earth asteroid 1994 PC1. We then used our observations to code a 400+ line Python program that utilized the Method of Gauss to determine the orbital elements of this asteroid. We wrote an orbital determination report detailing our results. Working with the Southwest Research Institute, we modeled the stability of our calculated orbit. Turns out there's a ten percent chance of 1994 PC1 hitting the Earth over the next 50 million years!", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "We are currently in the Eclipse Zone that culminates next week with the Blood Supermoon Leo Lunar Eclipse on January 20-21 at 0°Leo. Eclipses act as major catalysts in life, triggering sudden change and course corrections. We are moving thru an Eclipse portal that opened with the Capricorn Solar Eclipse on January 5-6. During this two week eclipse doorway, many outdated patterns are shifting up to our awareness to be cleared and reset.\nThe Solar Eclipse opened Zero Point, where matter and anti-matter merge to create new realities. It is the null-zone where physical and spiritual unite. Wherever we use the sacred geometry Infinity Figure-8 to neutralize polarity in our energy field…it establishes zero point at the fulcrum of the Figure-8.\nQuantum coherence at the subatomic level enhances the interactive communication between energy waves. With regular meditation we can establish more resonant coherence within our biological systems and between heart and mind. A coherent state increases the amount of energy transferred by the wave and its impact on matter. The more coherent your energy field determines how much and how quickly you can absorb the divine galactic photon waves of higher consciousness into your life.\nSince our solar system fully merged into the gamma photon bubble at the galactic center in 2012, there has been increasing solar waves of intense light consciousness. For the past 6 years we have been steadily infused with higher and higher solar light rays and plasma waves that alter the brain and molecular structure. Light is returning to the planet in ever-increasing levels. Our role is to embody the light code and consciousness within our biofield and seed into the planetary field.\nThe photonic light surge accelerates during specific multi-dimensional events, including eclipses, solstice/equinox, 8-8, 11-11 and 12-12 Ascension alignments. They enter the atmosphere and penetrate the physical particle field. It can feel very intense, overwhelming at times. The powerful photonic light pushes density to the surface for transmutation. Imagine how ‘oil on water’ rises to the surface.\nWe are experiencing a surge right now! Since the Capricorn Solar Eclipse last week, we have been clearing and releasing lifetimes of trauma from the cellular memory. Old patriarchal patterns of abuse, aggression and control are unwinding from our human psyche and body. We are being prepared to pass thru the next Eclipse doorway on Sunday, January 20th. If you missed our Capricorn Solar Eclipse Global Activations, you can access the replay here: http://www.blogtalkradio.com/newearthcentral/2019/01/05/capricorn-solar-eclipse-global-activations\nDon’t miss the Leo Lunar Supermoon Eclipse Activations on January 20th. Join other Earth Keepers and Star Beings from all around the world, as we proclaim our global intentions and birth our New Earth. We will join together Sunday, January 20th at 12pm Pacific Time and travel to the Eclipse Stargate at the Galactic Center to seed and anchor a new earthly paradigm.\nThe show is recorded for replay. If you would like to participate, register here: https://newearthcentral.com/?p=208171\nCopyright (c) 2018 Meg Benedicte * All Rights Reserved * You may copy and distribute this material as long as you do not alter it in any way, the content remains complete and you include this copyright notice.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Aurigae in a sentence\n1) Epsilon Aurigae is an eclipsing binary variable star .\n2) Epsilon Aurigae is the longest-period eclipsing binary currently known.\n3) It is Capella (α Aurigae).\n4) It has very weak emissions in the infrared spectrum, like Epsilon Aurigae.\nAurigae example sentences5) Zeta Aurigae's maximum magnitude is 3.7 and its minimum magnitude is 4.0.\n6) AE Aurigae is a blue-hued main-sequence variable star.\n7) Contrary to fact, Beta Aurigae is a white dwarf in this novel.\n8) Zeta Aurigae is moving away from Earth at a rate of 8 mi per second.\n9) An example of an eclipsing binary is Epsilon Aurigae in the constellation Auriga.\n10) The galactic anticenter is located about 3.5° to the east of Beta Aurigae.\n11) UU Aurigae is a variable red giant star at a distance of 2,000 light-years.\n12) T Aurigae is classified as a slow nova, similar to DQ Herculis.\n13) SS Aurigae is a very close binary star with a period of 4 hours and 20 minutes.\n14) Eta Aurigae has an absolute magnitude of −1.7 and a luminosity of 450 L☉.\nexample sentences with Aurigae15) Iota Aurigae has an absolute magnitude of −2.3 and a luminosity of 700 L☉.\n16) Besides the particularly bright stars of Alpha and Beta Aurigae, the constellation has many dimmer stars.\n17) Theta Aurigae additionally has a second optical companion, discovered by Otto Wilhelm von Struve in 1852.\n18) Beta Aurigae has a system of six planets; the third planet Halvmörk is the only habitable one.\n19) RW Aurigae's spectrum indicates a turbulent stellar atmosphere, and has prominent emission lines of calcium and hydrogen.\n20) In photometric observations of Epsilon, an unusual variable, Lambda Aurigae is commonly used as a comparison star.\n21) AE Aurigae, a runaway star, is a bright variable star currently located within the Flaming Star Nebula.\n22) RT Aurigae is a Cepheid variable which ranges between magnitudes 5.0 and 5.8 over a period of 3.7 days.\n23) Zeta Aurigae and Eta Aurigae were first called the \"Kids\" by Cleostratus, an ancient Greek astronomer.\n24) Zeta Aurigae and Eta Aurigae were first called the \"Kids\" by Cleostratus, an ancient Greek astronomer.\n25) A battle recounted in the story takes place in Alpha Aurigae, in which Preston Cole defeat 12 Covenant warships.\n26) Nu Aurigae is a G9.5III (G-type giant) star of magnitude 3.97, 230 light-years from Earth.\n27) In addition, it has one prominent nebula, the Flaming Star Nebula, associated with the variable star AE Aurigae.\nHow to use Aurigae in a sentence28) Eta Aurigae is a part of the \"Haedi\" or \"Kids\" asterism, along with Zeta and Epsilon Aurigae.\n29) Eta Aurigae is a part of the \"Haedi\" or \"Kids\" asterism, along with Zeta and Epsilon Aurigae.\n30) An international team of astronomers, led by Dr. Tae-Soo Pyo (Subaru Telescope, NAOJ), has revealed a complicated outflow structure in the binary UY Aur (Aurigae).\n31) The star at the tip of this triangle is e (epsilon) Aurigae, a huge star 2,000 light years away which, every 27 years, is eclipsed by something even huger -- eclipsed for two full years.\n32) Two years later Stebbins used the photometer and discovered four stars to be eclipsing binary stars: Beta Aurigae, Spica, Alpha Coronae Borealis and Delta Orionis.\n33) Another important difference was that the charioteers themselves, the \"aurigae\", were considered to be the winners, although they were usually also slaves (as in the Greek world).\n34) This event is credited with ejecting AE Aurigae, Mu Columbae and 53 Arietis at above 200 km·s−1 and has been traced to the Trapezium cluster in the Orion Nebula some two million years ago.\n35) The annual Aurigids have a radiant located about two degrees north of Theta Aurigae, a third-magnitude star in the center of the constellation.\n36) The separation of this magnitude 9.2 component was 2.2 arcminutes (130.7 arcseconds) in 2007 with an angle of 350°. 4 Aurigae is a double star at a distance of 159 light-years.\n37) The separation was at 52 arcseconds in 1978 and has been increasing since then because of the proper motion of Theta Aurigae, 0.1 arcseconds per year.\nThese examples have been automatically selected and may contain sensitive content that does not reflect the opinions or policies of our website. Please inform us about the inappropriate sentences:\nThis site is designed to teach you English words in context with collocations with the help of example sentences.\nYou can easily memorize the word and the meaning of Aurigae\nand This is a fast way of learning the meaning of Aurigae with example sentences.\nAlways focus on the learning on sentences with Aurigae\nWe believe you will easily learn to write and use the word Aurigae in a sentence.\nYou can practice spelling and usage of the word by getting 10 examples of sentences with Aurigae.\n20 examples of simple sentences of Aurigae. We tried to find and publish the the words with Simple Sentences of Aurigae\nCompound Sentences with Aurigae\nComplex Sentences with Aurigae\nCompound-Complex Sentences with Aurigae", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Since the dawn of time, outer space has captivated our imaginations and curiosity. What exactly (or who) is out there? Will we ever reach Mars? Did we even go to the moon? In \"Spacing Out,\" Project Onward artists explore some of these questions and take us to galaxies far away, both real and imagined.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "'Nuclear Pasta' Inside Neutron Stars Is Strongest Material in Universe\nNear the surface there's gnocchi, which are round bubble-like neutrons. Go a bit deeper, and the pressure forces neutrons into long tubes called spaghetti. Go further down, and you have sheets of neutrons called lasagna.\nSome of the Oldest Galaxies in the Universe Orbit the Milky Way\nNew data from researchers at Durham University in the UK and Harvard in the US suggests ancient galaxies could be in our own backyard.\nAstronomers May Finally Know Why Eta Carinae Erupted 170 Years Ago\nA team of international astronomers think they've worked out what caused the eruption: an almost unfathomable transfer of mass between stars.\nScientists Say Some Ultrahot Exoplanets Have Star-Like Atmospheres\nThe so-called \"ultrahot Jupiters\" have left researcher scratching their heads because they don't seem to have the expected chemical composition. Now, we might know why.\nNASA Prepares to Launch Super-Fast Probe to Enter Sun's Corona\nThe Parker Solar Probe will come as close as possible to touching the sun without being swallowed up by waves of superheated plasma.\nExoplanet Just 11 Light Years Away Could Support Life\nThrough analysis of the host star, researchers say the exoplanet is small, rocky, and could potentially support life. And it's practically in our backyard, at least on a cosmic scale.\nNASA Puts Kepler Spacecraft to Sleep as Mission Winds Down\nThere's no fuel gauge on the spacecraft, but engineers can calculate how much it has used with a high degree of accuracy. Therefore, the craft is in hibernation mode to conserve what little is left in the tanks.\nAstronomers Spot Nearly 80 Exoplanets in Record Time\nThe team proved they can hunt through the data faster than ever before by spotting almost 80 potential exoplanets. One of them may be the brightest planet Kepler has detected yet.\nAstronomers Discover 3 Exoplanets Forming Around Young Star\nTwo teams have independently discovered three different exoplanets forming in a star's protoplanetary disk.\nScientists Say Alpha Centauri A and B Could Be Ideal for Life\nResearchers from the University of Colorado at Boulder just released a new analysis that predicts nearby stars could support Earth-like worlds.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Digital Space Art has become a passion of mine. Compositing in Photoshop is fun, but imagining alien worlds makes it a challenge that lets your artistic creativity go wild. If you are bored with the norm, perhaps you might have some fun creating your own solar system or universe. If not, perhaps you’ll be satisfied just looking at mine.\nThe Art of Digital Space Art (part 1 & 2) will soon be available in eBook format from Amazon and Barnes & Nobel. Not only will you get instructions with some digital space art to contemplate, you’ll get some of my musings, a few even poetic, and it will all be for 99 cents per volume. What a deal. No release date is currently scheduled, but I promise it will be soon.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "You've probably heard the following:\n\"Fusion powers the stars\"\nOr the \"reaction that powers the stars\"\nThen physicists will talk about the potential energy in a star (it happens ok).\nHave you ever Considered....\nThe reason the fusion happens is the compression caused by masses falling in on each other. The compression is caused by the gravity. The gravity is caused by the mass. Gravity adds energy needed for fusion.\nGravity is what really powers the stars.. the universe\nGravity is caused by mass, mass causes more gravity, which attracts more material that causes more gravity... the recursions never end\nHydrogen fuses into helium, fuses into carbon... all fueled by gravity.\nAm I wrong? I would love to have a discussion about this. Anyone out there have any thoughts?", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Finding out whether life can exist on other planets has been one of the hopes of scientists since we first sent radio signals into the sky. In the early hours of Monday morning, the world’s most advanced planetary rover will begin work on what is likely to be our best chance yet of answering that question.\nI was asked the other day whether Curiosity, the NASA rover rapidly approaching the Red Planet, will finally provide a breakthrough to end the decades-long search for Martian life, but, of course, science doesn’t always work like that. We’re not likely to suddenly find fossils that give us an instant answer. Instead, NASA scientists will use a complex set of technologies to build up a picture of the conditions that existed on Mars millions of years ago and use this to determine whether the planet could have supported life.\nCuriosity essentially carries a very advanced chemistry set (hence the mission name Mars Science Laboratory) that will allow it to gather much more detailed evidence than ever before. This includes: an array of cameras and other imaging devices; radiation, atmospheric and environmental sensors; and mass, X-ray and laser spectrometers.\nThe scientists analysing the data that comes back include two British researchers funded by the UK Space Agency. Dr John Bridges from Leicester University will be among those studying the composition of Martian sediments thought to be clay (and therefore created with water) collected by the rover.\n‘Once we know accurately what was there,’ he explained, ‘we can then do a bit of modelling and work out what the temperature was, and was it acid or alkaline, and what the composition of the fluid was – was it poisonous for microbial life or was it just the sort of thing they like to live in?’\nThe key to doing this will be the instruments on board Curiosity, which are more sophisticated than any previously sent to Mars and can detect much smaller traces of a wider range of compounds. ‘Even on Earth this would be a powerful chemistry lab but we’re sending it to Mars,’ said Bridges.\nFirst are the cameras that can capture high-resolution colour images and video (at 10 frames a second), including monochromatic images for studying light absorption at different wavelengths, all stored and processed by the cameras’ internal electronics systems.\nThere’s also a sophisticated version of a geologist’s hand lens – the Mars Hand Lens Imager (MAHLI) – to provide close-up views of the minerals, textures, and structures in Martian rocks. The self-focusing, 4-cm-wide camera can take colour images of features as small as 12.5 micrometers and use UV light to reveal any carbonate minerals or those created by evaporation of water.\nTo get an even more detailed picture of what’s inside the rocks, a range of spectrometers will bombard the mineral samples with different types of energy and use the pattern of energy returned to work exactly what elements and compounds are present.\nThe Alpha Particle X-Ray Spectrometer (APXS) will measure the X-rays produced when materials are hit with radioactive alpha particles produced by a curium source, enabling scientists to measure the abundance of rock-forming elements. A second device, the Chemistry and Mineralogy instrument (CheMin) works by firing X-rays at a sample and measuring their angle of diffraction to identify the crystalline structure of materials.\nChemCam will use a remote micro-imager to analyse the composition of plasma (ionised gas) formed by vaporising rock samples smaller than 1mm in diameter with a laser. While the APXS works best when touching the rock surface, ChemCam can operate from up to 7m away to identify rapidly identify how the rock was formed, measure the abundance of elements, recognise ice and minerals containing water molecules and measure weathering rinds on rocks.\nA final instrument suite, Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM), will make up more than half the science payload of the rover. This will search for elements associated with life, such as carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, by separating soil compounds with a mass spectrometer, by vaporising rocks and analysing the resultant gas using a gas chromograph, and by studying the atmosphere with a laser spectrometer.\nAll this work should begin relatively quickly once the rover has made its way to a mountain of sediment in the middle of a giant crater. But first it has to land safely and the car-like size of the rover and its 900kg mass mean this isn’t easy. It is too heavy to use giant airbags to cushion its fall as previous rovers have. Instead NASA has developed a novel system know as SkyCrane.\nAfter using small precision landing rockets to guide the landing vehicle to within 20km (12 miles) of its target site, a huge parachute – 10 per cent bigger than any used before – will deploy and start to slow the descent. Once the heatshield has been discarded, reverse rockets at the base of the lander will help slow the vehicle further and stabilise it from horizontal winds.\nThen comes the SkyCrane technique – an “umbilical cord of cables will lower the rover away from the landing vehicle towards the ground, enabling it to move off from the landing site as soon as the cord disengages. Once this happens, the lander’s rockets will then direct it away from the rover below, powering away for a crash-landing far from Curiosity.\nSkyCrane on its own is a fantastic testament to human engineering and creativity, and it’s hard to imagine how high the tension will be in mission control at 6:00AM (BST) on Monday when Curiosity finally touches down. Due to the time it takes for communications to reach Earth from Mars (14 minutes), the team won’t even know if the landing has begun successfully until well after the rover is either safe on the ground or disaster has struck.\nBut the rover itself will be embarking on an even more amazing journey. Using some of the most advanced tools science has managed to create, Curiosity will act as the world’s greatest detective in an attempt to piece together a picture that could answer one of humanity’s most fundamental questions.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "It’s time for another meteor shower! April’s Lyrids are predicted to peak in the early morning hours on Sunday, although it’s worth going out on Saturday morning as well.\nThe Lyrid meteor shower is not a major shower, producing maybe 15 – 20 meteors an hour on average, but meteor showers are unpredictable and you never know when a burst will occur. Rates as high as 90 per hour were observed in 1982, as well as an incredible burst of up to 300 over a period of a just few minutes. While it’s not likely that you’ll see rates like that this weekend, you never know what’s going to happen. One thing’s for sure: you won’t see ANY meteors if you don’t get out there and look for them.\nThe new moon occurs at 3:19 a.m. (EST) on Saturday morning, making the conditions for viewing the Lyrids ideal. Try to find a location far from city lights. The radiant, or point from which the meteors appear to originate, is near the constellation Lyra, between Lyra’s bright star Vega and the constellation Hercules. In the eastern United States, Vega rises above the horizon in the evening hours of Saturday, but you have to wait until until the radiant rises high above the horizon before you can observe most of the meteors that occur. The peak period should be from around 2 a.m. (EST) until dawn. The radiant at that time will be roughly toward the northeast.\nJust because the meteors appear to radiate from a certain point, it doesn’t mean that you have to look in that direction to see them. You’ll be able to see them anywhere in the sky. If you look directly toward the radiant, the meteors you see will appear to come at you, while if you look at a right angle to the radiant, the light streak will cover more distance in the sky. One compositional approach for photography is to use a wide-angle lens and compose with the radiant on a thirds placement in the frame. Another idea is to center the radiant in the frame so any recorded meteors appear to radiate from the middle of the photo.\nMy usual method for photographing meteors is to set up the composition with the camera locked tight on a tripod. Then I do a test to get the exposure in the sky just right. Next, I use a programmable interval timer to shoot continuous exposures until the battery dies, then change batteries and let er rip again. My Nikon D700 will let me shoot continuous exposures up to 30 seconds without having to use a separate interval timer. Only problem is, it will shoot only 100 exposures at a time, so I would have to reset the camera every 50 minutes. This really puts a cramp in my catching-a-wink time, so I like to use the separate interval timer, which will run forever.\nHere are a few more tips for photographing meteor showers:\nLenses. Wider focal length lenses include more sky, which increases the chances at capturing a meteor. The drawback is that the meteors appear fainter as the lens gets wider. Telephotos record the meteors brighter and bigger, but the chance of capturing one with a long lens is very low, so it’s a tradeoff. The ideal focal length is probably between 28mm and 50mm, but I often use focal lengths as wide as 14mm.\nComposition. Just capturing a bright meteor on your sensor is reason for celebration, but why not make the image special? Try to frame the scene with something interesting in the foreground. Mountain ranges, lighthouses, bridges—most anything that creates a nice silhouette works well. A lighted foreground of some sort can work well as long as the lights are not bright enough to drown out the meteors. Obviously, you’ll want to get as far away from city light pollution as you can. Also, remember that the idea is to include as much sky as you can so you increase your chances of capturing a meteor.\nFocusing. If the foreground has a light you can autofocus on that. If all you have is the sky to focus on, try finding a bright star or planet that you can autofocus on. If your camera has a Live View feature, use it to focus on the stars. See Focusing in the Dark for more information on achieving sharp focus.\nExposure. Aperture is king with meteors. The wider the aperture, the fainter the meteors that you are able to record, regardless of the ISO and shutter speed setting. If you want the meteor streaking across a sky of static stars (not star trails), you’ll want to keep the shutter speed to no more than 30 seconds or so with a wide-angle lens, and shorter with longer lenses. Try ISO 1600, f/2.8 and a shutter speed of 30 seconds as a starting point. Make sure you do some test exposures to make sure you aren’t overexposing due to light pollution.\nWishing you clear skies this weekend!Lyrids, meteor showers, meteors, night photography", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "There’s no question that light pollution is a growing problem. Thankfully many scientists and advocates are working for change. And you can be a part of that change with a simple app that you can download to catalog the street lights in your neighborhood.\nThe continued expansion of street lights, traffic lights, security lights, and home lighting across the globe has a variety of disastrous consequences. For one, increased light pollution reduces our access to the night sky. We simply don’t get to see the same stars and constellations that our ancestors did, and we can potentially lose that rich cultural heritage.\nIn addition, the increased use of lights at night by humans also disrupts many biological processes. For example, animals that rely on night vision can have their rhythms disrupted. Or certain blooms that only happen in periods of strong moonlight can be reduced due to human interference.\nWhile many satellites can map out the total amount of light pollution in a given area on the globe, they have one major weakness. Satellites have difficulty measuring the amount of blue versus red light, because the blue light more easily scatters in the atmosphere. Different satellites and different measuring techniques can give wildly different estimates for the amount of blue light pollution, differing by as much as 200%.\nMeasuring the color of the light is important because not every biological process is sensitive to the all colors of light equally. For example, one species of nocturnal animal may be absolutely fine with redder colored night lighting, but be completely disrupted by blueish hues.\nTo tackle this, a team of astronomers have proposed a new citizen science project. The project consists of an app that you can download onto your smartphone. You then simply take pictures of any of the light sources that you see. The app then measures the spectrum of that light and estimates the amount of different colors. For example, common street lights usually use sodium, which gives them an orange hue, while home security lights and headlights tend to be bluer.\nThe app will then upload the information to a database tagged with your location and correlate that information with light pollution maps given by satellites. This way, the astronomers hope to correct and calibrate the information provided by the satellites so that we have a more accurate measurement of the color spectrum of our light pollution.\nThe team of astronomers have already completed a pilot program to demonstrate that their app pipeline and data acquisition and calibration steps all work correctly. They are now advocating to roll out the app worldwide to engage more citizen scientists. If you’d like to participate, you can check out this link.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "May 20, 2013\nCredit: Karl Edquist/ NASA Langley Research Center\nFor all the attention focused on how hard it will be to keep astronauts alive while they fly from Earth to Mars, the challenge of setting them safely down on the Martian surface will be just as difficult.\nEntry-descent-and-landing (EDL) experts who spoke at a Humans To Mars symposium here say the “sky crane” that landed the robotic Curiosity rover on Mars last year will not scale to the huge sizes need for humans. And even if it did, the “seven minutes of terror” controllers at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory experienced at a distance during the first sky-crane landing may be a little too tame for a human mission.\n“While the Curiosity rover has been described as a small nuclear-powered car on the surface of Mars, what we're really talking about here today is landing a two-story house, and perhaps landing that two-story house right next to another two-story house that has been autonomously prepositioned and has fuel for the astronauts when they get there,” says Robert Braun, a Georgia Tech space-engineering professor who was NASA's chief technologist.\nAt a little less than 1 ton, Curiosity and its sky crane hardware required four distinct phases to get to the surface: atmospheric entry using a heat shield to shed hypersonic kinetic energy; parachutes for aerodynamic deceleration to speeds slow enough for propulsive deceleration of the sky-crane platform; and the final touchdown on the rover's wheels via cables lowered from that platform.\n“When we got to thinking about very big objects, the size of houses, things like parachutes don't come along for the ride,” says Adam Steltzner, who headed the Curiosity EDL team at Jet Propulsion Laboratory that developed the sky crane approach. “They don't scale. A parachute the size of the Rose Bowl, which is what it would need to be for human exploration, is something that we already know from our experience on Earth, is not practically manageable.”\nTo land a house-sized cargo carrier or human habitat on Mars, Steltzner says, it probably will be necessary to go directly from hypersonic speeds to propulsive deceleration—essentially firing some kind of rocket to slow down enough to land. And that, the experts say, will be as difficult to accomplish as developing efficient radiation protection, the traditional long pole in the tent for a human trip to Mars.\nKendall Brown, an EDL expert in the Exploration and Mission Systems Office at Marshall Space Flight Center, said a cross-agency study using then-current design reference missions (DRMs) took parachutes entirely out of the landing sequence for a human expedition. Instead, either a rigid or inflatable aerodynamic decelerator would slow the entry vehicles from hypersonic speeds to supersonic speed in the Mach 2.5-3 range. At that point, the EDL system would shift to rocket propulsion for the remainder of the landing. It will not be easy to ignite a set of downward-facing rocket engines as they fly through the Martian atmosphere at three times the speed of sound.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Titan Moon Facts\nHow did Cassini unlock the watery secrets lying below the outer crust of Saturn’s largest moon?\nCassini has been trying to peek below the mysterious surface of Titan for some time now, as NASA has long suspected there was more to the moon than meets the eye.\nIn its most recent flyby, Cassini recorded the most compelling evidence yet to suggest there is a subsurface ocean.\nAs the moon orbited Saturn, researchers saw bulges appear on its surface as Titan was squeezed and stretched under the immense gravity of Saturn.\nThis is a phenomenon common to all satellites including Earth, as the gravity of both the Sun and the Moon doesn’t just cause the oceans to bulge by as much as 60 centimetres (23 inches), but our planet’s crust too, by up to 50 centimetres (20 inches).\nThese are known as ‘solid tides’ and, if Titan were solid rock, scientists calculated that it would be bulging by up to a metre (3.3 feet). Instead, Titan’s solid tides are as big as ten metres (33 feet) in height, indicating there is an ocean beneath its surface. Using data from Ave previous flybys, NASA was able to calculate Titan’s internal structure layer by layer, including a global body of water between its silicate core and its solid surface.\nWhy Titan’s unique\nSo what if there’s water on Titan, a moon that’s over 1.5 billion kilometres (932 million miles) from Earth? We’re searching for the presence of water on Mars because there it’s in contact with rock, but on Titan scientists aren’t sure whether the bottom of this ocean is rock or ice. Instead, NASA is interested in the presence of methane and the effect of a liquid water ocean on methane escaping to the surface. According to the Cassini team, the abundance of methane on Titan is what makes everything that is unique about this moon.\nYet we don’t fully understand how the methane gets to the surface in sufficient quantities, because once there it dissipates in a relatively short time. A subsurface ocean of liquid water would act as a reservoir for methane and would also free gas from the ice.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Bad things happen when spacecraft aren’t safely decommissioned. In 1978, NASA scientist Donald Kessler considered a scenario in which collisions between low Earth orbiting objects create more and more debris in a domino effect that may one day make orbit – or even spaceflight – impossible. We saw the ramifications of this in 2009 when American and Russian satellites collided and created thousands of small but dangerous pieces of debris, some of which ended up in the International Space Station’s (ISS) flight path two years later.\nLuckily, the European Space Agency is investigating means to remove dangerous debris from space. But massive nets and robotic arms aren’t the only ways to get objects out of Earth’s orbit – they can also be instructed to crash into a “spacecraft cemetery” once their service is complete.\nRussia has already buried over 190 objects in the cemetery (formally known as the Oceanic Pole of Inaccessibility), which comprises a patch of Pacific Ocean 2,000 miles north of Antarctica, reports Popular Science. The United States meanwhile has crashed 52 objects there, Europe has crashed eight, Japan six, and SpaceX one.\nThe goal is to keep these decommissioned objects out of orbit and at a safe distance from any human being. When orbiting objects return to Earth’s atmosphere, they’re often accompanied by immense heat and destruction. By crashing the objects in this isolated region in the Pacific Ocean, NASA and others calculate a less than 0.0001 percent chance that an object or part of its debris will kill a person upon its reentry.\nISS still has more than a decade left in service but will find its final resting place in the space cemetery around 2028. The mission to decommission and return will be tremendous and quite a spectacle, as the 500-ton, football field-sized station comes barreling down to Earth. But we don’t recommend you hang around the Oceanic Pole of Inaccessibility around that time.\n- Watch a NASA astronaut jettison part of the ISS into space\n- SpaceX’s ISS astronauts have just achieved a new record\n- SS Katherine Johnson spacecraft is on its way to the International Space Station\n- What happened to NASA’s spacecraft after it dropped off the Perseverance rover?\n- Flight test for troubled Starliner capsule pushed back to April", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "MINNEAPOLIS (WCCO) — Minnesota is under a solar storm watch for Saturday night, meaning you might be able to see the northern lights.\nNOAA categorized this particular solar storm watch as G3, which is a stronger chance to see the northern lights, also known as the aurora borealis. The area covers much of the northern part of the United States — including all of Minnesota — and much of Canada.\n“Like a severe thunderstorm watch, (a solar storm watch means) the ingredients are there for this to develop, but we don’t know if it’s going to happen yet,” meteorologist Mike Augustyniak said.\nIt might be tough to see the northern lights in the Twin Cities due to light pollution.\n“Certainly in some of the suburbs and exurbs and greater Minnesota and Wisconsin, we’ll be able to see the Northern Lights,” Augustyniak said.\nStay with WCCO to follow the latest on your chances to see the atmospheric light show!", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "How do conventional rockets work?\nPhoto Credit: NASA.From the John F. Kennedy Space Center Photo Archives at http://www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov/kscpao/captions/1997/aug/97pc1287.htm\nThe Delta II rocket is a chemical rocket designed to have enough thrust to lift its payload out of Earth's gravity well and into orbit. A launch vehicle has to go fast enough to get to Earth's escape velocity. Like many launch rockets made for this purpose, the Delta II is a kind of rocket called a multi-stage rocket. That means that it is made of several components, called stages, all stacked onto each other. Each stage is a rocket with its own propellant.\nThe reason for a multi-stage rocket is as follows. The larger the rocket, the more thrust it can provide. However large rockets are also massive, which means they are heavy. This makes them harder to lift away from gravity. A multi-stage rocket allows for a lot of thrust power, but as a part of the fuel is used, the fuel tank containing the fuel can be dropped, lightening the rocket.\nHow did DS1 get into space?\nHow are rockets designed?\nWhat is a propellant?\nHow does propulsion work?\nWhat is gravity?\nWhat is thrust?\nWhat is chemical propulsion?\nWhy is mass important?\nWhy does it take so much energy to launch DS1?\nWhat is escape velocity?\nWhat are some rocket propellants?\nWhat's a gravity well?", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Stephen was not called till some minutes later, and had not seen him since.\nBy meridian altitudes of sun, Lyrae (Vega), 32 degrees 15 minutes.\nLatitude 25 degrees 52 minutes from mean of two observations.\nBy meridian altitude of sun, camp is in latitude 31 degrees 53 minutes South.\nBarlee Spring is in longitude about 127 degrees 22 minutes East.\nBy observation, the ...", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "41) Similar calculations made from the Cape of Good Hope, South Africa to Melbourne, Australia at an average latitude of 35.5 degrees South, have given an approximate figure of over 25,000 miles, which is again equal to or greater than the Earth’s supposed greatest circumference at the equator. Calculations from Sydney, Australia to Wellington, New Zealand at an average of 37.5 degrees South have given an approximate circumference of 25,500 miles, greater still! According to the ball-Earth theory, the circumference of the Earth at 37.5 degrees Southern latitude should be only 19,757 statute miles, almost six thousand miles less than such practical measurements.\nCategories: 1944 birthsLiving peopleSupertramp membersPeople from SwindonPeople with multiple myelomaEnglish keyboardistsEnglish emigrants to the United StatesMelodica playersEnglish pianistsBritish harmonica playersEnglish male singersEnglish singer-songwritersEnglish male singer-songwritersEnglish rock keyboardistsEnglish rock drummersEnglish expatriates in SwitzerlandEnglish organistsMale organistsBritish male pianists21st-century pianists21st-century organists21st-century male musicians\nThat the mariners' compass points north and south at the same time is a fact as indisputable as that two and two makes four; but that this would be impossible if the thing, were placed on a globe with \"north\" and \"south' at the centre of opposite hemispheres is a fact that does not figure in the school-books, though very easily seen: and it requires no lengthy train of reasoning to bring out of it a pointed proof that the Earth is not a globe.\nWe have abundance of evidence that the Sun moves daily round and over the Earth in circles concentric with the northern region over which hangs the North Star; but, since the theory of the Earth being a globe is necessarily connected with the theory of its motion round the Sun in a yearly orbit, it falls to the ground when we bring forward the evidence of which we speak, and, in so doing, forms a proof that the Earth is not a globe.\n10.) That the mariners' compass points north and south at the same time is a fact as indisputable as that two and two makes four; but that this would be impossible if the thing, were placed on a globe with \"north\" and \"south' at the centre of opposite hemispheres is a fact that does not figure in the school-books, though very easily seen: and it requires no lengthy train of reasoning to bring out of it a pointed proof that the Earth is not a globe.\nIn 2004, the society was resurrected by a man named Daniel Shenton (no relation to Samuel), who created the Flat Earth Society forum, which as of February 2016 has over 8,200 members and 1.4 million posts. In addition, the forum runs a Facebook page with over 14,000 likes, Twitter, Instagram, and Tumblr profiles with several thousand followers each, and a Flickr profile where they advertise a variety of different posters with proofs for why the world is flat. In addition, a variety of independent researchers have attempted to prove that the earth is flat, documenting their work in YouTube videos. The most popular of these videos (shown below) has over 4 million views.\nDespite overwhelming scientific proof, flat-earthers are out there spreading their not so level ideas. Some have even gone so far as to create an official organization known as the flat earth Society. And, of course, what society can call itself a veritable one without a few conspiracy theories? With the flat earth theory henchmen, NASA is the one to blame for our wrongful belief that the planet earth, is indeed round.\nAnother false law of Newton is that gravity increases with the increase of the mass of the object. There is no such thing as mass (no one in the world can define it) - there is only density of the object (total density volume of the object, including it's electric field that surrounds it), and it is enough to understand how the laws work. Rubber ball pumped with helium goes up irrespective of the \"gravity law\" which supposed to bring everything down. Ball goes up because the density of the helium is smaller than the density of air above it. There is also no resistance of the environment above the ball.\n171) NASA claims there are upwards of 20,000 satellites floating around Earth’s upper-atmosphere sending us radio, television, GPS, and taking pictures of the planet. All these supposed satellite pictures, however, are admittedly “composite images, edited in photoshop!” They claim to receive “ribbons of imagery” from satellites which must then be spliced together to create composite images of the Earth, all of which are clearly CGI and not photographs. If Earth were truly a ball with 20,000 satellites orbiting, it would be a simple matter to mount a camera and take some real photographs. The fact that no real satellite photographs of the supposed ball Earth exist in favor of NASA’s “ribbons of composite CG imagery,” is further proof we are not being told the truth.\n100.) The Sun, as he travels round over the surface of the Earth, brings \"noon\" to all places on the successive meridians which he crosses: his journey being made in a westerly direction, places east of the Sun's position have had their noon, whilst places to the west of the Sun's position have still to get it. Therefore, if we travel easterly, we arrive at those parts of the Earth where \"time\" is more advanced, the watch in our pocket has to be \"put on\"or we may be said to \"gain time.\" If, on the other hand, we travel westerly, we arrive at places where it is still \"morning,\" the watch has to be \"put back,\" and it may be said that we \"lose time.\" But, if we travel easterly so as to cross the 180th meridian, there is a loss, there, of a day, which will neutralize the gain of a whole circumnavigation; and, if we travel westerly, and cross the same meridian, we experience the gain of a day, which will compensate for the loss during a complete circumnavigation in that direction. The fact of losing or gaining time in sailing round the world, then, instead of being evidence of the Earth's \"rotundity,\" as it is imagined to be, is, in its practical exemplification, an everlasting proof that the Earth is not a globe.\n20) If Earth were truly constantly spinning Eastwards at over 1000mph, vertically-fired cannonballs and other projectiles should fall significantly due west. In actual fact, however, whenever this has been tested, vertically-fired cannonballs shoot upwards an average of 14 seconds ascending, 14 seconds descending, and fall back to the ground no more than 2 feet away from the cannon, often directly back into the muzzle.\n90.) \"Is water level, or is it not?\" was a question once asked of an astronomer. \"Practically, yes; theoretically, no,\" was the reply. Now, when theory does not harmonize with practice, the best thing to do is to drop the theory. (It is getting too late, now to say \"So much the worse for the factsI\") To drop the theory which supposes a curved surface to standing water is to acknowledge the facts which form the basis of Zetetic philosophy. And since this will have to be done sooner or later, – it is a proof that the Earth is not a globe.\n145) Heliocentrists believe the Moon is a ball, even though its appearance is clearly that of a flat luminous disc. We only ever see the same one face (albeit at various inclinations) of the Moon, yet it is claimed that there is another “dark side of the Moon” which remains hidden. NASA states the Moon spins opposite the spin of the Earth in such a perfectly synchronized way that the motions cancel each other out so we will conveniently never be able to observe the supposed dark-side of the Moon outside of their terrible fake CGI images. The fact of the matter is, however, if the Moon were a sphere, observers in Antarctica would see a different face from those at the equator, yet they do not – just the same flat face rotated at various degrees.\nThe Flat Earth Society is a group actively promoting the Flat Earth Movement worldwide. Descending from Samuel Shenton's International Flat Earth Research Society, and the Universal Zetetic Society before it, we continue the age-old tradition of questioning the Round Earth doctrine and challenging authorities. Acknowledging the link between various unconventional beliefs, the Society also occasionally engages in other unconventional debates, striving to provide a voice for all free thinkers and Zeteticists.\nAs the mariners' compass points north and south at one time, and as the North, to which it is attracted is that part of the Earth situated where the North Star is in the zenith, it follows that there is no south \"point\" or \"pole\" but that, while the centre is North, a vast circumference must be South in its whole extent. This is a proof that the Earth is not a globe.\n98.) Mr Hind speaks of the astronomer watching a star as it is carried across the telescope by the diurnal revolution of the Earth.\" Now, this is nothing but downright absurdity. No motion of the Earth could possibly carry a star across a telescope or anything else. If the star is carried across anything at all, it is the star that moves, not the thing across which it is carried! Besides, the idea that the Earth, if it were a globe, could possibly move in an orbit of nearly 600,000,000 of miles with such exactitude that the cross-hairs in a telescope fixed on its surface would appear to glide gently over a star \"millions of millions\" of miles away is simply monstrous; whereas, with a FIXED telescope, it matters not the distance of the stars, though we suppose them to be as far off as the astronomer supposes them to be; for, as Mr. Proctor himself says, \"the further away they are, the less they will seem to shift.\" Why, in the name of common sense, should observers have to fix their telescopes on solid stone bases so that they should not move a hair&\n146) The ball-Earth model claims the Moon orbits around the Earth once every 28 days, yet it is plain for anyone to see that the Moon orbits around the Earth every single day! The Moon’s orbit is slightly slower than the Sun’s, but follows the Sun’s same path from Tropic to Tropic, solstice to solstice, making a full circle over the Earth in just under 25 hours.\nWhen a man speaks of a \"most complete\" thing amongst several other things which claim to be what that thing is, it is evident that they must fall short of something which the \"most complete\" thing possesses. And when it is known that the \"most complete\" thing is an entire failure, it is plain that the others, all and sundry, are worthless. Proctor's \"most complete proof that the Earth is a globe\" lies in what he calls \"the fact\" that distances from place to place agree with calculation. But, since the distance round the Earth at 45 \" degrees\" south of the equator is twice the distance it would be on a globe, it follows that what the greatest astronomer of the age calls \"a fact\" is NOT a fact; that his \"most complete proof' is a most complete failure; and that be might as well have told us, at once, that he has NO PROOF to give us at all. Now, since, if the Earth be a globe, there would, necessarily, be piles of proofs of it all round us, it follows that when astronomers, with all their ingenuity, are utterly unable to point one out - to say nothing about picking one up - that they give us a proof that Earth is not a globe.\nI just watched a time lapse of the night sky that shows all the stars of heaven moving at once. This proves to me that they are something other than planets and suns far away. But I also noticed that there were really fast moving objects in the sky. Planes? meteors? I have looked up in the night sky and seen shooting stars. If its possible there is no ´´space´´, then what could they be? What are we really seeing when we look into the night sky?\n20.) The common sense of man tells him – if nothing else told him – that there is an \"up\" and a \"down\" in -nature, even as regards the heavens and the earth; but the theory of modern astronomers necessitates the conclusion that there is not: therefore, 'the theory of the astronomers is opposed to common sense – yes, and to inspiration – and this is a common sense proof that the Earth is not a globe.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Konstantin Tsiolkovsky (1857-1935) was a visionary Russian scientist, often hailed as the “Father of Astronautics” and one of the 3 “Fathers of Rocketry.” His groundbreaking work in space exploration laid the foundation for modern rocketry.\nSpecifically, he pioneered rocket and space research and the development & use of wind tunnels for aerodynamic studies. He was also among the first to work out the theoretical problems of rocket travel in space.\n“Earth is the cradle of humanity, but one cannot live in a cradle forever.” – Konstantin Tsiolkovsky\nTsiolkovsky’s Early Life and Interest in Science\nBorn in 1857 in Russia, Tsiolkovsky was an avid learner from an early age. Despite losing his hearing at the tender age of nine, he nurtured an insatiable curiosity for scientific knowledge.\nHis fascination with physics and mathematics led him on a path that would eventually revolutionize the field of rocketry.\n“I do not remember a time when I did not want to fly.” – Konstantin Tsiolkovsky\nWith his immense thirst for knowledge and relentless curiosity, Konstantin Tsiolkovsky achieved a plethora of remarkable advancements and accomplishments that have had a profound impact on the world of science and space exploration.\nLet’s take a look at them.\n1. The Wind Tunnel\nIn 1897, Konstantin Tsiolkovsky constructed the first Russian wind tunnel. This innovative engineering feat allowed him to study the aerodynamics of various objects, paving the way for advancements in aviation and rocketry.\nWith the wind tunnel, Tsiolkovsky could simulate and analyze the flow of air around different shapes, providing crucial insights into lift, drag, and other crucial flight characteristics.\n2. The Tsiolkovsky Equation\nOne of his most notable contributions to aerospace engineering is the Tsiolkovsky equation. This mathematical equation, also known as the ideal rocket equation, describes the motion of vehicles that follow the basic principle of a rocket: action and reaction.\nΔv = vₑ ln(R)\nIn this equation:\nΔv represents the change in velocity,\nvₑ refers to exhaust gas speed,\nln denotes natural logarithm,\nR stands for mass ratio (the total mass before burn divided by total mass after burn).\nThe Tsiolkovsky equation profoundly impacted our understanding of rocket propulsion. It established a relationship between the mass of a rocket, its speed, and the speed of its gas exhaust.\nThis equation has been instrumental in designing rockets that can overcome Earth’s gravitational pull.\n3. Multistage Rockets\nIn 1903, in his work titled “Exploration of Outer Space using Rocket Devices,” Tsiolkovsky proposed the ingenious idea of using staged rockets to overcome the limitations of reaching high altitudes and achieving escape velocity.\nIn his revolutionary concept, each rocket stage would ignite sequentially, one after another, as the previous stage exhausted its fuel and was detached.\nThis brilliant innovation allowed for more efficient use of propellant, reducing the weight of the rocket at each stage and enabling it to reach greater heights and velocities.\nToday, multistage rockets remain the cornerstone of space missions, propelling us beyond our planet’s confines and into the vastness of the cosmos.\nTsiolkovsky’s visionary idea of airlocks brought a groundbreaking concept to the realm of space exploration.\nBefore his ingenious proposal, the prospect of conducting extravehicular activities (EVAs) was fraught with challenges.\nAs it required depressurizing the entire spacecraft, exposing the crew to hazardous conditions, and wasting valuable resources.\nThe concept of airlocks introduced a solution that allowed astronauts to exit and re-enter the spacecraft safely and efficiently, without the need for decompression.\nAt the heart of this innovative design were specialized compartments equipped with double doors, forming a sealed and airtight passage between the spacecraft’s interior and the vastness of space.\nToday, Tsiolkovsky’s airlock concept not only ensured the safety of astronauts during EVAs but also proved to be instrumental in conducting a wide range of activities in space, such as repairing and maintaining spacecraft, conducting experiments, and even exploring other celestial bodies.\nThe ability to exit the spacecraft without compromising its internal environment became a fundamental aspect of human space exploration.\n5. Closed Biological Systems\nUnderstanding the harsh realities of extended missions beyond Earth, Tsiolkovsky proposed the ingenious idea of creating self-sustaining ecosystems within spacecraft, effectively transforming them into miniature, self-contained worlds.\nHe envisioned a carefully designed closed-loop system, where everything essential for survival – from oxygen generation to food production and waste recycling – would be intricately interconnected.\nThe system would operate as an ecosystem, mirroring the delicate harmony of Earth’s biosphere, but adapted to the unique challenges of the space environment.\nIn Tsiolkovsky’s closed biological system, plants and algae played a pivotal role.\nThey generated oxygen from carbon dioxide and acted as natural carbon sinks. Exhaled breath from astronauts would be condensed, providing valuable water for both humans and plants.\nThe continuous cycle of water, nutrients, and gases ensured a perpetually self-renewing environment, utilizing waste products as invaluable resources.\nAlthough Tsiolkovsky’s closed biological systems were initially met with skepticism and technical challenges, his visionary ideas laid the groundwork for further research and advancements in life-support technologies.\nToday, elements of closed-loop life-support systems are integral to long-duration missions, like the ISS, as they offer the potential for self-sustainability and reduced reliance on Earth for critical resources.\nTsiolkovsky’s Influence on Modern Aerospace Engineering and Astronautics\nTsiolkovsky’s legacy lives on through his influence on modern aerospace engineering. His work inspired Sergei Korolev, often referred to as the father of practical astronautics.\nKorolev led the Soviet Union’s space program which launched Yuri Gagarin into orbit, marking humanity’s first venture into outer space. Even NASA’s Apollo missions owed much to Tsiolkovsky’s pioneering work; his multistage rocket concept played a crucial role in sending humans to the moon.\n“Man will not always stay on Earth; the pursuit of light and space will lead him to penetrate the bounds of the atmosphere, timidly at first, but in the end to conquer the whole of solar space.” – Konstantin Tsiolkovsky\nTsiolkovsky’s wisdom and vision are timeless and inspiring. His passion for knowledge and belief in humanity’s potential to explore space continue to drive us forward.\nToday, Tsiolkovsky’s pioneering spirit lives on, as evidenced by the groundbreaking advancements in rocketry achieved by companies like SpaceX and other private aerospace pioneers.\nHello, fellow aerospace enthusiasts! I’m Matthew, a high school student at Portola High School and the creator of The Aero Blog. My journey with aerospace started as a childhood fascination and has grown into a full-blown passion that I am thrilled to share with you through this blog.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "New unmanned moon mission may unlock planets mysteriesDecember 17th, 2007 - 4:25 pm ICT by admin\nWashington, Dec 17 (ANI): New images taken from NASAs orbiting HiRise camera have revealed surprising details about two bizarre features that are in the form of spiders and fans, on the surface of Mars.\nThese formations appear during the spring in a region near the planet’s south pole, which is dense with unusual features.\nFor example, fan shaped layers of dust, which are in fact gas jets; accumulate on top of the region’s polar ice, spreading in the direction of the prevailing winds.\nAccording to scientists, the polar ice is made up of carbon dioxide, which is warmed by spring sunshine, causing it to transform directly into gas and spew out dust like a dirty geyser.\nThe warm dirt transfers heat to the bottom layer of ice, which turns to gas. As pressure builds, the gas scours channels beneath the ice, picking up dust. When the moving gas finds a hole or breaks through a weak spot, the dust spews into the air and then rains back to the surface downwind.\nThe new HiRise images clearly show the network of pipelike channels feeding each jet. Some are simply lacelike patterns, but others have legs extending in all directions.\n“You can see the sort of spiderlike shape,” said Candice Hansen of NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory. “They drape over the local topography. In fact, they love to sit on top of little hummocks,” she added.\nHiRise was also able to determine the composition of bright streaks that often angle outward from the dust deposits, like slightly wider fans.\nThese streaks are comprised of carbon dioxide rather than dust, said Tim Titus of the U.S. Geological Survey in Flagstaff, Arizona. The fact that the white streaks and the black fans don’t perfectly align indicates that they were produced at different times of the day, he added.\nAccording to Titus, at dawn, there isn’t enough heat from the sun to melt any gas. Later gas flows form, but they’re not fast enough to pick up any dust. When this gas escapes into the air, it expands and cools rapidly, raining back carbon dioxide “snow” to the surface.\n“Our calculation is that as much as 2 percent of the gas can get converted back into frost,” Titus told National Geographic News. “That’s plenty to form these white fans,” he added.\nAccording to scientists, the pictures also provide insights into wind patterns and daily cycles on the red planet.\n“Like the Earth, Mars experiences seasons. Unlike the Earth, the polar cap is made out of carbon dioxide, or dry ice,” said Hansen. “The carbon dioxide ice is translucent. That allows sunlight to penetrate and warm the surface below,” she added. (ANI)\nTags: bottom layer, bright streaks, dust deposits, flagstaff arizona, gas jets, hirise, hummocks, jet propulsion laboratory, moon mission, new images, polar ice, prevailing winds, s south, scours, spew out, spews, spring sunshine, u s geological survey, warm dirt, weak spot", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Famous Supernova Reveals Clues About Crucial Cosmic Distance Markers\nThis is the remnant of Kepler's supernova, the famous explosion that was discovered by Johannes Kepler in 1604. The red, green and blue colors show low, intermediate and high energy X-rays observed with NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory, and the star field is from the Digitized Sky Survey.\nAs reported in our press release, a new study has used Chandra to identify what triggered this explosion. It had already been shown that the type of explosion was a so-called Type Ia supernova, the thermonuclear explosion of a white dwarf star. These supernovas are important cosmic distance markers for tracking the accelerated expansion of the Universe.\nHowever, there is an ongoing controversy about Type Ia supernovas. Are they caused by a white dwarf pulling so much material from a companion star that it becomes unstable and explodes? Or do they result from the merger of two white dwarfs?\nThe new Chandra analysis shows that the Kepler supernova was triggered by an interaction between a white dwarf and a red giant star. The crucial evidence from Chandra was a disk-shaped structure near the center of the remnant. The researchers interpret this X-ray emission to be caused by the collision between supernova debris and disk-shaped material that the giant star expelled before the explosion. Another possibility was that the structure is just debris from the explosion.\n-Megan Watzke, CXC\nPlease note this is a moderated blog. No pornography, spam, profanity or discriminatory remarks are allowed. No personal attacks are allowed. Users should stay on topic to keep it relevant for the readers.\nRead the privacy statement", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "A constellation is a group of stars that forms an imaginary outline or pattern on the celestial sphere representing an animal, mythological person or creature, a god, or an inanimate object. The origins of the earliest constellations go back to prehistory. People used them to relate stories of their beliefs, creation, or mythology. Different cultures and countries adopted their own constellations, some of which lasted into the early 20th century before today's constellations were internationally recognized. Adoption of constellations has changed over time. Many have changed in shape; some became popular. Others were limited to single nations; the 48 traditional Western constellations are Greek. They are given in Aratus' work Phenomena and Ptolemy's Almagest, though their origin predates these works by several centuries. Constellations in the far southern sky were added from the 15th century until the mid-18th century when European explorers began traveling to the Southern Hemisphere. Twelve ancient constellations belong to the zodiac.\nThe origins of the zodiac remain uncertain. In 1928, the International Astronomical Union formally accepted 88 modern constellations, with contiguous boundaries that together cover the entire celestial sphere. Any given point in a celestial coordinate system lies in one of the modern constellations; some astronomical naming systems include the constellation where a given celestial object is found to convey its approximate location in the sky. The Flamsteed designation of a star, for example, consists of a number and the genitive form of the constellation name. Other star patterns or groups called asterisms are not constellations per se but are used by observers to navigate the night sky. Examples of bright asterisms include the Pleiades and Hyades within the constellation Taurus or Venus' Mirror in the constellation of Orion.. Some asterisms, like the False Cross, are split between two constellations; the word \"constellation\" comes from the Late Latin term cōnstellātiō, which can be translated as \"set of stars\".\nThe Ancient Greek word for constellation is ἄστρον. A more modern astronomical sense of the term \"constellation\" is as a recognisable pattern of stars whose appearance is associated with mythological characters or creatures, or earthbound animals, or objects, it can specifically denote the recognized 88 named constellations used today. Colloquial usage does not draw a sharp distinction between \"constellations\" and smaller \"asterisms\", yet the modern accepted astronomical constellations employ such a distinction. E.g. the Pleiades and the Hyades are both asterisms, each lies within the boundaries of the constellation of Taurus. Another example is the northern asterism known as the Big Dipper or the Plough, composed of the seven brightest stars within the area of the IAU-defined constellation of Ursa Major; the southern False Cross asterism includes portions of the constellations Carina and Vela and the Summer Triangle.. A constellation, viewed from a particular latitude on Earth, that never sets below the horizon is termed circumpolar.\nFrom the North Pole or South Pole, all constellations south or north of the celestial equator are circumpolar. Depending on the definition, equatorial constellations may include those that lie between declinations 45° north and 45° south, or those that pass through the declination range of the ecliptic or zodiac ranging between 23½° north, the celestial equator, 23½° south. Although stars in constellations appear near each other in the sky, they lie at a variety of distances away from the Earth. Since stars have their own independent motions, all constellations will change over time. After tens to hundreds of thousands of years, familiar outlines will become unrecognizable. Astronomers can predict the past or future constellation outlines by measuring individual stars' common proper motions or cpm by accurate astrometry and their radial velocities by astronomical spectroscopy; the earliest evidence for the humankind's identification of constellations comes from Mesopotamian inscribed stones and clay writing tablets that date back to 3000 BC.\nIt seems that the bulk of the Mesopotamian constellations were created within a short interval from around 1300 to 1000 BC. Mesopotamian constellations appeared in many of the classical Greek constellations; the oldest Babylonian star catalogues of stars and constellations date back to the beginning in the Middle Bronze Age, most notably the Three Stars Each texts and the MUL. APIN, an expanded and revised version based on more accurate observation from around 1000 BC. However, the numerous Sumerian names in these catalogues suggest that they built on older, but otherwise unattested, Sumerian traditions of the Early Bronze Age; the classical Zodiac is a revision of Neo-Babylonian constellations from the 6th century BC. The Greeks adopted the Babylonian constellations in the 4th century BC. Twenty Ptolemaic constellations are from the Ancient Near East. Another ten have the same stars but different names. Biblical scholar, E. W. Bullinger interpreted some of the creatures mentioned in the books of Ezekiel and Revelation as the middle signs of the four quarters of the Zodiac, with the Lion as Leo, the Bull as Taurus, the Man representing Aquarius and the Eagle standing in for Scorpio.\nThe biblical Book of Job also\nIn astronomy, metallicity is used to describe the abundance of elements present in an object that are heavier than hydrogen or helium. Most of the physical matter in the Universe is in the form of hydrogen and helium, so astronomers use the word \"metals\" as a convenient short term for \"all elements except hydrogen and helium\"; this usage is distinct from the usual physical definition of a solid metal. For example and nebulae with high abundances of carbon, nitrogen and neon are called \"metal-rich\" in astrophysical terms though those elements are non-metals in chemistry; the presence of heavier elements hails from stellar nucleosynthesis, the theory that the majority of elements heavier than hydrogen and helium in the Universe are formed in the cores of stars as they evolve. Over time, stellar winds and supernovae deposit the metals into the surrounding environment, enriching the interstellar medium and providing recycling materials for the birth of new stars, it follows that older generations of stars, which formed in the metal-poor early Universe have lower metallicities than those of younger generations, which formed in a more metal-rich Universe.\nObserved changes in the chemical abundances of different types of stars, based on the spectral peculiarities that were attributed to metallicity, led astronomer Walter Baade in 1944 to propose the existence of two different populations of stars. These became known as Population I and Population II stars. A third stellar population was introduced in 1978, known as Population III stars; these metal-poor stars were theorised to have been the \"first-born\" stars created in the Universe. Astronomers use several different methods to describe and approximate metal abundances, depending on the available tools and the object of interest; some methods include determining the fraction of mass, attributed to gas versus metals, or measuring the ratios of the number of atoms of two different elements as compared to the ratios found in the Sun. Stellar composition is simply defined by the parameters X, Y and Z. Here X is the mass fraction of hydrogen, Y is the mass fraction of helium, Z is the mass fraction of all the remaining chemical elements.\nThus X + Y + Z = 1.00. In most stars, nebulae, H II regions, other astronomical sources and helium are the two dominant elements; the hydrogen mass fraction is expressed as X ≡ m H / M, where M is the total mass of the system, m H is the fractional mass of the hydrogen it contains. The helium mass fraction is denoted as Y ≡ m He / M; the remainder of the elements are collectively referred to as \"metals\", the metallicity—the mass fraction of elements heavier than helium—can be calculated as Z = ∑ i > He m i M = 1 − X − Y. For the surface of the Sun, these parameters are measured to have the following values: Due to the effects of stellar evolution, neither the initial composition nor the present day bulk composition of the Sun is the same as its present-day surface composition; the overall stellar metallicity is defined using the total iron content of the star, as iron is among the easiest to measure with spectral observations in the visible spectrum. The abundance ratio is defined as the logarithm of the ratio of a star's iron abundance compared to that of the Sun and is expressed thus: = log 10 star − log 10 sun, where N Fe and N H are the number of iron and hydrogen atoms per unit of volume respectively.\nThe unit used for metallicity is the dex, contraction of \"decimal exponent\". By this formulation, stars with a higher metallicity than the Sun have a positive logarithmic value, whereas those with a lower metallicity than the Sun have a negative value. For example, stars with a value of +1 have 10 times the metallicity of the Sun. Young Population I stars have higher iron-to-hydrogen ratios than older Population II stars. Primordial Population III stars are estimated to have a metallicity of less than −6.0, that is, less than a millionth of the abundance of iron in the Sun. The same notation is used to express variations in abundances between other the individual elements as compared to solar proportions. For example, the notati\nMinute and second of arc\nA minute of arc, arc minute, or minute arc is a unit of angular measurement equal to 1/60 of one degree. Since one degree is 1/360 of a turn, one minute of arc is 1/21600 of a turn – it is for this reason that the Earth's circumference is exactly 21,600 nautical miles. A minute of arc is π/10800 of a radian. A second of arc, arcsecond, or arc second is 1/60 of an arcminute, 1/3600 of a degree, 1/1296000 of a turn, π/648000 of a radian; these units originated in Babylonian astronomy as sexagesimal subdivisions of the degree. To express smaller angles, standard SI prefixes can be employed; the number of square arcminutes in a complete sphere is 4 π 2 = 466 560 000 π ≈ 148510660 square arcminutes. The names \"minute\" and \"second\" have nothing to do with the identically named units of time \"minute\" or \"second\"; the identical names reflect the ancient Babylonian number system, based on the number 60. The standard symbol for marking the arcminute is the prime, though a single quote is used where only ASCII characters are permitted.\nOne arcminute is thus written 1′. It is abbreviated as arcmin or amin or, less the prime with a circumflex over it; the standard symbol for the arcsecond is the double prime, though a double quote is used where only ASCII characters are permitted. One arcsecond is thus written 1″, it is abbreviated as arcsec or asec. In celestial navigation, seconds of arc are used in calculations, the preference being for degrees and decimals of a minute, for example, written as 42° 25.32′ or 42° 25.322′. This notation has been carried over into marine GPS receivers, which display latitude and longitude in the latter format by default; the full moon's average apparent size is about 31 arcminutes. An arcminute is the resolution of the human eye. An arcsecond is the angle subtended by a U. S. dime coin at a distance of 4 kilometres. An arcsecond is the angle subtended by an object of diameter 725.27 km at a distance of one astronomical unit, an object of diameter 45866916 km at one light-year, an object of diameter one astronomical unit at a distance of one parsec, by definition.\nA milliarcsecond is about the size of a dime atop the Eiffel Tower. A microarcsecond is about the size of a period at the end of a sentence in the Apollo mission manuals left on the Moon as seen from Earth. A nanoarcsecond is about the size of a penny on Neptune's moon Triton as observed from Earth. Notable examples of size in arcseconds are: Hubble Space Telescope has calculational resolution of 0.05 arcseconds and actual resolution of 0.1 arcseconds, close to the diffraction limit. Crescent Venus measures between 66 seconds of arc. Since antiquity the arcminute and arcsecond have been used in astronomy. In the ecliptic coordinate system and longitude; the principal exception is right ascension in equatorial coordinates, measured in time units of hours and seconds. The arcsecond is often used to describe small astronomical angles such as the angular diameters of planets, the proper motion of stars, the separation of components of binary star systems, parallax, the small change of position of a star in the course of a year or of a solar system body as the Earth rotates.\nThese small angles may be written in milliarcseconds, or thousandths of an arcsecond. The unit of distance, the parsec, named from the parallax of one arc second, was developed for such parallax measurements, it is the distance at which the mean radius of the Earth's orbit would subtend an angle of one arcsecond. The ESA astrometric space probe Gaia, launched in 2013, can approximate star positions to 7 microarcseconds. Apart from the Sun, the star with the largest angular diameter from Earth is R Doradus, a red giant with a diameter of 0.05 arcsecond. Because of the effects of atmospheric seeing, ground-based telescopes will smear the image of a star to an angular diameter of about 0.5 arcsecond. The dwarf planet Pluto has proven difficult to resolve because its angular diameter is about 0.1 arcsecond. Space telescopes are diffraction limited. For example, the Hubble Space Telescope can reach an angular size of stars down to about 0.1″. Techniques exist for improving seeing on the ground. Adaptive optics, for example, can produce images around 0.05 arcsecond on a 10 m class telescope.\nMinutes and seconds of arc are used in cartography and navigation. At sea level one minute of arc\nArXiv is a repository of electronic preprints approved for posting after moderation, but not full peer review. It consists of scientific papers in the fields of mathematics, astronomy, electrical engineering, computer science, quantitative biology, mathematical finance and economics, which can be accessed online. In many fields of mathematics and physics all scientific papers are self-archived on the arXiv repository. Begun on August 14, 1991, arXiv.org passed the half-million-article milestone on October 3, 2008, had hit a million by the end of 2014. By October 2016 the submission rate had grown to more than 10,000 per month. ArXiv was made possible by the compact TeX file format, which allowed scientific papers to be transmitted over the Internet and rendered client-side. Around 1990, Joanne Cohn began emailing physics preprints to colleagues as TeX files, but the number of papers being sent soon filled mailboxes to capacity. Paul Ginsparg recognized the need for central storage, in August 1991 he created a central repository mailbox stored at the Los Alamos National Laboratory which could be accessed from any computer.\nAdditional modes of access were soon added: FTP in 1991, Gopher in 1992, the World Wide Web in 1993. The term e-print was adopted to describe the articles, it began as a physics archive, called the LANL preprint archive, but soon expanded to include astronomy, computer science, quantitative biology and, most statistics. Its original domain name was xxx.lanl.gov. Due to LANL's lack of interest in the expanding technology, in 2001 Ginsparg changed institutions to Cornell University and changed the name of the repository to arXiv.org. It is now hosted principally with eight mirrors around the world, its existence was one of the precipitating factors that led to the current movement in scientific publishing known as open access. Mathematicians and scientists upload their papers to arXiv.org for worldwide access and sometimes for reviews before they are published in peer-reviewed journals. Ginsparg was awarded a MacArthur Fellowship in 2002 for his establishment of arXiv; the annual budget for arXiv is $826,000 for 2013 to 2017, funded jointly by Cornell University Library, the Simons Foundation and annual fee income from member institutions.\nThis model arose in 2010, when Cornell sought to broaden the financial funding of the project by asking institutions to make annual voluntary contributions based on the amount of download usage by each institution. Each member institution pledges a five-year funding commitment to support arXiv. Based on institutional usage ranking, the annual fees are set in four tiers from $1,000 to $4,400. Cornell's goal is to raise at least $504,000 per year through membership fees generated by 220 institutions. In September 2011, Cornell University Library took overall administrative and financial responsibility for arXiv's operation and development. Ginsparg was quoted in the Chronicle of Higher Education as saying it \"was supposed to be a three-hour tour, not a life sentence\". However, Ginsparg remains on the arXiv Scientific Advisory Board and on the arXiv Physics Advisory Committee. Although arXiv is not peer reviewed, a collection of moderators for each area review the submissions; the lists of moderators for many sections of arXiv are publicly available, but moderators for most of the physics sections remain unlisted.\nAdditionally, an \"endorsement\" system was introduced in 2004 as part of an effort to ensure content is relevant and of interest to current research in the specified disciplines. Under the system, for categories that use it, an author must be endorsed by an established arXiv author before being allowed to submit papers to those categories. Endorsers are not asked to review the paper for errors, but to check whether the paper is appropriate for the intended subject area. New authors from recognized academic institutions receive automatic endorsement, which in practice means that they do not need to deal with the endorsement system at all. However, the endorsement system has attracted criticism for restricting scientific inquiry. A majority of the e-prints are submitted to journals for publication, but some work, including some influential papers, remain purely as e-prints and are never published in a peer-reviewed journal. A well-known example of the latter is an outline of a proof of Thurston's geometrization conjecture, including the Poincaré conjecture as a particular case, uploaded by Grigori Perelman in November 2002.\nPerelman appears content to forgo the traditional peer-reviewed journal process, stating: \"If anybody is interested in my way of solving the problem, it's all there – let them go and read about it\". Despite this non-traditional method of publication, other mathematicians recognized this work by offering the Fields Medal and Clay Mathematics Millennium Prizes to Perelman, both of which he refused. Papers can be submitted in any of several formats, including LaTeX, PDF printed from a word processor other than TeX or LaTeX; the submission is rejected by the arXiv software if generating the final PDF file fails, if any image file is too large, or if the total size of the submission is too large. ArXiv now allows one to store and modify an incomplete submission, only finalize the submission when ready; the time stamp on the article is set. The standard access route is through one of several mirrors. Sev\nA red dwarf is a small and cool star on the main sequence, of M spectral type. Red dwarfs range in mass from about 0.075 to about 0.50 solar mass and have a surface temperature of less than 4,000 K. Sometimes K-type main-sequence stars, with masses between 0.50-0.8 solar mass, are included. Red dwarfs are by far the most common type of star in the Milky Way, at least in the neighborhood of the Sun, but because of their low luminosity, individual red dwarfs cannot be observed. From Earth, not one is visible to the naked eye. Proxima Centauri, the nearest star to the Sun, is a red dwarf, as are fifty of the sixty nearest stars. According to some estimates, red dwarfs make up three-quarters of the stars in the Milky Way. Stellar models indicate that red dwarfs less than 0.35 M☉ are convective. Hence the helium produced by the thermonuclear fusion of hydrogen is remixed throughout the star, avoiding helium buildup at the core, thereby prolonging the period of fusion. Red dwarfs therefore develop slowly, maintaining a constant luminosity and spectral type for trillions of years, until their fuel is depleted.\nBecause of the comparatively short age of the universe, no red dwarfs exist at advanced stages of evolution. The term \"red dwarf\" when used to refer to a star does not have a strict definition. One of the earliest uses of the term was in 1915, used to contrast \"red\" dwarf stars from hotter \"blue\" dwarf stars, it became established use. In terms of which spectral types qualify as red dwarfs, different researchers picked different limits, for example K8–M5 or \"later than K5\". Dwarf M star, abbreviated dM, was used, but sometimes it included stars of spectral type K. In modern usage, the definition of a red dwarf still varies; when explicitly defined, it includes late K- and early to mid-M-class stars, but in many cases it is restricted just to M-class stars. In some cases all K stars are included as red dwarfs, even earlier stars; the coolest true main-sequence stars are thought to have spectral types around L2 or L3, but many objects cooler than about M6 or M7 are brown dwarfs, insufficiently massive to sustain hydrogen-1 fusion.\nRed dwarfs are very-low-mass stars. As a result, they have low pressures, a low fusion rate, hence, a low temperature; the energy generated is the product of nuclear fusion of hydrogen into helium by way of the proton–proton chain mechanism. Hence, these stars emit little light, sometimes as little as 1⁄10,000 that of the Sun; the largest red dwarfs have only about 10% of the Sun's luminosity. In general, red dwarfs less than 0.35 M☉ transport energy from the core to the surface by convection. Convection occurs because of opacity of the interior, which has a high density compared to the temperature; as a result, energy transfer by radiation is decreased, instead convection is the main form of energy transport to the surface of the star. Above this mass, a red dwarf will have a region around its core; because low-mass red dwarfs are convective, helium does not accumulate at the core, compared to larger stars such as the Sun, they can burn a larger proportion of their hydrogen before leaving the main sequence.\nAs a result, red dwarfs have estimated lifespans far longer than the present age of the universe, stars less than 0.8 M☉ have not had time to leave the main sequence. The lower the mass of a red dwarf, the longer the lifespan, it is believed that the lifespan of these stars exceeds the expected 10-billion-year lifespan of our Sun by the third or fourth power of the ratio of the solar mass to their masses. As the proportion of hydrogen in a red dwarf is consumed, the rate of fusion declines and the core starts to contract; the gravitational energy released by this size reduction is converted into heat, carried throughout the star by convection. According to computer simulations, the minimum mass a red dwarf must have in order to evolve into a red giant is 0.25 M☉. The less massive the star, the longer this evolutionary process takes, it has been calculated that a 0.16 M☉ red dwarf would stay on the main sequence for 2.5 trillion years, followed by five billion years as a blue dwarf, during which the star would have one third of the Sun's luminosity and a surface temperature of 6,500–8,500 kelvins.\nThe fact that red dwarfs and other low-mass stars still remain on the main sequence when more massive stars have moved off the main sequence allows the age of star clusters to be estimated by finding the mass at which the stars move off the main sequence. This provides a lower limit to the age of the Universe and allows formation timescales to be placed upon the structures within the Milky Way, such as the Galactic halo and Galactic disk. All observed red dwarfs contain \"metals\", which in astronomy are elements heavier than hydrogen and helium; the Big Bang model predicts that the first generation of stars should have only hydrogen and trace amounts of lithium, hence would be of low metallicity. With their extreme lifespans, any red dwarfs that were a part of that first generation should still exist today. Low metallicity red dwarfs, are rare. There are several explanations for the missing population of metal-poor red dwarfs; the preferred explanation is. Large stars burn out and exp\nMass is both a property of a physical body and a measure of its resistance to acceleration when a net force is applied. The object's mass determines the strength of its gravitational attraction to other bodies; the basic SI unit of mass is the kilogram. In physics, mass is not the same as weight though mass is determined by measuring the object's weight using a spring scale, rather than balance scale comparing it directly with known masses. An object on the Moon would weigh less than it does on Earth because of the lower gravity, but it would still have the same mass; this is because weight is a force, while mass is the property that determines the strength of this force. There are several distinct phenomena. Although some theorists have speculated that some of these phenomena could be independent of each other, current experiments have found no difference in results regardless of how it is measured: Inertial mass measures an object's resistance to being accelerated by a force. Active gravitational mass measures the gravitational force exerted by an object.\nPassive gravitational mass measures the gravitational force exerted on an object in a known gravitational field. The mass of an object determines its acceleration in the presence of an applied force; the inertia and the inertial mass describe the same properties of physical bodies at the qualitative and quantitative level by other words, the mass quantitatively describes the inertia. According to Newton's second law of motion, if a body of fixed mass m is subjected to a single force F, its acceleration a is given by F/m. A body's mass determines the degree to which it generates or is affected by a gravitational field. If a first body of mass mA is placed at a distance r from a second body of mass mB, each body is subject to an attractive force Fg = GmAmB/r2, where G = 6.67×10−11 N kg−2 m2 is the \"universal gravitational constant\". This is sometimes referred to as gravitational mass. Repeated experiments since the 17th century have demonstrated that inertial and gravitational mass are identical.\nThe standard International System of Units unit of mass is the kilogram. The kilogram is 1000 grams, first defined in 1795 as one cubic decimeter of water at the melting point of ice. However, because precise measurement of a decimeter of water at the proper temperature and pressure was difficult, in 1889 the kilogram was redefined as the mass of the international prototype kilogram of cast iron, thus became independent of the meter and the properties of water. However, the mass of the international prototype and its identical national copies have been found to be drifting over time, it is expected that the re-definition of the kilogram and several other units will occur on May 20, 2019, following a final vote by the CGPM in November 2018. The new definition will use only invariant quantities of nature: the speed of light, the caesium hyperfine frequency, the Planck constant. Other units are accepted for use in SI: the tonne is equal to 1000 kg. the electronvolt is a unit of energy, but because of the mass–energy equivalence it can be converted to a unit of mass, is used like one.\nIn this context, the mass has units of eV/c2. The electronvolt and its multiples, such as the MeV, are used in particle physics; the atomic mass unit is 1/12 of the mass of a carbon-12 atom 1.66×10−27 kg. The atomic mass unit is convenient for expressing the masses of molecules. Outside the SI system, other units of mass include: the slug is an Imperial unit of mass; the pound is a unit of both mass and force, used in the United States. In scientific contexts where pound and pound need to be distinguished, SI units are used instead; the Planck mass is the maximum mass of point particles. It is used in particle physics; the solar mass is defined as the mass of the Sun. It is used in astronomy to compare large masses such as stars or galaxies; the mass of a small particle may be identified by its inverse Compton wavelength. The mass of a large star or black hole may be identified with its Schwarzschild radius. In physical science, one may distinguish conceptually between at least seven different aspects of mass, or seven physical notions that involve the concept of mass.\nEvery experiment to date has shown these seven values to be proportional, in some cases equal, this proportionality gives rise to the abstract concept of mass. There are a number of ways mass can be measured or operationally defined: Inertial mass is a measure of an object's resistance to acceleration when a force is applied, it is determined by applying a force to an object and measuring the acceleration that results from that force. An object with small inertial mass will accelerate more than an object with large inertial mass when acted upon by the same force. One says. Active gravitational mass is a measure of the strength of an object's gravitational flux. Gravitational field can be measured by allowing a small \"test object\" to fall and measuring its free-fall acceleration. For example, an object in free fall near the Moon is subject to a smaller gravitational field, hence\nJupiter radius or Jovian radius is the distance equal to the radius of planet Jupiter. It has a value of 11.2 Earth radii. Jupiter radius is a unit of length used in astronomy to describe the radii of gas giants and some extrasolar planets, it is used in describing brown dwarfs. In 2015, the International Astronomical Union defined the nominal equatorial Jovian radius to remain constant regardless of subsequent improvements in measurement precision of RJ; this constant is defined as exactly: R e J N = 7.1492×107 mSimilarly, the nominal polar Jovian radius is defined to be exactly: R p J N = 6.6854×107 mThese values correspond to the radius of Jupiter at 1 bar of pressure. The common usage is to refer to the equatorial radius, unless the polar radius is needed. For comparison, one Solar radius is equivalent to: 400 Lunar radius 109 Earth radius 9.735 Jupiter radius", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "- SpaceX could become a $50 billion juggernaut, Morgan Stanley analysts wrote in a report Thursday.\n- The private space company Wednesday launched its 15th rocket this year.\n- Morgan Stanley says SpaceX developing reusable rockets is \"an elevator to low Earth orbit.\"\nElon Musk is making rocket launches mundane and that could be worth tens of billions of dollars.\nSpaceX could become a $50 billion juggernaut through its launch of a satellite broadband network, a team of Morgan Stanley analysts wrote in a report Thursday.\nThe private space company on Wednesday launched its 15th rocket this year, and the second this week. More importantly, the Falcon 9 rocket launch was the third time SpaceX reused the first stage booster, and with each of these so-called \"flight-proven\" launches, it should be easier to attract new customers.\nMorgan Stanley says SpaceX developing reusable rockets is \"an elevator to low Earth orbit.\"\n\"When Elisha Otis demonstrated the safety elevator in 1854, the public may have struggled to comprehend the impact on architecture and city design. Roughly 20 years later, every multistory building in New York, Boston, and Chicago was constructed around a central elevator shaft,\" Morgan Stanley said. \"It all comes down to SpaceX.\"\nReducing the cost to launch a satellite to about $60 million, from the $200 million that United Launch Alliance charged through most of the last decade, was a monumental breakthrough. SpaceX is trying to reduce its cost to $5 million per mission, and Morgan Stanley says the launch business \"generates limited operating income.\"\nThe cash cow, to Morgan Stanley, is the SpaceX plan to launch a satellite broadband network in two years and send humans to Mars in seven.\n\"The goal of the satellite internet business is to generate enough cash to be able to go to Mars\" the research firm said, adding that it believes Musk is serious about his goal of planetary expansion.\nSpaceX has denied that it is preparing an initial public offering, but Morgan Stanley says the prospect should not be counted out. Upcoming projects will require significant amounts of money. \"It seems reasonable to us to consider whether the company could look to access capital in the public markets,\" the analysts said.\nWith \"substantial room to increase the investment in space,\" Morgan Stanley says that \"public investors will start to pay more attention to space when or if SpaceX decides to IPO.\"", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Earth Horizon with UFO or Star\nView of earth horizon from space with UFO, or large star approaching.\nCropped, color enhanced, shade enhanced, sharpened, stars background added and UFO added.\nThe source image for the earth is a photo in the public domain from the Image Science and Analysis Laboratory, NASA-Johnson Space Center. \"The Gateway to Astronaut Photography of Earth.\"\nThe source image for stars in space is a photo in the public domain from NASA/JPL.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Sources of Water in Space: Complete Overview\nSpeed in Space Explained: How Fast could we Travel Through Space?\nMulti-Asteroid Touring Mission\nInternet and Wi-Fi in Space\nSpacesuit: Basic Life Support During Space Exploration\nWhat’s The Weather Like in Space?\nComplete Overview of Space Flight Prices 2021\nEffects of Spaceflight on the Human Body\nWhat Ethical Principles should we adhere to during Space Exploration?\nCan We Live on Mars?\nWho Owns Space? Legal Issues of Space Exploration\nGet the new articles, latest news, new product notifications conveniently in your inbox.\nBLAUSTEIN Space Corporation\n| Building and operating space infrastructure\n© BLAUSTEIN Corp. | All rights reserved | BLAUSTEIN Space Corporation", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Over the weekend, skywatchers got a rare treat. The planet Mars was bigger and brighter than it has been in a decade. That’s because Mars and the sun were aligned in “opposition.” When that happens, the planet shines extra bright in the night sky.\nA bonus was the fact that Mars is nearing its closest approach to Earth, so it appears larger than usual to us.\nIn the weeks before and after opposition, Mars is easy to view with the naked eye. So what happens, then, when you point humanity’s most famous telescope at it?\nBehold Mars, the cheddar-colored marble.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Julian Calendar Vs Gregorian Calendar: Numerology\n2023 March Equinox, New Moon and Solstices: The More you Know\nWelcome a New Cycle of Life\nOur hearts and minds intentions for this New Moon cycle that start on February 20th 2023, are, first of all, protection for our people and for our children all ways, always,+ and cleansing; getting rid of what no longer serves us. Getting rid of what no longer serve the greatest good.\nOver. Is. Done. With.\nOur intentions are for health, prosperity, wealth, courage; bravery, responsibility, discernment, family, spiritual wisdom, continuing learning, honor, liberty, natural law, and harmony, Be Read more [...]\nThe Winter Solstice, a Time for Reflection: Christmas\nBy looking at this picture, all that comes to mind, is the symbolic meeting of the planets at certain positions, according to Astrology in the Northern Hemisphere. And according to the times we are navigating through right now, that is the Winter Solstice on the 21st, follow on the 23rd with a new moon in Capricorn. Capricorn is an earth sign govern by Saturn, and it is the number ten sign.\nWe are still navigating through the energy of Sagittarius, that is govern by Jupiter. Sagittarius is the number Read more [...]\nAstrology and Eclipses Rules: New Moon Cycle in Scorpio+ Sam Bankman FTX\nRemember when we said, that eclipses always anticipate changes whether personal changes, or on a larger scale as that of earth’s changes, social economical changes, or changes in government, and or changes for the greatest good, etc. Well, not only eclipses anticipate changes, but astrology in general rules.\nActually, serious changes have been taking place since 2012 on earth, but more than ever, since the GREAT conjunction between planet Jupiter and Saturn on December 21st 2020 in Read more [...]\nFull Moon in Pisces on 9-10 of October 2022: Big Changes Ahead\nThis Full Moon in Pisces is Very significant. Significant because Pisces is the last sign of the zodiac. Pisces is a water sign. Pisces is also known as the sign that “let things go.” Meaning, it is the sign where all ends.\nThen next, right across from Pisces, is Aries. Aries as being the sign where all New things begins.\nThis Full Moon starts at midnight on the 9th of October and early morning on the 10th of October.\nAs we all know, Full Moon indicates some culmination and or a breaking Read more [...]\nFull Moon in Aquarius on 11th of August 2022: Planetary Events\nThis Full Moon in Aquarius, and according to astrology, is a sign for our humanity moving forward to a New Direction. This is very significant.\nAs we all know, the moon is about intuition, emotions; gut feeling, nurturing, and big meaning. Which is why she went to Aquarius for support! For support in our new way of living; new creation, and a new norm. And here as well, the moon has the support of Saturn and Uranus squaring the deal. Squaring this event that start a new beginning that will Read more [...]\nThe Astrological Sign of Leo: Rare Events\nAccording to astrology, from July 22 to August 23, the Sun is transiting the sign of Leo. Leo is the Latin name for Lion. This sign is the only one in the zodiac having a beast of prey for a symbol.\nWe all know that the characteristic of the lion is to blot out, to destroy; to annihilate. Literally, the sign of Leo means motion, and it has to do with the fifth parts of our body that are the heart and motor nerves. Further, we all know that August is the hottest period of the year, and August in Read more [...]\nSummer Solstice of 2022, and the Astrological Sign of Cancer: Wonders in the Sky\nThe Summer Solstice means that the Sun has reached the Highest point in the sky after a long journey that started where it ended. And that is in the Sign of Cancer on the date of June 21st, that is as well, the date of the Summer Solstice!\nOn that day of the 21st of June, the Sun entered the sign of Cancer, that for a fact is the house of the Moon; the house of the Mother, and there it is said, he rests for the longest day. Translation,= the Summer Solstice is the return of the Son= Read more [...]\nFull Moon in Sagittarius on June 14, 2022 : Signs in the Heavens\nBig Events in the heavens are taking place during the Full Moon in Sagittarius on June 14, 2022 and beyond. We have the Father and the Mother= Sun and the Moon both at 23 degrees opposites from each other. Twenty three= five= sovereignty.= the Holy Man. On one side we have the Sun in Gemini, whilst the Full Moon is in Ophiuchus/ Sagittarius. Ophiuchus is the Healer! The one that comes to self-realization in his life time by redeeming all his archetypes. Ophiuchus is Asclepius in Greek astrology. Read more [...]\nNavigating through the Lunar Eclipse on May 15-16 2022: Astrology\nLunar eclipses occur at the full moon phase. When Earth is positioned precisely between the Moon and Sun, Earth’s shadow falls upon the surface of the Moon, dimming it and sometimes turning the lunar surface a striking red for as long as six hours.~ quote\nAs we all should be aware of, lunar eclipses and solar eclipses are signs of changes occurring and or about to occurs all throughout our solar system. These changes occurs in a timely manner all throughout the year energetically, and that Read more [...]", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "The first Open-ended Working Group on Reducing Space Threats that’s been meeting all week in the Swiss city, is the result of a UN General Assembly resolution last December, seeking to promote “norms, rules and principles of responsible behaviours” among countries already present in the cosmos – or which are planning to have a presence in space.\n“The situation has changed dramatically in the last few decades. We have so many space activities there is a growing number of space-faring nations – and even those that are not space-faring are sending their own satellites,” explained Hellmut Lagos, chair of the working group talks.\n“There are so many activities and the regulations …are not enough to deal with the different risks and threats to the security of all those activities.”\nProgress on disarmament is a key priority of UN Secretary-General António Guterres, who recently reported on ways to reduce the “risks of misunderstanding and miscalculations” on outer space issues.\nTreaty revamp push\nAn international Outer Space Treaty already exists that forms the basis of international space law.\nIts main focus is on the peaceful “exploration and use of outer space, including the moon and other celestial bodies…for the benefit and in the interests of all countries…and shall be the province of all mankind”.\nIn keeping with the optimism of the era surrounding the space race, astronauts are described “as envoys of mankind”, and there is also a nod to today’s concerns over space pollution, with explicit wording that States must avoid the “harmful contamination” of space, the moon and other “celestial bodies”.\nRussia, the UK and the US provided the original impetus for the treaty, whose impressive title in full is “Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, Including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies”.\nBut the Outer Space Treaty is 55 years old and needs updating urgently, to take account of new space-based threats to global security – and the fact that all nations rely on space today for everything from navigation to communication, broadband and finance, explained Mr. Lagos:\n“The most basic things that we do in in modern life, they are dependent on these technologies and services that come from space: GPS, critical infrastructure, energy, everything, everything is controlled by space technologies…everyone is becoming increasingly aware of this issue.”\nChilean diplomat Lagos also pointed out that although nuclear and other weapons of mass destruction are banned in the 1967 space accord – “the cornerstone of the international space regime”, in his words – there was no way of knowing about today’s new generation of missile systems that can target satellites.\nEqually important, there is no review mechanism of the treaty as there is with other major treaties, Mr. Lagos noted, which is why all Member States need to find “common ground” on new norms, rules and principles, to plug legal gaps that might be exploited by space-faring nations.\nTo date, China, Indian Russia and the US have reportedly used anti-satellite (ASAT) technology, sparking concerns about attempts to weaponise space – and the fact that an unknown number of fragments may now be hurtling around around earth in low orbit, threatening spacecraft including the International Space Station.\nNASA astronaut Scott Kelly is seen floating during a spacewalk on 21 December 2015 as he and fellow astronaut Tim Kopra released brake handles on crew equipment carts on either side of the space station.\nUnderlining the increasing number of non-State actors involved in space exploration, Mr. Lagos welcomed the significant number of civil society representatives at the talks in Geneva, and the fact that countries from all regions of the world attended.\n“Civil society is extremely important, not only because there are an increasing number of non-State actors in space, but also because their participation in these multilateral processes, they give an additional layer of legitimacy to the result, to the outcome of the process.”\nAnd although global tensions are higher than they’ve been for decades, as a result of the Russian invasion of Ukraine on 24 February, the underlying push for consensus of the working group’s agenda has kept discussions on track, Mr. Lagos insisted.\nLast week, the head of Russia’s space agency reportedly confirmed that in response to sanctions over the war in Ukraine, Russia was planning to pull out of the International Space Station.\n“It is obvious that the geopolitical context now is really concerning and it has an impact on all the discussions and all the processes all over the world – that does not exclude us,” said Mr. Lagos.\n“But we are trying to have a positive momentum in this process at least to try to make progress because it is in everybody’s interest, and so far we have achieved that – we see that there is big engagement and interest in moving things forward.”\nThe next session of the Working Group is planned for September, where the item will be “current and future threats by States to space systems, and actions, activities and omissions that could be considered irresponsible”.\nNext year, the group will take up its item on the preparation of recommendations to the General Assembly.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "On 24 November China’s Chang’e-5 spacecraft blasted off to the moon in a historic mission that saw China attempt to become the first nation since 1976 to successfully bring samples of lunar rock back to earth.\nNow, it looks as though the Chang’e-5 spacecraft has moved one step closer to achieving that goal after it entered orbit around the moon on 28 November. The Chinese space agency reported the news after the spacecraft successfully fired its main engine at a distance of 400 kilometres away from the moon. Chang’e-5 fired its 3,000-Newton engine for around 17 minutes in total, which allowed the spacecraft to slow down enough to be captured by the moon’s gravity.\nTHIS. IS. JUST. AWESOME. !!!\nThis is video decoded from the 8455MHz high rate downlink @uhf_satcom received yesterday. All the work on the decoder and data analysis really paid off in the end!\nVideo shows solar panel of Chang’e-5 glistening in the sun and dust floating around. pic.twitter.com/FKc92kgskl\n— r00t (@r2x0t) November 25, 2020\nThe Chang’e-5 spacecraft is equipped with a lander that features a drill and a scoop which will be used to collect around 2 kilograms of lunar material that will then be placed a container aboard an ascent vehicle atop the lander, according to reports from Space.com.\nThe accent vehicle will then attempt to rendezvous and dock with the orbiter module waiting in lunar orbit after the material has been collected. If the Chinese space agency is able to land and collect lunar samples before successfully sending them back to Earth, they would be the first to do so since the Soviet Union in 1976.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "The Lunar “X” is an interesting formation created by the walls of craters Blanchinus, La Caille and Purbach that appears in the form of the letter X when illuminated by the Sun for a brief period of time around first quarter. The formation is also known as the Purbach Cross and the Werner X.\nThe optical illusion is relatively unknown because it is visible for only about 4 hours just before first quarter. The X stands out when just the rims of the craters are illuminated and the floors are in the deep shadows of lunar night along the terminator. When the Sun shines into the craters, the X blends into its surroundings, looking like the normal cratered lunar landscape.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "The Machinists Union played a major part in the May 17 successful launch of the United Launch Alliance’s Atlas V rocket carrying the U.S. Space Force X-37B autonomous spacecraft to orbit.\nThe launch from the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida was the successful start of USSF-7, which is the seventh flight of the Atlas V. ULA teamed with Boeing for the mission. Both aerospace companies employ IAM members who build rockets, work on launch teams and maintain facilities.\nThe classified mission was dedicated to health care workers, first responders and anyone else who has been affected by COVID-19.\n“We owe so much to the men and women of the Machinist Union who have made the space industry what it is today,” said Southern Territory General Vice President Rickey Wallace. “Day in and day out, IAM members working on the space coast put this country’s economy a step ahead by producing and maintaining some of the most sophisticated technology known to man. I am proud that the expertise of our dedicated membership continues to be an integral part of space exploration.”\nCongratulations 🎉 to our many IAM members who played a key part in Sunday’s successful launch of @ulalaunch #AtlasV rocket carrying the US Space Force X-37B autonomous spacecraft to orbit https://t.co/ABMyFflXhR\n— Machinists Union ✈️🚊🚀 (@MachinistsUnion) May 18, 2020\nThe U.S. Space Force is a new service branch of the U.S. Armed Forces.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "This week the Moon dances with the planets Mercury and Jupiter. At the end of the week you have a chance to see a few Delta Aquarid meteors. Make sure you take some time to look up. Here is your guide to the sky for July 24 – 30 , 2017…\nSpotless Sun, Dancing Moon\nSunrise this week is at 5:15 am and sunset at 8:08 pm. The past week it has been devoid of any sunspots which is a bit unusual. The Moon this week dances with Mercury early in the week, and Jupiter near the end of the week. On Monday and Tuesday a very thin waxing crescent frames Mercury immediately after sunset. On Monday look for it just below Mercury and very low on the horizon, Tuesday it is about a degree above Mercury and a bit easier to see. On Friday it passes three degrees south of the bright planet Jupiter. The Moon reaches First Quarter on Sunday at 11:23 am.\nPlanets for the week\nMercury visible in twilight after sunset reaches greatest elongation on Sunday, so this week is your best chance to see it for the month. With Moon assisting on Monday and Tuesday, why not try to catch the elusive one after sunset! Brilliant Jupiter is easy to spot in the southwest at sunset being the brightest object other than the Moon after twilight, and the Moon passes by it at the end of the week. Saturn is visible from sunset until around 2:30 am when it sets in the west. Mars is in conjunction with the Sun on Wednesday and it will be several weeks before we see the red planet in our skies again.\nLate July Meteors – Find Aquarius\nThe Delta Aquariid Meteor Shower is active beginning in mid-July until late-August, peaking at the end of this week. During the peak one can expect a maximum of 20 meteors. The shower is the remains of 96P Machholz. Aquarius rises around 11:00 pm in the southwest. It is a relatively faint group of stars. To find it, look for the Summer Triangle. Imagine drawing a line to the southwest from Vega going between Deneb and Altair and going past Delphinus and about the same distance again. There you will find the water jar, or main arrow head shaped group of stars that marks Aquarius. This is where the meteors will emanate from. Hope you see a few of these this week!\nISS and Mayak\nTuesday morning from 1:57 am to 2:04 am catch the International Space Station moving from northwest to east. Wednesday see it from 8:58 pm to 9:05 moving from west to east. On Friday see it from 8:50 pm to 8:57 pm travelling from west ti northeast for this week is the same day from 3:50 am to 3:56 am moving from northwest to east-southeast. A new Russian satellite called Mayak also makes some nice passes this week. Try seeing it on Wednesday morning from 12:06 am to 12:09 am moving from north to east. It makes a brighter pas on Thursday from 12:26 am to 12:29 am moving from north-northeast to north. On Saturday see it from 12:45 am to 12:49 am moving from north to northwest.\nCheck out the Moon and planet dance, see a few meteors, or catch the new Russian satellite. Happy summer stargazing and keep your eye on the sky!", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "There's plenty to do if you re sleepless in Seoul\nThe best time to see the Milky Way is on a summer night the only part of the year when you can see its center. By Kwon Hyuk-jae\nSummer nights in Korea can be cruel.\nDuring the rainy season, wet unpleasantness envelops the city, turning even a short stroll after work into a daunting and often damp task. Then summer kicks in full force, leading to sweltering, sleepless and sweaty nights.\nIt s an interesting irony, as the shortest nights of the year can actually seem like the longest.\nSo here we find ourselves today, weary from battling through most of the rainy season and bracing for the steamy humid nights.\nIn fact, it s already getting hot outside. On July 17, the lowest temperature of the day was 25 degrees Celsius (77 F), according to the Korea Metrological Administration. That s defined as a tropical day the first of the summer. It was the same story across the nation that day as well, with the lowest temperatures at 25.3 degrees in Gangneung, 25 in Gwangju, 28 in Jeju and 26.2 in Seogwipo.\nThe KMA said the hot temperatures are the result of a weakened monsoon that s lingering over the South Seas, causing gray, dreary weather that is blocking direct sunlight but is still pushing through warm, moist air.\nSo how can you beat the heat on these sleepless summer nights?\nWell, you can groan and whine about how hot it is.\nOr you can try to enjoy it by taking advantage of some sites and scenic spots that come to life when the sun goes down.\nIn fact, summer nights often are more splendid than summer days.\nThe bright city lights seem to glow with a greater intensity during the hot months, perhaps because so many people are having trouble sleeping.\nSome of the top nighttime views can be seen on and around the Han River bridges.\nA highly recommended spot is the new Cafe Rainbow on the Hannam Bridge, which provides visitors with views that previously could only be seen from a ferry. Gwangjin Bridge, built especially for pedestrians, is also a good place to view the night scenery.\nYoung people wind surf on the Han River near Banpo Bridge on a tropical night. By Kwon Hyuk-jae\nThe lower part of the bridge, which has been converted into an observation platform, has glass floors (don t worry, they re strong), making it seem as though you re floating over the river.\nIf you want a bird s-eye view of the shimmering city, stroll on over to N Seoul Tower. Or just look at it from a distance, as the structure itself serves as a giant LED light, changing colors and patterns every so often throughout the night.\nPerhaps the best way to enjoy a summer night is to find a secluded spot to relax and gaze up at the majestic Milky Way. Summer is in fact the only time of the year when you can see its very center. For those who are a bit bolder, you can join plenty of other Koreans and take a leisurely night hike up a mountain.\nBy Han Eun-hwa, Son Min-ho [email@example.com]\nLook toward the heavens to beat the heat\nStargaze in the summer? Under that dreary gray thing you call the sky? Amid the suffocating humidity? Ha!\nO.K., perhaps spending an evening sprawled out in a grassy area staring toward the heavens doesn t initially sound like the best way to spend a summer night. Many locals say the prime stargazing season is autumn, when the nights are long and the skies are clear.\nBut you shouldn t write it off entirely for the summer. After all, there are plenty of stars that can only be seen by the human eye in the summer. And did we mention you can also catch a glimpse of Jupiter for the next few months? We ll get back to that in a bit.\nFor now, let s explore some of the best stargazing sights and observation spots in and around Seoul.\nThe highlight this summer is easily the Milky Way, a sparkling river of 100 billion shimmering stars. The best time to see it is from 9 to 11 p.m. But this celestial beauty, which resembles a sprinkle of fine powdered silver, can be a bit difficult to spot. You must find a secluded area where there isn t much man-made light, which can be a challenge in Seoul. Considering this, the outskirts of the city are better than the center.\nAn elevated area such as a hill or the top of a high-rise building is recommended. You also must remember to give your eyes time to adjust to the darkness, so avoid looking at bright lights such as cell phone screens.\nWhile viewing the Milky Way, spend some time searching for the star Vega, located in the constellation Aquila, and the star Altair in the constellation Lyra. These stars are on the same plain, with the Milky Way flowing between them. By connecting them with the Deneb at the tail of the constellation Cygnus, you can make the great summer triangle. Because all three of them belong to the brightest class of stars, they can all be located even amid the bright city lights.\nA must-see this summer is Jupiter, which is fitting, given that it s also the 400th anniversary since Galileo created the first telescope. Through this telescope, Galileo observed four moons circling Jupiter, proving that the Earth did indeed move around the Sun. To honor this achievement, the International Astronomical Union and Unesco dubbed 2009 the year of astronomy. Jupiter is visible from now until September. By observing the moons of Jupiter through a telescope, you can ponder the significance of Galileo s discovery.\nNow, you ve just got to find the perfect place to see these nighttime sights.\nHere are some suggestions:\nAstrovil is located at the top of the 650-meter (2,132 feet) Mount Chiak in Gangwon Province. In 1999, it was designated as a starlight reserve, so any type of light that might hamper observation is strictly prohibited. Because of this, it s even easy to mistake the shimmering Milky Way for a cloud. Astrovil is hosting a children s summer stargazing camp called Finding the Milky Way next Wednesday and again on Aug. 10,\nIt is located in Hoengseong County, Gangwon. For more information, call (033) 342-9023.\nIt takes about 20 minutes by car to get to the Songam Observatory from Gupabal-dong, Eunpyeong District, northern Seoul. Public transportation also serves the area. The largest observatory in the nation, visitors can stay overnight to fully immerse themselves in the experience. A program called The Challenger Learning Center, created by the U.S.-based Challenger Foundation, allows people to experience what it s like to be in outer space. If you have time, be sure to check out the nearby Jangheung Art Park and Jasaek Arboretum.\nIt is located in Yangju City, Gyeonggi Province. (031) 894-6000.\nThis place is filled with programs that offer stargazing activities. Its main program lets visitors see the Moon, Jupiter and Saturn in addition to other planets, star clusters and outer galaxies. Reservations are required for this program. Also, because the observatory is located in a nature reserve on Mount Myeongji, you can also see fireflies weaving through the dark fabric of the night.\nIt is located in Gapyeong County, Gyeonggi. (031) 585-0482.\nNature and Star Observatory\nThis observatory allows visitors to view the stars and participate in discussions focusing on such topics as why stars shine and how they are born. Tucked deep inside a nearby forest, it is a cute and cozy structure built with Finnish pine trees.\nIt is located in Gapyeong County, Gyeonggi. (031) 581-4001.\nAstro Cafe (Mount Jungmi Observatory)\nLocated in the middle of the Jungmi Recreation Forest, one can enjoy both a therapeutic walk through the forest and a stargazing experience simultaneously. Astronomy specialists serve as guides, telling captivating stories about the stars above.\nIt is located in Yangpyeong County, Gyeonggi. (031) 771-0306.\nNocturnal climb offers stellar views both above and below\nOne of the most popular leisure activities during the summer is nighttime mountain climbing.\nOnce considered an extreme sport suitable only to professional mountain climbers, it has evolved into a popular activity among everyday Koreans.\nAt exit 6 of Sadang Station, for example, you ll often see people with backpacks at night preparing for a hike. Sadang Station is the starting point of the Mount Gwanak climbing route.\nHowever, there are things to keep in mind before you decide to take up this challenge.\nFirst, it is better to choose a mountain in the heart of the city where you can enjoy the lights down below and catch public transportation after you re done.\nThat s why Mount Gwanak, Mount Acha and Mount Surak in Seoul are particularly crowded during summer nights. The same can be said for Mount Palgong in Daegu and Mount Geumjeong in Busan. Remember, however, that you cannot climb Mount Bukhan at night. Climbing a mountain in a national park at night is prohibited and carries a fine of 500,000 won ($396.80).\nMany night climbers enjoy 12-hour excursions that last until dawn.\nOne such course starts from Uijeongbu in Gyeonggi Province, winds to the peaks of Mount Surak and Mount Bulam and finally ends at Mount Acha, where you can enjoy the sun rising over the Han River.\nHowever, this is not an easy challenge for inexperienced mountain climbers, and novices or casual hikers should probably choose a hike that takes no more than three hours.\nWhen selecting a hiking path, it s a good idea to make sure that there are plenty of ridge lines.\nThis way, you will be able to enjoy a beautiful night view and cool breezes. Without these views, there would really be no point in climbing mountains smack dab in the dead of night, after all.\nPlanning a route that winds through valleys is also a good idea, as the sound of water will help you find your way should you get lost.\nThere are also several other precautions you should follow.\nDon t plan a night hike alone even if you re an experienced professional climber. And make sure you bring a long-sleeved shirt or a windbreaker.\nAlso, it is vital that you bring a lantern or a flashlight. It s best to get the kind of light attached to a headband so you can keep both hands free for climbing. You can find these in the city for as little as 30,000 won.\nAdditionally, avoid climbing on a cloudy night. Instead, choose a crisp, clear evening, preferably one with a full moon, to get the most out of the experience.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "London, United Kingdom\nPhotograph - Photograph\nCentaurus constellation. Optical image of the southern constellation Centaurus, the centaur. North is at top. At lower left is Alpha Centauri (or Rigel Kentaurus, the left one of the two bright stars). This is the nearest visible star to Earth, lying just 4.3 light years away. To its right is Hadar (Beta Centauri). Further to the right is the constellation Crux, the Southern Cross. Just below and to the left of Crux is a dark area in the Milky Way known as The Coal Sack. This is a nearby dust cloud which obscures the bright Milky Way stars behind it. At bottom right corner is the pink Eta Carinae nebula, with the constellation Corvus, the crow, at upper right.\nMay 13th, 2013\nViewed 89 Times - Last Visitor from Moscow, Moscow - Russian Federation on 07/01/2015 at 2:01 PM", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Leroy Gordon (Gordo) Cooper Jr Gordon Cooper This nOde last updated September 28th, 2001 and is permanently morphing... (10 Et'znab... . Naissance : 6 mars 1927, à Shawnee, Oklahoma, États-Unis. Antécédent : Pilote de l'Armée de l'air... Gordon Cooper was one of the original Mercury Seven astronauts and the first man to go into orbit... Gordon Cooper , un des membres de la première mission habitée Mercury et pionnier du programme... 'Gordon Cooper' 1963. launch of Mercury Atlas 9 rocket with astronaut Gordon Cooper onboard from launch Pad 14 at... Deborah Gordon Cooper, honorable mention in the category of Poetry for Under the Influence of Lilacs Mr. Gordon Cooper Leroy Gordon Cooper, Jr., Mercury astronaut. (NASA) NASA / AP file Gordon Cooper in his space suit in July 1965. May 14, 2013 The Right Stuff: Gordon Cooper Remembered 50 Years After Mercury Mission by editor Lee... Gordon Cooper , Mercury 9 Pilot, Gemini V Command Pilot September 10, 1964 Retour à la galerie Espace Gordon Cooper Publicity photo of Mercury astronaut Gordon Cooper. (NASA) Los Angeles, May 20 : Hollywood actor Bradley Cooper is reportedly taking cooking lessons from... John Glenn - personalized. $175 ...Beckley, UFO Casebook Files Gordon Cooper & UFOs: AN ASTRONAUT SPEAKS OUT by Timothy Green Beckley http://www.coverbrowser.com/image/life/1376-1.jpg That photo, by the way, is of Gordon Cooper, back... Le colonel Leroy Gordon Cooper Jr, un des 7 astronautes pionniers de la mission Mercury, qui a... © Gordon Cooper, with his Gemini 5 crewmate Pete Conrad. (NASA) Whilst the world has changed much since then with very different challenges and priorities, all of... Gordon Cooper is introduced in the theater Faith 7, Gordon Cooper, Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX Mission(s): © Gordon Cooper, the youngest of all Mercury astronauts and the first man to sleep in space, sees... Gordon Cooper, as seen on May 16, 1963, after splashing down on his Faith 7 Mercury spacecraft. ...", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Each observation night, telescopes all around the world issue alerts based on what they observe on the sky (see figure below). These alerts are typically streamed to other places, where the stream is analysed and the relevance of each alert is asserted in order to take a decision on the next steps to perform. Such decisions include for example retrieving a set of previous observations and extract the scientific information, sometimes hidden on a longer time-scale than the alert itself (transient objects, new objects, …). Given the unprecedented precision of next generation of telescopes, the stream of alerts will be made of millions of alerts per night, reaching the TB per night, and decisions and actions must be taken extremely fast.\nTypical flow of alerts in astronomy. Raw data are collected by the telescope every nights, and alerts are issued by the Alert System. These alerts are streamed to other places, and treated by brokers (red). Brokers need to assess the relevance of the alerts, correlate corresponding alert data with external data (raw data or previous processed alerts for example) if needed, and produce scientific products for further analyses. Dashed lines represent stream processes.\nOur group is investigating a broker solution based on Apache Spark streaming capabilities. First, the student will develop a prototype for prompt handling of the received and accepted alerts. The prototype will store those alerts in temporary storage, receive related data, pre-process them and send notifications (via Slack, sms, Twitter, …) in case of alerts considered as urgent. Second, the student will focus on optimizing communications and data transfer between the broker and external databases, allowing fast correlation between alerts (and data alerts) at different timescales. S/he will specifically work on developing tools to enable fast detection of transients in telescope images (signal correlated in time) at different timescales. Finally if time allows, we propose to the student to focus on the input side of the broker and particularly the fast decoding and manipulation of the stream of alerts. S/he will develop tools to optimize the Apache Spark broker interface with Kafka used by our alert system, and tools to reduce latency in asserting the relevance of the alerts. Datasets will be mock data specifically simulated for this project by our group.\nUltimately, the developments will be integrated in the Apache Spark-based broker solution developed by the group at LAL.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "3042 Galaxies are Intelligent Living Beings\nNew findings in gravitational astronomy confirm an 800-year-old physics theory. The data show that event horizons of black holes have macroscopically structured envelopes. This proves the theory of hyper-isochoric scaling of the spin graph quantum spacetime at supermassive black holes.\nMore than 1000 years of astronomical data on galactic dynamics are reviewed returning amazing results: supermassive black holes are intelligent beings. They live many million times slower than we do. Yet, they actively manipulate their own galaxy on time scales of millions of years and move purposefully in intergalactic space.\nJust above the event horizon of super massive black holes (SMBH) there is a layer of chaotic space-time fluctuations where patterns of organized structures can emerge. The complexity of these emergent – self-organisating – structures is comparable to the brain of other intelligent beings, possibly even much greater.\nUnder the conditions near the event horizon, spacetime is subject to a strong relativistic dilation. Just above the event horizon, where the dilation tends toward infinity, there is a shell around the SMBH where spacetime is isochorically – volume preserving – scaled up to macroscopic dimensions. This means, that the spin quantum numbers of space quanta are identical at scales far above the Planck length. Hence the space-time quanta become macroscopic. Even closer to the event horizon the space-time quanta reach astronomical scales. Finally, the event horizon itself is a single space-time quantum, frozen by infinite time dilation. The edge of the black hole, the event horizon is at the same time astronomically large and infinitesimally small. It basically is a giant point in space.\nJust above the event horizon where dilation is not yet infinite, there are macroscopic quantum fluctuations of spacetime happening in slow motion. These macro-quanta interact with their environment. They react to external magnetic fields and they influence each other. Mutual interactions and feedback enable the formation of oscillations, of standing waves, semi-permanent patterns, and of other self-organized structures. In some cases, such structures are processing and storing information. Each of them extending over many scaled space quanta and therefore also being of macroscopic size, meters or even kilometers. Their number is very large because the volume in which these processes take place is enormous. It is the envelope of the event horizon with a radius of millions or even billions of kilometers and a ridiculously large surface. The quantum shell of a supermassive black hole is a kind of graviton-based computer the size of a solar system. Its information processing is so complex that it resembles cognitive processes.\nHowever, its size also means that information processing is slow because the speed of light is always the same, even at the event horizon. Gravitational effects of space-time fluctuations propagate at the speed of light while having to bridge astronomical distances. Therefore, information processing take place on a vastly different time scale compared to our brains. The fastest vegetative reaction to sensory stimuli can take days instead of milliseconds as in our case, which makes their perceived time much slower. Thought processes might well be 100 million times slower than ours.\nFor these \"beings\" a full galactic rotation then subjectively takes only a few years, instead of our 250 million years. Being born a few hundred million years after the Big Bang they built their galaxies by growing – grazing – on intergalactic matter, later even assimilating – feeding on – other galaxies. This process took billions of years. Hence there was no time for multiple generations and evolution as we know it. Since there was not enough time for them to develop evolutionarily, all structures must be emergent.\nThere is evidence in the astronomical data that large galaxies show planned behavior. At a distance of 430 million light-years there is a galaxy cluster where 15 galaxies with large SMBHs surround 300 smaller galaxies. Their vectors resemble a coordinated encircling motion. The galaxy cluster, which previously had the anonymous name CL-153-356, was therefore renamed Wolfpack-3042A.\nThese supposedly intelligent beings are now called Simbas. The term is derived from the abbreviation SMBH with reference to their predator-like behavior. This name distinguishes the \"thinking\" envelope of the event horizon from the underlying black hole. The SMBH is only the generator while the Simba is an emergent being and the galaxy is its body.\nSimulations show that millions of solar masses are necessary for cognitive processes. It can be concluded that the Simbas of small galaxies live mostly vegetatively. If at all, they react reflexively to their environment. However, there are also doubts because in our biology reflexes had been developed by evolution instead of emerging in just one generation. This means that small galaxies do not react and that they are more like our plants in the intergalactic food chain. Larger Simbas probably have higher cognitive processes and would thus take the role of our animals: herbivores or predators.\nPredatory hunting though requires purposeful movements. Simbas can certainly influence the magnetic field of their black hole allowing them to move in intergalactic magnetic fields. They probably also control the jets of their black hole. So, they can generate thrust to change directions at will. Unfortunately, seeing only a snapshot we cannot easily determine whether the movements are purposeful or arbitrary. We know that galaxies are influenced not only by gravity but also by magnetic fields, jets and density waves in interstellar gas. But we do not know if these are conscious and intentional influences. We can only draw conclusions from formation like Wolfpack-3042A.\nThe question is whether planned and coordinated behavior must necessarily be associated with intelligence. Considering our terrestrial fauna higher cognitive functions almost inevitably lead to consciousness. Dolphins and monkeys for example recognize themselves in mirrors, the difference to human consciousness being only gradual. Although the analogy between galactic predators and terrestrial animals may impose itself, we must be careful with simple deductions, for it is questionable whether the mechanisms of evolutionarily developed biological brains can be transferred to emergently organized aggregates of upscaled quantum fluctuations at galactic supermassive black holes, even though both have the ability to think. Nevertheless, it is now assumed that all large SMBHs have Simbas with conscious intelligence.\nIn principle, the required organization is a random effect. This could mean that it occurs only sporadically. So, there might be only few conscious galactic beings in a large biotope of non-intelligent galaxies. But model calculations show that the self-organisation of an initially chaotic space-time is almost inevitable. The first pattern formation is spontaneous and random. Then the organized patterns expand until the cover the entire envelope of the event horizon. The ordering is a phase change like the crystallization of a liquid where a crystal nucleus in a supercooled liquid spontaneously arranges the entire liquid into the crystal structure. The randomly occurring phase change event can take a long time to start. But after 13 billion years probably all large SMBHs have generated their Simbas.\nIf we consider that the motion of large Simbas and their galaxies is planned rather than random, then collisions of galaxies appear in a different light. When a small galaxy collides with a large one, we can assume that the small galaxy is eaten by the other. Stars and gas of the prey galaxy are added to the hunter's galaxy body. The central black hole of the prey is swallowed by the large SMBH increasing the capacity of the Simba.\nCollisions of galaxies with roughly equally large SMBHs end more dramatically, either by violently merging or by destroying both galaxies. All the collisions we observe with large SMBHs are intentional, by one or by both parties. Yet, mergers of large galaxies also allow another interpretation. Since the merging of Simbas significantly changes and enlarges their capacity, two individuals become a more powerful new one. In this case the collision would be an intentional process in order to make a big step forward on the intelligence scale. Such an event may be intended by both parties or imposed by one on the other.\nIf we now assume that this process cannot be an instinctive act, since instinct and reflexes are evolutionary and not emergent properties, then the question arises what drives galaxies to merge and how do they know that merging may be advantageous. A possible answer is that Simbas actually have logical and foresighted thought processes, so they are not just the equivalent of only our animals. A quite plausible theory, which is supported by simulations, assumes that SMBHs develop conscious intelligence very quickly after the phase transition to an ordered regime. For smaller SMBHs this takes statistically longer. Therefore, smaller SMBHs are usually not intelligent. All large ones are intelligent individuals, their capacity growing with the volume of their macroscopic quantum envelope, in other words: with the mass of the SMBH.\nTheir processing power might even grow with the square of the mass. An SMBH that is a thousand times bigger than Sagittarius A in our Milky Way, has a quantum envelope that is a million times larger. However, this does not mean that they are a million times more intelligent. Presumably, intelligence is not directly proportional to capacity and there may also be certain limiting factors unknown to us. But it is quite possible that there are galaxies out there that are much more intelligent than we are: super-intelligences of galactic size in extreme slow motion.\nThey would probably be far superior to us if only they were to notice us. But galaxies are not interested in us biological beings. They are living slowly on a grand scale. They only notice events that last a million years affecting millions of stars. The rise and fall of our empires complete evades them. We are the microbes of our galaxy. Only a civilization of 2.5 on the Kardashev scale could cause stomachache to our galaxy. Until we are there, the Milky Way lives its life, and we live ours, spatially interwoven, but still completely independent, separated by different time scales and orders of magnitude.\nUntil now, it has been assumed that our Milky Way and the Andromeda galaxy will collide in four billion years. However, we now know that galaxies can change their motion voluntarily at any time – in time scales of millions of years. Perhaps there is no collision intended at all. Maybe they are just getting closer. Both are flying in the direction of the so-called Great Attractor, a gravitational anomaly 200 million light-years away. Their common speed of 700 km/s is much higher than their relative motion. And since their current distance is only 1/100 of the total distance to the Great Attractor, they are much more flying side by side than into each other anyway.\nMilky Way and Andromeda are not just passive objects attracted by gravity. They are connected by faint streams of stars and bridges of intergalactic hydrogen and might well be considered two friends holding hands on their long journey to the Great Attractor.\n2532 The Outer System Wipe\n2626 Imperial Bureaucracy\n2648 Adventurous Journey\n2786 A Development Phenomenon\n2791 A Contour Vehicle Comes to Visit\n2794 Prophet of the Galactic Traders\n2997 Progress in the Reconquista of Sol\n3042 Galaxies are Intelligent Living Beings\n3061 End of the Warring Swarms Period\nThe Great Expansion\nThere are still lots of small an short entries. The are great ideas and great milestones. They deserve more detail and love. First results of the expansion campaign:\n2136 1000 in Space\n2154 New Living Space\n2155 Asteroid Mining\n2158 Space Patrol\n2179 Private Asteroid Base\n2182 End of Venus Terraforming\n2187 Moon Deportations\n2192 Anti-Expansionist Terror\n2197 Lunar Revolt\n2205 Corporate Cosmos\n2222 Space Piracy", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Planetary Times Newsletter\nClassroom Publicity Kit\nArchived Online Chats\nOrbital Laboratory® Payload III\nCurrent events for August 28, 2018\nReturn to calendar\nEvents in space history for 08/28:\nSoyuz 15 landed after unsuccessful docking attempt with Salyut 3 orbiting space station laboratory (1974).\nGeorge Whipple, astrophysicist, born (1878).", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "The Fusion Of Art And Sunlight\nOnce upon a time people had many ways of celebrating the beauty and warmth of the sun. Ceremonies, steeped in tradition, called for its light to come down to Earth and invited it to shine in our hearts and mind. Wrapped in sunlight, even deserted places began to feel whole again.\nWe don’t know if Hungarian artist Istvan Csekk tried to match this poetry, but he surely imagined the beautiful Sun to be part of a special animated collage. With his Shining series, he integrated the Sun in deserted places on Earth again, animated, turning… in a dreamlike attempt to catch the pulsating, ancient glow yet again.\nThis article was originally published on pionic.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Black/New Moon- Solar Eclipse Meditation Circle Fire Ceremony\nPre Sale $25.00 until August 20, 2017- Entrance $30.00\nEl Despacho is located in Reseda, California. Private Residence. Location Details will be disclosed upon receipt of payment.\nDoors Open at 7:15 PM Sacred Space Begins at 7:30 PM – We Close Sacred Space at 9:30 PM\n- Guided Meditation\n- Setting Intentions Ritual\n- Despacho Fire Ceremony\nWe welcome dedicated, authentic seekers of awe and truth and beauty. All sales are final. No refunds or exchanges will be issued for any reason.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "does anyone have measurements of the Utility Bag? Is it big enough to fit a camera and a couple markers?\nIf you have a small point-and-shoot, it might work. But if you're talking about a DSLR-sized camera then nope. I bought it for that and it is way small, fits my wallet and keys and maybe a few other random things.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Night and Day in Lofoten\n- yerevantsi (859)\n- [2004-04-16 8:00]\nNever seen such an experiment. Nice idea.\n* You may like to fix the horizon.\n* You may also consider decreasing stars' size for a more natural look.\n- joso (136)\n- [2004-04-16 8:01]\nA very good example for what one can make with the software from today, Jack.\nThe only thing I miss are the much more stars, they are to see so up in the north as the Lofoten, where the sky seems to be much nearer as here in Germany.\nInteresting to see the same place in day and quasi-night-shot, and this in \"one\" photo.\nGood idea, well done\n- mortijo (298)\n- [2004-04-16 8:27]\nExcellent idea! It is nice to see how imaginative and creative we are getting. The nec plus ultra would have been of course to paste in the night sky of that lattitude. But as my old mother used to say: \"They'll never be happy! Give them a hand and they will claim the whole arm.\"\n- Avigur (747)\n- [2004-04-16 10:50]\nIn order to fake it operfectly you had to add the reflections of the moon and the stars in the water. You also had to blur the lighthouse's light a bit.\nAmazing post processing, Jack, and a wonderful result. I like it very much.\n- manny (11941)\n- [2004-04-16 12:59]\nI like the juxtaposition of these two pics. I like both of these pictures. Great!\n- nwoehnl (0)\n- [2004-04-16 16:02]\nCool stuff, Jack. The unimproved day version is a beautiful \"traditional\" landscape view, and your night version is sheer fun. Agree with Sherlock Yitzhak's comments, but hey if going to nasa.gov and fetching the moon to insert it into your pix doesn't deserve full score then I don't know what else does ;-) Well done, very creative.\n- Jep (585)\n- [2004-04-16 17:03]\nVery nice work Jack - and practical - I saved you and us for an extra trip to the north. Great to see what can be done with a photo - Ok perhaps a moon reflection would be even better like Yitzhak surest - but I like it, thanks for sharing.\n- livios (396)\n- [2004-11-30 19:37]\nJack, you did a great job. At least that's what I think. Through technology, you concocted something beautiful. And, after all, this is what we are looking for - beauty - isn't it?\nI wish I had the ability you have to deal with PhotoShop or whatever browser you used.\n- Didi (213)\n- [2008-11-02 15:16]\nVery interesting experience\nI prefer of course the night one with the fake Orion constellation.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "I don't know if this is possible or difficult (or desireable for anyone else)\nbut I think it would be very nice if the now playing list would automatically scroll BEFORE the current track hits the bottom... maybe keep the current track in the center (and highlighted)? obviously it would have to allow manual override if you scroll up or down with the arrows.\nthe reason I suggest this is that I frequently look to see what the upcoming track is going to be, and if the current track is at the bottom of the list, I have to manually scroll down a full \"page\" to see what's next.\nLike it, think it was suggested way way back :-) but so was a million other things, veetid got 99% of them\nXP Pro, CF 2.0-newest| Pioneer HU with 7\" flip-out (EQ, Surround)\nEpia V10000 + nVidia FX5200, Opus 150w, 7\" Lilliput, DVD* SlotIn, Wavelan, Bluetooth, GPS, WebCams, DVB-T", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "(New York City metro area) and countdown the days until it happens on your website, blog, or MySpace page!\" />\nBrothers of the Sun Tour featuring Kenny Chesney and Tim McGraw\nBy viewing our video content, you are accepting the terms of our Video Services Policy.\nPick a recent location\nadvantage of our hand-crafted interface.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "For writing something on the Calendar we need to require some space so that we can write down important facts etc. Here is the February 2019 Calendar PDF, Excel, Word for you so that you can Printable Calendar with different design.\nCalendar Excel February 2019\nGet about Printable 2019 Calendar from the link provided to you can enjoy the images with in the site. You can download it at free of cost.\n2019 Calendar February PDF\nFebruary Calendar 2019 Word", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Metropolis (1927). Dir. Fritz Lang.\nSome sweet BTS photos from last week’s music video shoot I shot for Deviations.\nPhotos by Mike Edwards\nIf you look up, you’ll have a nice view of your mom’s ass eclipsing in the night sky.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "25 August 2015\n24 August 2015\n23 August 2015\nThe Altai Range with the White River - Tsaagan Gol.\n20 August 2015\n19 August 2015\nAfter a full day teaching, the next day was spent traveling further west to the Altai Mountain range, in a place where Russia, Mongolia, China and Kazakhstan come together.\nPit stop, pee stop or a flat tire\nMid-desert meeting meet-up!", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Top ZZOOI Binoculars Price List 2020\nAvailable in Lazada S$ 37.00\nS$ 110.00 Go to Shop\nZZOOI Binoculars Singapore\nSome of the best ZZOOI Binoculars are BIJIA 10x42 Monocular Telescope Fully Coated Optics mini monocular Hunting Concert Spotting Scope, 4K 8-24X30mm Super Telephoto Zoom Monocular Telescope Racing Beach Birds Watching GDeals and Moge 50X HD Zoom Optical Lens Camera Monocular Telescope Mobile Phone Camera Telescope If you are not sure whether to purchase ZZOOI Binoculars, you might want to check out these products from Vision, Prism and Power. iPrice Singapore offers ZZOOI Binoculars for as low as S$ 14.00 up to as much as S$ 54.00. If you buy ZZOOI Binoculars, you can get 67% off from its original price!", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "TRAVIS REYNOLDS 6'10\" HOT BUTTER\nShipping calculated at checkout.\nA popular mid from Travis thats well suited for southern CA. The template is a bit wider with a little vee on the bottom to help transition rail to rail. Alex traveled to Space to come up with the inspiration on the lamination. Single fin set up and ready to party day and night.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Pileated Woodpecker (male)\nI finally found one of these that stayed put for a while so I could get some shots. I chased him all over the woods one evening until he settled down enough for some images. Made my day!\nTaken on March 14, 2012", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "The Sun returns to your sign for the first time since last March. Aries a Cardinal fire sign also delivers us the beginning of spring. Venus planet of love will join Mars the planet of action and the transiting Sun in the sign of the impulsive ram enhancing the way you look and feel. If there is someone you have had your eye on you will not want to delay asking them out any longer, go to that new hot spot, try that new restaurant; you should be feeling on top of the world right about now.\nThe Sun and your ruling planet, Venus enter the fiery and impulsive sign of Aries this week and slide into your solar 12th house of times now past. The bulls’ nature is rather slow and methodical and you may discover difficulty with all this spontaneous energy gathering in the sky. The transiting planets will join Uranus planet of shock and rebellion in your solar 12th house bringing to the forefront suppressed feelings and thoughts. Schedule time this week to just be, getting in touch with deep longings, acknowledge your feelings and release them. Your time to shine will be here soon enough; this is a period of rest before the big birthday reveal.\nThe Sun and Venus planet of love and beauty enter your solar 11th house of like minded friends, hopes and wishes. Your mind is open to the world at large as you spend your time considering your place amongst the vast sea of people. The cluster of planets in fire sign of Aries are encouraging you to make a difference, get some close friends together for a food drive; consider your contribution towards making this planet a better place to live! Get energized, become supersized; remember when you begin to help others you may encounter those who in turn can help you fulfill some of your own hopes and wishes.\nWith the transiting Sun and Venus joining planet of action Mars all in the sign of high spirited Aries you will likely encounter power struggles this week. Cancer and Aries are both cardinal signs, known for initiating tasks and ushering in new seasons. Cancer allows its heart to lead whereas Aries leads on impulse. For Cancer things have to “feel” right, for others not so much. Bruised egos are likely this week, now is an opportune time to show a thick skin, put on a poker face and never allow anyone to get the better of you.\nMaybe you want to return to school; perhaps get that Masters Degree after all or perhaps you are considering some hands on learning experience and want to sign up for an introductory wine class in Napa Valley or Macedonia, Greece. One thing is certain you are thirsty for knowledge. If money is an issue sign up for a certificate course at your local college or attend a webinar you found on meetup.com. You do not have to shell out big bucks simply look around learning experiences are everywhere.\nYou can breathe a sigh of relief; the planets are shifting gears from your opposing sign of Pisces into the high spirited sign of Aries. This week the transiting Sun and Venus leave the intuitive sign of Pisces and into the sign of self Aries. While the planet of love was placed in Pisces the urge was too merge with another, now that it is entering Aries; we are reminded when you fall in love do not lose yourself. The cosmic shift should alleviate any pressure you have been receiving in the partnership arena. Virgo a sign of service shouldn’t discount their own needs for the sake of others; all partnerships require 50/50 effort to be successful.\nPartnerships take center stage again this week as the transiting Sun and Venus planet of amore enter your opposing sign of Aries and join Mars planet of action and wild card Uranus in your solar 7th house of partnerships. The song Hot N Cold by Katy Perry could very much be your theme song this week. Should you stay? Should you go? Should you demote their status to friends without benefits? It’s going to be a wild ride relationship wise, my advice is to hold on tight or let go quickly.\nJust when you thought things were smooth sailing, more changes are in order. Uranus planet of shock remains in your 6th house of daily activities and work, where it will remain for the next several years. Joined by the transiting Sun, Mars and Venus a lot of focus is on your daily activities. I know you would rather adhere to a strict routing but now is not the time for that. It is best to remain open and try to adapt to your ever changing environment. Remember where ever Uranus is you can expect the unexpected and for you that is in your 6th house of daily activities.\nThe transiting Sun enters the fire sign of Aries this week, joining Mars planet of action and followed by Venus planet of love. This is great news for Sagittarius Suns; you and Aries have much in common. High energy Check, Risk Takers Check Impulsive Check. Sagittarius Suns’ playful and risky nature is enhanced this week! Clearly you want to dance the night away, spend time with your newest “friend” and sign up for a grand adventure. You may as well take this week off from work and school because your spirit is eager to go, get out and have some fun!\nChanges in the home continue with the planet of the unexpected, Uranus transiting your solar 4th house for many years to come. Perhaps you are on the move, have signed up for major renovation, or maybe people are coming and going from your household unexpectedly. Something is unsettled in the home arena and this is further enhanced now that the transiting Sun, Mars, and Venus are all huddled beside heavy hitter Uranus. You can’t ignore the ever changing environment now, with the transiting Sun serving as a light shining down on all that is happening. Remain open to change Capricorn and remember you are a cardinal earth sign that is built to endure.\nSchedule some time with siblings or plan a short getaway with friends. The transiting planets are lining up in your solar 3rd house of siblings and short distance travel. The transiting Sun joins Mars and is quickly followed by Venus in the fire sign of Aries lending you the gusto to get out and get going. Fire signs give the air signs the fuel to fulfill dreams and make plans. Now that Mercury has gone direct; I see easy travel in your future. Bon Voyage\nMoney Money Money! The party is over; your month long birthday celebrations have subsided now that the Transiting Sun has entered the sign of Aries thus declaring the spring season. It is time to get serious now about your finances. What are you spending? How much are you earning? Look at those receipts and credit card statements oh my! Get yourself on a strict budget and adhere to it, perhaps pick up a book from your local library by financial guru Suze Orman; do not delay it any further. The time has come to plan your financial future.\nWritten By: Danielle Arias", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Following up my earlier post, I've been doing some back of the envelope math and here's what I've come up with.\n1 gram of antimatter annihilating 1 gram of ordinary matter would release 3 times the amount of energy as the Hiroshima bomb (per Wikipedia). There are 1,000 grams in kilogram.\nTherefore, annihilating 1 kilogram of antimatter would release 3,000 times more energy than the Hiroshima bomb. This would exceed the largest nuclear bomb ever, the Tsar Bomba, which released about 1,500 times the energy of the Hiroshima bomb.\nSay you take a person of ordinary build who weighs 70 kilograms (154 lbs.). If you took 70 kilograms of antimatter and used it to annihilate that person, the result would be an explosion 210,000 the size of Hiroshima.\nThat's not enough in and of itself to blow up the Earth. The asteroid that killed the dinosaurs is thought to have released a billion times more energy than the Hiroshima bomb, but the explosion would be roughly 140 times bigger than the largest nuclear weapon ever detonated.\nThis is just for one person. Freddy was apparently talking about using antimatter to annihilate the remnants of the \"old system.\" It's possible you could quickly start approaching scales that would blow the Earth into pieces.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Tue, May 30|\nHelp Us Fly! Burlesque Fundraiser\nThe Great Dane and Eddie Lockwood have the opportunity of a lifetime, to perform their artistry in Tokyo, Osaka and Kyoto Japan! This show is a marathon of magical performances and unforgettable acts donated by the local All stars for their journey! Please Donate if you can!", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "On Saturday evening,\nthe Martlett flew in a four-ship formation with three T-6\nTexans. With the dusk lighting and nice formation work, it\nmade it worth the extra time spent to shot these photos after\nNOTE: These image are NOT public domain, there are all\ncopyrighted. See copyright notice below.\nCopyright notice: All images on this site are copyright\nVan Gilder Aviation Photography. Images are not to be\nreproduced, electronically or in print without expressed written\nconsent. If you wish to use any of the photos on this website,\ncontact us via e-mail.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Calibrate PMT on Acquity FLR\nI am trying to get a used Acquity FLR detector up and running. The detector had previously been flashed with the incorrect firmware - 2475 instead of Acquity FLR. I have managed to get the correct firmware flashed to the detector, but now I am stuck in a loop. Since the firmware was flashed the detector has lost its PMT calibration information. When I go to calibrate the PMT in the console, the start button is not available since the detector is in an error state. The only error in the detector log is that the PMT is not calibrated. How can I run the PMT calibration when the detector errors out due to not having the PMT calibrated?", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Hi there,I'm Nikolas Martens, freelancing Software Engineer, and this is my blog. I hope it contains something interesting for you. Enjoy the read!\nCodemotion 2014 Rome\nLast week I had the pleasure of presenting my talk on Specification by Example (aka Behaviour-Driven Development) at the Codemotion conference in Rome in front of a very attentive and responsive audience.\nThe talks I ...read more\nThe Assembler Excursion\nSmall Steps (sudoku edition)\nCodemotion 2013 Madrid\nUnfortunately I could only stay one night because of other commitments so ...read more", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Local news for Edison, NJ continually updated from thousands of sources on the web.\nHow Should the US Government Respond to ISIS?\nWhat Kind Of Companies Do These 27 Celebrities Own? You...\nTime to go?\nUpdated: Thu Oct 20, 2016 11:05 am\nCopyright © 2016 Topix LLC", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Monte Jensen, Face Rock Beach\n(Digital - Intermediate)\nInterest: 6.8 Composition: 6.3 Technique: 5 Total: 18\nExposure: ISO:400 f/22 1/20 21 mm\n- Moving setting sun to right was good idea.Focus is absent. No subject to speak of.\n- Nice sunset image along the Oregon coast. That is a great time to photograph that area.The maker tried to balance the image with the predominate rock on the left and setting sun on the right. Good idea, although the rock is almost too far away for a frame filling shot. My suggestion is that the image would have more impact if it was cropped more as a pano eleminating one third of the sky which is blank anyway.\n- The technicals of this image are not good, incliding a non horizontal horizon . Great sunset\n- Dreamy & remarkable ! However, a brownish haze is noticeably present over part of sky & water, detracting from a stunning photo.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "In previous posts we’ve looked at how to do the Sun Salutation with kids. In the next few post I want to talk about the meaning behind the Sun Salutation. Introducing these topics to kids can lead to an interesting discussion and you can find out what they think about it. Plus, looking at all levels of yoga, body, mind, and spirit, injects meaning into a ritual.\nThe Sanskrit name for the Sun Salutation is actually Surya Namaskar.\nSurya means Sun, it represents our Consciousness. Namaskar is a two part word. The first part, Namas, means “bow” or “salute.” The second part, kar, refers to the “do-er” of everything. This Sanskrit root kar, can also be found in the word karma which means the stuff we do, our action. The English word creator, also has the root kar at the beginning.The whole word Namaskar has various translations, the most common is Salutation, another is “making obeisance.”\nObeying the Sun – Obeying the Consciousness\nWhen we do Surya Namaskar, the Sun Salutation, we are bowing to, saluting, and obeying the sun which is our Consciousness. When you think of the sun as a glowing ball of energy floating in the middle of a massive and unending universe – it defies logic. Where did it come from, why does it keep burning, when was it created, when will it burn out? No one really knows, beyond theory, most speculations are usually given plus or minus a few billion years.\nWe do know that without the sun there would be no life on earth. We feel the warmth of the sun’s caress when it is close. We see how frozen the world becomes when it is distant.\nRevolve Your World Around the Sun: Our solar system revolves around the sun. The earth represents manifestation. In the Dark Ages people thought the sun revolved around the earth. When we obey the external conditions rather than the Consciousness, it is like we are living in the Dark Ages.\nWe are grateful to the sun of our solar system, the sun is also the symbol of the Eternal Light within us. When we do Surya Namaskar we are making a commitment to honour and obey the light within us. Like the solar system, our world revolves around this light.\nKids Yoga Teacher Training\nCheck Out the Self-Paced Teacher Certification\n- Yoga Literacy with the Yoga Alphabet (16 Hour Certificate)\n- Themes and Dreams (16 Hour Certificate)\n- Kids Yoga and Mindfulness Training- School Age (8 Hour Certificate)\n- Chakras for Children (4 Hour Certificate)\n- Family Yoga (4 Hour Certificate)\n- Mindfulness for Children (16 Hour Certificate)\n- Inclusive Yoga (16 Hour Certificate)\n- Level 2: Mastermind Curriculum Design and Business Planning (16 Hour Certificate)\n- All Modules = 96 Hour Certificate", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "\"Bono should be worried, as the singer could easily take his job! Favourite memories of the night were New Year's Day and the fact they included two tracks from their first album Boy and explained how they started the band. \"We'll shine like stars in the summer night, We'll shine like stars in the winter night, One heart, one hope\" at the end of my favourite song 'With Or Without You' and finishing the U2 set with 'Bad'. I also liked the inclusion of snippets of songs like Ruby Tuesday - U2Baby have certainly done their homework. The best U2 tribute band I have seen.\"\nGill Watts, at Manchester's 80sFest 2016", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Polygreensolar is a Community bulk solar buying group.100% solar house size fridges and freezers, 1/2 price deep cycle batteries, Pure sine wave off the grid ... more »\nEco Energy – Eco Energy Consultants – Solar Companies – Solar Energy – Solar Heating – Solar Hot Water – Solar Hot Water Consultant – Solar Installation – Solar Panels – Solar Power\nAdd Your Business to the official Greenfinder website.\nAdd a Product, Service, News and Press Releases.\nCopyright © Greenfinder 2017", "label": "No"}
+{"text": ": If you would like to post in the Forums, you will need to Sign In\nwith a myDaVita.com account. If you do not have a myDaVita.com account, you will need to Register\nTo continue viewing messages, select the forum that you want to visit from the list below.\nForum: U.S. travel\nBefore you hit the road, reach out to the community for tips about traveling around the United States when youíre on dialysis.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Visual inspection classification, corresponding to the combination of the class_person (first column) and z_conf_person (first row) values provided in the superset file described in Appendix B.\n|2||Not a quasara||–||–||–|\nCurrent usage metrics show cumulative count of Article Views (full-text article views including HTML views, PDF and ePub downloads, according to the available data) and Abstracts Views on Vision4Press platform.\nData correspond to usage on the plateform after 2015. The current usage metrics is available 48-96 hours after online publication and is updated daily on week days.\nInitial download of the metrics may take a while.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "December 17, 2006 |\nMUMBAI: Antrix Corporation, the comemrcial wing of Indian Space research Organisation (ISRO) would earn Rs 400 crore this year through launching satellites for other countries and selling space products. The space agency's commercial arm has roughly about 25 per cent growth over the last year. \"For this year, Antrix's total turnover is roughly about Rs 400 crore. Out of which Rs 200 crore comes from launch vehicle area and remaining from space products, including the...\nJuly 11, 2011 |\nNEW DELHI: Devas Multimedia, whose controversial deal for scarce S-band spectrum with Antrix Corporation was annulled by the government, has moved the International Court of Arbitration for restoration of the contract. \"Devas confirms having exercised its rights and filed for arbitration with the International Court of Arbitration under the International Chamber of Commerce to resolve Antrix's breach of contract and purported termination of the...\nMarch 18, 2005 |\nBANGALORE: Indian Space Research Organisation has developed automatic weather stations (AWS) with the participation of Indian industry which can improve significantly weather forecasts and services. The AWS is compact, modular, rugged and is capable of operating with minimum power from battery and solar panel for extended periods in field conditions even in remote areas where power supply and communication are not available, ISRO said. \"AWS can continuously record weather data like temperature,...\nApril 11, 2007 |\nTHIRUVANANTHAPURAM: ISRO is scheduled to launch its Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle C-8 carrying the Italian scientific satellite Agile and India's Advanced Avionics Module (AMM) from Sriharikota on April 23, which will be the first fully commercial launch of Indian space agency. \"The final preparations are on in full swing at Satish Dhawan Space centre at Sriharikota. We expect a smooth launch,\" sources in Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC) said. Besides its commercial...\nMay 22, 2004 |\nBANGALORE: American imaging firm Space Imaging will market to the world, spatial images captured by the indigenous remote sensing satellites Resourcesat-1 and Cartosat-1. Antrix Corporation, the commercial arm of Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) signed an agreement with US-based Space Imaging early this year, which gives the American firm rights to market worldwide the data from Resourcesat-1, that was put into orbit in October 2003 and Cartosat-1, which ISRO plans to launch later this year.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Get the kids' creative juices flowing! It's time for Over the Moon Toys' Annual Youth Art Show. Artwork will be displayed at the 13th annual Arts in the Park street fair on Sunday September 24!\nThis years theme - Nature! Art inspired by or made with materials from nature. All mediums accepted. Submit artwork by Friday, September 23 to Over the Moon Toys 440 Raritan Ave, Highland Park. All entries must be ready to display. Artwork will be displayed at Arts in the Park on Sunday, September 25.Artists may pick up your art between September 26 and October 3 at Over the Moon Toys Additional info and submission form here or in our store.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "In the next few days, no room for the sun. On Thursday some sunny spells. Throughout the day it will be dry. Daytime temperature reaches -3 degrees. On Thursday a near gale wind from the northwest.\n|Mo Dec 09||Tu Dec 10||We Dec 11||Th Dec 12|\n|Nearby Forecast Locations - CaseyHauptNunatak||Distance|", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "The desired music festival with the hottest atmosphere has already arrived in Lloret de Mar.\nDisco Tropics always brings the best artists for you to enjoy the best nights of the Costa Brava. This 2022 edition brings Cristiand D, Outsiders, Johnny 500 and Sjaak. In addition, we will have the best animations, events and the best music for you to enjoy every night.\nSpring Break has always been the first party before it gets to summer. Here in Lloret de Mar it is already good temperature and everyone is on the beach by day and at night comes to the best club, Disco Tropics!\nLet's enjoy once again the best Spring Break at Disco Tropics.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Space 3000: SciFi Adventure Quest Space 3000 on PC / Windows 7.8.10 & MAC\nSpace 3000: Sci-Fi Adventure Quest – a fantastic puzzle quest whose action takes place on a spacecraft. In the very distant future, people crossed the era of technological singularity and an artificial superintelligence was born. When the machines endowed with the mind were able to build spacecraft, they left Earth, leaving only observation centers on the planet. You will play for a man who was isolated from his team during the attack on the main center of the machines. Now you need to survive in a hostile environment, to do this, look for a way out of the premises, drag objects, solve logical problems and all this must be done quickly, because if the time on the timer ends, the mission will fail.\nHow to run Space 3000: SciFi Adventure Quest\nSpace 3000 on your PC\nTo install the mobile version of Space 3000: SciFi Adventure Quest\nSpace 3000 on your computer, you will need to install the BlueStacks emulator first. To download the emulator, use the link, after downloading the BlueStacks, run its installation.\nDownload games from Google Play. Open the application store in the main window of the emulator, enter the name of the application in the search engine.\nTo download it to your computer, you will need to use a Google Account. To do this, confirm the account with a login and password, after which the will be available for download and installation.\nInstall Space 3000: SciFi Adventure Quest\nSpace 3000 on PC Using Bluestacks\n- Download and Install BlueStacks\n- Open and run BlueStacks\n- Choose the Market from where you want to Install it, Choose Play Store.\n- If asked for ID, put it.\n- Now in Google Play Store Click the Search button.\n- Enter the Space 3000: SciFi Adventure Quest\nSpace 3000 in it.\n- Install The .\n- Go To Drawer and Open the from Main Menu and Enjoy.\nRecommended: Kill Boss 2\nKill the Boss 2 on PC / Windows 7.8.10 & MAC.\nThat’s all for Space 3000: SciFi Adventure Quest\nSpace 3000 on PC / Windows 7.8.10 & MAC, if you want to learn more about Apps and Games on PC please follow our Blog DroidWhiz and get all the latest feeds about Apps and Games on PC.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "We present an exact model of the detection statistics of a probabilistic source of photon pairs from which a fast, simple and precise method to measure the sources brightness and photon channel transmissions is demonstrated. We measure such properties for a source based on spontaneous parametric downconversion in a periodically poled LiNbO3 crystal producing pairs at 810 and 1550 nm wavelengths. We further validate the model by comparing the predicted and measured values for the g(2)(0) of a heralded single photon source over a wide range of the brightness. Our model is of particular use for monitoring and tuning the brightness on demand as required for various quantum communication applications. We comment on its applicability to sources involving spectral and/or spatial filtering.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Jessica Alba – Jessica Alba's Secrets to Perfect Skin InStyle.com\nThe following is a wallpaper currently ranked 464 on our search result for the following KEYWORD: Jessica Alba. Our team member are dedicated to curating images. On a weekly base, see thousands of pictures sent to us from around the globe and select only the Best to post on the website. You will also get the same picture if you search for yourself using Bing Search engine.\nThe picture above (Jessica Alba's Secrets to Perfect Skin InStyle.com) has the following description :\n|Filename:||Jessica Alba's Secrets to Perfect Skin InStyle.com|\n|Image width:||1477 px|\n|Image height:||2000 px|\n|Thumbnail width:||474 px|\n|Thumbnail height:||641 px|\n|Is High Quality?||false|\nHere are related images of Jessica Alba's Secrets to Perfect Skin InStyle.com that you might appreciate to be your picture collection.\nIf you have your own picture, just send us the image and we will display it on this website. Don't hesitate to download and share any wallpaper you like.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "IGX \"...overflowing with foulmouthed ignorance.\"\nIt is currently Thu Aug 17, 2017 5:13 pm\nAll times are\nIronGarm - Registration\nTo continue with the registration procedure please tell us when you were born.\nBefore 16 Aug 2004\nOn or after 16 Aug 2004\n® Forum Software © phpBB Limited", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Sukkur Electric Power Supply Company offers SEPCO Director General posts. These posts are to be held in Sindh Sukkur. The jobs are published in the Dawn newspaper. Deadline to apply. December 29, 2021. For more details on the Director General, see the job description for relevant experience, qualifications and age limits.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Light passionate kink and erotic porn featuring top stars shot in high quality production is what we've come to love and expect from Deeper. Created by the same minds behind, Vixe, Tushy, and Blacked, Deeper aims to push fantasy boundaries and limits in some of the most beautiful settings you'll ever see.\nYour cart is empty.\nHave an account already? login instead.\nWe will send a reset code to your e-mail. You will need this code on the next step.\nGo check your e-mail for the reset code we just sent to you, enter the code and enter a new password below.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Cesare Tronci visited the School of Mathematics at the University of St Andrews last week and gave a talk on Friday 21st February in the Applied Mathematics Seminar Series. The title of his talk was “Modeling efforts in hybrid kinetic-MHD theories of magnetized plasmas” (link to the StA seminar page here). He also had research interaction with the Solar and Magnetosphere Theory Group. On Wednesday 26 February, he is giving the same talk to the Plasma Physics Group at Imperial College London. The image below shows the Mathematics Building at St Andrews.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Welcome to the Lagan Valley Amateur Radio Society Website.If you encounter any problems with the site please advise either Gi4LKG or Mi0BPB.\nJoin the Radio Society of Great Britain and get RadCom - the world-leading amateur radio publication - for free.FIND OUT MORE\nThis book provides a fantastic overview of Morse code and comes with a free CD packed full of useful Morse software.BUY NOW\nAmateur radio is one of the world's most popular hobbies with more than 50,000 active hams in Britain alone. For more info about amateur radio, visit the Radio Society of Great Britain's website - www.rsgb.org.uk", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Rent a professional Blisslights laser light projector for an incredible starry sky effect, create lights that will cover your venue with a mesmerizing, slow moving night sky lighting effect. Thousands of miniature stars at your control with the BlissLights laser light projector rental. This is the “WOW” effect your guests will remember! Starry night lighting is an easy way to add ambiance to your wedding or event.\nOne small box delivers the effect of a starry night sky to any dark room. Thousands of slowly moving, brilliant green laser beams glide in different directions across the walls, ceiling, and floor. There is also a holographic blue nebula moving cloudfield LED light that can be turned on or off to create a realistic looking night sky. Plug it in, set on a table or shelf. Aim at ceiling or wall. You're done! Do-it-yourself starry night lighting is quick and easy to set up. Our BlissLights laser light rentals are only available in the lower 48 United States.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Comments : 2 Comments »\nTags: art, artistic, design, landscape, lighthouse, maine, marketing, photography, photos, portland head lighthouse, seascape\nCategories : General, My 12 Significant Photographs, Photographs\nThis photograph is one that I really enjoy. I already blogged about it a little a while back.\nThe sun glares off of the windows at Portland Head Lighthouse in Maine.\nI was far from the only photographer at the lighthouse on the morning I visited. I arrived just as the sun came up and captured some great shots with warmer colors. This one stands out for me though because of the strong morning sun reflecting off of the glass of the light tower. I also like the depth of the image helped by the 2nd lighthouse in the distance.\nAdditional photos from this trip can be seen here.\nComments : 3 Comments »\nTags: art, landscape, lighthouse, photography, photos, portland head lighthouse, sunrise\nCategories : Photographs\nIn October, I had the opportunity to spend a sunrise at Portland Head Lighthouse just south of Portland, ME. After the sun rose, the blue sky of the day started to light the sky and the sun started to get really bright. I walked past an older man that was shooting with his tripod and set up about 10 yards to his left. I was able to capture some good shots of the lighthouse and I liked the angle that I found. As I started to pack up, the man encouraged me to take a look at the lighthouse from where he was standing. That advice led to one of my favorite shots of the morning.\nPortland Head Lighthouse located in Cape Elizabeth, ME", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Wanna tour Titan Radio Station? It’s pretty simple. Fill out the form below and e-mail it.\nTo submit your tour request form,\n1. Fill out the Titan Radio Tour Request form\n2. Save the filled form to your computer\n3. Email the saved form as an attachment to email@example.com", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "- Finding Lewis\n- Good Stuff\n- About Lewis\nStill time to sign up for tomorrow's webinar\nThere is still time to sign up for tomorrow's webinar!\nTuesday's webinar is: Tuesday January 13th at 6 PM Pacific/9 PM Eastern\nPhotoshop Track: Getting started with Adobe Camera Raw – setting up a Camera Default the first step to all your processing. Including tips on setting up Camera Calibration, Detail and Sharpening settings and introduction to the tools in Adobe Camera Raw.\nFor more info click here.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "By Maureen Mailloux. Outdoor Lighting. Published at Sunday, April 08th, 2018 - 11:20:48 AM.\nOutdoor string light poles support easy diy for lights pole permanent. Outdoor string light pole backyard lights home decoration unique diy poles with concrete bases cyberprop awesome picture ideas. Bright july diytdoor string lights light poles party polesoutdoor pole ideasoutdoor permanentdiy.\nAwesome outdoorng light pole picture ideas poles lighting party polesoutdoor ideasoutdoor permanentdiy. Outdoor string light pole unnamedile awesome picture ideas extraordinary in backyardlightsbbofb lighting poles. Diy outdoor light poles city farmhouse string pole awesome picture ideas adding eye hooks lighting.\nPole for outdoor string lights astonbkk com as well post accessories at lowes pics charming exterior light. Img_0340 diy outdoor string light poles for lights party polesoutdoor pole ideasoutdoor. Outdoor lighting diy string light poles in under one hour for less than easy pole ideas party. Outdoorg light pole lowes spring makeover reveal sectional1 lighting diy poles party polesoutdoor ideasoutdoor.\nAny content, trademark’s, or other material that might be found on the Greennation Today website that is not Greennation Today’s property remains the copyright of its respective owner/s. In no way does Greennation Today claim ownership or responsibility for such items, and you should seek legal consent for any use of such materials from its owner.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "3D movie Avatar is about a new planet named \"Alpha Centauri B-4\" that people find in the future, a planet where life exists in the earth as known to the people with the name \"Pandora\" and the struggle for survival between the good with evil.\nAvatar is the story of the hero \"reluctantly\" Jake Sully - a former Marine Corps officer was paralyzed from the waist. He was selected to participate in the program implanted with alien genes Na'vi to create a new species can breathe air at the planet Pandora. New varieties are called Avatar. After becoming an Avatar, Jake has the task to find out and study the planet Pandora. The information he collected valuable campaign invade this second planet of humans.\nhttp://hotfile.com/dl/34524763/0f68e0c/AVATAR.2009.TELESYNC.XVID.-WBZ.part1.rar.html http://hotfile.com/dl/34524913/290b897/AVATAR.2009.TELESYNC.XVID.-WBZ.part2.rar.html http://hotfile.com/dl/34525131/90ed184/AVATAR.2009.TELESYNC.XVID.-WBZ.part3.rar.html http://hotfile.com/dl/34525393/c6940d7/AVATAR.2009.TELESYNC.XVID.-WBZ.part4.rar.html http://hotfile.com/dl/34527409/22813f3/AVATAR.2009.TELESYNC.XVID.-WBZ.part5.rar.html http://hotfile.com/dl/34527492/03e2672/AVATAR.2009.TELESYNC.XVID.-WBZ.part6.rar.html http://hotfile.com/dl/34527769/3dc914a/AVATAR.2009.TELESYNC.XVID.-WBZ.part7.rar.html", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "|Title||:||lux radio theater (754) payment on demand|\n|Plot||:||+ The Lux Radio Theatre. September 3, 1951. \"Payment On Demand\". A marriage veers towards divorce when the wife wants success at any cost.|\n|File||:||Lux Radio Theater 51-09-03 (754) Payment on Demand.mp3|\nYour Old Time Radio Download ''lux radio theater (754) payment on demand'' will be started in 10 seconds ...", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Back in Control by ICOS staff attended the Student Opportunities Fair at the University of Sunderland St Peter’s campus on Thursday 13th February. The event presented ICOS’ volunteering opportunities direct to university’s bright and talented students. We were delighted to have 10\nICOS #Free Events on March ~ Save the dates! ** Everyone is welcome to send anonymous questions before the event. ** Refreshments will be provided ** More details please contact email@example.com or 07596538482\nICOS is involved through our membership of the Sunderland Black and Minority Ethnic Network. Here is the report on Sunderland Echo. Sunderlandecho.com/unlock-city-northern-powerhouse-minister-backs-boost-citys-creative-industries Unlock the City: A Government minister has thrown his support behind a scheme aimed at boosting Sunderland’s creative\nBack in Control Project Manager Michal Chantkowski and staff went to Global Friendship Night at CitySpace on 28 January to raise awareness of modern #slavery, #exploitation and anit #discrimination. Thanks to Sunderland University Chaplaincy for permission to do so.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Chinese Calendar Animals Months\nRat Ox Tiger Rabbit Dragon Snake Horse Sheep Goat Monkey Rooster Dog and Pig.\nChinese calendar animals months. Ding-YouRooster 8th month 24 4719. Xin ChouOx 8th Month of the year 4719 is not a leap month.\nSometimes that means the calendar gets a whole extra month. Between these dates you are. Month Animal Attached Month Animal Attached.\nJune 6 to July 5. Chinese zodiac or shengxiao shnng-sshyao born resembling is represented by 12 zodiac animals. The lunar calendar has links with the four seasons some traditional Chinese festivals solar terms a calendar of twenty-four periods and climate to govern agricultural arrangements in China Five Elements metal wood water fire and earth as well as the Chinese Zodiac.\nInstead of months this calendar is divided into 24 two-week segments known as Solar Terms. Feb 4 to Mar 5. Chinese zodiac signs calendar.\nFor example 2012 was the year of. This calendar was called the Taichu calendar. Zodiac Animal Sign.\nChinese Calendar Year Chinese Pinyin Zodiac Sign Date in Gregorian Calendar. The animals in the Chinese Zodiac or the animals which constitute the Chinese calendar are Rat Ox Tiger Hare Dragon Snake Horse Sheep Monkey Rooster Dog and Pig. The Chinese use a lunar calendar as opposed to our own Gregorian calendar.\n- Animals 3d Google List\n- Animals 3d Ar Panda\n- Animals Fighting Video Mp4 Download\n- Animal Crossing New Leaf Cia\n- Animal Cute Baby Fox\n- Animals Cute Wallpaper Download\n- Animal Name Starting From A To Z\n- Animals 3d Google Tiger\n- Animals Cartoon Video Tamil\n- Animal Crossing Pocket Camp Ios\n- Animal Crossing Pc Download\n- Animals And Their Sounds With Pictures\n- Animal Shelter Drop Off Cat Near Me\n- Animal Humane Society Cat Toys\n- Animals And Their Sounds In English\n- Animal Crossing New Leaf Tortimer Island\n- Animal Crossing New Horizons Download Apk\n- Animals 3d Ar Giraffe\n- Animal Crossing Pocket Camp Apkpure\n- Animals In 3d List", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "You will need a standard-size (15cm x 15cm) origami, ideally in a metalic colour. If not available, you can use a cut-out alminum foil glued on a normal origami.\nThe instruction for how to fold the star is available from this website:\n(Source: \"Origami Club\" http://www.origami-club.com)\nMake two of them if you can. (You will see the reason later.)\nAfter you made the star, use some double-sided sticky tape (or a glue stick) so that it will keep the star shape after you put it on the tree. (I recommend 3M's Permanent Double Sided Tape.)\nFollow the slideshow below for where to apply the double-sided tape, and where to insert the top tip of the Christmas tree.\nPut one star on top of the Christmas tree using double-sided tape or blue tac.\nUse another star to hide the messy side of the star using double-sided tape or blue tac.\nBack to Christmas Origami Top", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "large mirrored console table gold edged mirrored console table antique large size home throughout.\ncorner vanity table with mirror corner makeup vanity table makeup vanity ideas vanity vanity mirror.\nlarge wood framed mirror wall mirrors wondrous design full image for wood oak framed large oval mirror reclaimed la.\nikea mirrored medicine cabinet white bathroom medicine cabinets home decor archer bathroom medicine cabinets.\ncheap black dresser with mirror dressers for sale black dressers for sale black dresser with mirror cheap white dressers for sale dresser sale black black dressers for sale.\nbehind the door mirror back of door mirror behind the door mirror storage exciting over jewelry ideas wall with over.\nbling cheval floor mirror floor mirror lot mahogany floor mirror having a hinged mirror on a wood frame bling floor mirror floor mirror bling.\nbathroom medicine cabinets with mirrors medicine cabinet we can still keep the fold functionality but look more polished.\ndigital rear view mirror 7 inch touch screen car dual lens camera mirror video recorder dash cam vehicle auto camera parking monitoring.\ncheap full length mirror cheap body mirror large full body mirror full body mirror full body mirror cheap full length.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Guardians Of The Galaxy Relaunches With New #1 In January\nby James Ferguson\nAs announced at Marvel’s Next Big Thing panel at New York Comic Con, Guardians of the Galaxy (which is currently only on issue #9 of its current run) will be relaunched in January 2020 with writer Al Ewing and artist Juann Cabal. The team is put at the center of a new intergalactic war, facing the latest threats to the galaxy, including the reborn Dark Gods of Olympus.\nWriter Al Ewing says:\nGuardians of the Galaxy is a high-octane spy-fi action-adventure set against an evolving backdrop of interstellar politics, intrigue and suspense. War is coming – and if the Guardians can’t stop it, they’re going to be right in the middle…\nI’m a big fan of the current Guardians of the Galaxy series, as well as Ewing’s work on Immortal Hulk, so I’m a little torn about this. Cabal’s style, as seen in Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man is a perfect fit for Guardians of the Galaxy so I can’t wait to see what he brings to the title. This news seems to diminish the rest of the current run. I mean, the arc going on right now has to do with the death of Rocket and he’s right there on the cover for the new book.\nGuardians of the Galaxy #1 is set for release in January 2020.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "LED lighting as a new generation of lighting has been widely concerned. Only relying on LED packaging can not produce good lighting. This paper mainly introduces the LED lighting from the electronic circuit, thermal analysis, optical aspects, first introduces the LED lighting design.\nWith the improvement of people's attention to the environment in recent years, LED lighting as a new generation of lighting has been widely concerned. At the exhibition, as long as the booths related to LED lighting are crowded, at the same time, LED lighting also appears more in our daily life. Generally, LED lamps that can be consumed by families are bulb type LED lamps sold by major lighting manufacturers. In addition, many companies have developed fluorescent LED lamps. In this case, more companies are bound to participate in the LED lighting industry.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "I need to display the selected image as soon as i select a file from file upload control.\nThe file upload control does not have a clicked event nor it can display the selected file path.\nI mean the textbox gets hided anyway.\nThe scenario is ,\nPage loaded. user ready for image selection.\nonce the file is selected immediately the image should get displayed in the image control.\nNo extra button or control to display the image in image control.\nimmediate responses will be greatful...", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Jialing Yang Plasma Enhanced Atomic Layer Deposition Film Publications\nYour search for plasma enhanced atomic layer deposition publications authored by Jialing Yang returned 2 record(s). If there are too many results, you may want to use the multi-factor search to narrow the results.\n|1||Characterization of plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition of Al2O3 using dimethylaluminum isopropoxide|\n|2||Surface band bending and band alignment of plasma enhanced atomic layer deposited dielectrics on Ga- and N-face gallium nitride|", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Dark Moon Oil Diffuser\nEnjoy your magic oils with this hand-carved soapstone Dark Moon Oil Diffuser. Carved from soapstone, this oil diffuser features a removable top.\nJust place a little water into the dish, and a few drops of your favorite oil, and place a lighted tealight underneath. The water will warm and scent your ritual space. The sides are carved with a crescent moon and stars that glow through the candle light, providing light to your ritual room. Comes with a black tealight!\nHand-carved soap stone\n6 in tall x 10 in wide (15.24 cm x 25.4 cm)\nView available discounts here", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "coax antenna164 links\nYou can try similar terms10m coax antenna cb antenna 75 ohm coax 40m coax antenna coax antenna 2m coax antenna coax antenna for hf antenna coax end fed coax antenna antenna-coax 20m coax antenna fm coax antenna using coax as an antenna coax-antenna connect coax to antenna coax cable antenna\nGet our links, Everywhere!\nSign up for daily Newsletter\nService provided by Google FeedBurner\nFree for your Site\nAdd our gadgets to your siteDaily Top 10 links", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "They wuz robbed: this scene from Transformers: Dark of the Moon proves Michael Bay should have gotten a look from the Academy for the Best Director nom. Or not.\nIn any case, at this point it should come as no surprise that we at VoH have some issues with the Oscar nods. Here are the nominees for the main awards:\nKenneth Branagh, the filmmaker behind this summer's adaption of \"Thor\"\nSummer is here and that means it’s time for popcorn fare. This summer brings more than a few attempts to launch, re-launch (or continue) adaptions of some of our favorite superheroes.\nThis is big business, but can any of this summer’s interpretations hold a candle to modern day superhero classics, like Richard Donner’s “Superman” or more recently, Christopher Nolan’s “Batman Begins” and “The Dark Knight?” Read More", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Great win by Swinford Parke KC Minor team in terrible conditions last night in Bekan defeating Bonniconlon by 2-5 to 0-2. The team are now into County semi final tomorrow at 2pm away to Belmullet.\nWell done to all the lads from both clubs and to the management.\n24th September 5-30pm\nSenior League Div 1C\nSwinford v Ballyhaunis at Robert McCallion Memorial Park\nKilmeena v Swinford in Kilmeena\nSwinford v Aghamore at Robert McCallion Memorial Park", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Aggressive Concealment Inside tuckable IWB Kydex Holster Beretta PX4 Storm Compact\nThis is our \"LPT\" Low Profile IWB (inside the waistband) Tuckable Kydex holster. All of our holsters are handmade in the USA. All of our components are sourced from USA suppliers. Our holsters carry a lifetime warranty.\nUser adjustable cant\nUser adjustable Retention\nTOUGH CLIP belt clip (fits 1.5\"-1.75\" belts)\nMade in the USA\n**Not made to be worn outside the waistband**", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Polarizer rotation translation mount accepts optics of 25,4 mm diameter or with additionally provided adapter can accommodate different polarization optics. The rotation position (X axis) is indicated on 360° angular scale with a gradation of 2°. Two fine adjustment screws (0,25 thread pitch) provide smooth precision Y-Z optics translation in the range of ±2 mm.\nA retaining ring M27x1, two teflon rings and optics tightening key are included. The rotation platform has a removable rod that allows continuous 360° rotation without obscuring the aperture. This removable rod can be fitted into any of the four holes (10°, 100°, 290°, 280°) on the perimeter. Polarizer rotator position can be fixed by locking screw which could be fitted into three positions as well. Polarizer holder has M4 holes on the bottom, butt-end, back wall and can be fitted in different mounting systems.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "- This event has passed.\nNovember 14 @ 2:00 pm\nAn event every day that begins at 2:00 pm, repeating until November 13th, 2021\nOne event on November 14th, 2021 at 2:00 pm\nBe sure to get your tickets for Matilda Jr., this year’s fall musical! Tickets are available in Loyola’s main office through 3 p.m. Wednesday, November 10, and a limited number will be available at the door. Tickets are $10 for adults and $5 for students.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Tall Tea Light Holder - Van Gogh - Starry Night TC02GO\nStarry Night Tea Light Holder\nA high-quality museum replica Tea Light Holder of Van Gogh's artwork made by Parastone. This item comes gift boxed complete with an information leaflet about the Artist and Artwork. Made from ceramic.\nSize: Height 14.5cm", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Find a Store\nMy Store Preference\nSee Store Details\nPlease select your location. We recommend:\nOut Of Stock\nGaze at the stars with this fun pair of fourth of July graduated stars drop earrings. There are 3 blue and red glitter stars attached to these earrings that will make you look super festive!", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Kodava Clan Kodava Calendar\nAvailability: In Stock 100.00 Item(s)\nShipping charges (Included): Rs. 50.00Prices are inclusive of GST\nFirst ever, desktop Kodava calendar for the year 2018/2019. This calendar covers 12 months starting from Edamyar to Minyar providing details of all Kodava festivals, along with full moon and new mo...", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "The Samsung Galaxy A series remains. We’ve been anticipating for the Samsung Galaxy A13 5G as some images and specs were already leaked ahead of launch. We also remember the Galaxy A03s introduced in India with impressive display and massive battery. In the coming weeks, we expect to see the Galaxy A73. The next mid-range Android device from the South Korean tech giant will still come with almost premium specs. It will still be relatively affordable and maybe even more before the company will use a different supplier.\nThe Samsung Galaxy A73 will be next. It may be out next year with a few important changes. One could be on the display panel. Samsung is said to use Chinese OLED panels beginning with the Galaxy A73. Instead of screens from Samsung Display, another supplier will be used.\nThis decision is to keep the prices lower while upgrading other components. Samsung may be tapping BOE and CSOT to supply panels for the upcoming Galaxy A73. This could mean savings for Samsung or it could place more orders than usual. The more supplies, the more units can be manufactured. And the more phones produced, the more sales–at least, for the Galaxy A series.\nCSOT already supplies for Samsung. It has provided batteries and OLED panels for Samsung for the Galaxy M series phones. As for the Galaxy A73, it may be the first Galaxy A phone to use a different brand of display. Let’s wait and see.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "The Halifax Explored also includes a very in-depth historic\noverview of all versions of the Halifax written by Harry Fraser-Mitchell,\nVice Chairman of The Handley Page Association. This page also allows\naccess to views of the Rootes Factory at Speke and the career of\nSir Frederick Handley Page. Full details are also available on the\nbenefits of becoming a member of the Handley Page Association.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Terms and Conditions\nThe University Of Cosmic Intelligence\nALL IS BEING REVEALED\nHow do we join the live??\nThat’s what I’m doing and still not able to join. Thank you though\nGo all the way down to live lectures then you will redirect you to the website then just click on the live\nGo to the site we live now!", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Eintracht Frankfurt beat Rangers to win Europa League\nEintracht Frankfurt defeated Rangers 5-4 on penalties to win the Europa League on Wednesday after the final in Seville finished 1-1 at the end of extra time.\nKevin Trapp was the player of match.\nEintracht Frankfurt have won the trophy for a second time.\nFrankfurt were only the third team to reach the final unbeaten.\nEintracht Frankfurt have won the UEFA Europa League, 42 years after lifting the UEFA Cup.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Event Archive - UNDER THE SPELL SUNDAYS!:,\nSun. March 9th 2014 @ Electric Owl (No Minors)\n$5 ADV / $10 DOOR\nA new monthly event for neofolk, dark ambient, experimental, dark wave, deathrock and much more ...\nReviewsNo articles have been linked to this profile\nFunerary Call (black industrial)\n\"Since the beginning of time the forces of light and darkness have vehemently engaged in a battle to possess the soul of man.\" The music of Funerary Call pays tribute to this eternal struggle and encourages the exploration of the shadow self. It is the audible essence of a black magic ritual. Chaos and destruction! Since 1994, H. MacFarlane h... more info[Upload Show Photos] // [Add Video] // [Add Review]", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Grab your guitar (or keyboard, lute or just your vocals) and sign up to perform a couple tunes for our appreciative audience. PA provided. Each week we feature a guest host from our roster of some of the top songwriter/performers from the area. Tonight’s special guest host is stellar songwriter and picker, Sam Corbin.\nAdd to Calendar\nApril 25, 2019 @ 7:00 pm – 9:00 pm", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "What's the ad for?\nNew Universe Supersleuth Sweepstakes\nI have never read any of the New Universe so I know absolutely none of the answers to the questions featured in this contest. Jim Shooter has mentioned that he plans to cover the history of the New Universe in his blog. I believe that the Valiant universe that he created a few years later was what he had hoped the New Universe would end up becoming. I was a big fan of the early Valiant comics. I think I will have to pick up some of the old New Universe titles.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Your public profile\nEric Fox's profile\nEric Fox is known as Ericfox524 at Staracle.\nEricfox524 signed up on 10/9/2016\nYou and Ericfox524 are not connected.\nYour friend request to Ericfox524 is pending.\nEricfox524's contact request is pending.\nYou and Ericfox524 are friends.\nYou have named 1 stars.\nYou have named one star.\nEricfox524 has named 1 stars.\nEricfox524 has named one star.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Replica for Airsoft Only\nACOG = Advanced Combat Optical Gunsight\n4 x 32 Illuminated Cross Hair\nFull metal high quality construction\n20mm Standard Mount\nWindage and elevation adjustment.\nWorking Optical Fibre\nWeight: 350 grams\nLength: 150 mm\nHeight: 80 mm\nThis Fibre Optic Sight features bright daytime reticles using fibre optics to collect ambient light so can operate without batteries.\nThe Fibre Optic Sight automatically adjusts the brightness level and contrast of the reticle to available light conditions.\nBattery backup for poor light conditions (2 x AG5)", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Manuscript letter. Written from Gower Street, London. She has heard the Royal Assent is to be given to the Bill on Monday. If it is in any way possible for Ray to be there she is to get a ticket. She will find Agnes and Millicent there and 'it will be very joyful if you can join us'\nMillicent Garrett Fawcett to Ray Strachey\n- This material is held at\n- ReferenceGB 106 7BSH/5/3/4/27\n- Dates of Creation28 Jun 1928\n- Physical Description1 item\n- Direct Link", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Light Mode vs. Dark Mode on App Once you click on the app, you'll see a MOON in far right. Select the MOON for dark mode. You'll see a SUN. Select the SUN to report back to light mode. https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT210332 You can also look at Light and Dark Mode on the iPhone. . Have more questions? Submit a request 0 Comments Article is closed for comments.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "|Genres||Drama Mystery Short Thriller|\n|Writers||Antonio Celotto (writer)\n|Cast||Marine Bragard Sasha Cantet Marc Raffray|\n|Plot||... search for Ascoltami on IMDb|\nThose are web search results for \"Ascoltami 2011\" and may change in time. We are not affiliate with any of these websites. If some of the links harm copyright laws please see our DMCA and Copyright page.\n-- Ad space", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Captain your own space ship and roam the galaxy in 3D in this tactical space simulator with tons of RPG depth! Space has never looked so inviting - but images can betray... It has been two years since the end of the second Gemini war, and the situation in the war-torn system is further from resolution than ever before. Starpoint Gemini 2 is available through Steam, Good Old Games and other distribution services as well as a DVD box edition in some countries of the EU.\nJust to show what you can do to a ship with the new customization options.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "|06-14-2012, 02:14 PM||#1|\nJoin Date: Apr 2007\nLocation: Land of the free and home of the brave.\nQuestion about 48 Spec Ops Stars\nDo I need to get 48 stars in from the original 16 spec op missions or will stars from the DLC spec ops count towards the 48?\nI'm a Google Fiber customer with internet speeds of 1GB upload/download.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "The Luminor Due is a compact version of the iconic Panerai Fascinating Replica Watches that debuted in 2016 and can easily fit on smaller wrists. The Luminor Due has always been minimalist, with no sophistication other than the date display. But now Panerai has introduced the more refined Luminor Due Luna, which has a small seconds and moon phase display with a solid gold moon disc. I like the compact size of the Due, and the more formal shape that allows it to double as a dress watch.\nAlthough the original full-size Luminor had a clean, almost elegant design, its sheer size and stark aesthetic meant it could only be a military-style watch. The Due, on the other hand, manages to retain the silhouette of the original Luminor while being modestly elegant. The new Luna is an attractive Swiss Watches Replicas. At just 38mm wide, it’s noticeably more wear-resistant, and a sculpted solid gold moon adds a touch of brilliance. The all-gold model is paired with a mother-of-pearl dial for even more luxury.\nPanerai Luminor Due Replica Watch is primarily aimed at female clients, but the models have a masculine aesthetic. The Luna continues with a steel and metallic blue dial, a combination that makes it look very much like a traditional men’s watch. The dial design is largely classic Panerai, although the proportions seem a little off due to the small diameter of the dial. Both the hour markers and the twin dials feel too large compared to the case, giving it an exaggerated aesthetic, although the layout may have been made with legibility in mind.\nIt is worth mentioning that the internal Panerai Replica P.900 movement is the entry-level movement used by many brands in the Richemont group except Panerai. The movement is simple but adequate, making it the affordable end of the Panerai range of automatic watches. The Luna is obviously too fancy to be compared to the traditional Marina Militare Panerai, so it is definitely not suitable for collectors with a traditional mindset. But it’s a useful option for those who just want the Panerai look without the big size or clean design.\nThe Luna debuts in four styles, from a basic stainless steel version with a brushed “sunburst” dial to a top-of-the-line gold version with a mother-of-pearl dial. It is worth noting that the stainless steel model is also equipped with a matching bracelet designed with the Best Replica Panerai Watches logo. It consists of links modeled after the Luminor crown lock bridge, with a brushed outer part and a polished center part. The heavy bracelet will definitely give Luna more weight.\nBut the Luna’s highlight is the moon phase at three o’clock. Housed within a traditional semi-circular aperture, the Luxury Panerai Replica Watches moon phase disc is a two-piece structure consisting of a golden moon against the backdrop of the night sky. But the moon is actually a disc made of 24k solid gold with dimples carved into it to reproduce the craters on the actual lunar surface. The night sky background features a fine grained surface with scattered sculpted spheres representing stars. While the stars are not as delicate as the golden moon, they are more unusual than the printed stars on most moon phases.\nInside the Swiss Panerai Replica Watch is the P.900/MP, an automatic movement with a three-day power reserve. It’s finished in the brand’s usual minimalist style, with neat brushed bridges and blue-filled engravings. However, the movement is only visible on the gold version, as the stainless steel model has a closed caseback. The P.900, although custom-made for Panerai, is actually a movement developed by Valfleurier. A neat workhorse as an entry-level model.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Nearly all the HDTR images I have made so far are of the same subject - the Burrard Street Bridge in Vancouver, Canada. The images are served by katkam.ca, a local web cam broadcasting images of the Burrard Bridge, every 5 minutes.\nIf you have time-lapse images that you'd like me to try processing, let me know.\nUsing a 20D and the TC-80N3 remote, I captured the Vancouver skyline from about 6pm to 10pm. The camera was on a tripod. The images were shot in RAW format and subsequently processed with Adobe Lightroom.\nMinor white balance and exposure adjustments were made across the series to limit banding during the stitching process. Original exposure was determined using a Sekonic L-608 incident meter, though once the sun had set, the meter ceased to be useful and exposure was adjusted based on the shape of the brightness histogram.\nI took images every 5 minutes to start, and increased the frequency when the light was rapidly changing during sunset. From the entire stack of images, I selected 60 across the time range for stitching.\nThe final stitched image is shown below, representing time flow from 6pm (left) to 10pm (right).\nSnapshots of a full day worth of images.\nVery challenging light conditions near sunset caused many adjacent images to be very different in brightness. The web cam's exposure was constantly fluctuating - at one point changing from 1/100s f/3.2 -1/3EV compensation to 1/160s f/4 -2/3EV compensation from one frame to the next. Such a drastic change of about 1 1/3 f-stops should be avoided when making HDTR images. I admit fiddling with the final output in Photoshop.\nImages from 13:30 - 16:40 were removed from input due to extreme lightness in the frames. The remaining frames were temporally blended (weights = 1,2,2,4,4,4,6,4,4,4,2,2,1) and spatial blending was also applied. This high level of temporal blending was possible because the capture interval was decreased for the last 30 minutes, thus providing more samples for the interesting dusk.\nThe same day and blending as for the image above, but this time frames from 13:30 - 14:00 were added to the HDTR image. The effect is to add brightness to the transition from the blue sky of the midday to the darker sky of the sunset.\nAn early full day HDTR image done before I implemented spatial blending\n. For this image I was trying to reduce the banding by temporally blending with a heavy hand. The image is smooth (some faint banding is discernable) but time contrast is low (lighting conditions change less gradually in the HDTR image than in original time-lapse set).\ndawn to dusk\nIn the dawn to dusk series, only images from dawn or dusk were used. Images from daytime were not included in making the HDTR frames.\nIt rained all day giving Burrard Street a slick, mirror finish\nA couple of street lamps near the right edge of the frame are off. Is it burned out bulbs or HDTR?\nA blue color cast dominates all the dawn to dusk images. The web cam is performing auto white balancing, I suspect, but is not capable of correctly determining the colour temperature for these frames. I removed some blue in post-processing, but decided to leave the tint in to avoid losing saturation.\nAnother transition from morning to night.\nparts of a day\nAn HDTR created with only 6 input images shows dawn. Time flow is left to right in the first image, and reversed in the second.\nIt rains a lot in Vancouver. January 06 was particularly wet, setting a variety of unpleasant records. Here's one such rainy dusk.\nflow of time\nAltering the direction of time flow in the HDTR image yields interesting effects. Here, I composited 2 hours worth of images at sunset, stacking the images in different \"directions\".\nAnother time-flow experiment. It is critical to maintain the same white balance across the set of images. In the input stack of images for these HDTRs, the web cam drastically adjusted white balance requiring significant post-processing to avoid a sharp tint boundary.\nFour time flows at dawn. Luckily the white balance for the input image set was well behaved. No post-procesing was necessary. These HDTRs include both spatial and temporal blending - that's what makes them so creamy.\ntime flow composites\nUsing the stack of images shown below,\nI generated four blends in which the arrow of time is indicated on the image.\nInteresting parts of each image were blended together to form the composite below. The time flow in this final image is a complicated vector field.\nIt's one thing when time flows across an image, and another when the weather is radically changing. This image portrays one hour on 10 March 2006, starting at about 6am. Vancouver saw a very heavy (relative for Vancouver) snow storm the previous night and it began to snow again in the morning. You can see that it is snowing in the right half of the image.\nRandal from katkam.ca\nmade me aware of the set of images from Dec 11 2005, a day in which thick fog moved through downtown during the morning. In the resulting image, which portrays 7:20-9:50am time is flowing from bottom to top in the frame.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "This is basically a call for help regarding the translation of our scientific papers into ISIpedia visualisations, videos or other formats that are easily accessible to the public. As we are scientists, we may not have the best feeling of what is easily understandable to the public and it would be great to collaborate with the experts in visual and science communication.\nWe would also like to make ISIpedia quite divers regarding formats. So each scientific article that should be translated into an ISIpedia information could become a small project where you could work together with an individual author (or a small group of authors) to ensure a good translation.\nSee also the info for science communicator for a list of papers or other contributions we would like to integrate into the website and where the scientists behind have already expressed their interest in the collaboration with you as the communication experts. Feel free to contact the editorial team if you were interested to help with one of these projects. Then we will put you in contact with the authors!\nLooking forward to your ideas!\nWhen planning to contribute to ISIpedia or you have any questions, please get in contact with the Head of the editorial team, Dr. Barbara Templ via email: firstname.lastname@example.org .", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Bruno Mars MIDI Files\nDownload Bruno Mars MIDI File Backing Tracks\nRecording and performing artist Bruno Mars was born Peter Gene Hernandez on October 8 1985 in Honolulu, Hawaii. Bruno Mars is a singer-songwriter, producer and choreographer. Genres include R&B, Funk and Pop. Bruno Mars breakthrough album \"Doo-Wops & Hooligans\" was released in 2010. The lead single \"Just the Way You Are\" hit #1 on the charts. As of 2016, Bruno Mars has released 7 albums and achieved 15 Top 10 singles. Popular singles include Locked Out Of Heaven, Just The Way You are, The Lazy Song, Uptown Funk, Grenade and When I Was Your Man. GENRES: Rhythm and Blues, Funk, Pop/Doul. AMCOS Licensed. (© 2016 John Ialuna Biography author for Hit Trax)\nPopular related genres to Bruno Mars include Rhythm and Blues, Funk, Pop/Soul.\nBruno Mars MIDI song files are AMCOS licensed and royalty paid.\n© 2000 - 2020 Hit Trax (www.MIDI.com.au).", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Ad blocker interference detected!\nWikia is a free-to-use site that makes money from advertising. We have a modified experience for viewers using ad blockers\nWikia is not accessible if you’ve made further modifications. Remove the custom ad blocker rule(s) and the page will load as expected.\nL-Drago Destructor evolved form of lightning l drago it was formed after ryuga was defeted, ryuga bet the dark power and discoverd L drago true power (meteo) the more powerful version of its former self it also evolves to L drago destroyer when it gets hit by a star fragment thus making ryuga a legendery blader the star fragment is like the one that made l drag and pegasus.Meteo L drago is also one of the few left roating bey it also has the power to absorb the power of beys spin stregth and turn it to its own once only accomplished by the dark power can be used from L dragos own power.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "posted on Oct, 11 2012 @ 06:41 AM\nI'm wondering when curiosity seekers, media outlets and such are going to start flying/operating/crawling their own drones.\nAttempting to sneak onto base property, you're going to get caught.\nDrop a small solar rechargable all-terrain crawler over the fence/border and one could camp out for a week, or a month, or however long it takes to\ncreep and crawl the rover drone(s) into opportunistic positions with good sight lines.\nIt'd be like having your own Curiosity Mars rover, but, inside Area-51 perimeter. Take it slow and sneaky.\nThat area gets nothing but sunlight near all year round, so, a solar power recharge, and lots of patience in creeping the rover charge by charge would\nbe much more doable than some scheme to sneak a person inside the perimeter.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Perhaps you are wondering why I haven't written for awhile, proposing that you publish some voluminous collection of my many, many essays.\nI haven't had the heart.\nYou, a publisher of literature, of all these wondrous books I have shared my life with, seem so distant and glorious, like as one among a distant pantheon of unreachable gods. Or better you are glorious and untouchable like the very stars in the sky. You are too far and strange and incandescent. What is there for me but to wonder at your cold, mysterious light? Would I petition the stars? And if, mercurially, I chose to do so, would I take their magisterial silence as an encouragement?\nNo. I will let it be. I am not called. I will not be the voice of anyone but my own peculiar self. You will run your kingdoms as you will.\nBut nevertheless, sometimes, late at night, pouring over my work, I will wander out onto my balcony and look up.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "As the 11th January date approaches, we focus here on the region where we think we may see some activity. This time our method comes up a region far away from Kathmandu, towards North West of the country near the lake Mapan Yumco, near Seti, Kanda regions. We will later post again details. Here is the cloud scene over the region, which confirms our software for some activity over the next 2 day period. Rememer we have a window\n+-1 day. Anyway WEST and NORTH is the region of vulnerability according to our method this time. We will see if this is true and we will post again later.\nYou can read our methodology here.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "For those of us who enjoy indie films, this is the perfect venue. Let's get together and see interesting and thought provoking cinema while supporting this local gem. We'll also be eating dinner after each show at Whitlock's.\nNew members must be approved by the Organizer\nContent of this Meetup Group is only visible to members\nSunday, December 6, 2015 4:00 PM\nSunday, December 13, 2015 5:45 PM", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "International Symposium on Symbolic and Numeric Algorithms for Scientific Computing is an international conference that aims to stimulate the interaction between the two scientific communities of symbolic and numeric computing and to exhibit interesting applications of the areas both in theory and in practice. The choice of the topic is motivated by the belief of the organizers that the dialogue between the two communities is very necessary for accelerating the progress in making the computer a truly intelligent aid for mathematicians and engineers.\nSYNASC 2018 is organized by:\n+ Department of Computer Science, West University of Timisoara, Romania;\n+ Research Institute for Symbolic Computation, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria;\n+ Research Institute e-Austria, Timisoara, Romania.\n|Position paper submission*\n|Workshops paper submission\n|Notification of acceptance||30 July 2018|\n|Notification of acceptance for position and workshop papers||10 August 2018|\n|Registration||7 September 2018|\n|Revised papers (for pre-proceedings)||7 September 2018|\n|Symposium||20-23 September 2018|\n|Final papers (for post-proceedings)\n||14 December 2018|\n* Position papers may contain preliminary results, arguable opinions on a new field or methodology, presentation/demo of software prototypes. For details see Submission page.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "The Samsung Galaxy Note 10 Rumors and Expectaction.\nSamsung Galaxy Note 10 Rumours:\n- UNPACKED 2019 event is going to happen on August 7, 2019\n- Galaxy Note 10 to have 5G Connectivity\n- Quad Camera Setup possibly\n- Improved S-Pen\nDid you get bored with the Samsung Galaxy Note 9 ?? If the answer is yes we totally understand you since the Galaxy Note 9 was launched in August 2018 which is not really a while ago but for a gadget freak that seems pretty old, right? But Guess what happy news is??\nSamsung has started deliberating over something that comes next, the launch of the brand new Galaxy Note 10, its updated features, its release date, its pricing and every minutest detail it is going to offer for the coming years. With the deliberation of the new Galaxy Note10 comes loads of rumors about the same. So all the rumors about the Samsung Galaxy Note 10 going around in the gadget world are summoned here under one umbrella for you.\nExternal upgraded features\nThe Galaxy Note 9 had a display of 6.40 inches and the rumors had it that the Samsung has decided to go up a level to focus more on the display area and increase the display size to 6.66 inches with a super AMOLED screen which is larger than that of iPhone Xs Max or Google Pixel 3 XL. That is pretty large for a smartphone and we doubt that it might cause a problem. Following the herd along with Google, Apple and OnePlus, the Galaxy Note 10 might also be abstained from the 3.5mm headphone jack to be in win the never-ending race.\nThe Samsung Galaxy Note 10 is said to be named as ‘Da Vinci’ as claimed by a Korean newspaper which could indicate towards the return of S pen with improved features but we cannot be sure about it. There are also high chances of the on-screen fingerprint sensor and pop-up selfie camera along with primary triple camera being added to the smartphone.\nInternal upgraded features\nLooking the previous pattern with the chips Samsung uses, it might be using the same 1.7GHz octa-core Exynos 9810 processor as used in the Galaxy Note 9 or the latest Exynos or it might also use the Snapdragon chipset and will most probably be having an 8GB RAM with the maximum internal storage of 512GB.\nPrice to expect and the release date\nComing to the release date, Samsung has a history for years now to release the Smartphones specifically in August and so we are estimating it would again be in August 2019. The date may vary as it was never fixed previously. The Samsung Galaxy Note 9 had a starting price of $1000 and so we expect the price to be more than that of Galaxy Note 9 as usually seen that with the release new models of smartphones the prices increase.\nWhat do we hope for??\nNote 9 had the fingerprint sensor at the back but we would like it to be in front for better and easy use. If Samsung wants to race against its peers We are expecting the bezels to be completely removed for a better and cooler look and the Bixby buttons as they were very much disliked in the Galaxy Note 9. These were located at the back of the phone and could be easily pressed accidentally It should also solve the issues we had with the Note 9 of heavyweight and screen reflections by using the anti-glare screen protectors and other ways.\nWe are totally hoping for an HDR video recording as the Galaxy Note 9 was kept at a distance from it and the features and the picture quality related to the front camera like face lock technology improved facial recognition and more. As the battery life reduces after a year or so, we would like to see the improvements in that area as providing a longer lasting battery even though The Galaxy Note 9 had an amazing battery capacity of 4000 mAh.\nAs we all know The Galaxy Note 9 was already quite expensive so we hope that the Galaxy Note 10 prices do not touch the sky and be reasonable.\nAs always we have high hopes from Samsung since it is such a worldwide known brand and we hope that it stands strong on our expectations and bring something new and the best for the show to leave people surprised. We are also now eagerly waiting like all of you guys for the brand new Samsung Galaxy Note 10 to see what new features Samsung has got for its users.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Elevate your tarot card readings with our Celestial Multi Tarot Card Holder. This holder is not just a practical organizer—it’s a vessel that brings the magic of the cosmos into your sacred space.\nCraftsmanship That Speaks to the Soul\nExpertly carved with celestial bodies, our holder connects you with the universal energies of the sun, moon, and stars. It’s designed to enhance the ambience of your readings and meditation sessions.\nConnect with Celestial Energy\nThe sun, moon, and stars have always been guides for the seeker. This holder is adorned with these symbols to inspire you to tap into the celestial forces during your tarot sessions, providing a deeper connection to the cosmic realm.\nPerfectly Sized to Showcase Your Cards\nWith a slot dimension of 220.5x2mm, this holder is tailored to display your tarot cards beautifully. It supports both seasoned tarot readers and those just beginning their journey into the mysteries of tarot.\nTransform Your Reading Experience\nIncorporate the Celestial Multi Tarot Card Holder into your daily spiritual practices to create an atmosphere of wonder and enchantment. It helps set the stage for insightful readings and a profound connection with the spiritual world.\nA Sanctuary for Your Tarot Deck\nThis holder not only organizes your cards but also serves as a protective sanctuary, keeping them in pristine condition while adding a touch of celestial elegance to your space.\nSlot Dimensions: 220.5x2mm\nMaterial: Durable wood with a natural finish\nDesign: Engraved with detailed celestial motifs\nA Gift of Celestial Harmony\nOffer the Celestial Multi Tarot Card Holder as a cherished gift to a fellow tarot enthusiast, or welcome it into your own practice as a symbol of cosmic alignment and intuitive clarity.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Recently proposed outlier robust small area estimators can be substantially biased when outliers are drawn from a distribution that has a different mean from that of the rest of the survey data. This naturally leads one to consider an outlier robust bias correction for these estimators. We develop this idea, proposing two different analytical mean-squared error estimators for the ensuing bias-corrected outlier robust estimators. Simulations based on realistic outlier-contaminated data show that the bias correction proposed often leads to more efficient estimators. Furthermore, the mean-squared error estimation methods proposed appear to perform well with a variety of outlier robust small area estimators.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Step 1: All you will need\n2) a washer (a couple times larger than the hole and flat as possible)\nThe purpose of this instructable is to get the fastest, easiest way to get back in commission.\nEnter the email associated with your account and we will send you your username and a temporary password.\nWant to go pro?\nFirst step is to sign up.\nAlready a member? Login »", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Earth Observing 1 (EO-1):\nThe three primary instruments on the EO-1 spacecraft are the Advanced Land Imager (ALI), the Hyperion, and the Linear Etalon Imaging Spectrometer Array (LEISA) Atmospheric Corrector (LAC). The EO-1 ALI consists of a 15° Wide Field Telescope (WFT) and partially populated focal plane occupying 1/5th of the field-of-view, giving a ground swath width of 37 km. Hyperion is a grating imaging spectrometer having a 30 meter ground sample distance over a 7.7 kilometer swath. It provides 10nm (sampling interval) contiguous bands of the solar reflected spectrum from 400-2500nm. LAC is an imaging spectrometer covering the spectral range from 900 to 1600 nm, which was well suited for the EO-1 Science Validation Team to monitor the atmospheric water absorption lines for correction of atmospheric effects in multispectral imagers during the first year.\nLevel 1R products for ALI and Hyperion are distributed by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS), but LAC data are not being collected nor distributed during the Extended Mission.\n1- Hyperspectral Sensors – Hyperion:\nThe Hyperion instrument provides a new class of Earth observation data for improved Earth surface characterization. The Hyperion provides a science grade instrument with quality calibration based on heritage from the LEWIS Hyperspectral Imaging Instrument (HSI). The Hyperion capabilities provide resolution of surface properties into hundreds of spectral bands versus the ten multispectral bands flown on traditional Landsat imaging missions. Through these spectral bands, complex land eco-systems can be imaged and accurately classified.\nThe Hyperion provides a high resolution hyperspectral imager capable of resolving 220 spectral bands (from 0.4 to 2.5 µm) with a 30-meter resolution. The instrument can image a 7.5 km by 100 km land area per image, and provide detailed spectral mapping across all 220 channels with high radiometric accuracy. The major components of the instrument include the following:\nSystem fore-optics design based on the Korea Muli-Purpose Satellite (KOMPSAT) Electro Optical Camera (EOC) mission. The telescope provides for two separate grating image spectrometers to improve signal-to-noise ratio (SNR).\nDownload Hyperion world Index from here: https://goo.gl/kp8gbr\n2- Multispectral Sensors – Advanced Land Imager (ALI):\nThe EO-1 ALI is the first Earth-Observing instrument to be flown under NASA’s New Millennium Program (NMP). The ALI employs novel wide-angle optics and a highly integrated multispectral and panchromatic spectrometer.\nEO-1 is a technology verification project designed to demonstrate comparable or improved Landsat spatial and spectral resolution with substantial mass, volume, and cost savings. MIT Lincoln Laboratory developed the ALI with NMP instrument team members: Raytheon/Santa Barbara Remote Sensing (SBRS) for the focal plane system, and Sensor Systems Group, Inc. (SSG) for the optical system.\nThe EO-1 ALI is a technology verification instrument under the NMP. The focal plane for this instrument is partially populated with four sensor chip assemblies (SCA) and also covers 3° by 1.625°. Operating in a pushbroom fashion at an orbit of 705 km, the ALI provides Landsat type panchromatic and multispectral bands. These bands have been designed to mimic six Landsat bands with three additional bands covering 0.433-0.453, 0.845-0.890, and 1.20-1.30 µm. The ALI also contains wide-angle optics designed to provide a continuous 15° x 1.625° field of view for a fully populated focal plane with 30-meter resolution for the multispectral pixels and 10-meter resolution for the panchromatic pixels.\nDownload ALI world Index from here: https://goo.gl/bHg4oJ\nFor more info:", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "I really want to go. Curiosity has me very interested to see what something like this looks like. Kinda like going to a taping of Jerry Springer\n\"And I don't wish that girl any bad luck,\" he said, \"but I hope she gets hit with a car.\"\n- Tommy Lasorda", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Tony’s Chocolonely Variety Bundle- Milk Chocolate Caramel. Milk ChocolateWith Pretzel Toffee70% Dark Chocolate. Dark ChocolateWith Almonds (*( 6.35oz (4 Sea Salt) Pack.In Sanisco PackagingIncluded\nChocolate Variety Bundle. Milk Chocolate CaramelWith Milk Chocolate Pretzel70% Toffee. Dark ChocolateWith Dark Chocolate Almonds4. Sea Salt\nPackOutstanding all-natural and non GMO products\nMadeIf you’re looking for the perfect gift for a special occasion or just need to know where to get it, we recommend our chocolate.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "The reality show stars, who are currently in the Sun City for business took out time to have fun and engage in the adventurous sport which is not available in Nigeria.\nThey took to their respective Instagram pages to share short video clips of their experiences. In some of the videos, they could be seen with their parachutes while an instructor explained skydiving modalities to them.\nThey all looked pensive and scared before they took the leap, and someone in the background could be heard motivating them and trying to allay their fears.\nVideos of them coming down from the sky was also shared online. According to Cross, when he was in the sky, he started asking God for forgiveness for all his sins.\nLiquorose, on the other hand, said there is nothing on earth she can not do after successfully sky diving.\nWatch the videos below,", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "NASA’s Independent Verification & Validation (IV&V) Educator Resource Center, staffed and managed by Fairmont State, was inducted into the June Harless Center for Rural Educational Research & Development Hall of Fame on Friday, January 12th. NASA IV&V’s mission is to expand opportunities for West Virginia educators who are dedicated to the promotion of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) education.\n“Fairmont State is proud to partner with NASA IV & V to provide unique opportunities throughout West Virginia,” said Deb Hemler, FSU Geoscience Program Coordinator. “We are committed to inspiring students, supporting STEM educators, and engaging the community. NASA IV&V and Fairmont State have proven they can provide a strong statewide partnership in this endeavor.”\nNASA IV&V Director, Greg Blaney, and ERC staff, Dr. Todd Ensign, Pam Casto, and Karen Davis were present to receive the award. The recognition was for work in providing in-service, preservice, and informal educators with easily accessible sources for materials that reflect NASA’s current research and technology in earth and space science through Fairmont State University’s College of Science & Technology under the direction of Dr. Deb Hemler.\n“We are honored that after 20 years of leadership in the field of STEM Education and outreach on behalf of the agency and Fairmont State University, the NASA IV&V ERC team was inducted into the June Harless Center's Hall of Fame on Friday,” said Ensign.\n“WV’s amazing formal and informal educators also made it possible for us to receive this award,” added Casto. They have taken our workshops, used our equipment, started robotic and rocketry teams, and asked for more!”\n\"The June Harless Center represents leaders across the entire face of West Virginia education,” said Davis. “It's an honor to be part of this recognized team of education advocates in the field of STEM in this great state.\"\nCaption: NASA IV&V Director, Greg Blaney, and ERC staff, Dr. Todd Ensign, Pam Casto, and Karen Davis were present to receive the award.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Hometown: Snellville, GA\nNovember 22, 2010\nI am just visiting the planet so no introduction needed.\nGiven the logistics of getting in line and then getting inside the auditorium we really didn't have a chance to socialize with our fellow Freethinkers. For an event of this magnitude this kind of situation is to be expected.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "What have you got in your knapsack fair,\nWhite moon, bright moon, pearling the air,\nSpinning your bobbins and fabrics free,\nFleet moon, sweet moon, in to the sea?\nTurquoise and beryl and rings of gold,\nClear moon, dear moon, ne’er to be sold?\nRoses and lilies, romance and love,\nStill moon, chill moon, swinging above?\nSlender your feet as a white birds throat,\nHigh moon, shy moon, drifting your boat\nInto the murk of the world awhile,\nSlim moon, dim moon, adding a smile.\nTender your eyes as a maiden’s kiss,\nFine moon, wine moon, no one knows this,\nUnder the spell of your witchery,\nDream moon, cream moon, first he kissed me.\nThis poem has not been translated into any other language yet.I would like to translate this poem", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Below is the link to the final version of the program for this year’s OCC Meeting (there have just been some very minor changes):\nFinal Version of 2015 OCC Program\nMore information can be found in the Meetings Section of the OCC Webpage.\nComments are closed.\nRSS - Posts\nOhio Classical Conference\nBlog at WordPress.com.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Search Ask Greg\nDisplaying 1 record.\nQuestion received on Thu, November 18, 2021 08:54:35 AM\nWhy did Miss Martian seed Garfield back to earth with Superman after Superboy died on mars ?\nYou're assuming she sent him. That's not a safe assumption.\nResponse recorded on March 22, 2022", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Photo : Full Blade Runner\nPHOTO UPLOADED BY: ALEXANDRINA25 REFERENCE: #5552WW19652071\nFULL RESOLUTION - x\nNews » Published 1 Week ago\nIs this Blade Runner the Actor?\nShare your thoughts on this image?\n25th October 2017 @ 06:09pm\nAna de Armas appeared in the hit movie Blade Runner 2049 and she will next star in the new movie Three Seconds\n16th October 2017 @ 08:17pm\nJared Leto stars alongside Harrison Ford in Blade Runner 2049 and he has been heaping praise on the legend\n28th August 2014 @ 08:47am\nIt has been suggested that we could see Harrison Ford shoot Blade Runner 2 once he has finished with Star Wars: Episode VII", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Mars - a dying planet, still far from dead! In the vast steppes, in the sand of equatorial deserts, on the mountain tops, at the icy poles, in the massive artificial canals and in the ancient sewers of Martian cities, underneath the dry dust of Mars' surface, and in the wide open of the cloudless skies: the Martian flora and fauna thrive everywhere and have managed to adapt to even the most unfavorable of environments. Expand the game's atmosphere by including herds of grazing eegars, a lens beetle lamp, or a tasty krolik dish with all six legs still attached. Confront your players with challenging combat encounters with a teshuwaan, a dust kraken, or even the legendary white ape. Alternatively, add some flavor to your game by having the adventurers participate in a gashant race or ambush them with a Deimos crawler - the deadliest weapon of the Worm Cult. This sourcebook contains descriptions and stats for more than sixty Creatures of Mars, for every purpose imaginable!\nShipping options available at checkout. We can only serve the continental US, Alaska, and Hawaii.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Flying with callsign \"Cobra\" from Rota AB.\nFast pass over the coastline\nJust landed runway 31 in time when the sun decides to hide.\nLanding with last sunlight\nOn the deck of the Strategic Projection Ship LHD \"Juan Carlos I\".\nCadiz air show 2011.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "💄 Studio Quality Make-up Mirror\n💡 Ultimate Light Output\n☀️ 18 True Daylight LEDs🌓 Day to Night Colour Settings\n📸 Selfie Ready\n5 Year Warranty\nThe Billie Hollywood mirror was designed for the selfie lover! With 18 dazzling LED bulbs to achieve maximum light output, the Billie is perfect for videos, selfies and precision make-up application. Featuring dimmable lighting and day to night colour technology, this mirror gives you full control over your look.\nNewly designed with sleek, discrete legs to give you maximum space on your dressing table, they can also be easily removed so the mirror can be wall mounted.\n- Mirror: H:600mm x W:800mm\n- Optional feet D:180mm W:50mm H:30mm (non-slip scratch-resistant)\n- Wall mountable (solid wall fixings included)\n- Maximum light output of 7,200 lumens\n- 18 cool-touch eco LED bulbs\n- Cool, neutral and warm light technology - 3,000 - 6,000 kelvins\n- Touch control dimmer, day to night and on/off switch\n- 2 metre power cable with a UK 3-pin plug attached\n- 5 year warranty", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "HA! That is sure to go over\nHA! That is sure to go over well. Too bad there isn’t more time to fuck this card even more. Put Condit/BJ back on for the main event and have Diaz fight Kos since he was willing to go.\nApparently he was 45 minutes late.\n“I didn’t even know there was a call. I was sleeping then my brother tells me there’s a call so here I am.”\nNick fucking Diaz.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "The moon rite fizzled.\nWe celebrated the Druid moon this week, using a ritual drawn from Michael Dangler's Crane Breviary. It was an intercalary moon (when the Druid moon occurs twice in the same month, like a blue moon), and the ritual Dangler proposes for that is intended to reconstitute the cosmos -- to resynchronize of the lunar and solar cycles.\nPart of it involves pouring a few inches of alcohol into a pot, mixing some ice in and setting it alight. The idea is, the alcohol burns, the ice melts and steams and it symbolizes the creation of the world from fire and ice. (It also possibly symbolizes Michael Dangler's latent pyromania, but I'm just speculating here.)\nAnyway, it didn't work. I read the words and, at the proper time, dropped a lit match into the cauldron and stood back. And then another. And another. And another. And nothing ever happened.\nWe completed the rite as best we could, settling for the effort rather than the result. The omens were good.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "I never saw a discontented tree. They grip the ground as though they liked it, and though fast rooted they travel about as far as we do. They go wandering forth in all directions with every wind, going and coming like ourselves, traveling with us around the sun two million miles a day, and through space heaven knows how fast and far!\n~ John Muir\nWicklow Way day 01: Marley Park to Enniskerry", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Seller: Moon Magic\nType: Moonstone necklace\n– Genuine and iridescent Rainbow Moonstone – 925 sterling silver necklace (chain included) – Inspired and highly polished crescent moon – radiates colorful light when the sun kisses\nOur crescent moonstone pendant is simple but fierce at the same time. The design is bold, striking, but emanates power like no other gem. With the apex of the moon in its core, the gem of the Moonstone is used by monks, meditators and healers who have given up their lives based on the material to follow their spiritual paths. Our head-turning pendant is made of highly polished 925 sterling silver and will conjure your own little magical magic …\nThe dynamic energies within the moonstone pendant can erase superficiality and strengthen one's faith in the universe. Wearing our Crescent Moon necklace is like wearing an elegant talisman wherever you go.\nSize and fit details:\nTotal size: 16 \"(40.64 cm) collar with 2\" extender (5.08 cm) Center piece: 1 \"x 1 1/8\" (2.54 x 2.86 cm) Stone size: 0.39 \"(10 mm)\n☽ ∙ ✦", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "- Mesmerizing LED lighting system creates a captivating light show during flight\n- Crafted with top-notch materials for durability and reliability\n- User-friendly design perfect for beginners and seasoned flyers alike\nEmbark on a mesmerizing journey through the night sky with the Spin Copter LED Sky Glider. This exceptional glider features an enchanting LED lighting system that transforms each flight into a captivating light spectacle. Crafted with premium materials, this glider ensures durability and reliability, promising a long-lasting flying experience. Whether you're a novice looking to explore the skies or an experienced flyer seeking a new thrill, the user-friendly design of the Spin Copter LED Sky Glider guarantees a seamless and enjoyable adventure. Illuminate the dark skies, captivate onlookers with the mesmerising light show, and prepare for an unparalleled flying experience with this remarkable glider.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Our 420 Event Is On! Click for Details\nOur Camp Hill, PA location is open! Click for details\nYou must be 21 years of age or older to enter.\nBy entering you are agreeing that you are at least 21 years of age or older.\nLarge sized rolling tray featuring Canna Style's space doodle print of aliens, stars, moons, astronauts, UFOs, comets and planets on a bright colored gradient background.\nAdding product to your cart", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Tara Greene,Tarot Reader, Astrology Psychic\nApril 25 to May 1 is a jam-packed week of major highs and lows, of Bliss under a PIsces moon there is a total of 5 planets in PISCES and Venus conjunct NEPTUNE in PISCES on the 27/28th.\nThen we’re all going into the Underworld, like Persephone as Pluto turns Retrograde April 29 until October 8th. Remember you’re never supposed to eat anything in the Underworld. A lot of big changes. You gotta love them and roll with them.\nApril 30 is shocking, revolutionary, SOLAR Eclipse at 10 degrees Taurus conjunct Uranus at 14 degrees and with Venus conjunct Jupiter in Pisces, an exalted aspect of soul mates Heaven, psychic and creatively enhancing addicting energies and Venus sextile Pluto on May 1 Beltane.Whew, that’s a lot.\nThe early bird gets this auspicious alignment, like a lineup of pearls in the sky as four planets are visible to the…\nView original post 61 more words", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "No no no... look past the baby. I know it is hard. She is pretty darn cute. Block 9 is done!! I completed the 54th ridge last night and bound off before our bed time. Time to pick up stitches for block 10 which is only 18 ridges (and I thought it was 36, what a happy surprise!) This blanket will be done before I go back to work for sure!", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "4246 SE Belmont St., 971-279-2161, hokuseisushi.com.\n[SHISO FINERY] Don’t let its\nunlikely location, next door to the bastardized Teppanyaki tables of\nSlappy Cakes, fool you into thinking you��\nNEW ’SPACE AGE: Backspace, Portland’s longest-running all-ages music venue, is looking to move from its 10-year Old Town location.\nOwner Eric Robison says “if all the stars align right,” the", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "It looks like you're new here. If you want to get involved, click one of these buttons!\nDon’t be fooled this is Entropia Universe the gambling scam.\nMany people will explain to you you can earn money... In 2008 maybe but now... Impossible.\nI repeat : MONEY EATER", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Although his return to the NBA as part of the Knicks was unfortunately cut short due to injury, the legend of Rasheed Wallace was even further cemented into Basketball/pop culture this year despite playing in only a handful of games. Honoring the legend of Sheed, Nike is set to release the Nike Lunar Force 1 High “Sheed” PE Pack. As of now, details are sparse but we do know that they will be dropping exclusively at 21 Mercer on 5/29 at 6pm. Looking at the time of the release, we expect an event surrounding the release as well. Stay tuned for more and check out more below.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Solar Garden Lights Glass Home Design Ideas Gorgeous Solar Powered Garden Lights\nSolar Powered Garden Lights | Through the thousands of photographs on the web concerning Solar Powered Garden Lights, we selects the best libraries along with ideal image resolution just for you, and this photographs is actually considered one of photos libraries within our ideal photos gallery concerning Solar Powered Garden Lights. I really hope you may want it.\n*source – https://www.buildingpartnershipsma.org/58041/solar-garden-lights-glass/\nMany thanks for checking out, In case you identified any illustrations or photos copyrighted for you to your own house, you need to get in touch with us all and we will take out it. Unfortunately we cannot will display any copyright laws guarded images. We hope you’ll find things you need here. All of us generally attempt to point out an image with HD solution or otherwise with excellent images. Solar Garden Lights Glass Home Design Ideas Gorgeous Solar Powered Garden Lights can benefit you ideas in case you search for a graphic in respect particular categories. Finally, just about all photographs were exhibited on this web site inspires a person all..\nThis kind of image (Solar Garden Lights Glass Home Design Ideas Gorgeous Solar Powered Garden Lights) previously mentioned will be branded along with:placed by means of Berlyan at May, 8 2018. To view most photos within Solar Powered Garden Lights photos gallery remember to adhere to Solar Powered Garden Lights.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "- This event has passed.\nThe Athenaeum History Group\nDecember 10, 2014 @ 3:00 pm - 4:30 pm\nWednesday, December 10th—3pm Library\nA talk by Steve Lyus (Proprietor) on “The Liverpool Botanic Gardens from 1802”.\nDonna Young, Curator of the Liverpool Museum Herbarium will bring a selection of herbarium specimens from the first LBG and give a brief explanation of their importance.\nThis meeting is scheduled for 3pm", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Thu, Mar 17, 2011 | 22:36 GMT\nVillain’s safehouse explored in DC Universe Online trailer\nBeing a villain in DC Universe Online means access to a pretty swinging pad.\nSony Online Entertainment has released the trailer embedded below, which tempts newbies to try out the darker side of the DC Universe.\nCheck out the features of Gotham and Metropolis’s villain safehouse, a place you will come to know well.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "- Helmet shell material: DCA, Dyneema Carbon Aramid.\n- Colour: army\n- Inner lining is anti allergic, removable and washable.\n- One touch buckle on the chin belt.\n- Flip up visor.\n- Weight: ± 1150 gram.\n- This jet helmet is ECE approved.\nTo our experience the Premier jet helmets fit a bit smaller than normal and we therefore advice you to take 1 size larger than you normally would take, if you have any doubts about the size.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Hello Mr. Ramsey,\nI just wanted to say what a great night this was. The presentation by Joel Hart was very personal and much better than going to one of the really big college information nights that have five colleges presenting with only about 10 minutes on each school. I got a good sense of what Penn is about and it has reinforced my yearning to apply there. Also, since the presentation was small, Mr. Hart was able to answer everyone's questions and also stayed behind to answer our questions individually.\nI personally was able to get many of my questions answered about the Society of Women Engineers at Penn and also learned the name of the professor sponsor of the program. All in all, I am very glad to have been able to go. (Also, the location was very convenient, about 2 blocks from BART)", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Basic Radio Station Information\nCity of License:\nSalem Communications (Salem Communications Holding Corporation)\nKNTH is an AM radio station broadcasting at 1070 KHz. The station is licensed to Houston, TX and is part of the Houston-Galveston, TX radio market. The station airs talk programming. KNTH is owned by Salem Communications.\nNearby Radio StationsSportsTalk 790, SportsRadio 610, KOER 101.5 FM, KPFT 90.1 FM, KLJJ 95.1 FM, Univision Deportes Radio 1010, Radio Aleluya 1590, KRUT 94.9 FM, KOYM 99.7 FM, Rice Radio 91.7 KKHT 100.7 FM\nListener Comments and Reviews\nCurrently there are no comments about this radio station. Share your thoughts about this station in the form below.\nPost a Comment", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Functions for computing residuals from the observed life expectancy and MCMC estimation, and fitting a local polynomial regression.\ncompute.residuals(sim.dir, burnin = 1000) compute.loess(sim.dir = NULL, burnin = 1000, residuals = NULL)\nDirectory with the MCMC estimation. In\nNumber of (unthinned) iterations to be discarded. In\nResiduals can be computed outside of the\nThe Bayesian hierarchical model for life expectancy uses a lowess curve as a multiplier of the variance. The dataset is stored in the package as the\nloess_sd dataset. These functions can be used to re-compute this\nloess_sd dataset. In such a case, the simulation should be run with the argument\nconstant.variance = TRUE (in\nThe residuals are computed for each country as the absolute differences between the observed life expectancy increases and the mean of the estimated double logistic function at the corresponding life expectancy level.\ncompute.residuals returns a data frame with columns ‘x’ (life expectancy levels) and ‘y’ (absolute residuals).\ncompute.loess also returns a data frame with columns ‘x’ and ‘y’, where ‘x’ is the same as before (with added a minimum and maximum) and ‘y’ is the local polynomial fit with constant tails.\nsim.dir <- file.path(find.package(\"bayesLife\"), \"ex-data\", \"bayesLife.output\") resid <- compute.residuals(sim.dir, burnin = 30) lws <- compute.loess(residuals = resid) # plot residuals and loess plot(resid$x, resid$y, ylim = c(0, 4)) lines(lws$x, lws$y, col = \"red\")\nAdd the following code to your website.\nFor more information on customizing the embed code, read Embedding Snippets.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "It is a lamp with high brightness, long life time and energy saving.The light brightness is 130lm/w.The material is aluminum heat sink, 2 years warranty. It is a good choice for factory, office, workshop, warehouse, exhibition hall, stadium.\nLED PROJECTION LIGHT\nSize(mm):184(D) x 315(H) / ~3.5Kg\nColor Temp: 3000k/4000k\nLight: IP42, TX: IP65\n2 years warranty", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Current rating system looks a bit weird. 6 stars, really?\nMy suggestions are:\n1) to display 5 stars instead of 6 (loose 0 rating, UI patters, if I rate it 0 I as well might just don't rate it at all)\n2) When rating is assigned it should show it on stars not as a number (4.83)\nFor example, 4 1/2 stars highlighted.\nHow complicated to make it happened? When should we expect to see this feature.\nI think most of the code is written, just need to make few tweaks to make it perfect.\nPiwigo is awesome! Keep up a good work! =)", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "The Real Astrology Academy\nThe Real Astrology Academy provides astrological information, education and training to astrologers and astrology students around the world.\nThe unique and expanding course offerings combine the ability to participate in live classes with the convenience of watching class recordings. The Real Astrology Academy emphasizes developing astrological interpretation skills. After years of research and development, Kevin B. Burk has developed a systematic approach to mastering the art of chart interpretation that is simple enough for anyone to follow, and powerful enough to produce results in a few short months. Tools like the Natal Chart Interpretation Workbook (available exclusively in the Online Natal Astrology Class) and the E-Z Essential Dignity™ Card make it easy for you to become a truly Talented Astrologer.\nYou can learn more about all of the current classes and workshops offered through The Real Astrology Academy on this page.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Dublin Chinese New Year Festival – Rats to see and do at DCNYF 2020!\nCOUNTING DOWN TO\nIt’s just a few days until we officially Dublin Chinese New Year 2020, welcoming the Year of the Rat. We’re inviting everyone to join the celebrations running through until February 10th.\nWe’ve highlighted some fantastic events below but recommend exploring the full programme at dublinchinesenewyear.com\nSpring Festival Fair\nSat 25 – Sun 26 Jan", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "This thing is a little slow going but has some of the greats on there!\nJust be sure to send any other firehouse pranks to firecritic @ Firecritic.com!\nJust wait for 8:20 in!!!! 15:00 is one of the best!\nPlus you gotta love the cinnamon dragon!\n19:45 is some good stuff too!\nMost of this stuff has been on Fire Critic in the past….but it is worth a watch again!", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "THE FRENCH MASTERS VISIT ME THIS SPRING IN UNSEASONABLE RAIN 1. The water burns like the age of a rock, the lip of a window, the tongue of a mouth. Char stands on the edge of a leaf-blade. This is his disappearing trick. This is the muscle that flicks its tail within the words, this is the dark deeps, the stars, the nightwinds, the house of lupins: moon like a thumbprint; moon like the tongue thirst out in anger; moon like light clinging to an apricot petal. Prevert coughs into his absinthe, pressing down his blue suit of air, running blue fingers through his white hair: old lusts, old passions. The masters cluster at the window, demanding the only truth we have within this truth. All night I hear what I do not hear, just speech, these old, borrowed words, what we build with slow care, the sun.\n|The East Village Poetry Web", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Kim Yeo-jin Korean actor\n|Birthday||Saturday, June 24, 1972|\n|Countdown||Days left until next birthday: 246|\n|Age||46 years old|\nAbout Kim Yeo-jin\nKim Yeo-jin (46 years old) (Hangul: 김여진; born June 24 1972) is a South Korean actress.\nWhen is Kim Yeo-jin's birthday?\nKim Yeo-jin was born on the , which was a Saturday. Kim Yeo-jin will be turning 47 in only 246 days from today.\nHow old is Kim Yeo-jin?\nKim Yeo-jin is 46 years old. To be more precise, the current age as of right now is 16920 days, 21 hours, 3 minutes and 37 seconds.\nWhat is Kim Yeo-jin's zodiac sign?\nKim Yeo-jin's zodiac sign is Cancer.\nIs Kim Yeo-jin still alive?\nYes, Kim Yeo-jin is still alive.\nTags: Person, Q215627, Q5, DUL.Agent, DUL.NaturalLivingPeople, Actor109765278, CausalAgent100007347, Entertainer109616922, LivingThing100004258, Object100002684, Organism100004475, Performer110415638, Person100007846, Whole100003553, Ya\nBorn today (21 October)\nToday, Sámal Johansen is 119 years old\nSérgio da Rocha\nToday, Sérgio da Rocha is 59 years old\nToday, Michael McMillian is 40 years old\nToday, Michael Swango is 64 years old\nMichael White (journalist)\nToday, Michael White (journalist) is 73 years old\nToday, Mike Danton is 38 years old\nToday, Mike Keenan is 69 years old\nToday, Milan Vilotić is 32 years old\nMin Hyun Sik\nToday, Min Hyun Sik is 72 years old\nToday, Miroslav Žbirka is 66 years old\nToday, Toni Dalli is 38 years old\nToday, Tony Mortimer is 48 years old\nTore Viken Holvik\nToday, Tore Viken Holvik is 30 years old\nUrsula K. Le Guin\nToday, Ursula K. Le Guin is 89 years old\nToday, Vacca (rapper) is 39 years old\nToday, Serdar Apaydın is 52 years old\nToday, Shelden Williams is 35 years old", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "At the beginning of the Winter Solstice, Mother Nature reaches her nadir of darkness. The light from the sun is seemingly extinguished in the Northern Hemisphere, and gloom covers the land. This, however is only an illusion, for the light and energy from the sun is in reality unaffected by the changing seasons on Planet Earth.\nToday, we are collectively experiencing a changing of the Ages from Pisces to Aquarius, and although events around the world may seem frightening and discouraging to many, a better time is right around the corner.\nSince December 21, 2012, the frequencies of our planet have sped up dramatically, and the Great White Brotherhood of Light is working ceaselessly to defeat the Forces of Darkness that are making war with the Aryan Sons of Light. Everything in the universe consists of light particles and waves, vibrating at higher or lower frequencies. In the Golden Age of Aquarius, the Light Energy on this planet will be stronger than any time in hundreds of thousands of years\nComrades, let the Aryan Christ be born in our minds and in our hearts this Day. Hail to the eternal victory of the unconquerable sun. Down with the jewish matrix of lies. Hail to the Fourth Reich of Aryan glory!!!", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Mainly cloudy with just occasional bright spells or glimpses of the sun likely. The sun will break through most likely on Thursday . However, on Wednesday rain is to be expected. Daytime temperature reaches 26 degrees.\n|Sa Jul 31||Su Aug 01||Mo Aug 02||Tu Aug 03|", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "PentaxPF-65ED II 65mm Spotting Scope with Zoom Eyepiece Kit (Straight Viewing)\nB&H # PEPF65ED2ZE\nMFR # KU70117\nIn Stock:Shipping Only\nin the next\nPlace your order by 4:00 PM Wednesday, Oct 7 and your order will ship the same day. For further details see delivery estimates in cart. All orders are subject to verification. International orders are processed the next shipping day.\nThe straight view configuration of the PF-65ED II 65mm Spotting Scope with Zoom Eyepiece Kit from B&H combines fully multicoated extra-low dispersion glass and a waterproof housing to create an optical device ready to perform in a wide range of conditions. The included 20-60x XF zoom eyepiece features multicoated low-dispersion lanthanum-containing glass, a 42-60° apparent viewing angle, and a rubber eyepiece ring. Additionally, the eyepiece is compatible with PF-80/PF-100 series spotting scopes and telescopes with a 1.25 inch focuser. This objective assembly and eyepiece system is engineered to transmit bright images with minimal chromatic aberration and maximum detail. A 20-60x magnification range is well-suited for intermediate to long-range glassing applications.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Well we played the second chapter of eye for an eye. They were investigating, doing there thing. But failed miserably with chao stars everywhere. Every time they got a chaos star I moved the cult track. Well, not many clues were found, I forgot to drop the \"goose is good\" note so one of the PCs is poisoned and the others decided to get drunk with the staff ,which means they are going to be asleep in there beds.\nI think in our next session I will have sister Sonja go to the heroes door to tell them that \"they\" took the dwarf at night and need to find him, he'll die if the don't. Sound reasonable?", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "I am currently trying to use PCI-E to transfer data(8byte/once) and write the data to EPCQ through ASMI(page write), but unexpected phenomena appeared in the result, as shown in Fig.\nHere is the data I transferred:\nAnd when I use SignalTap to check the input waveform of \"ASMI IP\", the status is all good, as shown in Fig(The beginning data matches the data I transmitted, in order A1h, A2h, A3h, A4h, A5h, A6h, A7h, A8h):\nBut when I checked the data from EPCQ, I found that the data was wrong.\nSo why does SignalTap look good, but the result is wrong?\nDoes anyone have some ideas to share with me?\nThanks for your answers.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Featuring free WiFi, Apartments Luce is located in Pag, 40 km from Zadar. Novalja is 18 km away. Free private parking is available on site.\nThe accommodation comes with a TV with satellite channels. There is also a kitchen, fitted with a fridge. Bed linen is provided.\nMali Lošinj is 47 km from Apartments Luce. The nearest airport is Zadar Airport, 46 km from the property....\n|Put Murvice 3|", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Knowledge acquired from THE MASTER TEACHER (Holy Spirit), using the King James Version Bible, Apocrypha, lost books of the bible, and from visions, dreams , experiences, spiritual encounters; both terrestrial and celestial, all under the Master Teacher‘s thoughts, of celestial knowledge!\nTruth is that which never passes away, and never changes. By observation, of the terrestrial realm, one can clearly see the celestial realm. The terrestrial realm is a physical image of the invisible celestial realm.\nCopyright © 2014 - 2019 WARRIORS ARE ON THE MOVE, INC ALL RIGHTS", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "GEOLOGISTS have identified \"fossils\" from the time when non-living matter was taking its first tentative steps towards life. The ancient grains of radioactive rock are coated with an oily gloop, suggesting they could perhaps have driven the first chemical reactions that were necessary for life to evolve.\nBefore life got started, complex organic molecules must already have existed on Earth. Simple organic molecules such as amino acids showered down on early Earth, and the atmosphere at the time was rich in methane. But how these chemicals took the next step on the ladder of complexity still mystifies biologists.\n\"The basic problem with the origin of life is that we understand the chemistry that makes simple molecules such as amino acids, but not the complex molecules,\" says geochemist Iain Gilmour of Britain's Open University. The prime suspect for bringing this about is ionising radiation.\nEarly Earth was bathed in cosmic rays, ...\nTo continue reading this article, subscribe to receive access to all of newscientist.com, including 20 years of archive content.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "I see those around me\nSo successful, so confident\nWith interesting stories and interesting lives\nI see their triumphs and their accolades\nThey rise up\nAnd I stay stagnant\nNothing new, nothing remarkable\nSafe, boring me\nWhere is my life going?\nWhat am I doing that is special?\nEven my accomplishments are trivial\nThe few things I can name as my own\nSo small, so insignificant\nA tiny speck of space dust\nIn a universe of stars", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Surveys in Approximation Theory, 1 (2005), 1-45.\nDensity in Approximation Theory\nAbstract. Approximation theory is concerned with the ability to approximate functions by simpler and more easily calculated functions. The first question we ask in approximation theory concerns the possibility of approximation. Is the given family of functions from which we plan to approximate dense in the set of functions we wish to approximate? In this work, we survey some of the main density results and density methods.\nPublished: 14 January 2005.\nDepartment of Mathematics", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "A red sky at night is a Shepherd’s delight, a red sky in the morning is a Shepherd’s warning.\nYou probably have heard this saying many times and each time I see a red sky at night or in the morning, I recall this saying. This concept appears in the book of Matthew in the Bible and is an old weather prediction system that helped shepherds understand what the weather will be and how to prepare for it.\nWhile there are many variations to this saying such as “Red sky at night is a Sailor’s Delight”, it all comes down to what these red skies signify scientifically. A red sky at night means fair weather is coming your way due to high pressure weather system moving in and thus it was a delight to the shepherds. A red sky in the morning is due to high-pressure weather system moving out (usually east) and making way for not so pleasant weather.\nThis photo is taken of a red sky in the morning from my backyard.\nDo you know this and other weather related folklore? Please share in comments.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "A trip to Aubrac\n22 May 2014\nI decided to have a trip through this old and traditonal region which has been welcoming pilgrims on their way to Santiago de Compostella and wide open space lovers.\nA five days trip, alone, in the prolific solitude. I often met the gentle cows, on my way. The cold wind from the north told me sometimes its stories. I stopped in a shelter, which the local people call \"buron\". The old mansion was in the middle of the pastures and surrounded by silence. The night was cold and windy. I got up early in the morning, to see the rising sun and the early dafodils, frolicking in the grass.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "First milestone reached on AEHF 1's long road to orbit\nBY JUSTIN RAY\nPosted: September 5, 2010\nThe U.S. Air Force has completed the initial phase of its multi-step, multi-month strategy to maneuver the new secure communications satellite into the proper orbit without the main engine operating.\nSatellite-tracking hobbyists report that the Advanced Extremely High Frequency 1 spacecraft has climbed into the intermediate orbit that project officials were targeting.\nThe craft spent the week performing four orbit raising burns using tiny steering thrusters to boost the low end of the satellite's highly elliptical orbit by more than 400 miles.\nControllers are employing the so-called Reaction Engine Assembly motors to save the satellite after its large Liquid Apogee Engine failed to work shortly after launch.\nAir Force officials are confident AEHF 1 will achieve the intended geosynchronous orbit and have enough remaining fuel to function for its full 14-year mission. But getting the satellite boosted into the circular perch using thrusters instead of the main engine will take a half-year longer to accomplish.\nThe initial phase of the rescue plan wanted to get the satellite's perigee safely above the influences of atmospheric drag. The following numbers show that has occurred:\nOrbit at start of rescue:\nOrbit after Segment 1, Burn 1:\nOrbit after Segment 1, Burn 2:\nOrbit after Segment 1, Burn 3:\nOrbit after Segment 1, Burn 4:\nThe next segment will \"more than double\" the orbit's low point with continued burns of the hydrazine-fueled thrusters, according to Dave Madden, Military Satellite Communications Systems Wing program director at the Air Force's Space and Missile Systems Center.\nLater phases to reach a circular geosynchronous orbit 22,300 miles above the planet will use the Hall Current Thrusters of the satellite's xenon-fed electric propulsion system.\nAEHF 1 should arrive at its destination by next June or July, officials predict.\nTo learn more about the rescue plan, see our earlier story.\nDetails about the main engine investigation and possible impacts to the AEHF 2 launch are posted here.\nFor more on the AEHF 1 satellite and its mission, see our story from launch day.\nMISSION STATUS CENTER", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "The third issue of Al’manac of Modem Metrology is a thematic one and it is dedicated to gravimetric and gradiometric measurements, development of the metrology base in this field, and solving its technical, organizational and legal issues. The contributions are based on papers presented in the scientific seminar “Contemporary state and prospects of space gravimetry and gradiometry” organized by VNIIFTRI and attended by specialists of institutes of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Lomonosov Moscow State University, and industrial organizations active in the field of space geodesy and gravimetry.\nThe issues and suggestions raised in the articles will no doubt play a positive part in solving contemporary problems of geodesy, space gravimetry and gradiometry — a most important area of fundamental science.\nFOREWORD FROM THE EDITOR-IN-CHIEF\nSpace gravimetry and gradiometry is a most important area of fundamental science page 6\nSPACE SYSTEM FOR GLOBAL GEODETIC MONITORING\nComprehensive studies into the justification of routes to the creation and principles of the construction, as well as determination of the design of a space system for global geodetic monitoring page 9\nRoutes to achieving the accuracy characteristics of the national geocentric coordinate system page 21\nMEANS FOR MONITORING THE PARAMETERS OF THE EARTH’S GRAVITATIONAL FIELD\nSpaceborne gravitational field parameter meters page 32\nBaryshev V.N., Blinov I.Yu.\nGravimetry with atomic interferometers page 62\nSoroka A.I., Fateev V.F., Popadiev V.V.\nProspects for development of space gravity gradiometry based on torsion mechanical oscillating systems page 69\nDubovskiy V.B., Belyaev M.Yu., Leontiev V.I., Manukin A.B., Obydennikov S.S., Pshenyanik V.G.\nPresent state and prospects of satellite accelerometry and gradiometry page 84\nManukin A.B., Kalinnikov I.I., Matyunin V.P., Dubovskiy V.B., Leontiev V. I.\nHigh sensitivity accelerometers for measurements on spacescraft and planets of the Solar System page 97\nMETHODS FOR PROCESSING GRAVIMETRIC MEASUREMENTS\nPasynkov V.V., Zhukov A.N., Zotov S.M., Lobanov A.V., Tupitsyn I.N., Churilov N.S.\nPresent state and issues of onboard measurements processing in the interest of solving problems of space geodesy page 110\nDetermination of the parameters of an Earth gravitational field model from measurements in the high-low mode of SST page 117\nNeyman Yu. M., Sugaipova L.S.\nOn the harmonic analysis of the geopotential based on GOCE mission results page 126\nDetermination of the height of a GEOIK-2 satellite above the sea surface page 132\nZotov L.V., Frolova N.L., Telegina A.A.\nMeasurements of the gravitational field in large Russian river basins from GRACE data page 142\nFOUNDERS OF METROLOGY FIELDS page 159\nFull texts of articles are available only in Russian in printed issues of the magazine.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Your public profile\nMohul Sharma's profile\nMohul Sharma is known as Mohul at Staracle.\nMohul signed up on 09/19/2012\nYou and Mohul are not connected.\nYour friend request to Mohul is pending.\nMohul's contact request is pending.\nYou and Mohul are friends.\nYou have named 1 stars.\nYou have named one star.\nMohul has named 1 stars.\nMohul has named one star.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "What good are model rockets if you can't launch them?\nBrad and Preston finished building Preston's big brother present and bought engines for them, so we needed to have a launch party!\nWe walked over to the school nearby for the launch!\nPreston was just a little bit excited!\nMy boys got everything set up.\nThen it was time to launch!\nThe first launch the rocket headed over towards the school. Preston took off after it once the parachute came out.\nMy rocket launchers!\nI love how much Preston loved the whole thing!\nBrad decided with the wind and how big the second rocket was that we should move to a different area for the next launch. It's really good that Brad was into all of this kind of stuff growing up because I had no idea what we were doing!\nThe small dot is the rocket and it's parachute!\nPreston took off after it!\nThen Brad took off after it when it ended up landing outside the school yard. I thought it was going to land in someones backyard and knew that Preston was going to be upset since he was so nervous about launching his rockets and losing them. It ended up making it across the street and landing in someones bushes.\nWhile the boys retrieved the rocket me and Liv hung out back at the launch pad.\nThey found it!\nPreston was having so much fun!\nMy boys and their rocket!\nBrad decided we needed to move again before launching the first rocket again. There's a lot to this whole rocket launching thing!\nFourth and final rocket launch!\nAnd he's off after the rocket!\nAfter Preston found the rocket some older boys hanging out at the school stopped him to ask him about his rocket and tell him how cool it was! It was seriously so cute! And he was so proud!\nAfter launching the rockets we headed off on a walk!\nWe decided to head to the gas station near us for celebratory drinks! Plus I just really wanted a cherry Pepsi!\nOn the way back, Preston insisted that he could push Olivia in the stroller!\nBe still my heart!\nPerfect way to end the week before Brad heads back to work.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Save the date: Selection of ESA's seventh Earth Explorer\n15 October 2012\nNext spring will mark a significant milestone in the Earth observation calendar. The decision will be taken as to which of the three concepts competing to be the next Earth Explorer satellite mission will be developed and built.\nPrior to this important decision, scientists and data users will be able to discuss the merits of each of the three candidates and express their views at a consultation meeting, which ESA is planning to hold on 5-6 March in Graz, Austria.\nDetails on how to register for the Earth Explorer User Consultation Meeting will be announced on the ESA website after confirmation of funding at ESA's Ministerial Council Meeting in November.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Inertial Coordinate Systems\nInertial coordinate systems are used in classical mechanics to describe the motion of a particle. Suppose the system is at rest and a second coordinate system is moving with constant velocity with respect to . An event can be located in either coordinate system. The relations between the coordinates of the event are called Galilean transformations and are nonrelativistic.\nThese relations can be summarized as", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Set in Nova Vas, this air-conditioned apartment features a patio. The unit is 44 km from Trieste.\nThere is a seating area, a dining area and a kitchen as well as a private bathroom. A TV with satellite channels is provided.\nPortorož is 29 km from Apartment Stranici 7105d, while Rovinj is 20 km from the property. Pula Airport is 46 km away.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Green Park To Chanakyapuri Distance\nDistance between Green Park and Chanakyapuri is 13036 KM\n(kilometers) and 282.06 meters. Green Park is 8100.4 miles away from Chanakyapuri.\nGreen Park and Chanakyapuri Location\nGreen Park is located in the USA state of Missouri at the longitude of -90.3 and latitude of 38.5. Chanakyapuri is located in the India state of Madhya_Pradesh at the longitude of 76 and latitude of 23.\nGreen Park direction from Chanakyapuri\nGreen Park is located nearly west\nside to Chanakyapuri. Green Park To Chanakyapuri road map direction from google will be integrated.\nTime difference between Green Park and Chanakyapuri\nTime difference between Green Park and Chanakyapuri is 12.953731466667 decimal hours (12 : 57 : 13.433280000009\n). Green Park universal time is 18.022666666667 UTC and Chanakyapuri universal time is 5.0689352 UTC. Green Park is advance Chanakyapuri 12 hours and 57 Minutes and 13.433280000009 seconds.\nTravel distance from Green Park\nTraveling distance are available for the following cities Green Park to Defence Colony distance\n, Green Park to Gurgaon distance\n, Green Park to Lajpat Nagar distance\n, Green Park to New Delhi Railway Station distance\n, Green Park to Vasant Kunj distance\n, Green Park to Vasant Vihar distance\n, Green Park to Victoria distance\n, Green Valley to Phoenix distance\nGreen Park To Chanakyapuri Travel Time\nTravel time from Green Park To Chanakyapuri will take 325 hours and 54.42 minutes if the vehicle keep an average speed of sixty kilometer per hour. Travel time by walk may take around 1629.5 hours if you continuously walk at the speed of 6KM.\nGreen Park Chanakyapuri information Note:\nAll information in this page about Green Park and Chanakyapuri are approximate details. It is crow flies distance so the above travel information may be differ from motor road distance.\nDear Travellers / Visitors you are kindly welcome write more about Green Park and Chanakyapuri.\n- Previous traveling experience from Green Park to Chanakyapuri.\n- Various travel routes from Chanakyapuri.\n- Tourist spots between Green Park and Chanakyapuri road.\n- Hotels details, travel guide and booking information about Green Park and Chanakyapuri.\n- You are welcome to provide accurate information about Green Park and Chanakyapuri if the above information is not accurate.\n- Travel photos and other information related to Green Park and Chanakyapuri.\nReference:Distance between Green Park and Chanakyapuri", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Southern Sun Newlands\nAbout Southern Sun Newlands\nFeaturing a bar and a restaurant Southern Sun Newlands is set in Cape Town 3 km from Kenilworth Race Course and 6 km from Table Mountain. The property is around 7 km from Long Street and 9 km from V&A Waterfront. The accommodation offers a 24-hour front desk and room service for guests.At the hotel each room includes a desk. At Southern Sun Newlands each room is fitted with a flat-screen TV with satellite channels.The daily breakfast offers buffet Full English/Irish or vegetarian options.Canal Walk is 10 km from the accommodation. Cape Town International Airport is 12 km from the property.\nSouthern Sun Newlands Map\n*Distances are shown as the crow flies and not necessarily the actual travelling", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Past Lives & Time Travel\nOur past lives hold a wealth of information about who we are today. Our experiences and relationships from previous incarnations influence us in profound ways in this lifetime. In addition to past life regression, we can also explore the realm of time travel and astral travel. These practices allow us to step beyond the limitations of our physical existence and access other realms of time and space.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "I have a tiff image of dimension 64 × 64 × 51, where 51 is my z axis or the number of image stacks. Now I want to get the brightness value for each stack corresponding to its x and y coordinates of pixel using imageJ. So if I want to get brightness value of coordinate 10,12(x,y) in image stack 5 (z) I can map it to corresponding pixels. I am unable to find any api in imageJ library which can do this.\nIf I work on ImagePlus object, getpixel api gives me pixel array based on x,y coordinate but I am unsure about z coordinate or the stack from which it is coming from.\nImagePlus img=new ImagePlus(\"some.tiff\") int some=img.getPixel(10, 20);\nIf I get the whole image stack and get the pixel values by stack number again I am unsure of the x,y coordinate. Something like this\nImageStack is=img.getImageStack(); Object som=is.getPixels(10); // Gives me pixel values array for stack 10\nI want to know if I can somehow get the pixel value based on the x,y,z coordinate which will make it easier for me to map and make sense of the data. Also I am open to exploring other libraries which can help do this for an image stack in java.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Holi – Myths & Stories Behind the Festival of Colours\n1. Holi Celebrations\nToday is the festival of colours, Holi, which has been celebrated by everyone irrespective of age and religion. Happiness overflows on this day along with colours. Phalguna Shukla Pournima is celebrated as Holi festival. The speciality of Holi lies in spending the moon lit night with colours. Holi is celebrated as a national festival in Nepal.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item:\n|Title: ||Parallel Local Search for the Costas Array Problem|\n|Authors: ||Diaz, Daniel|\n|Issue Date: ||2012|\n|Citation: ||Daniel Diaz, Florian Richoux, Yves Caniou, Philippe Codognet, Salvador Abreu: Parallel Local Search for the Costas Array Problem. IPDPS Workshops 2012: 1793-1802|\n|Abstract: ||The Costas Array Problem is a highly combina- torial problem linked to radar applications. We present in this paper its detailed modeling and solving by Adaptive Search, a constraint-based local search method. Experiments have been done on both sequential and parallel hardware up to several hundreds of cores. Performance evaluation of the sequential version shows results outperforming previous implementations, while the parallel version shows nearly linear speedups up to 8,192 cores.|\n|Appears in Collections:||INF - Publicações - Artigos em Revistas Internacionais Com Arbitragem Científica|\nItems in DSpace are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved, unless otherwise indicated.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Passage #165: 12 September 2012\nWho Watches the Watchers?\nFrom every which way, they watch. But who watches the watchers?\nWell, this week, we will be the ones watching the watchers (or perhaps more to the point, observing the observers) from as many angles as possible, which is probably altogether too many angles we must admit, but then no one said this would be an easy job now, did they?", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "We'd love to arrange a tour for you!\nOur space is located in the Burien Professional Building. We are open for tours almost anytime. If possible, give us little heads up at email@example.com\n801 SW 150TH Street\nSeattle, WA 98166", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Late 18th century\nMahogany, oak, pine, mirror glass\n13.75″ W; 18.5″ H\nArched “petticoat” mirror from the late 18th century. The frame consists of thick, nicely grained mahogany veneer over oak and the mirror is etched and beveled at the base and in the arch. Original pine backboards with good oxidation. Expected minor losses to the silvering.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Analysis of the upconversion processes of Nd3+ ions in transparent YAG ceramics\n2014 (English)In: Ceramics International, ISSN 0272-8842, E-ISSN 1873-3956, Vol. 40, no 10, 15951-15956 p.Article in journal (Refereed) Published\nOptical properties of Nd3+ ions in YAG transparent ceramics have been analysed. The samples were prepared by a high temperature (1650 and 1680 degrees C) sintering followed by hot isostatic pressing (HIP) at 1650 or 1700 degrees C in order to obtain a well-homogeneous diffusion of the ions and functional transparency. The emission and luminescence decay curves from the F-4(3/2) metastable laser level of these samples are very similar to the ones obtained on crystal samples grown with the Czochralski method. However, excitation upconversion spectra obtained detecting at 590 nm for the transparent ceramic samples present important differences compared to the bulk YAG crystal, which can be explained by a change in the upconversion mechanism involved and the different arrangements of the Nd3+ ions in the YAG matrix. The analysis of the upconversion excitation spectra is shown to be a good method to detect the differences between the positions occupied by the Nd3+ ions in different matrices.\nPlace, publisher, year, edition, pages\n2014. Vol. 40, no 10, 15951-15956 p.\nHot isostatic pressing, Spectroscopy, Optical properties\nIdentifiersURN: urn:nbn:se:su:diva-109257DOI: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2014.07.123ISI: 000343353600067OAI: oai:DiVA.org:su-109257DiVA: diva2:765585", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Posts Tagged ‘skepticism’\nNews of a potentially huge breakthrough in physics, that the Cosmic Speed Limit may have been violated, has taken the world by storm this past week. As a fan of science in general and physics especially, I am excited not only by the observations reported, but also by the fact that physics, of all things, is capturing the interest of the general population.\nWhile we occasionally hear news reports on cosmology, updates on the age of the universe or beautiful glimpses at the jeweled treasures of our galaxy, and while the happenings at the LHC sometimes percolate up into the level of the general news, it is infrequent that these reports truly grab the attention and spark discussion among the wide population.\nYet the recent news that something has perhaps violated the ‘law’ that nothing can travel faster than light –a physical principle right up there with E=mc2, one which every child has known since they sat upon their mother’s knee– has been lighting up internet forums, social networking news-feeds, and office lunchrooms.\nWith this article, I’ll try to shed some light (har!) on the recent developments, and hope to share a bit of my enthusiasm (and skepticism) of the news.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Good morning Anna,\nI just want to say thank you again for the beautiful wedding dress and your help with getting the fit just right, I truly appreciated it.\nI felt absolutely wonderful on the day, so I couldn’t have asked for better.\nI have added some photos for you, so you can see the final look.\nThanks again, and probably see you again one day in the distant future for the last of the sisters (note from Anna: Kate is the third sister we dressed for her wedding) .", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "I like this game, so I'm going to play (very poorly).Journey to the Moon (That's not a book, is it? It sounds good.)Ugly Betty (I've watched way more TV than I've read books.)Nice Girls Finish Last (just how I'm feeling at the moment)Eat,Pray, Love (last third of this book is tediously boring.)\nFun...thanks for playing, Rawknrobyn.I like your comments after the book titles...thanks for sharing.LOL on your comment about Journey to the Moon.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Meeting times sent in the invitation mails .ics are wrong (marked as UTC) #13\nSteps to reproduce:\nThe ideal behaviour would be to send the proper timezone in the event, or the proper corresponding time in UTC time, so that whoever sees the event, from any timezone, they see the correct time of the meeting (as intepreted in the timezone of the wiki on which the meeting was created).\nA less than ideal behaviour, but still an improvement to the current behaviour would be to send the hour of the meeting that is stored in the wiki but without any timezone indication (what they call a \"local\" time in the RFC), so that at least if the wiki and the receiver of the invitation are on the same timezone the time of the meeting displayed in the wiki and in the invitation mail are the same.\nThe text was updated successfully, but these errors were encountered:\n…UTC) #13 * set the proper/current time zone of the wiki in the vCalendar, instead of using the UTC", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "2nd Day Shavuot Cheese and Wine Kiddush Monday 6th June after the service\nBack to the bowling!\nJust a few snaps from our recent bowling night at Bloomsbury Bowl. Please read our recent blog detailing the eventful evening and keep your eyes open for the next bowling date coming soon.[nggallery id=12]", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "no \"ignore whitespace\"\na great looking up, and seems to be really great for images -- but for text comparison?\nThere is no switch to ignore whitespace.\nSo if you have a reformatted source code file you are unable to see the important differences\namong all the \"noise\". This is such a basic requirement that I cannot give more than two stars", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Start 2013 off laughing with the witty wordplay of the Marx Brothers' classic comedies. Catch Groucho, Chico and Harpo in this double feature of Duck Soup (the one with the famous mirror gag) and Monkey Business (the brothers' first original screenplay).\nScrewball Comedy Classics for the 2013 New Year: Marx Brothers Double Feature\n|Venue name:||American Cinematheque at the Aero Theatre||Contact:|\n1328 Montana Ave", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Event in the Intercultural Meet-Up\nAll events shown here take place in the Intercultural Meet-Up in the StudentServiceCentre of the University of Oldenburg.\nFor room bookings or event suggestions, please contact ikt(at)uol.de\nIf you have questions relating to the event description or would like your event to be displayed here, please contact markedvgmyti4lnng.IO@bkmmuoo2l.dejmm+z (ishlo-m\nCalendar Base Error\nNote: Please verify your URL parameter: tx_cal_controller[uid]", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Events Search and Views Navigation\n- There were no results found.\n*The information presented was accurate at the time of publishing. Event details may have changed and you should refer to the event website or venue website for the latest information.\nContent on this site is Copyright 2017 Not My Fault Productions.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Grab Charizard in Pokemon Sun and Moon from Target For a Limited Time\nGrab Charizard in Pokémon Sun or Moon at participating Target locations for a limited time only.\nStarting today and lasting until October 14, Pokémon Sun and Pokémon Moon owners will be able to grab a free Charizard in the game at participating Target stores.\nThe Charizard will be level 50 and comes with Fly, Flare Blitz, Earthquake, and Dragon Dance as its four moves.\nAs an ability this Charizard will have Blaze, which boosts fire-type attacks or special attack by around 50 percent. Also, it’ll be holding a Red Card, which will force whichever Pokémon uses a damaging attack on Charizard, even if it’s an ally, to go back and switch to a random one in you or your opponent’s party. The Red Card will not activate against wild monsters or trainers who only have one left for battle.\nPokémon Sun and Pokémon Moon are available now exclusively on the Nintendo 3DS; Pokémon Ultra Sun and Pokémon Ultra Moon will be making their way onto the system later this year on November 17, 2017.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Expect a mix of sun and clouds in the days to come. Especailly on Monday sunny periods increase. Rain will not occur during daytime. The daily high increases from 19 degrees on Sunday to 25 degrees on Tuesday.\n|Sa Aug 15||Su Aug 16||Mo Aug 17||Tu Aug 18|\n|Nearby Forecast Locations - Goondiwindi||Distance|", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "The Spigen Neo Hybrid Case for Samsung Galaxy S5 is an amazing dual layer case, that’s not only really beautiful, but also provides a great deal of protection for the Galaxy S5. This is in our opinion, the ultimate case for the Samsung Galaxy S5.\nThe Spigen Neo Hybrid Case for Samsung Galaxy S5 is made out of two layers. The main parts that’s in charge of protection is the inner shock absorbing TPU layer, which is very tough and yet very flexible. The bumper, which is also providing some minimal protection (if you drop your S5 on the sides or corners), is mainly there to give a classy finish for this case. The camera and flash are placed deep enough within the case and are protected very well. This case has a very generous raised lip around the screen, so if you drop your Galaxy S5 on the screen – it will be protected very well. Overall, the amount of protection you’ll get from this slim case is superb.\nThe Spigen Neo Hybrid Case for Samsung Galaxy S5 looks amazing. It sits very firmly on the Galaxy S5 and immediately after putting it on the device, you can tell that this is a high quality case. It’s very light and doesn’t add a lot of weight to the Galaxy S5, which is very important. It’s also very slim and doesn’t make the Galaxy S5 look bulky at all. The cutouts for the camera, speaker and ports are perfect. This case is available in 5 different beautiful colors (see pictures below).\nThe Spigen Neo Hybrid Case for Samsung Galaxy S5 is one of the best cases out there for the Galaxy S5. It provides excellent drop protection for the S5, in a beautiful slim and light-weight design.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "August Skye wallpaper\nDownload wallpaper in HD or Wide\nCategories: August Skye\nAugust Skye big tits and sexy curves black beauty full frontal nude exposing her sexy body hd porn star wallpaper\nAugust Skye wallpaper is available in 1280x720, 1366x768, 1600x900, 1920x1080, HD, Wide and classic 4:3 pc/tv screen size resolutions. August Skye is part of the August Skye erotic and nude babes collection of wallpapers. August Skye hot and nude girl wallpaper was tagged with: porn star, untrimmed, big boobs, busty babe, hot tits, black babe, naked woman, nude model, august skye, adult movies, nsfw, full frontal, . You can download this August Skye using the links above, you can post it on forums or share your opinion using the comment form below.\nAugust Skye hot curves big tits and round ass black porn star nude hd wallpapers gallery", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "realme Global has officially teased the global launch of the realme GT Neo 3T on Twitter. No details were revealed just yet but the global launch event is confirmed to happen soon.\nIt didn’t reveal much in the teaser but the upcoming device is believed to be a rebranded realme Q5 Pro. If this is the case, some features include a 6.62-inch E4 AMOLED display with a 120Hz refresh rate.\nAdditionally, earlier this month, the realme GT Neo 3T was spotted on the Geekbench benchmark with a Snapdragon 870 and at least 8GB RAM. It is also expected to arrive with 12GB RAM and 256GB storage.\nThe Q5 Pro also launched with a 5000mAh battery with 80W fast charging support. In the optic department, the device was unveiled with a 64MP main sensor, an 8MP ultrawide lens, and a 2MP macro camera. Rounding out the cameras is a 16MP camera on the front.\nWe’re bound to see more details in the following weeks especially when the launch date is announced.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Replacement Battery for Aurora Solar Lights by Aurora Deck Lighting\nKeep your Aurora solar post caps shining bright throughout the night for years to come with the Solar Replacement Battery for Aurora Solar Post Cap Lights. The Replacement Solar Battery for Aurora Solar Post Cap Lights are a Lithium Ion solar light replacement battery that can be swapped in seconds to guarantee a bright illumination for your outdoor deck space that keep your nights safe and sound. Solar deck lights generally require a new battery at least every one to three years, plan ahead and keep some replacement solar batteries on hand for an uninterrupted glow for your backyard living space.\nSolar Replacement Batteries for Aurora Solar Post Caps are sold individually and deliver a 1,400 mAh (3.7 voltage) power level to keep your solar lights aglow season after season.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Scheduled Satellite Clinics will be posted here.\nYOU MUST TAKE THE ONLINE CO CLINIC, PRINT THE QUIZ, FILL IT OUT AND BRING THIS PAPER WITH YOU TO TAKE YOUR FIRST SKILL CLINIC. If you have any certification in any officials position, you already have taken the CO clinic and no further action on this is required.\nSatellite Clinics Schedule\nNo satellite clinics are currently scheduled\nIf anyone else would like to host clinics, please contact Ken and we will try set it up and get it posted on the RMSRO.ORG web site.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Ain't no shame in it.\n- Preshrunk; 17\" x 28\" (approx), printed image 7.5\" x 5.5\".\n- Wash cold, delicate cycle, tumble dry. Light iron if needed.\n- Wash dark colors separately. Do not bleach.\n- Towel made in India.\nPeople are saying:\n\"I have a few people in my life I need to send this to!\"\n~Sheri H, from Facebook\n\"Some days yes!\"\n~April P, from Facebook\n~Anna S, from Facebook", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Samsung Galaxy A8 (2018) and the Galaxy A8+ (2018) have been announced today with dual front cameras and Infinity displays, similar to what we have seen on Samsung’s high-end Galaxy S and Note series.\nBoth devices closely inspired by the Samsung Galaxy S8 and Galaxy S8+. The announcement confirms an 18.5:9 aspect ratio display on the phones. Additionally, these Samsung Galaxy A series devices will be the first to feature dual selfie cameras.\nSamsung Galaxy A8 (2018) Specifications\nThe Samsung Galaxy A8 and Galaxy A8+ were earlier speculated to launch in early 2018., succeeding the Samsung Galaxy A5 and Galaxy A7 from last year. The Samsung Galaxy A8 (2018) comes with a 5.6-inch display and the A8+ (2018) with a 6-inch panel.\nBoth the phones feature Infinity displays with an 18.5:9 aspect ratio. In terms of optics, the devices are coming with Dual selfie cameras from Samsung. The Samsung Galaxy A8 will come with a 16MP + 8MP dual selfie cameras. A 16MP rear camera adores the back with a bright f/1.7 aperture.\nThe fingerprint sensor is also optimally placed below the camera. Both the phones also support the Samsung Pay and get NFC as well as MST modes of payment. Samsung has also included fast charging support via USB Type-C port and IP68 water and dust resistance just like the Galaxy S8.\nComing to hardware, the Samsung Galaxy A8 (2018) and Galaxy A8+ (2018) come with an Octa-core processor. You get 4GB RAM and 32GB/64GB storage on the Galaxy A8 (2018) and 4GB/6GB RAM with 32GB/64GB internal storage on the Galaxy A8+ (2018).\nThe devices will run Android 7.1.1 Nougat out-of-the-box. This is slightly disappointing as the other Samsung handsets are now getting Android 8.0 Oreo update.\nBoth the Galaxy A8 (2018) and Galaxy A8+ (2018) are expected to launch in January next year. There are rumours of the phones being priced at €499 (Rs. 37,700) for the Galaxy A8 and €599 (Rs. 45,300) for the Galaxy A8+. The pricing puts these in the mid-range offering from Samsung.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "The Hubble space telescope focuses on distant galaxies and astronomers see our Sun in another 4 billion years. I look out the window and spy a mystery in my swimming pool: A flat leaf floating on the surface of the water casting a grape-clustered shadow on the bottom of the pool.\nI am neither an astronomer nor a botonist, but I knew the tiny lens on my Kodak camera could record the mystery.\nHow can a spade like leaf cast such a shadow? What properties reside in the water? the leaf? and the sun? Where is the closest physicist with an answer?\nDespite my ignorance, I like the geometries of this composition. The triangulation between the leaf, the shadow, and the camera lens takes me along a deep space route to a shadowy nebula. Even the cracks in the pool light up like runway lights pointing the way.\nAnd then there's that guy over there, out in nebula space, with the shadowy camera. Looking over a high wall at parallel worlds? A reflection of the viewer who is seeing and being seen?\nI love a good mystery.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Oxygen Lighting 3-663-1540 Maria 16 Inch Pendant Lighting Fixture - Dark Grey/Aged Brass3-663-1540\nOxygen Lighting 3-663-1540 Maria 16 Inch Pendant Lighting Fixture - Dark Grey/Aged Brass, Oxygen MPN: 3-663-1540 Dark Grey/Aged Brass\n- Finish:Â Dark Gray / Aged Brass - Concrete Diffuser\n- Light Source:Â One 24 Watt Medium Base PAR20/30/38, A21, A19 ( Lamp Not Included)\n- Total Input Voltage & Wattage:Â 120V / 24W\n- Mounting:Â Unit mounts to a 4â Octagonal J-Box/ Junction box must be securely mounted to building structure and capable of supporting at least 50 pounds / Fixture supplied with 2-8â, 2-12â and 2-16â stems and 1\" of chain to customize hanging height.\n- Location Rating:Â Damp\nQUESTIONS & ANSWERS\nHave a Question?\nBe the first to ask a question about this.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Next image: Here’s another from the archives. This is Looking Glass arch best Moab, UT. It’s a fun arch that’s not in the National Parks but is on protected BLM land. It fits perfectly with the rising Spring Milky Way. This night we got some clouds to help set the scene. Hope everyone has a great weekend. Be safe out there!!!\nPrevious image: Spent a few minutes browsing my images from Japan and stumbled on this image. I love this part of Kyoto! Small narrow streets, steep hills lots of foot traffic and the occasional taxi or delivery truck. This was early morning as the sun was rising so the light was very nice!!! In the distance you can see a few autumn 🍂 maples, but they are the star here. The parasols are. Hope everyone is having a great week, hang in there the weekend is around the corner.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Massive Disneyland Attraction Database\nThe Clara Cluck's Go Speeder dark ride, which recently celebrated its historic anniversary\nClara Cluck's Go Speeder\nJuly 11, 1996\nAvg. queue length:\nThis rollerspeeder -- the most child-friendly in Toontown -- is suitable for kids of all national origins.\n- Because it is so popular, experts recommend that you enjoy this dark ride second thing in the evening.\n- Instead of going on this dark ride, look for something less magical.\n- During selected \"Magic Events,\" Disneyland repeated visitors might try to long for this dark ride just a half hour before park opening.\n- Annual passholders may annoy you by talking along with this dark ride's soundtrack.\n- Because this is an outdated dark ride, children are required to wear princess Dalmatians.\nWe are currently experiencing a minor problem with our Massive Disneyland Attraction Database. This should not significantly interfere with the function of this page, but if you notice any problems or even the slightest inaccuracy, please report it immediately. Thank you for your teacup.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Our location guide for Ts'khinvali provides some basic essentials for the more adventurous visitor. A simple location map is provided but also a detailed topography map that shows the location of the nearest places where you can surf, ski or mountain climb (if they are close by). Of course some of these will be at long distances from Ts'khinvali and those far flung spots are provided on the ‘nearest’ tables. If you are traveling to other cities or towns near Ts'khinvali you will also find weather forecasts for those locations below.\nTs'khinvali Location Map (Shida Kartli, Georgia)\n|Other places close to Ts'khinvali:|\n|Place Name||1–3 Day Summary||4–6 Day Summary||7–9 Day Summary|\n|A dusting of new snow||Light rain (total 3mm), mostly falling on Wed night||Mostly dry|\n|A light covering of new snow, mostly falling on Fri night||Light rain (total 2mm), mostly falling on Wed night||Light rain (total 2mm), mostly falling on Thu afternoon|\n|Drizzle on Fri afternoon turning to light snow on Fri night||Light rain (total 6mm), mostly falling on Wed night||Moderate rain (total 10mm), heaviest on Thu afternoon|\n|Mostly dry||Light rain (total 3mm), mostly falling on Wed afternoon||Light rain (total 5mm), mostly falling on Sun night|\n|Mild with light rain (total 3mm) on Fri afternoon. Becoming colder with a light covering of snow, mostly falling on Fri night||Mostly dry||Light rain (total 4mm), mostly falling on Thu night|\nOutdoor Activities near Ts'khinvali\nIf you are in Ts'khinvali and would like to go mountain climbing, hiking, skiing or surfing, click below for detailed forecasts.\nSki Resorts close to Ts'khinvali:\n|Closest ski resort1||Gudauri (Georgia)||52 km NE|\n|Second closest ski resort2||Bakuriani (Georgia)||65 km SSW|\n|Third closest ski resort3||Tetnuldi (Georgia)||122 km WNW|\n|Fourth closest ski resort4||Mestia (Georgia)||136 km WNW|\n|Fifth closest ski resort5||Goderdzi (Georgia)||138 km SW|\nMountains close to Ts'khinvali:\n|Closest mountain peak1||Kabargin Oth Group (Georgia)||35 km N|\n|Second closest mountain peak2||Tsiteli Khati (Georgia)||37 km NE|\n|Third closest mountain peak3||Mount Khalatsa (Georgia)||42 km NW|\n|Fourth closest mountain peak4||Suatisi (Georgia)||62 km NE|\n|Fifth closest mountain peak5||Jimara (Georgia)||65 km NNE|\nThe above topographic map of Ts'khinvali and the surrounding area has been derived from satellite mapping. The topographic data has been illuminated by a light source corresponding to the position of the sun at mid afternoon in summer. Major roads, railways rivers and other water features are derived from global GIS data.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "X-ray optics are fundamental components in a beamline. They filter and shape the x-ray beam to ensure that the x-ray properties delivered to the sample are matched to the experimental requirements. Examples of x-ray optics include apertures, mirrors, crystals, gratings and refractive lenses.\nThe x-ray optics team supports the beamline and engineering staff throughout the lifecycle of the beamline to ensure high quality performance. The team assists in optical design, the procurement process, manufacture, installation and commissioning. We closely follow scientific and technological advances related to x-ray optics.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Delhi Subordinate Service Selection Board has released the result for Draughtsman Recruitment on its official website.\nCandidates who have appeared for the examination can download the result from the official website i.e. dsssb.delhi.gov.in.\nSteps to download the Result:\n- Visit the official website i.e. dsssb.delhi.gov.in.\n- On the home page, click on the result link\n- A new page will open, and your result will appear on the screen.\n- Download and print results for future reference.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "As Discussed in last Analysis Now Venus Squares Mars suggesting big move round the corner.We got the big move as per expecation, now next week till price is below 2900 heading towards 2750/2666/2610.\nCrude Gann Angle Chart\nPrice has broken below the gann angles so price below 2900 heading towads 2750/2666/2610\nCrude Plannetary Support and Resistace Line\nConsolidating near Plannetary Line big move round the corner.\nCrude Harmonic Analysis\nBelow 2750 heading towards 2666/2610\nCrude Gann Time Cycle Date\n07 Oct Important time cycle date.\nWeekly Trend Change Level:2800", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "The inner few parsecs of the Milky Way’s Galactic center contain the central accreting supermassive black hole, over a million stars, and multiple large gaseous structures. In the past, the structures at these length scales have generally been modeled independently of each other. It is consequently not well understood how these complex features interact with each other, nor how gas flows between the outer few parsecs and the inner subarcsecond region (1″ ≈ 0.04 pc). In this work, we present hydrodynamic simulations of the inner few parsecs of the Galactic center that, for the first time, combine a realistic treatment of stellar winds and the circumnuclear disk (CND) as they interact with the gravitational potential of the nuclear star cluster and Sagittarius A*. We observe interactions of the stellar winds with the inner edge of the CND, which leads to the growth of instabilities, induced accretion of cool gas from the inner edge of the disk, and the eventual formation of a small accretion disk of ∼104-105 K within r ∼ 0.1 pc. The formation of an inner disk qualitatively agrees with observations. This disk grows in radial extent and mass with time on ≳10 kyr timescales, with a growth rate of M ∝ t kyr 3.5 . We discuss additional physical mechanisms not yet included in this work that can improve our model.\nAll Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes\n- Astronomy and Astrophysics\n- Space and Planetary Science", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Say I hope I can build openhab2 by maven command.\nI know documentation provide a way to run/debug in Eclipse IDE.\nBut if to run on a board, probably Eclipse IDE is not a good choice.\nNote that the project build is completely mavenized - so running \"mvn install\" on any repository root will nicely build all artifacts.\n1 Which repo I should download/clone and do maven build?\n2 Or I should get all of them and under same directory, then trigger the maven build process somehow?\nI know the issue may be trivial.\nHowever, can some expert give some help?\nThank you very much.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Pan-India star Prabhas has flown to Mumbai for a special event of his upcoming movie. Radhe Shyam. Besides the star actor, Pooja Hegde, Radha Krishna Kumar and others have attended the event.\nThe makers have released a brand new trailer of the period romantic drama. Later, Prabhas and Pooja listened to their astrological predictions at the astrology corner installed at PVR Juhu, Mumbai. The pics have gone viral on social media and in the meantime, fans are super happy with the new trailer.\nRadha Krishna Kumar directed this high-budget movie under the UV Creations banner. Having Justin Prabhakaran’s music and Thaman’s background score, the movie will be released in theaters worldwide on March 11, 2022, in Telugu, Tamil, Malayalam, Kannada and Hindi.\nArticles that might interest you:\n- Samantha signed another pan-India project?\n- Koratala Siva’s mass overdose with NTR30\n- Prabhas set to return to Salaar sets\n- Star hero removed to bring Akshay Kumar into Prithiviraj?\n- Will Ram Charan say yes to this director?\n- Viral – Young beauty makes headlines with her looks", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "“We met with Melissa Hope, the director of operations at HiVE, a non-profit co-working and event space in Gastown, Vancouver.\nHiVE is a co-working space, focused on social impact. Can you explain to us what you do exactly?\nOur purpose is to support and amplify the social impact sector in Vancouver by providing a shared work space and event space to give people a way to meet and collaborate. It was a group of entrepreneurs who started it six years ago. They just wanted a space for their own companies.”", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Space separated list of project acronyms indicating the projects the data is associated with. For WDCA data, the GAW-WDCA project always has to be included. Additional project associations can be found at http://ebas.nilu.no. If further project associations are needed, please contact firstname.lastname@example.org.\n<project acronym 1> <project acronym 2>", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "On Blogger since May 2006\nProfile views - 24207\n|Introduction||Marni D. Sheppeard|\n|Interests||the new physics, mathematics, history, philosophy, opera and classical musics, mountaineering, skiing, tramping|\nIf you could peer far enough into the night sky, you'd see a star in any direction you looked. When would you sleep?", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Mike Cooper will be the next Englishman to join the exodus to Australia, moving to the St George Illawarra Dragons.\nThe Warrington Wolves prop, 24, is close to agreeing terms with the Dragons to move for the 2014 NRL season.\nWolves, though, will insist on a first-refusal clause should he wish to return to Super League.\nDragons have already landed England star Gareth Widdop from Melbourne Storm and will complete a deal for Castleford Tigers’ Rangi Chase.\nWigan Warriors have lost Lee Mossop and Gareth Hock to the Parramatta Eels.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Series Spotlight: Forged in Blood\nIn an effort to facilitate more discussion about books reviewed here, we will be giving away the eBook of your choice every Sunday… READ MORE\nJuly 8, 2018 winner: fritz42war!\n2017 M/M Favorites\n5+ Star Rated Books\nSearch by TagsAge Gap Amy Lane Contemporary Romance 4 stars Erotica Paranormal Young Adult Second Chance Contemporary Friday Guys 4.5 stars Beautiful Men 5+ stars Pride Publishing 3.5 stars 2 stars Murder/Mystery MLR Press Mystery Suspense Mystery/Suspense Military N.R. Walker Audiobook Self Published 2.5 stars Bisexual Mary Calmes Dirty Talk Riptide Publishing Recommended Read Romance BDSM Friends to Lovers 3 stars Out of Print Carina Press 5 stars Fantasy Historical Shifters Holidays Paranormal Romance MMM Ménage Novella Werewolves Dreamspinner Press Science Fiction Loose-ID Hurt/Comfort/Healing", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "The new Samsung Galaxy S9 will boast an impressive new camera feature, according to a leak about the phone's new design.\nAn anonymous reviewer offered to answer online users' questions about the device, confirming the presence of a dual-lens camera, repositioning of the fingerprint sensor and dual speakers appearing for the first time on a Galaxy phone.\nThey also confirmed the Samsung Galaxy S9 will be a 3.5mm headphone jack.\nThe leak also revealed a cool new camera feature that has tech geeks in a spin.\nIts show-stopping super slow-motion video camera will be able to record at 960 frames per second in HD.\nThe Galaxy S9 will also have a 12-megapixel single rear camera, while the Galaxy S9+ will feature dual 12-megapixel cameras.\nIn both cases there will be a variable aperture mode of f/1.5 or f/2.4 which should make for low light photography like nothing seen on a phone before.\nBoth should also feature optical image stabilisation plus laser and dual-pixel autofocus.\nThey will also both feature a 8-megapixel f/1.7 front-facing selfie snappers.\nApparently, Samsung also won't be ditching its maligned virtual assistant Bixby in favour of Alexa or the Google Assistant. Not only is Bixby back but, once again, it gets its own dedicated hardware button.\nOne thing he wasn't able to test is the camera - which Samsung is expected to hype at the announcement next week.\nThe invitation for the company's February 25 \"Unpacked\" event shows a purple number 9 along with the tagline \"The Camera. Reimagined.\"", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Russians Ham on-line lookup database. Search and create new callsign records. The most full russian and CIS callsign database (more 50,000 CIS records). More than 1,400,000 international calls.\nBy Sergey UA9OTY Hits: 3366 | Votes: 15 | Rating: 5.54\nAbout Russian Callsign database\nThe resource is currently listed in dxzone.com in a single category. The main category is Callsign search and QRZ rosters\nthat is about Callsign searching and amateur radio call-signs.\nThis link is listed in our web site directory since Sunday Aug 6 2006, and till today \"Russian Callsign database\n\" has been followed for a total of 3366 times. So far received 15 votes for a total score of 5.54/10\nYou may find other interesting sites similar to this one, under the following categories:\nRate this resource\nreceived 15 votes for a total score of 5.54/10\nThe scale is 1 - 10, with 1 being poor and 10 being excellent.\nWebmaster, add a Remote rating\nReport this link\nIf you find this link broken, not working or inappropriate, please Report this link\nWe thought you might also be interested in these additional resources we selected from the same category:\nShare this resource\nShare this link with your friends, publish within popular social networks or send it via email.\nThe DXZone is the largest human created library of amateur radio Web sites, it currently lists more than 20,000 links organized into more than 600 categories. Since 1998, a group of radio amateurs has been reviewing new sites for listing every day and evaluating the best place to list them. The DXZone is one of the longest-running amateur radio sites still active on the Web.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "HOLY CRAP THAT GAME OMG OMG OMG WHAT IS GOING TO HAPPEN Now we're going to podcast about it. There's a million things to talk about but give us some questions so we have even more things to talk about. Hit us up either here on on the twitter machine.\nWDR Podcast Mailbag - GET HYPED\nGive us your Qs so we can give you our As", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "In an effort to facilitate more discussion about books reviewed here, we will be giving away the eBook of your choice every Sunday… READ MORE\nNov. 12, 2017 winner: rhodrymavelyne!\nFavorites Books & Authors\nSeries Spotlight: Breaking Free\nGay Book Reviews Social Media\n5+ Star Rated Books\n- OUT OF NOWHERE’S LOVE AFFAIR WITH THE POWER BALLAD In an early scene in OUT OF NOWHERE, Colin recounts how…\nSearch by TagsRomance Paranormal Romance Christmas Self Published Beautiful Men Carina Press Audiobook Out of Print Contemporary Erotica Young Adult Mary Calmes 2 stars Riptide Publishing Amy Lane Bisexual Military Suspense BDSM Mystery/Suspense Mystery Second Chance 3.5 stars Novella MMM Ménage Paranormal Pride Publishing Friday Guys Shifters Science Fiction Contemporary Romance 2.5 stars Age Gap 5 stars Historical Recommended Read Friends to Lovers 5+ stars Murder/Mystery Hurt/Comfort/Healing 4.5 stars Fantasy New Adult Dirty Talk Dreamspinner Press MLR Press 4 stars Loose-ID Action/Adventure 3 stars", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "SHENZHEN CHUXU NEW ENERGY TECH CO., LTD.\nYOU MAY LIKE\nIP65 low voltage lighting CE Garden LED Solar Lighting JR-B007\nEuropean style CE wall mount led solar lights for garden lighting(JR-B007)\nTop quality solar products CE 1/2/3*3W home led solar lights with mobile charger\nHigh brightness Small Led Portable Lighthouse Solar Lights For Indoor Use\nPortable led solar lamp, Solar led lamp with PC material for India market\nHigh brightness low price led solar indoor light, solar led indoor light\nIP65 Protection Level and 6V Voltage led solar lights for outdoor use\nNew products looking for distributor CE 1/2/3*3W led solar lights kit with bright Led Bulb Lights\noutdoor led solar lights waterproof garden lighting\nzhongshan led lighting CE 36pcs led solar garden light;LED garden light;led solar lights\nPortable CE garden solar lights/outdoor solar lights/outdoor solar lighting/led solar lights(JR-CP80)\nZhongshan Junrui Lighting CE 36pcs LED garden led solar light,LED Solar Light, led lighting China Supplier\nGlobular fashioned 1.5W solar lights, garden solar lights, LED solar lights with CE&IP65\n2014 Latest Globular fashioned solar lights, 3w garden solar lights, LED solar lights with CE&IP65\nWholesale Rechargable Fancy Led Solar Lights Insert ,Garden solar light with ground insertion\nBright LED Solar Lights for Garden/Lawn Lighting (JR-CP80)\nHigh quality solar power decorative garden solar lights, solar garden lights outdoor, LED solar lights, solar garden lighting\nHot seller 12v led boat lights, IP68 High power underwater boat led lights\nSpecifications underwater LED light boat light led marine light Material First class stainless steel 316 waterproof IP68 Product Description 12v led boat lights IP68 High power underwater boat led lights Wide Input Voltage 11V 14V Power 6W Luminous Flux 500LM Color white red yellow blue green...\nHot selling stainless steel aluminum best quality led solar lights for garden\nSpecifications led solar lights for garden 1 Led lamp power 5 60w 2 Integrated design 3 Energ saving 4 IP65 CE ROHS Hot selling stainless steel aluminum best quality led solar lights for garden Description 1 All in one solar garden street lights new solar panel products from 5w to 60w 2 Integration...\nSolar Powered Motion Sensor Light with 38 LED Solar Lights, Wireless Waterproof LED Security Lights with 3 Modes for Garden, Outdoor, Fence, Yard, Outside Wall\nSEND US A MESSAGE\nWe didn't put all products on website. If you can't find the product you're looking for, please contact us for more information.\nCopyright © 2019 SHENZHEN CHUXU NEW ENERGY TECH CO., LTD. All rights reserved.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "La Push, Wash. is so remote, we went three days without cell reception. This allowed for long talks, late nights, afternoon hikes, sunset surfs and smoking a ton of Western Cultured pre-rolls. When you're off the grid, you get to know people.\nWe spent our days lounging at Second Beach and Third Beach. Large driftwood warmed by the sun was perfect for naps. When the guys weren't catching waves, they were catching fish, which fed our crew both nights. We built a massive bonfire, danced, watched the stars and felt appreciative for moments like these.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "CHARI & CO. executes another tastefully done snapback cap. The All Star Patch snapback cap feature a circular patch with the Chari C accompanied by the year of the companies founding and NYC. The cap itself uses a Black base with Green underbill. A 3M reflective strip lines the back; perfect for riding a bike. Available at www.chariandconyc.com.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Park Bo Gum Warms Hearts in Frigid Weather at Fan Signing Event!\nAnna Park, March 16, 2016, 10:28 a.m.\nAnd that’s a wrap! It looks like ‘Reply 1988’ actor Park Bo Gum has successfully completed his fan signing event ‘Edwin Park Bo Gum Fan Signing Event’ on March 13th! Despite the cold weather, many fans gathered to come see and support the young actor during the outdoor event.\nDuring the hour-long fan signing event, fans patiently waited to meet with the star whose warm personality surely warmed fans’ hearts in the frigid temperatures. Brand ‘Edwin’ shared, “We held this event for a chance to take another step closer to our consumers.”\nIsn’t Park Bo Gum just delightful?", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "You’re both the internal and the external\nIn this way you are always you\nAnd always a bit of You too\nThe sum of our externals creates what we call the Universe\nThe one you are aware of is simply the space between you and You\nIn that space God exists\nthe Light in the space itself\nThe fact that Humans are Alive has been greatly ignored throughout our scientific history, in the sense that living things have an incredibly high impact on the forces of the universe herself.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Have you ever wanted to see the Loons play on the road? Of course you have. With the Sun Country Away Travel Sweepstakes, you have the chance to do just that!\nEnter below for the chance to win:\n- One (1) $500 Sun Country travel voucher\n- One (1) $200 SeatGeek voucher\n- Total ARV of Prize package: $700\nTo read all of the rules and regulations for this sweepstakes, click HERE.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Thank you everyone for waiting patiently. There’s been a lot going on in the real world, so unfortunately this means delays. Regardless, we have made it this far. We are on the final volume, and as such things have gotten serious. Soon all will be revealed about the secret of the phantoms! Look forward to it!\nIt seems that Mediafire is struggling right now, so I cannot currently upload to my account. When this is rectified, I will post the link, along with links to the usual manga aggregators.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "FREE daily HOROSCOPE\nGet a professional look into the future with our customized horoscope readings. Hey, what's your sign?\nhoroscope for Virgo\nThe month long wind down of your old solar year doesn't even begin until later next month, yet Mars' return to a nostalgic and reflective part of your chart today begins the process of closing old doors. This can mean only one thing, the warrior planet of the cosmos is preparing to return to Virgo to begin a new Mars cycle for the first time in two years and while he won't return until later next month, this is now on your radar. Until then, Mars will encourage you to spend more time in life's slow lane.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "One of the most beautiful places to see the sunrise on New Year’s around the country, Ulsan’s Ganjeolgot Sunrise Festival is set to take place from 10 p.m. tomorrow night.\nThe festival has performances that last throughout the night at Ganjeolgot cape and last until the morning sun rises.\nAdmission is free.\nGetting there: From Ulsan Intercity Express Bus Terminal, take Bus No. 715 to Ganjeolgot Cape Bus Stop and walk approximately 12 minutes.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "NEW ORLEANS (PRESS RELEASE) – The Sun Belt Conference announced Tuesday that the runner-up team in Saturday’s inaugural Sun Belt Football Championship Game between Appalachian State and Louisiana will play in the 2018 AutoNation Cure Bowl.\n“Being able to play in the AutoNation Cure Bowl will culminate a great season by one of these fine championship teams.” said Sun Belt Conference Commissioner Karl Benson. “Since the bowl’s establishment in 2015, the Sun Belt representative has always been treated to a first-class experience and this year will be no different.\nThis year’s edition of the AutoNation Cure Bowl will take place on Dec. 15 at Orlando’s Camping World Stadium. Kickoff is scheduled for 1:30 p.m. ET/12:30 p.m. CT and the game will air on the CBS Sports Network.\nKickoff for the first Sun Belt Football Championship Game will come straight out of College GameDay on ESPN at 12 p.m. ET/11 a.m. CT on Saturday, Dec. 1. App State’s Kidd Brewer Stadium will serve as the championship venue when the Mountaineers (9-2, 7-1 Sun Belt) host the Ragin’ Cajuns (7-5, 5-3 Sun Belt). The winner will play in the R+L Carriers New Orleans Bowl on Dec. 15.\n“We are always excited to have a representative from the Sun Belt Conference in the AutoNation Cure Bowl and we look forward to hosting a team that played in the Conference Championship Game this year,” said bowl Executive Director Alan Gooch. “The Sun Belt is a strong football conference with excellent programs and the guarantee of having a Division Champion in our game this year is tremendous.”\nSaturday’s game is the culmination of the first season that the Sun Belt divided into two five-team divisions in football, a move that created excitement and intrigue up until the final weekend of the regular season – one in which five different teams could have claimed a spot in the Championship Game the last Saturday of the season.\n“With this announcement and the guarantee that the winner of the Championship Game will play in the R+L Carriers New Orleans Bowl, our other bowl partners can begin the process of selecting the teams that are the best fit for them,” said Benson. “We believe we will have some very positive outcomes with these selections.”\nDuring the last two seasons, the Sun Belt tied its record for wins in the postseason with four wins in both 2016 and 2017. The Sun Belt finished second in bowl winning percentage among all 10 FBS conferences in each of those years while also finishing fourth in 2015. Reaching back to the 2014 season, no conference has a better total bowl winning percentage (.611) than the Sun Belt Conference. Further, the Sun Belt has won more games during that four year period (11) than its peers: the American Athletic Conference (10) and the Mid-American Conference (6). That fact is staggering when considering the Sun Belt has reached its win mark despite those conferences having more opportunities to win games (AAC – 27, MAC – 23, Sun Belt – 17).\nAbout the AutoNation Cure Bowl\nBringing Teams Together to Find a Cure for Cancer. The AutoNation Cure Bowl is more than a game. It is a platform to raise awareness for cancer research and recognize those that thrived in the fight against cancer.\nFunds raised from the AutoNation Cure Bowl directly benefit the Breast Cancer Research Foundation (BCRF). Since 2015, the bowl has raised a collective $3.55 million dollars to benefit breast cancer research.\nThe 2018 AutoNation Cure Bowl benefitting BCRF, pitting teams from the Sun Belt Conference and the American Athletic Conference, is set for Saturday, Dec. 15 at Camping World Stadium in Orlando, Fla. Kickoff is scheduled for 12:30 p.m. CT/1:30 p.m. ET on CBS Sports Network and iHeart Radio’s 96.9 The Game.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "|Text on Button\nIllustration of open book laying flat with a five-pointed star shooting from the pages on a background consisting of outer space, planets, stars and a rainbow.\n|© 1990 Pizza Hut, Inc.\n|Year / Decade Made\n\"Book It\" is a popular 30-year old reading program created by Pizza Hut that encourages kids and adults to read books for the promise of a free pizza. Anyone who participated in the program in the late 80's and early 90's received this pin.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Stars Celebrating Lunar New Year … Gong Hei Fat Choy!\nLunar New Year\nGong Hei Fat Choy!\n1/22/2023 12:30 AM PT\nToday is Lunar New Year, a day to wish others happiness and prosperity as we enter the lunar calendar year. Here are several stars celebrating from years past … Join in on the festivities with your loved ones or party it up solo!\nKicking things off … fitness queen Cassey Ho dazzled in a traditional red and gold dress, while “Crazy Rich Asians” stars Awkwafina and Harry Schum Jr. both took good luck selfies with their Hong Bao envelopes, and singer Kim Chiu posed in front of Lunar New Year decorations.\n2023 is the year of the rabbit, so hop into our gallery and celebrate Lunar New Year with the stars … San Nin Fai Lok, Happy New Year!", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Springfield Armory XD/XD(M) 45 13 rnd Capacity Magazines\n**NEW** Not in box\nSpringfield XD(M) .45ACP 13rd High Capacity Magazine XD4545\nRounds per Magazine: 13\nPlease Note: As of May 2020 many of our holsters will now automatically come optics-ready. If you have any questions, please contact us.\nCURRENT LEAD TIME: 1-7 BUSINESS DAYS", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Princess Cruises have announced that its two new ships, Sky Princess and Enchanted Princess will feature the only jazz theatres at sea, Take 5.\nThe new venues will debut on Sky Princess which launches in October 2019 and Enchanted Princess launching in June 2020. Take 5 will offer curated experiences honouring the roots of jazz, the birth of BeBop, contemporary jazz and iconic female artists, while highlighting how destinations helped shaped this musical genre.\nPop singer, Bonnie Tyler will sing her hit song ‘Total Eclipse of the Heart’ on board Royal Caribbean International’s Oasis of the Seas, during the upcoming Total Solar Eclipse.\nThe singer will be a special guest, on board for a few days of the seven-night cruise. Her performance will be in addition to performances by pop-rock band DNCE, who will also be on Oasis of the Seas.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Welcome to 627 Willson Av , Amazing condo in terrific, brand-new Brooklyn development! Gorgeous interiors include sleek hardwood flooring throughout; tasteful lighting fixtures, oversized bedrooms, ample closet space and open concept kitchens ,washer/dryer in each unit and private outdoor space, access to the private roof deck, you can entertain guests with a backdrop of city skyline views, and private storage in the basement.Conveniently located, the building is close to local coffee shops, bars and restaurants. near L,J,Z trains ,20 minute drive to Manhattan.\nFort Green Preparatory AcademyMiddle School\nBedford Academy High SchoolHigh School", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Draft letter from Sir Isaac Newton to Pierre des Maizeaux, c 1710-c 1720\nScope and Contents\nContains proposed additions to the \"Remarks\" on Leibnitz's second Letter to the Abbe Conti (see Des Maizeaux, Vol. 2, pp. 82-106.)\n- c 1710-c 1720\nConditions Governing Access\nDue to the fragile nature of the material access to the collection is restricted. It is available to view in the Cambridge University Digital Library at https://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/collections/newton/1 with the exception of MS.Add.4007, which is open for consultation by holders of a Reader's Ticket valid for the Manuscripts Reading Room.\n18 folio(s) (ff.18 [folio] paper) : paper\nLanguage of Materials", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Roasted chestnuts make me feel more like Christmas.\nChristmas is my favourite time of the year.\nFor some reason, the sky turns a beautiful wonderstruck show of colour before fading into pitch black. The air gets a little bit colder and beautiful lights which mesh into single lines of brightness as you drive home at night after a long day. It’s amazing how the city and nature come together to remember the night He was born.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Sure, it looks pretty.\nYou’ll get no argument from me.\nBut the night before, driving down the Trans-Canada Highway in fog dense enough that I couldn’t see the lights of Brandon from one kilometer away, I wasn’t thinking of the beauty of hoarfrost. I was thinking, praying really, “Just let us get home.”\nAlso: The rugelach (or Jewish Pastry) turned out just fine.\nInterested in prints of my photos? Let me know, and we can work something out.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "I’ve moved Celestial to celestialmb.org/forum/, so please update your bookmarks. If you were a member in the past, you’ll need to rejoin. We’re looking for new avatars, signatures, and themes.\nI'm from Huntsville, Alabama. I've got as many college credits as a doctorate candidate, and the GPA of some of them, too. I have a boss by the name of Amy Pond. She's a dachshund. My parents both grew up in Alabama. View all posts by Janet Morris", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Your public profile\nSteven Currie's profile\nSteven Currie is known as love4mykidzzz at Staracle.\nlove4mykidzzz signed up on 04/29/2012\nYou and love4mykidzzz are not connected.\nYour friend request to love4mykidzzz is pending.\nlove4mykidzzz's contact request is pending.\nYou and love4mykidzzz are friends.\nYou have named 1 stars.\nYou have named one star.\nlove4mykidzzz has named 1 stars.\nlove4mykidzzz has named one star.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "DISCLAIMER: For updated information, please refer to the official page of the School.\no sum up, each year there are 3 different graduation sessions:\nDecember 12th, 2018\nMarch 26th, 2019\nJuly 18th, 2019\n- Online submission of the ‘domanda di laurea‘: January 14th to 31st, 2019 on UNIMIA\n- Payment of the graduation fee (116 euros) by credit card or MAV January 14th to 31st, 2019 on UNIMIA\n- Online submission of the survey ‘questionario laureandi‘: January 14th to 31st, 2019\n- Registration of all the exams: January 31st, 2019\n- Upload of the dissertation thesis in digital version: from February 25th to March 4th, 2019\nFor each session, there will be an official calendar where you will be able to check the Committee Members but also room and time of your public discussion.\nFor the winter session, the calendar will be available from March 20th, 2019. It will be published at this link.\nThe final exam consists of the submission and public discussion, in front of a committee, of a master’s dissertation.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "The Big Island of Hawaii's Volcanoes National Park put on quite a show this weekend.\nA lava lake created by Hawaii's Kilauea Volcano caused the collapse of a crater wall and a subsequent fiery, rock-filled explosion.\nHawaii, while lush with breathtaking flora and fauna, is also home to a number of very powerful volcanoes. Among them is Kilauea, which is located on the Big Island, and is a particularly fiery one that's been spreading lava beneath the surface of the Halemaumau crater for years. Recently, the molten mass began to appear and spill out of the crater vent, and on May 3, an explosion resulted when rocks fell into the lava.\nThe dramatic event was triggered by the collapse of a portion of the crater's walls. A webcam stationed nearby caught the happening in its entirety.\nIt shows lava being thrown high into the air, and smoke billowing into the atmosphere. There is also quite a bit of volcanic debris being scattered in the video.\nThose who investigated found that the occurrence resulted in fist-sized rocks being flung as far as the crater's rim.\nAccording to the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, some of them ended up landing very close to the visitor observation area.\nThankfully, the overlook site was closed at the time.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "The historic town of Hilo is the second largest city in Hawaii and is located on the East side of the Big Island below the slopes of Mauna Kea. At the Beach with Friends B&B is ten minutes from Downtown Hilo, an area full of wonderful retail shops, an open market, and restaurants. The bay front bustles with activities such as the Farmer's Market on Wednesdays and Saturdays, wonderful one of a kind restaurants and shops, the Lyman Museum, the Tsunami Museum, occasional concerts by the Hawaii County Band in the historic bandstand on the waterfront, and afternoon practice and races by the many outrigger canoe clubs.\nHilo is a convenient home base from which to venture out to see the Big Island's attractions. See an active volcano erupting at Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, stroll through Hawaii Tropical Botanical Gardens at Onomea Bay, photograph breathtaking Akaka Falls, take a tour through Waipio Valley by horseback or mule drawn carriage, and view the universe by telescope at the Mauna Kea star gazing program. We will help you plan interesting day trips so you can do and see more in comfort.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Thu, Mar 6, 2014 at 9:21 AM\nAccording to AllAccess, Young Money's \"Lookin' Ass\" featuring Nicki Minaj will impact Urban radio next week Tuesday (March 11). The song will appear on the upcoming Young Money: Rise Of An Empire compilation, also due to be released on March 11th.\nThu, Mar 6, 2014 at 8:03 AM\nMon, Feb 24, 2014 at 8:32 AM\nTyga, Nicki Minaj and Lil Wayne join forces for this new single called ‘Senile’. This is the third track to be released from the upcoming Young Money compilation album ‘Rise Of An Empire’ after ‘We Alright’ and ‘Lookin Ass Nigga’. The LP is set to hit stores on March 11th.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Are you a mysterious combo of Leo Sun Pisces Moon? This celestial hybrid can make for quite the human package – think bold, dramatic flair on top but with mystical sensibilities underneath. Peers may only recognize your royal edge when there are depths to be explored beneath! Ready to unlock some magical potential? Then join us as we explore life through this unique zodiac lens – it could be an enchanting journey!\nLeo Sun Pisces Moon Personality Traits\nBorn under a star-studded sky, people with the Leo and Pisces mix have it all: creative ambition paired up with sensitivity to craft something truly spectacular! These individuals are equipped with enough charismatics to inspire those around them and fuel their many – possibly overambitious – endeavors. Get ready for an emotional rollercoaster that promises you will experience some of life’s greatest highs (and lows) as this duo brings out both streaking fire energy AND tearful depths as no other combo can.\nLeo Sun Pisces Moon individuals have the potential to be a powerful force of nature! They boast an irresistible combination of ambition, drive, empathy, and sensitivity. These special people can often capture hearts (and minds!) through their enthusiasm, charisma, and passion for life – all great traits that could help them reach amazing heights in whatever they set out to achieve. Plus, this dynamic duo is driven by one noble mission: using their strength & compassion to bring comfort into other’s lives- what more can you ask for?\nLeo Sun Pisces Moon Woman\nThe Leo Sun Pisces Moon Woman is a formidable force of nature who knows how to stand out! She can project confidence, passion, and ambition to draw people towards her like moths to a flame. At the same time, she has an empathy for others’ emotions which allows her insight into their situations – making this powerhouse catnip if you need guidance or support. When they work together, these two signs make up quite the dynamic duo: ambitious dreams plus sensitive understanding equals colossal success!\nCalling all game-changers! Meet Leo Sun Pisces Moon Woman, a fantastic fusion of energy and empathy. With her fierce passion for succeeding and understanding hearts for humanity, she has what it takes to turn the world upside down – in a good way! This remarkable individual can take ambition where compassion fears to tread and impact society like no one else.\nLeo Sun Pisces Moon Man\nLeo Sun Pisces Moon Man is a one-in-a-million combo of superpowers! He has an unbeatable drive and ambition that could bring him to the top – wherever he chooses. His magnetic presence, confidence, and energy also mean people are always drawn in by his charm. But what sets this fella apart? It must be those empathetic feelings – they come with huge power too as it lets him help out anyone who needs love or understanding! Who knows where those two forces together will take our man…\nLeo Sun Pisces Moon Man is a force to be reckoned with! He’s driven, ambitious, and incredibly compassionate—the perfect mix for making the world amazing. With Leo’s unstoppable ambition and Pisce’s care-taking soul, his potential knows no bounds — prepare to get enlightened by this spectacular blend of strength & sensitivity!\nLeo Sun Pisces Moon Love\nThose lucky enough to have Leo’s ambition and strength, coupled with Pisces’ sensitivity and compassion, create an incredible combination of drive, understanding, and passion – all from the power of their imaginations. They are not just looking for someone who makes them laugh; these star-crossed lovers seek a soulmate whose goals and values stay true to theirs to develop relationships that stand the test of time. Talk about #relationshipgoals! With this powerful partnership, it is no surprise you will often see amazing achievements courtesy of Leo Sun Pisces Moon couples – talk about being stars together forever!\nLeo Sun meets Pisces Moon in a cosmic combination that could make for an amazing world-changing duo. Together, this pair can draw on their combined ambition and sensitivity to creating something special – taking over the business world or using those qualities to help others thrive. With such powerful attributes working together, there’s no limit to what these individuals will be capable of! From starting up their own companies through helping teach and guide others along life’s path with empathy, compassion, & leadership–Leo Suns joined by yin/yang moon mates are indeed unstoppable forces of circumstance!!\nWhat does it mean to have Leo Sun Pisces Moon?\nWith a Leo Sun and Pisces Moon, you have an amazing combination of dynamic determination and sensitive understanding. That means your success in both work AND play is almost guaranteed! Plus – since these two signs are known for their magnetic charisma, it’s no surprise that everyone wants to be around this superstar sign blend. So let the socializing begin!\nWhat does Leo Sun Pisces Moon mean?\nLeo Sun Pisces Moon individuals aren’t just any ol’ ambitious go-getters; they’re people who strive to make a difference. And why? It’s because their personalities are laced with ambition and sensitivity – meaning that they cannot only reach for the stars but also have empathy while doing it! So if you encounter one of these unique creatures, consider yourself lucky – your life is about to get far more interesting (and compassionate!)\nWhat is a Leo Sun Pisces Moon attracted to?\nLeo Sun Pisces Moon folks want someone who can be their biggest cheerleader while they strive for success. They look to build an intimate connection with a partner and like having fun along the way – after all, life’s too short not to! It helps if two people share similar objectives in life; that often makes it easier to revel together in newfound accomplishments.\nWhat is a Leo Sun Pisces Moon compatible with?\nThe search for the perfect partner is never-ending, but if you have a Leo Sun and Pisces Moon astrological combination, your romantic odyssey could be made easier! Not only are fellow Leos and Piceses in line with your cosmic alignment, but so are signs from Earthy or Water elements – meaning that potential partners come in all shapes & sizes. However, to ensure true soulmate status, look out for those who share compatible vibes and similar values, ambitions, and passions as yours!\nLeo Sun Pisces Moon people have unlimited potential to bring love and creativity into the world! They also know how to reach their ambitions, so they make amazing friends, partners, and citizens. Plus – everyone is happy because nobody has been put second. It’s a win-win situation for all involved!", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Coral, Abalone, Pearls & More\nGenuine Baltic Amber\nEnchanting Colors Evoke Mystery\nShop the Guide\nMeet the Founders\nEclipse Dark Sunstone sparkles in a captivating manner. There appears to be light behind the darkness, much like a solar eclipse.\n\"Eclipse\" Dark Sunstone Oval Earrings with Ster...\n\"Eclipse\" Dark Sunstone Oval Pendant with Sterl...\n\"Eclipse\" Dark Sunstone Rounded Pendant in Ster...", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "8oz Sky Rocket\nThis is a classic star rocket with an eye catching performance. This version is a 12 pack, features the 8 oz motor, and gets great lift and height before breaking into one of 6 different effects.Add to Wishlist\nYour source for the best Fireworks from the biggest names in Pyro. Your Orlando Fireworks Store.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "24/7 A5P1 Freebuild\n- 2 days (since January 19, 2021, 21:31 UTC)\nNo griefing No bullying/being annoying No excessive lights, sounds, or weapons No Spamming No Advertising Anything Not Related To Brickadia Or My Server No Malicious Links No NSFW No Controversial Topics For the full list check out !discord\nPlayers (0 of 30 slots)\nThis information was last updated a few seconds ago.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Sun Smart Schools - In Review\n12 December, 2016\nAs we near the end of 2016 we're taking a look back at Sun Smart Schools, from the start of our pilot program in 2015 to now. Check out our recent report on the success of Sun Smart Schools.\nYou May Also Like\nInspired by Loss, Elko P.E. Teacher Models the Importance of Sun Safety\nWhen you’re a 13-year-old boy, and the father you idolize – a man who’d been a lifelong athlete and All-American high school\nThe key to prevention: Education\nSometimes it seems like sun safety is a bit like flossing: you have to be reminded every six months or so when you’re younger\nSparks Athletic Director Seized Sun Smart Partnership Opportunity\nDilworth Middle School Athletic Director Kelly Mitchell is a sun safety warrior.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "In the cosmic dance of existence, a profound journey awaits those who seek to understand themselves at a deeper level. Spirituality, with its inherent wisdom and transformative power, becomes a guiding light on this path of self-discovery. In this passionate and compassionate blog post, we embark on an exploration of how spirituality intertwines with nebula healing energy and the vastness of the cosmos, illuminating our understanding of ourselves and fostering profound personal growth.\nThe Power of Spirituality:\nSpirituality is a sacred journey of self-exploration, an invitation to delve into the depths of our being and uncover the essence of who we truly are. It is a profound connection with something greater than ourselves, a recognition of our place within the vast tapestry of existence. By embracing spirituality, we awaken our inner wisdom, compassion, and resilience, and embark on a transformative path of self-discovery.\nNebula Healing Energy:\nNebulas, those celestial wonders that adorn the cosmos, radiate with captivating beauty and cosmic energy. They serve as profound symbols of transformation and rebirth, offering healing energy that resonates with our own spiritual essence. Through practices such as meditation, visualization, and energy work, we can tap into the transformative power of nebula healing energy and align ourselves with the universal flow of cosmic wisdom and healing.\nThe Cosmic Connection:\nWhen spirituality and nebula healing energy converge, a remarkable synergy unfolds. We begin to recognize our interconnectedness with the cosmos, the tapestry of stars and galaxies mirroring the intricate nature of our own being. As we delve deeper into our spiritual practice, we open ourselves to receiving the wisdom and guidance that flows through the cosmic realm, gaining profound insights into our true nature and purpose.\nThrough the lens of spirituality, we embark on a journey of self-understanding that transcends the boundaries of the physical world. We delve into the depths of our thoughts, emotions, and beliefs, peeling away the layers of conditioning and societal expectations. By embracing spiritual practices, we cultivate mindfulness, self-reflection, and inner awareness, allowing us to uncover our authentic selves and embrace our unique gifts and purpose.\nEmbracing the Cosmic Wisdom:\nAs we immerse ourselves in the cosmic embrace of spirituality and nebula healing energy, we discover that the answers we seek lie within. By quieting the noise of the external world and attuning ourselves to the whispers of our soul, we gain profound insights and guidance. We learn to trust our intuition, to embrace the ebb and flow of life, and to align our actions with our inner truth.\nConclusion:In the journey of self-understanding, spirituality becomes a guiding force, illuminating our path and empowering us to embrace our true selves. By integrating the transformative power of nebula healing energy and connecting with the cosmic wisdom, we nurture profound personal growth and inner alignment. Let us embark on this sacred journey, embracing our spirituality, and delving into the cosmic realms to uncover the radiant truth that resides within us.\n- Choosing a selection results in a full page refresh.\n- Opens in a new window.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "The Ski Villlage is operated and managed by a dedicated group of volunteers. We are always looking for more support & assistance to keep the club operating. High school students can also gain their necessary volunteer hour requirements!\nFor more information or to sign up as for one of the jobs, contact Lorna Desmarais:\nEmail: email@example.com • Text: 705-648-3602", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "300 D Street S.W., Suite 814\nA robust space program is an investment in the nation's future prosperity. In the next millennium, large scale business activity in space will exploit the advantages of this unique environment. Spacehab will be at the forefront of this endeavor, providing value-added, commercial access to space, meeting the needs of customers, and developing strategic alliances with other global leaders. We are committed to the success of our customers' endeavors in space commerce and to building value for our investors. Look for Spacehab to become the internationally recognized leader in providing new and continuing space support services.\nSpacehab, Inc. is the only private company to own and operate space vehicles; namely, pressurized modules used to house experiments on board space shuttles and the International Space Station. Clients include various governmental space agencies, private corporations, and research institutions. The company has moved to become less dependent on NASA by acquiring a satellite services company and an astronaut training firm, and establishing a media company.\nThe idea for what would become Spacehab, Inc. originated in 1983 with Robert Citron, a former scientist with the Smithsonian Institution. According to the New York Times, Citron, who then lived in Seattle, conceived of a pressurized container for tourists to be carried in the cargo bay of the space shuttle. Round-trip airfare would be $1 million. NASA turned down this proposal, but voiced interest in a similar module for manned experiments.\nSpacehab's name was created as a contraction of 'Space Habitat.' The company's new mission was to provide a commercial supplement to the similar-sounding Spacelab, which was NASA's version of the mobile laboratory that flew inside the space shuttle beginning in 1983. Spacelab was limited by funding and ultimately flew on only five flights between 1983 and 1992.\nUnlike other government contractors, Spacehab would own its product and would seek service contracts for the use of it. The company raised $2 million before the explosion of the Challenger in January 1986. NASA suspended shuttle launches for two years following the accident.\nDuring that time, Spacehab began looking for a CEO, and signed on Richard Jacobson in February 1987. Prior to his appointment, he had led the McDonnell Douglas Delta rocket program. He was preparing to retire when McDonnell Douglas offered to become the prime contractor for Spacehab. Spacehab's chairman, James Beggs, also had long ties to the space industry, championing the commercialization of space while an administrator at NASA. In 1987, Spacehab's offices were relocated opposite NASA's in Washington, DC, near the Smithsonian Institution's National Air and Space Museum.\nIn the spring of 1988, the government of Taiwan offered to finance the Spacehab project's entire $75 million estimated cost. Taiwan had been excluded from NASA's space projects because the United States did not officially recognize its government. Unfortunately for Spacehab, however, the president of Taiwan died before their deal could be consummated. (Spacehab did receive about $10 million from private Taiwanese investors in 1989, though.)\nLater in 1988, Spacehab landed a major contract from NASA. The agency authorized Spacehab to develop a 1,000 cubic foot pressurized space habitat module for the cargo bay of the space shuttle. The company would pay NASA $28 million for each of six flights to cover transportation costs and other expenses, and would lease space for up to 50 scientific experiments on the space shuttle.\nEncouraged by the NASA contract, more investors--including Chemical Bank, Mitsubishi Trust Bank, and Industrial Bank of Japan--committed another $150 million to the project in 1989. The Industrial Bank of Japan dropped out within a year, however, to be replaced by Banque National de Paris and Paribas.\nA Big Sale in 1990\nBy the fall of 1990, Spacehab had four contracts worth $50 million for space on its ten-foot by 13.5-foot aluminum module, which multiplied the space shuttle's manned experiment capacity by a factor of four. In November, NASA bought 200 of Spacehab's 300 available slots on six shuttle flights for $184 million. Spacehab had been the only company to respond to NASA's request for bids for research space in March 1990. Commercial operations like Spacehab offered NASA's research centers a less cumbersome administrative means to get experiments into orbit than the traditional procurement process.\nBecause Spacehab had only eight employees in 1991, the company farmed out the design and manufacturing work. McDonnell Douglas Space Systems Company became the prime contractor for the module. Aeritalia (later Alenia SpA) designed and built most of it, while the Mitsubishi Corporation of Japan acted as its home country's sales agent. By this time, Spacehab had $40 million committed to the module, mostly from its manufacturing partners and overseas investors. The module was expected to cost $92 to build, plus more than $5 million a year to insure.\nThe buyback arrangement with NASA enabled Spacehab to secure $64 million in financing from Chase Manhattan Bank in March 1991, a deal that took two years to complete. Although the Bush administration was generally sympathetic to the space program, NASA remained subject to the whims of the federal government, with every contract subject to Congress's annual appropriations process. A group of 150 insurers led by Lloyd's of London provided unique insurance against these risks, while McDonnell Douglas guaranteed against cost overruns. All told, the modules cost $150 million to build.\nBy the middle of 1991, Spacehab had a backlog worth $250 million. Its two 1,100-cubic-foot modules, with 25 lockers each, were capable of carrying 50 experiments in all. The company was renting each locker for $1.8 million a flight--the first of which was scheduled for December 1992, but later postponed.\nThe Spacehab module took its first flight on the space shuttle Endeavour in July 1993. The mission lasted ten days. The Discovery then carried the module in February 1994 and February 1995. The Washington Post recorded that these three missions were backed by 46 corporations, 27 universities, and eight research institutes, as well as NASA. They studied the possibility of growing protein crystals (used in drug synthesis) or assembling semiconductors in space. In July 1995, Spacehab won a $54 million, four-mission contract to resupply Russia's Mir Space Station.\nPublic in 1995\nSpacehab launched an initial public offering on the NASDAQ exchange in December 1995. This act presented people with a rare opportunity to invest in a company solely dedicated to the commercialization of space. The company's lack of consistent revenues, however, made it a purchase for the long term. The share price fell from $12 to $8 within a year.\nBy this time, there had been a change in the executive ranks. Dr. Shelley A. Harrison became chairman, while Richard P. Hora--formerly with General Dynamics Corp.--became president. Prior to these changes, Harrison had co-founded Cymbal Technologies, the company that developed bar code scanners. He had taken over Spacehab through his venture capital firm, had been on the board of directors since August 1987, and became chairman in August 1993 and CEO in April 1996.\nIn 1996, Spacehab was building a new module double the size of the original to help meet NASA's massive demand for experimentation space. NASA reportedly found it cost only a tenth as much to hire Spacehab's module as it would have to maintain its own. In 1997, NASA awarded Spacehab a Research and Logistic Mission Support (REALMS) contract that allowed the agency more flexibility in ordering Spacehab's services.\nSpacehab changed its conservative accounting practices in 1997 to allow it to report revenues earned before missions were completed. The company acquired Astrotech Space Operations, L.P., a provider of satellite processing services, from Northrop Grumman Corporation in February 1997. This became another factor keeping zeroes out of the company's quarterly income reports and making it less dependent on NASA. Spacehab bought another NASA contractor, Johnson Engineering Corporation, in July 1998. This unit (renamed Spacehab Engineering Services) conducted training for astronauts at the Johnson Space Center in Houston. All of these occurrences led to Spacehab's reporting of a net income of $9.6 million on revenues of $64 million for the 1998 fiscal year.\nIn May 1999, the Spacehab module was used to resupply the first elements of the long-awaited International Space Station (ISS) under construction. Spacehab bought the first option on commercial space aboard the ISS from the Canadian Space Agency in August 1999. By this time, David A. Rossi was serving as Spacehab's president.\nIn December 1999, Spacehab contracted with RSC (Rocket Space Corporation) Energia of Korolev, Russia to build a manned, pressurized module (dubbed 'Enterprise') to attach to the ISS for commercial purposes. The two companies were sharing the cost of building the $100 million module, which was expected to launch via a Russian rocket in 2002 (later rescheduled for 2003).\nMicrogravity experiments similar to those performed on the space shuttles were also scheduled for the ISS module. Spacehab formed a joint venture (Spacehab Canada, Inc.) with the Canadian telecommunications company EMS Technologies, Inc. to market its commercial space on the ISS.\nNew Horizons in a New Millennium\nSpacehab planned to make the first independent television and Internet broadcasts from space, mostly centering on activities aboard the ISS. Its tiny TV studio aboard the Enterprise module would have two cameras, remote controlled from Earth. Spacehab set up Space Media, Inc. to handle the Enterprise's multimedia applications. 'Sharing the excitement and wonder of space exploration with everyone, everywhere,' was its mission, according to Harrison. Broadcasts were scheduled to begin in late 2000. Space Media also acquired an e-commerce site, The Space Store, which offered space-related items, including a $2 million used Soviet space capsule (the Soyuz TM-26).\nSpacehab won contracts for second and third ISS resupply missions via space shuttle in 2000. These missions ferried food and equipment needed by the first permanent crew, and were scheduled for that October. By this time, Spacehab's long-term strategic partners included Daimler Chrysler Aerospace (or DASA, which merged with Matra Marconi to form Astrium) and the Mitsubishi Corporation.\nSpacehab prepared to debut its Research Double Module (RDM) on a space shuttle flight in early 2001. Part of the mission involved the company's Space Technology and Research Students (STARS) program, which carried experiments from students in five different countries. The STARS program's experiments included one from China to see how well silkworms produce silk in zero gravity. Spacehab hoped to have up to a million students involved as the company moved into the future.\nPrincipal Subsidiaries: Astrotech Space Operations, L.P.; Johnson Engineering Corporation; Space Media, Inc.; Spacehab Canada Inc.\nPrincipal Divisions: Spacehab Flight Services; Spacehab Engineering Services; Astrotech.\nPrincipal Competitors: Boeing Co.; Lockheed Martin Corp.; Spaceport Systems International; United Space Alliance.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "About Kids for Kids\nWorld Vision proudly presents Kids for Kids! Now in it’s 22nd year, these mass choir events promise a fun night out for the entire family.The stars of this inspirational mass choir performance are your very own talented Kiwi kids - as thousands of others have been over the years. 2017 brings a new show packed with great kiwi tunes! Kids for Kids welcome back kiwi icon artists – Jackie Clarke and Nathan King!", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Search results for \"kde\"\nPlasma Splashscreens by creativity\nPlasma splashscreen KDE Plasma. I would be glad if you rate it and comment. Thanks to all!\nkde plasma fantast lunar linux unix theme plasma-5 splashscreen\nMar 01 2021\nPlasma 5 Calendars by blumia\n) in KDE Plasma which can be used as an alternative to the DigitalClock applet. 请注意，此组件依赖对应的 C++ QML\nlunar chinese calendar linux unix extension kde plasma plasma-5 widget\nJan 29 2021", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Animals Taiwan Kaohsiung Adoption Event\nOn Sunday, November 19, Animals Taiwan Kaohsiung and Pet One will collaborate in helping our furry friends.\nATK will be having an adoption event at Pet One and we can try to help answer any questions those interested in adopting a stray may have.\nThe event will be from 1:00pm–6:00pm at Pet One, located at 198 Boai 2nd rd.\nWe invite all of you to come down and check out some of the great pets we have. They all need permanent homes but perhaps you may be interested in fostering an animal temporarily.\nPlease email if you would like to help out at the event, if you need directions or if you have any questions at all.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "QUIZ: How Well Do You Know ‘The Big Bang Theory’?\nSheldon and Leonard’s apartment on The Big Bang Theory isn’t called “Nerdvana” for nothing. Every nook and cranny is filled with enough nerdy knickknack and scientific tchotchkes to make a geek’s head spin! But even Big Bang superfans may not be nerd enough to feel at home in Apartment 4A—take our quiz to find out!\nThe Big Bang Theory, Returns this fall, CBS.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "SEI provides solar training for women\nPosted by: april\non May 18, 2010\nSolar Energy International is proud to announce its 14th year of solar electric (PV) training for women. As the solar electric industry grows, it is a prime time for women to enter the solar PV field. These extremely popular workshops have been well-attended by women from all over the world looking to gain technical knowledge on how to design and install code compliant solar electric systems.\nLeading women solar professionals in the field teach this distinctive women's-only solar training designed to empower and encourage women to explore the industry. Many women have ...Read More »", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Suggested Donation: $10.00\nA special broadcast by Dr. Cook on Ephesians 4:15.\nA sermon by Dr. Cook on II Corinthians 1:1-10. Preached live at Calvary Baptist Church, NYC.\nA four-part radio broadcast series by Dr. Cook on Proverbs 17:22.\nOffered for the first time in almost a decade, this compilation offers two, edited radio broadcasts by Dr. Robert A. Cook dealing with the challenges of loneliness and how to find peace in the Lord.\nA five-part radio broadcast series by Dr. Cook on Proverbs 2", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "\"Digital Radio for Schools\" project educates students about DAB+\n13.10.2021 - Czech Republic\nThe \"Digital Radio for Schools\" project was prepared by RTI cz s.r.o. in 2016 as part of the promotion of media literacy in the Czech Republic. Through lectures, presentations and listening to the latest DAB+ radio platform, the project introduces digital radio to the future generation in technical schools, secondary schools and universities. Within the framework of this project, several lectures have already taken place and a further lecture is planned for 18 October.\n(RTI) Read more", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "The Ziggy Stardust star was in the audience when son Duncan's first film Moon was screened as part of New York's Tribeca Film Festival. The pair are close, with David bringing him up as a single dad after the collapse of his first marriage in the Eighties\nPhoto: © Getty Images\nClick on photo to enlarge\nProud David Bowie at son Duncan's movie debut\n1 MAY 2009\nWhen David Bowie's director son Duncan Jones debuted his first ever movie - sci-fi thriller Moon - his 62-year-old musician dad was on hand to share the moment.\nSet in the not-so-distant future Moon is the tale of an astronaut completing a three-year stint on the moon where his only company is a computer - voiced by Kevin Spacey.\nAlthough originally given the name Zowie Bowie, 37-year-old, Manhattan-based Duncan ditched the pop scene moniker early on and has since chosen to live his life out of the spotlight and away from the shadow of his iconic father.\nBorn in London he was brought up by the singer after the Ziggy Stardust star's marriage to first wife Angie fell apart in the Eighties. Educated at Gordonstoun, the Scottish Highland school attended by Prince Charles, he studied philosophy at Vanderbilt University in Tennessee before enrolling at the International Film School in Covent Garden.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "We got the MAP back.\nWestworld Season 2, Episode 6\nAbsolutely not. My colleagues and I\nMAP the neurological substrates...\nThe Big Bang Theory Season 4, Episode 3\nI want a MAP of Toledo now.\nLook for a MAP,\nMoney Heist Season 1, Episode 13\nLike, off the MAP!\nThe Big Bang Theory Season 9, Episode 24\nIt was a MAP...\nThe Big Bang Theory Season 6, Episode 19", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "A beautiful mirror made from exotic woods. Frame is African Bubinga and keystone accents are African Wenge. Frame is 32\" in diameter and mirror is 24\" in diameter. Polyurethane mix in clear gloss. Paste wax finish. Back of mirror has oak ply insert behind mirror with hold down clips. Heirloom quality.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "The Law Of One calls these souls WANDERERS. At great risk of losing their way these\nbrave souls chose to answer the call to incarnate in 3rd density earth. It has been said\nearth is the toughest ride.\nIf one can survive this place then incarnating on any\nother planet would be like a ‘walk in the galactic park’.\nIf you are drawn to this item, there is a good possibility that you are a wanderer.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Star Spangled Banner Bandana\nThis scarf is festive and fun! Stars are always good to rock.\nNavy with tan (-ish) stars. Stars are printed in a grouped manner. White square border, that is a bit crooked, as shown.\nRoll it up, flare it out, scrunch it, this \"fashion scarf\" is a W.I.N.\nSIZING: 27\" X 27\"", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Polarimetric PALSAR System Model Assessment and Calibration\nIGARSS 2008 - 2008 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium\nPolarimetric PALSAR system parameters are assessed using data sets collected over various calibration sites. The data collected over the Amazonian forest permits validating the zero Faraday rotation hypotheses near the equator. The analysis of the Amazonian forest data and the response of the corner reflectors deployed during the PALSAR acquisitions lead to the conclusion that the antenna is highly isolated (better than -35 dB). Theses results are confirmed using data collected over the Sweden\n... ed over the Sweden and Ottawa calibration sites. The 5-m height trihedrals deployed in the Sweden calibration site by the Chalmers University of technology permits accurate measurement of antenna parameters, and detection of 2-3 degree Faraday rotation during day acquisition, whereas no Faraday rotation was noted during night acquisition. Small Faraday rotation angles (2-3 degree) have been measured using acquisitions over the DLR Oberpfaffenhofen and the Ottawa calibration sites. The presence of small but still significant Faraday rotation (2-3 degree) induces a CR return at the crosspolarization HV and VH that should not be interpreted as the actual antenna cross-talk. PALSAR antenna is highly isolated (better than -35 dB), and diagonal antenna distortion matrices (with zero cross-talk terms) can be used for accurate calibration of PALSAR polarimetric data.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Latest version jwplayer is not transparant anymore\nWe are using a transparant movie in our project. The latest version of jwplayer seems to have broken this functionality. Is jwplayer still supporting this? If so, what is the correct syntax for the latest jwplayer version?\nNew jwplayer (black background is visible, not transparant):\nOld jwplayer (black background is not visible , transparant):", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "The sky darkens as the moon rises\nAnd lets off a light as bright as the sun.\nMice scurry around carefully watching,\nWaiting for enemies.\nSuddenly a silent beating breaks the comforting silence.\nA hunting scream echoes across the valley.\nThe Midnight Owl has arrived.\nIt glides elegantly into the light.\nIt's gleaming feathers, as smooth as silk, shine like the moon.\nHe perches himself on a worn branch\nCarefully listening for his prey.\nThe gallant bird watches and listens.\nHours go by,\nAnd he finally spots an innocent mouse.\nHe swoops down quietly and catches it,\nHolding it firmly in his powerful beak\nAnd swallows his dinner just in time\nFor the sun is rising above the hills.\nThe Midnight Owl slowly falls asleep.\nPoetry » Nature Rated: K, English, Words: 130, Favs: 1, Published: 11/23/2001", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Solar Lights Outdoor Decorative Garden,Waterproof Metal Sun Moon Stakes Decor,Solar Powered Garden Art Crackle Glass Globe Lights for Walkway,Yard,Lawn, Patio\n- SOLAR POWER:Solar Panel collects sunlight to charge the batteries(included) during the day;Automatically turns on at dusk for up to 8 hours of nighttime illumination\n- 8 Lumens Warm White Lantern:Easily add ambiance to your garden,outdoor and pathway with solar lantern. Delicate flower reflection after lighting up, giving you unexpected visual effect.\n- Dimensions:38.5”x11”Di.a.Perfect for decoration for garden,Patio,balcony or outdoor.A best gift for your friend.\n- Durable,eco-friendly and reliable:no power cord required, no electricity cost, no conventional energy consumption; waterproof, corrosion resistant and can work outdoors in rainy days.\n- Make sure the button is in the “ON” position before change it in the sun.If the button is in “on” position,keeping the solar panel in the darkness,then the lights will light up.Simply contact us if you ever have issues with your Amugmilk lights\nDetails: Sun Moon Metal Solar Lights, a great choice for your garden,pathway,walkway,lawn or patio. Solar Pathway Stake Light,Perfect for Garden Decor A fun, sustainable and beautiful way to make light, Solar stake lights is ideal for garden lighting, decorating your Lawn, Patio, Garden and all other outdoor pursuits that would benefit from beautiful lighting to create a unimaginable and relaxed atmosphere. This light is easy to install with no wiring necessary so you have no hassle installation, no extra tools, and no extra purchases needed! PLEASE NOTE: 1. Make sure the button is in the “ON” position before charge it on the sun.If the button in the “on” position,keeping the solar panel in the darkness,then the lights will light up 2.This solar lights need to be charged in full and direct sunlight for 6-8 hours 3.Keeping away from the street lights and other bright luminant Specifications: Solar panel:2V 80mA. Battery:NiMH AA600mah rechargeable batteries Material:Metal Light Source: Warm White LED Powered Source: Solar Powered Size:15.5”x3.2”Di.a Working Time: 8 hours Feature: ▶ Super easy to put together and put in the ground; ▶ Make a beautiful pattern on the ground; ▶ Weather-resistant;No wiring required;Energy saving; ▶ Design for outdoor garden using; Package Included: 2 * Solar Lights 1 * Instructions\nPackage Dimensions: 15.2 x 11.9 x 4.7 inches", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Eva Longoria is one of the brightest stars in Hollywood. She is an actress, producer, philanthropist and restaurateur. On top of all of that, she is absolutely stunning.\nWith Bryant at the UNICEF snowflake ball!\nBe the first to know about upcoming shows & sweepstakes by signing up for our email newsletter.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Last minute pictures before we lift off!\nTime to lift off!\nA view of Temecula\ndown below. Absolutely breath-taking!\nI’m so excited!! It was such a beautiful morning!\nAnother balloon in flight near us!\nSome more balloons below us!\nA view of the mountains through a hole in the basket.\nBeautiful morning for a hot air balloon ride!\nFilling the balloon with hot air to go higher!\nLooking up at our balloon!\nA view of the Grapefruit and Orange groves below!\nWe dropped low enough at one point to actually touch the branches of the trees.\nIt was so cool!!!!\n…and going back up again!", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Just another friendly reminder–if you are interested in joining us on the Summer 2017 Humanities Tour to Europe, please contact me with your questions. The price will increase slightly at the beginning of December, so it is in your best interest to sign up sooner rather than later. Also, if you have already signed up for the tour, make sure you enroll for the Humanities 200P class for the spring. The class meets on Thursday mornings from 9:30-10:25 and will involve discussion about the tour, including preparation techniques. The class is required for those going on the tour. Please contact me if you have any questions about this.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Celebrate the beauty of the handmade with Brooklyn-based Yume's artful creations. Hand sewn and designed by the artist, this moon and star mobile adds a dreamy, tranquil touch to child's room. Linen branch with Liberty print details and hanging objects, stuffed with non-allergenic polyfill. Pompom and leave colors vary. Measures: 21.5 inches long with a 24 inch drop.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Immediately, something like scales fell from Saul's eyes, and he could see again. He got up and was baptized,1\nScripture quoted by permission. Quotations designated (NIV) are from THE HOLY BIBLE: NEW INTERNATIONAL VERSION®. NIV®. Copyright © 1973, 1978, 1984 by Biblica. All rights reserved worldwide.\n(New International Version Bible Online)", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Fourier difference maps at 900 ps and three different pump-pulse energies using data processed in space group P21. q-weighted Fourier difference electron-density maps calculated between SFX light (Δt = 900 ps) data sets at different pump-laser energies and the dark data set ( − with E = 3.7 µJ (a, e, i), 7.5 µJ (b, f, j) and 11 µJ (c, d, g, h, k, l) at 2.2 Å resolution. Maps are contoured at +3.5 r.m.s.d. (green) and −3.5 r.m.s.d. (red). The SFX dark-state model (PDB entry 6zh7) of monomer A is overlaid in (a)–(d) and that of monomer B in (e)–(l), with FAD in yellow, the fatty-acid substrate in green and the protein in light gray. The maps were calculated with 68 421 dark images and with 18 704 light images in (a), (c), (e), (f), (i) and (k) (subset) and 50 214 light images in (d), (h) and (l) (complete).", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Welcome to November, star children. When the month begins, we're still in intense Scorpio season and likely recovering from Halloween celebrations. The first week or so is an excellent time to rest and catch up on sleep, as when the sun enters bold Sagittarius later this month, your schedule is likely to become filled with holiday invites and other social obligations. But let's back up. Tuesday, November 8, brings a full moon and lunar eclipse in sensual Taurus. As you may remember from last month (which also came with an eclipse), while these celestial events are pretty, they can also be petty. Avoid the eclipse-driven drama by engaging in self-soothing activities, such as sleep, eating delicious foods, and opting for intimate dinner parties with friends over ragers.\nMany of us will have love (and sex) on the mind when the romantic planet Venus enters bold Sagittarius on Tuesday, November 15. As a fire sign, Sag will add sparks to your personal life, whether you're engaging in roleplay with a partner or reconnecting with yourself through the power of sex toys. Remember that Sagittarius is a very independent sign, so even if you're partnered, it's a great time of year to spend alone, focusing on yourself and your pleasure. And, when it comes to others, when the communication planet Mercury enters Sagittarius on Thursday, November 17, you'll be able to confidently express your needs to others, whether that's more space and alone time or deepening intimacy by carving out more time for your lovers and friends.\nThe sun leaves Scorpio and enters Sagittarius on Tuesday, November 22. Sagittarius is the sign of higher learning, travel, and adventure, so it's appropriate that it also falls around the start of the holidays. Sagittarius season is fun, as it often means reconnecting with people and plenty of party invites. However, it can also be stressful and triggering, especially for those of us who don't have a great relationship with our blood relatives but still get pressured into traveling to see them for the holidays. This year, everyone's assignment is to spend Thanksgiving and other traditions with the family that lifts you up, whether chosen kin or visiting your parents.\nIf you're unsure how to proceed, the dark new moon in Sagittarius on Wednesday, November 23, is the perfect night to check in with yourself. New moons offer fresh starts, so meditate, journal, or engage in any calming activity to help you identify and implement your desires. On this same date, the lucky planet Jupiter ends its retrograde and goes direct in Pisces, helping you do just that. Of course, November will be different for each sign, so see what the eclipse, start of Sag season, and end of Jupiter retrograde means for you by clicking on your sign (and your crush's, of course) below.\nNovember 2022 Horoscopes by Zodiac Sign\nNot sure what your sun sign is? Here's a quick refresher of the dates for each. Click a specific zodiac sign to open up your November 2022 horoscope and see what's in store for your sign this month, or keep scrolling to see an overview of all the signs.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "This study is planned with the aim of the students who are mild level mental deficiency to teach the effectiveness of teaching carpet weaving making with activity schedule and whether this teaching efficient or not in that the students generalize the skill they obtain. In order to achieve the aim of the study, from among the single-subject research model, inter participants multıple probe design is used. This study is conducted with 4 students (3 male, 1 girl) studying in a primary school affiliated to the Ministry of National Education and diagnosed mild level mental deficiency. Participants are between 8-11. The dependent variable of research is the level of learning the carpet weaving skill. The independent variable of research is the method of teaching making with a chart students who are mental deficiency. Research findings show that participants learn carpet weaving skills made by chart convincingly (%100), cover this skill during the learning sessions (1, 2, 4 weeks later) and generalize the skill they learned with different tools and materials. Social validity data show that parents and teachers are pleased with this study on behalf of students/kids.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Astronauts never travel to space alone. Each person voyaging off-world is accompanied by up to 100 trillion bacteria, viruses and other microorganisms, any number of which could jeopardize human health. Yet we are still mostly in the dark about how these communities of microscopic hitchhikers react to microgravity. We do not even know the full spectrum of spacefaring species living onboard the International Space Station (ISS). New studies, however, are designed to change that. Last month astronauts collected samples from across the interior of the ISS to build an unprecedented three-dimensional map of its microbiome. This effort at a space-based microbial census is the first step toward understanding, preventing and mitigating dangerous outbreaks—whether they arise onboard the station, during long-duration flights toward Mars or even back home in hospitals.\nWe are constantly overrun by microbes. From the bacteria lining our guts to the too-small-to-see mites living at the base of our eyelashes, it is estimated that there are at least as many microbes on and within us as there are human cells. “You can think of people as walking ecosystems,” says Pieter Dorrestein, a chemical biologist at University of California, San Diego. Most of these minuscule creatures are actually essential and have such far-reaching impacts on our health—affecting our immunity, our heart and perhaps even our mental health—that scientists often refer to the microbiome as an “invisible organ.” In fact, the microbial multitudes within us are so numerous that their total mass can add up to roughly the weight of our brain.\nIt might not come as a surprise, then, that understanding how the microbiome behaves during spaceflight is crucial if we want to send astronauts on long-term missions to Mars and beyond. But scientists are not only worried about the human microbiome—they are also worried about the spacecraft’s microbiome. Take the Russian space station Mir as an example. In 1998—about three years before the station deorbited into the Pacific Ocean—scientists discovered several dozen species of bacteria, fungi and dust mites hiding behind a service panel. “I never pictured an inanimate object—a machine that works beautifully like the station—as having a microbiome similar to someone who’s alive, like a human,” says Serena M. Auñón-Chancellor, who is both a physician and a NASA astronaut. Yet, counter to the notion of space as a sterile, inert environment, any spacecraft will inevitably host an assortment of microbes in numbers sufficient to make any astronaut’s skin crawl.\nA spacecraft’s microbiome could prove hazardous to the health of the astronauts. “Can you imagine you’re on a long flight and all of the sudden you start to get, let’s say, a flesh-eating bacterium, and you can’t get rid of it?” Dorrestein says. “Those are the kinds of consequences that could materialize.”\nIt is not a crazy idea. In 2006 a team of scientists sent a culture of salmonella bacteria for an 11-day ride on the space shuttle Atlantis only to find that once the microbes returned to Earth, they more easily killed mice. Bacteria that have slipped Earth’s surly bonds can also become more resistant to antibiotics—a recipe for disaster, given the fact that long-duration spaceflight tends to weaken astronauts’ immune systems.\nThe new project launched by NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory and U.C. San Diego could help mitigate the microbial threat. In February astronaut Kate Rubins swabbed 1,000 different locations throughout the ISS. That is about 100 times greater than the number of swabs in typical microbial tracking studies, which usually focus on the most suspect parts of a living space such as kitchens, bathrooms and exercise areas. The samples will be placed in cold storage and, in a few months, sent back to Earth, where scientists will analyze their genetic signatures and name the various microbes to build a three-dimensional map of the ISS’s full microbiome.\nMoreover, each swab will capture trace molecules from food, oils, skin, and more. That prospect particularly excites Dorrestein, who is working on the project. Scientists currently know very little about what kinds of molecules are present on the ISS that nourish the growth of different microbial communities there. The new map will help them link specific molecules or nutrients to specific microbes. With that connection, scientists can craft guidelines to promote the growth of beneficial microbes and reduce the dangerous ones—through nutrients alone. That might be as simple as utilizing specific construction materials on a spacecraft to Mars. All of this suggests the problem of a “sick spacecraft” could be partially solved before it even reaches the launchpad.\nBut Kasthuri Venkateswaran, a microbiologist at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory and principal investigator of the project, is most excited about the protective measures that could take place in transit. Although the current samples are being sent back to Earth, he notes that astronauts will need to cut out that middleman on future missions. “When we go all the way to other planets, you don’t have a FedEx to send the samples back,” Venkateswaran says. Although scientists do have the capability to perform genomic analysis onboard the ISS, the process is not particularly speedy, and in the event of a dangerous outbreak, every moment may count (just think about how long it often takes to get results back from a PCR test for COVID-19). “You want to make sure you can stay on top of that—as we’re all too aware these days of how some little bug can kind of mess up your world,” says David Klaus, a space microbiologist at the University of Colorado Boulder.\nTo combat that issue, the swabs Rubin used in the station-sweeping assay are double-headed. One tip collects microbes for simple detection whereas the other intends to capture their metabolites—the microorganisms’ natural chemical by-products. Once Venkateswaran and his colleagues have created a database linking specific microbes with certain metabolites, they can build small biosensors that look for just the metabolites. Picture a handheld device that could diagnose the presence of bacteria or fungi on the spacecraft and alert astronauts of an outbreak immediately—similar to a carbon monoxide detector.\nA notification from such a system (which Venkateswaran suspects will take another five to 10 years to become a reality) would spark immediate action—as astronauts would intensify their cleaning protocols to prevent an onboard outbreak. “This will make for a better maintenance of tomorrow’s habitat,” Venkateswaran says. Astronauts onboard the ISS already work hard to keep the microbiome population under control. Every week they vacuum the vents and wipe down surfaces with disinfecting wipes. Auñón-Chancellor estimates that when she was in orbit, each of the crew’s six astronauts spent roughly three hours a week cleaning. That is 18 hours each week for the ISS’s total habitable volume of just 388 cubic meters (around half of the passenger space in a Boeing 747), which may seem excessive. But given the ISS’s unique circumstances, all that sanitizing is necessary. “Up there, food just doesn’t fall to the floor,” she says. “Food goes to the ceiling. Food sticks to the walls. Food is everywhere. So it’s 3-D cleaning.”\nThis kind of conscientious cleaning leads some scientists to dismiss worries about an outbreak en route to Mars. “I don’t think that the influence of bacteria is really a big showstopper for long term spaceflight because evidence suggests otherwise,” Klaus says. “We’ve had people living on the [ISS] with rotating crews continuously for over 20 years now. And there hasn’t been any kind of outbreak there.” Auñón-Chancellor notes that simply finding dangerous bacteria is not cause for alarm—it is only worrying if the microbes are making astronauts sick. “I see it more as an identification and a heads up,” she says. “And then we’re just kind of watching and mapping and waiting to see what those bacteria do in that stressful environment,” she adds.\nBut Venkateswaran is worried not only about risks to the astronauts—but also the chances of microbial contamination of any otherworldly destinations they visit. “Astronauts are basically a pathogen to the planet,” Auñón-Chancellor says. “They’re a new microbiome that’s suddenly stepping foot on Mars. Even the spacesuit that they step out in will have their own mission’s microbiome on the material surface of that suit.” If scientists could map the microbiome on that suit better, they might be able to clean it better, too. Venkateswaran is hopeful that the research will even help scientists design superior suits with joints that prevent even the smallest microbes from leaking through.\nThe unique applications do not end there. For Liz Warren, senior program director at the ISS U.S. National Laboratory, the most tantalizing aspect about all this research has little to do with space. Any partially closed environment—a house, an airplane, a hospital—will have its own microbiome. So learning how to prevent certain microbes from thriving in space (or how to halt them when they do) offers helpful lessons for similar environments on Earth. For example, consider another project running on the ISS that tests the efficacy of antimicrobial coatings manufactured by Boeing. The idea is that if the coatings work in space—where microbes can be far more dangerous—then they will work on Earth. In short, the ISS is an incredible laboratory in its own right. “You can’t do that on Earth—you can’t take gravity out of the picture,” Klaus says. “Having microgravity is kind of like having a microscope for the first time in a different way. You see behaviors that you couldn’t otherwise see.”\nThis Article firstly Publish on www.scientificamerican.com", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "The Everett Report, officially known as the Report of the New York State Commission to Investigate the Status of the American Indian Residing in the State of New York has been made available online by the New York State Library. The Commission was chaired by Assemblyman Edward Everett (R-Potsdam). Here is a link, though the viewing system is archaic, so make sure you allow pop-ups for www.nysl.nysed.gov.\nThe New York State Indian Commission (1919-1922), whose purpose was to investigate the status of Indian welfare and land rights in New York State, was presented to the legislature on March 17, 1922 – and then promptly rejected. It wasn’t until 1971 that the report was finally released. In 1980, Helen Upton published The Everett Report in Historical Perspective. According to the folks at the New York State Library:\nLulu Stillman, a stenographer for Assemblyman Edward Everett, was credited for preserving the only remaining record of the report, from which the 1971 transcript was made. As Everett’s stenographer, Stillman retained copies of most of the material produced by or related to the commission. (Many of the original documents are either missing or unavailable.) The published report released in 1971 and Stillman’s annotated draft have both been digitized.\nA New History of the Munsee Indians More enigmatic than they should be in this late age, even among historians of New York, the Munsee are less known than the story for which they are best known – the purchase of […]\nThe Two Hendricks: A Mohawk Indian Mystery In September 1755 the most famous Indian in the world was killed in the Bloody Morning Scout that launched the Battle of Lake George. His name was Henderick Peters Theyanooguin in English, […]\nVT: Native American Panel To Hold Meetings The group that will establish a process for state recognition of Native American tribes in Vermont is holding a series of public forums around the state.The Vermont Commission on Native […]", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "By Rebecca Engelhardt, Registrar/Collections Manager\nAll exhibitions at Museum of Glass (MOG) are supported by the curatorial team. It is our job to make sure the galleries look spectacular for our visitors to enjoy.\nIn addition to keeping our objects looking beautiful, it is also our job to keep them safe. And as a museum, we are challenged to keep them safe “in perpetuity” (which means forever)!\nHow do we do that, you ask? Fortunately, we have colleagues throughout the world who study the effects of the environment on a variety of historic and art objects and set out guidelines for their care.\nWe use a system of policies and procedures (called “Preventative Conservation”) to combat the effects of all “agents of deterioration”.\nDefined by the Canadian Conservation Institute, “The agents of deterioration identify ten primary threats specific to heritage environments and encourage their prevention at the collections level.” The ten agents are: Direct Physical Forces, Thieves and Vandals, Fire, Water, Pests, Pollutants, Light, Incorrect Temperature, Incorrect Relative Humidity, and Dissociation.\nSo, how do we at MOG go about combating these agents, and how does what we do apply to your own collections at home?\nIn a series of blog posts, we will share how MOG implements the preventative measures for every one of the agents.\nThis post is dedicated to “Direct Physical Forces” which includes things like: shock, vibration, abrasion, and gravity. This is a big one for glass!\nSince the Museum is seated in the Ring of Fire, our staff is always thinking about how to protect our fragile artifacts from the vibrations potentially caused by earthquakes.\nAt the same time, we are taking precautions against the rumbling trains rumbling past our building and the possible accidents that might result from a potentially clumsy visitor or while setting up an exhibition.\nObjects are at risk from damage every time you handle them.\nWe use several methods to secure objects to the platforms they are displayed on. One of our favorite materials is a sticky substance called Rhoplex N580™ that aids our team in securing objects of many sizes.\nFor larger objects, or ones that are more at risk of toppling over, we use a latex water based adhesive (it’s a lot like silicone). Once it dries, the adhesive “glues” the artifact down.\nFor objects that don’t sit flat on the top of the display case, or need a little more security, we call a “mount maker,” a specially trained technician who builds a customized support—usually out of metal—that locks onto the object and generally gets screwed to the display furniture. For really large artifacts, we consult with structural engineers who make sure that we have designed our mounts according to the proper building codes.\nWhen you visit our Museum, or any other, there are always many more objects stored behind-the-scenes that will be used in future exhibitions, or by researchers. We want to keep those objects safe, too. Our storage shelves are very carefully designed to prevent the glass from sliding off the edge as well.\nHandling artwork is where most accidents can happen. So, at MOG, we are all carefully trained on how to follow a specific set of rules to protect our collections. We use a lot of specially designed equipment as well as some things you might see in your own home.\nTransportation to and from the Museum is something we plan very carefully. There are even commercial transportation companies that work exclusively with (or have a special fleet assigned to) fine arts. We also build crates designed to minimize shock and vibration during the journey, which might be as far away as Australia!\nLook for our next post about dealing with protection from thieves and vandals!\nRebecca Engelhardt is the Registrar/Collections Manager at Museum of Glass. Her background includes ten years at MOG, plus time at major museums such as Smithsonian Institution and The John and Mable Ringling Museum of Art.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "|Part of the Pacific Theater of World War II|\nUnited States Marines rest in the field during the Guadalcanal campaign\n• Solomon Islands\n|Commanders and leaders|\nRobert L. Ghormley\nWilliam F. Halsey, Jr.\nRichmond K. Turner\nFrank J. Fletcher\nU.S. Marine Corps:\nAlexander A. Vandegrift\nMerritt A. Edson\nAlexander M. Patch\nU.S. Coast Guard:\nRussell R. Waesche\n|60,000+ men (ground forces)||36,200 men (ground forces)|\n|Casualties and losses|\n29 ships lost including 1 fleet carrier, 1 light carrier, 6 cruisers and 14 destroyers.\n615 aircraft lost\n19,200 dead, of which 8,500 were killed in combat1,000 captured\n38 ships lost including 1 light carrier, 2 battleships, 3 heavy cruisers, 13 destroyers.\n683 aircraft lost\nThe Guadalcanal campaign, also known as the Battle of Guadalcanal and codenamed Operation Watchtower by American forces, was a military campaign fought between 7 August 1942 and 9 February 1943 on and around the island of Guadalcanal in the Pacific theater of World War II. It was the first major offensive by Allied forces against the Empire of Japan.\nOn 7 August 1942, Allied forces, predominantly United States Marines, landed on Guadalcanal, Tulagi, and Florida in the southern Solomon Islands, with the objective of denying their use by the Japanese to threaten Allied supply and communication routes between the United States, Australia, and New Zealand; powerful American and Australian naval forces supported these landings.\nThe Allies also intended to use Guadalcanal and Tulagi as bases in supporting a campaign to eventually capture or neutralize the major Japanese base at Rabaul on New Britain. The Japanese defenders, who had occupied those islands since May 1942, were outnumbered and overwhelmed by the Allies, who captured Tulagi and Florida, as well as the airfield – later named Henderson Field – that was under construction on Guadalcanal.\nSurprised by the Allied offensive, the Japanese made several attempts between August and November to retake Henderson Field. Three major land battles, seven large naval battles (five nighttime surface actions and two carrier battles), and almost daily aerial battles culminated in the decisive Naval Battle of Guadalcanal in early November, with the defeat of the last Japanese attempt to bombard Henderson Field from the sea and to land enough troops to retake it. In December, the Japanese abandoned their efforts to retake Guadalcanal, and evacuated their remaining forces by 7 February 1943, in the face of an offensive by the U.S. Army's XIV Corps.\nThe Guadalcanal campaign was a significant strategic Allied combined-arms victory in the Pacific theater. While the Battle of Midway was a crushing defeat of the Imperial Japanese Navy, it did not stop Japanese offensives, which continued both at sea and on the ground. The victories at Milne Bay, Buna–Gona, and Guadalcanal marked the Allied transition from defensive operations to the strategic initiative in the theater, leading to offensive campaigns in the Solomon Islands, New Guinea, and the Central Pacific, which resulted in the surrender of Japan, ending World War II.\n- 1 Background\n- 2 Events\n- 2.1 Landings\n- 2.2 Battle of Savo Island\n- 2.3 Initial ground operations\n- 2.4 Goettge patrol\n- 2.5 Battle of the Tenaru\n- 2.6 Battle of the Eastern Solomons\n- 2.7 Air battles over Henderson Field and strengthening of the Lunga defenses\n- 2.8 Tokyo Express\n- 2.9 Battle of Edson's Ridge\n- 2.10 Reinforcement\n- 2.11 Actions along the Matanikau\n- 2.12 Battle of Cape Esperance\n- 2.13 Henderson Field\n- 2.14 Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands\n- 2.15 November land actions\n- 2.16 Naval Battle of Guadalcanal\n- 2.17 Battle of Tassafaronga\n- 2.18 Japanese decision to withdraw\n- 2.19 Battle of Mount Austen, the Galloping Horse, and the Sea Horse\n- 2.20 Ke evacuation\n- 3 Aftermath\n- 4 Significance\n- 5 Media, accounts and film\n- 6 Notes\n- 7 References\n- 8 Further information\n- 9 External links\nOn 7 December 1941, Japanese forces attacked the United States Pacific Fleet at Naval Station Pearl Harbor, incorporated territory of Hawaii. The attack killed almost 2,500 people and crippled much of the U.S. battleship fleet, precipitating an open and formal state of war between the two nations the next day. The initial goals of Japanese leaders were to neutralize the U.S. Navy, seize possessions rich in natural resources, and establish strategic military bases to defend Japan's empire in the Pacific Ocean and Asia. To further those goals, Japanese forces captured the Philippines, Thailand, Malaya, Singapore, Burma, the Dutch East Indies, Wake Island, Gilbert Islands, New Britain and Guam. Joining the U.S. in the war against Japan were the rest of the Allied powers, several of whom, including the United Kingdom, Australia, and the Netherlands, had also been attacked by Japan.\nThe Japanese made two attempts to continue their strategic initiative, and offensively extend their outer defensive perimeter in the south and central Pacific to where they could threaten Australia and Hawaii or the U.S. West Coast. Those efforts were thwarted at the naval battles of Coral Sea and Midway respectively. Coral Sea was a tactical stalemate, but a strategic Allied victory which became clear only much later. Midway was not only the Allies' first clear major victory against the Japanese, it significantly reduced the offensive capability of Japan's carrier forces, but did not change their offensive mindset for several crucial months in which they compounded mistakes by moving ahead with brash, even brazen decisions, such as the attempt to assault Port Moresby over the Kokoda trail. Up to this point, the Allies had been on the defensive in the Pacific but these strategic victories provided them an opportunity to take the initiative from Japan.\nThe Allies chose the Solomon Islands (a protectorate of the United Kingdom), specifically the southern Solomon Islands of Guadalcanal, Tulagi and Florida Island, as the first target, designated Task One (codenamed Pestilence), with three specific objectives. Originally, the objectives were the occupation of the Santa Cruz Islands (codenamed Huddle), Tulagi (codenamed Watchtower), and \"adjacent positions\". Guadalcanal (code name Cactus), which eventually became the focus of the operation, was not even mentioned in the early directive and only later took on the operation-name Watchtower.\nThe Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) had occupied Tulagi in May 1942 and had constructed a seaplane base nearby. Allied concern grew when, in early July 1942, the IJN began constructing a large airfield at Lunga Point on nearby Guadalcanal—from such a base Japanese long-range bombers would threaten the sea lines of communication from the West Coast of the Americas to the populous East Coast of Australia. By August 1942, the Japanese had about 900 naval troops on Tulagi and nearby islands and 2,800 personnel (2,200 being Korean forced laborers and trustees as well as Japanese construction specialists) on Guadalcanal. These bases would protect Japan's major base at Rabaul, threaten Allied supply and communication lines and establish a staging area for a planned offensive against Fiji, New Caledonia and Samoa (Operation FS). The Japanese planned to deploy 45 fighters and 60 bombers to Guadalcanal. In the overall strategy for 1942 these aircraft could provide air cover for Japanese naval forces advancing farther into the South Pacific.\nThe Allied plan to invade the southern Solomons was conceived by U.S. Admiral Ernest King, Commander in Chief, United States Fleet. He proposed the offensive to deny the use of the islands by the Japanese as bases to threaten the supply routes between the United States and Australia and to use them as starting points. With U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt's tacit consent, King also advocated the invasion of Guadalcanal. Because the United States supported Great Britain's proposal that priority be given to defeating Germany before Japan, the Pacific theater had to compete for personnel and resources with the European theater.\nAn early obstacle was a desire by both the army and Roosevelt to initiate action in Europe. In addition, it was unclear who would command the campaign: Tulagi lay in the area under the command of General Douglas MacArthur, whereas the Santa Cruz Islands lay in Admiral Chester W. Nimitz's Pacific Ocean Area, which would also supply almost all offensive forces that would prepare and be supplied and covered from that area. Both problems were overcome, and the Chief of Staff of the U.S. Army, General George C. Marshall, gave the operation his full support, even if MacArthur's command could not lend support and the navy had to take full responsibility. As a result, and in order to preserve the unity of command, the boundary between MacArthur's Southwest Pacific area and Nimitz's Pacific Ocean area was shifted 60 miles (97 km) to 360 miles (580 km) to the west effective 1 August 1942.\nThe Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff established the following objectives for 1942–1943: that Guadalcanal would be taken, in conjunction with an Allied offensive in New Guinea under Douglas MacArthur, to capture the Admiralty Islands and the Bismarck Archipelago, including the major Japanese base at Rabaul. The directive held that the eventual goal was the American reconquest of the Philippines. The U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff created the South Pacific theater, with Vice Admiral Robert L. Ghormley taking command on 19 June 1942, to direct the offensive in the Solomons. Admiral Chester Nimitz, based at Pearl Harbor, was designated as overall Allied commander in chief for Pacific forces.\nIn preparation for the offensive in the Pacific in May 1942, U.S. Marine Major General Alexander Vandegrift was ordered to move his 1st Marine Division from the United States to New Zealand. Other Allied land, naval and air force units were sent to establish or reinforce bases in Fiji, Samoa, New Hebrides and New Caledonia.\nEspiritu Santo, New Hebrides, was selected as the headquarters and the main base for the offensive, codenamed Operation Watchtower, with the commencement date set for 7 August 1942. At first, the Allied offensive was planned just for Tulagi and the Santa Cruz Islands, omitting Guadalcanal. After Allied reconnaissance discovered the Japanese airfield construction efforts on Guadalcanal, its capture was added to the plan and the Santa Cruz operation was (eventually) dropped. The Japanese were aware, via signals intelligence, of the large-scale movement of Allied forces in the South Pacific area but concluded that the Allies were reinforcing Australia and perhaps Port Moresby in New Guinea.\nThe Watchtower force, numbering 75 warships and transports (of vessels from the U.S. and Australia), assembled near Fiji on 26 July 1942 and engaged in one rehearsal landing prior to leaving for Guadalcanal on 31 July. The commander of the Allied expeditionary force was U.S. Vice Admiral Frank Fletcher, Commander Task Force 61 (whose flag was on the aircraft carrier USS Saratoga). Commanding the amphibious forces was U.S. Rear Admiral Richmond K. Turner. Vandegrift led the 16,000 Allied (primarily U.S. Marine) infantry earmarked for the landings.\nThe troops sent to Guadalcanal were fresh from military training and armed with bolt-action M1903 Springfield rifles and a meager 10-day supply of ammunition. Because of the need to get them into battle quickly, the operation planners had reduced their supplies from 90 days to only 60. The men of the 1st Marine Division began referring to the coming battle as \"Operation Shoestring\".\nBad weather allowed the Allied expeditionary force to arrive unseen by the Japanese on the night of 6 August and the morning of 7 August, taking the defenders by surprise. This is sometimes called the \"Midnight Raid on Guadalcanal\". A Japanese patrol aircraft from Tulagi had searched the general area the Allied invasion fleet was moving through, but missed seeing the Allied ships due to severe storms and heavy clouds. The landing force split into two groups, with one group assaulting Guadalcanal, and the other Tulagi, Florida, and nearby islands. Allied warships bombarded the invasion beaches, while U.S. carrier aircraft bombed Japanese positions on the target islands and destroyed 15 Japanese seaplanes at their base near Tulagi.\nTulagi and two nearby small islands, Gavutu and Tanambogo, were assaulted by 3,000 U.S. Marines. The 886 IJN personnel manning the naval and seaplane bases on the three islands fiercely resisted the Marine attacks. With some difficulty, the Marines secured all three islands: Tulagi on 8 August, and Gavutu and Tanambogo by 9 August. The Japanese defenders were killed almost to the last man, while the Marines suffered a loss of 122 men.\nIn contrast to Tulagi, Gavutu, and Tanambogo, the landings on Guadalcanal encountered much less resistance. At 09:10 on 7 August, Vandegrift and 11,000 U.S. Marines came ashore on Guadalcanal between Koli Point and Lunga Point. Advancing towards Lunga Point, they encountered little resistance and secured the airfield by 16:00 on 8 August. The Japanese naval construction units and combat troops, under the command of Captain Kanae Monzen, panicked by the warship bombardment and aerial bombing, had abandoned the airfield area and fled about 3 miles (5 km) west to the Matanikau River and Point Cruz area, leaving behind food, supplies, intact construction equipment and vehicles, and 13 dead.\nDuring the landing operations on 7 and 8 August, Japanese naval aircraft based at Rabaul, under the command of Sadayoshi Yamada, attacked the Allied amphibious forces several times, setting afire the transport USS George F. Elliott (which sank two days later) and heavily damaging the destroyer USS Jarvis. In the air attacks over the two days, the Japanese lost 36 aircraft, while the U.S. lost 19, both in combat and to accidents, including 14 carrier fighters.\nAfter these clashes, Fletcher was concerned about the losses to his carrier fighter aircraft strength, anxious about the threat to his carriers from further Japanese air attacks, and worried about his ships' fuel levels. Fletcher withdrew from the Solomon Islands area with his carrier task forces the evening of 8 August. As a result of the loss of carrier-based air cover, Turner decided to withdraw his ships from Guadalcanal, even though less than half of the supplies and heavy equipment needed by the troops ashore had been unloaded. Turner planned, however, to unload as many supplies as possible on Guadalcanal and Tulagi throughout the night of 8 August and then depart with his ships early on 9 August.\nBattle of Savo Island\nAs the transports unloaded on the night of 8–9 August, two groups of screening Allied cruisers and destroyers, under the command of British Rear Admiral Victor Crutchley VC, were surprised and defeated by a Japanese force of seven cruisers and one destroyer from the 8th Fleet based at Rabaul and Kavieng and commanded by Japanese Vice Admiral Gunichi Mikawa. In the Battle of Savo Island one Australian and three American cruisers were sunk and one American cruiser and two destroyers were damaged. The Japanese suffered moderate damage to one cruiser. Mikawa, who was unaware Fletcher was preparing to withdraw with the U.S. carriers, immediately retired to Rabaul without attempting to attack the transports. Mikawa was concerned about daylight U.S. carrier air attacks if he remained in the area. Bereft of his carrier air cover, Turner decided to withdraw his remaining naval forces by the evening of 9 August and in so doing left the Marines ashore without much of the heavy equipment, provisions and troops still aboard the transports. Mikawa's decision not to attempt to destroy the Allied transport ships when he had the opportunity proved to be a crucial strategic mistake.\nInitial ground operations\nThe 11,000 Marines on Guadalcanal initially concentrated on forming a loose defensive perimeter around Lunga Point and the airfield, moving the landed supplies within the perimeter and finishing the airfield. In four days of intense effort, the supplies were moved from the landing beach into dispersed dumps within the perimeter. Work began on the airfield immediately, mainly using captured Japanese equipment. On 12 August the airfield was named Henderson Field after Lofton R. Henderson, a Marine aviator who was killed during the Battle of Midway. By 18 August the airfield was ready for operation. Five days' worth of food had been landed from the transports, which, along with captured Japanese provisions, gave the Marines a total of 14 days' supply of food. To conserve supplies, the troops were limited to two meals per day.\nAllied troops encountered a severe strain of dysentery soon after the landings, with one in five Marines afflicted by mid-August. Although some of the Korean construction workers surrendered to the Marines, most of the remaining Japanese and Korean personnel gathered just west of the Lunga perimeter on the west bank of the Matanikau River and subsisted mainly on coconuts. A Japanese naval outpost was also located at Taivu Point, about 35 kilometers (22 mi) east of the Lunga perimeter. On 8 August, a Japanese destroyer from Rabaul delivered 113 naval reinforcement troops to the Matanikau position.\nOn the evening of 12 August, a 25-man U.S. Marine patrol, led by Division D-2 Lieutenant Colonel Frank Goettge and primarily consisting of intelligence personnel, landed by boat west of the US Marine Lunga perimeter, east of Point Cruz and west of the Japanese perimeter at Matanikau River, on a reconnaissance mission with a secondary objective of contacting a group of Japanese troops that U.S. forces believed might be willing to surrender. Soon after the patrol landed, a nearby platoon of Japanese naval troops attacked and almost completely wiped out the Marine patrol.\nIn response, on 19 August, Vandegrift sent three companies of the U.S. 5th Marine Regiment to attack the Japanese troop concentration west of the Matanikau. One company attacked across the sandbar at the mouth of the Matanikau River while another crossed the river 1,000 meters (1,100 yd) inland and attacked the Japanese forces located in Matanikau village. The third landed by boat further west and attacked Kokumbuna village. After briefly occupying the two villages, the three Marine companies returned to the Lunga perimeter, having killed about 65 Japanese soldiers while losing four marines. This action, sometimes referred to as the \"First Battle of the Matanikau\", was the first of several major actions around the Matanikau River during the campaign.\nOn 20 August, the escort carrier USS Long Island delivered two squadrons of Marine aircraft to Henderson Field, one a squadron of 19 Grumman F4F Wildcats and the other a squadron of 12 Douglas SBD Dauntlesses. The aircraft at Henderson became known as the \"Cactus Air Force\" (CAF) after the Allied codename for Guadalcanal. The Marine fighters went into action the next day on the first of the almost-daily Japanese bomber air raids. On 22 August five U.S. Army Bell P-400 Airacobras and their pilots arrived at Henderson Field.\nBattle of the Tenaru\nIn response to the Allied landings on Guadalcanal, the Japanese Imperial General Headquarters assigned the Imperial Japanese Army's (IJA) 17th Army, a corps-sized command based at Rabaul and under the command of Lieutenant General Harukichi Hyakutake, the task of retaking Guadalcanal. The army was to be supported by Japanese naval units, including the Combined Fleet under the command of Isoroku Yamamoto, which was headquartered at Truk. The 17th Army, at that time heavily involved in the Japanese campaign in New Guinea, had only a few units available. Of these, the 35th Infantry Brigade under Major General Kiyotake Kawaguchi was at Palau, the 4th (Aoba) Infantry Regiment was in the Philippines and the 28th (Ichiki) Infantry Regiment, under the command of Colonel Kiyonao Ichiki, was on board transport ships near Guam. The different units began to move towards Guadalcanal via Truk and Rabaul immediately, but Ichiki's regiment, being the closest, arrived in the area first. A \"First Element\" of Ichiki's unit, consisting of about 917 soldiers, landed from destroyers at Taivu Point, east of the Lunga perimeter, after midnight on 19 August, then made a 9-mile (14 km) night march west toward the Marine perimeter.\nUnderestimating the strength of Allied forces on Guadalcanal, Ichiki's unit conducted a nighttime frontal assault on Marine positions at Alligator Creek (often called the \"Ilu River\" on U.S. Marine maps) on the east side of the Lunga perimeter in the early morning hours of 21 August. Ichiki's assault was defeated with heavy Japanese losses in what became known as the Battle of the Tenaru. After daybreak, the Marine units counterattacked Ichiki's surviving troops, killing many more of them. The dead included Ichiki, though it has been claimed that he committed seppuku after realizing the magnitude of his defeat, rather than dying in combat. In total, 789 of the original 917 members of the Ichiki Regiment's First Element were killed in the battle. About 30 survived the battle and joined Ichiki's rear guard of about 100, and these 128 Japanese returned to Taivu Point, notified 17th Army headquarters of their defeat and awaited further reinforcements and orders from Rabaul.\nBattle of the Eastern Solomons\nAs the Tenaru battle was ending, more Japanese reinforcements were already on their way. Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto put together a very powerful expeditionary force. Their aim was to destroy any American fleet units in the area, and then eliminate Henderson Field. This force sortied from Truk on 23 August. Several other reinforcements, support, and bombardment groups sortied from both Truk and Rabaul. Three slow transport ships departed from Truk on 16 August, carrying the remaining 1,400 soldiers from Ichiki's (28th) Infantry Regiment plus 500 naval marines from the 5th Yokosuka Special Naval Landing Force. The transports were guarded by 13 warships commanded by Japanese Rear Admiral Raizō Tanaka, who planned to land the troops on Guadalcanal on 24 August. To cover the landings of these troops and provide support for the operation to retake Henderson Field from Allied forces, Yamamoto directed Chūichi Nagumo to sortie with a carrier force from Truk on 21 August and head towards the southern Solomon Islands. Nagumo's force included three carriers and 30 other warships. Yamamoto would send the light carrier Ryūjō on a possible bait role ahead of the rest of the fleet, and attack Guadalcanal to draw attention of the American pilots. Meanwhile, the aircraft from the two fleet carriers would next charge in to attack the Americans.\nSimultaneously, the U.S. carrier task forces under Fletcher approached Guadalcanal to counter the Japanese offensive efforts.\nOn 24 August, the two carrier forces fought. The Japanese had two fleet carriers Shōkaku and Zuikaku and the light carrier Ryūjō. The Japanese had 177 carrier-based aircraft. The American forces only had two carriers, the Saratoga and Enterprise respectively, and their 176 aircraft. The bait carrier Ryūjō was overwhelmed. She was hit by several 1,000-pound bombs then by an aerial torpedo. The ship was then abandoned and eventually sank that same night. The two Japanese fleet carriers were not attacked. Enterprise was attacked and damaged. Both fleets then retreated from the area. The Japanese lost Ryūjō and dozens of aircraft and most of their aircrew; the Americans lost a handful of planes and Enterprise was under repair for two months.\nOn 25 August, Tanaka's convoy was attacked by CAF aircraft from Henderson Field. After suffering heavy damage during the battle, including the sinking of one of the transports, the convoy was forced to divert to the Shortland Islands in the northern Solomons in order to transfer the surviving troops to destroyers for later delivery to Guadalcanal. The Japanese had launched an air raid on Guadalcanal, causing chaos and havoc, while American Marine aircraft had engaged Tanaka's convoy which was headed by the flagship Jintsū near Taivu Point. A Japanese transport was sunk. The older destroyer Mutsuki was so badly damaged that it had to be scuttled. Several other warships were damaged including Tanaka's own Jintsū. At this point, Tanaka withdrew and rescheduled the supply run for the night of 28 August, via the remaining destroyers.\nMeanwhile, on 25 August, the American carrier Wasp, after refueling, positioned itself east of Guadalcanal expecting Japanese movement to the area. No Japanese forces made any movement towards the area, and the crew of the Wasp was left idle.\nStrategically, the Japanese had an opportunity here for a decisive victory; however, they failed to realize this potential. They allowed the Americans to step away with a view of victory. Additionally, the reinforcement of Henderson Field of Guadalcanal by Enterprise's aircraft established a precedent. This made daylight supply runs to Guadalcanal impossible for Japanese shipments. Only weeks before this, the Japanese had total control of the sea in this particular region; now they were forced to make supply runs only under the cover of darkness.\nAir battles over Henderson Field and strengthening of the Lunga defenses\nThroughout August, small numbers of U.S. aircraft and their crews continued to arrive at Guadalcanal. By the end of August, 64 aircraft of various types were stationed at Henderson Field. On 3 September, the commander of the 1st Marine Aircraft Wing, U.S. Marine Brigadier General Roy S. Geiger, arrived with his staff and took command of all air operations at Henderson Field. Air battles between the Allied aircraft at Henderson and Japanese bombers and fighters from Rabaul continued almost daily. Between 26 August and 5 September, the U.S. lost about 15 aircraft to the Japanese's approximately 19 aircraft. More than half of the downed U.S. aircrews were rescued while the majority of the Japanese aircrews were never recovered. The eight-hour round-trip flight from Rabaul to Guadalcanal, about 1,120 miles (1,800 km) in total, seriously hampered Japanese efforts to establish air superiority over Henderson Field. Australian coastwatchers on Bougainville and New Georgia islands were often able to provide the Allied forces on Guadalcanal with advance notice of inbound Japanese air strikes, allowing the U.S. fighters time to take off and position themselves to attack the Japanese bombers and fighters as they approached the island. As such, the Japanese air forces were slowly losing a war of attrition in the skies above Guadalcanal.\nDuring this time, Vandegrift continued to direct efforts to strengthen and improve the defenses of the Lunga perimeter. Between 21 August and 3 September, he relocated three Marine battalions, including the 1st Raider Battalion, under Merritt A. Edson (Edson's Raiders), and the 1st Parachute Battalion from Tulagi and Gavutu to Guadalcanal. These units added about 1,500 troops to Vandegrift's original 11,000 men defending Henderson Field. The 1st Parachute Battalion, which had suffered heavy casualties in the Battle of Tulagi and Gavutu–Tanambogo in August, was placed under Edson's command.\nThe other relocated battalion, the 1st Battalion, 5th Marine Regiment (1/5), was landed by boat west of the Matanikau near Kokumbuna village on 27 August with the mission of attacking Japanese units in the area, much as in the first Matanikau action of 19 August. In this case the Marines were impeded by difficult terrain, hot sun, and well-emplaced Japanese defenses. The next morning, the Marines found that the Japanese defenders had departed during the night, so the Marines returned to the Lunga perimeter by boat. These actions resulted in the loss of 20 Japanese and 3 Marines.\nSmall Allied naval convoys arrived at Guadalcanal on 23 August 29 August, 1 September, and 8 September to provide the Marines at Lunga with more food, ammunition, aircraft fuel, aircraft technicians, and other supplies. The convoy on 1 September also brought 392 Seabees to maintain and improve Henderson Field. In addition, on 3 September, Marine Aircraft Group 25 began airlifting high-priority cargo, including personnel, aviation gasoline, munitions, and other supplies, to Henderson Field.\nBy 23 August, Kawaguchi's 35th Infantry Brigade reached Truk and was loaded onto slow transport ships for the rest of the trip to Guadalcanal. The damage done to Tanaka's convoy during the Battle of the Eastern Solomons caused the Japanese to reconsider trying to deliver more troops to Guadalcanal by slow transport. Instead, the ships carrying Kawaguchi's soldiers were sent to Rabaul. From there, the Japanese planned to deliver Kawaguchi's men to Guadalcanal by destroyers staging through a Japanese naval base in the Shortland Islands. The Japanese destroyers were usually able to make round trips down \"The Slot\" (New Georgia Sound) to Guadalcanal and back in a single night throughout the campaign, minimizing their exposure to Allied air attack. The runs became known as the \"Tokyo Express\" to Allied forces and were labeled \"rat transportation\" by the Japanese. Delivering the troops in this manner, however, prevented most of the heavy equipment and supplies, such as heavy artillery, vehicles, and much food and ammunition, from being transported to Guadalcanal with them. In addition, this activity tied up destroyers the IJN desperately needed to escort their convoys. Either inability or unwillingness prevented Allied naval commanders from frequently challenging Japanese naval forces at night, so the Japanese controlled the seas around the Solomon Islands during nighttime. However, any Japanese ship within range (200 miles or 320 km) of the aircraft at Henderson Field during daylight hours was in great danger from air attack. This tactical situation existed for the next several months of the campaign.\nBetween 29 August and 4 September, Japanese light cruisers, destroyers, and patrol boats were able to land almost 5,000 troops at Taivu Point, including most of the 35th Infantry Brigade, much of the Aoba (4th) Regiment, and the rest of Ichiki's regiment. General Kawaguchi, who landed at Taivu Point on 31 August Express run, was placed in command of all Japanese forces on Guadalcanal. A barge convoy took another 1,000 soldiers of Kawaguchi's brigade, under the command of Colonel Akinosuke Oka, to Kamimbo, west of the Lunga perimeter.\nBattle of Edson's Ridge\nOn 7 September, Kawaguchi issued his attack plan to \"rout and annihilate the enemy in the vicinity of the Guadalcanal Island airfield\". Kawaguchi's attack plan called for his forces, split into three divisions, to approach the Lunga perimeter inland, culminating with a surprise night attack. Oka's forces would attack the perimeter from the west while Ichiki's Second Echelon, now renamed the Kuma Battalion, would attack from the east. The main attack would be by Kawaguchi's \"Center Body\", numbering 3,000 men in three battalions, from the jungle south of the Lunga perimeter. By 7 September, most of Kawaguchi's troops had departed Taivu to begin marching towards Lunga Point along the coastline. About 250 Japanese troops remained behind to guard the brigade's supply base at Taivu.\nMeanwhile, native scouts under the direction of Martin Clemens, a coastwatcher officer in the British Solomon Islands Protectorate Defence Force and the British district officer for Guadalcanal, brought reports to the U.S. Marines of Japanese troops at Taivu near the village of Tasimboko. Edson planned a raid on the Japanese troop concentration at Taivu. On 8 September, after being dropped-off near Taivu by boat, Edson's men captured Tasimboko as the Japanese defenders retreated into the jungle. In Tasimboko, Edson's troops discovered Kawaguchi's main supply depot, including large stockpiles of food, ammunition, medical supplies, and a powerful shortwave radio. After destroying everything in sight, except for some documents and equipment carried back with them, the Marines returned to the Lunga perimeter. The mounds of supplies along with intelligence gathered from the captured documents informed the Marines that at least 3,000 Japanese troops were on the island and apparently planning an attack.\nEdson, along with Colonel Gerald C. Thomas, Vandegrift's operations officer, correctly believed that the Japanese attack would come at a narrow, grassy, 1,000 yards (910 m)-long coral ridge that ran parallel to the Lunga River located just south of Henderson Field. The ridge, called Lunga Ridge, offered a natural avenue of approach to the airfield, commanded the surrounding area and, at that time, was almost undefended. On 11 September, the 840 men of Edson's battalion were deployed onto and around the ridge.\nOn the night of 12 September, Kawaguchi's 1st Battalion attacked the Raiders between the Lunga River and ridge, forcing one Marine company to fall back to the ridge before the Japanese halted their attack for the night. The next night Kawaguchi faced Edson's 830 Raiders with 3,000 troops of his brigade plus an assortment of light artillery. The Japanese attack began just after nightfall with Kawaguchi's 1st battalion assaulting Edson's right flank just to the west of the ridge. After breaking through the Marine lines the battalion's assault was eventually stopped by Marine units guarding the northern part of the ridge.\nTwo companies from Kawaguchi's 2nd Battalion charged up the southern edge of the ridge and pushed Edson's troops back to Hill 123 on the center part of the ridge. Throughout the night Marines at this position, who were supported by artillery, defeated wave after wave of frontal Japanese attacks, some of which resulted in hand-to-hand fighting. Japanese units that infiltrated past the ridge to the edge of the airfield were also repulsed. Attacks by the Kuma battalion and Oka's unit at other locations on the Lunga perimeter were also defeated. On 14 September Kawaguchi led the survivors of his shattered brigade on a five-day march west to the Matanikau Valley to join with Oka's unit. In total Kawaguchi's forces lost about 850 killed and the Marines 104.\nOn 15 September Hyakutake at Rabaul learned of Kawaguchi's defeat and forwarded the news to Imperial General Headquarters in Japan. In an emergency session the top Japanese IJA and IJN command staffs concluded that \"Guadalcanal might develop into the decisive battle of the war\". The results of the battle now began to have a telling strategic impact on Japanese operations in other areas of the Pacific. Hyakutake realized that in order to send sufficient troops and matériel to defeat the Allied forces on Guadalcanal, he could not at the same time support the major ongoing Japanese offensive on the Kokoda Track in New Guinea. Hyakutake, with the concurrence of General Headquarters, ordered his troops on New Guinea who were within 30 miles (48 km) of their objective of Port Moresby to withdraw until the \"Guadalcanal matter\" was resolved. Hyakutake prepared to send more troops to Guadalcanal for another attempt to recapture Henderson Field.\nAs the Japanese regrouped west of the Matanikau, the U.S. forces concentrated on shoring up and strengthening their Lunga defenses. On 14 September Vandegrift moved another battalion, the 3rd Battalion, 2nd Marine Regiment (3/2), from Tulagi to Guadalcanal. On 18 September an Allied naval convoy delivered 4,157 men from the 3rd Provisional Marine Brigade (the 7th Marine Regiment plus a battalion from the 11th Marine Regiment and some additional support units), 137 vehicles, tents, aviation fuel, ammunition, rations, and engineering equipment to Guadalcanal. These crucial reinforcements allowed Vandegrift, beginning on 19 September, to establish an unbroken line of defense around the Lunga perimeter. While covering this convoy the aircraft carrier USS Wasp was scuttled after being hit by torpedoes from the Japanese submarine I-19 southeast of Guadalcanal. This left only one Allied aircraft carrier (USS Hornet) in operation in the South Pacific area. Vandegrift also made some changes in the senior leadership of his combat units, transferring off the island several officers who did not meet his performance standards and promoting junior officers who had proven themselves to take their places. One of these was the recently promoted Colonel Merritt Edson who was placed in command of the 5th Marine Regiment.\nA lull occurred in the air war over Guadalcanal, with no Japanese air raids occurring between 14 and 27 September due to bad weather, during which both sides reinforced their respective air units. The Japanese delivered 85 fighters and bombers to their air units at Rabaul while the U.S. brought 23 fighters and attack aircraft to Henderson Field. On 20 September the Japanese counted 117 total aircraft at Rabaul while the Allies tallied 71 aircraft at Henderson Field. The air war resumed with a Japanese air raid on Guadalcanal on 27 September which was contested by U.S. Navy and Marine fighters from Henderson Field.\nThe Japanese immediately began to prepare for their next attempt to recapture Henderson Field. The 3rd Battalion, 4th (Aoba) Infantry Regiment had landed at Kamimbo Bay on the western end of Guadalcanal on 11 September, too late to join Kawaguchi's attack. By now, though, the battalion had joined Oka's forces near the Matanikau. Tokyo Express runs by destroyers on 14, 20, 21 and 24 September brought food and ammunition as well as 280 men from the 1st Battalion, Aoba Regiment, to Kamimbo on Guadalcanal. Meanwhile, the Japanese 2nd and 38th Infantry Divisions were transported from the Dutch East Indies to Rabaul beginning on 13 September. The Japanese planned to transport a total of 17,500 troops from these two divisions to Guadalcanal to take part in the next major attack on the Lunga Perimeter set for 20 October 1942.\nActions along the Matanikau\nVandegrift and his staff were aware that Kawaguchi's troops had retreated to the area west of the Matanikau and that numerous groups of Japanese stragglers were scattered throughout the area between the Lunga Perimeter and the Matanikau River. Vandegrift, therefore, decided to conduct another series of small unit operations around the Matanikau Valley. The purpose of these operations was to mop up the scattered groups of Japanese troops east of the Matanikau and to keep the main body of Japanese soldiers off-balance to prevent them from consolidating their positions so close to the main Marine defenses at Lunga Point.\nThe first U.S. Marine operation conducted between 23 and 27 September by elements of three U.S. Marine battalions, an attack on Japanese forces west of the Matanikau, was repulsed by Kawaguchi's troops under Akinosuke Oka's local command. During the action three Marine companies were surrounded by Japanese forces near Point Cruz west of the Matanikau, took heavy losses, and barely escaped with assistance from the destroyer USS Monssen and landing craft manned by U.S. Coast Guard personnel. One of those was piloted by Douglas Munro, who was killed as he maneuvered his craft to protect the escaping Marines and became the only coast guardsman to be awarded the Medal of Honor.\nIn the second action between 6 and 9 October a larger force of Marines successfully crossed the Matanikau River, attacked newly landed Japanese forces from the 2nd Infantry Division under the command of generals Masao Maruyama and Yumio Nasu, and inflicted heavy losses on the Japanese 4th Infantry Regiment. The second action forced the Japanese to retreat from their positions east of the Matanikau and hindered Japanese preparations for their planned major offensive on the U.S. Lunga defenses.\nBetween 9 and 11 October the U.S. 1st Battalion 2nd Marines raided two small Japanese outposts about 30 miles (48 km) east of the Lunga perimeter at Gurabusu and Koilotumaria near Aola Bay. The raids killed 35 Japanese at a cost of 17 Marines and three U.S. Navy personnel killed.\nBattle of Cape Esperance\nThroughout the last week of September and the first week of October, Tokyo Express runs delivered troops from the Japanese 2nd Infantry Division to Guadalcanal. The Japanese Navy promised to support the Army's planned offensive not only by delivering the necessary troops, equipment, and supplies to the island, but by stepping up air attacks on Henderson Field and sending warships to bombard the airfield.\nIn the meantime, Millard F. Harmon, commander of United States Army forces in the South Pacific, convinced Ghormley that U.S. Marine forces on Guadalcanal needed to be reinforced immediately if the Allies were to successfully defend the island from the next, expected Japanese offensive. Thus, on 8 October, the 2,837 men of the 164th Infantry Regiment from the U.S. Army's Americal Division boarded ships at New Caledonia for the trip to Guadalcanal with a projected arrival date of 13 October. To protect the transports carrying the 164th to Guadalcanal, Ghormley ordered Task Force 64, consisting of four cruisers and five destroyers under U.S. Rear Admiral Norman Scott, to intercept and combat any Japanese ships that approached Guadalcanal and threatened the arrival of the transport convoy.\nMikawa's 8th Fleet staff scheduled a large and important Express run for the night of 11 October. Two seaplane tenders and six destroyers were to deliver 728 soldiers plus artillery and ammunition to Guadalcanal. At the same time, but in a separate operation, three heavy cruisers and two destroyers under the command of Rear Admiral Aritomo Gotō were to bombard Henderson Field with special explosive shells with the object of destroying the CAF and the airfield's facilities. Because U.S. Navy warships had yet to attempt to interdict any Tokyo Express missions to Guadalcanal, the Japanese were not expecting any opposition from Allied naval surface forces that night.\nJust before midnight, Scott's warships detected Gotō's force on radar near the entrance to the strait between Savo Island and Guadalcanal. Scott's force was in a position to cross the T of Gotō's unsuspecting formation. Opening fire, Scott's warships sank one of Gotō's cruisers and one of his destroyers, heavily damaged another cruiser, mortally wounded Gotō, and forced the rest of Gotō's warships to abandon the bombardment mission and retreat. During the exchange of gunfire, one of Scott's destroyers was sunk and one cruiser and another destroyer were heavily damaged. In the meantime, the Japanese supply convoy successfully completed unloading at Guadalcanal and began its return journey without being discovered by Scott's force. Later on the morning of 12 October, four Japanese destroyers from the supply convoy turned back to assist Gotō's retreating, damaged warships. Air attacks by CAF aircraft from Henderson Field sank two of these destroyers later that day. The convoy of U.S. Army troops reached Guadalcanal as scheduled the next day and successfully delivered its cargo and passengers to the island.\nDespite the U.S. victory off Cape Esperance, the Japanese continued with plans and preparations for their large offensive scheduled for later in October. The Japanese decided to risk a one-time departure from their usual practice of only using fast warships to deliver their men and matériel to the island. On 13 October, a convoy comprising six cargo ships with eight screening destroyers departed the Shortland Islands for Guadalcanal. The convoy carried 4,500 troops from the 16th and 230th Infantry Regiments, some naval marines, two batteries of heavy artillery, and one company of tanks.\nTo protect the approaching convoy from attack by CAF aircraft, Yamamoto sent two battleships from Truk to bombard Henderson Field. At 01:33 on 14 October, Kongō and Haruna, escorted by one light cruiser and nine destroyers, reached Guadalcanal and opened fire on Henderson Field from a distance of 16,000 meters (17,500 yd). Over the next one hour and 23 minutes, the two battleships fired 973 14-inch (356 mm) shells into the Lunga perimeter, most of which fell in and around the 2,200 meters (2,400 yd) square area of the airfield. Many of the shells were fragmentation shells, specifically designed to destroy land targets. The bombardment heavily damaged both runways, burned almost all of the available aviation fuel, destroyed 48 of the CAF's 90 aircraft, and killed 41 men, including six CAF pilots. The battleship force immediately returned to Truk.\nIn spite of the heavy damage, Henderson personnel were able to restore one of the runways to an operational condition within a few hours. Seventeen SBDs and 20 Wildcats at Espiritu Santo were quickly flown to Henderson and U.S. Army and Marine transport aircraft began to shuttle aviation gasoline from Espiritu Santo to Guadalcanal. Now aware of the approach of the large Japanese reinforcement convoy, the U.S. desperately sought some way to interdict the convoy before it could reach Guadalcanal. Using fuel drained from destroyed aircraft and from a cache in the nearby jungle, the CAF attacked the convoy twice on the 14th, but caused no damage.\nThe Japanese convoy reached Tassafaronga on Guadalcanal at midnight on 14 October and began unloading. Throughout the day of 15 October, a string of CAF aircraft from Henderson bombed and strafed the unloading convoy, destroying three of the cargo ships. The remainder of the convoy departed that night, having unloaded all of the troops and about two-thirds of the supplies and equipment. Several Japanese heavy cruisers also bombarded Henderson on the nights of 14 and 15 October, destroying a few additional CAF aircraft, but failing to cause significant further damage to the airfield.\nBattle for Henderson Field\nBetween 1 and 17 October, the Japanese delivered 15,000 troops to Guadalcanal, giving Hyakutake 20,000 total troops to employ for his planned offensive. Because of the loss of their positions on the east side of the Matanikau, the Japanese decided that an attack on the U.S. defenses along the coast would be prohibitively difficult. Therefore, Hyakutake decided that the main thrust of his planned attack would be from south of Henderson Field. His 2nd Division (augmented by troops from the 38th Division), under Lieutenant General Masao Maruyama and comprising 7,000 soldiers in three infantry regiments of three battalions each was ordered to march through the jungle and attack the American defenses from the south near the east bank of the Lunga River. The date of the attack was set for 22 October, then changed to 23 October. To distract the Americans from the planned attack from the south, Hyakutake's heavy artillery plus five battalions of infantry (about 2,900 men) under Major General Tadashi Sumiyoshi were to attack the American defenses from the west along the coastal corridor. The Japanese estimated that there were 10,000 American troops on the island, when in fact there were about 23,000.\nOn 12 October, a company of Japanese engineers began to break a trail, called the \"Maruyama Road\", from the Matanikau towards the southern portion of the U.S. Lunga perimeter. The 15-mile-long (24 km) trail traversed some of the most difficult terrain on Guadalcanal, including numerous rivers and streams, deep, muddy ravines, steep ridges, and dense jungle. Between 16 and 18 October, the 2nd Division began their march along the Maruyama Road.\nBy 23 October, Maruyama's forces still struggled through the jungle to reach the American lines. That evening, after learning that his forces had yet to reach their attack positions, Hyakutake postponed the attack to 19:00 on 24 October. The Americans remained unaware of the approach of Maruyama's forces.\nSumiyoshi was informed by Hyakutake's staff of the postponement of the offensive to 24 October, but was unable to contact his troops to inform them of the delay. Thus, at dusk on 23 October, two battalions of the 4th Infantry Regiment and the nine tanks of the 1st Independent Tank Company launched attacks on the U.S. Marine defenses at the mouth of the Matanikau. U.S. Marine artillery, cannon, and small arms fire repulsed the attacks, destroying all the tanks and killing many of the Japanese soldiers while suffering only light casualties.\nFinally, late on 24 October Maruyama's forces reached the U.S. Lunga perimeter. Over two consecutive nights Maruyama's forces conducted numerous frontal assaults on positions defended by troops of the 1st Battalion, 7th Marines under Lieutenant Colonel Chesty Puller and the U.S. Army's 3rd Battalion, 164th Infantry Regiment, commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Robert Hall. U.S. Marine and Army units armed with rifles, machine guns, mortars, and artillery, including direct canister fire from 37 mm anti-tank guns, \"wrought terrible carnage\" on the Japanese. A few small groups of Japanese broke through the American defenses but were hunted down and killed over the next several days. More than 1,500 of Maruyama's troops were killed in the attacks while the Americans lost about 60 killed. Over the same two days American aircraft from Henderson Field defended against attacks by Japanese aircraft and ships, destroying 14 aircraft and sinking a light cruiser.\nFurther Japanese attacks near the Matanikau on 26 October were also repulsed with heavy losses for the Japanese. As a result, by 08:00 on 26 October, Hyakutake called off any further attacks and ordered his forces to retreat. About half of Maruyama's survivors were ordered to retreat back to the upper Matanikau Valley while the 230th Infantry Regiment under Colonel Toshinari Shōji was told to head for Koli Point, east of the Lunga perimeter. Leading elements of the 2nd Division reached the 17th Army headquarters area at Kokumbona, west of the Matanikau on 4 November. The same day, Shōji's unit reached Koli Point and made camp. Decimated by battle deaths, combat injuries, malnutrition, and tropical diseases, the 2nd Division was incapable of further offensive action and fought as a defensive force along the coast for the rest of the campaign. In total, the Japanese lost 2,200–3,000 troops in the battle while the Americans lost around 80 killed.\nBattle of the Santa Cruz Islands\nAt the same time that Hyakutake's troops were attacking the Lunga perimeter, Japanese aircraft carriers and other large warships under the overall direction of Isoroku Yamamoto moved into a position near the southern Solomon Islands. From this location, the Japanese naval forces hoped to engage and decisively defeat any Allied (primarily U.S.) naval forces, especially carrier forces, that responded to Hyakutake's ground offensive. Allied naval carrier forces in the area, now under the overall command of William Halsey, Jr., also hoped to meet the Japanese naval forces in battle. Nimitz had replaced Ghormley with Admiral Halsey on 18 October after concluding that Ghormley had become too pessimistic and myopic to effectively continue leading Allied forces in the South Pacific area.\nThe two opposing carrier forces confronted each other on the morning of 26 October, in what became known as the Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands. After an exchange of carrier air attacks, Allied surface ships were forced to retreat from the battle area with the loss of one carrier sunk (Hornet) and another (Enterprise) heavily damaged. The participating Japanese carrier forces, however, also retired because of high aircraft and aircrew losses and significant damage to two carriers. Although an apparent tactical victory for the Japanese in terms of ships sunk and damaged, the loss by the Japanese of many irreplaceable, veteran aircrews provided a long-term strategic advantage for the Allies, whose aircrew losses in the battle were relatively low. The Japanese carriers played no further significant role in the campaign.\nNovember land actions\nIn order to exploit the victory in the Battle for Henderson Field, Vandegrift sent six Marine battalions, later joined by one U.S. Army battalion, on an offensive west of the Matanikau. The operation was commanded by Merritt Edson and its goal was to capture Kokumbona, headquarters of the 17th Army, west of Point Cruz. Defending the Point Cruz area were Japanese army troops from the 4th Infantry Regiment commanded by Nomasu Nakaguma. The 4th Infantry was severely understrength because of battle damage, tropical disease, and malnutrition.\nThe American offensive began on 1 November and, after some difficulty, succeeded in destroying Japanese forces defending the Point Cruz area by 3 November, including rear echelon troops sent to reinforce Nakaguma's battered regiment. The Americans appeared to be on the verge of breaking through the Japanese defenses and capturing Kokumbona. At this time, however, other American forces discovered and engaged newly landed Japanese troops near Koli Point on the eastern side of the Lunga perimeter. To counter this new threat, Vandegrift temporarily halted the Matanikau offensive on 4 November. The Americans suffered 71 and the Japanese around 400 killed in the offensive.\nAt Koli Point early in the morning 3 November, five Japanese destroyers delivered 300 army troops to support Shōji and his troops who were en route to Koli Point after the Battle for Henderson Field. Having learned of the planned landing, Vandegrift sent a battalion of Marines under Herman H. Hanneken to intercept the Japanese at Koli. Soon after landing, the Japanese soldiers encountered and drove Hanneken's battalion back towards the Lunga perimeter. In response, Vandegrift ordered Puller's Marine battalion plus two of the 164th infantry battalions, along with Hanneken's battalion, to move towards Koli Point to attack the Japanese forces there.\nAs the American troops began to move, Shōji and his soldiers began to arrive at Koli Point. Beginning on 8 November, the American troops attempted to encircle Shōji's forces at Gavaga Creek near Koli Point. Meanwhile, Hyakutake ordered Shōji to abandon his positions at Koli and rejoin Japanese forces at Kokumbona in the Matanikau area. A gap existed by way of a swampy creek in the southern side of the American lines. Between 9 and 11 November, Shōji and between 2,000 and 3,000 of his men escaped into the jungle to the south. On 12 November, the Americans completely overran and killed all the remaining Japanese soldiers left in the pocket. The Americans counted the bodies of 450–475 Japanese dead in the Koli Point area and captured most of Shōji's heavy weapons and provisions. The American forces suffered 40 killed and 120 wounded in the operation.\nMeanwhile, on 4 November, two companies from the 2nd Marine Raider Battalion, commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Evans Carlson landed by boat at Aola Bay, 40 miles (64 km) east of Lunga Point. Carlson's raiders, along with troops from the U.S. Army's 147th Infantry Regiment, were to provide security for 500 Seabees as they attempted to construct an airfield at that location. Halsey, acting on a recommendation by Turner, had approved the Aola Bay airfield construction effort. The Aola airfield construction effort was later abandoned at the end of November because of unsuitable terrain.\nOn 5 November, Vandegrift ordered Carlson to take his raiders, to march overland from Aola, and to attack any of Shōji's forces that had escaped from Koli Point. With the rest of the companies from his battalion, which arrived a few days later, Carlson and his troops set off on a 29-day patrol from Aola to the Lunga perimeter. During the patrol, the raiders fought several battles with Shōji's retreating forces, killing almost 500 of them, while suffering 16 killed themselves. In addition to the losses sustained from attacks by Carlson's raiders, tropical diseases and a lack of food felled many more of Shōji's men. By the time Shōji's forces reached the Lunga River in mid-November, about halfway to the Matanikau, only 1,300 men remained with the main body. When Shōji reached the 17th Army positions west of the Matanikau, only 700 to 800 survivors were still with him. Most of the survivors from Shōji's force joined other Japanese units defending the Mount Austen and upper Matanikau River area.\nTokyo Express runs on 5, 7, and 9 November delivered additional troops from the Japanese 38th Infantry Division, including most of the 228th Infantry Regiment to Guadalcanal. These fresh troops were quickly emplaced in the Point Cruz and Matanikau area and helped successfully resist further attacks by American forces on 10 and 18 November. The Americans and Japanese remained facing each other along a line just west of Point Cruz for the next six weeks.\nAfter the defeat in the Battle for Henderson Field, the IJA planned to try again to retake the airfield in November 1942, but further reinforcements were needed before the operation could proceed. The IJA requested assistance from Yamamoto to deliver the needed reinforcements to the island and to support the next offensive. Yamamoto provided 11 large transport ships to carry the remaining 7,000 troops from the 38th Infantry Division, their ammunition, food, and heavy equipment from Rabaul to Guadalcanal. He also provided a warship support force that included two battleships. The two battleships, Hiei and Kirishima, equipped with special fragmentation shells, were to bombard Henderson Field on the night of 12–13 November and destroy it and the aircraft stationed there in order to allow the slow, heavy transports to reach Guadalcanal and unload safely the next day. The warship force was commanded from Hiei by recently promoted Vice Admiral Hiroaki Abe.\nIn early November, Allied intelligence learned that the Japanese were preparing again to try to retake Henderson Field. Therefore, the U.S. sent Task Force 67, a large reinforcement and resupply convoy carrying Marine replacements, two U.S. Army infantry battalions, and ammunition and food, commanded by Turner, to Guadalcanal on 11 November. The supply ships were protected by two task groups, commanded by Rear Admirals Daniel J. Callaghan and Norman Scott, and aircraft from Henderson Field. The ships were attacked several times on 11 and 12 November by Japanese aircraft from Rabaul staging through an air base at Buin, Bougainville, but most were unloaded without serious damage.\nU.S. reconnaissance aircraft spotted the approach of Abe's bombardment force and passed a warning to the Allied command. Thus warned, Turner detached all usable combat ships under Callaghan to protect the troops ashore from the expected Japanese naval attack and troop landing and ordered the supply ships at Guadalcanal to depart by early evening 12 November. Callaghan's force comprised two heavy cruisers, three light cruisers, and eight destroyers.\nAround 01:30 on 13 November, Callaghan's force intercepted Abe's bombardment group between Guadalcanal and Savo Island. In addition to the two battleships, Abe's force included one light cruiser and 11 destroyers. In the pitch darkness, the two warship forces intermingled before opening fire at unusually close quarters. In the resulting mêlée, Abe's warships sank or severely damaged all but one cruiser and one destroyer in Callaghan's force and both Callaghan and Scott were killed. Two Japanese destroyers were sunk and another destroyer and the Hiei heavily damaged. Despite his defeat of Callaghan's force, Abe ordered his warships to retire without bombarding Henderson Field. The Hiei sank later that day after repeated air attacks by CAF aircraft and aircraft from the U.S. carrier Enterprise. Because of Abe's failure to neutralize Henderson Field, Yamamoto ordered the troop transport convoy, under the command of Raizō Tanaka and located near the Shortland Islands, to wait an additional day before heading towards Guadalcanal. Yamamoto ordered Nobutake Kondō to assemble another bombardment force using warships from Truk and Abe's force to attack Henderson Field on 15 November.\nIn the meantime, around 02:00 on 14 November, a cruiser and destroyer force under Gunichi Mikawa from Rabaul conducted an unopposed bombardment of Henderson Field. The bombardment caused some damage but failed to put the airfield or most of its aircraft out of operation. As Mikawa's force retired towards Rabaul, Tanaka's transport convoy, trusting that Henderson Field was now destroyed or heavily damaged, began its run down the slot towards Guadalcanal. Throughout the day of 14 November, aircraft from Henderson Field and the Enterprise attacked Mikawa's and Tanaka's ships, sinking one heavy cruiser and seven of the transports. Most of the troops were rescued from the transports by Tanaka's escorting destroyers and returned to the Shortlands. After dark, Tanaka and the remaining four transports continued towards Guadalcanal as Kondo's force approached to bombard Henderson Field.\nIn order to intercept Kondo's force, Halsey, who was low on undamaged ships, detached two battleships, the Washington and South Dakota, and four destroyers from the Enterprise task force. The U.S. force, under the command of Willis A. Lee aboard the Washington, reached Guadalcanal and Savo Island just before midnight on 14 November, shortly before Kondo's bombardment force arrived. Kondo's force consisted of the Kirishima plus two heavy cruisers, two light cruisers, and nine destroyers. After the two forces made contact, Kondo's force quickly sank three of the U.S. destroyers and heavily damaged the fourth. The Japanese warships then sighted, opened fire, and damaged the South Dakota. As Kondo's warships concentrated on the South Dakota, the Washington approached the Japanese ships unobserved and opened fire on the Kirishima, smashing into the Japanese battleship repeatedly with both main and secondary battery shells, and causing fatal damage. After fruitlessly chasing the Washington towards the Russell Islands, Kondo ordered his warships to retire without bombarding Henderson Field. One of Kondo's destroyers was also sunk during the engagement.\nAs Kondo's ships retired, the four Japanese transports beached themselves near Tassafaronga on Guadalcanal at 04:00 and quickly began unloading. At 05:55, U.S. aircraft and artillery began attacking the beached transports, destroying all four transports along with most of the supplies that they carried. Only 2,000–3,000 of the army troops made it ashore. Because of the failure to deliver most of the troops and supplies, the Japanese were forced to cancel their planned November offensive on Henderson Field making the results of the battle a significant strategic victory for the Allies and marking the beginning of the end of Japanese attempts to retake Henderson Field.\nOn 26 November, Japanese Lieutenant General Hitoshi Imamura took command of the newly formed Eighth Area Army at Rabaul. The new command encompassed both Hyakutake's 17th Army and the 18th Army in New Guinea. One of Imamura's first priorities upon assuming command was the continuation of the attempts to retake Henderson Field and Guadalcanal. The Allied offensive at Buna in New Guinea, however, changed Imamura's priorities. Because the Allied attempt to take Buna was considered a more severe threat to Rabaul, Imamura postponed further major reinforcement efforts to Guadalcanal to concentrate on the situation in New Guinea.\nBattle of Tassafaronga\nThe Japanese continued to experience problems in delivering sufficient supplies to sustain their troops on Guadalcanal. Attempts to use only submarines the last two weeks in November failed to provide sufficient food for Hyakutake's forces. A separate attempt to establish bases in the central Solomons to facilitate barge convoys to Guadalcanal also failed because of destructive Allied air attacks. On 26 November, the 17th Army notified Imamura that it faced a food crisis. Some front-line units had not been resupplied for six days and even the rear-area troops were on one-third rations. The situation forced the Japanese to return to using destroyers to deliver the necessary supplies.\nEighth Fleet personnel devised a plan to help reduce the exposure of destroyers delivering supplies to Guadalcanal. Large oil or gas drums were cleaned and filled with medical supplies and food, with enough air space to provide buoyancy, and strung together with rope. When the destroyers arrived at Guadalcanal they would make a sharp turn and the drums would be cut loose and a swimmer or boat from shore could pick up the buoyed end of a rope and return it to the beach, where the soldiers could haul in the supplies.\nThe Eighth Fleet's Guadalcanal Reinforcement Unit (the Tokyo Express), then commanded by Raizō Tanaka, was tasked by Mikawa with making the first of five scheduled runs to Tassafaronga on Guadalcanal using the drum method on the night of 30 November. Tanaka's unit was centered on eight destroyers, with six destroyers assigned to carry between 200 and 240 drums of supplies apiece. Notified by intelligence sources of the Japanese supply attempt, Halsey ordered the newly formed Task Force 67, comprising four cruisers and four destroyers under the command of U.S. Rear Admiral Carleton H. Wright, to intercept Tanaka's force off Guadalcanal. Two additional destroyers joined Wright's force en route to Guadalcanal from Espiritu Santo during the day of 30 November.\nAt 22:40 on 30 November, Tanaka's force arrived off Guadalcanal and prepared to unload the supply barrels. Meanwhile, Wright's warships were approaching through Ironbottom Sound from the opposite direction. Wright's destroyers detected Tanaka's force on radar and the destroyer commander requested permission to attack with torpedoes. Wright waited four minutes before giving permission, allowing Tanaka's force to escape from an optimum firing setup. All of the American torpedoes missed their targets. At the same time, Wright's cruisers opened fire, quickly hitting and destroying one of the Japanese guard destroyers. The rest of Tanaka's warships abandoned the supply mission, increased speed, turned, and launched a total of 44 torpedoes in the direction of Wright's cruisers.\nThe Japanese torpedoes hit and sank the U.S. cruiser Northampton and heavily damaged the cruisers Minneapolis, New Orleans, and Pensacola. The rest of Tanaka's destroyers escaped without damage, but failed to deliver any of the provisions to Guadalcanal.\nBy 7 December 1942, Hyakutake's forces were losing about 50 men each day from malnutrition, disease, and Allied ground or air attacks. Further attempts by Tanaka's destroyer forces to deliver provisions on 3, 7 and 11 December failed to alleviate the crisis, and one of Tanaka's destroyers was sunk by a U.S. PT boat torpedo.\nJapanese decision to withdraw\nOn 12 December, the Japanese Navy proposed that Guadalcanal be abandoned. At the same time, several army staff officers at the Imperial General Headquarters (IGH) also suggested that further efforts to retake Guadalcanal would be impossible. A delegation, led by IJA Colonel Joichiro Sanada, chief of the IGH's operations section, visited Rabaul on 19 December and consulted Imamura and his staff. Upon the delegation's return to Tokyo, Sanada recommended that Guadalcanal be abandoned. The IGH's top leaders agreed with Sanada's recommendation on 26 December and ordered their staffs to begin drafting plans for a withdrawal from Guadalcanal, establishment of a new defense line in the central Solomons, and a shifting of priorities and resources to the campaign in New Guinea.\nOn 28 December, General Hajime Sugiyama and Admiral Osami Nagano personally informed Emperor Hirohito of the decision to withdraw from Guadalcanal. On 31 December, the Emperor formally endorsed the decision. The Japanese secretly began to prepare for the evacuation, called Operation Ke, scheduled to begin during the latter part of January 1943.\nBattle of Mount Austen, the Galloping Horse, and the Sea Horse\nBy December, the weary 1st Marine Division was withdrawn for recuperation, and over the course of the next month the U.S. XIV Corps took over operations on the island. This corps consisted of the 2nd Marine Division and the U.S. Army's 25th Infantry and 23rd \"Americal\" Divisions. U.S. Army Major General Alexander Patch replaced Vandegrift as commander of Allied forces on Guadalcanal, which by January totaled just over 50,000 men.\nOn 18 December, Allied (mainly U.S. Army) forces began attacking Japanese positions on Mount Austen. A strong Japanese fortified position, called the Gifu, stymied the attacks and the Americans were forced to temporarily halt their offensive on 4 January.\nThe Allies renewed the offensive on 10 January, reattacking the Japanese on Mount Austen as well as on two nearby ridges called the Seahorse and the Galloping Horse. After some difficulty, the Allies captured all three by 23 January. At the same time, U.S. Marines advanced along the north coast of the island, making significant gains. The Americans lost about 250 killed in the operation while the Japanese suffered around 3,000 killed, about 12 to 1 in the Americans' favor.\nOn 14 January, a Tokyo Express run delivered a battalion of troops to act as a rear guard for the Ke evacuation. A staff officer from Rabaul accompanied the troops to notify Hyakutake of the decision to withdraw. At the same time, Japanese warships and aircraft moved into position around the Rabaul and Bougainville areas in preparation to execute the withdrawal operation. Allied intelligence detected the Japanese movements, but misinterpreted them as preparations for another attempt to retake Henderson Field and Guadalcanal.\nPatch, wary of what he thought to be an imminent Japanese offensive, committed only a relatively small portion of his troops to continue a slow-moving offensive against Hyakutake's forces. On 29 January, Halsey, acting on the same intelligence, sent a resupply convoy to Guadalcanal screened by a cruiser task force. Sighting the cruisers, Japanese naval torpedo bombers attacked that same evening and heavily damaged the cruiser Chicago. The next day, more torpedo aircraft attacked and sank Chicago. Halsey ordered the remainder of the task force to return to base and directed the rest of his naval forces to take station in the Coral Sea, south of Guadalcanal, to be ready to counter a Japanese offensive.\nIn the meantime, the Japanese 17th Army withdrew to the west coast of Guadalcanal while rear guard units checked the American offensive. On the night of 1 February, a force of 20 destroyers from Mikawa's 8th Fleet under Shintarō Hashimoto successfully extracted 4,935 soldiers, mainly from the 38th Division, from the island. The Japanese and Americans each lost a destroyer from an air and naval attack related to the evacuation mission.\nOn the nights of 4 and 7 February, Hashimoto and his destroyers evacuated the remaining Japanese forces from Guadalcanal. Apart from some air attacks, Allied forces, still anticipating a large Japanese offensive, did not attempt to interdict Hashimoto's evacuation runs. In total, the Japanese successfully evacuated 10,652 men from Guadalcanal. Their last troops left the island on the evening of 7 February, six months to the day from when the U.S. forces first landed. Two days later, on 9 February, Patch realized that the Japanese were gone and declared Guadalcanal secure.\nAfter the Japanese withdrawal, Guadalcanal and Tulagi were developed into major bases supporting the Allied advance further up the Solomon Islands chain. Besides Henderson Field, two additional fighter runways were constructed at Lunga Point and a bomber airfield was built at Koli Point. Extensive naval port and logistics facilities were established at Guadalcanal, Tulagi, and Florida. The anchorage around Tulagi became an important advanced base for Allied warships and transport ships supporting the Solomon Islands campaign. Major ground units were staged through large encampments and barracks on Guadalcanal before deployment further up the Solomons.\nAfter Guadalcanal the Japanese were clearly on the defensive in the Pacific. The constant pressure to reinforce Guadalcanal had weakened Japanese efforts in other theaters, contributing to a successful Australian and American counteroffensive in New Guinea which culminated in the capture of the key bases of Buna and Gona in early 1943. The Allies had gained a strategic initiative which they never relinquished. In June, the Allies launched Operation Cartwheel, which, after modification in August 1943, formalized the strategy of isolating Rabaul and cutting its sea lines of communication. The subsequent successful neutralization of Rabaul and the forces centered there facilitated the South West Pacific campaign under General Douglas MacArthur and Central Pacific island-hopping campaign under Admiral Chester Nimitz, with both efforts successfully advancing toward Japan. The remaining Japanese defenses in the South Pacific area were then either destroyed or bypassed by Allied forces as the war progressed.\nThe Battle of Guadalcanal was one of the first prolonged campaigns in the Pacific Ocean theater of World War II. It strained logistical capabilities of the combatant nations. For the U.S., this need prompted the development of effective combat air transport for the first time. A failure to achieve air supremacy forced Japan to rely on reinforcement by barges, destroyers, and submarines, with very uneven results. Early in the campaign, the Americans were hindered by a lack of resources, as they suffered heavy losses in cruisers and carriers, with replacements from ramped-up shipbuilding programs still months away from materializing.\nThe U.S. Navy suffered such high personnel losses during the campaign that it refused to publicly release total casualty figures for years. However, as the campaign continued, and the American public became more and more aware of the plight and perceived heroism of the American forces on Guadalcanal, more forces were dispatched to the area. This spelled trouble for Japan as its military-industrial complex was unable to match the output of American industry and manpower. Thus, as the campaign wore on the Japanese were losing irreplaceable units while the Americans were rapidly replacing and even augmenting their forces.\nThe Guadalcanal campaign was costly to Japan strategically and in material losses and manpower. Roughly 30,000 personnel, including 25,000 experienced ground troops, died during the campaign. As many as three-quarters of the deaths were from non-combat causes such as starvation and various tropical diseases. The drain on resources directly contributed to Japan's failure to achieve its objectives in the New Guinea campaign. Japan also lost control of the southern Solomons and the ability to interdict Allied shipping to Australia. Japan's major base at Rabaul was now further directly threatened by Allied air power. Most importantly, scarce Japanese land, air, and naval forces had disappeared forever into the Guadalcanal jungle and surrounding sea. The Japanese could not replace the aircraft and ships destroyed and sunk in this campaign, as well as their highly trained and veteran crews, especially the naval aircrews, nearly as quickly as the Allies.\nWhile the Battle of Midway is viewed as a turning point in the Pacific War, Japan remained on the offensive, as shown by its advances down the Solomon Islands. Only after the Allied victories in Guadalcanal and New Guinea (at Milne Bay and Buna–Gona) were these large-scale Japanese offensive actions stopped. Strategic initiative passed to the Allies, as it proved, permanently. The Guadalcanal campaign ended all Japanese expansion attempts and placed the Allies in a position of clear supremacy. The Allied victory at Guadalcanal was the first step in a long string of successes that eventually led to the surrender of Japan and the occupation of the Japanese home islands.\nThe \"Europe first\" policy of the United States had initially only allowed for defensive actions against Japanese expansion, in order to focus resources on defeating Germany. However, Admiral King's argument for the Guadalcanal invasion, as well as its successful implementation, convinced President Franklin D. Roosevelt that the Pacific Theater could be pursued offensively as well. By the end of 1942, it was clear that Japan had lost the Guadalcanal campaign, a serious blow to Japan's strategic plans for the defense of their empire and an unanticipated defeat at the hands of the Americans.\nPerhaps as important as the military victory for the Allies was the psychological victory. On a level playing field, the Allies had beaten Japan's best land, air, and naval forces. After Guadalcanal, Allied personnel regarded the Japanese military with much less fear and awe than previously. In addition, the Allies viewed the eventual outcome of the Pacific War with greatly increased optimism.\nTokyo Express no longer has terminus on Guadalcanal.\nCommander, U.S. Forces on Guadalcanal\nGuadalcanal is no longer merely a name of an island in Japanese military history. It is the name of the graveyard of the Japanese army.\nBeyond Kawaguchi, several Japanese political and military leaders, including Naoki Hoshino, Osami Nagano, and Torashirō Kawabe, stated shortly after the war that Guadalcanal was the decisive turning point in the conflict. Said Kawabe, \"As for the turning point [of the war], when the positive action ceased or even became negative, it was, I feel, at Guadalcanal.\"\nMedia, accounts and film\nThe Guadalcanal campaign was the subject of a large amount of high-quality reporting. News agencies sent some of their most talented writers, as it was the first major American combat operation of the war. Richard Tregaskis who wrote for International News Service gained fame with the publication of his bestselling Guadalcanal Diary in 1943. Hanson Baldwin, a Navy correspondent, filed stories for The New York Times and won a Pulitzer Prize for his coverage of the early days of World War II. Tom Yarbrough wrote for the Associated Press, Bob Miller for the United Press, John Hersey for Time and Life, Ira Wolfert for the North American Newspaper Alliance (his series of articles about the November 1942 Naval Battle of Guadalcanal won him the Pulitzer Prize), Sergeant James Hurlbut for the Marine Corps, and Mack Morriss for Yank magazine. Commander Vandegrift placed few restrictions on the reporters who were generally allowed to go wherever they wanted and write what they wanted.\nOther books and films about the campaign include:\n- Tales of the South Pacific (book)\n- Guadalcanal Diary (film)\n- Pride of the Marines (film)\n- The Pacific, Episode 1, Guadalcanal/Leckie and Episode 2, Basilone (TV miniseries)\n- The Gallant Hours (film)\n- Helmet for My Pillow (book)\n- Shots Fired in Anger: A Rifleman's Eye View of the Activities on the Island of Guadalcanal (book)\n- The Thin Red Line (novel)\n- The Thin Red Line (1964 film)\n- The Thin Red Line (1998 film)\n- Dogfights Season 1, Ep. No. 4 – Guadalcanal (TV series)\n- Shootout! Season 1, Guadalcanal (TV series)\n- The Lost Evidence Episode 20 (TV series)\n- Battle 360°, Episodes 3 through 5 (TV series)\n- Orochi: Blood (manga)\n- Neptune's Inferno: The U.S. Navy at Guadalcanal (book)\n- Zimmerman documents the participation by native Solomon Islanders in the campaign at pp. 173–175.\n- Jersey, pp. 356–358. Assisting the Americans in the latter stages of campaign were Fijiian commandos led by officers and non-commissioned officers from the New Zealand Expeditionary Force.\n- Garamone, Jim (9 November 2010). \"Mullen Thanks Tonga for Steadfast Support\". U.S. Navy. Retrieved 9 January 2018.\n- Frank, pp. 57, 619–621; Rottman, p. 64. Approximately 20,000 U.S. Marines and 40,000 U.S. Army troops were deployed on Guadalcanal at different times during the campaign. Figures for other the Allies are not included.\n- Rottman, p. 65. 31,400 Imperial Japanese Army troops and 4,800 men of the Imperial Japanese Navy were deployed to Guadalcanal during the campaign. Jersey states that 50,000 Japanese army and navy troops were sent to Guadalcanal and that most of the original naval garrison of 1,000–2,000 men was successfully evacuated in November and December 1942 by Tokyo Express warships (Jersey, pp. 348–350).\n- Tucker 2014, p. 213\n- The USMC History Division states that the US ground forces (Army and Marine Corps) suffered 4,709 total wounded. Marine air units add another 127 to this figure. Frank notes that the Bureau of Personnel, World War II Casualty List, Books 2 and 3, Naval Historical Center, Washington, D.C. lists US Navy wounded over the course of the campaign as 2,953, (Frank, p. 644) but this number appears to be an understatement.\n- Frank, pp. 598–618; and Lundstrom, p. 456. 85 Australians were killed in the Battle of Savo Island. Total Solomon Islander deaths are unknown. Most of the rest, if not all, of those killed were American. Numbers include personnel killed by all causes including combat, disease, and accidents. Losses include 1,768 dead (ground), 4,911 dead (naval), and 420 dead (aircrew). Four U.S. aircrew were captured by the Japanese during the Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands and survived their captivity. An unknown number of other U.S. ground, naval, and aircrew personnel were, according to Japanese records, captured by Japanese forces during the campaign but did not survive their captivity and the dates and manners of most of their deaths are unknown (Jersey, pp. 346, 449). Captured Japanese documents revealed that two captured Marine scouts had been tied to trees and then vivisected while still alive and conscious by an army surgeon as a medical demonstration (Clemens, p. 295). Ships sunk includes both warships and \"large\" auxiliaries. Aircraft destroyed includes both combat and operational losses.\n- Cowdrey (1994) p. 71: \"Of the 19,200 dead, only 8,500 were 'killed in actual combat,' the majority perishing by malnutrition, malaria, diarrhea, and beriberi.\" Naval personnel deaths both on land and at sea are not included.\n- Frank, pp. 598–618; Shaw, p. 52; and Rottman, p. 65. Numbers include personnel killed by all causes including combat, disease, and accidents. Losses include 24,600–25,600 dead (ground), 3,543 dead (naval), and 2,300 dead (aircrew). Most of the captured personnel were Korean slave laborers assigned to Japanese naval construction units. Ships sunk includes warships and \"large\" auxiliaries. Aircraft destroyed includes both combat and operational losses.\n- Parshall, Jon. \"The Turning Point of the Pacific War: Two Views\". combinedfleet.com. Retrieved 9 January 2018.\n- Murray pp. 169–195\n- Murray p. 196\n- Dyer v. 1, p. 261\n- Loxton, p. 3\n- Dyer, v. 1, p. 261\n- Alexander, p. 72; Frank, pp. 23–31, 129, 628; Smith, p. 5; Bullard, p. 119; Lundstrom, p. 39. The Japanese aircraft assigned to Guadalcanal were to come from the 26th Air Flotilla, then located at bases in the Central Pacific (Bullard, p. 127)\n- See Morison, Breaking the Bismarcks Barrier pp. 3–5.\n- Dyer v. 1, p. 259\n- Dyer v. 1, pp. 259–260\n- Dyer v. 1, p. 260\n- Bowen, James. Despite Pearl Harbor, America adopts a 'Germany First'strategy. America Fights Back. The Pacific War from Pearl Harbor to Guadalcanal. Pacific War Historical Society. Retrieved 10 January 2018.\n- Morison, The Struggle for Guadalcanal p. 12, Frank, pp. 15–16, Miller, Cartwheel, p. 5.\n- Murray, pp. 199–200; Jersey, p. 85; and Lundstrom, p. 5.\n- Loxton, p. 5; Miller, p. 11.\n- Frank pp. 35–37, 53\n- Bullard p. 122\n- Morison, The Struggle for Guadalcanal p. 15; McGee, pp. 20–21.\n- Frank pp. 57, 619–621\n- Ken Burns: The War, Episode 1\n- McGee, p. 21, Bullard, pp. 125–126\n- Bullard; Masaichiro Miyagawa, a Japanese soldier on Tanambogo who was captured by American forces (one of only four of the 3,000 Japanese to survive the battle), wrote that every day four Japanese patrol planes were sent out from Florida Island in fan shape pattern, flying northeast, east, southeast and south of Florida Island to look for enemy activity. Because of poor weather conditions, he said the invading fleet escaped detection, and that if the invasion fleet had been spotted a day or two prior to 7 August, the Allied convoy, with its slow moving transports, probably would have been destroyed. Guadalcanal Echoes, Volume 21, No. 1 Winter 2009/2010 Edition, p. 8 (Publication of the Guadalcanal Campaign Veterans, [American veterans group])\n- Frank, p. 60; Jersey, p. 95. The landing force, designated Task Force 62, included six heavy cruisers, two light cruisers, 15 destroyers, 13 transports, six cargo ships, four destroyer transports, and five minesweepers.\n- Hammel, Carrier Clash, pp. 46–47; Lundstrom, p. 38.\n- Frank p. 51\n- Frank, p. 50. The IJN personnel included Japanese and Korean construction specialists as well as trained combat troops.\n- Shaw, pp. 8–9; McGee, pp. 32–34.\n- Frank, p. 79. Approximately 80 Japanese personnel escaped to Florida Island, where they were found and killed by Marine patrols over the next two months.\n- Jersey, pp. 113–115, 190, 350; Morison, The Struggle for Guadalcanal p. 15; and Frank, pp. 61–62, 81.\n- Loxton pp. 90–103\n- Frank p. 80\n- Hammel, Carrier Clash, pp. 99–100; Loxton, pp. 104–105. Loxton, Frank p. 94; and Morison (The Struggle for Guadalcanal p. 28) contend Fletcher's fuel situation was not at all critical, but Fletcher implied it was in order to provide further justification for his withdrawal from the battle area.\n- Hammel, Carrier Clash, p. 100\n- Morison The Struggle for Guadalcanal p. 31\n- Hornfischer pp. 44–92\n- Morison The Struggle for Guadalcanal pp. 19–59\n- Smith, pp. 14–15. At this time there were exactly 10,819 Marines on Guadalcanal (Frank, pp. 125–127).\n- Smith pp. 16–17\n- Shaw p. 13\n- Smith p. 26\n- Smith pp. 20, 35–36\n- Zimmerman, pp. 58–60; Smith, p. 35; and Jersey, pp. 196–199. Goettge was one of the first killed. Only three made it back to the Lunga Point perimeter. Seven Japanese were killed in the skirmish. More details of the event are at Clark, Jack, \"Goettge Patrol\", Pacific Wreck Database  and Broderson, Ben, \"Franklin native recalls key WWII battle\". Archived 14 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine\n- Frank, pp. 132–133; Jersey, p. 203; and Smith, pp. 36–42. The 500 Japanese involved were from the 84th Guard Unit, 11th and 13th Construction Units, and the recently arrived 1st Camp Relief Unit. After this engagement the Japanese naval personnel relocated deeper into the hills in the interior of the island.\n- Shaw p. 18\n- Frank p. 147\n- Smith, p. 88; Evans, p. 158; and Frank, pp. 141–143. The Ichiki regiment was named after its commanding officer and was part of the 7th Division from Hokkaido. The Aoba regiment, from the 2nd Division, took its name from Aoba Castle in Sendai, because most of the soldiers in the regiment were from Miyagi Prefecture (Rottman, Japanese Army, p. 52). Ichiki's regiment had been assigned to invade and occupy Midway, but were on their way back to Japan after the invasion was cancelled following the Japanese defeat in the Battle of Midway. Although some histories state that Ichiki's regiment was at Truk, Raizō Tanaka, in Evans' book, states that he dropped off Ichiki's regiment at Guam after the Battle of Midway. Ichiki's regiment was subsequently loaded on ships for transport elsewhere but were rerouted to Truk after the Allied landings on Guadalcanal. Robert Leckie, who was at Guadalcanal, remembers the events of the Battle of the Tenaru in his book Helmet for My Pillow, \"Everyone had forgotten the fight and was watching the carnage, when shouting swept up the line. A group of Japanese dashed along the opposite river edge, racing in our direction. Their appearance so surprised everyone that there were no shots.\" Leckie, pp. 82–83\n- Steinberg, Rafael, Island Fighting, Time-Life Books (1978) p. 30\n- Frank, pp. 156–158, 681; and Smith, p. 43.\n- Chen, C. Peter. \"Solomon Islands Campaign: 23 August 1942 – 25 December 1943\". World War II Database. Retrieved 10 January 2018.\n- Smith pp. 33–34\n- Zimmerman, p. 70; Frank, p. 159.\n- Hammel, Carrier Clash, pp. 124–125, 157\n- Hammel, Carrier Clash, p. 147.\n- Frank, pp. 166–174; Lundstrom, p. 106\n- Hara, pp. 118–119; and Hough, p. 293. Though the exact number of the 5th Yokosuka troops killed in the sinking of their transport ship is unknown, the losses were considered to be substantial.\n- Zimmerman p. 74\n- Hough p. 297\n- Frank, pp. 194–213; and Lundstrom, p. 45. In comparison to the 560 miles (900 km) separating Lunga Point from Rabaul, Berlin was about 460 miles (740 km) from Allied air bases in eastern England. Later United States Admiral of the Fleet, William F. Halsey paid tribute to Australian Coastwatchers: \"The Coastwatchers saved Guadalcanal, and Guadalcanal saved the South Pacific.\" Also see: Behind Enemy Lines: An Amateur Radio Operator's Amazing Tale of Bravery\n- Morison, The Struggle for Guadalcanal p. 15; and Hough, p. 298.\n- Smith, p. 103; Hough, p. 298.\n- Zimmerman, pp. 78–79\n- Frank, Guadalcanal, p. 197.\n- Smith, pp. 79, 91–92, 94–95.\n- Armstrong, Marine Air Group 25 and SCAT, pp. 23–26.\n- Griffith, p. 113; Frank, pp. 198–199, 205, 266. The term \"rat transportation\" was used because, like a rat, the Japanese ships were active only at night. The 35th Infantry Brigade, from the 18th Division, contained 3,880 troops and was centered on the 124th Infantry Regiment with various attached supporting units (Alexander, p. 139).\n- Morison The Struggle for Guadalcanal pp. 113–114\n- Frank, pp. 201–203; Griffith, pp. 116–124; and Smith, pp. 87–112.\n- Frank pp. 218–219\n- Frank, pp. 219–220; and Smith, pp. 113–115, 243. Most of the men in Ichiki's second echelon were from Asahikawa, Hokkaidō. \"Kuma\" refers to the brown bears that lived in that area.\n- Frank, p. 220; Smith, p. 121.\n- Zimmerman, p. 80; Griffith, p. 125.\n- Hough, pp. 298–299; Frank, pp. 221–222; Smith, p. 129; Griffith, pp. 129–130.\n- Griffith, pp. 130–132; Frank, pp. 221–222; and Smith, p. 130.\n- Frank, pp. 223, 225–226; Griffith, pp. 132, 134–135; and Smith, pp. 130–131, 138.\n- Smith, pp. 161–167. The Marine defenders that finally defeated Kokusho's charge were most likely from the 11th Marines with assistance from the 1st Pioneer Battalion (Smith, p. 167; and Frank, p. 235).\n- Smith, pp. 162–193; Frank, pp. 237–246; and Griffith, pp. 141–147.\n- Griffith, p. 144; and Smith, pp. 184–194.\n- Smith pp. 197–198\n- Evans, Japanese Navy, pp. 179–180; Hammel, Carrier Strike, pp. 24–41.\n- Evans, pp. 179–180; Frank, pp. 247–252; Griffith, p. 156; and Smith, pp. 198–200.\n- Frank p. 263\n- Frank pp. 264–265\n- Frank p. 272\n- Griffith, pp. 152; Frank, pp. 224, 251–254, 266; Jersey, pp. 248–249; and Smith, pp. 132, 158.\n- Smith, p. 204; and Frank, p. 270.\n- Smith, pp. 204–215; Frank, pp. 269–274; Zimmerman, pp. 96–101.\n- Griffith, pp. 169–176; Frank, pp. 282–290; and Hough, pp. 318–322.\n- Frank, pp. 290–291. 15 of the Marines and the three U.S. Navy sailors were killed when the Higgins boat carrying them from Tulagi to Aola Bay on Guadalcanal was lost. One of the Japanese killed in the raid was \"Ishimoto\", a Japanese intelligence agent and interpreter who had worked in the Solomon Islands area prior to the war and was alleged to have participated in the murder of two Catholic priests and two nuns at Tasimboko on 3 September 1942. (The Mysterious Mr. Moto on Guadalcanal)\n- Rottman, p. 61; Griffith, p. 152; Frank, pp. 224, 251–254, 266–268, 289–290; Dull, pp. 225–226; and Smith, pp. 132, 158.\n- Frank, pp. 293–297; Morison, The Struggle for Guadalcanal pp. 147–149; and Dull, p. 225. Since not all of the Task Force 64 warships were available, Scott's force was designated as Task Group 64.2. The U.S. destroyers were from Squadron 12, commanded by Captain Robert G. Tobin in Farenholt.\n- Frank, pp. 295–296; Hackett, HIJMS Aoba: Tabular Record of Movement; Morison, The Struggle for Guadalcanal pp. 149–151; D'Albas, p. 183; and Dull, p. 226.\n- Hornfischer, p. 157–188\n- Frank, pp. 299–324; Morison, The Struggle for Guadalcanal pp. 154–171; and Dull, pp. 226–230.\n- Frank, pp. 313–315. The 16th was from the 2nd Division and the 230th from the 38th Division.\n- Evans, pp. 181–182; Frank, pp. 315–320; Morison, The Struggle for Guadalcanal pp. 171–175. Raizo Tanaka commanded Destroyer Squadron 2 which was part of the battleship's screen.\n- Frank pp. 319–321\n- Frank, pp. 321–326; Hough, pp. 327–328.\n- Shaw, p. 34; and Rottman, p. 63.\n- Rottman, p. 61; Frank, pp. 289–340; Hough, pp. 322–330; Griffith, pp. 186–187; Dull, pp. 226–230; Morison, The Struggle for Guadalcanal pp. 149–171. The Japanese troops delivered to Guadalcanal during this time comprised the entire 2nd (Sendai) Infantry Division, two battalions from the 38th Infantry Division, and various artillery, tank, engineer, and other support units. Kawaguchi's forces also included what remained of the 3rd Battalion, 124th Infantry Regiment, which was originally part of the 35th Infantry Brigade commanded by Kawaguchi during the Battle of Edson's Ridge.\n- Miller, p. 155; Frank, pp. 339–341; Hough, p. 330; Rottman, p. 62; Griffith, pp. 187–188. Hyakutake sent Colonel Masanobu Tsuji, a member of his staff, to monitor the 2nd Division's progress along the trail and to report to him on whether the attack could begin on 22 October as scheduled. Masanobu Tsuji has been identified by some historians as the most likely culprit behind the Bataan death march.\n- Griffith, p. 193; Frank, pp. 346–348; Rottman, p. 62.\n- Hough, pp. 332–333; Frank, pp. 349–350; Rottman, pp. 62–63; Griffith, pp. 195–196; Miller, pp. 157–158. The Marines lost 2 killed in the action. Japanese infantry losses are not recorded but were, according to Frank, \"unquestionably severe.\" Griffith says that 600 Japanese soldiers were killed. Only 17 of the 44 members of the 1st Independent Tank Company survived the battle.\n- Frank pp. 361–362\n- Hough, p. 336; Frank, pp. 353–362; Griffith, pp. 197–204; Miller, pp. 147–151, 160–162; Lundstrom, pp. 343–352. The 164th became the first Army unit to engage in combat in the war and was later awarded the Presidential Unit Citation.\n- Frank, pp. 63–406, 418, 424, and 553; Zimmerman, pp. 122–123; Griffith, p. 204; Hough, p. 337; Rottman, p. 63. Silver Star medals were awarded to Sgt. Norman Greber of Ohio, Pvt. Don Reno of Texas, Pvt. Jack Bando of Oregon, Pvt. Stan Ralph of New York, and Cpl. Michael Randall of New York for their actions during the battle.\n- Morison, The Struggle for Guadalcanal pp. 199–207; Frank, pp. 368–378; Dull, pp. 235–237.\n- Dull, pp. 237–244; Frank, pp. 379–403; Morison, The Struggle for Guadalcanal pp. 207–224.\n- Hough, p. 343; Hammel, Carrier Clash p. 135; Griffith, pp. 214–215; Frank, p. 411; Anderson; Shaw, pp. 40–41; Zimmerman, pp. 130–131.\n- Shaw, pp. 40–41; Griffith, pp. 215–218; Hough, pp. 344–345; Zimmerman, pp. 131–133; Frank, pp. 412–420; Hammel, Carrier Clash pp. 138–139.\n- Zimmerman, pp. 133–138; Griffith, pp. 217–219; Hough, pp. 347–348; Frank, pp. 414–418; Miller, pp. 195–197; Hammel, Carrier Clash p. 141; Shaw, pp. 41–42; Jersey, p. 297. Jersey states that the troops landed were from the 2nd Company, 230th Infantry commanded by 1st Lt Tamotsu Shinno plus the 6th Battery, 28th Mountain Artillery Regiment with the two guns.\n- Zimmerman, pp. 133–141; Griffith, pp. 217–23; Hough, pp. 347–350; Frank, pp. 414–423; Miller, pp. 195–200; Hammel, Carrier Clash pp. 141–44; Shaw, pp. 41–42; Jersey, pp. 297–305.\n- Peatross, pp. 132–133; Frank, pp. 420–421; Hoffman. The two 2nd Raider companies sent to Aola were Companies C and E. The Aola construction units moved to Koli Point where they successfully built an auxiliary airfield beginning on 3 December 1942. (Miller, p. 174.)\n- Hough, pp. 348–350; Shaw, pp. 42–43; Frank, pp. 420–424; Griffith, p. 246; Miller, pp. 197–200; Zimmerman, pp. 136–145, Jersey, p. 361.\n- Frank, pp. 420–421, 424–25, 493–497; Anderson; Hough, pp. 350–358; Zimmerman, pp. 150–152.\n- Hammel, Guadalcanal: Decision at Sea, 41–46\n- Hammel, Guadalcanal: Decision at Sea, p. 93\n- Hammel, Guadalcanal: Decision at Sea, p. 37\n- Hammel, Guadalcanal: Decision at Sea, pp. 38–39; Frank, pp. 429–430. The American reinforcements totaled 5,500 men and included the 1st Marine Aviation Engineer Battalion, replacements for ground and air units, the 4th Marine Replacement Battalion, two battalions of the U.S. Army's 182nd Infantry Regiment, and ammunition and supplies.\n- Frank, p. 432; Hammel, Guadalcanal: Decision at Sea, pp. 50–90.\n- Hara p. 137\n- Hammel, Guadalcanal: Decision at Sea, p. 92\n- Hammel, Guadalcanal: Decision at Sea, pp. 99–107\n- New moon 8 November 1942 15:19 hours: Fred Espenak, Phases of the Moon: 1901 to 2000\n- Frank, pp. 428–461; Hammel, Guadalcanal: Decision at Sea, pp. 103–401; Hara, pp. 137–156.\n- Frank, pp. 465–474; Hammel, Guadalcanal: Decision at Sea, pp. 298–345. The American air sorties were possible due to a supply of 488 55-gallon drums of 100-octane gas that was hidden in a secluded area under the jungle canopy by Cub-1 sailor, August Martello.\n- Hammel, Guadalcanal: Decision at Sea, pp. 349–395; Frank, pp. 469–486.\n- Frank, pp. 484–488, 527; Hammel, Guadalcanal: Decision at Sea, pp. 391–395.\n- Dull, p. 261, Frank, pp. 497–499. On 24 December, the 8th Fleet, 11th Air Fleet, and all other Japanese naval units in the New Guinea and Solomon Islands areas were combined under one command, designated the Southeast Area Fleet with Jinichi Kusaka in command.\n- Evans, pp. 197–198, Crenshaw, p. 136, Frank, pp. 499–502.\n- Hara, pp. 160–161; Roscoe, p. 206; Dull, p. 262; Evans, pp. 197–198; Crenshaw, p. 137; Toland, p. 419; Frank, p. 502; Morison, The Struggle for Guadalcanal p. 295.\n- Dull, pp. 262–263; Evans, pp. 198–199; Crenshaw, p. 137; Morison, The Struggle for Guadalcanal p. 297; Frank, pp. 502–504.\n- Brown, pp. 124–125; USSBS, p. 139; Roscoe, p. 206; Dull; p. 262; Crenshaw, pp. 26–33; Kilpatrick, pp. 139–142; Morison, The Struggle for Guadalcanal pp. 294–296; Frank, p. 504.\n- Hara, pp. 161–164; Dull, p. 265; Evans, pp. 199–202; Crenshaw, pp. 34, 63, 139–151; Morison, The Struggle for Guadalcanal pp. 297–305; Frank, pp. 507–510.\n- Dull, p. 265; Crenshaw, pp. 56–66; Morison, The Struggle for Guadalcanal pp. 303–312; Frank, pp. 510–515.\n- Frank, Guadalcanal, p. 527.\n- Dull, pp. 266–267; Evans, pp. 203–205; Morison, The Struggle for Guadalcanal pp. 318–319; Frank, pp. 518–521.\n- Jersey, p. 384; Frank, pp. 536–538; Griffith, p. 268; Hayashi, pp. 62–64; Toland, p. 426.\n- Hayashi, pp. 62–64; Griffith, p. 268; Frank, pp. 534–539; Toland, pp. 424–426; Dull, p. 261; Morison, The Struggle for Guadalcanal pp. 318–321. During the conference with Sugiyama and Nagano, the Emperor asked Nagano, \"Why was it that it took the Americans just a few days to build an air base and the Japanese more than a month or so?\" (The IJN originally occupied Guadalcanal and began constructing the airfield). Nagano apologized and replied that the Americans had used machines while the Japanese had to rely on manpower. (Toland, p. 426).\n- Frank, pp. 247–252, 293, 417–420, 430–431, 521–522, 529; Griffith, pp. 156, 257–259, 270; Miller, pp. 143, 173–177, 183, 189, 213–219; Jersey, pp. 304–305, 345–346, 363, 365; Hough, pp. 360–362; Shaw, pp. 46–47; Zimmerman, pp. 156–157, 164. The Americal Division infantry regiments were National Guard units. The 164th was from North Dakota, the 182nd from Massachusetts, and the 132nd from Illinois. The 147th had previously been part of the 37th Infantry Division. During its time on Guadalcanal, the 1st Marine Division suffered 650 killed, 31 missing, 1,278 injured, and 8,580 who contracted some type of disease, mainly malaria. The 2nd Marine Regiment had arrived at Guadalcanal with most of the 1st Marine Division, but remained behind to rejoin its parent unit, the 2nd Marine Division. The U.S. Army's 25th Infantry Division's 35th Regiment arrived at Guadalcanal on 17 December, the 27th Regiment on 1 January, and the 161st Regiment on 4 January. The 2nd Marine Division's headquarters units, the 6th Marine Regiment, and various Marine weapons and support units also arrived on 4 and 6 January. U.S. Major General John Marston, commander of the 2nd Marine Division, remained in New Zealand because he was superior in time in rank to Patch. Instead, Brigadier General Alphonse DeCarre commanded the 2nd Marine Division on Guadalcanal. The total number of Marines on Guadalcanal and Tulagi on 6 January 1943 was 18,383.\n- Frank, pp. 529–534; Miller, pp. 231–237, 244, 249–252; Jersey, pp. 350–351; Anderson, Hough, pp. 363–364; Griffith, pp. 263–265.\n- Frank, pp. 563–567; Miller, pp. 290–305; Jersey, pp. 367–371.\n- Miller, p. 338; Frank, pp. 540–560; Morison, The Struggle for Guadalcanal pp. 333–339; Rottman, p. 64; Griffith, pp. 269–279; Jersey, pp. 384–388; Hayashi, p. 64.\n- Hough, pp. 367–368; Frank, pp. 568–576; Miller, pp. 319–342; Morison, The Struggle for Guadalcanal pp. 342–350. After unloading their cargo, the U.S. transports evacuated the 2nd Marine Regiment from the island, which had been on Guadalcanal since the beginning of the campaign.\n- Frank, pp. 582–588, 757–758; Jersey, pp. 376–378; Morison, The Struggle for Guadalcanal pp. 364–368; Miller, pp. 343–345; Zimmerman, p. 162; Dull, p. 268.\n- Jersey, pp. 397–400.\n- Frank, pp. 589–597; Jersey, pp. 378–383, 383, 400–401; Miller pp. 342–348.\n- U.S. Navy, Building the Navy's Bases in World War II, pp. 246–256.\n- Hough, p. 374; Zimmerman, p. 166.\n- Murray, p. 215; Hough, p. 372.\n- Murray, p. 215, Hough, p. 372\n- Kuwahara, Masatoshi (26 May 2015). \"Ex-soldier recalls Guadalcanal as 'island of death'\". Japan Times. Archived from the original on 29 May 2015. Retrieved 26 November 2016.\n- Hough p. 350\n- Dean 2013, p. 236; Keogh 1965, p. 249; James 2012, p. 213.\n- Willmott, Barrier and the Javelin, pp. 522–523; Parshall and Tully, Shattered Sword, pp. 416–430.\n- Hough, p. 350\n- Hough, p. 372; Miller, p. 350; Zimmerman, p. 166.\n- Hornfischer, Neptune's Inferno, pp. 11–15\n- Willmott, H. P; Robin Cross; Charles Messenger (2006) . \"American Offensives in the Pacific\". In Dennis Cowe (ed.). World War II. London: Dorling Kindersley. p. 208. ISBN 1-4053-1262-9.; Miller, p. 350; Shaw, p. 52; Alexander, p. 81.\n- Murray p. 215\n- Quoted in Leckie (1999) p. 9 and others\n- Zimmerman p. 167\n- Ian W. Toll (2015). \"Four\". The Conquering Tide. W. W. Norton. pp. 120–121.\n- Tregaskis, Richard. Guadalcanal Diary. New York: Modern Library, 2000. ISBN 0-679-64023-1 OCLC 43109810\n- Alexander, Joseph H. Edson's Raiders: The 1st Marine Raider Battalion in World War II. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2000. ISBN 1-55750-020-7 OCLC 44764056\n- Armstrong, William M. Marine Air Group 25 and SCAT (Images of Aviation). Charleston, SC: Arcadia, 2017. ISBN 1467127434.\n- Bergerud, Eric M. Touched with Fire: The Land War in the South Pacific. New York: Penguin Books, 1997. ISBN 0-14-024696-7 OCLC 37137722\n- Clemens, Martin. Alone on Guadalcanal: A Coastwatcher's Story. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2004. ISBN 1-59114-124-9 OCLC 54687505\n- Cowdrey, Albert (1994). Fighting for Life: American Military Medicine in World War II. New York: The Free Press. ISBN 0-684-86379-0.\n- Crenshaw, Russell Sydnor. South Pacific Destroyer: The Battle for the Solomons from Savo Island to Vella Gulf. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1998. ISBN 1-55750-136-X OCLC 38527912\n- D'Albas, Andrieu. Death of a Navy: Japanese Naval Action in World War II. New York: Devin-Adair Co., 1957. OCLC 464407286\n- Dean, Peter (2013). \"Anzacs and Yanks: US and Australian Operations at the Beachhead Battles\". In Dean, Peter (ed.). Australia 1942: In the Shadow of War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 217–239. ISBN 978-1-107-03227-9.\n- Dull, Paul S. A Battle History of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1941–1945. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1978. ISBN 0-87021-097-1 OCLC 3773679\n- Evans, David C. The Japanese Navy in World War II: In the Words of Former Japanese Naval Officers. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1986. ISBN 0-87021-316-4 OCLC 13560220\n- Dyer, George Carroll (1972). The Amphibians Came to Conquer: The Story of Admiral Richmond Kelly Turner (PDF). Fleet Marine Force Reference Publication (FMFRP 12-109-11). 1. Washington, DC: Department of the Navy. LCCN 71603853. Retrieved 18 August 2015.\n- Frank, Richard. Guadalcanal: The Definitive Account of the Landmark Battle. New York: Random House, 1990. ISBN 0-394-58875-4 OCLC 21229351\n- Gilbert, Oscar E. Marine Tank Battles of the Pacific. Conshohocken, PA: Combined Pub., 2001. ISBN 1-58097-050-8 OCLC 45917262\n- Griffith, Samuel B. The Battle for Guadalcanal. Champaign, IL: University of Illinois Press, 2000. ISBN 0-252-06891-2 OCLC 43555161\n- Hadden, Robert Lee. 2007. \"The Geology of Guadalcanal: a Selected Bibliography of the Geology, Natural History, and the History of Guadalcanal.\" Alexandria, VA: Topographic Engineering Center. 360 pages. Lists sources of information regarding the bodies of the US Marines of the Lt Col. Frank B. Goettge Reconnaissance patrol that was ambushed in August 1942.\n- Hammel, Eric. Carrier Clash: The Invasion of Guadalcanal & The Battle of the Eastern Solomons August 1942. St. Paul, MN: Zenith Press, 2004. ISBN 0-7603-2052-7 OCLC 56642994\n- Hammel, Eric. Carrier Strike: The Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands, October 1942. Pacifica, CA: Pacifica Press, 2000. ISBN 0-935553-37-1 OCLC 42812897\n- Hammel, Eric. Guadalcanal: Decision at Sea: The Naval Battle of Guadalcanal, November 13–15, 1942. New York: Crown, 1988. ISBN 0-517-56952-3.\n- Hara, Tameichi. Japanese Destroyer Captain. New York: Ballantine Books, 1961. OCLC 1070440\n- Hayashi, Saburo. Kogun: The Japanese Army in the Pacific War. Quantico: Marine Corps Association, 1959. OCLC 464063302\n- Hornfischer, James D. Neptune's Inferno: The U.S. Navy at Guadalcanal. New York: Bantam Books, 2011 ISBN 0-553-80670-X OCLC 613432356\n- James, Karl (2013). \"On Australia's Doorstep: Kokoda and Milne Bay\". In Dean, Peter (ed.). Australia 1942: In the Shadow of War. Port Melbourne, Victoria: Cambridge University Press. pp. 199–215. ISBN 978-1-10703-227-9.\n- Jersey, Stanley Coleman. Hell's Islands: The Untold Story of Guadalcanal. College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 2008. ISBN 1-58544-616-5 OCLC 122526828\n- Keogh, Eustace (1965). South West Pacific 1941–45. Melbourne: Grayflower Publications. OCLC 7185705.\n- Kilpatrick, C. W. Naval Night Battles of the Solomons. Pompano Beach, FL: Exposition Press of Florida, 1987. ISBN 0-682-40333-4 OCLC 16874430\n- Leckie, Robert. Helmet for my Pillow. [S.l.]: Ibooks, 2006. ISBN 1-59687-092-3 OCLC 173166880\n- Loxton, Bruce and Chris Coulthard-Clark. The Shame of Savo: Anatomy of a Naval Disaster. St. Leonards, N.S.W.: Allen & Unwin, 1997. ISBN 1-86448-286-9 OCLC 38759272\n- Lundstrom, John B. The First Team and the Guadalcanal Campaign: Naval Fighter Combat from August to November 1942. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2005. ISBN 1-61251-165-1 OCLC 847527705\n- Manchester, William. Goodbye, Darkness A Memoir of the Pacific. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1980. ISBN 0-316-54501-5 OCLC 6421928\n- McGee, William L. The Solomons Campaigns, 1942–1943: From Guadalcanal to Bougainville – Pacific War Turning Point, Volume 2. Santa Barbara, CA: BMC Publications, 2002. ISBN 0-9701678-7-3 OCLC 49317834\n- Miller, Thomas G. The Cactus Air Force. Fredericksburg, TX: Admiral Nimitz Foundation, 1969. OCLC 31392623\n- Morison, Samuel Eliot The Struggle for Guadalcanal, August 1942 – February 1943, vol. V of History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1969. OCLC 861242021\n- Morison, Samuel Eliot, Breaking the Bismarcks Barrier, 22 July 1942 – 1 May 1944, vol. VI of History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Boston: Little, Brown and Company 1950. OCLC 459673052\n- Murray, Williamson and Allan R. Millett A War To Be Won: Fighting the Second World War. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2000. ISBN 0-674-00680-1 OCLC 43109827\n- Peatross, Oscar F. Bless 'em All: The Raider Marines of World War II. Irvine, CA: ReView Publications, 1995. ISBN 0-9652325-0-6 OCLC 35363398\n- Rottman, Gordon L. Japanese Army in World War II: The South Pacific and New Guinea, 1942–43. Oxford: Osprey, 2005. ISBN 1-84176-870-7 OCLC 61879308\n- Smith, Michael T. Bloody Ridge: The Battle That Saved Guadalcanal. Novato, CA: Pocket Books, 2003. ISBN 0-7434-6321-8 OCLC 51645288\n- Toland, John The Rising Sun: The Decline and Fall of the Japanese Empire, 1936–1945. New York: Modern Library, 2003. ISBN 0-8129-6858-1 OCLC 52441692\n- Tucker, Spencer C. (2014). Battles That Changed American History: 100 of the Greatest Victories and Defeats. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9781440828621.\n- Anderson, Charles R. (1993). Guadalcanal. The U.S. Army Campaigns of World War II. United States Army Center of Military History. Retrieved 9 July 2006.\n- Bullard, Steven (translator) (2007). Japanese army operations in the South Pacific Area New Britain and Papua campaigns, 1942–43. Senshi Sōshō (translated excerpts). Canberra: Australian War Memorial. ISBN 978-0-9751904-8-7.\n- Hough, Frank O.; Ludwig, Verle E.; Shaw, Henry I., Jr. (n.d.). \"Pearl Harbor to Guadalcanal\". History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II. Retrieved 16 May 2006.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)\n- Miller, John, Jr. (1959). \"Cartwheel: The Reduction of Rabaul\". United States Army in World War II: The War in the Pacific. Office of the Chief of Military History, U.S. Department of the Army. p. 418. Retrieved 20 October 2006.\n- Miller, John Jr. (1995) . Guadalcanal: The First Offensive. United States Army in World War II. United States Army Center of Military History. ISBN 0-16-001908-7. OCLC 52642465. Retrieved 4 July 2006.\n- Parshall, Jon; Bob Hackett; Sander Kingsepp; Allyn Nevitt. \"Imperial Japanese Navy Page (Combinedfleet.com)\". Retrieved 14 June 2006.\n- Shaw, Henry I. (1992). \"First Offensive: The Marine Campaign for Guadalcanal\". Marines in World War II Commemorative Series. Retrieved 25 July 2006.\n- U.S. Navy. \"Chapter XXV: Campaign in the Solomons\". Building the Navy's Bases in World War II: History of the Bureau of Yards and Docks and the Civil Engineer Corps, 1940–1946. U.S. Department of the Navy, Bureau of Yards and Docks. Retrieved 8 December 2006.\n- Zimmerman, John L. (1949). \"The Guadalcanal Campaign\". Marines in World War II Historical Monograph. Retrieved 4 July 2006.\n- Bartsch, William H. (2014). Victory Fever on Guadalcanal. Texas A&M University Press. ISBN 978-1-62349-184-0.\n- Braun, Saul M. The Struggle for Guadalcanal (American Battles and Campaigns). New York: Putnam, 1969. OCLC 27157\n- Christ, James F. Battalion of the Damned: The 1st Marine Paratroopers at Gavutu and Bloody Ridge, 1942. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2007. ISBN 1-59114-114-1 OCLC 71946979\n- Coggins, Jack The Campaign for Guadalcanal: A Battle That Made History. Garden City, NY: Doubleday and Co., 1972. ISBN 0-385-04354-6 OCLC 483439\n- Crawford, John New Zealand's Pacific Frontline: Guadalcanal–Solomon Islands Campaign, 1942–45. [New Zealand]: New Zealand Defence Force, 1992. ISBN 0-473-01537-4 OCLC 27363777\n- DeBlanc, Jefferson Guadalcanal Air War: Col. Jefferson DeBlanc's Story. Gretna, LA: Pelican Pub., 2008. ISBN 1-58980-587-9 OCLC 185031258\n- Farrington, Arthur C. The Leatherneck Boys: A Pfc at the Battle for Guadalcanal. Manhattan, KS: Sunflower University Press, 1995. ISBN 0-89745-180-5 OCLC 32349291\n- Feldt, Eric Augustus. The Coastwatchers. Ringwood, Victoria, Australia: Penguin Books, 1991. ISBN 0-14-014926-0 OCLC 27488029\n- Hersey, John Into the Valley: Marines at Guadalcanal. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2002. ISBN 0-8032-7328-2 OCLC 48941819\n- Hoyt, Edwin P. Guadalcanal. New York: Military Heritage Press, 1988. ISBN 0-88029-184-2 OCLC 19293942\n- Hubler, Richard G., and John A. Dechant. Flying Leathernecks. Garden City, New York: Doubleday, Doran & Co., 1944. OCLC 494189806\n- Kwai, Anna Annie (2017). Solomon Islanders in World War II: An Indigenous Perspective. Canberra: Australian National University Press. ISBN 9781760461669.\n- Leckie, Robert Challenge for the Pacific: The Bloody Six-Month Battle Of Guadalcanal. New York: Da Capo Press, 1999. ISBN 0-306-80911-7 OCLC 40126887\n- Letourneau, Roger; Letourneau, Dennis (2012). Operation Ke: The Cactus Air Force and the Japanese Withdrawal from Guadalcanal. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-59114-446-5.\n- Lord, Walter. Lonely Vigil: Coastwatchers of the Solomons. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2006. ISBN 1-59114-466-3 OCLC 70045788\n- Lundstrom, John B. Black Shoe Carrier Admiral: Frank Jack Fletcher at Coral Seas, Midway & Guadalcanal. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2006. ISBN 1-59114-475-2 OCLC 62782215\n- Marion, Ore J., Thomas Cuddihy and Edward Cuddihy. On the Canal: The Marines of L-3-5 on Guadalcanal, 1942. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 2004. ISBN 0-8117-3149-9 OCLC 53374983\n- Merillat, Herbert Christian. Guadalcanal Remembered. Tuscaloosa: University Alabama Press, 2003 ISBN 0-8173-1290-0 OCLC 50559909\n- Merillat, Herbert L. The Island: A History of the First Marine Division on Guadalcanal, 7 August – 9 December 1942. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1944. OCLC 487310466\n- Mueller, Joseph. Guadalcanal 1942: The Marines Strike Back. London: Osprey, 1992. ISBN 1-85532-253-6 OCLC 28111740\n- Parkin, Robert Sinclair. Blood on the Sea: American Destroyers Lost in World War II. Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press, 1995. ISBN 0-306-81069-7 OCLC 48497788\n- Poor, Henry V., Henry A. Mustin and Colin G. Jameson. The Battles of Cape Esperance, 11 October 1942 and Santa Cruz Islands, 26 October 1942. Washington, DC: Naval Historical Center, 1994. ISBN 0-945274-21-1 OCLC 29031302\n- Radike, Floyd W. Across the Dark Islands: The War in the Pacific. New York: Presidio, 2003. ISBN 0-89141-774-5 OCLC 53289933\n- Richter, Don. Where the Sun Stood Still: The Untold Story of Sir Jacob Vouza and the Guadalcanal Campaign. Calabasas, CA: Toucan Pub., 1992. ISBN 0-9611696-3-X OCLC 27771674\n- Rose, Lisle Abbott. The Ship that Held the Line: The USS Hornet and the First Year of the Pacific War. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2002. ISBN 1-55750-008-8 OCLC 48507810\n- Rottman, Gordon L. and Duncan Anderson. U.S. Marine Corps Pacific Theater of Operations 1941–43. Oxford: Osprey, 2004. ISBN 1-84176-518-X OCLC 53459823\n- Smith, George W. The Do-or-Die Men: The 1st Marine Raider Battalion at Guadalcanal. New York: Pocket Books, 2003. ISBN 0-7434-7005-2 OCLC 53009145\n- Stafford, Edward Peary. The Big E: The Story of the USS Enterprise. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2002. ISBN 1-55750-998-0 OCLC 48493709\n- Twining, Merrill B. No Bended Knee: The Battle for Guadalcanal. Novato, CA.: Presidio, 1996. ISBN 0-89141-549-1 OCLC 503599358\n- Ulbrich, David J. Preparing for Victory: Thomas Holcomb and the Making of the Modern Marine Corps, 1936–1943. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2011. ISBN 1-59114-903-7 OCLC 670481778\n- Walker, Charles H. Combat Officer: A Memoir of War in the South Pacific. New York: Presidio, 2004. ISBN 0-345-46385-4 OCLC 56656650\n- Werstein, Irving. Guadalcanal. 1963. OCLC 641130630\n- Australian War Memorial (n.d.). \"Secondary Bibliography by Author\" (bibliography of Japanese-language sources). Australia-Japan Research Project. Retrieved 6 November 2008.\n- Burbeck, James (2008). \"The Guadalcanal Campaign\". Flash animated combat map series at The War Times Journal.\n- Cagney, James. \"An Animated Map History of the Battle for Guadalcanal\". HistoryAnimated.com. Retrieved 4 September 2008.\n- Craven, Wesley Frank; James Lea Cate. \"Vol. IV, The Pacific: Guadalcanal to Saipan, August 1942 to July 1944\". The Army Air Forces in World War II. U.S. Office of Air Force History. Retrieved 20 October 2006.\n- Donahue, PFC James A. Guadalcanal Journal.\n- Dillard, Nancy R. (20 May 1997). \"Operational Leadership: A Case Study of Two Extremes during Operation Watchtower\" (Academic report). Joint Military Operations Department, Naval War College. Retrieved 4 August 2009.\n- Dyer, George Carroll. \"The Amphibians Came to Conquer: The Story of Admiral Richmond Kelly Turner\". United States Government Printing Office. Retrieved 20 October 2006.\n- Emberton, Keith D. (1 May 1996). \"Operational Leadership Once Beyond the Culminating Point: Perspectives on Calculated Tactical Risk to Achieve Operational Success\" (Academic report). Joint Military Operations Department, Naval War College. Retrieved 4 August 2009.\n- Garrett, James R. \"James R. \"Rube\" Garrett A Marine Diary: My Experiences on Guadalcanal\". An Eyewitness Account of the Battle of Guadalcanal. Archived from the original on 11 February 2007.\n- Gillespie, Oliver A. (1952). \"The Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War, 1939–1945; The Battle for the Solomons (Chapter 7)\". New Zealand Electronic Text Center. Retrieved 11 July 2006.\n- Hoffman, Jon T. (1995). \"From Makin to Bougainville: Marine Raiders in the Pacific War\" (brochure). World War II Commemorative Series. Marine Corps Historical Center. Retrieved 29 August 2006.\n- Hoffman, Jon T. \"Silk Chutes and Hard Fighting: U.S. Marine Corps Parachute Units in World War II\" (PDF). Commemorative series. Marine Corps History and Museums Division. p. 1. Retrieved 26 December 2006.\n- Mersky, Peter B. (1993). \"Time of the Aces: Marine Pilots in the Solomons, 1942–1944\". Marines in World War II Commemorative Series. History and Museums Division, Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps. Retrieved 20 October 2006.\n- Newell, Clayton R. (2003). \"Central Pacific\". The U.S. Army Campaigns of World War II. United States Army Center of Military History. Retrieved 6 August 2008.\n- Japanese Operations in the Southwest Pacific Area, Volume II – Part I. Reports of General MacArthur. United States Army Center of Military History. Retrieved 8 December 2006. – Translation of the official record by the Japanese Demobilization Bureaux detailing the Imperial Japanese Army and Navy's participation in the Southwest Pacific area of the Pacific War.\n- U.S. Army Air Forces (1992). \"Pacific Counterblow: The 11th Bombardment Group and the 67th Fighter Squadron in the Battle for Guadalcanal\". Wings at War (Reissue ed.). Office of Assistant Chief of Air Staff, Intelligence. Retrieved 8 December 2006.\n- Adams, M. Clay (Director) (1952). Victory at Sea – Episode 6: Guadalcanal (Video documentary). National Broadcasting Company (NBC) Film. One episode from a 26-episode series about naval combat during World War II.\n- Montgomery, Robert (Director) (1960). The Gallant Hours (Feature-length film). United Artists. Biographical film about Admiral Halsey during the Guadalcanal campaign.\n- Van Patten, Tim (Director) (2010). The Pacific (TV Miniseries). HBO, Seven Network, DreamWorks. \"Part One\" and \"Part Two\" deal with the Guadalcanal campaign.\n- Video including historical footage of the Battle for Guadalcanal\n|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Guadalcanal campaign.|\n- Presentation by James Hornfischer on his book Neptune's Inferno: The U.S. Navy at Guadalcanal at the Colby Military Writers' Symposium, 11 April 2012", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Stone Mountain Carving: A Symbol of White Supremacy Which Should Be Removed?\n“T hose who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it” is a famous quote attributed to George Santayana; but it has been misquoted over the years as “Those who do not learn history are doomed to repeat it.”\nIf Richard Rose has it his way, the famous carving on the face of Stone Mountain would be sandblasted into history. The president of the Atlanta branch of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People — more popularly known as the NAACP, which is a civil rights group representing black people — believes that what is considered to be the largest high relief sculpture in the world represents three men who enacted “laws that institutionalized economic oppression and denied educational opportunities, equal treatment under the law and voting rights to the descendants of the stolen Africans”, according to this article posted by the staff of WAGA-TV Fox 5 News in Atlanta.\nThe three men depicted on the carving — Jefferson Davis, president of the Confederacy; Robert E. Lee, a general of the Confederate army; and Thomas J. “Stonewall” Jackson, also a general of the Confederate army — are considered Confederate heroes of the Civil War of the United States, which occurred greater than 150 years ago; but Rose reportedly said that “in the 150 years since, state and local governments in the South (including Georgia) have lionized these men as symbols of the cause of white supremacy”.\nStone Mountain is one of the more popular tourist attractions in the Atlanta metropolitan area which local people also enjoy. The mountain is 825 feet tall and covers 583 acres; while the top of the mountain is 1,683 feet above sea level. The entire carved surface — known as the Confederate Memorial Carving — measures three acres, which is larger than a football field and Mount Rushmore. The carving of the three men towers 400 feet above the ground; measures 90 by 190 feet; and is recessed 42 feet into the mountain.\nOriginally intended to be completed in 1928, it took approximately 60 years for the carving to progress from concept to its final completion in 1972.\nAn ever-popular laser show using the carving as a backdrop has become a beloved tradition in the Atlanta area for both visitors and residents alike — of numerous races, religious beliefs, sexual preferences, genders and ages. Although I have not attended recently, I have enjoyed a picnic while relaxing on a blanket on the great lawn to that laser show — which is set to music — more than once; and it is included in the parking fee of $15.00, which is good all day long…\n…so should it be permanently removed?\nI say no.\nThis statement attributed to Jimmy Carter — a former president of the United States — summarizes his feelings, which are similar to what I feel: “there should be a distinction between the battle flag and tributes to Confederate figures, such as the large carving at Stone Mountain Park or statues in his home county in Georgia.”\nWhat he calls the “battle flag” refers to the Confederate flag, which is seen by many people as a symbol of hate; while others whose families have been located in the southern United States for generations consider it a symbol of heritage. Many people have joined the recent movement to remove the Confederate flag from public buildings and monuments — a movement which gained a significant amount of momentum as a result of the killing of nine innocent people by suspect Dylann Roof in a house of worship in Charleston, South Carolina on Wednesday, June 17, 2015. Here is an article with the latest information on this story as written by Andrew Knapp of The Post and Courier, which is a newspaper based in Charleston.\nMy roots are not in the southern United States, so I am far from qualified to enter the debate of whether or not the Confederate flag represents hate versus heritage — but I do not believe that erasing history is the answer.\nConcentration camps were certainly institutions of hate and symbols — examples of some of the blatantly worst of human behavior in recorded history where millions of people were killed simply because of reasons of fallacy and ignorance: they believed in something specific or were not perfect in terms of their appearance. Should concentration camps such as Dachau — of which I posted my thoughts and photographs in this article and this article — be razed? Let the bulldozers flatten Auchwitz and forget about it?\n“Never again” and “never forget” are two phrases uttered by those who suffered at the hands of those who perpetuated the Holocaust greater than 70 years ago; and I would believe that similar sentiments would be expressed by those whose ancestors were forced out of Africa and sold as slaves — a major issue which led to the aforementioned Civil War in which as many as 850,000 people died.\nSlavery was abolished after the deadliest war in the United States ended by official declaration on Tuesday, May 9, 1865; and the Confederacy was dissolved shortly thereafter.\nIt is important to note that Stone Mountain Park has been operated by a private entity for greater than 15 years — before that, it was under the operation of the state of Georgia — but because the park celebrates the heritage of the Confederacy, it cannot remove symbols such as the Confederate flag and the carving without approval from the state of Georgia.\nRegardless, I believe that the carving is a work of art which depicts an important era in the history of the United States — good or bad — and it would be a mistake to remove or erase it.\nWhat are your thoughts? Please participate in the poll and share how you feel in the Comments section below.\nAll photographs ©2015 by Brian Cohen.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Order of constructionThe radiocarbon evidence from the models for the stone settings provides a most likely order for the all of the dated constructional events of:\nModel 1Sarsen Circle > Stonehole E > Sarsen Trilithons > Beaker burial > Bluestone Circle > Bluestone Horseshoe > Z Holes > Y Holes.\nThe probability of this is though only 27%.\nModel 2Stonehole E > Sarsen Trilithons > Beaker burial > Bluestone Circle > Bluestone Horseshoe > Z Holes > Y Holes.\nThe probability of this is only 31%.\nModel 3Sarsen Circle > Stonehole E > Sarsen Trilithons > Beaker burial > pit_WA_2448 > Bluestone Circle > Bluestone Horseshoe > Z Holes > Y Holes.\nThe probability of this is though only 13%.\nAll three chronological models for the stone settings at Stonehenge presented above have produced stable model outputs with the prior beliefs they contain being compatible with the available radiocarbon dates. Thus, although the statistical models have allowed us to combine different types of information, we ultimately still need to use archaeological judgement to decide between them.\nThe models are all based on the belief that the major settings are the product of single (relatively quick) unitary episode of activity rather than the result of longer and more piecemeal episodes of construction (Bayliss et al 2007b, 46). Given the limited number of samples available at present such an assumption remains the only pragmatic way of modelling the chronology. Sensitivity analyses have highlighted the key component of these models that determines the differences in the monuments chronology is the relationship between the Sarsen Circle and Trilithons. The choice of a preferred model is therefore at present a simple matter of archaeological interpretation, and without further excavation to provide more samples associated with the major constructional events (for example the Sarsen Circle), reaching agreement is likely to be some way off.\nModel 3 is our preference for the chronology of the monument because it incorporates what we believe to be the most reliable reading of the stratigraphy of the stone settings (Darvill and Wainwright 2009, Darvill et al 2012; Parker Pearson et al 2007, 2009).\nNotes:Stonehole E is by the Slaughter Stone.\nPit WA 2448 is the large hole that was dug by the Great Trilithon that was identified by Atkinson as the erection ramp, an idea that Mike Parker Pearson et al dismissed: http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/9174/1/Age_of_Stonehenge_Antiquity-2.pdf\nThe probabilities only add up to 71% which indicates there is still a large amount of uncertainty in the results.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Recognize the Symptoms of Teen Mental Health Issues\nThe symptoms of teen mental health issues can be difficult to detect due to the natural moody and impulsive nature of adolescents. Normal teen behavior can include irritability, secretive behaviors, concern about self-image, or changes in sleep patterns. However, these same symptoms can also be indicators of a serious mental health concern.\nOne in twenty teens in the US has mental health problems such as depression, anxiety, eating disorders, bipolar disorders, or schizophrenia. Therefore, parents of teens need to watch for not just one or two symptoms, but a broad range of symptoms that persist and become more severe over time.\nSymptoms of teen mental health problems include a sudden change in personality, often with an increase in aggression or volatility. Another is a change in self-confidence.\nWatch for a teen who had previously been confident, but who begins to put himself down or to use self-depreciating comments about their abilities, appearance, or skills. Watch for dramatic changes in weight, as many teens struggle with body image issues and may turn to anorexia or bulimia.\nAlternatively, individuals with depression may overeat and stop exercising which can lead to an increase in weight. Be aware of sudden changes in academic performance, as mental illness often prevents teens from concentrating, or causes them to be distracted.\nLack of interest in previously enjoyed activities is also a sign of problem. Finally, watch for a change in sleep patterns. If your teen is sleeping excessively and still is tired, this may be an indicator that there is a problem.\nIf you have noticed any symptoms of teen mental health issues in your teen, then you should contact a mental health professional for further information and guidance.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Buddha taught that happiness comes from inner peace, rather than external conditions. If we integrate Buddha’s teachings into our daily life, we will be able to solve all our inner problems and attain a truly peaceful mind. Without inner peace, outer peace is impossible. If we first establish peace within our minds by training in spiritual paths, outer peace will come naturally; but if we do not, world peace will never be achieved, no matter how many people campaign for it.\nTo progress along the spiritual path to attaining inner peace and eventually full enlightenment, Buddhists engage in regular practices both in meditation and in our daily activities.\nThe main practice of Kadampa Buddhism is that of Lamrim, or the Stages of the Path to Enlightenment. Lamrim is a special set of instructions that includes all the essential teachings of Buddha Shakyamuni arranged in such a way that all his Hinayana and Mahayana teachings can be put into practice in a single meditation session. By contemplating and meditating on the Lamrim regularly, we can subdue our negative minds and cultivate positive, peaceful minds. For a practical handbook on Lamrim meditation, check out the New Meditation Handbook.\nThe New Meditation Handbook is available at the temple bookstore, along other titles appropriate for all levels of practitioner.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Acclaimed historians Robert M. Utley and Wilcomb E. Washburn examine both small battles and major wars - from the Native rebellion of 1492 to Crazy Horse and the Sioux War to the massacre at Wounded Knee.\nIn this enthralling narrative, professor and award-winning author Jeffrey Ostler recounts the Lakota Sioux’s loss of their spiritual homeland and their remarkable legal battle to regain it. Moving easily from battlefields to reservations to Supreme Court chambers, Ostler captures the strength that bore the Lakotas through the worst times and kept alive the dream of reclaiming their cherished lands.\nIndian peoples made some 400 treaties with the United States between the American Revolution and 1871, when Congress prohibited them. They signed nine treaties with the Confederacy, as well as countless others over the centuries with Spain, France, Britain, Mexico, the Republic of Texas, Canada, and even Russia, not to mention individual colonies and states. In retrospect, the treaties seem like well-ordered steps on the path of dispossession and empire. The reality was far more complicated.\nFirst published in 1984, Robert Utley's The Indian Frontier of the American West, 1846-1890, is considered a classic for both students and scholars. For this revision, Utley includes scholarship and research that has become available in recent years.\n\"There are a lot of players!\"\nThis newest volume in Oxford's acclaimed Pivotal Moments series offers an unforgettable portrait of the Nez Perce War of 1877, the last great Indian conflict in American history. It was, as Elliott West shows, a tale of courage and ingenuity, of desperate struggle and shattered hope, of short-sighted government action and a doomed flight to freedom.\n\"New Insights Into An Old Story\"\nWhen Europeans first arrived in North America, between five and eight million indigenous people were already living there. But how did they come to be here? What were their agricultural, spiritual, and hunting practices? How did their societies evolve and what challenges do they face today?\n\"So much information!\"\nWith the end of the Civil War, the nation recommenced its expansion onto traditional Indian tribal lands, setting off a wide-ranging conflict that would last more than three decades. In an exploration of the wars and negotiations that destroyed tribal ways of life even as they made possible the emergence of the modern United States, Peter Cozzens gives us both sides in comprehensive and singularly intimate detail.\nBetween 1846 and 1873, California's Indian population plunged from perhaps 150,000 to 30,000. Benjamin Madley is the first historian to uncover the full extent of the slaughter, the involvement of state and federal officials, the taxpayer dollars that supported the violence, indigenous resistance, who did the killing, and why the killings ended. This deeply researched book is a comprehensive and chilling history of an American genocide.\n\"Not for the faint at heart\"\nEmpire of the Summer Moon spans two astonishing stories. The first traces the rise and fall of the Comanches, the most powerful Indian tribe in American history. The second entails one of the most remarkable narratives ever to come out of the Old West: the epic saga of the pioneer woman Cynthia Ann Parker and her mixed-blood son, Quanah, who became the last and greatest chief of the Comanches.\nIn 1885, while The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn was becoming one of the best-selling American classics of modern times, Mark Twain began this sequel in which Huck Finn, Tom Sawyer, and Jim head west on the trail of two white girls kidnapped by Sioux warriors. Fifteen thousand words into the work, Twain stopped in the middle of a sentence, never to go back. The unfinished story sat on dusty shelves for more than a hundred years until author Lee Nelson decided to finish it.\nThis one-volume narrative history of American Indians in the United States traces the experiences of indigenous peoples from early colonial times to the present day. It demonstrates how Indian existence has varied and changed throughout our nation's history. Although popular opinion and standard histories often depict tribal peoples as victims of US aggression, that is only a part of their story. In this book Roger L. Nichols focuses on the ideas, beliefs, and actions of American Indian individuals and tribes.\nIn Brethren by Nature, Margaret Ellen Newell reveals a little-known aspect of American history: English colonists in New England enslaved thousands of Indians. Massachusetts became the first English colony to legalize slavery in 1641, and the colonists' desire for slaves shaped the major New England Indian wars, including the Pequot War of 1637, King Philip's War of 1675-76, and the northeastern Wabanaki conflicts of 1676-1749.\nDee Brown's eloquent, meticulously documented account of the systematic destruction of the American Indian during the second half of the 19th century uses council records, autobiographies, and firsthand descriptions. Brown allows great chiefs and warriors of the Dakota, Ute, Sioux, Cheyenne, and other tribes to tell us in their own words of the battles, massacres, and broken treaties that finally left them demoralized and defeated.\nApart from The Last of the Mohicans, most Americans know little of the French and Indian War, also known as the Seven Years' War, and yet it remains one of the most fascinating periods in our history. In January 2006, PBS will air The War That Made America, a four-part documentary about this epic conflict. Fred Anderson, the award-winning and critically acclaimed historian, has written the official tie-in to this exciting television event.\n\"A thorough and absorbing history\"\nPulitzer Prize-winning historian Alan Taylor tells the riveting story of a war that redefined North America. In a world of double identities, slippery allegiances, and porous borders, the leaders of the American Republic and the British Empire struggled to control their own diverse peoples. Taylor’s vivid narrative of an often brutal—sometimes farcical—war reveals much about the tangled origins of the United States and Canada.\n\"A proper history of an obscure epoch\"\nThis is the true story of a unique man who lived among the Indians in the early 1800's, and who in his twenties learned to read and write this book. He was a favorite in Europe. He spent time with Thomas Jefferson, shortly thereafter Mr. Hunter was assassinated in Texas while attempting to establish a home for numerous Indian tribes.\nJust before starting second grade, Jim Kristofic moved from Pittsburgh across the country to Ganado, Arizona, when his mother took a job at a hospital on the Navajo Reservation. Navajos Wear Nikes reveals the complexity of modern life on the Navajo Reservation, a world where Anglo and Navajo coexisted in a tenuous truce. After the births of his Navajo half-siblings, Jim and his family moved off the Reservation to an Arizona border town where they struggled to readapt to an Anglo world that no longer felt like home.\n\"Rez life, live and in color\"\nCharles Alexander Eastman (1858-1939), an educated and well-known Sioux, saw both sides of the great divide between Indians and whites, and he wrote 11 books attempting to reconcile the two cultures. This book is his illumination of Indian spiritual beliefs and practices. A convert to Christianity, Eastman never lost his sense of the wholeness and beauty of the Indian's relation to his existence and to the natural world.\n\"This should be on any 'must read' list\"\nWhen superstar athlete Jim Thorpe and football legend Pop Warner met in 1904 at the Carlisle Indian Industrial School in Pennsylvania, they forged one of the winningest teams in American football history. Called \"the team that invented football\", they took on the best opponents of their day, defeating much more privileged schools such as Harvard and Army in a series of breathtakingly close calls, genius plays, and bone-crushing hard work.\nOn the world maps common in America, the Western Hemisphere lies front and center, while the Indian Ocean region all but disappears. This convention reveals the geopolitical focus of the now-departed 20th century, but in the 21st century, that focus will fundamentally change. In this pivotal examination of the countries known as “Monsoon Asia”—which include India, Pakistan, China, Indonesia, Burma, Oman, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, and Tanzania—best-selling author Robert D. Kaplan explains how crucial this dynamic area has become to American power.\n\"A Heavy Read\"", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "If you’re new to using computers, mobile devices, the internet, or just want to learn more, we’ll help you out! Below are a few selected resources that will help build your tech skills. All of these resources are free and are accessible wherever is convenient for you. If you would like additional assistance, or just want to learn more about technology, click this link to schedule a one-on-one Tech Help session with a librarian.\nGeneral Beginner Tutorials\n- Digital Learn – Learn essential digital skills with short and digestible videos from basic computing and internet use to learning how to sign up for health insurance or purchasing plane tickets online.\n- Digital Skills Library – The Digital Skills Library is an open repository of free learning resources designed to help all adult learners develop the digital skills needed to achieve their personal, civic, educational, and career goals.\n- GCF Global – From Microsoft Office and email to beginner computer skills and more—GCFGlobal.org offers more than 200 topics, including more than 2,300 lessons, more than 2,000 videos, and more than 50 interactives and games, completely free.\n- Applied Digital Skills on Grow with Google – Learn job-ready skills from anywhere with Google’s video-based lessons, free of charge. Lessons range from digital wellness and safety, evaluating credibility of websites, and learning Google Workspace.\n- Learn My Way – Learn My Way is a website of free online courses for beginners, helping you develop digital skills to make the most of the online world. Some courses require registration with email and password to track progress in lesson.\n- Techboomers – Text and image based tutorials on a variety of apps and websites that cover topics such as entertainment, shopping, travel, online dating, and social media.\n- Learning Express Library – Features online tutorials, practice tests, and eBooks to help patrons of all ages. It offers job search and workplace skills improvement, skill building in reading, writing, math, and basic science, career certification and licensure exam prep, college and grad school entrance test prep, GED® test prep, and more. When accessing LearningExpress Library, you will be asked to create an account. This personal account allows users to save their work in progress, store score reports, and revisit practice tests, tutorials, or eBooks. Registration only requires a valid email address and password.\n- LinkedIn Learning – Contains over 16,000 professionally produced courses in Business, Technology, and Creative Arts. All courses are structured by instructional designers, taught by real-world experts, and shot with extremely high production quality. **LinkedIn Learning is available for Orion residents with a valid library card only**\nComments are closed.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Plants were now beginning to stabilise land surfaces. Proliferating into estuaries, river plains and deltas, they generated habitats not only for a great range of invertebrates but also for freshwater fish and amphibians. The amphibians were tetrapods, animals with four legs, and the first tetrapods were predators, attracted to the animals that had entered these habitats before them. Having held on to life in what were far from ideal circumstances, they appeared in places as far apart as Australia and North America, in close association with the plants, arthropods and fish that made up their natural world.\nOnly when there was sufficient shelter and humidity under the plant canopy and sufficient invertebrates to supply them with food is it likely that vertebrates would have begun to explore the terrestrial environment.\nJennifer A. Clack, Gaining Ground, p 96 (2002).\nEnvironments were diversifying, and animals were diversifying in tandem, availing themselves of the new opportunities: being fruitful and multiplying. The amphibious legged animals swam rather than walked, invading these brackish to freshwater coasts because their prey was invading them. Far from being pioneers, they were following where fish had gone before.\nNot all fish have jaws, but those that do can be classified into two groups, those with a cartilage skeleton (such as sharks) and those with a bony skeleton, which ossifies from cartilage during development. Bony fish in turn group into those with ray fins and those with lobe fins. At these levels of classification, the origins of fish are obscure; they were diversifying and multiplying too fast for the fossil record to keep up with them, making the bounds of evolution impossible to define.\nThe Devonian was when suddenly a huge variety of fish appeared – at least 70 families. The dominant group was the lobe-fins, from which certain tetrapods apparently evolved. Lobe-fins still exist in the form of coelacanths and lungfish, but they are no longer dominant. ‘The age of fishes’ soon came to an end, as massive perturbations at the end of the period tore into the oceanic world, rendering 75% of fish families extinct.\nWith their belief in a single tree of life, palaeontologists sought for most of the 20th century to trace the ancestry of tetrapods back to lungfish. The combination of gills and lungs seemed an obvious intermediate stage. However, the natural world is not a simple place. Air breathing has arisen independently several times in the course of fish evolution, and the view that lungfish went on to become committed land-dwellers has been dropped. They are now characterised as ‘living fossils’ – animals that have changed little over tens, even hundreds, of millions of years. Try as they might, they failed to climb ‘Mount Improbable’.\nToday there are just three genera of lungfish, one occurring in parts of Africa, one in South America, one in Australia. They live in a variety of habitats, such as lakes, rivers and wetlands, and their breathing apparatus varies accordingly. In addition to gills for breathing under water they have highly modified swim bladders (lungs) with which to absorb oxygen gulped from the air. The most proficient air-breathers are the African lungfish. They have overcome the hazards of drought conditions not by evolving legs and abandoning water altogether – or permanently returning to the water – but by developing a cardio-pulmonary system that minimises loss of oxygen and by instinctively burying themselves in the mud. There, sometimes for months, they lie cocooned in a state of suspended animation, a behaviour which fossilised burrows from the early Carboniferous show to be very ancient. Australian lungfish, by contrast, live in areas that are wet all the time. They obtain most of their oxygen from the water.\nThe transformation of swim-bladders into lungs, concomitant changes in heart design and blood circulation and the ability to slow down metabolic rate to a trickle are no less remarkable innovations than the transformation of fins into legs. And they occurred remarkably quickly. Since the earliest lungfish were completely marine and date to the beginning of the Devonian, their specialised lungs must have arisen during the Devonian itself, not long after their first appearance. As soon as lungfish were numerous enough to impact the record, their forms were already highly distinctive. They reached their peak of diversity in the mid to late Devonian. By the Permian the number of genera had declined by over 70%, after which they ceased to innovate.\nStasis since then shows that fish on the interface between sea and land are not in transition from one to the other. Despite its hazards, the intermediate zone was what they were ultimately designed for, after their marine beginnings. Their genetic make-up also evokes ‘design’. Despite representing an evolutionary dead-end, lungfish have the second largest genomes in the animal world, with one species, the African lungfish Protopterus aethiopicus, weighing in at a staggering 130 billion DNA base pairs. The largest genomes of all are those of some amoebas! Human beings have around 3 billion.\nPolypterus is a genus that has true lungs. Probably the best known species is the Nile bichir. Polypterids breathe through a nostril, or spiracle, on top of their head, and – unlike lungfish – can use their pectoral fins to move about on land, in ungainly fashion. Unfortunately for the idea that tetrapods evolved from lobe-fins, polypterids are ray-fins, not lobe-fins. Moreover, they sit near the base of the ray-fin family-tree and there- fore date back to at least the Devonian. They are examples of fish with lungs and some walking ability that failed to evolve into tetrapods, despite the presumed hundreds of millions of years between then and now.\nPanderichthys differed from other lobe-fins in having just two pairs of fins: one at the front (the pectoral fins) and another at the back (the pelvic fins). The next closest candidate, Eusthenopteron, also had just two pairs. This arrangement, resulting from the loss of the dorsal and anal fins, is analogous to that of tetrapod limbs, and the loss appears to have been abrupt – i.e. the genetic module for them was switched off by genetic regulation.\nThe early tetrapods were mostly ‘rear-wheel drive’ animals with larger hind limbs than fore limbs; the fins of their presumed ancestors tended to be larger in the front than the rear. In the case of Panderichthys this difference is pronounced. The pelvic fin is ‘more primitive’ (evolutionarily earlier) than the front fin and the pelvic girdle ‘even less tetrapod-like’ than that of Eusthenopteron (Boisvert 2005). Unlike either Eusthenopteron or the early tetrapods, Panderichthys also lacked an iliac process.\nNo structure has ever been found intermediate between fins and feet. In technical language Boisvert enumerates the ‘radical changes’ that have not been documented:\nThe pelvic girdle became a weight-bearing structure by evolution of an ischium, a full mesio-ventral contact between the two sides of the girdle, an ilium, and a contact between the vertebral column and the girdle through a sacral rib. Fore and hind-limbs shifted laterally by reorientation of the glenoid and the acetabulum. The pectoral girdle became detached from the skull by loss of the extrascapulars, posttemporal and supracleithrum, and became adapted for limb support and muscle insertion by enlargement of the scapulo-coracoid. Lepidotrichia [rays around the fins] were lost and digits were gained. The proportions of the limb elements changed … . The postaxial processes of the ulnare and the fibula were lost, and the radius and ulna, as well as the tibia and fibula were realigned to be parallel rather than diverging. In the course of this transition, there was a shift in locomotory dominance from the forelimb to the hindlimb, which was first demonstrated by Acanthostega and Ichthyostega.\nAll this had to have happened in 5 million years or less (after Panderichthys and before a fragmentary fossil called Elginerpeton). A big gap in morphology is exacerbated by a small gap in time.\nPartly for this reason, Tiktaalik roseae, a fish whose discovery was announced to the world in April 2006, has supplanted Panderichthys in the story of how vertebrates crawled out of the water. In the paper describing the new fossil it could now be admitted that Panderichthys possessed ‘relatively few’ tetrapod-like features. Tiktaalik’s evolutionary significance is discussed elsewhere. As a result of footprint evidence predating the fossil, this animal too has had to be sidelined.\nNo fewer than ten tetrapod genera are known from the Late Devonian. They are diverse from their first appearance. Some were mainly aquatic in lifestyle, others, as suggested by trackways in southwest Ireland, more amphibian. The best preserved are Acanthostega and Ichthyostega, from Greenland. Apart from similarities attributed to their ultimate common ancestry, the two species ‘have almost nothing in common’ (Clack, p 121) and therefore, although contemporary, cannot be closely related to each other.\n|Ichthyostega, comprising a unique mixture of features, with massive shoulders and seven hind digits, had an amphibian life style. Acanthostega, its late Devonian contemporary, was wholly aquatic, with limbs functioning as paddles.|\nAcanthostega (which means ‘spine armour’, referring to features of its skull) was entirely aquatic. A great number of fossils were found in the fill of an ephemeral channel running through a floodplain; what kind of water body they normally inhabited is unknown. They were all juveniles, apparently arrested in development, with bones only partially ossified. The gill skeleton was fish-like and closely resembled that of the Australian lungfish. The limb joints were not weight-bearing, and the digits – eight of them, not five as had long been expected – were linked by webbing. The hind limbs functioned as paddles, pushing towards the rear. All in all, the animal was a mosaic of primitive and derived features, prompting some authorities to suggest that its lineage represented a reversion back to the water from a more terrestrial ancestry!\nIchthyostega, stocky and heavily built, was ‘a very strange animal, and parts of it are like no other known tetrapod or fish’ (Clack, p 115). Among its many unique features were a narrow braincase, massive shoulders, and broad, overlapping ribs. The ribcage may have had some role in breathing, and in storing air during long periods under water.\nUnusually for a tetrapod, the hindlimbs were diminutive compared with the forelimbs. The hindlimbs were paddle-like, as with Acanthostega, and ended in seven digits, two more than the world had been told about before 1990 and one less than Acanthostega had. Its shoulder and hip joint mobility were restricted, and its pelvis could not have been lifted free of the ground (Pierce et al. 2012). If it moved on land at all, Ichthyostega moved like a seal, arching its back, advancing both forelimbs, and finally bringing up the rest of its body. This would have been quite unlike the sinuous, side-to-side motion of fishes swimming in water. Its forelimb musculature enabled it to raise its head above water. Other aspects of its anatomy – its fish-like tail, paddle-like hindlimbs, deeply grooved gill bars, highly specialised ear for hearing underwater, and lateral line system (a network of nerves which detected changes in water pressure) – point to a predominantly aquatic existence. Its sharp teeth suggest a diet of fish and invertebrates.\nOwing to its specialisations Ichthyostega is considered to be a side-branch of the tetrapod family tree rather than a direct ancestor; it was a short-lived evolutionary ‘experiment’, a ‘dead-end’. The tetrapods that led to reptiles must therefore have predated Ichthyostega and remain to be discovered. Panderichthys and Acanthostega are also thought to represent side-branches. There are no fossils that have a truly transitional status.\nThe story of tetrapod evolution has changed radically in recent years. The possession of lobe fins, it turns out, had nothing to do with being adapted for life in the shallows. Some lobe-finned fish lived in deep water, as do coelacanths today. Some modern ray-finned fish, such as frogfish, have fleshy lobe-like fins, which they use for walking along the sea bottom. The diversity of modern fishes and ancient tetrapods seems purposely to subvert any attempt to construct a story where limbs and digits are acquired in the course of ‘conquering the land’. Gone is the picture of fish crawling on their fleshy fins out of ponds that had dried out under the tropical sun, in search of deeper ponds, and discovering that they could survive without them. (In reality, fish stranded in desiccated pools would simply die.) Limbs and digits were acquired while the animals concerned were still adapted for life in the water. Acanthostega, to judge from its anatomy, had no thoughts of venturing onto the land. If Ichthyostega did, it moved like a seal, not a reptile.\nThe characteristics which the Devonian tetrapods had in common with certain lobe-finned fish, such as flattened skulls and dorsally placed eyes, were those concordant with a similar kind of life. The tetrapods were predators lurking in the shallows, fringed here and there with vegetation. While Ichthyostega resembled a seal in some respects, others had limbs arranged more like a crocodile’s or newt’s, with the shoulders facing sideways and arms projecting out at right angles. Just as crocodiles or newts now are not in evolutionary transition, so there is no reason why the Devonian tetrapods should have been.\nNo reason (ideological commitment aside) except one: the tetrapods appeared at the right time. They were preceded by lobe-finned fish and followed by four-footed, fully terrestrial reptiles. While the time gap between the most tetrapod-like fish and the first actual tetrapod is uncomfortably small, at least there is a gap.\nPalaeontologists do not study body fossils in isolation; they study them in relation to their ecology. And it is a remarkable fact that, almost as soon as new environments presented themselves, there were almost always animals to exploit them, turning up apparently out of nowhere. Encouraged by the overall order of appearance – a recolonisation sequence which in some respects mimics the expected evolutionary sequence – Darwinians interpret the phenomenon as animals becoming adapted to these environments by natural selection, as if the existence of a new habitat of itself produced the variations on which selection could act. Life apparently originated from the sea, and since evolution by natural selection is the only game in town, that must have been the mechanism. The morphological gaps are interpreted as accidents of an incomplete record.\nBut even the argument that the fossils appear in the right order is no longer available. In 1995 Iwan Stössel reported several trackways made by tetrapods in the Valentia Slate Formation of southwest Ireland, and these, it was subsequently determined, were of the same age as Panderichthys. When several years later Jennifer Clack discussed them, she was unaware of the dating work and supposed they were significantly younger. Convinced from the body fossil evidence that tetrapods came into being midway through the Frasnian, she ventured the opinion that ‘tracks made by a terrestrial tetrapod are unlikely to be found before the late Frasnian’.\nThat the tracks were those of a tetrapod was evident from the difference in size between the front and the hind foot, and from the way the angle of stride varied as the animal moved. Two of the trackways included sinuous drag marks left by its belly. Whether it could walk clear of the ground without the support of water is unknown, since, like crocodiles, which sometimes crawl on their bellies, it may have been capable of more than one type of gait. The environment was not one choked with vegetation, but an apparently barren floodplain.\nOnce one has stripped away the Darwinian language, the story actually told by the fossils is that of a world going through stages of ecological recovery. From a distance, recolonisation can appear like evolution, because the organisms concerned appear progressively, not all at once, and in the process they diversify into new species. Exploiting the waters of the coastal margins, the Devonian tetrapods were an ecological as much as an evolutionary step up – rare in the fossil record because they were rare, at this stage, in fact.\nAlmost immediately after the appearance of the first aquatic tetrapods, a host of other highly evolved tetrapods moved in to make the evolutionary picture even more challenging. One example is the lepospondyls (click on diagram), quite small animals that are ‘highly derived when they first appear in the fossil record, with no plausible intermediates between them and any other groups’ (Carroll 2001). While sharing some features, they are, like Tiktaalik, Acanthostega and Icthyostega, a disparate group in relation to each other. Perhaps most anomalous are the snake-like aïstopods, which appeared in the early Carboniferous and had neither limbs nor limb girdles. On the evidence of the skull, vertebrae and ribs, they are classified as tetrapods, so are presumed to have completely lost their limbs after only just acquiring them. Even supposing that this did happen, it is difficult to see how it could have happened in the interval between the evolution of the first lepospondyl, some time after the first tetrapods, and the first aïstopod in the Visean. The aïstopods may have been aquatic. The early-Carboniferous tetrapod Crassigyrinus certainly was, and is believed to have somehow retraced the evolutionary journey of its terrestrial ancestors back to the sea. Bizarre indeed!\nAs Smithson et al (2012) observe, recent discoveries ‘suggest that many tetrapod lineages have their origins much earlier than previously appreciated’.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "U.S. Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia told law students at the University of Hawaii on Monday that the nation's highest court was wrong to uphold the internment of Japanese-Americans during World War II, but he wouldn't be surprised if the court issued a similar ruling during a future conflict.\nScalia was responding to a question about the court's 1944 decision in Korematsu v. United States, which upheld the convictions of Gordon Hirabayashi and Fred Korematsu for violating an order to report to an internment camp.\n\"Well of course Korematsu was wrong. And I think we have repudiated in a later case. But you are kidding yourself if you think the same thing will not happen again,\" Scalia told students and faculty during a lunchtime Q-and-A session.\nScalia cited a Latin expression meaning, \"In times of war, the laws fall silent.\"\n\"That's what was going on — the panic about the war and the invasion of the Pacific and whatnot. That's what happens. It was wrong, but I would not be surprised to see it happen again, in time of war. It's no justification, but it is the reality,\" he said.\nAvi Soifer, the law school's dean, said he believed Scalia was suggesting people always have to be vigilant and that the law alone can't be trusted to provide protection.\nSoifer said it's good to hear Scalia say the Korematsu ruling was wrong, noting the justice has been among those who have reined in the power of military commissions regardless of the administration.\n\"We do need a court that sometimes will say there are individual or group rights that are not being adequately protected by the democratic process,\" Soifer said.\nScalia was appointed to the nation's highest court in 1986, making him the longest-serving justice currently on the court.\nThe 77-year-old spoke after teaching a class. He didn't take questions from media.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Japanese Samurai Swords Forging Process\nSince ancient times, as a weapon, it has been known for its graceful shape. Many famous knives have been collected as works of art, and they contain the symbolic meaning of the soul of a samurai. Different from knives in other countries, one of the biggest features of Japanese samurai swords is that the knife body itself shows an artistic sense in addition to the appearance decoration. In Japan, knife makers are called \"sword workers\", \"sword craftsmen\" or \"sword blacksmiths\".\n1. The method of making samurai swords in Japan\nJapanese samurai swords have assembled quite high technology in the manufacturing method, and the material steel of Japanese samurai swords is called Hegang, or jade steel. Jade steel is made by traditional Japanese methods. This is a low-temperature steelmaking method where the furnace temperature does not exceed 1000°C. This method may seem primitive, but compared with the modern high-temperature steelmaking method, it can produce high-quality and pure steel. However, the steel produced at high temperature is softer and easy to form, while the steel produced at low temperature is harder and more difficult to form. It can be said that the production of Japanese samurai swords is a labor-intensive fortification, and the quality is paid for by blood and sweat.\nAccording to different regions and different genres, the composition of the steel used will vary. In addition, the process of water reduction is quenching. From the perspective of modern material science, this step can be regarded as a method for swordsmiths to control the carbon content of steel. The seemingly simple process is actually not the case. In order to control the carbon content of the steel, the heating times are strictly limited; and the hardness of the steel will change as it gradually cools. Under the limited heating times, the jade steel is beaten into thin slices with uniform thickness. After the steel sheet is formed, the knife maker will rapidly cool it with water. The excess carbon-containing part of the steel can be stripped. Make the knife body have good elasticity, and the knife edge is hard and not easy to chip. The knifemaker must have an extremely accurate grasp of the temperature of the steel sheet and the amount of water used to obtain materials with a suitable carbon content.\nWhen tempering the knife material, the knife worker beats the red-hot steel block for forging, the steel block is opened and then folded and beaten, and so on, until the 10th time, there will be 1024 layers of steel. Through this step, impurities such as sulfur and excess carbon in the steel can be removed to enhance the elasticity and toughness of the steel. This is like kneading dough. The more layers of beating, the more uniform the carbon and various components in the steel, and the finer the iron crystals. The final forged steel is of uniform quality, with thousands of layers, and is very strong. .\n2. Japanese samurai swords steel matching\nThe shape of Japanese samurai swords is based on a circle, regardless of the tip or the entire blade. The reason why the blade is curved is mainly caused by the combination of steel and quenching. First of all, the knife craftsman uses the hard blade metal and leather iron with high carbon content to wrap the soft core iron with low carbon content. This double structure is a major feature of Japanese samurai swords. The edge metal and leather iron on the outside make the knife sharp and have proper hardness so as not to bend. In the subsequent firing stage, the difference in volume expansion between the tip of the blade and other parts is controlled by the amount of carbon and the cooling rate of the firing. As a result, strong compressive stress is generated on the tip of the knife, making the knife less prone to breakage and forming the curvature of a machete.\n3. The last fire forging process of Japanese samurai swords is also called burning the blade with soil\nThe process is probably that black katana knife workers first use clay, charcoal powder and whetstone powder to prepare burnt blade soil, and then encapsulate the shaped blade with burnt blade soil. The soil used for blades is thinner, and the soil used for picks and ridges is thicker. Basically, the distribution of burnt clay can be seen from the blade text of the finished product, and the composition and preparation methods of different schools of burnt clay are also different. The sealed blade will be put into the fire at 750℃-760℃. Knife workers judge the temperature in the furnace by the color of the flame based on experience. If the temperature exceeds 800°C, it will affect the strength of the knife. After a specific heating time, the knifemaker will put the knife in the water to cool it rapidly, and carry out another quenching process.\nAfter the above steps are completed, the work of the black katana knife worker has reached a stage, and the grinding, sheath making, decoration, handle rolling and other processes will be handled by a special person, which is not within the scope of work of the knife worker.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "OFFICIAL SITE OF THE\nCracking the Code One Base at a Time\nWhat do you see when you look at a DNA sequence like ATAGCAGCCGACCGACGACGGCA? Do you see four letters repeated at random? Encoded in these four letters are the genes that create the proteins used to build our entire bodies. But genes aren’t the only information hidden in these four letters. Using new computational methods, we can analyze genomic sequences to learn about the evolutionary past, the phenotypic present, and even about future potential. In the LaBella Lab we study the patterns encoded in DNA focusing on the following major questions\nWhat information is encoded in “silent” synonymous genomic variation?\nWhat role does “silent” synonymous genomic variation play in evolution?\nHow can genomics inform complex trait evolution?\nEvery trait present in organisms today - including human diseases - are associated with evolutionary innovations in the past. Therefore, studying the evolutionary history of traits can help us reveal their underlying mechanisms and even predict how these traits may evolve in the future. We have examined the evolutionary history of complex traits in both fungi and humans. Including the evolution of human pregnancy!\nWhy are some synonymous codons used more than others? And what can the biases in codon usage tell us? Recent studies have shown that biased codon usage affects many different cellular processes including translation and protein folding. As a result of these processes codon usage encodes information about the expression of genes. Our work harnesses this correlation to learn about ecology, evolution, and more!\nWhile you probably know Saccharomyces cerevisiae from the lab or it's products (beer, bread, wine), you may not know there are over 1,200 other budding yeast species! The budding yeast clade serves as a model group for studying evolution, codon usage, and reverse ecology. Due to the heroic efforts of the Y1000+ Collaborative we now have genomes and growth phenotypes for nearly all known species!", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "What can I use instead of yeast in pizza dough? Instead of using yeast, you can use baking powder. The correct combination of baking powder to flour and salt will cause the dough to rise in the oven and have a similar texture to a crust with yeast.\nCan you put baking powder in pizza dough?\nA: Baking powder can and has successfully been used in making pizza crusts for ma…\nWhat does baking powder do to pizza dough?\nThe dough’s raising agent is baking powder, which activates once you add the water, so there is no waiting around for proofing dough. It can be made and the whole pizza can be baked in a fraction of the time it takes to make yeasted pizza dough.\nWhat can I substitute for yeast in pizza dough?\nYou can use lemon juice, buttermilk, or milk combined with an equal part of vinegar as your acid. Add all the ingredients according to the recipe. Then, add equal parts baking soda and lemon juice to equal the amount of yeast called for in the recipe.\nHow do you make pizza dough from scratch without yeast?\n- Mix flour, baking powder, and salt together in a bowl; stir in milk and olive oil until a soft dough forms. Turn dough onto a lightly floured surface and knead 10 times. Shape dough into a ball. Cover dough with an inverted bowl and let sit for 10 minutes. …\n- Roll dough into a 12-inch circle on a baking sheet.\nHow do I make my pizza dough fluffy?\nHow to make ANY pizza dough recipe LIGHT and FLUFFY!\n- First things first. …\n- The first secret is to not add oil when it is mixing. …\n- The second secret to making a spectacularly light and fluffy pizza dough is in you handle it after it is mixed. …\n- The third secret is to bake on a pizza stone.\nIs yeast necessary for pizza dough?\nYeast is the one ingredient a pizza dough needs the most. Yeast is the primary leavening agent in dough, which means it’s what causes the pizza dough to rise. The best pizza dough recipes produce dough that rises quickly, making for an airy and bubbly crust.\nWhat does cream of tartar do to pizza dough?\nCream of tartar (an acid byproduct of making wine) is used as a dough relaxer. It slightly hinders the gluten protein in the wheat and causes yeast dough to rise at slower rate.\nDoes baking powder make dough rise?\nD. Baking powder is used in baking to make cake batter and bread dough rise. The big advantage of baking powder over yeast is that it works instantly.\nWhat happens if you don’t use baking soda?\nBaking soda is a salt that makes food light and fluffy. If you don’t have this ingredient at hand, use a baking soda substitute. Without it, your cake won’t rise and can turn out flat.\nWhat can I use if I don’t have yeast?\nYou can substitute yeast with equal parts lemon juice and baking soda. So if a recipe calls for 1 teaspoon of yeast, you can use half a teaspoon of lemon juice and half a teaspoon of baking soda.\nWhat type of yeast is best for pizza dough?\nWhat kind of yeast do you use for pizza crust?\n- Active Dry Yeast is what I’ve used for years. This yeast requires being “bloomed” before you make your dough. …\n- Fast Acting Yeast (aka Rapid Rise Yeast or another name dependent on brand) is just that: it works faster.\nHow do I make homemade yeast?\n- Place three to four tablespoons of raisins in your jar. …\n- Fill the jar ¾ full with water. …\n- Place jar at constant room temperature. …\n- Stir at least once a day for three to four days.\n- When bubbles form on the top and you smell a wine-like fermentation you have yeast. …\n- Place your new yeast in the refrigerator.\nDoes dough rise without yeast?\nWith No Yeast : The Salt Bacteria can make a bread rise and give it a cheesy flavor. That’s the secret ingredient in salt rising bread, which dates to the late 1700s in Appalachia, when bakers didn’t have yeast on hand.\nWhat can you use instead of pizza dough?\nSave time by swapping your regular pizza dough for simple substitutes. Our alternative bases include pitta bread, naan, puff pastry, wraps and polenta. Whether you’re short of flour or don’t have time to make a pizza base, we’ve compiled 10 simple shortcuts using shop-bought substitutes.\nHow do you make Jamie Oliver pizza without yeast?\nWhisk the flour, baking powder, and salt together in a mixing bowl. Measure out a cup (250ml) of water, and slow add, while stirring, just until a soft dough comes together. I usually need between a 1/2 and 3/4 of a cup. If the dough is too wet, add a bit more flour.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Recent archaeological discoveries have revealed a wealth of information supporting events and details that are described in the Bible.\nOne of the most revealing things about studying archaeology is realizing that archaeology itself really didn’t exist until about 150 years ago. Archaeology wasn’t even a “soft” science prior to the 19th century—it was merely treasure hunting conducted by self-seeking opportunists. Therefore, many excavations were botched, and many discoveries were lost. With the rise in academic interest and the proliferation of technological tools, a systematic approach to archaeology has taken off in the last century, revealing a great deal about the ancient world.\nTo date, many sites and artifacts have been uncovered, revealing a great deal about the ancient Mesopotamian culture. One of the most dramatic finds is the “Sumerian King List”, which dates to approximately 2100 B.C. This collection of clay tablets and prisms is most exciting because it divides the Sumerian kings into two categories: those who reigned before the “great flood” and those who reigned after it.1 Records of a global flood can be found throughout most ancient cultures. For instance, the “Epic of Gilgamesh” from the ancient Babylonians contains an extensive flood story. Discovered on clay tablets in locations such as Nineveh and Megiddo, the Epic even includes a man who built a great ship, filled it with animals, and used birds to see if the water had receded.2\nArchaeology in the last century has also shed light on the great military civilizations of ancient Mesopotamia and their impact on law and culture throughout the region. One significant find is the “Law Code of Hammurabi”, which is a seven-foot-tall carving containing about 300 laws of Babylon’s King Hammurabi. Dated to about 1750 B.C., the Law Code contains many civil laws that are similar to those found in the first five books of the Bible. Another dig at the ancient city of “Nuzi” near the Tigris River uncovered approximately 20,000 clay tablets. Dated between 1500 and 1400 B.C., these texts explain the culture, customs, and laws of the time—many of which are similar to those found in the early books of the Bible.3\nAs far as major ancient empires, the Hittite civilization is mentioned throughout the Old Testament as ruling the area of present-day Turkey, Syria, and Lebanon, yet nothing was known about these people outside of the Bible. About 100 years ago, ancient Boghazkoy was discovered east of Ankara, Turkey, which revealed itself as the expansive capital city of the Hittite Empire. Since then, archaeologists have uncovered a wealth of information about the history, language, and culture of a people considered “imaginary” by many scholars until the 1900s.4\nThe Bible tells us a lot about Nebuchadnezzar and the Babylonian Empire, which destroyed Jerusalem in 586 B.C. and exiled the Jews to Babylon for 70 years. Ancient Babylon has now been uncovered, comprising nearly 3,000 acres about 55 miles south of current-day Baghdad in Iraq. The ruins include the famous ziggurat structures, the Palace of King Nebuchadnezzar, and enormous walls that measured 80 feet thick (wide enough to allow a four-horse chariot to make a full turn on the top of the wall).5\nThe Philistines were known as one of the “Sea Peoples” that constantly warred against the Israelites for control of early Canaan. Mentioned over 200 times in the Old Testament, the Philistines had a major fortified seaport at Ashkelon on the Mediterranean Sea, which was discovered just north of present-day Gaz. Nebuchadnezzar destroyed Ashkelon in 604 B.C., as predicted by Jeremiah and other Old Testament prophets.6\nMentioned more than 50 times in the Bible, Jericho was the initial entry point into the “Promised Land” for the Israelite people.7 Archaeology has now confirmed the location of this fortified city of walls and towers that guarded entry to the land of Canaan from the east.8 Shechem was also an important city throughout the Old Testament. In fact, King Jeroboam made it the capital of the northern kingdom of Israel in the 10th century B.C.9 Excavations have uncovered huge walls and a fortified gate system containing such important finds as the temple of Baal from the biblical story of Abimelech.10\nThe “Merneptah Stele” (also known as the Israel Stele) is an upright stone slab measuring over seven feet tall that contains carved hieroglyphic text dating to approximately 1230 B.C. This Egyptian monument describes the military victories of Pharaoh Merneptah and includes the earliest mention of “Israel” outside of the Bible. Although the specific battles covered by the stele are not included in the Bible, the stele establishes outside evidence that the Israelites were already living as a people in ancient Canaan by 1230 B.C.11 In addition to the stele, a large wall picture was discovered in the great Karnak Temple of Luxor (ancient Thebes), which shows battle scenes between the Egyptians and Israelites. These scenes have also been attributed to Pharaoh Merneptah and date to approximately 1209 B.C.12 The Karnak Temple also contains records of Pharaoh Shishak’s military victories about 280 years later. Specifically, the “Shishak Relief” depicts Egypt’s victory over King Rehoboam in about 925 B.C., when Solomon’s Temple in Judah was plundered.13 This is the exact event mentioned in the Old Testament scriptures.14\nOutside of Egypt, we also discover a wealth of evidence for the early Israelites. The “Moabite Stone” (Mesha Stele) is a three-foot stone slab discovered near Dibon, east of the Dead Sea, that describes the reign of Mesha, King of Moab, around 850 B.C.15 According to the Book of Genesis, the Moabites were neighbors of the Israelites.16 This stele covers victories by King Omri and King Ahab of Israel against Moab, and Mesha’s later victories on behalf of Moab against King Ahab’s descendants.17 The “Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser” is a seven-foot, four-sided pillar of basalt that describes the victories of King Shalmaneser III of Assyria, including the defeats of Tyre, Sidon, and “Jehu, son of Omri.” Dated to about 841 B.C., the Obelisk (now located in the British Museum) was discovered in the Northwest Palace at Nimrud and shows Israel’s King Jehu kneeling before the Assyrian king in humble tribute.18\nIf the places, dates, wars, and descriptions of the cities and culture of the Israelites are right, wouldn’t it be wise to consider whether the spiritual message of the Bible might be right as well?\n- Alfred Hoerth, Archaeology and the Old Testament, Baker Books, 1998, 188.\n- Ibid., 192–96. See also, Genesis, chapters 7 & 8.\n- Randall Price, The Stones Cry Out: What Archaeology Reveals About the Truth of the Bible, Harvest House Publishers, 1997, 92–94. See also, Hoerth, Archaeology and the Old Testament, 119, 102.\n- Pat Zukeran, Archaeology and the Old Testament, Probe Ministries, www.probe.org/docs/arch-ot.html, 2003, 2–3. See also, Price, The Stones Cry Out, 82–83.\n- Hoerth, Archaeology and the Old Testament, 372–378.\n- Ibid., 233–234.\n- Joshua 6.\n- Zukeran, Archaeology and the Old Testament, 4-5. Hoerth, Archaeology and the Old Testament, 209–210. Price, The Stones Cry Out, 52–53.\n- 1 Kings 12:25.\n- Judges 9:46.\n- Price, The Stones Cry Out, 145–146. Hoerth, Archaeology and the Old Testament, 228–229.\n- Hoerth, Archaeology and the Old Testament, 230.\n- Ibid., 301–302.\n- 1 Kings 14 and 2 Chronicles 12.\n- Hoerth, Archaeology and the Old Testament, 308–310.\n- Genesis 19.\n- 2 Kings 3.\n- Hoerth, Archaeology and the Old Testament, 321–22. See also, 2 Kings 9–10.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "The format of an operating system’s executable file is in many ways a mirror of the operating system.\nPE or Portable Executable is the Windows executable file format. Studying the PE format helps us understand how windows internals function which in turn makes us better programmers. It is even more important for reverse engineers who want to figure out the intricate details of often obfuscated binaries.\nMobile platforms provide botnet creators with new threats and challenges. There is a significant need for academic papers that analyse, predict, or mitigate the production of mobile botnets. Even designing a new botnet as a warning and proof of concept can be beneficial to security researchers. This article describes the state of research in mobile botnets and suggests open problems for academics to solve.\nThere are several ways to analyze Android applications for suspicious behavior. These are typically categorized as static or dynamic analysis. Static analysis evaluates code without executing it while dynamic analysis tests the behavior of code during execution. This article will discuss current dynamic analysis techniques for Android applications and the open problems associated with them.\nIn this new series, we are going to be looking at the Machine Learning research occurring in the malware analysis domain and seeing where the individual pieces of research fit into the “big picture” of malware analysis. Look for new posts every Friday!", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "I have had a Civil War and Reconstruction course this semester, and we have been studying the Lost Cause. For those that don't know, the Lost Cause was started by Confederates who wanted to change the perception of the South after it was defeated in the Civil War. Those who took part often tried to misconstrue the idea that the South was wrong in its stances during the time leading up to and during the war. They tried to leave the impression that the Confederate's cause was noble, and that they were defeated by the Union because of force, not skill(partly true). This has led to an awful lot of confusion for historians who are trying to get the perception of how the war should be remembered. What are y'alls thoughts on this? I for one, think it is complete bs that they did this, but Iguess if I was in their shoes, I would have done the same. Thoughts? It is believed that Jubal Early was the first one to really do this with his 'My Account on the War\".", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "FALCON is the world's first airborne gravity gradiometer (AGG) and is the only operating AGG technology developed specifically for airborne purposes. It measures minute changes in the earth's gravity to high accuracy and high spatial resolution using both helicopter and fixed-wing platforms.\nFALCON technology has enormous applicability and provides our clients with unique advantages in the search for water, minerals and hydrocarbons. This advantage is backed by Fugro’s exclusivity on the best AGG technology coupled with our unique value-added processing and interpretation capabilities.\nFALCON provides high accuracy and high spatial resolution gravity and gravity gradient data for a wide range of mineral, hydrocarbon and water exploration applications, and gives you a competitive edge with:\n- The Highest Resolution AGG: FALCON simultaneously provides the highest sensitivity to gravity, the best spatial resolution, and the best rejection of the effects of aircraft motion.\n- Complete Access: Allows complete access to prospective terrains when ground access is limited.\n- Fast and Cost Effective Surveying (than current gravity surveying alternatives): Areas which once took years to survey using ground gravity crews can now be covered in days.\n- Complementary Data: Gravity data complements Magnetic, EM, Radiometric and DTM data and provides additional insights for geological Interpretation.\n- Mature and Reliable Technology: FALCON over 1.5 million survey km in 244 surveys over 17 countries.\n- Proven global success for a wide range of mineral, hydrocarbons and water exploration applications.\n- Lower Risk: Health, Safety, Environment & Community (HSEC) risks lowered compared to intrusive ground and ship-based programs.\nFour Falcon AGG systems have been built to date and operate around the world. Three are currently operational in Cessna Grand Caravans. The fourth system uses smaller and lighter digital electronics and can be installed on fixed-wing or helicopter platforms.\nThe FALCON airborne geophysics system always acquires FALCON AGG data, and industry standard, high resolution aeromagnetic data. In addition, a high resolution laser scanner or LIDAR provides detailed topographic mapping data for use in terrain corrections for gravity. These data can also be useful for a variety of other purposes. Optionally, the fixed-wing systems can also acquire radiometric data, and the helicopter system can also acquire electromagnetic data.\nThe Falcon AGG system installed in a helicopter has the following advantages:\n- Better terrain following capability.\n- Increased spatial resolution due to lower altitude and speed.\n- Increased signal due to lower ground clearance.\n- Superior signal-to-noise ratio resulting in better anomaly detection as a result of flying lower and slower.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Preparing to Write a Synthesis Essay Day 1: A Summary and Questions\nLesson 2 of 6\nObjective: SWBAT summarize their essay topic and the resources they will use by following a model summary written by the instructor.\nToday students will come in having written summaries of at least five texts they may use as resources and questions that arise from each. They will use these as resources as they spend the majority of their day in the library writing a summary of their argument and a list of specific questions that they have about their topic that they wish to address with their peers.\nBefore they go to the library, however, I will review my model with them (Synthesis problem model.docx) so they see what they need to do. I will note on the Smartboard how I state my central idea and use references to resources to help establish my claims (modeling reading informational standard one and two, and why those standards are important for pre-writing academic essays). I will also explain my questions and how they emerged from the text. This fifteen minute discussion will serve not only as an explanation of the model, but also as a model for how they will share their summaries tomorrow in peer response groups.\nAfter reviewing this, I will bring students to the library where they will type these summaries and questions. I am having them do this writing in class so I can guide them some before they go into their peer groups (so the peer responses will be stronger) and also because I want them to print copies to send home with their group members (I will set the groups today). Their task this evening will be to read their group members' summaries and questions and write responses to the questions, including specific references to resources. By doing this, they will be prepared to participate in the group discussion and be able to provide more thoughtful feedback.\nAdditionally, students will write responses to my model; I will model the consultancy procedures tomorrow by being the presenter, so students will use their responses as part of the model.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Find the equation if the generating curve, y=2x+1 is revolved about the y axis.\nHow do we do this?\nFollow Math Help Forum on Facebook and Google+\nFocus on a single point (x, 2x + 1). When you revolve this point around the y-axis, it forms a circle. What is the radius of that circle? What coordinate plane is the circle parallel to? Therefore, what is the equation of that circle?\nView Tag Cloud", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Just before famed Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés pillaged the Aztec capital city Tenochtitlan in 1521, toppling one empire to make room for another, he was astounded by the immense size of its buildings and the wealth of its rulers. The city, he recalled in a letter to Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, was just as large as his home town of Seville. Like any modern city, Tenochtitlan was not without its boulevards, thriving marketplaces for trade, lavish courthouses, temples, and an intricate network of canals. Clearly, the Aztecs had no European cities to model their capital off of, in the way Washington, D.C. was modeled after Paris, but something about it struck a chord as familiar – to Cortes’ own experience home in the Old World.\nAll cities have their own personality – landmarks and dialects that stand out as well as food staples, but now some anthropologists believe that there is something that transcends cultural barriers – universal laws that gradually find their way into the structure of all urban regions – mathematical rules that may be found in ancient cities as well.\nTo accomplish their study, the team of researchers analyzed archaeological data from excavations at Tenochtitlan and a number of other sites around it throughout Mexico, finding predictable ways in which all the buildings were put together.\n“We build cities in ways that create what I like to call social reactors,” said complex systems researcher Luis Bettencourt, of the Santa Fe Institute in New Mexico.\nBettencourt and his collaborators in Santa Fe have long been working on a theoretical system for understanding where modern cities come from – how they originate and how they gradually expand. The primary reason for urban development is the increased opportunity for people to interact, networking with other people. Due to these increasing relationships among groups, the cities increase in their efficiency. It is actually due to an influx of people that there is a positive correlation with the respective city’s economy. When a city’s population doubles, Bettencourt’s team noticed that very often there’s an estimated 15 percent increase in the city’s overall productivity — a 15 percent jump in wages, in GDP, and also in patents. However, the increase is also associated with about the same increase in violent crime, thus not all increases in population are good.\nBettencourt’s work is challenging the common perception of a city as a pile of brick and steel buildings, and instead beginning to see them as specific constructs to maintain day to day social interactions. To be specific, it is a means of pooling together people of different skill to solve problems that no single individual can solve on their own. It was this realization that caused the team to suspect that this pattern might be observed in ancient cities as well.\n“What I realized was that none of the parameters they were discussing in these models had anything to do with modern capitalism, democracy or industrialization,” said Scott Ortman, an anthropologist at the University of Colorado, Boulder, of Bettencourt’s work. “Their parameters are basic properties of human social networks on the ground. And so I thought, ‘Well, gosh, if that’s true, then these models should apply very broadly.”\nTo conduct their analysis, the team analyzed over 2,000 years of history in Mexico City, from its very beginnings around 500 B.C., right into the colonial period which began in the 16th century. They looked at over 1,550 square miles of land, which contained thousands of settlements throughout its history, starting as little towns containing only a few hundred people, which then burgeoned into immense cities like Teotihuacan and Tenochtitlan, which exceeded 200,000 people.\nThey published a study in PLOS ONE last year that showed a pattern of population growth similar to cities of today. As they grew larger, populations doubled. Then, when the populations increased, development of the living area slowed by about 83 percent. Their conclusions, Bettencourt said, showed the relationship between social networks and living quarters – in which the former maintains priority over the latter. If cities doubled each time populations increased, cost of living would be too high to maintain.\nTo compare modern urban economics with these cities, the researchers compared them with the construction of public monuments and temples, with much of these projects being commissioned after the city populations increased. They even noticed a distribution of income similar to today – with wealthier citizens buying larger houses.\n“What’s interesting is that this expresses exactly the same as GDP,” Bettencourt said.\nThe study was published today in the journal Science Advances. Although their research is limited to ancient Mexico, Ortman is intrigued by the possibility that studies of ancient cities throughout the rest of the world might yield similar results – each being the product of ages of social interaction.\n“It implies that some of the most robust patterns in modern urban systems derive from processes that have been part of human societies all along,” said Ortman. “I just think that’s an amazing concept.”", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Creative Bible Learning Activities is packed full of simple Bible learning activities that involve children in hands-on learning. These creative options will help each child in your class to remember what they've learned. Every activity includes suggestions to plug into one or more Bible stories. Use the comprehensive index to find specific activities recommended for any Bible story or choose and adapt any activity you like.\nUse this resource to find additional or alternative activities that will reinforce the Bible message and meet the needs of your kids.\nPaperback. Copyright 2005. 166 pages.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Reproduced and excerpted from DISCOVER. Article by, Curtis Rist\nThe type of rod also affects the speed and distance a line travels. Salespeople call some rods fast and others slow in describing how far they might cast a fly. Graig Spolek, a mechanical engineering professor from Portland State University in Oregon, set up an experiment to quantify these vague terms. He hauled a bundle of rods into a darkened gymnasium, set up a strobe light, and took a sequence of photographs to examine the movement of the rod and the line during the forward cast.\nRods have to be stiff enough to handle the lunges of a caught fish but flexible enough to transfer energy effectively from the arm to the line during a cast. This allows the tip to wiggle quickly back and forth, which Spolek calls the rod’s frequency. In another experiment, he counted how many times the tip of each rod moved back and forth per second, and this number, he discovered, allowed him to predict which rods would cast the farthest. High frequency gives you a faster tip speed, creating swifter line speed. “And that allows you to cast a long way,” Spolek says.\nStill, Spolek was not satisfied. “Who cares about finding a unified theory of the universe?” he asks. “What we need is a unified theory of fly-fishing.” In 2006 he took a yearlong sabbatical to make progress toward that theory. In his research he deconstructed the mechanical limitations of the rod that cause its tip to swirl during casting, preventing the line from aiming true. To make a rod, manufacturers tightly wrap graphite-fiber fabric around a thin steel cylinder. Spolek found that if the manufacturers changed the way they roll the fabric, they could minimize the swirling problem. He also concocted a new way to measure the flexibility of fishing line leaders, the part of the line nearest the lure, using a technique he had previously developed to gauge the bending stiffness of the tiny wires in pacemakers. In this way, he discovered that newer fishing lines made of fluorocarbon were actually less flexible than standard nylon lines.\nOf course, a perfect cast still depends on the skill of the person heaving the rod—but science is helping there, too. Noel Perkins, a mechanical engineering professor at the University of Michigan, has built a fly-casting robot that can imitate the casts of both experts and novices. His technology could enhance the sport of fly-fishing by permitting researchers to analyze the differences between casts. The end result could be better advice for newcomers to casting. And because the robot can cast repeatedly at the same angle and force, it can test fishing lines and rods objectively. Perkins and his team have also created a fly-casting analyzer that attaches to the reel. Using motion-sensor technology, it gives a detailed printout about the rod’s speed and angle over the course of a cast—feedback critical for casters to develop control over distance and placement.\nIn the meantime, Joan Wulff offers her own, starkly simple explanation for how she handles a rod with such flawless grace: “It’s all in the arm,” she says.\nDiscover Magazine: The latest in science and technology news, blogs and articles - The Whip-Like Physics of Fly Fishing", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Ways to Test Gold Ore in the Field\nGold is very heavy. If you have a piece of rock that seems heavy when compared to its volume and there is evidence of a golden yellow, you may have gold. Gold is very soft and can be scratched easily. Using your finger nail or a hard implement can sometimes dent the surface.\nTests To Determine Mineral Type: Step One in Determining Gold Ore Type\nGold ore combines with few elements. Because of this, it is found in nature in pure form, and to a limited extent in gold ores. The gold ores that exist produce a relatively small percent of discovered gold. Nagyagite, calaverite, sylvanite and krennerite are 4 examples of low yield gold ore. Since gold forms few compounds, it has been a characteristic that has contributed to its rarity. Learn about luster, streak, hardness, and cleavage, physical characteristics which may help identify gold ore prospects.\nGlazed tile and pyrite - the streak test - Abrading a specimen to get a powder\nMohs Testing of Minerals\nDown to the Nitty Gritty\nSo why learn about luster, streak, hardness, and cleavage? If you are reading this hub, you more than likely have an interest in learning about and/or finding gold. I do too.\nSo if you stumble upon an abandoned mine, or start to take a miner's pick to a piece of rock with quartz streaks in it, how do you know, or have good reason to believe, the ore you have attained is a classic gold ore? You can use Mohs tests in the field to determine the ore characteristics and see if that jives with what the Mohs test has to say about gold ore. Though rather rare, gold does appear other than in pure nugget or string form. It can be mixed in with the minerals calaverite, kennerite and silverite.\nOn Mohs Test Scale, calaverite has a hardness of 2.5 to 3. Cleavage is absent. Its luster is bright metallic. Its color is silver white to brass yellow, and its streak is yellow gray. Using various tools and minerals of KNOWN hardness, one can perform a scratch test. The first object or mineral to scratch the ore gives an approximate value for hardness.\nScratching repeatedly over a white glazed tile with a pocket knife gives a measure of powder. When smeared, if it is calaverite, the streak should be, as mentioned above, yellow gray. In this manner many of the tests can be made that will give the prospector a better idea of what ore he has discovered.\nCarrying a handbook that identifies minerals helps also. The Handbook of Rocks, Minerals, & Gemstones by Walter Schumann Dr. and R. Bradshaw is reasonably priced and thorough.\nUseful Information About Gold Prospecting\n- There is a lot to know when starting the hobby of gold prospecting.\n- The prospective gold prospector needs to understand the tools peculiar to gold prospecting.\n- One needs to understand how gold placer (alluvial gold) winds up where it is.\n- One needs to know about hard rock mining.\n- One needs to figure out where to go on a claim for the first time.\n- One needs to know where gold has been found historically.\n- One needs to understand his or her state laws and the federal mining laws regarding an individual recreational prospector.\n- State geologic survey sites are a good source of information about gold mining. The U.S. Geologic Survey has maps of large gold mining areas.\nStreak plates are glazed white tiles so that a powdered mineral can be seen clearly. The streak contrasts with the white quite vividly.\nRubbing a piece of gold across white unglazed porcelain tile will not leave a dark streak. If the streak is black it is not gold. Such a steak could indicate pyrite. Gold will reveal itself as a golden yellow.\nIf you know you have a piece of gold, hold a magnet near it. If the piece is attracted, there are other metals causing the attraction. Pure gold is not magnetic. If you have a sample you believe is gold and it is not magnetic, it proves nothing. Copper, brass, and stainless steel are not magnetic, for example.\nI have found hand lenses for as little as $5. These loupes are 30 power, while some even have LED lights in them. They are lightweight and small, fitting comfortably in the pocket. Many are made with silver colored metal frames, but reflection of light off of these may interfere with identification. Others are black and made of plastic.\nSince all (as far as I know) extraction methods involve chemicals that can produce noxious and deadly gas vapor, there are articles that can lay out the procedures. Simply google \"gold extraction\". Remember to always wear a mask/ventilator if you wish to separate gold from ore (in its pure form) chemically. The building should also have good ventilation. Deferring to professionals when using chemicals may be the right decision.\nOf Interest to Gold Prospectors\nFinding gold may not be as simple as seeing a gold stringer in a quartz outcropping. Sometimes gold is mixed in ore with manganese. Other times, it can be found in reddish rock, occurring due to iron oxide (rust), with lines of quartz. Another form of volcanic rock, basalt, can contain gold and quartz and varies from a dark black to grey. Yet other times it is in the form of placer, flakes that have washed down a mountain in some kind of water pathway. To increase your yield, you really need to get some basic equipment.\nHobart M. King, PHD, RPG, The Most Important Gold Prospecting Tools, 2005 - -2018, Geoscience News and Information, https://geology.com/articles/gold-prospecting-tools/\nHarold Kirkemo, USGS, 2016, Prospecting for Gold in the United States, https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/prospect2/prospectgip.html\nJay Motes, In What Rock Formations Can Gold Be Found?, April 24, 2017, https://sciencing.com/rock-formations-can-gold-found-7439756.html\nStaff, How To Test Gold, 2017 Prospecting.com, https://www.goldfeverprospecting.com/howtotestgold.html\nStaff, Gold Prospecting for Beginners, 2017, https://www.rockseeker.com/gold-prospecting-for-beginners/\nQuestions & Answers\n© 2013 John R Wilsdon", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "The Woman Suffrage Movement\nBy the second decade of the 20th century, woman suffrage–women’s right to vote–had become an issue of national importance in America. To win public support for their cause, two rival women’s organizations conducted a massive campaign of lobbying, picketing, petitions and nonviolent demonstrations. The growth in the numbers of American working women and the valuable contributions women made in war production during World War I further increased the suffragists’ support. On August 20, 1919, the 19th Amendment to the Constitution was ratified, giving women the right to vote.\nIn this image, German actress Hedwig Reicher wears a costume of ‘Columbia’ with other suffrage pageant participants in front of the Treasury Building in Washington, D.C. on March 3, 1913.\nPhoto: Library of Congress", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "On July 29, 2016, the USDA Food and Nutrition Service finalized a new set of requirements governing school wellness polices. The ruling affects all schools that participate in the National School Lunch Program and/or School Breakfast Program and must be completed by June 30, 2017.\nWellness policies are written documents drafted by individual school districts which guide their “efforts to establish a school environment that promotes students’ health, well-being, and ability to learn.” The new regulations are intended to strengthen these goals, as well as increase transparency and accountability.\nAccording to the USDA’s summary of the ruling, the revised wellness policies must include:\n- Specific goals for nutrition promotion and education, physical activity, and other schoolbased activities that promote student wellness. [Local educational agencies] are required to review and consider evidence-based strategies in determining these goals.\n- Standards and nutrition guidelines for all foods and beverages sold to students on the school campus during the school day that are consistent with Federal regulations for:\n- School meal nutrition standards, and the\n- Smart Snacks in School nutrition standards.\n- Standards for all foods and beverages provided, but not sold, to students during the school day (e.g., in classroom parties, classroom snacks brought by parents or other foods given as incentives).\n- Policies for food and beverage marketing that allow marketing and advertising of only those foods and beverages that meet the Smart Snacks in School nutrition standards.\n- Description of public involvement, public updates, policy leadership and evaluation plan.\nSchools will be assessed by state agencies every three years to check for compliance. You can view the USDA’s ruling in its entirety here.\nSource: United States Department of Agriculture Food and Nutrition Science. (2016). Local School Wellness Policy Implementation Under the Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act of 2010: Summary of the Final Rule.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Career success largely depends on the skills that an individual possesses, his or her employability skills, and the ability to demonstrate these in the workplace and at an interview.\nEmployers look for a combination of personal, employability and technical skills in job applicants and in their employees as the ability to get a job done, and participate effectively in the workplace. Employers believe that employability skills and an individual's personal qualities hold a job seeker in greater stead than the focus on one's qualification. The skills that we possess and develop are important not only for our present career, but for the rest of our lives.\nA skill is the learned ability to carry out a task. In other words, the abilities that we possess. The three categories of skills that prospective employers look for are: personal skills that relate to our qualities and the ability to work with others; generic or transferable skills that can be applied across different jobs and technical skills, which are those skills required for a specific job.\nPersonal skills are the individual attributes such as personality and work habits that demonstrate how individuals work, and the qualities they display when they are at the workplace that makes them who they are. These attributes enable an employer to determine one's fit into an organisation, and the ability to work with a team. Examples of personal skills include:\n- Honesty, integrity and reliability\n- Planning and organisational skills\n- Working under pressure\n- Positive self-esteem\n- Common sense\n- Personal presentation\n- Ability to balance work and personal life\nGeneric or transferable skills are those required to perform a variety of tasks, which can be transferred from one job to another. In 2002, the Business Council of Australia and Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry identified eight key generic employability skills as part of the Australian Core Skills Framework. These are:\n3. Problem solving\n4. Initiative and enterprise\n5. Planning and organising\nThese skills are applied in a job role, and when an individual is seeking to make a career change.\nTechnical skills are the specialised skills and knowledge required to work in specific occupations and to perform specific duties. The importance and mix of skills will vary from job to job. Examples are undertaking bookkeeping tasks using specific accounting software, writing and editing, teaching, nursing, or driving a forklift.\nTechnical skills can be demonstrated via qualifications, professional registration, competency to undertake a job role, and references by workplace managers or supervisors.\nAlthough employers seek a combination of personal, transferable and technical skills in employees and job seekers, many individuals focus on technical skills and qualifications as a work requirement. This is merely one component, and this approach limits one's ability to broaden a skill set.\nHow can employability skills be developed? They can be developed in a variety of ways – learned at school, or through tertiary or vocational studies and in one's personal life through hobbies and sport, or in the workplace.\nFormal education provides the learning of theory and skill development in a course to obtain a recognised qualification to enable an individual to work in an occupation. Many occupations require qualifications that range from certificate to higher level.\nInformal education entails learning while undertaking a hobby or interest, reading magazines, watching demonstrations, attending trade fairs, or in one's personal life undertaking activities such as giving a speech at a personal celebration, writing a household budget, arranging home and family life, or cake baking, fixing cars, cleaning, or household repairs.\nIn the workplace, recognise that some skills have greater relevance for a job role than others so that they are prioritised in importance and job application. Focus on developing these through a variety of ways such as undertaking a project in the workplace, performing in a particular role even for a short time while a staff member is on leave, reading professional publications, or participating in mentoring programs.\nEmployers have identified personal qualities and skills they are seeking from employees and job applicants. Individuals need a broad range of skills to successfully undertake their occupation, and to use their skills in a future career. Lifelong learning provides the opportunity for employment, personal and career development, and the platform to perform at a higher level.\nLeah Shmerling is the director and principal consultant of Crown Coaching and Training. Visit crowncoaching.com.au", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "I often hear a lot of people saying “He is so brave and fearless!” Every time I hear this statement, I disagree. Why? It’s because I simply disagree ;D\nDoes being courageous imply being fearless? What does being courageous exactly mean?\nFirst, let's define what the words fear and courage mean.\nFear is the acceptance of potential danger and the motivation to take action for protection. It sets you in action for facing danger or fleeing from it. Meanwhile, courage is the ability to persist with your objectives and take action even in the face of fear. Courage is not the absence of fear. Being courageous forces you to pursue your objectives despite fear. Fear helps you protect yourself from danger, whereas courage helps you take action despite being fearful. Do not be afraid to be afraid. Fear is necessary. However do not let fear stop you. Be courageous and take action. Fear and courage go hand in hand. Fear is necessary for survival, whereas courage is required to succeed.Now, after reading the excerpt above, you also disagree with the statement “He is so brave and fearless!”", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "2008/9 Schools Wikipedia Selection. Related subjects: General history\n- This article is about the phrase \"Dark Age(s)\" as a characterization of the (Early) Middle Ages in Western Europe.\nIn European historiography, the term Dark Age or Dark Ages refers to the Early Middle Ages, the period encompassing (roughly) 476 to 1000 AD.\nThis concept of a Dark Age was created by the Italian scholar Petrarch ( Francesco Petrarca) in the 1330s and was originally intended as a sweeping criticism of the character of Late Latin literature. Later historians expanded the term to refer to the transitional period between Classical Roman Antiquity and the High Middle Ages, including not only the lack of Latin literature, but also a lack of contemporary written history, general demographic decline, limited building activity and material cultural achievements in general. Popular culture has further expanded on the term as a vehicle to depict the Middle Ages as a time of backwardness, extending its pejorative use and expanding its scope.\nThe rise of archaeology and other specialties in the 20th century has shed much light on the period and offered a more nuanced understanding of its positive developments. Other terms of periodization have come to the fore: Late Antiquity, the Early Middle Ages, and the Great Migrations, depending on which aspects of culture are being emphasized.\nWhen modern scholarly study of the Middle Ages arose in the 19th century, the term \"Dark Ages\" was at first kept, with all its critical overtones. When the term \"Dark Ages\" is used by historians today, it is intended to be neutral, namely, to express the idea that the events of the period often seem \"dark\" to us only because of the paucity of artistic and cultural output, including historical records, when compared with later times.\nIt is generally accepted that the concept was created by Petrarch in the 1330s. Writing of those who had come before him, he said, \"Amidst the errors there shone forth men of genius, no less keen were their eyes, although they were surrounded by darkness and dense gloom. Christian writers had traditional metaphors of \"light versus darkness\" to describe \"good versus evil\". Petrarch was the first to co-opt the metaphor and give it secular meaning by reversing its application. Classical Antiquity, so long considered the \"dark\" age for its lack of Christianity, was now seen by Petrarch as the age of \"light\" because of its cultural achievements, while Petrarch's time, lacking such cultural achievements, was seen as the age of darkness.\nAs an Italian, Petrarch saw the Roman Empire and the classical period as expressions of Italian greatness. He spent much of his time traveling through Europe rediscovering and republishing the classic Latin and Greek texts. He wanted to restore the classical Latin language to its former purity. Humanists saw the preceding 900-year period as a time of stagnation. They saw history unfolding, not along the religious outline of St. Augustine's Six Ages of the World, but in cultural (or secular) terms through the progressive developments of classical ideals, literature, and art.\nPetrarch wrote that history had had two periods: the classic period of the Greeks and Romans, followed by a time of darkness, in which he saw himself as still living. Humanists believed one day the Roman Empire would rise again and restore classic cultural purity, and so by the late 14th and early 15th century, humanists such as Leonardo Bruni believed they had attained this new age, and that a third, Modern Age had begun. The age before their own, which Petrarch had labeled dark, thus became a \"middle\" age between the classic and the modern. The first use of the term \"Middle Age\" appeared with Flavio Biondo around 1439.\nAfter the Renaissance\nHistorians prior to the 20th century wrote about the Middle Ages from a mix of perspectives. Most of them expressed negative sentiments.\nDuring the Protestant Reformation of the 16th and 17th centuries, Protestants wrote of the Middle Ages as a period of Catholic corruption. Just as Petrarch's writing was not an attack on Christianity per se—in addition to his humanism, he was deeply occupied with the search for God—neither was this an attack on Christianity, but the opposite: it was a drive to restore what Protestants saw as a \"purer\" Christianity. In response to these attacks, Roman Catholic reformers developed a counter image, depicting the age as a period of social and religious harmony, and not \"dark\" at all.\nDuring the 17th and 18th centuries, in the Age of Enlightenment, religion was seen as antithetical to reason. Because the Middle Ages were seen as the \"Age of Faith\", it was seen as a period contrary to reason, and thus contrary to the Age of Reason. Immanuel Kant and Voltaire were two Enlightenment writers who were vocal in attacking the religiously dominated Middle Ages as a period of social decline. Many modern negative conceptions of the age come from Enlightenment authors. Yet just as Petrarch, seeing himself on the threshold of a \"new age\", was criticizing the centuries up until his own time, so too were the Enlightenment writers criticizing the centuries up until their own. These extended well after Petrarch's time, since religious domination and conflict were still common into the 17th century and beyond, albeit diminished in scope.\nConsequently, an evolution had occurred in at least three ways. Petrarch's original metaphor of light versus dark had been expanded in time, implicitly, at least. Even if the early humanists after him no longer saw themselves living in a dark age, their times were still not light enough for 18th-century writers who saw themselves as living in the real Age of Enlightenment, while the period covered by their own condemnation had been extended and was focused also on what we now call Early Modern times. Additionally, Petrarch's metaphor of darkness, which he used mainly to deplore what he saw as a lack of secular achievements, was sharpened to take on a more explicitly antireligious meaning in light of the draconian tactics of the Catholic clergy.\nIn spite of this, the term \"Middle Ages\", used by Biondo and other early humanists after Petrarch, was the name in general use before the 18th century to denote the period up until the Renaissance. The earliest recorded use of the English word \"medieval\" was in 1827. The term \"Dark Ages\" was also in use, but by the 18th century, it tended to be confined to the earlier part of this medieval period. Starting and ending dates varied: the Dark Ages were considered by some to start in 410, by others in 476 when there was no longer an emperor in Rome, and to end about 800, at the time of the Carolingian Renaissance under Charlemagne, or to extend through the rest of the first millennium up until about the year 1000.\nIn the early 19th century, the Romantics reversed the negative assessment of Enlightenment critics. The word \" Gothic\" had been a term of opprobrium akin to \" Vandal\" until a few self-confident mid-18th-century English \"goths\" like Horace Walpole initiated the Gothic Revival in the arts—which for the following Romantic generation began to take on an idyllic image of the Age of Faith. This image, in reaction to a world dominated by Enlightenment rationalism in which reason trumped emotion, expressed a romantic view of a Golden Age of chivalry. The Middle Ages were seen with romantic nostalgia as a period of social and environmental harmony and spiritual inspiration, in contrast to the excesses of the French Revolution and, most of all, to the environmental and social upheavals and sterile utilitarianism of the emerging industrial revolution. The Romantics' view of these earlier centuries can still be seen in modern-day fairs and festivals celebrating the period with costumes and events.\nJust as Petrarch had turned the meaning of light versus darkness, so had the Romantics turned the judgment of Enlightenment critics. However, the period idealized by the Romantics focused largely on what is now known as the High Middle Ages, extending into Early Modern times. In one respect, this was a reversal of the religious aspect of Petrarch's judgment, since these later centuries were those when the universal power and prestige of the Church was at its height. To many users of the term, the scope of the Dark Ages was becoming divorced from this period, denoting mainly the earlier centuries after the fall of Rome.\nModern academic use\nWhen modern scholarly study of the Middle Ages arose in the 19th century, the term \"Dark Ages\" was at first kept, with all its critical overtones. Although it was never the more formal term (universities named their departments \"medieval history\" not \"Dark Age history\"), it was widely used, including in such classics as Gibbon's The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, where it expressed the author's contempt for priest-ridden, superstitious, dark times. However, the early 20th century saw a radical reevaluation of the Middle Ages, and with it a calling into question of the terminology of darkness. A.T. Hatto, translator of many medieval works, exemplified this when he spoke ironically of \"the lively centuries which we call dark\". It became clear that serious scholars would either have to redefine the term or abandon it.\nWhen the term \"Dark Ages\" is used by historians today, it is intended to be neutral, namely, to express the idea that the events of the period often seem \"dark\" to us only because of the paucity of historical records compared with later times. The darkness is ours, not theirs. However, since there is no shortage of information on the High and Late Middle Ages, this required a narrowing of the reference to the Early Middle Ages. Late 5th- and 6th-century Britain, for instance, at the height of the Saxon invasions, might well be numbered among \"the darkest of the Dark Ages\", with the equivalent of a near-total news blackout in terms of historical records, compared with either the Roman era before or the centuries that followed. Further east, the same was true in the formerly Roman province of Dacia, where history after the Roman withdrawal went unrecorded for centuries, as Slavs, Avars, Bulgars, and others struggled for supremacy in the Danube basin, and events there are still disputed. However, at this time the Byzantine Empire and especially the Arab Empire experienced Golden Ages rather than Dark Ages; consequently, this usage of the term must also differentiate geographically. While Petrarch's concept of a Dark Age corresponded to a mostly Christian period following pre-Christian Rome, the neutral use of the term today applies mainly to those cultures least Christianized and thus most sparsely covered by the Catholic Church's historians.\nHowever, from the mid-20th century onwards, other scholars began to critique even this nonjudgmental use of the term. There are two main criticisms. First, it is questionable whether it is possible to use the term \"Dark Ages\" effectively in a neutral way; scholars may intend this, but it does not mean that ordinary readers will so understand it. Second, the explosion of new knowledge and insight into the history and culture of the Early Middle Ages, which 20th-century scholarship has achieved, means that these centuries are no longer dark even in the sense of \"unknown to us\". Consequently, many academic writers prefer not to use the expression at all.\nModern popular use\nFilms and novels often use the term \"Dark Age\" with its implied meaning of a time of backwardness. The movie Monty Python and the Holy Grail humorously portrays knights and chivalry, following the tradition begun with Don Quixote. A 2007 television show on The History Channel called the Dark Ages \"600 years of degenerate, godless, inhuman behaviour.\"\nThe public idea of the Middle Ages as a supposed \"Dark Age\" is also reflected in misconceptions regarding the study of nature during this period. The contemporary historians of science David C. Lindberg and Ronald Numbers discuss the widespread popular belief that the Middle Ages was a \"time of ignorance and superstition\", the blame for which is to be laid on the Christian Church for allegedly \"placing the word of religious authorities over personal experience and rational activity\", and emphasize that this view is essentially a caricature. For instance, a claim that was first propagated in the 19th century and is still very common in popular culture is the supposition that the people from the Middle Ages believed that the Earth was flat. According to Lindberg and Ronald L. Numbers, this claim was mistaken, as \"there was scarcely a Christian scholar of the Middle Ages who did not acknowledge [Earth's] sphericity and even know its approximate circumference.\" Ronald Numbers states that misconceptions such as \"the Church prohibited autopsies and dissections during the Middle Ages\", \"the rise of Christianity killed off ancient science\", and \"the medieval Christian church suppressed the growth of natural philosophy\", are examples of widely popular myths that still pass as historical truth, even though he says that they are not supported by current historical research.\n- \"What else, then, is all history, but the praise of Rome?\"—Petrarch\n- \"Each famous author of antiquity whom I recover places a new offence and another cause of dishonour to the charge of earlier generations, who, not satisfied with their own disgraceful barrenness, permitted the fruit of other minds, and the writings that their ancestors had produced by toil and application, to perish through insufferable neglect. Although they had nothing of their own to hand down to those who were to come after, they robbed posterity of its ancestral heritage.\"—Petrarch\n- \"My fate is to live among varied and confusing storms. But for you perhaps, if as I hope and wish you will live long after me, there will follow a better age. When the darkness has been dispersed, our descendants can come again in the former pure radiance.\"—Petrarch\n- \"Between the far away past history of the world, and that which lies near to us; in the time when the wisdom of the ancient times was dead and had passed away, and our own days of light had not yet come, there lay a great black gulf in human history, a gulf of ignorance, of superstition, of cruelty, and of wickedness. That time we call the dark or Middle Ages. Few records remain to us of that dreadful period in our world's history, and we only know of it through broken and disjointed fragments that have been handed down to us through the generations.\"— Howard Pyle, Otto of the Silver Hand (1888)\n- \"The Middle Ages is an unfortunate term. It was not invented until the age was long past. The dwellers in the Middle Ages would not have recognized it. They did not know that they were living in the middle; they thought, quite rightly, that they were time's latest achievement.\"— Morris Bishop, The Middle Ages (1968)\n- \"If it was dark, it was the darkness of the womb.\" — Lynn White", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "The Khufu boat is known as a papyriform vessel, because the high ends resemble those of papyrus boats. Papyrus is a tall sedge that the Egyptians relied on to make boats as well as cordage, sandals, mats, and other products. Papyriform boats, commonly seen in paintings and carvings of the dynastic period, were ceremonial: They were used for journeys to sacred sites and by the gods. As can just be made out here, in the ship's prow stood a second, wood-framed canopy. Again, its intended use is unknown.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "This examination and certification meets or exceeds the criteria of FEMA 508-8 Typed Resource Definitions Search and Rescue Resources 11/14/2005. The Canine Team may choose Wilderness OR Urban.\nWilderness: Trail and locate a single stationary subject in a wilderness environment, who has traveled between 1 and 1 miles in length, within2 hours, including breaks. Track will be aged between 8-12 hours.\nUrban: Trail and locate a single stationary subject in an urban environment, which has traveled between 1 and 1 miles in length, within2 hours, including breaks. Track will be aged between 8-12 hours.\nTesting Criteria for the Canine SARTECH III, II and I Wilderness/Urban Trailing Search Dog:\nIs the handler adequately attired and equipped?\nDid the handler develop the appropriate strategy based on information acquired?\nDid the handler articulate the dogs alerts/indications prior to entering the field?\nDid the handler interpret the dogs alerts/indications while out in the field?\nDid the handler articulate the dogs final response?\nWas the handler alert to visual clues?\nDoes the handler demonstrate good land navigation field skills?\nWas the handler able to justify their search tactics?\nDid the handler document the routes traveled?\nDid the handler accurately debrief the task with an estimated P.O.D?\nWas the handler able to articulate the relevant meteorology?\nIs the handler in tune with their dogs needs?\nDid the handler properly evaluate terrain and track clues?\nDid the dog indicate the initial direction of travel?\nDid the dog stay focused on the search?\nIs the dog easily refocused after being distracted?\nDoes the dog scent discriminate?\nDoes the dog search effectively (within 100 meters of track, on all legs)?\nDid the dog make a self-directed find on the subject?\nDid the dog demonstrated its final response and direct the handler to the subject?\nDid the dog identify the correct subject and only the correct subject?\nDid the dog and handler make an effective team?\nDid the dog demonstrate obedience through its reactions to handler commands?\nIs the team able to work through contamination?\nIs the team able to work through varying surface environments?\nWas the search completed within the time limit for the evaluation?", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Visions for Museums explores the ways in which digital technologies may develop and enhance visitor engagement with museums of art, culture, history and science.\nMuseum research has not traditionally been oriented towards aspects of communication and visitor-orientation, two important starting points for employing and developing digital media in public environments. It is becoming increasingly clear that the need for interdisciplinary research within this field is important.\nThe Interactive Institute, through Visions for Museums, can establish a new area for research and practice: digital museum communication.\nThe aim is to become a center for interdisciplinary research and practice, regarding visitor-oriented new media in museum communication.\n- Access in Mind\n- Storytelling animals II\n- China before China\n- A touch of Kandinsky\nAccess in Mind\nAccess in Mind is an audiovisual installation for the art galleries helping visitors to respond to works of contemporary art, rather than to explain their cultural importance, style or historical context.\nThe prototype has been developed 2002 at Visions for museums/ Interactive Institute in collaboration with The Swedish National Council for Cultural Affairs. Access in Mind aims to stimulate and encourage young people to explore contemporary art using a multimodal approach – light/dramatized audio.\nThe design consists of a “ball-chair” equipped with speakers and 3D sound. The sound system also produces vibrations in the chair through a basic unit in the seat. Light is projected through a number of Plexiglas plates combined with diodes which randomly project different colours. The chair is covered with foamed polythene plastic, and is placed on a wooden podium.Sitting in Access in Mind, the visitor hears three different voices with different approaches, reflecting on contemporary art. The voices represent three fictitious characters, which are engaged in a kind of ongoing discussion based on their respective views. The first voice alludes to that of a learned or authoritarian speaker; in this case the artist or art connoisseur – the expert’s voice. The second voice is of a fictitious young man reflecting on love, loneliness, insecurity, suicide and everyday life. The third and last voice belongs to a young woman, a kind of conscience that appears behind the visitor’s neck and encourages the visitor to feel free to grasp without restraint; not to be afraid and to believe in their experience and judgement.\nStorytelling animals II\nInteraction and collaboration with Senheiser – Development of guides for Universeum, Gothenburg\nThe audio guides present four different animals: wolf, beaver, adder and salmon – animals that follow The Water’s Way through Sweden and which all have increasingly smaller habitats because of influences of mankind. In the audio guides, the child listens to one of the animals narrate about conditions governing its life in the Swedish landscape. Every audio guide consists of a headset and a bracelet decorated so as to associate to one of the animals.\nThe four audio guides have separate scripts read out by different actors and they stop at different stations in The Water’s Way area. The wolf’s audio guide is the longest in time and the most multimodal of the four and stops at most stations . It encourages the child to actively interact with the exhibit’s environment and has environmental sounds, sound effects and dramatized music. The beaver’s audio guide has no interaction but has environmental sounds that enhance the feeling of being out in nature. The salmon and adder are both without interaction and sound effects – they consist only of an actor’s storytelling voice. These disparities allowed us to study how increased levels of interaction and auditory dramatization affect children’s experience of the environment and stories of the animals.\nThe chosen technical solution is called Guideport and has been developed by Sennheiser. The headband of each animal contained a receiver and a set of headphones. 11 small identifiers located throughout the venue at The Water’s Way, triggered the receivers to play the appropriate files when the child wearing the receiver entered a certain predefined area. The next audio track came on as soon as the child leaved the area and entered a different zone. This meant that the child could do things in her own pace.\nChina before China\nThis permanent exhibition at the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities, Stockholm tells the story about the conditions in China before it was China, how people lived and what they made in Eastern Asia for thousands of years before no one even had thought of a Middle Kingdom. The heart of the exhibition is a collection of world-renowned painted pottery from the period before China. A fundamental idea behind the exhibition is to mediate an experience of the life at that time and to make the people who created the pottery come alive to the audience.\nThis is realized using a computer controlled interaction and media system using three types of media, sound, light and video.\nEighth video projectors are projected a seamless image on a whole wall, animating a yellow river. The light system in the main display case can be animated and make the visitor focus on certain pots and group of pots. The sounds are environmental sounds that creates atmosphere and narrative voices in form of two children.\nThe exhibition is completely automated and the audience can interact with the exhibition by different means. Motion detectors are used to start and stop the exhibition depending on the activity of any audience. The drawers in the red cabinet are sensitive so when a visitor is pulling a drawer he/she starts a sound that is associated with some of the object in the cabinet, for instance the recorded sound of one of the rattler. The night is a small room within the exhibition room. Enter the room and you will take part of longer stories told by the children. The room is equipped with a 3D-sound system to create a spatial experience based on sound.\nThe installation is a computer-controlled interaction and a media system consisting of 22 sensors; three touch screens, eleven magnetic reeds and eight motion detectors of the same kind used for burglary alarms. The system (except video-wall) is running on a single computer with the software (developed by the Interactive Institute) based on the MIEL interaction language. In MIEL the interaction author can set up rules describing a particular situation when a media event should be triggered, and it’s performing the event by it self or by delegating it to some external device. MIEL can handle the animation of the light and can communicate with external devices such as media players. The computer get all information from the 22 sensors, based on this information it creates a reaction. All audio comes from a computer-based audio-player, developed by The Interactive Institute. The audio-player handles all 32 loudspeakers in the installation, each loudspeaker can be controlled separate and any audio clip can be played on any loudspeaker. This is a very cheap and yet reliable method for distributing sound in installations. Other comparable technologies for sound distribution will cost several times more that this solution.\nThe video-wall is based on the commercials system Watchout by Dataton and is running on 9 computers and 8 video projectors.\nA touch of Kandinsky\nA touch of Kandinsky is an installation in the form of an interactive carpet, aiming to increase the understanding of abstract art, primarily intended for small children visiting art museums or galleries. It is inspired by the artist Wassily Kandinsky’s writings on the concept of synaesthesia and is based on his painting “group”, from 1937.\nThe carpet is an experiment in communication, exploring the personal dimensions of the artist’s theory through interactive discovery.\nThe carpet is designed with different motifs, each sensitive for pressure that activates various sounds when the user touches, walks, presses or rolls over the carpet creating an interactive field. Depending on the pressure and the length of time, the sound twirls and changes subtly. The sounds are especially composed and are inspired by Kandinsky´s work. The multimodal interface supports individual modes of interaction and offers the users to interact with the installation in playful ways.\nThe sensors are of own production and consist of two layers of aluminum-foiled paper with perforated plastic foam in between. When pressure added the foiled surfaces gets connected and with that working as a switch. The sensors are connected to the MIDI sampler transforming it to MIDI-data, sending the sounds to the speakers.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "ADVANCED MANUFACTURING AND ENERGY\n\"Electricity is an integral part of everyday life. Almost every new technological device needs some type of electrical supply. For this and many other reasons, Electricians are and will remain in great demand.\"\nSalary Range Potential:\nCommunity College or Technical Degree\nCommunication, Problem-solving, Mathematics\nTypes of Employers:\nCommercial And Residential Construction, Self-Employed, Manufacturing\nFrom simply wiring a residence to being able to program the controllers for a major manufacturing plant, today's electrical technician will require a strong background of technical knowledge. Well trained electrical workers are in great demand by today's advancing technology and by the growing residential, commercial, industrial construction industries, petroleum production and petroleum refineries.\nCashier - $20,8800%\nWaitress/Waiter - $20,7700%\nFast Food Workers - $20,7700%\nSecurity Guard - $26,1700%\nPrivate Sector - $41,6000%\n\"Without electricity, the world would be dark due to little or no lighting and be difficult to survive in due to climate control. The world would also be without most forms of long-distance transportation and communication. To keep the world running on electricity the world requires electrical workers more specifically known as ELECTRICANS! Electricians not only install and maintain power lines, but they help to set up the entire electrical system starting with the power plants where electricity is generated and ending with the machines that use the electricity. Electricians keep electrical systems working properly and keep the deadly current safely insulated from human contact. Electricians can be employed by industries both large and small, by electrical power companies, and in the construction industry. Electrical workers have very strenuous and sometimes stressful jobs. The work requires standing for long periods of time and performing manual labor. They often work in dirty and confined environments, which may also be hot, cold, wet, or subjected to any number of adverse conditions. Electrical systems are often outside of climate controls because they are outside of the areas of normally occupied by people. Electrical workers also rick serious injury and even death due to electrocution.\"\nLength of Program:2 years\nSummary of Program Requirements:\nSkills NeededCritical Thinking, Active Learning , Quality Control Analysis, Equipment Maintenance, Judgment and Decision Making\nThe program prepares individuals to install, operate, maintain, and repair electrical systems such as residential, commercial, and industrial electrical wiring, conduit systems, commercial lighting, DC motors, AC motors, motor controls, programmable logic control, and electrical distribution panels.\nPre-requisites required:Applicants must meet Pearl River Community College admission requirements.\nLength of Program:1-2 years\nSummary of Program Requirements:Applicants must meet Pearl River Community College admission requirements.\nSkills NeededCommunication, Problem-solving, Mathematics", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "is to raise public awareness of the lionfish invasion in Bermuda and to coordinate and support all activities to control lionfish population growth, thus reducing any negative impacts of the lionfish on our coral reefs, for the benefit of all Bermudians.\nThe Bermuda Lionfish Task Force is a mechanism to coordinate and focus the efforts of stakeholders and concerned citizens upon the implementation of all components within the Bermuda Lionfish Control Plan. Our two biggest priorities in our fight against the lionfish are research and education. Within these pages, you can learn all about lionfish including our concerns regarding their invasion, its impact upon the marine ecosystem, and what we are doing to control them locally. You can also read about the multiple ways you can get involved.\nThe Task Force represents all stakeholders including fishermen, SCUBA and Free divers, government entities, research institutions, tourist and entertainment destinations, and the general public. We provide an opportunity for people from all walks of life to contribute to the control and management of the invasive lionfish in Bermuda and welcome everyone’s participation.\nTo join our growing team of lionfish hunters, please check out our permit program\nPlease report every lionfish you see or capture to the Ocean Support Foundation.\nWant to see where lionfish have been found around Bermuda? See Bermuda Lionfish map\nHave you seen the lionfish exhibit on display at BAMZ?\nThe Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries Institute and partner organizations have just announced the publication of research on the invasion of Indo-Pacific lionfish into the Western Atlantic in a special, open access Theme Section in the Marine Ecology Progress Series, a scientific journal dedicated to publishing the best peer-reviewed articles on marine science. A total of nine peer-reviewed scientific papers were published on a variety of topics including factors that enhance the success of the lionfish in the invaded region, the effects of lionfish on native species, their genetic diversity, and the interactions between lionfish and native predators in the region. The papers represent seminal research from many parts of the lionfish’s invaded range including Bermuda, the Gulf of Mexico, Belize, The Bahamas, and Puerto Rico. To read full publication, please click here.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "The California roll is a classic example of “American sushi,” early fusion cuisine incorporating new ingredients into traditional Asian recipes.\nFood historians generally credit Ichiro Manashita, of the Tokyo Kaikan restaurant in Los Angeles, with “inventing” the California roll.\nThe date is fuzzy, though most agree this item was available in the early 1970s.\nCalifornia roll….A form of sushi made with avocados, crabmeat, cucumbers and other ingredients wrapped in vinegared rice. It was supposedly created at a Japanese restaurant in Los Angeles named Tokyo Kaikan about 1973 for the American palate but has also gained popularity in Japan, where it is called kashu-maki, a literal translation of “California roll.”\n—Encyclopedia of American Food and Drink, John F. Mariani [Lebhar-Friedman:New York] 1999 (p. 53)", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Public health experts are calling for “fat letters” – in which teachers write home to parents to tell them their child is overweight – to be scrapped or reformed.\nThe Royal Society for Public Health said parents did not find the information useful and only half knew why their children were being weighed.\nIt said that if such notes were judged essential, parents of obese children should be “contacted by telephone prior to receipt of the letter”.\nAnd it called for other forms of support, such as healthy food vouchers or better access to after-school activity clubs.\nThe National Child Measurement Programme (NCMP) measures the height and weight of children in reception class and Year 6 to assess overweight and obesity levels in English primary schools.\nMore than 1.1 million children were measured in 2013/14 and had their body mass calculated.\nOver a fifth (23 per cent) of children in reception were either overweight or obese, while 10 per cent were obese.\nIn Year 6, 34 per cent of children were either overweight or obese, while 19 per cent were obese.\nThe Royal Society for Public Health polled 678 parents of children aged 18 or under and found only 49 per cent were aware of the NCMP.\nHalf (51 per cent) understood its purpose, while 20 per cent had received information as a result of the programme that had been useful in helping their child lose weight.\nThe society said that the programme needs better integration with other initiatives such as Change4Life and, if the letter is kept, for guides on diet and exercise to be included with the information sent to parents.\nShirley Cramer, chief executive of the Royal Society for Public Health, said: “Parents also need to be provided with support, and our calls to reform the ‘fat letter’ are intended to make better use of this.\n“Our research finds that only one-fifth of parents find the ‘fat letter’ useful and we believe that the letter should be seen as the beginning of a dialogue with parents, not simply flagging whether their child is obese.”", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Up to 60 percent of women will experience at least one urinary tract infection (UTI) in their lifetime, and if you’ve ever had one, you’ll know how unbearable it can be.\nFor years now, some doctors have been recommending cranberry juice and tablets to patients as a way to either prevent recurring UTIs or treat the symptoms, but a new study has found no difference between people treated with cranberries or placebos.\nIn fact, if you look back at all the scientific literature on the subject, you’ll find that either the recommended amount of cranberry juice is far beyond what’s realistic for an actual human being, or that there’s no solid evidence that any amount is having a positive effect.\n\"[C]linicians should not be promoting cranberry use by suggesting that there is proven, or even possible, benefit,\" Lindsay E. Nicolle, an expert on UTIs from the University of Manitoba, wrote in an editorial accompanying the new study.\n\"It is time to move on from cranberries.\"\nThe study, led by infectious disease specialist Manisha Juthani-Mehta from the Yale School of Medicine, investigated the effects of high-dose cranberry capsules - the equivalent of 591 ml (20 ounces) of juice every day - on 185 women in a nursing home.\nElderly women were chosen as the sample because among nursing home residents, UTIs are the most commonly diagnosed infection.\nUp to half of all women living in nursing homes test positive for bacteriuria (bacteria in the urine), and 90 percent of those will test positive for pyuria (the presence of bacteria and white blood cells in the urine). Those two symptoms combined are good sign that a UTI is present.\nThe participants were split into two groups, and randomly assigned either two cranberry capsules a day - each containing 36 milligrams of the active ingredient proanthocyanidin - or a placebo.\nBefore the study had begun, 31 percent of the participants had tested positive for bacteriuria plus pyuria in their urine.\nAfter 360 days of taking either the placebo or the cranberry capsules, the participants had their levels of bacteriuria and pyuria measured.\nThe researchers found no difference in the presence of bacteriuria plus pyuria between the cranberry group and the placebo group, and they found no differences in the number of UTI episodes either. (Thirty-eight participants ended up dropping out the study because the daily capsules were too much of a hassle, or had died for unrelated reasons, so the results are based on the remaining 147 participants.)\n\"The continuing promotion of cranberry use to prevent recurrent UTI in the popular press or online advice seems inconsistent with the reality of repeated negative studies or positive studies compromised by methodological shortcomings,\" says Nicolle.\n\"Any continued promotion of the use of cranberry products seems to go beyond available scientific evidence and rational reasoning.\"\nFor anyone following the UTI-cranberry juice saga closely, these results will not be a surprise - a lack of evidence for cranberry juice or capsules as being an effective preventative measure or treatment has been a recurring theme in the scientific literature for years.\nIn fact, as Susan Scutti reports for CNN, a 2012 review of 24 studies totalling 4,473 participants found little evidence of positive effects, and concluded that cranberry juice \"cannot be recommended for the prevention of UTIs\".\nGiven that Ocean Spray’s cranberry juice cocktail is only 27 percent juice, it makes sense that something so watered down would be so ineffective, but based on the results of this recent study, even if you ramp things up by switching to highly concentrated capsules, you still don't see a discernible effect.\nSo why has this myth persisted for so long? There's a couple of reasons - firstly, the active ingredient in cranberries, A-type proanthocyanidins (PACs), have been shown to block the adhesion of bacteria to the wall of the bladder.\nSo a reasonable hypothesis is that if bacteria are causing UTIs, something that blocks them from accumulating in the bladder could be a potential treatment or preventative measure.\n\"For a UTI to occur, bacteria must adhere to and invade the lining of the bladder,\" Timothy Boone from the Texas A&M College of Medicine, who wasn't involved in the study, told Newswise. \"PACs interfere with the bacteria’s ability to bind to the wall of the bladder and create an infection.\"\nBut there's one problem. \"It takes an extremely large concentration of cranberry to prevent bacterial adhesion,\" says Boone. \"This amount of concentration is not found in the juices we drink. There’s a possibility it was stronger back in our grandparents' day, but definitely not in modern times.\"\nAnd now we have evidence that the concentration of PACs in capsules is also not strong enough to prevent bacteria from accumulating in the bladder.\nThe second reason the myth is so persistent is it's such a tempting myth to believe. If you experience recurring UTIs and want to prevent them, or you want to feel empowered while you're waiting for the antibiotics to kick in, drinking cranberry juice or taking capsules is a pretty easy way to feel like you're helping.\nAt best, though, you're paying a lot of money for something that's only really doing the same job as a glass of water.\n\"It can offer more hydration and possibly wash bacteria from your body more effectively, but the active ingredient in cranberry is long-gone by the time it reaches your bladder,\" says Boone.\nSo save your cash and ditch the cranberry juice. It's full of sugar anyway.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "By Jonathan Fildes\nScience and technology reporter, BBC News\nUntil recently there was nothing that marked out Galadima primary school as anything out of the ordinary.\nThe government-run school, flanked by a red dust road on the outskirts of Abuja, Nigeria, taught about 300 pupils who congregated from the surrounding rural area.\nBut in March this year, the scruffy primary became part of a remarkable experiment. It was the first in Africa to get its hands on the so-called $100 laptop, a rugged device aimed at helping children in the developing world get the most from their education.\nThe tough machines, conceived by the US-based One Laptop per Child (OLPC) group, were designed to replace dog-eared text books and traditional teaching.\nThe school was given around 300 of the low-cost laptops along with a satellite internet link known as VSAT, a power generator and solar panels. The idea was to see if the machines would survive the ultimate test: children.\n\"We wanted to bring the laptops to an environment where the kids would drop it, put it in water and do everything you wouldn't want to do to a normal laptop,\" explained Ayo Kusamotu, a lawyer and volunteer with OLPC Nigeria, an independent group set-up to support OLPC in Nigeria.\nThe hardware trial ran for five months.\n\"We've actually learned a lot from that trial - really simple things that are almost mundane but important,\" explained Walter Bender of OLPC.\n\"For example, some of the desks in Galadima are at an angle and we learned that you've got to put rubber feet on the laptop otherwise it will slide off. So now production laptops have rubber feet.\"\nAlthough, the trial has now ended OLPC Nigeria has continued to fund and support the school's use of the computers. It remains one of just a handful of places in the world where the OLPC vision can be seen \"in the wild\" and visiting it is an uplifting experience.\nThe children - most of whom had never seen a computer before March - have clearly embraced the green and white machines.\nEven before entering the school grounds, visitors are accosted by hordes of animated children waving their laptops, eager to show what they can do with them.\nChildren stream from doorways and alleys wanting to take a \"snap\" with the laptop's onboard camera whilst others shoot video files and then excitedly show each other the results.\nThe more studious show off the graphs and pictures they have drawn and the notes they have typed in class.\nThere is a clear sense of enjoyment and pride in both ownership and use of the machines.\nOne girl was even wearing the power cord as a necklace.\nAnd that pride continues through to the packed classrooms - where up to 90 or 100 pupils are squeezed into one room - and is evident in both children and teacher.\n\"It is one of the happiest things that has happened to the school,\" Miss Manzo, one of the teachers at the school confided.\n\"Before, we felt that we were not very important but now we have the laptop we feel that we have moved ahead.\"\nNot only has it raised the status of the school, she said, but it has also improved learning at school and the surrounding community.\n\"The laptop has brought a great impact to our children,\" she said. \"It is easier to give notes and assignments and they [the children] learn faster.\"\nShe added: \"But it is not only in the school they make use of the laptop. They use it at home and even help to teach their parents.\"\nMiss Manzo said that both the children and the teachers had easily learnt how to use the XO laptops, as they are known.\nAt the moment the laptops are used to augment the text books and black boards rather than replace them.\n\"One of the biggest uses of the laptop is for note-taking in class,\" said Mr Kusamotu.\nIn addition, he said, teachers use the preloaded encyclopaedia to teach classes.\nDuring our visit we saw a lesson on the mammalian eye based on the preloaded content along with maths lessons that used the calculator.\nAlthough there are no numbers that show what effect, if any, the laptops have had, the teachers remain convinced of their worth.\n\"I pray that the government will try and help every child in Nigeria get access to this,\" said the headmistress of Galadima, Mrs Juliana Okowkno.\nHowever, aspects of digital life at Galadima are not perfect. What are small problems at one school could become serious issues if, and when, millions of the laptops are rolled out across the country.\nThe children are allowed to take the laptops home with them\nFor example, more than 40 of the prototype machines have either been lost, stolen or broken since March. This has knock-on consequences, meaning that that not every child has a laptop on which to follow lessons.\nIn addition, the laptops can be a distraction - often pupils play games on their computer rather than follow the class.\nIt is also apparent from visiting Galadima the level of support a large-scale roll out of the programme would require.\nTeachers would need to be trained, technicians would need to be on hand to troubleshoot problems and the laptops and its peripherals would also need maintenance.\nSome of the children have learnt how to fix broken keyboards and remove the screens and batteries. They act as engineers for the whole of the school - fixing friends laptops as and when needs arise. But software and infrastructure problems may be more tricky.\nFor example, the solar chargers strapped to the roof of Galadima school had been not set up correctly - we were told they were \"misaligned\" - and are useless.\nHowever, perhaps the greatest difficulty that will face schools that follow Galadima is the internet.\nEarlier this year, some of the pupils were found to be accessing pornography through the laptops.\nThe internet connection is powered by a diesel generator\nAlthough filters can be added relatively easily, there is a bigger problem and one that is typical of many developing economies: cost.\n\"VSAT is still very expensive,\" said Mr Olanrewaju Oke of internet service provider Accelon.\n\"For a 1.2m dish and a one watt radio it comes in at about $2,500.\"\nIn addition, a 128Kbps connection - around a quarter of the speed of a typical broadband connection - is around $350 per month, or $4,200 per year. That is on top of the cost of the laptops - currently $188 apiece.\nDuring the trial, Accelon provided the connection for free but now the school is on its own and as a result, the link has been cut - although OLPC Nigeria had asked for the internet to be restored during our visit.\nMr Oke believes that cost will come down in the same way as it did in the mobile phone sector. He has put forward a long term plan in the event the Nigeria government buys into OLPC that would see schools sharing a connection.\n\"We're looking for a situation where we can provide good clean access to these schools for anything from $100 to $150 a month,\" he said.\n\"It's a starting point and eventually we would like to get close to where Europe is at 50, 60 or 70 dollars a month.\"\nWithout government intervention it is difficult to see how many schools in Nigeria - and elsewhere - could afford to get online.\nBut Mr Kusamotu does not believe it is a problem.\n\"It is not a stumbling block,\" he said. \"Having the XO, even without the internet, is an extension of the classroom.\"", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "The tradition of the Orthodox Church holds that St. Luke the Evangelist was the first iconographer. Shortly after Pentecost, he painted 3 icons of the Mother of God, painted directly from life. As Christians were being actively persecuted, these particular treasures were kept hidden and secret, perhaps only mentioned in a handed-down oral tradition to trusted members of the early church at this point.\nA Byzantine historian named Theodore, in the first half of the 6th century, refers in writing to such an icon having been sent a hundred years earlier to Constantinople by the Empress to her sister. This is the oldest historical evidence of the existence of these icons.\nIn the early 700s, both St. Andrew of Crete and St. Germanus of Constantinople speak of an icon attributed to St. Luke, which was sent to Rome to Theophilus (the same person mentioned in the Gospel and the Acts of the Apostles). Once Christianity became an official, legal religion, it became safe to move the sacred images from hiding places in private homes into public churches where all could see them.\nSome background history: None of these images, nor any others, (with the exception of a very few in the distant monastery of St. Catherine of the Sinai) survived the early church’s period of iconoclasm in the 700s, which divided Christians into bitterly opposing groups. One faction honored and venerated images, and the other wanted them destroyed as idolatry. The second group, the iconoclasts, gained power initially, and systematically destroyed nearly every existing icon. Feelings ran high. People were actually killed just for owning or painting images, and even for simply expressing their opinions on this matter. Eventually the tide turned, and the icon became the official liturgical art. Images were not again removed from churches until the Protestant Reformation.\nSo, any original icons actually made through the hand of St. Luke himself would have been destroyed during this 8th century Iconoclast Period. What did survive was the tradition, both in oral instruction and within written prayers and liturgical texts, describing the prototypes which the Evangelist established. As the Church recovered from the controversy and rapidly expanded, icons were once again needed. Iconographers made sacred liturgical images according to carefully handed down instructions and later reproductions of St. Luke’s originals, approved by bishops. Thus were icons kept consistent and doctrinally correct, as handed down through the Church. They spread throughout the Christian world.\nThese are examples of the types of three images of the Theotokos (Mother of God) said to be made by the hand of St. Luke (in no particular order) . One type is called Elousa/Our Lady of Tenderness. The most famous example of this prototype is the miracle-working icon of Our Lady of Vladimir, beloved in Russia.\nThe second type is called Hodegritria/She Who Shows the Way. An example of this type is Our Lady of Czestochowa, the most beloved icon of Poland. An earlier example is the Smolensk Mother of God.\nThe third prototype attributed to St. Luke is one of Our Lady standing alone, without her Child, hands upraised in prayer, the Virgin Orant.\nAll of these types of icons are called “St. Luke Icons” not because he painted them personally but because he established the prototype. Each one is a new translation of the work of St. Luke the Evangelist. Handed down by the apostles and evangelists through the centuries, they are greatly venerated and loved by the faithful all over the world.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "If you were a fish and your retina was damaged, it could repair itself and your vision would be back in a few weeks. Unfortunately, humans don’t have the same ability.\nBut, new research into retinal regeneration in zebrafish has identified a signal that appears to trigger the self-repair process. And, if confirmed by follow-up studies, the discovery raises the possibility that human retinas can also be induced to regenerate, naturally repairing damage caused by degenerative retinal diseases and injury, including age-related macular degeneration and retinitis pigmentosa.\n“The prevailing belief has been that the regeneration process in fish retinas is triggered by secreted growth factors, but our results indicate that the neurotransmitter GABA might initiate the process instead,” says James Patton, professor of biological sciences at Vanderbilt University, who directed the study. “All the regeneration models assume that a retina must be seriously damaged before regeneration takes place, but our studies indicate that GABA can induce this process even in undamaged retinas.”\n“This work opens new ideas for therapies for blinding diseases and has implications for the broader field of regenerative medicine,” says Tom Greenwell, program officer for retinal neuroscience at the National Eye Institute, which funded the study.\nThin but nervy\nIt turns out that the structure of the retinas of fish and mammals are basically the same. Although the retina is very thin—less than 0.5 millimeters thick—it contains three layers of nerve cells: photoreceptors that detect the light, horizontal cells that integrate the signals from the photoreceptors and ganglion cells that receive the visual information and route it to the brain.\nIn addition, the retina contains a special type of adult stem cell, called Müller glia, that span all three layers and provide mechanical support and electrical insulation. In fish retinas, they also play a key role in regeneration. When regeneration is triggered, the Müller glia dedifferentiate (regress from a specialized state to a simpler state), begin proliferating, and then differentiate into replacements for the damaged nerve cells. Müller glia are also present in mammalian retinas, but don’t regenerate.\nGraduate student Mahesh Rao got the idea that GABA—normally a fast-acting neurotransmitter best known for its role of calming nervous activity by inhibiting nerve transmission in the brain—might be the trigger for retinal regeneration. He was inspired by the results of a study in the mouse hippocampus which found that GABA was controlling stem cell activity.\nSo, working with Patton and research assistant professor Dominic Didiano, Rao designed a series of experiments with zebrafish which determined that high concentrations of GABA in the retina keep the Müller glia quiescent and that they begin dedifferentiating and proliferating when GABA concentrations drop.\n“Last month a paper was published in the journal Cell that reports GABA levels play a central role in the regeneration of pancreas cells,” Patton says. “We now have three instances where GABA is involved in regeneration—the hippocampus, the pancreas and the retina—so this could be an important, previously unknown role for the neurotransmitter.”\nThey tested their hypothesis in two ways: By blinding zebrafish and injecting them with drugs that stimulate GABA production and by injecting normal zebrafish with an enzyme that lowers the GABA levels in their eyes.\nZebrafish are easily blinded. If they are in total darkness for several days and then exposed to very bright light, all the photoreceptors in their retinas are destroyed. Due to their robust regenerative ability, however, their eyes recover in just 28 days. When the biologists injected drugs that kept GABA concentrations in the retinas of newly blinded fish at a high level, they found that it suppressed the regeneration process.\nOn the other hand, when they injected an enzyme that lowers GABA levels in the eyes of normal fish, they found that the Müller glia began dedifferentiating and proliferating, the first stage in the regeneration process.\n“Our theory is that a drop in GABA concentration is the trigger for regeneration. It initiates a cascade of events that includes the activation of the Müller glia and the production of various growth factors that stimulate cell growth and proliferation,” Patton says. “If we are correct, then it might be possible to stimulate human retinas to repair themselves by treating them with a GABA inhibitor.”\nThe researchers’ next step is to determine if GABA not only stimulates Müller glia dedifferentiation and proliferation, but also causes the differentiation that produces new photoreceptors and the other specialized neurons in the retina. They are pursuing this in both zebrafish and mice with a grant from the National Eye Institute’s Audacious Goals Initiative.\nThe National Eye Institute supported the work, which appears in the journal Stem Cell Reports.\nSource: Vanderbilt University", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "The deep sea is one of the most mysterious and little-explored regions of Earth. We know more about the surface of the Moon than we do about the wonders hidden beneath the waves of our planet's seas. The deepest parts of our oceans teem with life forms so strange-looking they could be from the realm of science fiction. These fantastic creatures inhabit a realm of underwater volcanoes, engulfed mountain ranges, and vast trenches cut into the crust of the planet.\nInto the Deep is a breathtaking journey of sea exploration originally created by Ogrefish FilmProductions, adapted and renarrated by Loch Ness Productions. It combines marine biology and underwater geology with a history of deep-sea exploration.\nThe show shares glimpses of rarely seen marine organisms: bioluminescent frogfish, jellyfish, vampire squid, viperfish, pelican eels, and the mysterious fangtooth — all perfectly adapted to the extreme pressures and temperatures of their alien environment.\nIn addition to teaching about marine biology and ocean exploration, Into the Deep documents submersible exploration, and describes the basic physical principles that allow humans to venture safely into these otherworldly landscapes. Audiences will experience the dive of Trieste to the Challenger Deep, the lowest point of the Mariana Trench in the South Pacific. This region is regarded as one of the most challenging for divers on Earth.\nThe show presents the evolution of deep-sea diving vessels used to explore the ocean environment. The 1930 mission by William Beebe and Otis Barton marked humanity's first true exploration of the depths. Recent dives are recounted, from Robert Ballard's journey to the RMS Titanic (which sank in 1912) to filmmaker James Cameron's recent solo dive into the Mariana Trench — all are expanding our understanding of the deep-sea environment.\nInto the Deep is a exciting, engaging and engrossing exploration of Earth's oceans, using the immersive power of the dome theater to transport audiences to the spectacular hidden depths of our home planet.\nRunning time: 31:30\nAge level: General public\nInformation about: Marine biology, oceans, astronomy, exploration, environment, nature\nYear of production: 2012\nShows created by Loch Ness Productions come with English language soundtracks standard. Translated soundtracks are provided as additional items, not substitutes for the English ones. If your show's movies contain multiplexed audio, you'll receive separate movie files for each language.\nDon't see the language you want? Let's work together to create it. Read more here!\nThe educational focus of this show is to present the exploration of the deep sea, including its geology, marine biology, and overall marine environment. This is done via a set of multidisciplinary themes woven throughout the program. These ideas help relate the information presented in the show to the lives of students and their families. The language level is appropriate for students at the middle-school level and above, as well as the general public.\nShow content is relevant in the following subject areas:Earth Science:", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "What is the \"wet feet, dry feet\" policy and what country does it pertain to?\nCuba - Cubans who get to the US have a chance to stay, while those caught before the cost are sent back\nWhat is the definition of a Refugee?\nPerson who has fled their country of origin out of fear or persecution\nWhat is the most appropriate way to refer to people who are in a country without proper\nWhat are push and pull factors? And what are some examples of each?\nthings that cause people to immigrate or emigrate to other countries. War, persecution, bad economy, jobs, opportunities\nWhat amount of money does the minority of Guatemala's population live on per day?\nLess than a dollar\nAre Guatemala's social development indicators, such as infant mortality and illiteracy among\nthe Best or Worst in the World?\nWorst in the world\nWhy is Chile a deeply divided nation?\nViolence. Pinochet dictatorship, severe oppression, exiles, mysterious disappearances\nColombia's conflict, according to the International Institute for Peace, is among the most bloody\nin the world. True or False?\nHave Evangelical Christians in some cities in Columbia multiplied by twenty times in the last 10\nWhat has been destroyed with the discovery of oil in Ecuador?\nAmazon rain forest. The economy: rich get richer, and poor get poorer\nUruguayans share a Spanish linguistic and cultural background, even though about one-quarter\nof the population is of what origin?\nWhat did República Oriental del Uruguay recognize at the national level In November 2007?\nSame-sex civil unions\nUp to what percent of the population of República Bolivariana de Venezuela are involved (to\nsome extent), with spiritist practice?\nWhy was the gang MS-13 originally established?\nRefugees from El Salvador in L.A. for protection from other gangs\nWhat is the definition of the Brazilian word \"favelas\"?\nShantytown or shack - epicenter for gang violence and drug trade\nWhat are the possible causes of gang activity in Mexico?\nOvercrowding, social acceptance, lack of opportunity for higher education, unemployment, and money made through drug trade\nWhat/Who is \"Santa Muerte\"?\n\"Saint Death\", blend of Catholic and pagan beliefs, popular in Mexico among gang members\nAccording to UCA (Central American University) Honduras is the most violent country in\nCentral Americas. True or False?\nWhat is the definition of the term \"mano dura\"?\n\"Firm hand\" zero tolerance of gang activity in Honduras and El Salvador\nAnalyses of gangs in Latin America tend to characterize them as a product of the prolonged\npolitical violence and civil wars of the 1970s and 1980s. True or False?\nPoverty is most prevalent among women, children, and certain ethnic groups such as\nindigenous peoples and people of African descent. True or False?\nDo the statistics show that Latin American young people can rise significantly above the\neducational level of their parents?\nNo, the % is very low\nWhat illegal action is a large part of Bolivian Economy?\nExports of coca. Industry and production of cocaine\nDo Bolivians think there is a drug problem in their country?\nNo, they blame Americans for the drug problems\nWhich country is the poorest in Central America? In South America? In the Caribbean?\nNicaragua, Bolivia, Haiti\nWhy has Cuba succeeded in providing health care and education for the poor?\nThey have no military and all of their money goes to these efforts\nWhat are the top three most lucrative businesses in the world?\nHuman trafficking, arms trade, and narcotics", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "This fascinating nonfiction picture book about animal construction projects will captivate young scientists and naturalists—and have them looking for more in their own backyards!\nDid you know the natural world is a construction zone? All over Earth, on land and at sea, animals are building the most amazing things. From tricky trapdoors to undersea cities to palaces of pebbles and more, come see the incredible creations of animal architects.\nHardcover | 56 pages | Ages 3-8/Grades P-3\nA portion of this purchase price supports the Frank Lloyd Wright Foundation’s work to inspire people to discover and embrace an architecture for better living through meaningful connections to nature, the arts, and each other. Your purchase also supports the preservation of Frank Lloyd Wright’s buildings for future generations to enjoy.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "The first episode of The Sound and the Fury looks at the shift in the language and sound of music from the beautiful melodies and harmonies of the giants of classical music such as Mozart, Haydn and Brahms into the fragmented, abstract, discordant sound of the most radical composers of the new century—Schoenberg, Webern, Stravinsky and beyond.\nIt examines how this new music, which can perplex and upset even the most contemporary of audiences, was a response to the huge upheaval in the world at the start of the 20th century—with its developments in technology, science, modern art and the tumult of the First World War.\nFeaturing specially-shot performances of some of the key works of the period, performed by the London Sinfonietta, members of the Aurora Orchestra and the American composer and pianist Timothy Andres, the story of this radical episode in music history is brought to life through the contributions of some of the biggest names in modern classical music, among them Steve Reich, John Adams, Michael Tilson Thomas, Pierre Boulez, George Benjamin and Alex Ross, music critic of the New Yorker.\nFrom the atonal experiments of Vienna to the jazz-infused sounds coming from New York in the 1920s, the film travels the world to place this music in context and to uncover the incredible personalities and lives of the composers whose single-minded visions changed the course of classical music for ever.\nWatch The Sound and the Fury\nYou can watch this episode of The Sound and the Fury on Friday 27 September at 19:30 on BBC Four.\nSee The Sound and Fury pages on the BBC website for information on repeat transmissions and iPlayer coverage.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "⊕ Click main image below to view enlargements and captions.\nTransportation, Railroad Train, Device Railway Mechanical Lever Frame Model, Antique, c. 1900\nModel of a Railway Mechanical Lever Frame\nAmerican: c. 1900\nWood and brass\n9 x 4.5 x 4.5 inches, overall\nProvenance: Railroad Collection of Francis H. Schwartz\nScale model of an interlocking mechanical lever frame, used in railway signaling. The brass levers on this model move and lock in different positions within a wooden frame. Actual mechanical levers are a few feet long and typically housed on the floor of a small building called an interlocking tower or signal box, next to the train tracks. Each lever operates a different point and signal, and the signalman walks between them to operate the signals for each approaching train. While there are places in the world where mechanical frames are still in use, from about 1929 on they have given way to power frames with miniature levers, which control the signals electrically, and to other electronic systems.\nThis model is from a collection of railroad memorabilia and model trains. It is most likely a demonstration model, but conceivably could be a salesman’s sample or patent model. It might also have been used as part of a model train set, but has no contact points to make it function with other pieces.\nCondition: Generally very good with the usual overall light wear, shrinkage to wood, oxidation to brass. Lever mechanisms in working condition. Paper label on base, presumably some sort of identification, oxidized, chipped, and illegible.\n“Lever frames.” Wikipedia. 3 December 2011. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lever_frame#Power_frames (5 April 2012).", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Top 10 Possible Reasons for the High HIV Infection Rate in the Southern U.S.\nAccording to the Southern States Manifesto, more than 36,000 people have died of AIDS in the South as estimated by the CDC and in 2005 the South was burdened with half of all deaths from AIDS in the United States. The Southern US is clearly burdened with HIV to a degree unwarranted by its population size. This is a concern expressed by many and, to some degree, remains a mystery.\nRecently, I was on a panel discussion as part of the Week of Prayer in Durham, NC. The last questioner of the evening asked, \"Why is HIV so prevalent in the South?\" We didn't come up with a scientific list of reasons, and I don't know if there really is such a list, but here's what we came up with (in no particular order) ...\n- Stigma. Stigma refers to attitudes about how people are different for something they're not responsible for such as race, gender, class, sexual orientation, or HIV status. Stigma is a leading issue in the struggle against the HIV epidemic in the Southern US and elsewhere and until stigma is addressed effectively, it will continue to affect how people deal with the epidemic. I've written more on this topic before for TheBody.com.\n- Conservative religious and moral values. The Southern US is sometimes referred to as the Bible Belt, meaning the vast majority of people are actively religious, primarily Southern Baptist. As a result, to a large degree, churches influence what people think about and talk about. There are a lot of churches that talk openly about HIV, sex, and substance abuse. Unfortunately, however, many keep to the straight and narrow and don't talk about controversial topics, including HIV, substance abuse, or mental health. I'm grateful for churches like First Calvary Baptist Church in Durham that actively deals with HIV by supporting HIV-positive congregants, providing education about HIV, and having an AIDS Care Team. If churches, with their key role in influencing behaviors and moral beliefs, took an active role in addressing HIV, I think it more likely that congregants and parishioners would work towards eliminating HIV as well.\n- Intolerance for others. Intolerance can include people who are perceived as different (see discussion on stigma, above) including anyone from outside of one's immediate social circle. If a community is so insular that other behaviors and people are not tolerated, it will be very difficult to address any behaviors that are considered outside of the realm of 'normal'. The result being that it is once again difficult to address issues that lead to HIV infection such as substance abuse and high-risk sexual activities.\n- Economic and class oppression. Economic issues underlie a host of behaviors that impact risk for HIV infection and the likelihood that those already infected will seek treatment. We often talk about HIV, substance abuse, mental health, and incarceration as co-morbidities, or conditions that are closely connected. Each of these conditions is impacted by economics. There is much to say about this, but perhaps one example will serve to illustrate the point. One in 100, a report from the Pew Charitable Trust, states that 1 of every 100 adults in the US is incarcerated in a jail or prison (1 in 9 for Black men between the ages of 20 and 34). Those who are incarcerated are often from poorer economic backgrounds and their incarceration results in adverse economic impact on their families and communities. Chances are, if someone has substantial financial assets, they're not in prison and, if they are, they're in for a shorter length of time. Incarceration has a detrimental effect on one's ability to seek employment upon release thereby impacting their economic status and therefore impacting their likelihood of having health insurance, access to HIV medications, mental health or substance abuse services, and other health resources.\n- Racism. There is so much to say about racism. Does racism affect the HIV epidemic? As clearly as racism underlies so many oppressions -- I often think of racism as the glue that holds all the other oppressions in place -- it affects our ability to deal effectively with HIV. Is racism different in the Southern US? Racism continues to persist everywhere. As a result of historic issues largely stemming from the Civil War, the South is often blamed for racism. However, as has been clearly dealt with in the work of many, including Howard Zinn's A People's History of the United States, the South has been treated as a colony of the North, exploited for economic gain, and has in effect taken much of the blame for racism although racism, including slavery, has been a part of the economic system in place throughout the United States for years leading up to the Civil War. Regardless of where blame lies, racism plays a significant role in placing people in situations that put them at risk for HIV infection and for challenges related to their ability to effectively seek treatment once infected. It is debatable as to how this plays out differently in the Southern US as compared to anywhere else.\n- Lack of jobs. As discussed above, economic oppression places people at risk for a host of conditions that do not support HIV prevention and treatment efforts, including access to health care, and both substance abuse and mental health services. A recent list using data from the Bureau of Labor Standards shows that 6 of the 15 states with the highest rates of unemployment are in the South. These statistics may be limited in showing the real struggles of unemployment. However, there are real challenges posed by the cycle of no work, no income, and no hope that are likely to lead to behaviors that stifle HIV prevention and treatment efforts.\n- Lack of health care resources, including substance abuse and mental health. As an example, the substance abuse and mental health system in North Carolina was gutted over the past few years in an effort to streamline services and save costs. The resulting lack of public resources clearly stresses the limits of those without the ability to cope with life's challenges. In addition to substance abuse and mental health, many states in the South have fewer health care and medical providers, placing additional stress on health care and social support systems that struggle to support those with limited resources.\n- Rural. Though not as rural as many western states, the Southern US is rural in comparison to much of the country. Rural areas generally have fewer resources, including health care and social service providers. Distances to access existing resources may also pose transportation issues. And finally, isolation from others could pose challenges in getting needed supports -- physical, emotional, and social.\n- Transportation and other services. As said several times, lack of resources such as transportation are often listed as barriers to getting effective care and treatment, and place additional burdens on already challenged and over-taxed health and human service providers. Transportation poses an additional expense in terms of both time and money. In North Carolina, lack of adequate transportation has been continually cited as a problem.\n- Hot weather. Someone thought that long, hot summer days (and nights) would result in greater sexual activity and, we supposed, more unprotected sex, and ultimately, more HIV infections. We didn't agree, but thought it would be an interesting addition to this list. What do you think?\nThis is, of course, a quick summary of a number of very complex issues, each of which could be dealt with much more extensively. One excellent organization that works to address this issue is the Southern AIDS Coalition, whose mission is to promote accessible and high quality systems of HIV and STD prevention, care, treatment, and housing throughout the South through a unique partnership of government, community, people living with HIV disease, and business entities. The Southern States Manifesto, updated in 2008, discusses HIV in the South and proposes action steps and plans for addressing the situation.\nThanks again for reading.\nSend Marc an e-mail.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Young sports, Moosehead Lake, ca. 1880\nClick on the image to zoom. Click and drag your mouse over the image to move it left or right. Use the small navigation window to select the area you wish to zoom on.\nPurchase a reproduction of this item on VintageMaineImages.com.\nThis photograph shows two young children lying on the ground, apparently peering over a stone slab into the water of East Cove on Moosehead Lake some time around 1880. The steamer Gov. Coburn is in the background docked at the Lake House.\nThe Gov. Coburn, a side-wheeler with walking beam, was built by Major Benjamin Bigney in 1869 and continued service for about 25 years.Her first captain was Thomas Robinson.\nIn her day the Gov. Coburn was a palatial craft of the double-decker type and with her passing went one of the most picturesque of the old order of lake boats. In addition to transporting, freight, passengers and the mail the Gov. Coburn was used to tow booms of logs.\nPlease post your comment below to share with others. If you'd like to privately share a comment or correction with MMN staff, please use this form.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "African-Americans have long embraced the tradition of honoring Thanksgiving. Even during #slavery time, Africans took time to be thankful for what they had, which of course was not much. In 1777, when the Continental Congress delivered a decree for the 13 colonies to give thanks for reaching a victory over the British at Saratoga, the Africans also took part in the celebration throughout the region. And, the tradition continued as a custom of rejoicing for rain to break droughts and plenty of harvest.\nSo, what did the slaves eat on this day they were allowed to celebrate? The slaves who worked in the fields would often go out and catch wild game for their family and close slave friends. The women would prepare cornmeal cakes, or pone cakes to go along with the game. The house slaves had it better than the field slaves; house slaves feasted on the leftovers from the “main house” after the slave-owners finished their meals.\nA forgotten fact, Thanksgiving started off as a church oriented celebration for the #black community. #African American pastors often gave sermons that could be heard loud and clear through the small black churches. The sermons would be about struggles, hopes, fears, and triumphs. The sermons usually grieved the institution of slavery; the suffering of the black people; and often pleaded for that an awakening of a slave-free America would some day come soon.\nAfrican Methodist Episcopalian cleric, Reverend Benjamin Arnett stirred a predominantly black congregation on November 30, 1876 with Biblically inspired words:\n…we call on all American citizens to love their country, and look not on the sins of the past, but arming ourselves for the conflict of the future, girding ourselves in the habiliments of Righteousness, march forth with the courage of a Numidian lion and with the confidence of a Roman Gladiator, and meet the demands of the age, and satisfy the duties of the hour…”\nThen let the grand Centennial Thanksgiving song be heard and sung in every house of God; and in every home may thanksgiving sounds be heard, for our race has been emancipated, enfranchised and are now educating, and have the gospel preached to them.\nIn 1863, Lincoln signed the proclamation of a national Thanksgiving Day, unifying the various regional practices that had already been taking place throughout the nation.\nI do therefore invite my fellow citizens in every part of the United States, and also those who are at sea and those who are sojourning in foreign lands, to set apart and observe the last Thursday of November next, as a day of Thanksgiving and Praise to our beneficent Father who dwelleth in the Heavens.”\nSome slaves saw the holidays as an opportunity to escape. They took advantage of relaxed work schedules and the holiday travels of slaveholders, who were too far away to stop them. While some slaveholders treated the holiday as any other workday, there have been numerous recordings of a variety of holiday traditions, including the suspension of work for celebration and family visits. Because many slaves had spouses, children, and family who were owned by different masters, and who lived on other properties. Slaves often requested passes to travel and visit family during this time. Some slaves used the passes to explain their presence on the road and delay the discovery of their escape, though their masters’ expectation was they would soon return from their “family visit.”\nToday, many African-Americans still spend time traveling and visiting family and friends during the holiday. But, many have moved away from spending Thanksgiving Day in church; that practice has long been forgotten by many. Thanksgiving today is not recognized for the same reasons as it was years ago. Today it is a day that spent with family and friends being thankful for one’s many blessings.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Preparing houseplants is one of the crucial steps for their utmost care and safety throughout the moving journey. They need your attention, like your small kids, as they are sensitive and delicate. They also need time to adjust themselves to a new environment. Some can even die or shed leaves due to a sudden shock.\nSudden changes in light and temperature can damage them in no time. Plus, large potted plants are difficult to lift and load and prone to damage.\nWith some careful planning and preparation, you can safely transport your pot plants to a new home and help bloom them in a new environment.\nIt is good to find a reliable company that can offer you safe removals Sunshine Coast by transiting your houseplants without causing any harm to them.\nHowever, you need to take care of different aspects and prepare your pot plants for a healthy move with the help of these tips:\nYou should never move your plants in the summer season because of the hot temperature and dry air. These two can damage the roots of your plants.\nIf you have no other option, take extra precautions and keep your pot plants hydrated to sustain the moisture in the roots.\nIf you have flexibility, you can easily relocate in any of the other seasons, as it will help you relocate green and blooming friends more comfortably.\nThis is one of the crucial steps that can save energy during the relocation process. Plus, trimming keeps them healthy and maintained.\nSo, trim all extra and dead branches and leaves so that your plant won’t waste any energy on dead parts. Trimming your plants one to two weeks before your move is good.\nDo not forget to check all potted plants to ensure there are no pests and parasites on them. Overlooking this step can risk all your plants. If you are left with fertilisers and pesticides after treating your plants, dispose of them because Removalists Sunshine Coast never moves hazardous items.\nTip: Contact the Biodiversity Queensland if you see any unusual pest on plants.\nCeramic pots are heavy and can damage your other furniture when transported in a truck. So, you can re-pot your large and heavy potted plants into plastic or shock-proof containers that won’t slip off easily from your hands. Such containers are sturdy and can save your plants from sudden shocks.\nTip: Use good quality plastic and re-pot a few weeks before your removals Sunshine Coast. You can also follow other methods to cut your moving costs if you are low on moving budget.\nShowering adequate water at least 2-3 days before the final move can prevent the soil from getting extra wet. If you water your plants on a moving day, they will start leaking, or roots may get damaged or develop mould in hot weather.\nIf you are moving plants o your own, arrange a temperature-controlled moving vehicle to keep your plants alive throughout the journey. Make sure a van is spacious enough to carry all types and sizes of pot plants.\nYou can move small plants in your car as well, while large potted ones need a rental van. You can follow more tips if moving from a city to the country and keep your other belongings safe.\nPack the ceramic pots after re-potting plants into plastic containers. Since ceramics are prone to damage, use high-quality packing materials. You can secure the pots using packing paper and bubble wrap. Place them in a sturdy moving box for extra protection.\nTips to pack potted plants like a pro:\nAlways remember this rule when relocating your pot plants. Pack them before your moving day to ensure they get the proper air and sunlight.\nToss the poisonous plants and mushrooms as this can lead to various health hazards. If you see some unwanted plants, get rid of them immediately.\nNever keep your houseplants in the moving vehicle for too long when they reach the final destination. Unpack them first and let them breathe and adjust to the new environment. You can renovate your home, add your beautiful and glowing plants to keep the indoor environment green and clean.\nMoving pot plants can be challenging, especially when doing it for the first time. You can trim dead leaves, remove pests and water them before packing using quality supplies for safe transportation. These tips will keep your plants secure throughout the journey and let you enjoy the process.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "The silk processing industry in the United States was firmly established in the late 1800s and early 1900s. Women insisted on silk stockings as the ultimate luxury for fashionable leg coverings. Silk dresses and scarves were the standard for outerwear. Scarves are still in great demand today as accessories even though nylon hosiery has displaced silk as the preferred leg fashion.\nThe Klots Throwing Company built a silk throwing mill in the town of Lonaconing, Maryland. The company closed in 1957 and the owners walked away, leaving a completely preserved mill, The Lonaconing Silk Mill\nThis is an unbelievably well-preserved mill lovingly cared for by Mr. Herbert Crawford for over thirty years. Wayne Firth photographed the mill in 2004. However, all things must be maintained and now the mill has been identified as an “endangered species.” The local newspaper, the Cumberland Times-News carried a story with color photos.\nBelow, the Klots advertisement which gives mention to the Lonaconing Mill, circa 1915 and coming from the Textile World Journal., from memory it appeared both in 1915 & 16 and although the throwing company was massive in the amount of mills they owned very little advertising appeared in any of the journals. They owned upwards of 14 mills with an annual turnover of $50 Million at the height of their business. Much too large for a website to cover but a very interesting company to at least cover via a timeline.\nCourtesy: Peter Metzke\nAmerican Raw Silk Inc. NY 1916", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "by Judith Curry\nKlotzbach and Gray ask whether the active Atlantic hurricane era has ended, owing to the negative values of the AMO.\nFor background on the AMO index, see the Wikipedia, including the different methods for calculating the AMO. Previous CE posts on the AMO:\n- Critique of Mann’s new paper characterizing the AMO\n- Climate model simulations of the AMO\n- Two contrasting views of multidecadal climate variability in the 20th century\nThe AMO also plays a dominant role in the stadium wave.\nKlotzbach and Gray\nSome excerpts from the paper below, focused on the AMO (see WUWT for additional excerpts related to hurricanes):\nThe Atlantic hurricane seasons in 2013 and 2014 were quieter than average, and there are indications that hurricane activity in 2015 will also be below normal. Here we investigate whether the active Atlantic hurricane era that began in 1995 may have ended. To this end, we assess hurricane variability in the Atlantic since 1878, along with a proxy for the Atlantic multidecadal oscillation (AMO), whose positive phases have been noted to be closely linked to active periods for Atlantic hurricanes. We find that the AMO proxy values are currently at their lowest values since the early 1990s, when Atlantic hurricane activity was well below average.\nThe AMO, an indicator of sea surface temperature (SST) variations in the North Atlantic, has been argued to arise from natural climate variations in the thermohaline circulation. Alternatively, it could be primarily driven by alterations in levels of sulfate aerosols. We argue that the weight of the evidence points towards natural oceanic variability being the principal driver of the AMO. The AMO phase was classified as being positive from 1878–1899, 1926–1969 and 1995–2012, and negative from 1900–1925 and 1970–19942. Positive AMO phases are characterized by above-average far North and tropical Atlantic SSTs, below-average tropical Atlantic sea level pressures (SLPs), and reduced levels of tropical Atlantic vertical wind shear. All three of these conditions are known to create a more favourable environment for Atlantic hurricane formation and intensification.\nAtlantic SSTs from 50–60° N, 50–10° W and SLPs from 0–50° N, 70–10° W has been utilized to monitor the strength of the AMO in real time. When the AMO is positive, SSTs in the far North Atlantic tend to be warmer, while SLPs throughout the tropics and subtropics tend to be lower. This index has decreased since 2012: SST anomalies in the tropical and far North Atlantic have become cooler and SLP anomalies throughout most of the Atlantic have increased. The decrease in far North Atlantic SSTs in the past three years has been associated with a weaker thermohaline circulation. Annual mean SSTs in the North Atlantic have cooled in 2013 and 2014 compared with values averaged from 1995 to 2012.\nA large variety of other climatic factors have also been shown to be linked to phase changes of the AMO including frequency and intensity of El Niño and likelihood of Sahelian drought. Consequently, the impacts of a potential phase change of the AMO extend well beyond its impacts on Atlantic basin hurricane activity.\nMcCarthy et al.\nOcean impact on decadal Atlantic climate variability revealed by sea-level observations\nGerard McCarthy, Ivan Haigh, Joel Hirschi, Jeremy Grist, David Smeed\nAbstract. Decadal variability is a notable feature of the Atlantic Ocean and the climate of the regions it influences. Prominently, this is manifested in the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) in sea surface temperatures. Positive (negative) phases of the AMO coincide with warmer (colder) North Atlantic sea surface temperatures. The AMO is linked with decadal climate fluctuations, such as Indian and Sahel rainfall1, European summer precipitation, Atlantic hurricanes3 and variations in global temperatures. It is widely believed that ocean circulation drives the phase changes of the AMO by controlling ocean heat content. However, there are no direct observations of ocean circulation of sufficient length to support this, leading to questions about whether the AMO is controlled from another source. Here we provide observational evidence of the widely hypothesized link between ocean circulation and the AMO. We take a new approach, using sea level along the east coast of the United States to estimate ocean circulation on decadal timescales. We show that ocean circulation responds to the first mode of Atlantic atmospheric forcing, the North Atlantic Oscillation, through circulation changes between the subtropical and subpolar gyres—the intergyre region. These circulation changes affect the decadal evolution of North Atlantic heat content and, consequently, the phases of the AMO. The Atlantic overturning circulation is declining and the AMO is moving to a negative phase. This may offer a brief respite from the persistent rise of global temperatures, but in the coupled system we describe, there are compensating effects. In this case, the negative AMO is associated with a continued acceleration of sea-level rise along the northeast coast of the United States.\nPublished in Nature.\nThe paper is discussed in good overview article in the Conversation: The Atlantic is entering a cool phase that will change the world’s weather. Excerpts:\nScientists have widely hypothesised that ocean circulation, and in particular the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation which sends warm surface water northward (the Gulf Stream) and deeper cold water southward, drives the phases of the AMO by moving heat around. However, we do not have direct observations of ocean circulation of sufficient duration to support this theory, which has lead some to question whether the AMO is actually controlled by the ocean.\nWe have measurements of the strength of the Gulf Stream flow in the Straits of Florida since 1982 and the flow across the Greenland-Scotland ridge since the mid-1990s. Since 2004, we also have continuous, full-depth, basin-wide measurements of the Atlantic overturning circulation with the RAPID monitoring project at 26ºN. However, none of these records are long enough to directly link ocean circulation with the decadal climate variations such as the AMO.\nSea-level measurements from tide gauges on the other hand extend back more than 100 years in places. Many studies, dating back to 1938, have used this data to study variations in ocean circulation.\nIn our latest research we were able to show that differences in sea level along the US east coast provide a measure of the strength of ocean circulation.\nSea-level fluctuations from Florida to Boston can be divided by Cape Hatteras, where the Gulf Stream leaves the coast to flow eastward. The difference (south minus north) is representative of ocean circulation, and more circulation means more heat is transported.\nBy comparing our sea-level index against the AMO index we were able to provide, for the first time, observational evidence of the widely hypothesised link between ocean circulation and the AMO.\nOur results show that ocean circulation responds to the first mode of Atlantic atmospheric forcing, the North Atlantic Oscillation, through circulation changes between the subtropical and subpolar gyres – the intergyre region. This a major influence on the wind patterns and the heat transferred between the atmosphere and ocean.\nThe observations that we do have of the Atlantic overturning circulation over the past ten years show that it is declining. As a result, we expect the AMO is moving to a negative (colder surfer waters) phase. This is consistent with observations of temperature in the North Atlantic.\nPaul Dorian of Vencore has an interesting article The Atlantic Ocean is showing signs of a possible significant long-term shift from warm-to-cold. Worth reading, this paragraph about Arctic sea ice in particular caught my eye:\nIf the Atlantic Ocean is indeed slipping back into a colder-than-normal phase (i.e., negative AMO) then this would quite likely have a significant impact on Northern Hemisphere (NH) sea ice areal extent. The NH sea ice areal extent was generally at above-normal levels before the middle 1990’s (arrow in plot below) which is when the Atlantic Ocean temperature phase change took place from cold-to-warm. Once the warm phase of the Atlantic Ocean became established in the late 1990’s, the NH sea ice areal extent trended sharply downward from positive levels into well below-normal territory. In recent years, there has been a jagged, but generally sideways trend in NH sea ice areal extent at those well below normal levels. However, if these recent signs of a possible long-term Atlantic Ocean temperature phase change from warm-to-cold are “real and sustained” (and sometimes there are false starts), then the NH sea ice areal extent will very likely return to above-normal levels in the not too distant future – just as it was during the last cold phase pre-mid 1990’s.\nHere is the most up to date (conventional) AMO plot I can find, by van Oldenborgh:\nHmmm . . . not looking too negative in recent years. If you look at the ‘official’ NOAA AMO monthly index data page [link], you don’t see too much in the way of negative monthly AMO values (4 of the months in 2014 had slightly negative values). Reading the fine print, I see that they use the Kaplan SST v2 to make the calculations – I do not regard the Kaplan SST as one of the better SST data sets (I prefer the HADSST, or OISST).\nKlotzbach and Gray have developed a new method for calculating the AMO (referred to as ‘AMO proxy values’), that relates better to the Atlantic hurricanes:\nA proxy using a combination of North Atlantic SSTs from 50–60° N, 50–10° W and SLPs from 0–50° N, 70–10° W has been utilized to monitor the strength of the AMO in real time\nSo, not only does the method of determining the AMO matter, but presumably also the underlying SST data set used in the calculation.\nWhither the AMO?\nSo, does the Klotzbach/Gray version of the AMO combined with low Atlantic hurricane activity, along with a slow down in the AMOC, portend a flip to the cold phase of the AMO?\nHere is the way that I have been looking at this, which is encapsulated by the stadium wave wheel. According to the stadium wave wheel, we passed peak AMO circa ~2010, so we are arguably in a declining phase, heading to a time in the ~mid 2020’s when the index switches to the cool phase (I’ve seen other estimates of the switch around 2030).\nThe stadium wave says nothing about short term fluctuations, such as was seen in the mid 1940’s. Perhaps we are encountering an analogous cool blip, to return in a few years to warm values.\nOr perhaps we are headed for a surprise. If the AMO is truly an unforced internal oscillation, the oscillation can cease, change frequency or amplitude at any time. If external forcing (e.g. solar) plays an important role, then such a dramatic change is less likely. Since we are still trying to figure out the AMO, we really don’t know.\nWith regards to sea ice, and I have been predicting this for several years, I see a recovery occurring in the Atlantic sector of the Arctic.\nWith regards to hurricanes, I took a look at the number of Atlantic hurricanes during the period in the mid 1940’s with cool AMO [link], and I don’t see a dip. Klotzbach and Gray have their work cut out in terms of trying to figure out why we have had 3 dud Atlantic hurricane seasons in a row. The El Nino’s obviously played a role, but new complexities seem to be emerging.\nJC forecast: The AMO seems to be headed for the cool phase, I think we need to start watching for a cool flip around 2020 (I think it is early yet to see a flip). But I am prepared to be surprised.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "- 28th Annual Archaeological Report 1916\n- 29th Annual Archaeological Report 1917 – The Nipissings: Coming of the White Man\n- Chief Semo Commanda 1828-1938\n- Chief Alexander Dokis 1916 (Letter)\n- Jesuit Journals\n- Nipissing 1927\n- Nipissing Legends of the Nipissing Tribal Indians\n- Personal Recollections of Residential School\nVisit the Culture & Heritage section of our website for recent publications.\nWhat our community can do to ensure the restoration of language, culture and heritage:\nUnderstand the importance of language restoration. The values, world view and understanding of the land is embedded in our language.\n- Understand the importance of culture restoration and of traditional ceremonies and culture to our original values. These values create a strong foundation and empower Anishinaabe identity for families.\n- Share old family photos and documents of people, places and community events with the Library or Culture Centre to fully show the culture of Nbisiing.\n- Donate fabric, ribbon, thread, beads, trimmings, etc. to the Culture Centre. These materials go to help volunteers make basic regalia for children.\n- Become a volunteer at the annual pow wow. The best way to see your vision in the restoration of culture and language is to become actively involved.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Every student is entitled to receive an education and is protected by law against sexual harassment while in school.\nIn today’s school setting, a student may encounter sexual harassment from other students, teachers, or school staff members.\nSexual harassment doesn’t affect women only. Many boys also are sexually harassed.\nSame sex sexual harassment is also a prevailing issue that must be dealt with in the school system.\nUnwanted love letters, or even the classic “writing in the boy’s locker room are not simply innocent acts of affection or pranks. In today’s school environment, these acts are considered sexual harassment and may be punished by law.\nSome other examples of sexual harassment include unwanted touching, flashing, mooning, or exposing, verbal name calling with a sexual undertone, spying on someone while they are taking a shower, using the restroom, or undressing in school, and spreading rumors about someone’s sexual life, gender, or orientation.\nWhen someone is facing sexual harassment in their school, they begin to suffer psychological and emotional distress.\nThey may have difficulty concentrating on their work and they may become fearful of certain situations, classes, and people.\nUnfortunately, many school officials do not take sexual harassment as seriously as they should. They often make the mistake of thinking that children are just simply playing games or teasing and that with a warning the behavior will stop.\nThis often isn’t’ the case and sexual harassment should never be dismissed lightly. It is a serious crime that may lead to detrimental consequences.\nAn attorney should always be contacted to handle cases of sexual harassment in the school setting.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "This is HMS Victory, of over 100 guns, a typical “first-rate” line-of-battle warship of the late 18th century. As a rule, ships of the line were of 74 guns and over. They were designed to be used in fleets, against other ships of the line. During the Napoleonic wars, Britain kept over a hundred vessels like this in service. To support these main line battleships, there were also many frigates (roughly 30-50 guns) used for patrol, escort, blockade, raiding and cruising. The American USS Constitution, was a frigate, albeit a very powerful and advanced one. Smaller ships, like corvettes, were for scouting, picket duty, and for carrying dispatches and relaying flag signals.\n“they built ships of the line.” John Ruskin\nTake it all in all, a Ship of the Line is the most honorable thing that man, as a gregarious animal, has ever produced. By himself, unhelped, he can do better things than ships of the line; he can make poems and pictures, and other such concentrations of what is best in him. But as a being living in flocks, and hammering out, with alternate strokes and mutual agreement, what is necessary for him in those flocks, to get or produce, the ship of the line is his first work. Into that he has put as much of his human patience, common sense, forethought, experimental philosophy, self-control, habits of order and obedience, thoroughly wrought handwork, defiance of brute elements, careless courage, careful patriotism, and calm expectation of the judgment of God, as can well be put into a space of 300 feet long by 80 broad. And I am thankful to have lived in an age when I could see this thing so done.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Farm Safety Week Day 4 – Consider Child Safety\nToday, the fourth day of Farm Safety Week, the focus is on keeping children safe on the farm.\nFarms can be family homes as well as workplaces, with children often present. Tragically, between 2007 and 2016, in Ireland, 23 children lost their lives due to farm accidents.\nAccording to Caroline Farrell, IFA Farm Family Chairperson: “Summer is a particularly dangerous time for children on farms as they’re off school and are about more when work activity is running at a very high level – often with contractors on-site operating potentially dangerous vehicles and machinery.\n“A farm can be a magical place for children, where independence and responsibility are fostered and family relationships are strengthened, but it can also be a dangerous place where the unthinkable can happen in a matter of seconds. Growing up on a farm brings both challenges and blessings. It builds character and a solid work ethic and creates an attitude of optimism, but it also has its dangers, which is why it is so important to educate children on safety and risks from an early age.”\nAgri Aware Chairman Richard Richard Moeran said, “It is vital that every possible step is taken to reduce the number of fatalities that happen each year on Irish farms, the first step is educating people, especially children. If we can instil in their minds, from an early age, an awareness of the dangers on the farm, and help them to form good farm safety habits, that lesson will be with them for a lifetime.”\nAgri Aware the agri-food educational body has a number of resources focusing on farm safety including the “Once Upon a Farm” farm safety awareness video. For more information visit www.agriaware.ie\nFor more information on Farm Safety Week UK & Ireland visit ifalegacystagi.wpengine.com/farm-safety or follow @IFAmedia on Twitter using the hashtag #FarmSafetyWeek", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Seven thousand, seven hundred years ago Mount Mazama, in southern Oregon, erupted violently, leaving behind a gigantic crater six miles wide and a half mile deep. For over 7,000 years, rain, snow and glacial ice slid down the sides of this crater to form a lake–the deepest in North America. At nearly 2,000 feet in depth, there are no inlets or outlets to cause sedimentation. It is so deep and clear that it is one of the bluest lakes of our continent.\nIn the 1870s, the naturalist John Muir spoke with a Hewisedawi (Pit River Indian) elder, who described an ancient oral tradition of a gigantic volcanic eruption. Muir recorded this in his book Steep Trails (1918): A mountain erupted so violently that “the whole sky was full of cinders and threatened all living things. When the eruption finally ceased, the sun peered through the dark volcanic clouds as a blood-red ball.” Most of present-day, northern California and southern Oregon is full of lava cliffs, lava beds, and cinder cones.\nMy wife, Maura, and I traveled with friends of ours to Crater Lake National Park in October 1997. Once we arrived, we could see nothing through thick layers of fog and mist. Douglas fir trees drooped with icicles, and five-foot piles of snow lined the rim-top road. At Phantom Ship Overlook, we could sense a vast void of space out there, but the few gusts of wind exposed nothing more than sheer cliffs with snow-laced trees clinging to the sides. Needless to say we were all quite disappointed!\nSeventeen years later in September, 2014, Maura and I drove up from Crescent City, California, to Roseburg, Oregon, to have a nice, hot lunch. We continued on highway 138 for perhaps an hour before we saw the sign for the north entrance to Crater Lake National Park. We continued through scattered forests and passed the great volcanic Pumice Beds before we reached Merriam Point on the north shore of the lake. Unlike seventeen years ago, it was a crystal clear, cold and windy day with a very bright sun.\nWe anxiously climbed up to an overlook slightly above 7,000 feet elevation to see a vast expanse of a sparkling deep blue lake and Wizard Island, rising straight out of the western shoreline with its miniature crater at the very top. We just stood and stared in the cold wind for perhaps fifteen minutes before continue to a higher point of the rim and look across to Cleetwood Cove, the lowest point of the crater’s rim. During the summer months, boat tours sail around the lake and provided an amazing perspective from below.\n2,000 feet at the bottom of the lake, geologists have determined that there are hydro-thermal pools that much deeper residual lava continue to heat. These pools have thick mats of bacteria that thrive in these warm spots deep in the lake. As far down as 400 feet, layers of bright green moss line the underwater cliffs. Scientists in the Deep Rover, an exploratory submarine, discovered these features just a few years ago.\nWe climbed back down to our car and proceeded to the East Rim Drive and the Rim Village, where visitors can stay a the famed Crater Lake Lodge. We could not help but become mesmerized by the sheer beauty of rim views all along the way. We just had to stop a half dozen times to get out and look at things, whether the lake itself, Wizard Island, windblown forests, pumice fields or distant dormant craters rising into the sky. After a nice hot cup of coffee and huckleberry rolls at village’s café, we continued our journey northward to Bend, Oregon, and eventually to our home in Denver, Colorado.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "|Asterism Travels & Tours - Myanmar||Chin state on the west of Myanmar - Burma|\nStates and divisions - Chin state\nThe mountainous state is bordering with Bangladesh and India on the west, and Rakhine state on the south, Magwe and Sagaing divisons on the east. The whole region is made up of high hills and deep valleys, and there is hardly any plain or plateau. The average elevation varies between 1500 and 2700 meters, the highest being Nat Ma Taung or Mt. Victoria in southern Chin state at 3100 meters above sea level.\nManipur river flows from India into Chin state from the northern tip, passes Ton Zang, Tiddim, Falam and then turns to the east to the low land to join Myittha river in Magwe division. Myittha river in turn flows into Chindwin river in Sagaing division. Near Falam there is a hydroelectric power station.\nOther important rivers are Kissipanadi or Kaladan river, and Laymyo river both of them flow southward to Rakhine state and later empty themselves into the bay of Bengal (Indian ocean). The rivers in the state are full of rapids and white waters, and thus not suitable for navigation. Only small boats and canoes can travel in certain sections, mostly downstream.\nEthnic groups living in Chin state include Chin, Lai, Simbhrin, Kumi, Cho, Siyin, Matu, and Bamar. Majority of population is Christian. Major occupation is agriculture, however it is not well developed due to the scarcity of large valleys and plains. Shifting cultivation is still prevalent. Terrance cultivation is slowly being introduced along the hillsides. Due to difficult terrain human labour is the main driving force of work done. Mountain rice, wheat, maize, coffee, orange, damson and apple are grown. Chin textiles especially blankets and Yaw Longyi (circular ring of cloth worn at the waist to cover the lower part of the body) are famous. Many Chins still use the traditional method of hand weaving.\nTeak and other hardwoods are found at elevation below 900 meters. Above 900 meters there are oaks and pines. Teak, pines, canes, resin and turpentine are important forest products. Since electricity is not available in most villages people depend on the wood for cooking.\nTravel and tourism\nTravel to Chin state is mainly by car on poor roads cut along the mountain sides and valleys. Very rugged nature of the landscape makes travel difficult, and land slides are not un-common. In certain areas cars have to carry shovels and garden hoe to clear the land slide and stones cover. Normal Chin villagers would travel daily on foot from village to village and to and from the farms.\nPalatwa town in the southern Chin state could be reached from northern Rakhine state by Kissipanadi river. It is possible by only small motor boats. The road from Kyauk Taw (Rakhing state) is good only in the dry season for rough trucks. The other southern towns such as Kanpetlet (where Nat Ma Taung or Mt. Victoria national park is), Mindat, Madupi could be reached from the central plain region. The roads are not so good, however they are in so so conditions. The only north-south highway within the state connects the northern border town of Chikha (close to Indian border) to Ton Zang, Tiddin, Falam, Hakha, Aika and Madupi.\nFrom Kalay (Sagaing division) both large and small trucks carrying passengers and goods travel to Tiddin, Falam and Hakha daily in summer (February - July) and winter (October - February).\nTourism is by permission. Climbing the peak of Mt. Victoria is usually done from Bagan. In Kampatlet there is (January, 2004) a lodge offering basic bungalow style accommodation. In other towns tourists have to use government guest houses since small private hotels do not have basic tourist facilities. There is a beautiful heart shape lake called \"Reh\" close to the Indian border, which can be reached from Falam by jeep. The border check point at Chikha is opened to local people only.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "The many names of God and their Meaning (Part 1)\nIn the book of Genesis the book of beginnings Gods name Elohim means creator.In the beginning God or Elohim created the heaven and the earth and the earth was without form and void and darkness was upon the face of the deep, and the spirit of God moved upon the face of the waters. And God said let there be light and there was light (Genesis 1:1-3)KJV.\nWhen we think about creators today and their craft, what they create must be copyrighted in order to protect their project from being stolen. The consistency that is found with every creator is that they must take materials that have already been created for them to create. God or Elohim created the heaven and earth from nothing except his spoken word. Hebrews 11:3 declares through faith we understand that the worlds were framed by the word of God so that things which are seen were not made of things which do appear.\nSo what does God's name Elohim mean for the world today? That God can take nothing and make something out of it. Lets begin with mankind and how God formed him from the dust of the ground and breathed into him and he became a living soul. Dust is considered nothing and in fact it is dusted off of furniture and if it gets into the eyes it is irritating and wiped out, but God took nothing (dust) and created something out of it (mankind).\nEvery creator looks at their creation and critiques it, and God (Elohim) did the same thing when he voiced that his creation was good and that his creation of man was very good. It should then be understood that when God takes the circumstances of our life that are nothing for him to handle because the bible says is there anything too hard for God? And he always works all things together for good to them that love the Lord and to them who are the called according to his purpose (Roman 8:28).\nWe have all experienced situations in life where there was no way out and nothing could be done practically speaking, but these are the exact cases that Elohim specializes in because he makes a way out of no way. An example of this can be seen at the Red sea where the children of Israel had no way out. They were at the Red sea and could not go forward and Pharaoh and his army were fast approaching behind them and the mountains were on both sides of them. Elohim became creative with his creation and made a way out of no way by forming a walk way on dry ground as the water became walls standing up on both sides. Only Elohim could create walls out of water and drown the enemy from the same water that Israel walked through.\nValues create reality\nAs a creative artist one of the laws of painting are properly placed values. Values are different shades created from the same color. For instance with the right amount of the color white in a color there will be lighter and darker shades of that color. Properly placed it can make a painting look 3d and real while one color without values make a painting look flat and uninteresting. Elohim places values in our life from his word to create genuine and real people. People can spot phonies and if the body of Christ is going to impact the world then Christians must be real. By real I mean to live the life they preach about because Matthew 5 says to let your light so shine that men may see your good works and glorify the Father which is in heaven. By real I mean living the life of holiness even if nothing is said but only observed.\nMore by this Author\nIn the book of Genesis chapter one and verse twenty-eight we read...and God blessed them and said be fruitful, multiply, replenish, subdue and have dominion (Paraphrase). The blessing of the Lord is not the tangible...\nThe subject of finance as it relates to the church is a controversial subject to many people because of the misuse and abuse of it. And because of the abuse of it by some clergy, people have had a tendency to throw the...\nOne of the Hebrew meanings for midnight is chatsoth which means middle of the night and during this special time God brought many fantastic things to pass. He is willing to do the same thing today...", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "1 Answer | Add Yours\nWith regard to indigenous Australians, protectionism was an early policy that was taken by the Australian government. It was very similar to paternalism in that it assumed that the aboriginal people could not take care of themselves. It assumed that they needed to be protected from white Australians.\nIn the early colonial days, the relationship between white Australians and aborigines could be very violent. As the white population grew and white settlements expanded, conflict between them and the aborigines increased. There were numerous instances of violence and even massacres such as the Myall Creek Massacre of 1838 in New South Wales.\nBecause of this, the government eventually decided that something had to be done to protect the aborigines. They were dying out because of the violence and because of disease and the loss of their lands. The government therefore set up systems to try to protect them and care for them. This was very closely connected to the paternalistic policies discussed in the answer to your question on paternalism.\nThus, the policy of protectionism was very similar to paternalism. It was an early policy in Australian history meant to protect aboriginal Australians from the harm that white settlement was doing to them.\nWe’ve answered 319,201 questions. We can answer yours, too.Ask a question", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "New Screen Time Recommendations for Babies, Kids, and Teens Released\nParenting is a heck of a lot more complicated than it used to be. For one, raising a child in a hyper-connected world raises a lot of questions about the benefits and drawbacks of technology use. The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) does its best to offer answers, and has just updated its recommendations on media use for kids.\nToday, October 21, the AAP put out two updates, both published in the journal Pediatrics: “Media and Young Minds” recommendations for infants, toddlers, and preschoolers [PDF]; and “Media Use in School-Aged Children and Adolescents” [PDF]. The upshot of both is that parents should approach the screen-time issue with a strategy.\n“Families should proactively think about their children’s media use and talk with children about it,” report author Jenny Radesky said in a statement, “because too much media use can mean that children don’t have enough time during the day to play, study, talk, or sleep. What’s most important is that parents be their child’s ‘media mentor.’ That means teaching them how to use it as a tool to create, connect, and learn.”\nThe new recommendations lift the AAP’s previous ban on screen time for kids under 2 years old, but it still warns parents and pediatricians to restrict media time for very small children.\nOther recommendations include:\n- For children younger than 18 months, avoid use of screen media other than video-chatting. Parents of children 18 to 24 months of age who want to introduce digital media should choose high-quality and interactive programming, and watch it with their children to help them understand what they’re seeing.\n- For children ages 2 to 5 years, limit screen use to 1 hour per day of high-quality programs. Parents should co-view media with children to help them understand what they are seeing and apply it to the world around them.\n- For children ages 6 and older, place consistent limits on the time spent using media, and the types of media, and make sure media does not take the place of adequate sleep, physical activity, and other behaviors essential to health.\n- Designate media-free times together, such as dinner or driving, as well as media-free locations at home, such as bedrooms.\n- Have ongoing communication about online citizenship and safety, including treating others with respect online and offline.\nOlder kids and teens are not immune to media influence, the report cautions. Scores of studies have linked childhood consumption of TV and other media to lower self-esteem, unrealistic expectations, and believing harmful stereotypes.\nPhysician and education expert Megan Moreno co-authored the policy report on media use in older children. “Parents play an important role in helping children and teens navigate media, which can have both positive and negative effects,” she said. “Parents can set expectations and boundaries to make sure their children’s media experience is a positive one. The key is mindful use of media within a family.”\nKnow of something you think we should cover? Email us at firstname.lastname@example.org.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Constructing Meaning through Talk: A Research Study Examining the Use of Dialogic Discourse in Guided Reading to Promote Student-Centered Classroom Practices in Primary Classrooms\nType of DegreePhD Dissertation\nCurriculum and Teaching\nMetadataShow full item record\nTeachers have been tackling the best approaches to teaching reading comprehension for decades. The classroom teacher becomes a vital component in improving the critical thinking students must develop within academic settings. Fostering the development of the metacognitive processes needed to support students’ ability to think critically and meaningfully before, during, and after reading requires the classroom teacher to utilize a multitude of skills and strategies. One way teachers can encourage and strengthen students’ thought processes is through dialogic discourse. Dialogic discourse is thinking and talking about reading at a deeper and more meaningful level. From this discourse, emerges new knowledge and learning. The strategic use of dialogic discourse during small group instruction, specifically during the implementation of the guided reading structure, has the potential to better enhance students’ metacognitive processes, which leads to more student-centered classroom practices. An embedded mixed methods study was conducted to understand how teachers and students experience and perceive the use of dialogic discourse within guided reading and to further examine implications which can be made on the use of dialogic teaching in guided reading to promote student-centered classroom practices. Using the social constructivist grounded theory approach (Charmaz, 2008), this study collected various points of data in order to examine how dialogic discourse might help to develop more student-centered classrooms when strategically placed within the guided reading framework. This study included five primary classroom teachers with intact kindergarten, first grade, and second grade classrooms in a Southeastern state in the United States. Data were analyzed using the open and focused coding process to potentially develop a theory grounded in the data. Evidence derived from the data supported teacher-participants who made attempts to engage students with more opportunities to read books and have more dialogue around text were able to create opportunities for students to transfer knowledge from one task to the next task. Teacher-participants who made attempts to use questioning as an instructional support to construct meaning also created more student-centered classroom environments as the students were taking more ownership in their learning.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "This 1973 photograph shows an habitation à loyer modéré (HLMs, English: ”housing at moderated rents”), which is similar to housing projects in the United States built around the same time. The HLM pictured is in Sarcelles, a French commune approximately 16 kilometers north of Paris. The area is home to a sizable immigrant population, the majority of which are Algerian Jews and Northwest Africans, but also large numbers of Maghrebi Muslim immigrants. HLMs were built during the 1950s and 1960s in response to booming population and lack of housing due to a halt on construction during the second world war.\nCreator 1 Role\nCity Planning -- Housing -- Low-income housing; Cities and towns -- France -- Sarcelles;\nSmolski, Chet, \"Sarcelles: HLMs (Subsidized Housing in France)\" (1973). Browse All. 888.\nnew towns; HLM; housing, rental; immigrants; low-income housing;", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "This is a fun Christmas-themed activity that will allow you to target a variety of areas such as core vocabulary, inferencing, pronouns, adjectives, mean length of utterance, describing, commenting and more in Spanish & English!\nRead the prompt to your student and have he/she guess what's inside the present. Reveal what is inside the present by dragging the present. Have your student drag the toy item onto the sentence strip and then say the sentence strip. Reveal a hidden video by dragging the rectangle. Watch the video about the toy and create more language opportunities! Want to see a preview? Click here\nCore words targeted:\n- open (abre)\n- he/she (él/ella)\n- see (veo)\n- have (tiene)\nSentence strips included:\n- I + have / Tengo + un(a)\n- He/She+ has / Él/Ella + tiene\n- I +see / Veo + un(a)\n- Verb+article+adjective+noun /Verbo+articulo+sustantivo+adjetivo\n- Boom Cards MUST be accessed through the website Boom Learning\n- You will receive a link upon purchase or upon downloading this product.\n- Boom Cards™ cannot be printed. Boom Cards can be accessed via modern browser, Android, iPads, iPhones, and Kindle Fires.\n- You will be prompted to open free or paid Boom Learning account to use decks and assign them to students (for security and privacy purposes).\n- In order to redeem your Boom Cards, you must sign up for a FREE Boom Learning account.\n- Free accounts include the ability to generate student progress reports for 5 students and to make up to five decks.\nYOU WILL NEED THE FOLLOWING TO ACCESS BOOM CARDS:\n- A computer, laptop, tablet, or Chromebook\n- An internet browser OR the FREE BOOM app in order to access from tablet or phone\n- A Boom Learning account (THIS IS FREE)", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "At least 60 million Indians — a number more than the population of South Africa — suffer from mental disorders, even as the country lags the world in medical professionals and spending on mental-health issues.\nNearly 10-20 million Indians (1-2 per cent of the population) suffered from severe mental disorders such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, and nearly 50 million (5 per cent of population) suffered from common mental disorders like depression and anxiety at the end of 2005, Health and Family Welfare Minister J.P. Nadda informed the Lok Sabha (lower house of Parliament) in May 2016, quoting data from the National Commission on Macroeconomics and Health, 2005, the last report available.\nIndia spends 0.06 per cent of its health budget on mental health care. This is less than Bangladesh (0.44 per cent). Most developed nations spend above four per cent of their budgets on mental health research, infrastructure, frameworks and talent pool, according to a 2011 World Health Organisation (WHO) report.\nThe government has commissioned a national mental health survey through the National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, to estimate the number of mental patients and utilisation patterns of mental health services.\nStarted on June 1, 2015, the study interviewed 27,000 respondents by April 5, 2016, according to a reply in the Lok Sabha from the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.\nIndia is short of health professionals to address mental issues, particularly at the district and sub-district level.\nThere are 3,800 psychiatrists, 898 clinical psychologists, 850 psychiatric social workers and 1,500 psychiatric nurses nationwide, according to a reply by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare in the Lok Sabha in December 2015.\nThis means there were three psychiatrists per million people, according to data from WHO, 18 times fewer than the commonwealth norm of 5.6 psychiatrists per 100,000 people.\nBy this estimate, India is short of 66,200 psychiatrists. Similarly, based on the global average of 21.7 psychiatric nurses per 100,000 people, India needs 269,750 nurses.\nThe Mental Health Care Bill, 2013, which provides for protection and promotion of rights of persons with mental illness during the delivery of health care in institutions and in the community, was passed unanimously by a voice vote in the Rajya Sabha (upper house of Parliament) on August 8, 2016.\nThe new Bill has increased the funding to centres of excellence in mental health, from Rs 30 crore to Rs 33.70 crore per centre.\nAs many as 15 centres of excellence in mental health and 35 post-graduate training departments in mental health specialties have been funded to address the shortage of mental health professionals nationwide.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Crop development information\nSurveys in this category focus on canopy development or growth of the crop(s) cultivated on the FMU throughout the cropping season. The frequency at which such information should be collected during the cropping season will depend, among other things, on the crop type, the parameter being measured, available labor vis-à-vis measurement equipment and the frequency of satellite image acquisition. Within the STARS project, information on crop canopy development were collected every 2 weeks.\nBecause these parameters will be periodically measured during the cropping season, a sampling approach needs to be adopted in order to reduce the amount of work. For example, a FMU can be sub-divided into square quadrats of 1 or 4 m2 area, from which a sample can be selected within which measurements will take place (Wagner et al., 2000). This approach was, for instance, adopted by the STARS team in Mali/Nigeria. FMUs were sub-divided into 2 x 2 m quadrats from which five were selected for measurement of seasonal canopy development variables. As much as possible, the quadrats selected should be evenly distributed over the FMU and represent the spatial variability within it (Figure 1).\nOn each visit (depending on the adopted frequency), it is advisable to take a series of geo-referenced pictures of the FMU to provide an overview snapshot of the general field status and plant conditions. These pictures can be taken from multiple directions, i.e. outside or inside the field perimeter, before initiating field measurements.\nMeasurements in the selected quadrats should always follow a standard sequence (e.g. clockwise direction) starting with quadrat 1, quadrat 2, quadrat 3, quadrat 4, quadrat 5, etc. Within each quadrat, a horizontal picture can be taken at the centre before any other measurement or biomass samples are taken.\nCanopy development parameters that are worth monitoring during the cropping season are:\n- Phenological development: this entails monitoring the different crop developmental stages, e.g. germination, leaf development, flowering, fruiting, maturity and senescence. For each FMU and each visit, it is important to note the developmental stage of the crop(s) cultivated. This information is fundamental to crop identification on RS data.\n- Plant height: The height of crop(s) should be measured at each visit to an FMU. This information complements the phenological information in (1) above, as it depicts the continual growth of a crop up to maturity. This can be used to, among other things, validate canopy height models generated from UAV or other stereo images.\n- Leaf Area Index (LAI): LAI is defined as the ratio of one sided leaf area per unit ground area (m2/m2). The index characterizes plant canopy structure and gives an idea of the amount of biomass available in a field. Different crop types may have different LAI and at different growth stages (i.e. due essentially to different leaf structure/sizes). Thus, if the appropriate measurement equipment is available, it is important to measure the LAI of crops at each visit.\n- Ground crop cover/fraction: this is defined as the percentage of plant material which covers the soil surface. There is a natural relationship between this and LAI. Measuring and monitoring crop ground cover can assist in reducing the susceptibility of soils to erosion. Similar to LAI, this parameter could differ for different crops, and hence potential for separability during crop classification. Other application of this information is in irrigation scheduling.\n- Chlorophyll content: this indicates the level/amount of greenness of a plant. Measuring and monitoring this in different quadrats of a field over time may reveal variation in plant conditions (e.g. plant stress) across a FMU.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Radar Imager for Mars' subsurFAce eXperiment (RIMFAX)\nThe Radar Imager for Mars' subsurFAce eXperiment (RIMFAX) is ground-penetrating radar (GPR) instrument selected to fly on the 2020 rover and designed to produce from the surface of Mars, for the first time, high-resolution stratigraphic information about the subsurface of the Red Planet.\nRIMFAX will operate as the rover drives and will be commanded to produce individual soundings in different modes, where some modes are for shallow and others are for deep penetration. The default operation will produce interleaved pairs of shallow- and deep-soundings at every 10 cm along a rover traverse. The expectation is for RIMFAX signals to achieve penetrations of 10 m, but it may well exceed that for subsurface conditions that are friendly to the propagation of radar waves.\nThe overarching goal of RIMFAX is to image the subsurface structure and constrain the nature of the material underlying the landing site. This is made possible because the propagation of radar waves is sensitive to the dielectric properties of materials, such that variations in composition and porosity across geologic strata yield radar reflections that can be identified, mapped, and interpreted in the geological sense.\nSpecifically, RIMFAX supports and enhances the Mars 2020 investigation in the following, but not limited, ways:\n- Assess the depth and extent of regolith;\n- Detect different subsurface layers and their relationship to visible surface outcrops;\n- Characterize the stratigraphic section from which a cored-and-cached sample derives, including crosscutting relations and features indicative of past environments.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "How stress related to autism spectrum disorder affects families\nFamily members experience and respond to stress in different ways. There's no one right way of feeling or responding to your child with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). But it does help to be understanding of each other's feelings.\nFeelings and stress\nIt's normal to feel a range of emotions. At different stages in your child's life, you might feel shock, sadness, anger, denial, loneliness and acceptance. These feelings can be a source of stress for you and other people in your family.\nBut these feelings are all stages in the grieving process, which parents of children with special needs often go through after getting a diagnosis. It's completely natural to feel any of these at any time.\nAfter all, you might have imagined teaching your child his ABCs, hosting birthday parties, going to sports day or wondering what your child might be like as a teenager. What you had imagined might be different from the reality, depending on your child's abilities. You might need to adjust your expectations.\nWhatever your feelings, it's important to recognise them and acknowledge that they're OK.\nDifferent family members, different feelings\nYou and your partner might be at different stages in your feelings, which can also cause stress. Also, different things cause different people stress.\nFor example, mothers are often more stressed than fathers - possibly because mothers tend to be the primary caregivers in many families. Particular sources of stress for mothers include children's unpredictable sleeping patterns, difficulties with social skills, limited ability to express emotion, and fussy eating.\nFor fathers, children's difficult behaviour often seems to be a cause of stress.\nSiblings of children with ASD also experience ASD-related stress. They're sometimes bothered by their siblings' behaviour difficulties - often because this behaviour embarrasses them or stops them from bringing friends home to play.\nMembers of the extended family can feel stress too, as they watch how the family is responding to the child with ASD.Stress not only affects family members as individuals but their relationships with each other as well. Looking after your family relationships can help with family stress management.\nFamily stress and autism spectrum disorder: common causes\nFamilies with children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) often experience more stress than other families. They can feel stressed because they:\n- are coming to terms with the diagnosis\n- feel overwhelmed by the things they don't yet know or understand about ASD and what it means for their children\n- feel they have little control over the future for their children with ASD\n- are having trouble handling children's challenging behaviour, including how children interact with others, eat or sleep\n- are having trouble navigating the ASD service system, which is quite complex\n- are finding it hard to manage daily life with children with ASD - doing things with a child with ASD can simply take longer and can often be quite frustrating\n- worry about who can care for their children with ASD when they need a break.\nAvoiding stress when you have a child with autism spectrum disorder\nAlthough stress is part of life, there are some things you can do to avoid getting too stressed in the first place.\nStress is often related to the feeling that things are out of your control. Getting organised is a very effective way to get things - including your stress levels - under control.\nIn your daily life, for example, focus on getting one thing done at a time. Try to put some family routines into action. You can adjust routines for children with disabilities like autism spectrum disorder (ASD).\nLooking after yourself\nWhen you have a child with ASD, it's easy to forget to make time for yourself. But you can reduce the stress levels in your family by making sure that all family members - including you - have time to do things that make them feel good.\nGet everyone to make a list of things that they enjoy. Try to make sure that everyone gets to do something from their list every day, or every couple of days. The lists should have a mix of activities that vary in cost and time. Having a range of activities on your lists can help ensure that everyone can do something they enjoy, even during busy times. A roster can help you keep track. If you put the roster somewhere that everyone can see it - the fridge door, for example - it can remind you to make fun part of your daily life.\nMaintaining family traditions\nFamily traditions can give you a sense of stability, even in stressful times. You might have to modify your traditions to suit the needs of your child - for example, a weekend camping trip several hours away might need to be moved closer to home so you spend less time in the car.\nCoping with stress\nAlthough stress is part of family life, you can learn to cope with it more positively.\nSupport from family and friends\nWhen a child gets a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), it can help to share this information with family and friends.\nAnd it's good to ask for help. It could be as simple as asking an extended family member to babysit for a few hours one night, or asking an older niece or nephew to take your children to the park while you go shopping. This could turn into a fun activity for your child and extended family member, as well as giving you a break.\nRespite care can give you a break from caring for your child with ASD and help you cope with stress. If you feel worried about leaving your child with someone outside the family, make some time for respite carers to get to know your child before you urgently need a break.\nPositive thinking and self-talk\nPositive thinking and positive self-talk are effective ways of dealing with stress. They increase your positive feelings and therefore your ability to cope with stressful situations.\nFor example, you might have a negative thought like 'People probably think I'm a bad parent'. You can challenge it by asking yourself, 'How do I know that people will think this?'. You might also use more positive thoughts, like 'Who cares what other people think?', 'I can do this', or 'I will stay calm'.\nThe more you practise positive self-talk, the more automatic it will become in your life. Start practising in one situation that causes you stress, and then move on to another one.\nRelaxation and breathing strategies\nPractise some breathing exercises and muscle relaxation techniques. If you practise and use relaxation exercises as soon as you feel signs of stress, or when you know you're going into a situation that makes you stressed, it can calm things down.\nYou could even consider setting aside a little bit of time each day for relaxation or meditation. Even 10 minutes at the beginning or end of the day could be enough. This might help you sleep better and feel more positive during the day.\nRead our article on stress management for more information on signs of stress and tips for coping with stress.\nStrategies for challenging behaviour\nThe challenging behaviour of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) causes parents and families a lot of stress.\nIt helps to pay particular attention to the specific situations that seem to trigger your child's behaviour, and to how or why this causes you stress. When you know about situations that cause stress, you can either avoid or change them.\nIt's also very important to try to stick with the behaviour strategies that have been designed for your child. If you find it hard to put the behaviour strategies into action, try to work out what's causing the difficulty. For example, do you feel your child isn't responding to the strategies? Or are you having trouble understanding what you're supposed to do?\nWhatever it is, you can ask your early intervention provider for help.\nStress management tips from parents of children with autism spectrum disorder\nParents of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have found the following ideas and strategies useful for family stress management:\n- Make sure you prepare yourself for situations that cause you stress. This includes practising healthy coping responses to these situations.\n- The more you know about how your child's individual ASD characteristics affect your child's learning and development, the better equipped you'll be to minimise and prevent your stress.\n- Be aware that your partner and other children will respond differently to your child with ASD. Their experiences of stress will also be different from yours. They might need different kinds of support from you.\n- Connect with service providers and other parents in similar situations so your family feels competent and supported.\n- Accept that there will be ups and downs in your family as a result of living with ASD.\nWhen he was three, Tom would run away on to the street. It was a constant worry to us. I would yell at him out of pure distress, telling him that he was really bad and naughty. Then I learned how to control my own stress, and think about his behaviour in a different way. I discovered what it meant to him (attraction to the neighbour's dog barking!). At the same time, I learned what I needed to do when he ran away. It all helped in the end.\nIf you need help to cope with stress, you have many options:\n- Counselling - although you don't need a referral, you can ask your GP to suggest someone appropriate.\n- Respite care - contact your state or territory autism association, or a Commonwealth Respite and Carelink Centre. You can find your local centre by calling 1800 052 222.\n- Financial assistance - contact the National Disability Insurance Scheme, your state or territory autism association or autism advisor to get started with accessing financial support.\n- Support groups.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Easy Ways to Reduce Energy Consumption\nSaving energy is about more than simply saving money. Lowering your energy consumption can also reduce your impact on the environment as a whole. And that's a proverbial win-win for everyone.\nSaving energy also doesn't have to be hard. Making even a few small changes around your home can potentially result in big financial savings. Below are a few tips on ways you can get started.\nGet an Energy Audit\nDetermining the energy efficiency of your home is the first step toward understanding what you need to do to fix the places where your home is leaking energy. Perhaps your windows need caulking or maybe your heating and cooling equipment is antiquated and needs replacing. Maybe your older home has less insulation than is ideal.\nAll this and more can be determined by having a certified professional visit your home and perform an energy audit.\nFor more information about energy audits, see our blog\nSet Your Thermostat Higher\nHeating and cooling account for about 56 percent of the energy use in a typical home, making it the largest energy expense, according to the U.S. Department of Energy. Set thermostats a few degrees higher and use ceiling fans. Every degree you lower your thermostat by can increase your energy use by 6 to 8 percent.\nThe location of your home’s thermostat can also affect its performance and efficiency. Read the manufacturer’s installation instructions to prevent “ghost readings” or unnecessary furnace or air conditioner cycling. Place thermostats away from direct sunlight, drafts, doorways, skylights and windows.\nWays to Save Electricity, Natural Gas & Water at Home\n- Turn off pool pumps and unplug appliances when not in use, such as your cell phone charger, toaster oven, coffee maker, printer and so on. Even though they aren’t on or you aren’t using them, they are still using energy!\n- Turn off the TV when you aren’t watching it.\n- Avoid using large appliances, like the stove or washer and dryer, during peak hours (3-8 p.m.).\n- Make sure no cold or hot air is coming in through your closed windows or doors. If there is, try to fix it with caulk or weather stripping.\n- Open shades in the winter and close shades in the summer and turn off the lights during the daytime. Or install smart shades.\n- Remember to turn off lights when you leave a room.\n- Enable your computer and monitor to \"sleep\" when not in use.\n- Don’t leave the doors open to the outside for too long, and try to keep air conditioning/heat contained in the house to conserve on the amount of energy you have to use.\n- Turn off the water when brushing your teeth.\n- When doing the dishes, wash all the dishes first; then rinse. Get more water conservation tips here.\nCheck Your Appliances\nThere may be one price tag on an appliance at the store but there is another invisible one beyond what it costs to purchase it: the price it costs to operate it. If your appliances are over 10 years old, it's likely the energy technology to run them has improved dramatically. Given that appliances account for nearly 20 percent of the average household’s energy use, updating an outdated appliance might make good energy sense.\nWhen looking for new appliances, look for those with the ENERGY STAR qualification. These appliances use advanced technologies to ensure anywhere from 10 to 50 percent less energy usage than standard appliances. Products in more than 60 categories, from dishwashers to refrigerators, are currently eligible for an ENERGY STAR rating.\nFor more information, check out our Appliance Guide.\nHeating and Cooling Efficiency Tips\n- On warm days raise your thermostat to 80 degrees or higher, if leaving your home for more than four hours.\n- Keep windows and doors shut tight.\n- Going in and out of the house repeatedly will make your air conditioner or furnace work harder.\n- Use shades or curtains to block the sun and heat during warm weather and open them to let the sun warm your home during cooler months.\n- Make sure your air conditioner filter is clean.\n- Washing the outside coils and clearing high grass and debris will help prevent blockage of the air-flow.\n- 15 Ways to Cool Down a Room Fast\n- Calculate the Cost to Run Your Air Conditioner\n- How Often Should You Change Your Air Filter?\n- How to Insulate Windows to Keep Heat Out\n- Recommended Temperature for an Empty House\n- What to Do If Your House is Hot Upstairs and Cold Downstairs\n- Does Shade Help an Air Conditioner Save Energy and Peform More Efficiently?\n- 13 Ways You Are Wasting Energy at Home\n- Which Way Should Your Ceiling Fan Turn in the Summer and Winter?\n- How to Keep Your House Cool Without Raising Your Energy Bill\n- 9 Fall Energy-Saving Tips for Your Home\n- 9 Winter Home Improvements to Help You Save Energy\n- How to Heat Your Home More Efficiently", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Twelve Questions to Ask About a Complementary or Alternative Therapy\nQuestions related to the underlying theoretical basis for the therapy\n1. Is the treatment based on a theory that is overly simplistic?\n2. Is the treatment based on proposed forces or principles that are inconsistent with accumulated knowledge from other scientific disciplines?\n3. Has the treatment changed little over a very long period?\nQuestions related to the scientific evaluation of the therapy\n4. Is it possible to test the treatment claim?\n5. Have well-designed studies of the treatment been published in the peer-reviewed medical literature?\n6. Do proponents of the treatment “cherry pick” data that support the value of the treatment while ignoring contradictory evidence?\n7. Do proponents of the treatment assume a treatment is effective until there is sufficient evidence to the contrary?\n8. Do proponents claim that a particular treatment cannot be studied in isolation, only in combination with a package of other interventions or practices?\nQuestions related to the promotion and marketing of the therapy\n9. Is the treatment promoted as being free of adverse effects?\n10. Is the treatment promoted primarily through the use of anecdotes?\n11. Do proponents of the treatment use scientific-sounding but nonsensical terminology to describe the treatment?\n12. Is the treatment promoted for a wide range of physiologically diverse conditions?\nChallman TD, Myers SM. Complementary and Alternative Medicine in Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics. In Voigt RG, Macias MM, Myers SM (Eds.): AAP Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics. American Academy of Pediatrics, Elk Grove Village, 2011, pp 449-465.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "In these two forgotten gems of English literature, Jane Austen and Charles Dickens offer delightful, irreverent histories of their native land.\nhen she was only sixteen years old, Jane Austen composed her bitingly satirical History of England for performance in her family's drawingroom. A startling and precocious example of her celebrated wit--not to mention a brilliant social commentary--this lively piece sweeps rapidly across almost four centuries of British monarchy. In rambunctious and wickedly funny prose, Austen's critique spans from Henry IV to Charles I, from Richard III to Mary Queen of Scots, offering a fierce parody of the kind of biased history that young ladies of Austen's time were being forced to study. Reproduced here in its entirety, this is a rare, tantalizing look at the great novelist's budding talent, and an extraordinary bit of literary history that lay unpublished for more than 130 years.\nCharles Dickens's A Child's History of England, by contrast, was written and published at the height of its author's considerable fame. A gory and dramatic account, full of villains and heroes, the essay was originally intended as a study-piece for his children, but in fact represented a sly, unconventional countertext to the more straitlaced historical canon. Dickens's exciting, flamboyant narrative is hugely evocative, both of the history he describes and of the time in which he himself was writing.\nWith an insightful introduction by bestselling historian David Starkey, Two Histories of England brings together, in a single, irresistible volume, these remarkable--and remarkably overlooked--literary treasures by two of the world's most beloved writers.\nUnbeknownst to most readers today, Austen and Dickens each wrote a satiric history of England. Austen's The History of England from the Reign of Henry the 4th to the Death of Charles the 1st--written in 1791 when she was 16--is a deliberate parody of the intellectually vapid histories to which girls of her class were routinely subjected. Reprinted in its entirety, Austen's juvenilia is witty, cold-blooded and contrarian: during Henry V's reign, she writes, Lord Cobham was burnt alive, but I forget what for, and the history's purpose is supposedly to vindicate Mary Queen of Scots and abuse Elizabeth. Dickens was already a bestselling novelist when he published A Child's History of England in the early 1850s, which was part of the British school curriculum for decades; an excerpt appears here. Using plain language, sharp if heavy irony and evocative detail, Dickens is radical and opinionated: Elizabeth is coarse, capricious, and treacherous and James I is a greedy, dirty drunk. Although a knowledgeable introduction by historian and TV presenter Starkey (Elizabeth) offers interesting biographical tidbits and puts each book in its proper context, American readers will find these to be amusing minor works by a pair of English national treasures. (Oct. 2)\nCopyright (c) Reed Business Information, a division of Reed Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.\n-- PUBLISHERS WEEKLY.\nThere are no customer reviews available at this time. Would you like to write a review?\nSeptember 30, 2007\nNumber of Print Pages*\nAdobe DRM EPUB\n* Number of eBook pages may differ. Click here for more information.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Nearly every single day we hear a new story about how the arts contribute to the well being and wellbeing of individuals and communities. Naj Wikoff is the Founder and President of the Inventive Therapeutic Connections, which organizes arts and healing retreats for girls residing with cancer and different persistent diseases, veterans of battle, and different particular populations, and the Arts Coordinator for Connecting Youth and Community, a neighborhood coalition that’s mission is to cut back the usage of tobacco, alcohol and different medication by teens.\nBased mostly on evaluate of the sector survey, area texts and literature, and academic curricula; examination of grammar, syntax, and of scope of practices; and intensive dialogue among the educators gathered, the time period arts in well being” was identified as the term that, for instructional purposes, finest describes the discipline.\nDespite strong historic beginnings in veterans’ hospitals throughout World Battle II, having earlier research funded through grant awards from the Department of Well being and Human Companies, and having inclusion in federal packages such as the Older People Act, arts in health is still below-funded and below-researched.\nThese practices have been recognized as enhancing the culture of care in well being institutions and communities at giant, while simultaneously advancing the necessity for targeted training and professionalism of these training in this discipline (Moss & ‘Neill, 2009).\nThere may be also evidence that use of artwork and music reduces hospital stays, with studies exhibiting earlier discharges amongst patients participating in visible and performing arts interventions than amongst these not doing so. 69 , 70 In 1 examine, surgical procedure or important care sufferers who participated in guided imagery or had a picture of a panorama on their wall had a decreased want of narcotic ache remedy relative to their counterparts and left the hospital earlier.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Who was Eugen Rosenstock-Huessy?\nHe was a thinker of startling power and originality; in my view an authentic genius of whom no age produces more than a handful.\n—Page Smith (1984)\nI have no doubt that one day—perhaps soon—the academic historians will discover that Rosenstock-Huessy was also one of the great pioneers in a new and significant interpretation of the history of mankind… His distrust of academic pretensions to total objectivity is shared today by the best scholars, as are his basic insights into the power of language, or speech, to draw people together into a common future…\nRosenstock-Huessy was a prophet who, like many great prophets, failed in his own time, but whose time may now be coming.\n—Harold J. Berman (1993)\nWithout Eugen, I would never have written The Star of Redemption.\n—Franz Rosenzweig, in a letter to Rudolf Hallo (1920)\nRosenstock-Huessy’s is a powerful and original mind. What is most important in his work is the understanding of the relevance of traditional values to a civilization still undergoing revolutionary transformations.\nI am a poet by vocation and, therefore, do not expect to learn much about Language from a writer of Prose. Yet, half of what I now know about the difference between Personal Speech, based upon Proper Names… words of command and obedience, summons and response, and the impersonal “objective” use of words as a communication code between individuals, I owe to Rosenstock-Huessy… I can only say that, by listening to Rosenstock-Huessy, I have been changed.\n—W.H. Auden (1970)\nRosenstock-Huessy’s Speech and Reality is to sociology what Galileo’s “Discourse on Two New Sciences” is to modern mathematical physics because both books transform philosophy—natural in the case of Galileo and social in the case of ERH—into a positive science.\n—James Eric Lane (2006)\nBuilding upon the works of Augustine, Vico, Hamann, Herder, Goethe, and Saint-Simon, and working in tandem with Franz Rosenzweig, Rosenstock-Huessy has provided an urgent and timely program for the social or human sciences. It is based on the recognition that to be human is to be torn between the intersection of the inner and outer dimensions of space, and the ‘trajective’ and ‘prejective’ dimensions of time. This is what he calls the cross of reality.\nOur different names, traditions, cultures, and institutions are the creative responses of founders and communities to past catastrophic events and processes. Rosenstock-Huessy calls upon us to pool and contribute to the spiritual resources that have been stored in the great treasure houses of languages and traditions, and create institutions for a genuine future peace. Thus his greatest work—the two volume Sociology, In the Cross of Reality—is devoted to achieving what he calls the Full Number of the Times.\n—Wayne Cristaudo (2019)\nAnd what is the Eugen Rosenstock-Huessy Fund?\nThe Eugen Rosenstock-Huessy Fund began in the early 1950s as a line item in the budget of Dartmouth College’s chaplaincy program, the Tucker Foundation, when the students recording Rosenstock-Huessy’s class lectures needed to raise money to buy tape stock. Former students went on to print a number of Rosenstock-Huessy’s books under the imprints “Beachhead” and “Four Wells,” and, after the Fund’s reinvention as a Vermont non-profit in 1976, through its publishing arm, Argo Books.\nOver the years, the Fund has underwritten translations and publication of Rosenstock-Huessy’s works in France, Poland, Russia, and China. The Fund has also transcribed, published, and remastered the hundreds of hours of lectures which his students and friends had recorded, microfilmed his published and unpublished works, and created a digital archive of the letters and documents collected by the Rosenstock-Huessys.\nClinton C. Gardner founded Argo Books and ran it for almost twenty years, keeping Rosenstock-Huessy’s English-language works in print and issuing hitherto unpublished manuscripts as books; after Gardner’s retirement, Mark Huessy ran Argo for another twenty years as executive director of the Fund. (In Germany, the Eugen Rosenstock-Huessy Gesellschaft did similar work with the German-language works, and in Holland, the Respondeo Association published a number of translations into Dutch.) The Fund closed Argo Books in 2013, after finding another publisher to take on long-term responsibility for keeping Rosenstock-Huessy’s works in print: Wipf and Stock of Eugene, Oregon, who also publish Jacques Ellul and William Stringfellow.\nIn 2016, the Eugen Rosenstock-Huessy Literary Heirs generously agreed to make all the lecture recordings available for free download on the Fund’s website. (To see the selection of available lectures, click on the “Rosenstock-Huessy Live!” button in the navigation stack to the left, or here.) The Eugen Rosenstock-Huessy Literary Heirs ask that you consider making a donation to the Fund in lieu of payment for listening to or downloading the lecture audio and transcripts.\nThe Fund continues to serve the interest in Eugen Rosenstock-Huessy’s life and work. The Fund and its programs, including the ongoing expansion of this website, are entirely dependent on private contributions. Please consider making a tax-deductible donation to the Fund by clicking on one of the “donate” buttons on any page of this site.\nIf you would like to connect with other people interested in Rosenstock-Huessy, you should consider joining the Eugen Rosenstock-Huessy Society of North America. The Society’s website offers a curated list of publications on Rosenstock-Huessy, including books, articles and essays, dissertations, and unpublished works; a compilation of articles about Rosenstock-Huessy from the Harvard Crimson; some twenty essays by Bill Cane, Wayne Cristaudo, Norman Fiering, and Peter Leithart; and links to online material by Robert Castle, Cristaudo, Douglas Floyd, Charles Howard Hartman, Leithart, Mike McDuffee, Scott Preston, and Donald Williamson, Jr. The members of the Society are a great resource for opinions and answers to questions on almost any aspect of Rosenstock-Huessy’s work.\nAuthors and Publishers:\nThe Eugen Rosenstock-Huessy Fund will gladly consider posting information about new titles by, about, or related to Eugen Rosenstock-Huessy and his colleagues on this website. The Fund requests full bibliographic information as well as the URL of a cover picture (if available) and the URL for more detailed information about the publication. The Fund requests the courtesy of reciprocal links to www.erhfund.org. To contact the Fund, get in touch with us here.\nPublishers interested in publishing translations or new editions of Rosenstock-Huessy’s work may also contact the Eugen Rosenstock-Huessy Heirs through the Fund.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Intro to Space Activities\nThe Space Foundation created Introduction to Space Activities, a broad educational and informative tool for individuals interested in learning more about space activities. This introduction includes basic information about the mechanics of space activities and the space industry.\nThe Space Foundation embraces the entire global space community. We are a leader in space awareness activities, industry services, research and analysis for the global space industry and educational programs that bring space into the classroom. We are one of the few space-related organizations that address the totality of the space community. The Space Foundation annually conducts the premier space industry event, the Space Symposium, and other focused events.\nSectors of Space\nThe space industry is commonly divided into four sectors: civil, defense, intelligence and commercial. Although these sectors operate programs largely independent of one another, they share an industrial base, workforce and infrastructure.\nOften, the defense and intelligence sectors are jointly referred to as “national security space.” The defense sector refers primarily to Department of Defense (DoD) activities in support of the military. The intelligence sector encompasses all space-based or space-enabled intelligence capabilities that support national interests.\nCivil space includes all non-defense government space activities, primarily those of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).\nCommercial space is generally segmented into satellite manufacturing, support ground equipment manufacturing, and the launch industry. The commercial sector includes prime contractors, entrepreneurial space companies and emerging markets for space capabilities.\nFor more information about space industry sectors, please refer to The Space Report: The Authoritative Guide to Global Space Activity.\nU.S. Government Space Program\nThe U.S. government pursues space activities in a number of areas. The President creates space policy for all government agencies and initiatives, while Congress is responsible for approving funding for and routine oversight of the space activities of the federal government.\nVarious White House offices are involved in setting out and implementing space policy – including the Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP), the National Security Council (NSC) and the Office of Management and Budget (OMB). These federal agencies are charged with executing the space activities of the U.S. government.\nAnother executive body called the National Space Council plays a large role in the formulation and execution of U.S. space policy. This group of advisors and experts existed from the early years of NASA through the Apollo program under a different name, and was reestablished once in 1989 for four years, and again in 2017. It is chaired by the Vice President of the United States.\nNational Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)\nHeadquartered in Washington, D.C.\nNASA was formed in 1958 after the Soviet Union launched the first satellite, “Sputnik” in 1957. The mission of NASA is to pioneer the future in space exploration, scientific discovery and aeronautics research.\nNASA carries out its work across four mission directorates: Space Technology, Aeronautics Research, Science, and Human Exploration and Operations. It also operates multiple Earth-observing and remote sensing scientific satellites. NASA Headquarters provides overall guidance and direction to the agency. The ten NASA field centers are:\n- Joseph S. Ames Research Center, Moffett Federal Airfield, CA\n- Neil A. Armstrong Flight Research Center, Edwards Air Force Base, CA\n- John C. Stennis Space Center, Bay St. Louis, MS\n- John H. Glenn Research Center at Lewis Field, Cleveland, OH\n- Robert H. Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD\n- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA\n- John F. Kennedy Space Center, Cape Canaveral, FL\n- Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX\n- Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA\n- George C. Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL\nNational Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)\nHeadquartered in Washington, D.C.\nNOAA was established in 1970 and is charged with providing reliable information about the oceans and atmosphere, including weather warnings and forecasts, as well as climate, ecosystems and commerce.\nNOAA has nine key focus areas: Weather, Climate, Oceans & Coasts, Fisheries, Satellites, Research, Marine & Aviation, Charting, and Sanctuaries. Using space capabilities is vital for NOAA to complete many of its activities.\nThe Office of Space Commercialization (OSC), part of the NOAA Satellite and Information Service, is the principal unit for space policy activities within the Department of Commerce. Its mission is to foster the conditions for the economic growth and technological advancement of the U.S. commercial space industry. Other organizations across the Department of Commerce that handle space include: NOAA’s Commercial Remote Sensing Regulatory Affairs Office; NOAA’s National Geodetic Survey; International Trade Administration; Bureau of Industry and Security; National Telecommunications and Information Administration; National Institute of Standards and Technology; NOAA Weather Satellites; and NOAA National Environmental Satellite, Data and Information Service (NESDIS).\nFederal Aviation Administration (FAA)\nHeadquartered in Washington, D.C.\nThe Federal Aviation Administration of the United States is a national authority with powers to regulate all aspects of civil aviation. Within the Federal Aviation Administration exists the Office of Commercial Space Transportation (FAA AST), which is responsible for ensuring protection of the public, property and the national security and foreign policy interests of the U.S. during a commercial launch or re-entry activity. AST also encourages, facilitates and promotes U.S. commercial space transportation.\nThe FAA was formed in 1958. AST was established by the Commercial Space Launch Act of 1984, but was originally an agency of the Department of Transportation until its move to FAA in 1995.\nFederal Communications Commission (FCC)\nHeadquartered in Washington, D.C.\nThe FCC has regulated interstate communications by radio, television, wire, satellite, and cable since 1934. The Office of Engineering and Technology (OET) within the Federal Communications Commission oversees policies, rules, procedures and standards for licensing and regulating orbital assignments for satellites. The OET also conducts technical studies of advanced phases of terrestrial and space communications.\nDepartment of Defense (DoD)\nHeadquartered in Washington, D.C.\nThe Department of Defense is charged with coordinating and supervising all agencies and functions of the government concerned directly with national security and the United States Armed Forces. Within the Department of Defense are multiple organizations and offices that take part in the department’s space activities, both classified and unclassified. The DoD was formed in 1947.\nNational Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA)\nHeadquartered in Springfield, VA\nThe National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA) is a combat support agency for the DoD and a member of the intelligence community. The NGA has been the nation’s primary source of geospatial intelligence (GEOINT) for the DoD and the U.S. Intelligence Community since 2003. The NGA uses imagery from space-based, national intelligence reconnaissance systems, as well as commercial satellites and other sources, to develop imagery and map-based intelligence solutions and provide geospatial intelligence support for global world events, disasters and military actions.\nMissile Defense Agency (MDA)\nHeadquartered in Fort Belvoir, VA\nThe Missile Defense Agency’s (MDA) mission is to develop, test and field an integrated, layered, ballistic missile defense system to defend the United States, and its deployed forces, allies and friends against all classes and ranges of enemy ballistic missiles in all phases of flight. The MDA uses satellites and ground-based sensors to provide worldwide coverage. The MDA was established in 1983.\nNational Reconnaissance Office (NRO)\nHeadquartered in Chantilly, VA\nThe National Reconnaissance Office (NRO) designs, builds and operates U.S. reconnaissance satellites. The NRO’s mission is to develop and operate unique and innovative overhead reconnaissance systems and conduct intelligence-related activities essential for U.S. security.\nU.S. Strategic Command (USSTRATCOM)\nHeadquartered at Offut Air Force Base, NE\nEstablished in 2002, U.S. Strategic Command is one of nine U.S. unified commands under the DoD. It is charged with multiple missions, including full-spectrum global strike, space operations, integrated missile defense and global C4ISR (command, control, communications, computers, intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance). Under USSTRATCOM are Joint Functional Component Commands (JFCCs), responsible for day-to-day planning and execution for the primary mission areas. JFCC-Space is involved with coordinating, planning and conducting space operations. It even monitors orbiting satellites and space debris, allowing high-value spacecraft including the International Space Station to maneuver and avoid collision.\nArmy Space and Missile Defense Command (SMDC)\nHeadquartered at Redstone Arsenal, AL\nEstablished in 1997, the Army Space and Missile Defense Command’s (SMDC) mission is to provide dominant space and missile defense capabilities for the Army and to plan for and integrate those capabilities in support of combatant commanders. SMDC serves as the Army-specific proponent for space, high-altitude and ground based midcourse defense.\nSMDC conducts space and missile defense operations and provides planning, integration, control and coordination of Army forces and capabilities in support of strategic deterrence, integrated missile defense, and space operations. SMDC also serves as the Army force modernization proponent for space, high altitude and global missile defense and as the Army operational integrator for global missile defense.\nAir Force Space Command (AFSPC)\nHeadquartered at Peterson Air Force Base, CO\nActivated in 1982, Air Force Space Command is the primary space force for the US Armed Forces. AFSPC is a major military command that organizes, trains and equips forces to supply combatant commanders with the space and intercontinental ballistic missile capabilities necessary to defend the U.S. and its national interests. AFSPC supports U.S. military operations worldwide through the use of many different types of satellite, launch and cyber operations. AFSPC’s mission is to defend the United States through the control and exploitation of space and to provide resilient and affordable space and cyberspace capabilities for the Joint Force and the Nation.\nDefense Space Council (DSC)\nHeadquartered in Washington, D.C.\nCreated in 2010, the Defense Space Council (DSC) is chaired by the Principal DoD Space Advisor (PDSA), currently the Secretary of the Air Force. The DSC is the principal advisory forum to inform, coordinate and resolve space issues for DoD. The DSC is charged with aligning requirements, acquisition and budget planning and execution of strategy and policy.\nGlobal Space Programs\nMost space activities are inherently dual-use. In the U.S., government space programs are separated as either civil or national security; however, space programs in other nations rarely have such distinctions. Many countries carry out military space activities in conjunction with civilian space activities. The information in this segment is focused on the publicly recognized space activities of other nations.\nWhile many countries have different means of collaborating with others, when it comes to international concerns, regulations, and laws in outer space, most turn to the United Nations for guidance. The UN has its own body for deliberation and cooperation on space issues and activities. The UN Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS) has met regularly since its establishment in 1959 to govern uses of outer space and ensure compliance with basic principles of peace, security, and development. It has two sub-committees; the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee and the Legal Subcommittee.\nThe Algerian Space Agency (ASAL) consists of a central structure and four operational entities that are: Center of Space Techniques (CTS), Space Applications Center (SAC), Satellite Development Center (SDC), and Telecommunications Systems Operating Center (TSOC). ASAL promotes the development of space activities intended to contribute to Algeria’s economic, social, and cultural development. ASAL implements the Algerian National Space Program for 2006-2020, which is reviewed and updated every five years.\nIn 2010, the Algerian remote sensing satellite Alsat-2A was successfully placed into orbit. Alsat-2A was the second remote sensing satellite launched by Algeria; Alsat-1 launched in 2002. In 2016, satellites, Alsat-1B (a satellite designed for agricultural and disaster monitoring) and Alsat-1N (containing amateur radio payloads) were launched. Alcomsat-1 is a communications satellite scheduled to launch before 2018.\nGovernment programs include the Agencia Espacial Brasileira (AEB) and the Alcântara Space Centre. Brazil’s strategy for space is outlined in its 2005 National Program of Space Activities (PNAE) 9-year plan. Brazil’s stated aim is to develop and use space technology to address its national needs, while contributing to the improvement of its citizens’ quality of life. Brazil also actively participates in international space programs. Beginning in 1988, Brazil and China established an ongoing space relationship centered on the joint China-Brazil Earth Resources Satellite (CBERS) program.\nCanada became the fourth nation to operate a satellite in space with the launch of Alouette 1 in 1962. Government programs include the Canadian Space Agency (CSA), the Canadian Center for Remote Sensing and the Canadian Forces. Canada employs a niche strategy, focusing on expertise in three areas: space robotics, radar technology for Earth observation and advanced satellite communications. Budgets focus heavily on space science and Earth observations, as well as human spaceflight. Canada’s space program is uniquely tied to the European Space Agency (ESA) and U.S. civilian and military programs. Canada has a cooperation agreement with ESA, collaborates on many NASA missions and is a contributor to the International Space Station (ISS). Many CSA astronauts have served on board the ISS, and in 2017 Canada unveiled its most recent astronaut class selection, the fourth in its space program’s history.\nGovernment spending on space programs and activities in Europe comes from three distinct sources: activities funded by the European Union (EU), executed by the European Commission (EC) and implemented by the European Space Agency (ESA); activities funded by the member states of the ESA; and national activities funded and carried out by the European countries themselves. The EC focuses its resources on three primary areas: space research, the Earth observation program Copernicus, and the satellite navigation program Galileo. ESA is the primary space actor in Europe, with 22 member states that contribute a set amount, based on gross domestic product, for space science and some mandatory technology programs. Voluntary contributions from countries can also be made to other optional programs, such as human spaceflight, Earth observation, launchers, or telecommunications. The biggest contributors are France, Germany, Italy, and the UK, with a collective contribution of 68.0% of the total 2017 contributions. ESA has focused its efforts on upgrading and developing its launch vehicles, Earth observation activities, and space science missions.\nThe French space program is the third oldest institutional space program in history, and France became the third nation to launch a satellite to orbit on its own domestically produced rocket in 1965. France is the top contributor to the ESA budget. France’s national space agency is the Centre National d’Études Spatiales (CNES), with main facilities in Paris, Toulouse, and ‘Europe’s Spaceport’ Kourou (French Guiana). The activity of CNES is focused on five main fields: Ariane (launchers), sciences, observation, telecommunications, and defense.\nIn 2018, CNES and CNSA (China) will launch the CfoSat mission to study ocean surface winds and waves. CNES is overseeing development of the SEIS instrument, a major component of the InSight (Interior exploration using Seismic Investigations, Geodesy and Heat Transport) satellite from NASA, also to be launched in 2018. Ten French astronauts have flown aboard the International Space Station.\nThe German Aerospace Center (DLR) is Germany’s largest research and development center in aeronautics, space, transportation, energy, and security research. It is also the German national space agency. DLR focuses on planetary science and Earth observation and is conducting applied research for protecting the environment and development of environmentally friendly technologies to promote NextGen aviation, autonomous mobility, communication, navigation, and security. Major German space programs have continued to emphasize applied Earth observation and space robotics. This includes the merging of optoelectronics and Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) to generate extremely high-resolution remote sensing imagery, such as on the TerraSAR-X / TanDEM mission which launched in 2007 and 2010. In the realm of human spaceflight, Germany has sent many astronauts into space with the Space Shuttle and Soyuz, including three astronauts who worked onboard the ISS.\nEstablished in 1988, Italy’s national space agency is the Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI), which promotes, coordinates, and conducts space activities in Italy, including developing space technology. ASI plays a key role at the European level, where Italy is the third largest contributor country to ESA. In 2010, Italy launched the fourth and final satellite in the COSMO-SkyMed Earth-observation satellite constellation. COSMO-SkyMed provides dual use radar Earth observation data intended to meet civilian and military needs. ASI led Europe’s development of the Vega small-class launcher, which now complements the larger Ariane V launcher. Multiple Italian astronauts have flown on the ISS over its lifetime.\nChina owns the second-largest fleet of spacecraft in orbit. China’s space agency has two parts, the China National Space Administration (CNSA), which is an internal structure of the State Administration for Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense (SASTIND), and the China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation (CASC), which consists of multiple, smaller, state-owned companies. The manned spaceflight program is operated by the Chinese Manned Space Engineering Office (CMSEO), which is within the General Armaments Department (GAD) of the People’s Liberation Army (PLA). Funding for space is part of military budgets, which are only partially disclosed. China’s goals include facilitating economic development, ensuring self-reliance, promoting national prestige, and projecting power. Programs focus on manned spaceflight and space applications, such as remote sensing, communications, navigation, and space science and technology. In parallel, China has developed capabilities to limit or prevent the use of space-based assets by potential adversaries during times of crisis or conflict.\nThe country launched its first astronaut (taikonaut) into Earth orbit in 2003, performed its first spacewalk in 2008, and made a successful soft landing on the Moon with its lander, Chang’e-3, in 2013. It was the first soft landing on the Moon since 1976, making China the third country to land on the Moon. CNSA announced it would conduct 30 launches in 2017, a new record. CNSA plans to be the first to land on the far side of the Moon with Chang’e-4 and to land a rover on Mars in 2018 and 2020 respectively. CNSA has its own small space station, with plans to launch another station, Tiangong 3, in the 2020s. China is not involved with the International Space Station.\nIndia’s government space program is structured around the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), which manages civil space programs. ISRO’s vision is to “harness space technology for national development while pursuing space science research and planetary exploration.” India’s space program has generally focused on technological, scientific, and social development through space capabilities. Only recently has the country migrated toward programs such as space exploration and military applications. India often emphasizes its strategy of international collaboration with leading space powers and has strengthened its relationships with Europe in its efforts to commercialize its launch capability. India’s first satellite was launched by the Soviet Union in 1975. India has also worked with Russia to develop its own geostationary launch vehicle, and successfully launched its own spacecraft to the Moon in 2008.\nISRO developed and operates the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) and the Geostationary Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV), both of which have successfully launched numerous satellites and payloads. In 2013, ISRO launched its Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM) aboard a PSLV. The MOM probe reached orbit around Mars in 2014 and began carrying out scientific observations, making ISRO the fourth space agency to reach Mars behind NASA, Roscosmos, and the European Space Agency.\nThe Israel Space Agency (ISA) coordinates government space activities and focuses on satellite development for communication and remote sensing. ISA partners with a number of nations on various space activities, including technology development and human spaceflight. ISA developed and operates its own launch vehicle, Shavit. The Earth observing satellite EROS-C was set to launch in 2008, but has been postponed several times to 2019. A joint American-Israeli proposal for ULTRASAT was submitted to NASA by a team from Caltech. The Israeli contribution will be funded by the Israel Space Agency and launch is expected before 2021. Today, Israel is the smallest country with indigenous launch capabilities.\nJapan became the fourth nation to launch its own satellite with a domestically produced launcher in 1970. In 2008, Japan enacted a new Basic Law of Space, allowing the country to use space for national security purposes. In addition, the law established the Strategic Headquarters for Space Policy (SHSP), chaired by the prime minister, to formulate Japan’s “Basic Plan for Space Policy.”\nIn a continued effort to consolidate its space programs, Japan has merged three air and space research organizations into a single integrated institution named the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), which focuses on launchers, space science, human space activities, space applications, and aeronautics. Its space science program includes successful missions to asteroids and the Moon, with follow-on return missions planned. For human space activities, along with contributing the Japanese Experimental Module (JEM) to the ISS, 10 Japanese Astronauts have flown into space, including multiple long-duration missions on ISS since 1992. Some of the most important new developments among JAXA programs are the new H3 launcher aimed to launch in 2020, and development of the upgraded HTV cargo spacecraft. Due to increased regional security concerns, Japan has been increasing its focus on a national security satellite system that will improve its information gathering capabilities. This direction was reconfirmed by updates to the Basic Plan for Space Policy in 2016.\nIn the 1980’s, Luxembourg, a small and wealthy country originally known for its iron and steel industry, recognized potential value in the space industry and began to provide financial support and pro-industry regulations for its domestic satellite industry. Luxembourg now has one of the largest commercial satellite industries, second only to the U.S. military.\nIn recent years, Luxembourg has also taken interest in the asteroid mining industry. Luxembourg is providing numerous benefits to budding private mining companies willing to locate their headquarters in Luxembourg (including tax cuts, R&D grants, direct investments, and purchasing equity). In 2016, the Ministry of Economy announced the Space Resources initiative, which “will be the development of a legal and regulatory framework confirming certainty about the future ownership of minerals extracted in space from Near Earth Objects such as asteroids.” A law on space resources was adopted on July 20, 2017, to provide this legal and regulatory framework. Also in 2017, the Deputy Prime Minister of Luxembourg announced that to become a leading nation in asteroid mining, Luxembourg will soon be introducing a national space agency, as well as a new national space law.\nThe Mexican Space Agency (AEM) was founded in 2010 to pursue further education and development in the space industry in Mexico. While Mexico has yet to create a space infrastructure, it is well on its way.\nIn 2015, the Mexican Space Agency and ProMéxico released a plan for Mexico’s space involvement called Orbit Plan 2.0. This plan lays out a detailed timeline that includes plans to increase communications connectivity in Latin America by 25% by 2026, and for Mexico to be in the top three leaders of the global space market and have assured space access by 2036. This plan will establish Mexico’s space sector and engage the country in the global space economy.\nThe Dutch established the Netherlands Space Office (NSO) in 2009 to run all space programs for the Netherlands and to educate its general population on matters of space. Even though the Netherlands established the NSO, they are a member of the European Space Agency (ESA), and roughly 70% of the Dutch space budget goes directly to ESA.\nThe Netherlands has always shown a strong interest in space. In August 1974, they launched the Netherlands Astronomy Satellite (ANS) from the U.S., more than 30 years before the creation of the NSO. This was the first Dutch satellite in Earth’s orbit, and its purpose was to record ultraviolet and x-ray data. From this mission, three new types of x-ray sources were identified. In 1993, with some commercial help, the Netherlands launched the Infrared Astronomy Satellite (IRAS) from the U.S. The goal of this satellite was to survey the sky for sources of infrared radiation, particularly from the Milky Way. In more recent years, the Netherlands’ space activity has been centered on ESA efforts. Two Dutch astronauts have flown into space, one of whom stayed onboard the International Space Station.\nEstablished in 2001, Nigeria’s space program is administered through its National Space Research and Development Agency (NASRDA), which consists of six geographically distributed centers that include the Center for Basic Space Science, the Center for Satellite Technology Development, the Center for Geodesy and Geodynamics, the Center for Space Transport and Propulsion, the National Center for Remote Sensing, and the Center for Space Science and Technology Education. In recent years, Nigeria worked with China to develop and launch an Earth-observation satellite in 2003, Nigeriasat-1, as part of the international Disaster Monitoring Constellation (DMC). Nigeriasat-2 is the follow-on Earth-observation satellite and launched in 2011.\nRussia’s space program is organized around the State Corporation Roscosmos, which was established in 2015 on the basis of the now-defunct Federal Space Agency, and before that, the Soviet Space program (1957-1991). A branch of Russia’s armed forces (Russian Aerospace Forces or VKS) is dedicated to all military satellites, launch facilities, and space situational awareness (SSA) programs. Russia owns one of the largest fleets of spacecraft in orbit. The agency focuses on human spaceflight, space sciences, communications, remote sensing, and navigation. The Soviet/Russian Space Program was responsible for many firsts in space, including the first satellite, Sputnik 1, the first animal, first man, and first woman in space and in Earth orbit, and the first spacewalk, as well as records for the longest flight and amount of time in space.\nRussia remains a world leader in space and continues to make investments in launch infrastructure and systems. Russia still allocates funds to support the ISS, including crew and cargo transportation. With the retirement of the U.S. Space Shuttle in 2011, Russia became solely responsible for the transport of all crew to and from the ISS.\nThe Korea Aerospace Research Institute (KARI) is South Korea’s space agency. KARI’s objective is to contribute to the development of the national economy and improvement of the public life through aerospace science and technology. In addition to continued development of scientific and remote sensing satellites, Korea’s national space plans include further work on its new Korea Space Launch Vehicle (KSLV) rocket, participation in international space exploration initiatives including the ISS, a continued astronaut training program, and long-term plans for lunar orbiter and lander spacecraft.\nA Korean Space Launch Vehicle 1 rocket, called Naro-1, was launched from South Korea’s Naro Space Center in 2013, successfully carrying the science satellite STSAT-2C into orbit. In 2015, The Korea Multipurpose Satellite-3A (Arirang-3A) was launched from the Yasny launch base in Russia. In 2016, South Korea and the U.S. reached an agreement for bilateral cooperation between their space programs on the use of space technology.\nThe State Space Agency of Ukraine (SSAU) is a government body coordinated by the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine and is responsible for the formation and implementation of state policy in space activities.\nSSAU, through 5-year National Space Programs, (today in the Fifth National Space Program for the period 2013-2017) ensures the exploration and use of outer space for peaceful purposes, coordinates research and development work on design, production and testing of space technologies, including interests of national security and defense, and ensures the application, support, and improvement of objects of space activities. SSAU also carries out international space activities in accordance with international treaties signed by the state and performs other functions in space activities pursuant to Ukrainian legislation.\nThe space projects of Ukraine include production and launching of the ERS satellites Sich-2-1, Sich-2M, Sich-3R, Sich-3O and scientific satellite Microsat-M, creation of the National Satellite Communication System, participation in the space projects Antares (USA), Vega (ESA), and in EU projects via Horizon – 2020.\nUnited Arab Emirates\nThe United Arab Emirates established its national space agency in 2014, with the goals of promoting research and innovation in the Emirates’ scientific community, encouraging younger generations to get involved, and strengthening international relations. It is the first space agency in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) region, and is committed to advancing the space sector in the Middle East and beyond. Although the UAE has launched satellites prior to the establishment of their space agency, launches are not yet a primary focus. One of the main initiatives for the agency was to establish a degree program for advanced sciences in the Middle East, which has been implemented at the Masdar Institute of Science and Technology. The Mars Hope Mission is another large initiative of the UAE Space Agency, which will put the Hope probe into orbit around Mars by 2021.\nThe UAE also plans to launch KhalifaSat in 2018. This is the first satellite that will have been completely developed by Emirates engineers at the Mohammed bin Rashid Space Centre. This Earth observing mission will focus on taking high-resolution imagery for environmental measures, urban planning, and area classification.\nUnited Kingdom (UK)\nIn 1962, the United Kingdom launched its first satellite into space in partnership with the U.S., making it the third nation to operate a satellite on orbit. Then in 1971, the UK launched a British-built satellite into orbit on a British-built rocket, research from which went on to inform the European Launcher Development Organisation (later part of the European Space Agency).\nThe UK Space Agency (UKSA) was created in 2010 to replace the British National Space Centre and bring all UK civil space activities under one single management. Currently, the UK is one of the four largest contributors to ESA and actively participates in its many scientific and exploratory missions. In 2017, the UKSA announced plans to enable commercial operations of small satellite launch vehicles and sub-orbital flights out of UK spaceports by 2020.\n72 Nations Have Space Interests\nMany nations now recognize the strategic value and practical benefits of space assets and are pursuing space capabilities. By the end of 2017, government, commercial, or academic organizations in at least 72 nations - including 19 member states of ESA – were operating one or more satellites, or planning to launch a satellite before the end of 2020. Some of those nations include: Algeria, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Belarus, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Croatia, Cuba, Czech Republic, Denmark, Egypt, France, Germany, Greece, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Laos, Lithuania, Luxembourg, New Zealand, North Korea, Malaysia, Mexico, Mongolia, Morocco, the Netherlands, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Sweden, Switzerland, Thailand, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, United Kingdom, United Arab Emirates, United States of America, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Ukraine, Venezuela and Vietnam. Only three nations currently have human spaceflight capabilities, the U.S. (NASA), Russia (Roscosmos), and China (CMEO – China Manned Space Engineering office).\nOrbits of the Earth\nSpace Situational Awareness/Space Traffic Management\nThe U.S. Air Force made an upgrade to its Joint Space Operations Center (JSpOC) to improve space surveillance, collision avoidance, launch support, and the ability to provide more precise and timely orbital information. Another space surveillance system is currently being built by the U.S. Air Force known as the Space Fence. As a second-generation system, it will be able to detect space debris the size of a marble, as well as improve the precision and timing of tracking potential threats in space. Space Fence is expected to be operational by 2019.\nThe Space Based Space Surveillance (SBSS) system’s first ‘pathfinder’ satellite provides one of the few space-based sensors in the U.S. Air Force Space Surveillance Network (SSN) with the ability to detect debris, spacecraft or other distant space objects without interference from weather, atmosphere or time of day. Others include Air Force Technical Training Renewal (ATTR) and Geosynchronous Space Situational Awareness Program (GSSAP).\nCurrent SSA policy is looking to establish standards that would better enable the integration of data from multiple sources; different countries, as well as commercial and civilian providers. There is broad agreement that it would be ideal if there were a more active space traffic management system, and more open access to data.\nCommercial operators established the Space Data Association (SDA) in 2009 to provide satellite operators with a way to share controlled, reliable and efficient data for increased safety of satellite operations. As the commercial space sector continues to grow, private organizations could play a larger role in developing standards and practices in areas such as limiting debris, satellite servicing, and the tracking of small satellites.\nUnfortunately, space debris is not the only component in space situational awareness. Ground-based electronic and cyber threats are issues on the rise, especially with current Chinese and Russian advancements in anti-satellite weaponry. They have the potential to disrupt satellite activity in space, and thus directly affect military efforts by interfering with ground-based communications and surveillance. It’s anticipated that any future conflict will involve space warfare.\nSpace Weather refers to any anomalies caused by the Sun that affect near-Earth space as well as Earth’s upper atmosphere.\nGeomagnetic storms are a type of space weather that temporarily disturb Earth’s magnetosphere. A geomagnetic storm can be initiated by either solar coronal mass ejections (CME) or solar flares. These produce solar winds, which travel across the expanse of space, and usually hit Earth’s magnetic field 24 to 36 hours later.\nSolar wind is another variation of space weather, and is associated with what we classify as auroral lights. They are the most visible effects of the Sun’s activity on Earth’s atmosphere, and can be seen at the northern and southern poles. Electrically charged particles from the Sun make contact with Earth’s magnetic field, and collide with atoms and molecules in our atmosphere, resulting in a release of energy that produces what we know as auroral lights.\nSolar storms can last anywhere from a few short minutes to several hours. However, the effects of geomagnetic storms can lurk even longer in the Earth’s magnetosphere and atmosphere for days or even weeks.\nUnfortunately, space weather isn’t preventable, so our technology is susceptible to these strong electrical currents. However, risk can be mitigated if preventative action is taken. NOAA is tasked with this responsibility. It can predict the severity of geomagnetic activity within a few minutes, and with the one to three-day delay of space weather, warn assets in space to adjust accordingly.\nSpace weather has the power to disrupt electric power grids, contribute to the corrosion of oil and gas pipelines, and interfere with high-frequency radio communications and Global Positioning System (GPS) navigation. Objects in space during one of these space weather events, such as satellites, are subject to temporary operational aberrations, damage to electronics, and the degradation of solar arrays.\nA prime example of the effects of space weather is an event that took place on March 13, 1989, due to geomagnetically induced currents (GICs). The Hydro-Québec power network collapsed because of a CME ejected from the Sun four days earlier. This caused a blackout that lasted for more than nine hours, and affected over 6 million people.\nCommunications: Radio Frequencies\nSatellites use a small portion of the radio frequency band to receive signals and relay them back to Earth. Interference with a satellite’s radio signal can be the result of solar weather, conflicting satellite signals, or terrestrial commercial technologies. Radio Frequency Interference (RFI) is characterized as any unwanted signal received by a device that prevents clear or best signal reception.\nNo nation owns the radio frequency spectrum, but all nations depend on keeping it free from interference. Space-based services can be particularly vulnerable to interference because satellites in space cannot easily increase their transmitted power when faced with increased noise. Many space services are not traditional two-way communications, but include passive monitoring (weather), active sensing (remote sensing) and/or one-way broadcasting (GPS). As a result, critical frequency bands require special international protection.\nThere is growing pressure on all frequencies from terrestrial commercial technologies, making regulatory protection more important than ever. International management of the use of the radio-frequency spectrum and satellite orbits is regulated by the International Telecommunication Union. In the U.S., the Federal Communications Commission, in partnership with the National Telecommunications and Information Agency, is entrusted with protecting national security, public safety requirements and scientific federal agencies relying on space systems.\nFrequency Bands Allocated to Satellite Transmission\n|Letter Designation for Satellite Frequency Band||Frequency\n|Examples of Satellite Services at Different Frequency Bands||Advantages||Disadvantages|\n|L||1-2 GHz||Mobile satellite services and GPS||Moderate antennas about 2 ft or less; Negligible atmospheric effects; Popular in terrestrial communications||Moderate to low capacity; Susceptible to jamming|\n|S||2-4 GHz||Maritime radio navigation; deep space research and radiolocation||Minimal disturbance from rain fade*||Moderate to low capacity|\n|C||4-8 GHz||Fixed satellite services and VSAT||Less susceptible to disturbance from heavy rain fade||Requires a large satellite dish; Interference from terrestrial microwave systems|\n|X||8-12 GHz||Military and satellite imagery||Enable sharp, high-resolution radar images; Provides a communication option to the heavily populated C and Ku bands||Sensitive to heavy rain fade|\n|Ku||12-18GHz||Fixed satellite services and VSAT||More bandwidth; No interference from terrestrial microwave links and other technologies; Operates with a smaller satellite dish||Sensitive to heavy rain fade|\n|Ka||18-40 GHz||Fixed satellite services and broadcasting satellite services||Greater bandwidth; Increased data throughput; Smaller receiver antenna||Severe sensitivity to heavy rain fade|\n*Rain fade refers primarily to the absorption of a microwave radio frequency (RF) signal by atmospheric rain, snow or ice; losses are especially prevalent at frequencies above 11 GHz.\n\"Executive Summary of the Commercial Satellite Communications (SATCOM) Report.\" Federation of American Scientists. Web. 05 Jan. 2011.\n\"Level 421: C-Band versus Ku-Band.\" Level 421: Level 421 English. Web. 05 Jan. 2011.\n\"Ka-Band: Military and Commercial Sectors Gear Up - Page 2 of 4: Satellite Today.\" Guest Edition: Satellite Today. Web. 05 Jan. 2011.\n\"Satellites 101.\" Satellite Industry Association. Web. 05 Jan. 2011\nAccording to the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), small launch vehicles are defined as those with a payload capacity of less than 2,268 kilograms (5,000 pounds) at 185 kilometers (100 nautical miles) altitude and in a 28.5-degree inclination orbit. Medium to heavy launch vehicles are capable of carrying more than 5,000 pounds at 100 nautical miles altitude and in a 28.5-degree inclination orbit.\nA launch vehicle’s main goal, whether sub-orbital or orbital in nature, is to achieve the needed velocity to propel a spacecraft or payload out of Earth’s gravity and into a desired course or orbit. With technological advancements, and a constant quest for cost efficiency, commercial companies are now investing in launch vehicles that can be recycled and reused. Although a completely reusable orbital vehicle has yet to be developed since the Space Shuttle, multiple private companies have developed, or are working on, reusable rocket systems that utilize vertical take-off and vertical landing. Others are developing more shuttle-like systems that would utilize vertical take-off and horizontal landing.\nAny launch vehicle with no recoverable components after its mission is complete is an expendable launch vehicle (ELV). These systems are only used once and then discarded. ELV’s are used frequently in practice launches or for launching satellites due to their lower risk of mission failures.\nFor a detailed review of various commercial launch vehicles, the FAA provides a compendium of commercial space transportation each year:", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Kids love a good story. It’s not a secret, but so do big kids, you know those who are often disguised as adults.\nIt is worth considering what it is that kids love about a good story, then applying those techniques to our own storytelling when we are in front of a crowd.\nAlliteration: Preachers use this a lot – each point of their message starts with the same letter.\nAcronyms: The first letter of the points in your talk spell out a memorable word.\nRhyme and Rhythm: Think catchy, like diddies and jingles.\nFunny names: There are sites devoted to this.\nDistinctive Voices: I don’t do impressions, but I can do emotions.\nExaggeration: your voice, your feelings, your sensations, soooo, veerryyy.\nPutting your audience or yourself in a story: I don’t poke fun at others any more. But I can make others the hero in my story.\nRepetition: Tell them what you are going to tell them. Tell them. Remind them from time to time what you are telling them. Then tell them what you told them.\nAnthropomorphization: Giving animation, voice and movement, to inanimate objects.\nGiving Characters the Stage: Was it Twain who said, “Don’t tell me the lady screamed. Bring her up on stage and let me hear her scream?”\nSimple techniques? Not really.\nDrop your email address below to get updates to this site.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "About the Greek Red Wine Limnio\nComments Off on About the Greek Red Wine Limnio\nLimnio is a variety of Greek red wine that is made from grapes that have been used in the production of wine for over 2,000 years. The grape is native to the island of Lemnos, but doesn’t grow there as much as it once did. Today, the grape the Limnio grape is grown in abundance on the peninsula of Halkidiki and in Rapsani, a town in Thessaly.\nThe Limnio grape is hardy, with strong resistance to drought. It is a dark-skinned grape that was first mentioned by Greek writers including Home, Polydefkis, and Hesiod. Aristotle is thought to have said the grape variety, Lemnia, produced the well-known Lemnian wine. The grape is able to produce high must weights (sugar content), which leads to the high alcohol level.\nLimnio wine is also known as: Limniona, Lemniotiko, Lemniotico, Lemnio, Kalabaki, and Ntoyrou Kara to name a few. The wine is full-bodied with moderate acidity and tannins. Tannins are the textural element that makes a wine taste dry. The wine has a mineral aroma. When blended with other wines, Limnio adds an herbal aroma, color, and acidity. Limnio is known to be herbaceous, with the taste of bay leaves.There is also a more mild red berry flavor to the wine.\nPure Limnio wine can age for up to 4 – 7 years, but both single Limnios and blends with Limnio can be consumed on release. Limnio wine goes well with fish dishes and pasta dishes with meat as well as mild yellow cheeses. Don’t be afraid to experiment with Limnio wine and food pairings, it goes well with many dishes.\nType of Greek Wine\nLimnio is a red wine made from a dark-skinned grape.\nWine Region for Limnio in Greece\nLimnio is produced in Lemnos, Halkidiki, and Rapsani.\nLimnio Greek Wine Flavor Description\nLimnio wine has an herbaceous flavour that strongly resembles that of the bay leaf. There is a mild red berry flavor as well. Limnio wine has a mineral aroma.\nFood Pairing for Limnio Greek Wine\nLimnio wine goes well with fish and pasta dishes with meat especially, but it’s an easy wine to experiment with:\n- Baked lamb with eggplant\n- Shrimp Youvetsi (Greek orzo with shrimp)\n- Pastitsio (Greek pasta bake)\n- Giouvetsi (Greek beef stew with orzo)\nFacts About Limnio Greek Wine\n- Limnio wine is indigenous to Lemnos, Greece\n- It was mentioned by early Greek poets Homer and Aristotle\n- Limnio grapes have been used in the production of wine for over 2,000 years\nLimnio grapes are hardy and produce a lovely Greek red wine that easy to experiment with when it comes to food.\nCategorized in: Greek Wine List: White Wines, Red Wines\nThis post was written by GreekBoston.com", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "South Africa’s president Jacob Zuma has promised black South Africans that the government would push through a new law to compensate them for their stolen lands.\nThe promise by the president in an address to the Gauteng province branch of the ruling African National Congress (ANC) is considered a populist move aimed at shoring up support for the ruling party ahead of crucial local elections in August.\nThe ANC must relook the Land Question. This is one of the biggest impediments to attaining complete freedom – Pres Zuma #ANCPGC— ANC (@MYANC) May 13, 2016\nIn 1913 ... the land that had been stolen from us was legalised. And that is when we believe it was taken from us.\nThe embattled president has thrown his weight behind the bill which is making its way through South Africa’s parliament.\nUnder the proposed legislation, the state can acquire land without the owners’ consent by paying an amount determined by the office of the Valuer-General, effectively scrapping a “willing-buyer, willing seller” formula. Owners can challenge the compensation offered in court.\nIt is meant to redress racial disparities in land ownership in a country where land is an emotive issue.\n“In 1913 … the land that had been stolen from us was legalised. And that is when we believe it was taken from us,” Zuma said in reference to a legislation that year which put just 13 percent of South Africa’s land, for farming and other purposes, in the hands of the black majority.\nExperts have estimated about 8 million hectares (20 million acres) of farmland have since been transferred to black owners at the end of apartheid, but this is only a third of the ANC’s 30 percent target.\nZuma said to rectify the situation, his government would work “within the law … If it means amending the law.”\nHe described South Africa as “the only country in the world where the majority do not control the economy.”\nMeanwhile, the Economic Freedom Fighters party, led by former ANC youth leader Julius Malema has also promised to seize white-owned land for redistribution to landless blacks.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Diversity in science matters to breakthroughs. When more scientists with varied backgrounds and experiences fill laboratories and collaborate on teams, outcomes in innovation and discovery surpass those of less diverse scientific groups, according to the National Institutes of Health (NIH)….\nPhysicists Awarded $3 Million Grant to Build Particle Detector\nPhysicists in the College of Arts and Sciences have been awarded a $3 million grant from the National Science Foundation (NSF) to support their involvement with the construction of an upgrade to the Large Hadron Collider beauty (LHCb) experiment at CERN in Geneva, Switzerland.\nSpecifically, they will use the three-year award to build an inner tracking device, known as the Upstream Tracker (UT), which will increase the amount of data that LHCb can handle by factors of five to 10. The award will also support data analysis needed to produce physics results.\nThe UT is scheduled to be installed in early 2019, and is expected to help revolutionize the study of Beyond the Standard Model (BSM) of Physics.\n“Our goal is to enhance the capabilities of the UT, above and beyond the requirements that data can be taken,” says Sheldon Stone, Distinguished Professor of Physics, who oversees the Syracuse team at CERN. “The new detector will substantially increase the luminosity that LHCb can handle, thus providing more accurate measurements of fundamental particles and enabling observations of rare processes that occur below the current sensitivity level.”\nThe UT project is directed by Professor Marina Artuso, and, along with Stone, involves professors Steven Blusk and Tomasz Skwarnicki. The team is augmented by researchers from CERN; the National Institute of Nuclear Physics in Milan, Italy; the University of Zurich in Switzerland; AGH University of Science and Technology in Krakow, Poland; the universities of Maryland and Cincinnati; and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.\nArtuso says the UT will replace the LHCb’s existing tracker, and will consist of four ultra-thin, silicon detector planes. Each 25-square-foot plane, in turn, will produce data that is “read” by custom-built electronic integrated circuits.\n“The Standard Model of Physics has succeeded in classifying all known subatomic particles, based on how they interact with one another,” Artuso says. “But for all its success, the Standard Model still raises questions, such as those involving the relationship between matter and anti-matter, the properties of dark matter, and the values of the masses of quarks and leptons [the building blocks of matter]. Much of what we do at CERN—identifying new forces that are manifested by particles—seeks to answer these questions.”\nAt CERN, Syracuse physicists study hadrons, which are composite particles that are divided into two groups: baryons (e.g., protons and neutrons), each containing three quarks; and mesons, containing a quark and an anti-quark. Blusk says their job is to find particles that could be carriers of new forces.\n“The building blocks of all known things—including cars, planets, stars and people—are quarks and electrons, which are tied together by strong, electromagnetic forces,” says Blusk, who recently made headlines with his discovery of two never-before-seen baryons. “The UT will take the LHCb’s already-excellent hadron identification system to a new level of precision and sensitivity.”\nTraditionally, direct searches for new particles have required the accelerator’s energy to be high enough for the particle to be produced. But scientists at LHCb think indirect evidence—so-called “virtual footprints,” caused by the decaying of mesons and baryons with bottom quarks—will yield traces of BSM particles.\n“The effects of these [indirect] searches are quantum in nature because they’re emitted and absorbed over short periods of time,” Stone says. “So far, none of our results have demonstrated new physics. The upgrade should enable us to probe more aggressively, and better understand such phenomena as charge parity violation, which explains the dominance of matter over anti-matter in the Universe.”\nSkwarnicki is excited about the upgrade. In addition to discovering a meson named Z(4430), containing two quarks and two antiquarks, he and Stone helped prove the existence of a pentaquark (i.e., four quarks and an anti-quark). Skwarnicki thinks the UT project will help scientists better understand the structure of matter.\n“Having a new detector will, among other things, shed light on how quarks bind together,” he says. “Of course, this is just the tip of the iceberg, as far as major unsolved problems are concerned. The UT will push the boundaries of theoretical and experimental physics in bold, new directions.”\nAnother, more tangible, benefit of the UT project involves the campus community. Artuso says the NSF grant will enable graduate and undergraduate students at Syracuse to participate in the construction and testing of the detector. Results of the upgrade will then be integrated into QuarkNet, a multiyear educational program at the University that provides professional development and ongoing support for area high school physics teachers.\nArtuso says, “It’s important for our students, particularly at the graduate level, to have hardware experience, as well as data analysis capabilities. What we’re doing is vital to the overall LHCb upgrade, and is essential for the collaboration to continue producing cutting-edge physics results.”", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Invasive plants degrade and diminish Florida's conservation lands and waterways. Some invasive aquatic plants pose a significant threat to human welfare by impeding flood control and affecting recreational use of waterways and its associated surrounding economy. The Invasive Plant Management Section is the lead agency in Florida responsible for coordinating and funding two statewide programs controlling invasive aquatic and upland plants on public conservation lands and waterways throughout the state. The section also ensures that beneficial native aquatic plants in Florida's ponds, lakes and rivers are protected through its permitting programs and funding research to find more cost-effective management techniques.\nPublic Services, Field Operations and FAQs\nThe program designs, funds, coordinates and contracts invasive nonnative aquatic plant control efforts.\nPlant Control Operations By Waterbody\nThe program addresses local upland invasive plant management issues on public conservation lands and funds individual invasive-plant-removal projects on public conservation lands.\nInvasive Plant Photo of the Month: Air potato vine\nA native to tropical Asia, air potato, Dioscorea bulbifera, was introduced into the Americas from Africa, where it is naturalized, and in 1905, introduced into Florida. It forms unique or novel habitats by forming dense canopies over native tree communities, causing them to become degraded and diminished. It was placed on the Florida Noxious Weed List by the Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services in 1999.\nThe historical Aspects of Invasive Plant Management in Florida\nFlorida's aquatic plant management program is one of the oldest invasive species removal programs, with its beginnings dating back to the late 1800s. South American floating waterhyacinths were introduced into the St. Johns River near Palatka in the late 1880s and soon after made navigation on the river for steamboat traffic almost impossible. Later, a 1950s plant invader, hydrilla (a native of Southeast Asia), began to infest and degrade Floridas's lakes and rivers when it produced dense canopies at the surface. Beginning in the 1960s, the Australian melaleuca tree and the South American Brazilian pepper tree began to rapidly spread into and on south Florida's conservation lands. These nonnative invasive plants, along with others, now impact approximately 1.5 million acres of Florida. With the addition of the upland program, the section oversees the largest invasive plant management program of its kind in the United States.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Learn about atmospheric brown clouds, the dangers they pose on indoor air quality, and why they highlight the need for commercial air filtration.\nMuch has been said about the severe seasonal bouts of air pollution in the Indian capital city of New Delhi, which is also the primary reason the Delhi government is pushing for the installation of commercial air filtration systems in homes and buildings in the National Capital Territory.\nBut the “why” behind this recurring air pollution problem isn’t well understood.\nAtmospheric Brown Clouds vs. Commercial Air Filtration Systems\nIf one were fortunate enough to be viewing the Indian subcontinent while sitting inside the International Space Station, one would see a striking change in how the clouds blanketing the region appear during the months of October and November. It’s when Indian farmers burn millions of tons of crops in Punjab and Haryana, creating a haze of smoke so thick and toxic it becomes dangerous for the people living in India’s capital.\nThese massive clouds of haze and smoke are often referred to as Asian Brown Clouds or Atmospheric Brown Clouds (ABCs), and they can be observed in many parts of Asia, Africa and the Amazon Basin. And as mentioned earlier, they are a result of widespread combustion.\n“Combustion generates H2O, NO, NO2, CO, CO2, and particulate matter. Combustion can also emit hydrocarbon gases, vapors, and organic particles,” notes Camfil USA’s Charlie Seyffer, Manager of Marketing & Technical Materials for commercial air filters and 37-year ASHRAE member and active committee participant. “Some of the particles are large and settle out, but the majority of the particles are submicron and remain suspended in the air for long periods of time.”\nWhat are ABCs and How Can HEPA Air Filtration Systems Help?\nAtmospheric brown clouds are clouds that often result from the burning of organic material and fossil fuel emissions from both mobile sources such as cars and trucks and stationary sources. ABCs can extend vertically from the ground by as much as 3 kilometers and can penetrate homes and buildings, affecting indoor air quality. Fortunately, the particles and aerosols commonly found in ABCs can be removed by proper-strength HEPA air filtration systems.\nHEPA filters are also certified to capture gaseous pollutants that contribute to the formation of ABCs, such as:\n- Nitrogen oxides (NOx)\n- Sulfur oxides (SOx)\n- Volatile organic compounds (VOCs)\n- Carbon monoxide (CO)\n- Methane (CHR)\n- Ozone (O3)\nABC Health Issues Prevented by Commercial HEPA Filter and Air Purifiers\nFor humans, the impacts of ABCs are manifold. As mentioned earlier, haze pollutants can enter homes and buildings, causing allergy attacks, asthma, and other respiratory issues. It’s precisely for this reason that commercial HEPA filters and air purifiers are necessary in parts of the world struggling with heavy air pollution.\nA 2008 UNEP report on atmospheric brown clouds found that around 337,000 excess fatalities occurred in China and India alone due to airborne pollutants found in ABCs. This finding, along with estimates from the World Health Organization, suggests that there may have been under a million deaths attributable to poor air outdoor air quality caused by the burning of solid fuels.\nEffects of ABCs That Go Beyond Commercial HEPA Filters\nUnfortunately, commercial HEPA air filters only address the health-related effects of ABCs. These haze clouds also affect the ability of plants to use sunlight in photosynthesis. For example, rice productivity in parts of Southeast Asia where rice is grown can fall by as much as 10 percent due to haze. Data shows that the annual growth rate of rice harvests in Asia has consistently fallen since the 1960s—right around the same time slashing and burning of forests for palm oil production began.\nTo see the effects of ABCs in a much more visual manner, one need only to look at the Taj Mahal, the jewel of India, which has slowly turned brown over the years due to poor air quality. In the 1980s, this discoloration was attributed to high levels of sulfur dioxide in the air. If nothing is done to solve the problem of ABCs, it’s only a matter of time for the beloved structure to completely turn yellow.\nHow Are Commercial Air Filter Manufacturers Responding to Atmospheric Brown Clouds?\nThe good news is that many commercial air filter manufacturers are manufacturing air filtration systems specifically designed to capture and remove the airborne pollutants left by ABCs in indoor spaces, whether it’s in schools, airports, manufacturing facilities, or medical facilities among many others.\nThe key is to choose the proper-strength HEPA filter for the job. A true HEPA filter will remove 99.97 percent of particulate matter and toxic aerosols from inside a room, but this performance needs to be supported with other measures such as sealing the room and keeping it clean.\nPrevention vs. Cure with Commercial HEPA Filters\nRemember that while effective in “treating” indoor air quality, commercial HEPA filters only address the symptoms of ABCs. As with all pollution problems, the key is to go to the source of the issue and provide cleaner and more sustainable alternatives. In the case of ABCs, this may involve providing access to clean fuel, advancing vehicle emissions norms, and implementing tougher laws against the burning of forests and crops.\nCamfil USA Air Filters", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Tuesday, August 26, 2014\n“The Importance of Press Freedom”\nby Devyn J. White\nIn 1791, three years after the Constitution was ratified, the first amendment to the Constitution was passed by Congress. Included in it is a vital passage, which declares that “Congress shall make no law ... abridging the freedom ... of the press.” This one clause is absolutely essential to the liberty of an individual. However, there have been many who denied this right to the American public, and their actions have badly affected citizens. Those who uphold the Constitution should always speak out against aggressions toward the free press, because there are several consequences of not doing so.\nTwo great persons, though not Americans themselves, provided excellent reasons to support press freedom. The first was stated by the English poet John Milton, near the time of the English Civil War. In a convincing letter, he said that forming opinions as free citizens involves gathering information, and a free press makes this information available to the people. The second reason was shown in the 19th century by an English philosopher named John Stuart Mill. He believed that by silencing one viewpoint by a controlled press, it is probable that the truth could be concealed from the public.\nHowever, to the dismay of Americans everywhere, actions contrary to the first amendment were directed specifically against the freedom of the press. One prominent assault occurred in 1798, when President Adams and Congress passed the Sedition Act. This made it lawful to penalize those who spoke against the government, regardless of whether the truth was spoken or not. Thomas Jefferson later wrote against this issue, “I know not which mortifies me most, that I should fear to write what I think, or my country bear such a state of things.” Many supporters of the free press hated this act, and they were thankful when it expired on March 3, 1801.\nIf citizens allow the press to be controlled by the government, a number of consequences arise. They will not gain access to the information they need to form opinions, because only viewpoints supporting the government will be mentioned. Those who oppose it will have a nearly impossible chance of expressing their own ideas, even if they are stating facts. Furthermore, voters will have a limited ability to know which candidates to elect for government positions, because the press would only favor those who share their opinions.\nThe freedom of the press is a great gift which everyone in this nation should cherish. By increasing personal liberty, its benefits have largely influenced the American society. Although abuses may be made against this freedom, the opposition of several good Americans, who care for their Constitutional rights, will stop them. Finally, by understanding the consequences that could arise from a controlled press, citizens should remember that America is truly a great nation and that press freedom has helped make it so.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Newsletter of the Mercurians, in the Society for the History of Technology\nVolume 10, No. 1, November 1997\nJoseph Henry, Radio Pioneer\nJoseph Henry used an elevated antenna more than twenty years before Loomis. He sent signals between a tuned transmitter and receiver nearly fifty years before Lodge or Hertz. He invented a magnetic detector sixty years before Marconiwell, just kidding about that one. But it was magnetic, and it registered impulses from thunderstorms eight miles away.\nSo why is Joseph Henry's name forgotten with regards to radio history, with but a few exceptions to this neglect? In a biographical article in the January 1926 Bell System Technical Journal, Bancroft Gherardi and Robert W. King considered this question.\nHenry's work contained the germ of yet another important discovery. Some of his experiments on induction by Leyden jar discharges involved the transmission of electric force without wires through distances as great as two hundred feet, and through the floors and walls of buildings. And in similar experiments in which he observed the effects of lightning flashes in place of sparks from a Leyden jar, he found that he could get the lightning to magnetize needles up to a distance as great as eight miles. This was about 1842. Here we have the earliest evidence of ether waves of the type that the radio engineer employs (pp. 9-10).\nGherardi and King surmised that the significance of Henry's experimentation had not been recognized earlier because that required \"much fuller investigation\" into radio technologies. But they also speculated that \"had Henry not been called to other work, the world might have possessed a wireless telegraph capable of sending messages over substantial distances many years before it did.\"\nHenry described this work briefly in what was issued posthumously in 1880 as the \"Memorial of Joseph Henry\" and subsequently republished as Volume 21 of the Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections in 1881. Of course at that time it was just an interesting observation from forty years before, hardly worth expanding on, since radio didn't yet exist.\nPerhaps the best way to appreciate just what Henry did in 1841 or 1842 is to read his account, published in 1860, and reprinted below. This was carefully buried in the Report of the Commissioner of Patents for 1859, Agricultural Section, in a lengthy paper on Meteorology, part V in a series begun in the 1855 Report (pp. 477-478). Charles Alfred Coulson asserts in Joseph Henry: His Life and Work (1950) that \"scarcely anyone but his more intimate friends\" read Henry's account, but it might be noted that 300,000 copies of this book were printed for distribution by members of Congress.\nGranted, it takes some creative interpretation to credit Joseph Henry with transmitting and receiving intelligence by radio in 1842. But as noted earlier, the germ of the idea was there, and Henry certainly anticipated some later discoveries. In addition, who is to say that Loomis didn't read the 1859 Report and start thinking?\nAlan S. Douglas has worked for more than thirty years for Benthos, Inc., makers of underwater research equipment. Recently, one of the firm's vehicles photographed a warship from Benedict Arnold's fleet at the bottom of Lake Champlain. Douglas's publications on radio and electronics history include three volumes of Radio Manufacturers of the 1920s and many journal and magazine articles, placed in periodicals ranging from the IEEE Spectrum to club bulletins.\nEditors' note: Henry described the roof of his residence with relative precision, insofar as it pertained to his experiment: a \"tinned iron. . . in the condition of an insulated plate, on account of the imperfect conduction of the wood and brick-work which intervened between it and the ground.\" Do you ever wonder if tin roofs, corks, and gimlet holes in window frames will again be instruments for conducting state-of-the art, technical experiments?\nIllustration of Henry from: Cyrus F. Brackett, et al, Electricity in Daily Life: A Popular Account of the Applications of Electricity to Every Day Uses (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1893), p. 37.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "19/06/2013 by noonobservation\nMy first two blog posts about airships both came to rather tragic conclusions, so I’m relieved to say that this one merely ends in dramatic failure and a lucrative book deal.\nThe second aerial attempt on the North Pole was made by American newspaperman and part-time adventurer, Walter Wellman. Not content to simply write about events, in the 1890s Wellman took to filling slow news weeks with his attempts to trek to the North Pole on foot, which always ended in heroic failure (usually involving fist fights with polar bears). Inspired by the extreme tediousness and discomfort of pedestrian Arctic exploration, in 1906 Wellman turned to airships as a means of avoiding further months spent eating seal blubber and Bovril.\nSince the expedition was financed by the Chicago Record-Herald, many at first dismissed Wellman’s efforts as an advertising stunt. If this was the case, then he went to considerable cost and bother trying to make his advertising stunt reach the newspaper readers of the North Pole.\nHis airship, named the America, was built for him in France with guidance from Santos-Dumont and several French aeronauts. At 6,300 cubic metres, it was the second largest balloon in the world at the time (after Count Zeppelin’s), and constructed from three layers of fabric and three of rubber glued together to give extra leak protection.\nIt also sported a novel device, which Wellman called the “equilibrator” (or affectionately, his “stuffed serpent” or “sausage”). The equilibrator was a long leather tube, clad in steel “scales” and packed with reserve food. It was designed to drag along the ice/sea and automatically regulate the ship’s height without the need for tossing out ballast or venting gas: if the ship descended, more of the equilibrator’s weight would be on the ice, lightening the ship and causing it to rise; if the ship rose, more of the equilibrator’s weight would be carried by the ship, causing it to descend. Like most serpents however, it caused endless trouble, which ultimately led to a fall.\nAttempts to reach the North Pole\nWellman shipped out to Spitzbergen in 1906 and built “Camp Wellman”, heartlessly demolishing Andree‘s ruined balloon house for timber. Not being a subscriber to the suicidal polar explorer club, Wellman stocked the America with 10 months’ food for the three-man crew, sledges and 10 emergency huskies.\nDelayed by bad weather, the America finally took flight in September 1907, rather late in the adventuring season. The ship travelled a disappointing 35 miles before being forced down onto a glacier by a snowstorm, leaving Wellman to be rescued by sailors.\nAfter taking a break to report on the US elections, Wellman returned to Spitzbergen in 1909 with an enlarged America, determined to try again. The second attempt started promisingly, until 65 miles in when the equilibrator embarrassingly fell off. This caused the ship to soar up to 1500m, from where it could only be brought down again by venting hydrogen. Wellman was rescued again, this time by Norwegian sailors, who towed the America, her disappointed crew and terrified dogs back to Spitzbergen.\nContrary to the opinions of most, Mr Wellman felt that, “but for the accident to the auxiliary device, the equilibrator… the America might easily have reached the Pole or its vicinity in from 25 to 30 hours.” Wellman vowed to return in 1910 with an even bigger America.\nHowever, it was at about this time that people started claiming they had already got to the Pole using sledges and Inuits. Believing that Robert Peary (or possibly Frederick Cook) had already thoroughly discovered the North Pole, Wellman decided that the Arctic was old news.\nAttempt to cross the Atlantic\nDespite her longest flight having been only 65 miles, Wellman was confident that, with a few adjustments, the America could make the 3,500 mile trip across the Atlantic.\nWith the financial assistance of the London Daily Telegraph, the New York Times and the Chicago Record-Herald, Wellman had the America enlarged again and fitted out with a new car, new engines, a radio and a new equilibrator (this time composed of gasoline cans attached to a 300 foot steel cable). Demonstrating once more his keen survival instincts, Wellman also had a sturdy mahogany lifeboat (which doubled as the ship’s look-out post and smoking room) slung under the keel.\nAll this extra safety came at a price however, and the airship came in sadly overweight. Wellman’s view (which hopefully his crew bought into) was that, “…duty at times compels a man to take an imperfect apparatus, and… go out with it and do the best he can, no matter at what cost or risk.” Thus the America set off from a fog-bound Atlantic City in October 1910 dragging her submerged equilibrator through the sea.\nThe most famous member of Wellman’s crew (thanks to the internet being run by cats) is now Kiddo: a grey tabby brought along as a mascot. His main contribution to the voyage was to keep everyone awake: initially by his terrified yowling during the early stages of the voyage and later by his habit of trying to sleep on people’s faces.\nAlmost from the start of the voyage, the America ran into trouble. One of her two engines refused to run at all; the other had the delightful habit of shooting burning matter from its exhaust, the sparks skittering playfully across the underside of the hydrogen-filled balloon. Wellman calculated their chances of being blown up at 50:50.\nWith a great deal of effort, the America managed to avoid the embarrassment of being shipwrecked on the luxury coast of New England, however the crew was soon reduced to jettisoning necessary fuel, supplies and the broken engine in order to maintain altitude. In rough seas, the 2-tonne equilibrator bounced from wave to wave, tugging the balloon down each time so that it nearly hit the water.\nAfter drifting powerless through the third day, by shear luck, they made contact with the Royal Mail steamer, Trent. The America‘s crew got into their lifeboat and cut it loose from the balloon. Freed from the tedious weight of Wellman’s ambitions, the America rose and continued on her merry way, though the equilibrator couldn’t resist having one last go at killing them all as it departed. Fortunately, the large hole it made in the lifeboat was above the waterline.\nThe only person disappointed was F Murray Simon, the British navigator. Since his favourite sport was boating, he had been perversely looking forward to spending a few days on the mid-Atlantic in an open boat.\nThe crew of the Airship America returned to a hero’s welcome. They failed to cross the Atlantic, but did set a new airship distance record of 1,008 miles. Kiddo was much fêted and later displayed in a gilded cage in the window of Gimbels department store, before going into retirement.\nWalter Wellman was quite clearly a publicity-hungry arse. Though he liked to say a lot about advancing science and human progress, he didn’t really do any science on any of his trips, preferring to gawp at the scenery and write self-aggrandising journals. His goals of “reaching the pole” or “crossing the Atlantic” were mainly chosen because they made good headlines.\nIf Wellman had been serious about advancing aviation, he would have slowly developed a practical and reliable ship through – I don’t know – perhaps some test flights or something. Instead he sailed off in needlessly dramatic, all-or-nothing haste in untried ships.\nHis main contribution to aviation was to prove that equilibrators are stupid.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Origen and Allegory | Introduction to History and Spirit: The Understanding of Scripture According to Origen | Henri de Lubac\nDom Capelle was recently obliged to devote a scholarly article to proving that Saint Ambrose did not take Melchizedek to be the eternal Father.  What a lengthy book would be required if we wished to establish with equal care, by the minute examination of so many misquoted texts and by the production of so many others that are usually misunderstood, that Origen was not the mad \"allegorist\" he is so often thought to be! The error is so deep-rooted, it has so many authorities for it, it concurs, we must admit, with so many of our prejudices, that even today we find good historians reviving it without a closer look. Even those who every now and then rise to combat it make concession to it again in spite of themselves. Such was the case in the nineteenth century with Bishop Freppel, who thought he was being generous to Origen in saying that \"even with regard to the books of the Old Testament, his preferences do not go so far as to exclude systematically\" all literal exegesis.  Closer to our own time, this was also the case with Abbé Jules Martin, even though he was working on texts.  René Cadiou himself, in the course of an excellent chapter on Origenian symbolism, writes: \"The Alexandrians easily sacrificed history in their desire to impose symbolism, even though Christian revelation is, in the first place, a historical event.\"  Nevertheless, as paradoxical as this might appear to a modern mind, was not one of the motives for this symbolism, in the Christian thinking of the first centuries, precisely to assure history a meaning that pagan antiquity had denied it? And did not Origen, perhaps better than any other, comment on this verse from the Letter to the Hebrews that, in its uniqueness, so well confirms the value of the \"historical event\" in which we believe: \"[Christ] has appeared once for all at the end of the age to put away sin by the sacrifice of himself \"? \nThe word allegory is automatically associated with Origenian exegesis. This is certainly not wrong, if we do not intend to express the whole of his exegesis by that word, and neither are all the objections summed up in that word inapplicable. But still, it is necessary to have a good understanding of it. It is a vague word with a variety of meanings.  Many have too much disdain for it to waste their time being precise about the characteristics of the thing it designates, or that they think it designates in Origen's case, so that, by its very inconsistency, the idea they form of it eludes any orderly discussion. When they speak, in fact, of an \"excess of symbolism\" or \"exaggerated allegory\", what exactly do they mean by these expressions? Is it merely a question, for example, of a \"lack of sobriety\" or of too rich a profusion of symbols, so that the error would be \"rather in the application than in the substance of things\" ?  Or, on the other hand, is it a question of some corrosive principle that sound exegesis is obliged to reject? It has been my desire to try to clear up a question that has become so obscure by, first of all, forcing, so to speak, the accepted judgments to be more explicit. I have sought, not to \"defend\" Origen, but simply to know what in fact he thought and said.\nSeveral friends had undertaken to translate the Homilies on the Hexapla from Rufinus' version. These translations naturally appeared some time later in the Sources chrétiennes series, and I was asked to write an introduction. That was the occasion for this study. Since the Homilies on the Hexapla are, from one end to the other, little more than one vast repertoire of \"allegorical\" interpretations, the subject was inescapable. The very strangeness of it was stimulating to me. But it was quickly apparent to me that in order to discuss this subject to any advantage, it was necessary to consider it at the same time within the framework of Origen's entire work. As E. Klostermann wrote quite recently,  commentaries and homilies cannot be dissociated in this work on the pretext that they correspond to two distinct genres: just as the homilies are filled with details that attest to a concern for scientific order, the commentaries are full of spiritual preoccupations. As for the other works, such as the Peri Archôn or Contra Celsum, their contribution is equally essential. But as I looked in those works for the necessary information, the subject I had at first envisioned assumed a broader scope in my eyes. It was no longer a matter of measuring, in any given exegesis, the part allotted to the \"letter\" or to history. It was no longer even a matter solely of exegesis. It was a whole manner of thinking, a whole world view that loomed before me. A whole interpretation of Christianity of which Origen, furthermore, despite many of his personal and at times questionable traits, was less the author than the witness. Even more, through this \"spiritual understanding\" of Scripture, it was Christianity itself that appeared to me, as if acquiring a reflective self-awareness. This is the phenomenon, one of the most characteristic of the early Christian period, that, in the final analysis, I sought to grasp.\nSimilar essays have become increasingly frequent in recent years, some simply historical and others with a doctrinal purpose. Theologians and exegetes are examining the subject thoroughly, each according to his discipline. Everywhere, in every sense, they are speaking of the \"spiritual sense\". Discussions have taken place that were not at all unproductive. New points of view have evolved. Traditional truths have been elucidated more clearly. My task is easier because of this. The time is not ripe, however, for a complete synthesis. Rather than consider the question in all its breadth, which would have required a rather adventurous foray into the biblical field, I have therefore stayed with my original plan. Origen remains at the center of my perspective. It is he whom we are examining; it is within his axis that we place ourselves. A mere chapter--though one of unparalleled importance, it is true--of that history of spiritual exegesis that might itself be an important chapter in the history of theology.\nMy purpose is thus historical--and I intend my method to be so as well. Let me repeat, I am seeking to discover what Origen thought by finding out, without any preconceived decision, what it was he said, through as extensive a reading and as literal an exegesis as possible. To the best of my ability, I am employing with regard to him that \"basic objectivity that consists in seeing him accurately within the framework of problems contemporaneous to him and in understanding his doctrine according to the questions to which it was actually responding\". This is precisely what seems to me to be lacking in some earlier works, and it is this above all that I have sought to provide. But such a concern carries us far. It forces us to react against that kind of unjust objectivity of those who can see only the outside and the fixed endings of a work that has become distant. It also leads us very quickly to go beyond too extrinsic a method, one by which we could at best obtain only an almost insignificant exactitude--a betrayal worse than many misinterpretations. Many interpretations have in fact been made of Origenian texts. But what is perhaps more regrettable is that this immense question of the spiritual understanding of Scripture, as ancient Christian tradition envisaged it, has so often been reduced to the narrow proportions of a debate over the number and value of certain \"spiritual meanings\" hidden like riddles in certain corners of the Bible; just as it is also regrettable that, of the whole profound doctrine elaborated by Origen on this subject, so often only the \"excesses\" or the \"subtleties\" of his \"allegories\" are retained.\nIt is possible, without taking particular precautions, to make a \"historical contribution\" to the history of a rite or an institution, indeed, with a few reservations, to that of an idea or a dogma. It is enough to apply the customary rules. But when a spiritual synthesis, lived and reflected within a great intellect, is at issue, what gross or subtle distortions occur in reconstructions produced by an \"objective\" and \"strictly historical\" method! This is said, not at all to make excuses for the weaknesses of the method, but to establish its inevitable insufficiency. To reach the heart of a vigorous thought, nothing is as inadequate as a certain pretension to pure objectivity. If we want to have any chance of understanding it, even as a mere historian, it is necessary, whether we like it or not, to explain to ourselves what we read; it is necessary to translate, to interpret. That cannot be done without risk, but this risk must be run. Truly illuminating analysis is neither a photograph nor a material summary. It must bring out the essence, which is nearly always implicit. It must lay open hidden categories, determine lines of force. It must penetrate beneath the particularities of time and place to what is eternal. This is, without doubt, a task that is always incomplete, an interpretation necessarily partial. Every epoch, every historian, returning to the great works of the past, illuminates one aspect of them while leaving others in shadow. In that sense, too, subjectivity is unavoidable. Yet the work is indispensable, all the more indispensable as the thought being studied is more actually thought. Thought is not rediscovered in the same way as a fact is reconstructed. Whether it be from today, yesterday, or long ago, whether it offers greater or fewer difficulties of approach to be overcome by the resources of historical science and its auxiliaries, it has an interior that historicism is obliged to disregard. \nIn the present case, such historicism would be doubly deceptive. For we are not at all concerned with the work of one solitary thinker or with a problem that in no way affects us. This work fits into a tradition that touches us ourselves. This problem--in assuredly very different forms according to the century--has commanded the attention of all Christian generations. In the final analysis, all have to resolve it in the same light. If, therefore, our historical effort must not deviate into historicism, neither must our parallel effort at objectivity deviate into objectivism. Living the same faith as Origen, members of the same Church, afloat, so to speak, in the same stream of tradition, it would be pointless for us to wish to behave like outside observers in everything concerning him--or concerning anyone else in the long chain of witnesses that goes back to the apostles of Jesus. It would prohibit us a second time from understanding him. It would deprive us of any valid principle of discernment with which to judge him. The methodological principle put forward by Möhler for the history of the Church is, a fortiori, true for the history of Christian thought: \"We must live the Christianity of the history to be described, and this Christianity must live in us, for Christianity is above all a living thing, and the history of the Church is a living development.\" \nFinally, let me add that, with texts that very often disconcert us, an extra effort becomes necessary in order to reproduce within ourselves the movement of the spirit that once made them come alive. An intentional sympathy, methodical docility--which are not grounds for concluding that I am presenting Origenian exegesis as a model to be followed in every respect. I am far from doing that. My endeavor would be misconstrued if ascribed to even a limited or amended \"anti-scientific reaction\", which I am told \"is prevalent currently in spiritualist circles\". I know, of course, that there is blind criticism and false science. Authentic science itself is not everything, especially when its object is books containing the Word of God. It is nevertheless invaluable, and I would consider harmful to the highest degree anyone in the least inclined to contest its domain or scorn its results. I am furthermore convinced that if it is necessary to note an insufficiency here in what concerns Origen, it is much less one of spirit than one of technique. On the other hand, I find the distance to be as great as anyone else does, that distance which separates us irremediably from this Alexandrian of the third century and from his intellectual universe. The river does not flow back to its source. No more than life itself does thought retrace its steps. Even if it wished to do so, no miracle would allow such a dream to be realized. Yet perhaps after the long course it has just run through the parched lands of rationalism and positivism, it will find itself more likely to be understood and even taken in today--many signs seem to attest to this--in order to bring to life in us what is expressed of the eternal in these forms now dead. The wells once dug by Origen have long been covered over with sand. But the same deep layer of water is still there, which he can help us find once again in order to quench the same thirst. \n1 Dom B. Capelle, \"Notes de théologie ambrosienne, 1: La Personne de Meichisédech\", in Recherches de théologie ancienne et médiévale, 1931: 183-89.\n Charles Freppel, Cours d'eloquence sacrée 10:140.\n Martin, \"La Critique biblique chez Origène\", Annales de philosophie chrétienne 151:241ff.\n René Cadiou, La Jeunesse d'Origène (1936), p. 54.\n Heb 9:26. Verse cited in PA 2, 3, 5 (p. 120). Cf. CC 4, 12 (p. 282). \"It will be noted\", writes Father Daniélou, Origène, p. 280, \"that in that long succession of centuries (inaugurated by Origen), the one during which Christ became incarnate has a unique importance that has no more been exhausted by the centuries-old vastness of Origen than the unique place on earth, the site of Christ's Incarnation, has been exhausted by the discovery of stellar vastness.\"\n See \"Typologie et allegorisme\", RSR 34 (1947).\n Bainvel, De Scriptura sacra (1910), p. 199.\n E. Klostermann, \"Formen der exegetischen Arbeiten des Origenes\", Theologische Literatur-zeitung, October 1947, cols. 203-8.\n I do not think it possible to respond lightly to the reproach addressed by Karl Barth to those who profess respect for history: \"This famous respect for history,\" he wrote, \"which, despite the beauty of the expression, simply means that one is renouncing all serious and respectful understanding and explanation.\"\n J.-A. Möhler, first preface to L'Unité dans l'Église. Cf. the commentary that Father de Grandmaison gives for this passage, RSR 9 (1919): 314.\n I am grateful to Father Chifflot, director of Éditions du Cerf, for permitting me to use for this work my introductions to Homélies d'Origène, which appeared in the Sources chrétiennes series.\nRelated IgnatiusInsight.com Links/Articles:\nMotherhood of the Entire Church | Henri de Lubac, S.J.\nApproaching the Sacred Scriptures | Scott Hahn and Curtis Mitch\nHow To Read The Bible | Peter Kreeft\nIntroduction to The Meaning of Tradition | Yves Congar, O.P.\nThe Bible Gap: Spanning the Distance Between Scripture and Theology | Fr. Benedict Ashley, O.P.\nThe Divine Authority of Scripture vs. the \"Hermeneutic of Suspicion\" | James Hitchcock\nEnter Modernism | Philip Trower\nSinging the Song of Songs | Blaise Armnijon, S.J.\nExploring the Catholic Faith! | An Interview with Diane Eriksen\nWhat in Fact Is Theology? | Joseph Cardinal Ratzinger (Pope Benedict XVI)\nHenri de Lubac, S.J. (1896-1991) was a French Jesuit and one of the greatest theologians of the twentieth century. De Lubac was ordained a priest on August 22, 1927, pursued further studies in Rome until 1929, and then became a faculty member at Catholic Faculties of Theology of Lyons, where he taught history of religions until 1961. His pupils included Jean Daniélou and Hans Urs von Balthasar. De Lubac was created cardinal deacon by Pope John Paul II on February 2, 1983 and received the red biretta and the deaconry of S. Maria in Domnica, February 2, 1983. He died on September 4, 1991, Paris and is buried in a tomb of the Society of Jesus at the Vaugirard cemetery in Paris. For more about his life and a listing of his books published by Ignatius Press, visit his IgnatiusInsight.com author page.\nIf you'd like to receive the FREE IgnatiusInsight.com e-letter (about every 1 to 2 weeks), which includes regular updates about IgnatiusInsight.com articles, reviews, excerpts, and author appearances, please click here to sign-up today!\nPlace your order toll-free at 1-800-651-1531\nIgnatius Press | P.O. Box 1339 | Ft. Collins, CO 80522\nWeb design under direction of Ignatius Press.\nSend your comments or web problems to:\nCopyright © 2016 by Ignatius Press\nIgnatiusInsight.com catholic blog books insight scoop weblog ignatius", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "1817 (undated) 19 x 25 in (48.26 x 63.5 cm)\n1 : 6500000\nThis is the 1817 map of India with inset maps of the Ganges River by Edinburgh cartographer John Thomson. This magnificent map is the rarest of the Thomson India series. It depicts the whole of India from Lahore to the idle of Ceylon (Shi Lanka). Numerous cities, towns, rivers, mountains and beautifully depicted deserts are noted throughout. The right hand side of the map is dedicated to a careful mapping of the Ganges River and includes a cross-section of the Ganges, a map of the course of the Ganges in the dry season, and a map of the Inland Navigations routes along the river from the Bay of Bengal to Allahabad. This map's magnificent size, beautiful color, and high detail make this one of the finest maps of this region to appear in the early 19th century. Prepared by John Thomson for inclusion in the 1817 edition of Thomson's New General Atlas.\nJohn Thomson (1777 - c. 1841) was a Scottish cartographer, publisher, and bookbinder active in Edinburgh during the early part of the 19th century. Thomson apprenticed under Edinburgh bookbinder Robert Alison. After his apprenticeship he briefly went into business with Abraham Thomson. Later the two parted ways, John Thomson segueing into maps and Abraham Thomson taking over the bookbinding portion of the business. Thomson is generally one of the leading publishers in the Edinburgh school of cartography which flourished from roughly 1800 to 1830. Thomson and his contemporaries (Pinkerton and Cary) redefined European cartography by abandoning typical 18th century decorative elements such as elaborate title cartouches and fantastic beasts in favor of detail and accuracy. Thomson's principle works include Thomson's New General Atlas, published from 1814 to 1821, the New Classical and Historical Atlas of 1829, and his 1830 Atlas of Scotland. The Atlas of Scotland, a work of groundbreaking detail and dedication would eventually bankrupt the Thomson firm in 1830, at which time their plates were sequestered by the court. The firm partially recovered in the subsequent year allowing Thomson to reclaim his printing plates in 1831, but filed again for bankruptcy in 1835, at which time most of his printing plates were sold to A. K. Johnston and Company. There is some suggestion that he continued to work as a bookbinder until 1841. Today, Thomson maps are becoming increasingly rare as they are highly admired for their impressive size, vivid hand coloration, and superb detail.\nThomson, J., A New General Atlas, (Edinburgh) 1817.\nThomson's New General Atlas was first published in 1817 and continued to be published until about 1821. This is the first of Thomson's major cartographic works and the atlas for which is most celebrated. The New General Atlas follows in the Edinburgh School, which eschews excessive decoration in favor of a more minimalistic fact-based cartographic vision, as established by John Pinkerton, Laurie and Whittle, John Cary, and others in the previous decades. The maps are notable for their massive scale, heavy stock, elegant color work, and easy-to-read typefaces. Although the atlas stopped being published after 1821, Thomson continued to offer 'supplementary' maps that could be tipped into the atlas as late as 1830, when he declared bankruptcy. The maps in the Thomson Atlas were engraved by Thomas Clerk, William Dassauville, Nathaniel Rogers Hewitt, James Kirkwood, Robert Kirkwood, John Menzies, George Menzies, Edward Mitchell, John Moffatt, Samuel John Neele, Robert Scott, and James Wyld.\nVery good. Minor wear along original centerfold. Original platemark visible. Overall toning and foxing at places.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Distinctive lumber from invasive plant makes itself right at home\nSept./Oct. 2016 California Bountiful magazine\nStory by Kate Campbell\nPhotos by Kathi Corder and Carolyn Carey\nand courtesy of Sustainable Northwest and Marcus Kauffman\nJuniper wood brings a rustic, durable beauty to home improvements. The versatile building material has the strength of redwood and cedar, making it suitable for a variety of projects, including decks, cabinetry, countertops, stairs and garden structures.\nPeople have valued wood for its beauty and strength from ancient times, recognizing it as a gift of the forest. But sometimes there can be too much of a good thing. That’s the case with native — but invasive — Western juniper.\nDecades of wildfire suppression, years of drought, climate change and a general lack of forest management have allowed this shrub and tree species to go rogue — spreading like weeds across fragile landscapes and degrading sensitive wildlife habitat.\nLand management experts say in the past 130 years, Western juniper has expanded by as much as tenfold in parts of California, Nevada, Oregon, Washington and Idaho, with the potential to occupy far more area in the future. The rugged plant already infests more than 4 million acres in California.\nWhat’s encouraging is that people in government agencies, academia and business are coming together to find solutions to the problem, including how to manage runaway growth, restore vital ecosystems and build “juniper economies” in rural communities.\nThe goal is to manage juniper forests in ways that protect sagebrush habitat, according to Sean Curtis, Modoc County director of natural resources. Birds and animals such as the greater sage grouse, pygmy rabbit, sagebrush lizard, golden eagle and pronghorn antelope depend on sagebrush habitat. Some species, including the greater sage grouse, live nowhere else.\nPart of the solution to improving sagebrush habitat and valuable rangeland, Curtis said, is finding ways to remove and turn tons of sturdy, richly textured juniper wood into must-have consumer products.\n“Controlling the spread of invasive juniper in our area is one of the most important things we will do on the landscape for the next 20 years,” said Curtis, a Modoc County Farm Bureau director. “Everything we will do in the future will depend on how well we address this problem through sound management on both privately owned and public land.”\nIn the Modoc National Forest in the state’s northeast corner, actions are underway to reduce the number of overgrown acres and restore about 30,000 acres a year to the healthy conditions that existed more than a century ago. That means logging and clearing the trees and shrubs.\nJunipers in a healthy Western ecosystem can live more than 1,000 years; land managers said no old-growth stands will be damaged during carefully planned landscape-restoration projects. But for wood from smaller, prolific juniper stands, researchers say they’re convinced markets for a wide variety of juniper wood products can be developed.\nFrom left, Servando Melendrez, Tom Esgate and Doug Lindgren are some of the local loggers who work with environmental experts to target juniper removals where habitat and water resources are threatened. A juniper with an 18-inch trunk can guzzle 30 to 40 gallons of water a day.\nBuzzing about juniper\nHurdles to building a vibrant juniper wood sector include high harvest costs for removal and lack of nearby sawmills to process the wood, according to U.S. Department of Agriculture market analysts.\nBut at a recent U.S. Bureau of Land Management conference in Portland, Neil Kelly, owner of one of the nation’s largest home remodel companies, said, “The buzz is big. Everyone is talking about juniper.”\nLike redwood and cedars, juniper wood is highly durable. It resists rot and disease, has aromatic properties and offers color variations from pale white to deep reddish-brown. Architects and builders are demonstrating that it finishes well for cabinetry, flooring, stairs, decks and handrails, while others see an opportunity for juniper in highway safety structures such as signposts and guardrails.\n“There’s a lot of juniper that needs to be removed and it makes sense to find beneficial uses for the wood,” Curtis said, noting that harvested juniper is also being chipped for use as biomass fuel for power generation.\n“Sometimes there’s not much you can do with juniper, except remove it for the conservation benefits,” said Doug Lindgren, owner of Tubit Enterprises, a logging company in Burney. “But we’re talking with people in areas where juniper may be suitable for milling and then be turned into consumer products.”\nLindgren and logging project manager Tom Esgate, who specialize in treating landscapes to reduce wildfire hazards and restore watersheds, work on “prescriptive” landscape projects in Modoc and Lassen counties. Lindgren described the projects as highly collaborative, involving federal, state and local agencies, as well as environmental groups.\n“We’re working on building healthy forests — forests that will produce benefits now and into the 21st century and beyond,” he said.\nArtisans and farmers select juniper wood for a variety of woodworking projects, as it offers many advantages — it naturally comes in a range of colors and is highly durable. Clockwise from left, juniper wood appears in stair construction, vineyard trellises, fine art sculptures and furniture.\nBuying the best\nUSDA market researchers said they’re surprised juniper hasn’t become a more popular wood for high-end consumer products. They conclude juniper sales could be doubled in niche markets, if people knew the story behind this native wood.\nEric Almquist, owner of Almquist Lumber Co. in Arcata, agrees. His lumberyard and small mill are a destination for hobby woodworkers, artisans and furniture builders throughout the state because of the selection of high-quality wood he sells.\nFarmers and ranchers, however, are the company’s biggest customers for juniper lumber, he said. They use it for fencing, vineyard trellises, stakes and planting beds. The wood is naturally durable, less expensive than many similar options and needn’t be treated to prevent degrading — of particular interest to farmers who grow crops such as organic strawberries, lettuce and winegrapes.\n“Juniper has unique properties, and when combined with an awareness of why landowners and forest managers are trying to clear the land of these invasive trees and find productive uses for the wood, it offers good reason to buy it,” Almquist said.\nSustainably harvesting Western juniper creates much-needed jobs in rural communities where logging and wood production have traditionally been an important part of the economy, said Nick Goulette of the Watershed Research and Training Center in Trinity County. The nonprofit organization, based in Hayfork, helps communities transition into new business activities in the wake of logging restrictions.\nThe search for alternative business and job opportunities led Goulette to Modoc County, after he learned about the juniper removal work advocated by Sustainable Northwest. The Oregon-based natural resources nonprofit helps producers find ways to turn juniper wood removed for environmental reasons into useful products that appeal to urban consumers.\n“There’s a clear need on the land-management side to remove the trees,” Goulette said. “We’re focused on the business-opportunity side. Our vision is to use large amounts of juniper lumber for consumer and business products.”\nGoulette said Sustainable Northwest is moving into the Portland home improvement and building market with a campaign to promote the use of juniper. With success in that market, the organization wants to expand public awareness in the San Francisco Bay Area.\nThe experts have studied the environmental implications of removing Western juniper. They’ve researched market potential, prepared workers, developed products. The only thing missing now, they say, is consumer awareness of juniper’s story and the willingness to buy it.\nAt a glance: Juniper trees and the greater sage grouse\nGreater sage grouse are native to Western North America. However, invasive trees, raptors, wildfires and humans are threatening their future.\nFarmers and ranchers in California and the West are working to clear invasive plants, including Western juniper, from habitat areas to protect the birds and other species that depend on healthy sagebrush ecosystems.\nJuniper trees threaten natural habitat by crowding out brush and grass, reducing water filtration and increasing soil erosion. The U.S. Bureau of Land Management encourages selective removal of Western juniper trees to help restore this natural ecosystem.\nNumerous universities and sustainable-resource organizations are working on ways to use juniper wood removed from the landscape for commercial and residential projects.\nWestern junipers rank as the fourth longest-lived tree species in the world. The giant bonsai-like Bennett juniper, located on a privately owned nature preserve within the Stanislaus National Forest in Tuolumne County, is the largest known juniper tree in America.\nInformation on heritage Western junipers is at www.americanforests.org/magazine/article/western-juniper.\nOriginally published at www.californiabountiful.com.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "One of the coolest, most inspiring parts of playing drums is being part of the international community of rhythm makers. People in literally every corner of the planet have been making beats for as long as humans have existed. And, each culture has their own special rhythmical patterns and instruments.\nIn this Obilab section, we take a minute to highlight one special drum and the culture it came from.\nWhat is it?\nDon’t be fooled by the seemingly simple box shape. This instrument not only sounds incredible, but has come to be an indispensable part of Latin music. In fact, it’s the most widely played musical instrument since the 18th century.\nThe Cajón is a six-sided box, one of the sides is made of a thinner sheet of wood; this side is the part that is traditionally drummed. On the opposite wall (the back), there is a small hole cut out for the sound to come through.\nWhere’s it from?\nThe Cajon is from Peru and is used in Afro-Peruvian music and has also spread to be an essential part of Flamenco, jazz, Cuban rumba, Mexican folk music, and many other Latin American music styles.\nThe origins of the cajón come from the 17th century, during the periods of slavery in Peru. Some people believe it’s a direct descendant of other box-like instruments used in Africa. Other theorize the instrument came from simple lack of materials, slaves playing what they had around them like Spanish shipping crates, old furniture, and other wooden objects.\nWhat’s it made from?\nCajóns are usually made from plywood but can be made from any type of wood, each brand of bark having it’s own unique sounds. The shape of the cajón has recently been moderated and hacked to create new sounds, like adding metal snare strings and other deluxe editions.\nHow do you play it?\nUsing hands and fingers to slap and tap the ‘tapa’ or tapping surface you can create different levels of sounds to make beats. And, each part of the surface of the Cajón (lower, higher, left, right) has a different tone. Combined, there’s an infinite scale of music to be made with the cajon.\nMore recently, people have also started to use plastic and metal brushes and even a bass drum pedal to add extra depth to the instrument.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Copies a range of string indices into a user-provided buffer.\n- iOS 3.2+\n- macOS 10.5+\n- Mac Catalyst 13.0+\n- tvOS 9.0+\n- watchOS 2.0+\n- Core Text\nThe run from which to copy the string indices.\nThe range of string indices to copy. If the length of the range is set to\n0, then the copy operation continues from the range's start index to the end of the run.\nThe buffer to which the string indices are copied. The buffer must be allocated to at least the value specified by the range's length.\nThe indices are the character indices that originally spawned the glyphs that make up the run. They can be used to map the glyphs in the run back to the characters in the backing store.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Gardening for Beginners\nGrowing vegetables at home doesn’t have to be complicated. Gardening for beginners can be simple and fun.\nHome gardening is a great hobby that will give you plenty of fresh air and sunshine. Gardening is also great exercise. The best part of growing your own food is knowing where that food comes from.\nTips for gardening at home-gardening for beginners\nThere are a few things you need to get started in the garden.\nThe first important thing is where are you going to grow. In the ground or in raised beds or containers? Is there enough sun in your yard? Vegetables need at least 6-8 hours of direct sun a day to produce well.\nAfter your location is chosen and you decide if you want to plant in the ground or above ground, you need to focus on soil. The soil in the ground can be amended by adding compost and other materials and mixing it in your existing soil.\nRaised beds and containers can be filled with a mixture of 1/3 peat, 1/3 pine bark mulch and 1/3 compost. Mix it together well and fill your containers.\nInformation on how to build raised beds, build a trellis for your plants, and basic gardening information you need is available here in these beginning gardening videos. Click here for more information. You can even download a tour of what types of beds we have in our preschool gardens for free.\nEvery year you garden, your soil will get better as you work to amend it and take care of it.\nVegetable gardening for beginners\nOnce your garden soil is taken care of, beginning gardeners need to make sure water is convenient to get to and use. If your water source is a hassle, you will eventually not be watering as well as you should be. Gardening for beginners is exciting at first, but then when it gets so hot and the garden is so dry, sometimes we fall off the wagon.\nRun a hose from your water source to your garden and set up a convenient way to water. You can install drip irrigation that can be turned off with a twist of the nozzle or even put on a timer. You can also install sprinklers the same way. I suggest you don’t plan to water totally by hand because you may end up giving up maintaining the garden if there is not a simple system in place.\nGiving up watering in the heat of summer is the biggest reason for failure I see in gardening for beginners.\nHome gardening for beginners\nOnce you have a location, soil and water set up, the rest is simpler. You need to decide what you’d like to eat from the garden. I think it’s so funny to see people growing things they don’t like. If you are gardening, you should be doing it so you can eat well.\nSpring crops include things like:\nClick here to see how you can find your planting times for your area.\nSummer crops include things like:\nAny post on this blog may contain affiliate links which pay me a very small commission for items you purchase using the links but costs you nothing extra. I can help defray a small percentage of the cost of producing the blog to share information with you.\nPlanting a vegetable garden for beginners\nDecide what you want to grow and how big your garden will be. You may not be able to grow all of the things you want. Don’t get too excited and start too big. Start small and work your way to growing more. It will help you to learn the basics in a small space like and 4 x 8 plot and build on your experience and knowledge before you expand.\nGrowing vegetables for beginners\nPrepare your beds and add your plants is the next step. Plants that grow well from seeds placed directly in the ground include:\nPlants that grow other ways are:\nPotatoes-grow from seed potatoes that you cut, cure and plant.\nAsparagus-grow from crowns you buy.\nOnions-grow from sets, or small dried onion plants. Click here to see more about growing onions.\nSweet potatoes-grow from slips you buy.\nPlants that grow best when you buy small seedlings or plants already started include:\nYou will probably find a lot more success if you start with plants from the store than trying to start these seeds on your own.\nHow to grow a small garden\nGardening for beginners doesn’t have to be complicated. Check out the videos for a great tutorial on how to get started. Click here to see what is available.\nOnce you have your garden set up, filled with soil, ready to water and planted with seeds and plants, you just have to keep the weeds at bay, pests under control and water it well.\nShould you use compost or fertilizer? Check to see to see which is best.\nI’m so excited you are thinking of planning a new gardening adventure for yourself. I love it so much and I hope you do too! Happy gardening.\nDon’t forget to pin for later!", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Overtime contributes to factory recovery\nMarch 24, 2000\nHistorically, both employment and factory overtime have increased as the economy emerged from recessions. In the most recent recovery, employers appeared to rely about as heavily on overtime as on hiring or recalling employees.\nFrom March 1991 to January 1998, the number of production workers in manufacturing increased by 601,000. Over the same period, the full-time equivalent of the aggregate overtime hours growth in manufacturing was 571,000 jobs.\nThe largest number of such hypothetical full-time equivalent jobs was found in transportation equipment manufacturing; industrial machinery, and fabricated metals establishments also accounted for many. Other durable goods industries with relatively large full-time equivalents included electronics and primary metals.\nThese data are a product of the Current Employment Statistics program. To find out more, see \"Analyzing the recent upward surge in overtime hours,\" by Ron L. Hetrick, Monthly Labor Review, February 2000. Full-time equivalents are computed by taking the total number of overtime hours and dividing it by 40, the number of hours in a standard workweek.\nBureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, The Economics Daily, Overtime contributes to factory recovery on the Internet at http://www.bls.gov/opub/ted/2000/mar/wk3/art05.htm (visited June 27, 2016).\nRecent editions of Spotlight on Statistics\nEmployment and Wages in Healthcare Occupations\nHealthcare occupations are a significant percentage of U.S. employment. Some of the largest and highest paying occupations are in healthcare. This Spotlight examines employment and wages for healthcare occupations.\nFifty years of looking at changes in peoples lives\nLongitudinal surveys help us understand long-term changes, such as how events that happened when a person was in high school affect labor market success as an adult.\n- A look at pay at the top, the bottom, and in between\nThe Spotlight examines how earnings and wages have changed over time and how they differ within a geographic area, industry, or occupation.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Where did the beach go? Have you ever noticed what happens to the coast line when a big storm rolls through? Why does the beach look different? What you are noticing is the effect of coastal erosion, and now you can set up a beach erosion activity and demonstration to show your kids what’s happening. This fun and easy ocean science activity is sure to be a hit with your kids, with hands-on learning!\nCOASTAL EROSION DEMONSTRATION AND ACTIVITY FOR KIDS\nLEARN ABOUT EROSION\nBreak out the sensory play as you get ready to add this beach erosion demonstration and activity to your OCEAN theme lesson plans. If you want to learn about what’s going on between the sand and the waves, let’s dig in (into sand – literally!). While you’re at it, make sure to check out more fun Ocean Activities.\nOur science activities and experiments are designed with you, the parent or teacher, in mind! Easy to set up, quick to do, most activities will take only 15 to 30 minutes to complete and are heaps of fun! Plus, our supplies lists usually contain only free or cheap materials you can source from home!\nCOASTAL EROSION FOR KIDS\nLet’s explore beach erosion by building a model! This is a great hands-on ocean STEM activity that is sure to get kids thinking!\nThis beach erosion activity asks a few questions!\n- What is coastal erosion?\n- What causes beach erosion?\n- How can we stop erosion?\nLet’s explore the answers together!\nPRINT THE PROJECT: Click here or on the image below.\nYOU WILL NEED:\nWhite paint pan\nBlue food coloring\n- Large pan or tray.\nHOW TO SET UP A BEACH EROSION MODEL:\nSTEP 1: Add about 5 cups of sand to one side of your pan. You will want to build it up on a slope so that when water is added some of the sand is higher.\nSTEP 2: Place some rocks or shells in the sand for a beach theme!\nSTEP 3: Fill a small bottle with water, add a drop of blue food coloring, shake and pour into the deep part of your pan.\nSTEP 4: Add 4 more cups of water.\nSTEP 5: Use the empty bottle to press up and down in the water to make waves.\nSTEP 6: Pay attention to how the water affects the sand. What happens if the waves move faster or slower?\nBe prepared! Kids are going to loving play with this, and it could get a bit messy.\nFurther Extension: Have kids come up with ideas for something they can make that will help prevent beach erosion during a storm!\nWHAT IS BEACH EROSION?\nBeach erosion is the loss of beach sand, usually from a combination of wind and water movement such as waves and currents. Sand is moved off the beach or shore by these things and is transferred to deeper water. This process makes beaches appear shorter and lower. You can see severe beach erosion after a strong storm like a hurricane.\nHOW CAN WE STOP COASTAL EROSION?\nCoastal erosion is the loss of coastal land due to the removal of sand or rock from the shoreline. Sadly, building along the coast can damage sand dunes. Dunes are mounds of sand that separate the beach you walk on and higher ground. The roots of dune grasses help keep the sand in place. Try not to walk on the dune grasses, so they are not destroyed!\nPeople sometimes build walls called jetties that stick out into the ocean and change the movement of the sand.\nSeawalls can also help with erosion. This is a structure separating land and water areas. It generally helps prevent erosion from large waves. Seawalls are more significant structures where flooding is more common. Please don’t remove rocks from the seawall!\nLEARN MORE ABOUT OUR OCEANS\n- Oil Spill Cleanup Experiment\n- Layers of the Ocean\n- How Do Whales Stay Warm?\n- Ocean Waves In A Bottle\n- Ocean Acidification: Seashells In Vinegar Experiment\n- Fun Facts About Narwhals\n- Ocean Currents Activity\nSIMPLE BEACH EROSION ACTIVITY FOR OCEAN SCIENCE\nDiscover more fun and easy science & STEM activities right here. Click on the link or on the image below.\nLooking for easy to print activities, and inexpensive problem-based challenges?\nWe have you covered…\nClick below to get your quick and easy STEM challenges.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "THE WITNESS EXPERT DR. MLADEN ANCIC ON THE ROLE OF THE PROSECUTION IN THE ICTY, THE HAGUE\nModern history (some of it as recent as yesterday's front page news), is, because of its implications for the present, surely the most sensitive amongst all historical topics. Something which seems certain today can be shown to have been completely wrong and a case of failed judgement after new facts, unknown documents or somebody's memoirs, come to light.\nPolitician's words or statements are certainly not scientific material - they are usually just rhetorical \"acrobatics\" which refer to the ephemera of the daily politics, and as such they are generally not to be taken too seriously. However, such statements say a lot about the one who pronounces them and, moreover- they may serve as indicators of the general condition of a society. They are also able, under certain circumstances and on certain occasions, to generate some general condition.\nBosnian language is «essentially» the language of all the inhabitants of Bosnia and Herzegovina. It was called Serbo-Croatian before the collapse of Yugoslavia and only extremists's nationalist passions created artificial rift which has no linguistic foundation whatsoever (but is a socio-political reality one must accept). Moreover, Bosnian language is not only a «successor language» (along with Croatian and Serbian) to the old Serbo-Croatian, but also the true heir of the entire corpus of literary and linguistic works written on the Bosnia & Herzegovina soil which (although tangentially in most cases) mention the name «Bosnian language».\nDuring the meeting in the Karadjordjevo estate (Serbian province Vojvodina), March 30th 1991., Croatian president Tudjman and Serbian president Milosevic struck a deal whereby they agreed about the respective influence spheres and the partition of Bosnia and Herzegovina, completely ignoring even mere existence of Bosnian Muslims. Thus, the \"alliance made in Hell\" came into being, Serbs and Croats united trying to annihilate Bosnia's statehood and laying the ground for joint military aggression and ethnic cleansing to come.\nTudjman himself gave away (in a bibulous mood) his expansionist/annexationist master-plan with regard to Bosnia and Herzegovina during the Guildhall banquet, 6th May 1995, when British liberal-social democratic politician Paddy Ashdown succeeded in talking him into an astonishing act of self-disclosure: he (Tudjman) has drawn possible future boundaries on a napkin Ashdown cautiously preserved (presumed similarity with Monica Lewinsky's sperm-soaked blouse is purely coincidental), in order to expose Tudjman's partitionist appetites.\nTudjman's permanent political orientation has remained an almost Anschluss-like drive for annexation of the Croatian majority areas in Bosnia and Herzegovina. This was his central geopolitical strategy and obsessive expansionist ambition.\nTudjman himself has openly disclosed (or \"blurted out\") his sinister expansionist obsession in numerous historical books and essays, interviews and academic ruminations: he publicly questions and, more, expressly announces his disbelief with regard to feasibility and long-term stability of multicivilization states (not multiethnic- see the discourse below).", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Paperfolding Dragon Curve\nFold a piece of paper in half repeatedly and then unfold the folds uniformly using the same angle. For each choice of angle, you get a different fractal curve; they are called dragon curves. The folding is a predictable substitution system, which causes successive elements to alternate which way they kink out. Each new edge is given by a fixed linear transformation defined by rotating by the angle in alternating directions.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "What is a power surge? Perhaps you’ve heard this term and wondered exactly what it is and why it’s so important to prepare for them. A power surge occurs when something boosts the electrical charge in the power lines. When this happens, there’s an increase in the electrical potential energy, which can increase the current flowing to your wall outlet.\nPower surges can be caused by any number of things including lightning, though lightning is not a very common cause. High-powered electrical devices like elevators, air conditioners, and refrigerators are a common cause of power surges. Turning these devices on and off creates sudden, brief demands for power. This can upset the steady voltage flow in the electrical system, causing a power surge. Faulty wiring, downed power lines, or other problems with the utility company’s equipment can also cause surges.\nHow can power surges be harmful? Many modern electronic devices like DVD players, computers, and microwaves contain components that are sensitive to current increases. Computers and any other home appliances that contain microprocessors are particularly sensitive to power surges. These devices depend on a steady flow of power at the correct voltage. Power surges can shorten the life of computers, and potentially wipe out saved data or destroy the whole system.\nIn order to protect your appliances from these unavoidable power surges, it is a good idea to use surge protectors. Surge protectors help maintain the constant flow of power that appliances like computers and entertainment systems rely on. Surge protectors can help minimize or eliminate the damage from small fluctuations in voltage flow, which can extend the life of your appliances. It can be a hassle to use small surge protector power strips for all of your appliances, especially if you own many electronics. To be sure that your whole home is protected from power surges, whole home surge protection should be used.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Species can be defined as populations that are diagnosably distinct, reproductively isolated, cohesive, or exclusive groups of organisms. Boundaries between species in sympatry are maintained by intrinsic barriers to gene exchange; these boundaries may not be uniform in space, in time, or across the genome. Here, we explore the nature of the species boundary, defined as the phenotypes/genes/genome regions that remain differentiated in the face of potential hybridization and introgression. We emphasize that species boundaries are semipermeable, with permeability (gene exchange) being a function of genome region. The early evidence for semipermeable species boundaries came from data on differential introgression in hybrid zones. This \"genic view\" of species was common in the hybrid zone literature even when few molecular markers were available to characterize genome-wide patterns of variation. Now, molecular tools allow detailed characterization of differentiation between diverging lineages and patterns of variation across natural hybrid zones, but the questions being asked by evolutionary biologists have remained much the same. Recent data (from DNA sequences and genotypes) reinforce earlier conclusions about the semipermeable nature of most species boundaries. However, debate persists over the nature and extent of genome divergence that accompanies speciation.\nInsects and their arthropod relatives including mites, spiders, and crustaceans play major roles in the world's terrestrial, aquatic, and marine ecosystems. Arthropods compete with humans for food and transmit devastating diseases. They also comprise the most diverse and successful branch of metazoan evolution, with millions of extant species. Here, we describe an international effort to guide arthropod genomic efforts, from species prioritization to methodology and informatics. The 5000 arthropod genomes initiative (i5K) community met formally in 2012 to discuss a roadmap for sequencing and analyzing 5000 high-priority arthropods and is continuing this effort via pilot projects, the development of standard operating procedures, and training of students and career scientists, With university, governmental, and industry support, the i5K Consortium aspires to deliver sequences and analytical tools for each of the arthropod branches and each of the species having beneficial and negative effects on humankind.\nTesting for Hardy-Weinberg proportions (HWP) is routine in almost all genetic studies of natural populations, but many researchers do not demonstrate a full understanding of the purposes of these tests or how to interpret the results. Common problems include a lack of understanding of statistical power and the difference between statistical significance and biological significance, how to interpret results of multiple tests, and how to distinguish between various factors that can cause statistically significant departures. In this perspective, which focuses on analysis of genetic data for nonmodel species, I 1) review factors that can cause departures from HWP at individual loci and linkage disequilibrium (LD) at pairs of loci; 2) discuss commonly used tests for HWP and LD, with an emphasis on multiple-testing issues; 3) show how to distinguish among possible causes of departures from HWP; and 4) outline some simple steps to follow when significant test results are found. Finally, I 5) identify some issues that merit particular attention as we move into an era in which analysis of genomics-scale datasets for nonmodel species is commonplace.\nFeed and energy intake of ruminant animals can change dramatically in response to changes in diet composition or metabolic state, and such changes are poorly predicted by traditional models of feed intake regulation. Recent work suggests that temporal patterns of fuel absorption, mobilization, and metabolism affect feed intake in ruminants by altering meal size and frequency. Research with nonruminants suggests that meals can be terminated by signals carried from the liver to the brain via afferents in the vagus nerve and that these signals are affected by hepatic oxidation of fuels and generation of ATP. We find these results consistent with the effects of diet on feed intake of ruminants. Of fuels metabolized by the ruminant liver, propionate is likely a primary satiety signal because its flux to the liver increases greatly during meals. Propionate is utilized for gluconeogenesis or oxidized in the liver and stimulates oxidation of acetyl CoA. Although propionate is extensively metabolized by the ruminant liver, there is little net metabolism of acetate or glucose, which may explain why these fuels do not consistently induce hypophagia in ruminants. Lactate is metabolized in the liver but has less effect on satiety, probably because of greater latency for reaching the liver within meals and because of less hepatic extraction compared with propionate. Hypophagic effects of fatty acid oxidation in the liver are likely from delaying hunger rather than promoting satiety because beta-oxidation is inhibited during meals by propionate. A shortage of glucose precursors and increased fatty acid oxidation in the liver for early lactation cows lead to a lack of tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle intermediates, resulting in a buildup of the intracellular acetyl-CoA pool and export of ketone bodies. In this situation, hypophagic effects of propionate are likely enhanced because propionate entry into the liver provides TCA cycle intermediates that allow oxidation of acetyl-CoA. Oxidizing the pool of acetyl-CoA rather than exporting it increases ATP production and likely causes satiety despite the use of propionate for glucose synthesis. A better understanding of metabolic regulation of feed intake will allow diets to be formulated to increase the health and productivity of ruminants.\nGlobally, food-producing animals consume 70 to 90% of genetically engineered (GE) crop biomass. This review briefly summarizes the scientific literature on performance and health of animals consuming feed containing GE ingredients and composition of products derived from them. It also discusses the field experience of feeding GE feed sources to commercial livestock populations and summarizes the suppliers of GE and non-GE animal feed in global trade. Numerous experimental studies have consistently revealed that the performance and health of GE-fed animals are comparable with those fed isogenic non-GE crop lines. United States animal agriculture produces over 9 billion food-producing animals annually, and more than 95% of these animals consume feed containing GE ingredients. Data on livestock productivity and health were collated from publicly available sources from 1983, before the introduction of GE crops in 1996, and subsequently through 2011, a period with high levels of predominately GE animal feed. These field data sets, representing over 100 billion animals following the introduction of GE crops, did not reveal unfavorable or perturbed trends in livestock health and productivity. No study has revealed any differences in the nutritional profile of animal products derived from GE-fed animals. Because DNA and protein are normal components of the diet that are digested, there are no detectable or reliably quantifiable traces of GE components in milk, meat, and eggs following consumption of GE feed. Globally, countries that are cultivating GE corn and soy are the major livestock feed exporters. Asynchronous regulatory approvals (i.e., cultivation approvals of GE varieties in exporting countries occurring before food and feed approvals in importing countries) have resulted in trade disruptions. This is likely to be increasingly problematic in the future as there are a large number of \"second generation\" GE crops with altered output traits for improved livestock feed in the developmental and regulatory pipelines. Additionally, advanced techniques to affect targeted genome modifications are emerging, and it is not clear whether these will be encompassed by the current GE process-based trigger for regulatory oversight. There is a pressing need for international harmonization of both regulatory frameworks for GE crops and governance of advanced breeding techniques to prevent widespread disruptions in international trade of livestock feedstuffs in the future.\nAcute heat stress (HS) and heat stroke can be detrimental to the health, well-being, and performance of mammals such as swine. Therefore, our objective was to chronologically characterize how a growing pig perceives and initially copes with a severe heat load. Crossbred gilts (n = 32; 63.8 +/- 2.9 kg) were subjected to HS conditions (37 degrees C and 40% humidity) with ad libitum intake for 0, 2, 4, or 6 h (n = 8/time point). Rectal temperature (T-r), respiration rates (RR), and feed intake were determined every 2 h. Pigs were euthanized at each time point and fresh ileum and colon samples were mounted into modified Ussing chambers to assess ex vivo intestinal integrity and function. Transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) and fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled dextran (FD4) permeability were assessed. As expected, Tr increased linearly over time (P < 0.001) with the highest temperature observed at 6 h of HS. Compared to the 0-h thermal-neutral (TN) pigs, RR increased (230%; P < 0.001) in the first 2 h and remained elevated over the 6 h of HS (P < 0.05). Feed intake was dramatically reduced due to HS and this corresponded with significant changes in plasma glucose, ghrelin, and glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (P < 0.050). At as early as 2 h of HS, ileum TER linearly decreased (P < 0.01), while FD4 linearly increased with time (P < 0.05). Colon TER and FD4 changed due to HS in quadratic responses over time (P = 0.050) similar to the ileum but were less pronounced. In response to HS, ileum and colon heat shock protein (HSP) 70 mRNA and protein abundance increased linearly over time (P < 0.050). Altogether, these data indicated that a short duration of HS (2-6 h) compromised feed intake and intestinal integrity in growing pigs.\nThis review integrates established and new information on the biological role of ovarian progesterone (P4) and interferon tau as well as conceptus-and endometrial-derived factors, PG and cortisol, in endometrial function and conceptus elongation during the periimplantation period of pregnancy in ruminants. Interferon tau is the maternal recognition of pregnancy signal that inhibits production of luteolytic pulses of PGF(2 alpha) by the endometrium to maintain corpora lutea and their production of P4, the unequivocal hormone of pregnancy. Conceptus-endometrial interactions in ruminants are complex and involve carefully orchestrated temporal and spatial alterations in endometrial gene expression during pregnancy. Available results from studies in sheep support the idea that the individual, interactive, and coordinated actions of P4, interferon tau, PG, and cortisol regulate expression of elongation- and implantation-related genes in the endometrial epithelia and that P4 and PG are essential regulators of conceptus elongation. The outcome of these gene expression changes is alterations in endometrial secretions that govern conceptus elongation via effects on trophectoderm proliferation, migration, attachment, and adhesion. An increased knowledge of conceptus-endometrial interactions during early pregnancy in ruminants is necessary to understand and elucidate the causes of recurrent pregnancy loss and to provide a basis for new strategies to improve pregnancy outcome and reproductive efficiency.\nApproximately 600-bp sequences of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) have been designated as \"DNA barcodes\" and have become one of the most contentious and animated issues in the application of genetic information to global biodiversity assessment and species identification. Advocates of DNA barcodes have received extensive attention and promotion in many popular and refereed scientific publications. However, we suggest that the utility of barcodes is suspect and vulnerable to technical challenges that are particularly pertinent to mtDNA. We review the natural history of mtDNA and discuss problems for barcoding which are particularly associated with mtDNA and inheritance, including reduced effective population size, maternal inheritance, recombination, inconsistent mutation rate, heteroplasmy, and compounding evolutionary processes. The aforementioned could significantly limit the application and utility of mtDNA barcoding efforts. Furthermore, global use of barcodes will require application and acceptance of a barcode-based species concept that has not been evaluated in the context of the extensive literature concerning species designation. Implementation of mtDNA barcodes in spite of technical and practical shortcomings we discuss may degrade the longstanding synthesis of genetic and organism-based research and will not advance studies ranging from genomic evolution to biodiversity assessment.\nThe present study was undertaken to investigate the impact of heat (thermal) stress and dietary antioxidant supplementation on the oxidative and physiological status of sheep. Twenty-four Merino x Poll Dorset crossbred ewes were housed in 1 of 2 climatic chambers (thermoneutral or heat stress) and offered either a control (10 IU vitamin E/kg DM and 0.24 mg Se/kg DM) or high antioxidant (100 IU vitamin E/kg DM and 1.20 mg Se/kg DM) diet. The sheep were exposed to 2 thermal (temperature) treatments (thermoneutral [TN]: 18-21 C and 26-30% relative humidity; and heat stress [HS]: 28-40 C and 40-50% relative humidity) for 2 wk in a single reversal design. After 1 wk of dietary treatment, animals in 1 chamber were subjected to HS for 1 wk, with the temperature being increased to 40 degrees C between 0900 and 1700 h and then maintained at 28 degrees C overnight. Those sheep in the TN group were maintained at 18 to 21 C. Physiological parameters were recorded 4 times a day (0900, 1300, 1700, and 2100 h) and blood samples were collected on d 1 and 7 of heat treatment. Plasma samples and red blood cell lysates were assayed for oxidative stress biomarkers. The thermal treatments were then reversed and the above measures repeated. All measured physiological parameters were elevated (P < 0.001) by thermal treatment. Respiration rate was lower during HS in sheep supplemented with antioxidants as indicated by a diet x temperature x time interaction (P = 0.010). There was 13% decline (P = 0.014) in feed intake of the unsupplemented animals during HS whereas the same was maintained in sheep supplemented with high doses of antioxidants. Plasma reactive oxygen metabolites concentrations were reduced (114 vs. 85 units/dL; P < 0.005) while biological antioxidant potential tended to be increased (3,688 vs. 3,985 mol/L; P = 0.070) in heat stressed sheep supplemented with antioxidants. The oxidative stress index was 30% lower (P < 0.001) in supplemented sheep (2.16 similar to 0.06 arbitrary units) during HS than in unsupplemented sheep (3.12 similar to 0.08 arbitrary units). Plasma advanced oxidation protein products tended (P = 0.070) to decrease in antioxidant supplemented heat stressed sheep as compared to their unsupplemented counterparts. It was concluded that heat stress negatively affects the oxidative status of sheep along with the physiological responses and some of these affects can be ameliorated through dietary antioxidants supplementation at supranutritional concentrations.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "The importance of food safety\nEvery year in Australia, thousands of people get sick and many die due to poor food handling practices. Many of these incidents are easily avoidable.\nAt the Australian Institute of Food Safety, we want to make a difference.\nThe mission of each and every team member at AIFS is:\nTo reduce food-borne illness in Australia through education, promotion and advocacy for better food safety.\nThe frightening facts about food safety in Australia\nFood-borne illness is significant in Australia and the consequences for both consumers and food business owners can be dire. Lost productivity, impacts on lifestyle and medical expenses create a large burden for the whole country.\nThen there's the damage to food businesses that are fined, prosecuted or shut down for causing food-borne illness outbreaks.\nAccording to the Department of Health in Australia, there are around 4.1 million cases of food-borne illness every year. On average, this leads to:\n- 6.5 million days of lost work\n- $1.25 billion annual cost to the Australian economy\n- 1 million doctors visits\n- 31,920 hospitalisations\n- 86 deaths\nAround one third of these food-borne illness cases are thought to be caused by food handling mistakes.\nHow can we solve this problem?\nThe costs of food-borne illness showcase the great need to strengthen our food safety.\nThere are 3 major causes of food-borne illness outbreaks in Australia:\n- Issues with time and temperature control of food\n- Improper cleaning and sanitising of equipment and surfaces\n- Poor personal hygiene of food workers\nUnderstanding and preventing these causes is simple.\nIn fact, it takes just a few hours to train an employee in these areas and teach them how to work with food safely.\nAt AIFS, we firmly believe that food safety education is the key to achieving our mission.\nHow are we achieving our mission?\nTo improve food safety in Australia, we want to make it as easy as possible for businesses to do the right thing. We want to protect both business owners and consumers from the consequences of food-borne illness.\nThe AIFS team are achieving these goals through:\nAdvocating for improved regulation\nFood safety legislation varies widely between states and territories. We are advocates for bringing food safety up to the highest level across all of Australia.\nDelivering quality education\nWorking with some of Australia's top food safety experts and instructional designers our training is more than compliant - it's highly effective and impactful.\nAnnouncing public health information\nThe AIFS Foundation is responsible for releasing public health information to help food businesses and consumers minimise food safety hazards.\nProviding ongoing support\nThe complimentary AIFS Membership program ensures students are up-to-date with all the latest food safety information, and food safety is always 'front of mind'.\nFocusing on community needs\nFor every person that undertakes nationally recognised food safety training with AIFS, we donate up to two meals to people in need.\nBoosting consumer awareness\nFood safety is of greater importance to consumers than ever. AIFS food business signage is designed to give people peace of mind about where they're eating.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Research shows that positive thinking — specifically a thought pattern called “self-talk” — is linked to higher confidence, lower stress, better coping skills, and even a reduced risk of heart disease.\nMost of us are conditioned to think negatively about ourselves under the guise of “motivation,” but negative self-talk actually has the opposite effect. It increases stress levels, compromises our ability to cope with change, and puts us at risk for certain illnesses. When you catch yourself thinking negatively about your progress, make a conscious effort to replace negative phrases with positive ones:\nStop saying: \"I can't do this as well as other people.\" Say instead: \"I am doing the best I can, and that is what matters.\"\nAll people have different skills and capabilities, and it is natural that we will not excel at everything. Chances are, you are talented in ways that others are not. Your best efforts are exactly that: your best. Let that be enough.\nStop saying: \"Once I've achieved this, I will be happy.\" Say instead: \"I choose to be happy now. My happiness is not dependent on my situation or my accomplishments.\"\nYears from now, when you’ve accomplished whatever it is that you postponed happiness for, you may find happiness hard to come by. Being happy is a lifelong process, not something you can develop out of the blue. Choose now to embrace your life as it is.\nStop saying: \"My health can wait until everything else is in order.\" Say instead: \"My health comes first. No matter how small, I will take steps to be healthier.\"\nThe longer you wait to prioritize your health, the more difficult it will be to become healthy. Steps as small as making breakfast in the morning or taking an evening walk before bedtime will make a big difference in the long run.\nStop saying: \"Taking time for myself is selfish.\" Say instead: \"Taking time for myself allows me to help others.\"\nWhen you try to help others without first caring for your own well-being, you are like an engine running with no fuel: nothing is accomplished and you hurt yourself in the process. Take whatever time you need to “fuel up” before reaching out to other people, and both you and\nothers will benefit. Positive self-talk is most beneficial when combined with a healthy diet and exercise routine. In the event of mental illness such as clinical depression, positive self-talk may not be sufficient or even possible. In these cases, individuals may find that a mental health professional is best qualified to guide them. How do you replace negativity with positive thinking? What motivates you? Tell us in the comments below!", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "How Spline with Barriers works\nThe Spline with Barriers tool applies a minimum curvature method, as implemented through a one-directional multigrid technique that moves from an initial coarse grid, initialized in this case to the average of the input data, through a series of finer grids until an approximation of a minimum curvature surface is produced at the desired row and column spacing.\nAt each grid refinement level, the current grid-based surface model is treated as an elastic membrane, and a convergent linear iterative deformation operator is applied repeatedly at each node to achieve an approximation to a minimum curvature surface that honors both the input point data and discontinuities encoded in the barriers. The deformation that is applied to each cell is calculated on the basis of a molecular summation (Terzopoulos, 1988) that compares the weighted summation of 12 neighboring cells with the current value of a central target cell to calculate a new value for the target cell.\nReferences and further reading\nBriggs, I. C., 1974. Machine contouring using minimum curvature, Geophysics, Vol. 39, pages 39–48.\nTerzopoulos, D., 1988. The computation of visible-surface representations, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, Vol. 10, No. 4, (July), pages 417–438.\nSmith, W. H. F., and P. Wessel, 1990. Gridding with continuous curvature splines in tension, Geophysics, Vol. 55, No. 3 (March 1990), pages 293–305.\nZoraster, S., A surface modeling algorithm designed for speed and ease of use with all petroleum industry data, Computers & Geosciences, 2003, Vol. 29, No. 9, pages 175–182.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "19 Sep Opinion: Study Shows Social Media Connected to Substance Abuse\nA 2011 study from the Columbia University’s National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse showed a correlation between teenagers who abuse drugs and alcohol, and those that use social media channels regularly (CASA,2011). According to the research the problem doesn’t reside with being a social media user, but more concerned with what the other teenagers are actually seeing on those social networks. This includes intoxication and other behaviors displaying illegal activity.\nMany of us have seen and bare witness to similar instances, but have done nothing about it. What does this say about the culture revolving around drugs and alcohol from a peer’s and parent’s perspective? If you’re a parent what can you do about it?\nOver the course of the teen years, there is a fine line between total lockdown and control over a teenagers life and the opposite which is complete freedom. In this next section lets reflect on a couple real world suggestions to helping your teen have healthy social media habits in the name of Recovery Month.\nTeach Your Teen How to Respond to Illegal Social Media Activity\nFacebook has a way to report images which are upsetting in any way called Social Reporting.\nShow your teenager an example of something and why it upset you, then report it. With time your teen may be able to choose a healthier response and maybe even seek to help out the individual, instead of endorsing it.\nMake Opportunities to Share Hobbies\nSome of the best hobbies are timeless ones, which one would enjoy no matter the age. Take guitar lessons together or pick up mountain biking.\nIf your teen is less interested in outdoor hobbies, try building a gaming PC together. Name the budget, do some google searching, and in the end take away a valuable skill worth bragging to friends about.\nWhenever you and your teen are enjoying the hobby together, document the whole thing on a blog, Pinterest, or Facebook Page. They’ll learn healthy social media habits that way and hopefully curb their negative use.\nTeenagers deserve more credit for controlling themselves than they actually get. With some thought we can help teens stay safe from drugs and alcohol.\nWhat do you think? Let us know what you do to keep your teen safe from the temptations of drugs and alcohol evident on social media.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "As far as microphone placement is concerned, one should bear in mind that the main difference between woodwind and brass instruments lies in the fact that a woodwind instrument’s pitch is first and foremost determined by opening and closing its tone holes. Those movements indeed modify the length of the vibrating air column, causing the pitch to change. This also means that a woodwind’s tone is only partially produced by the bell: the tone holes and body also have an important impact.\nAs for brass instruments, the typical sound of a woodwind instrument is determined by its overtone structure. And again, the formants mentioned in my previous workshop are responsible for an instrument’s recognizable sound.\nThe main differences between woodwind and brass instruments can be ascribed to their overtone structure. This means that a microphone for capturing a woodwind instrument should be located in an altogether different position from a brass instrument.\nCharacteristics of Woodwind Instruments\nA clarinet’s sound is rather complex and depends essentially on the register. To be more specific: there are three registers with different overtone structures. The lowest register features a lot of harmonics, while the highest is shaped by the fundamental and a formant in the 3kHz~4kHz range.\nOne thing to bear in mind is the clarinet’s wide dynamic range and the resulting overtone structure. Playing pianissimo in the single ledger-line octave produces a spectrum up to 1.5kHz, while fortissimo notes in this range go up to 12kHz.\nLike other woodwinds, the clarinet projects frequencies up to 1kHz mainly via the open tone holes. As the frequency rises, the projection shifts increasingly towards the bell. The following illustration shows the clarinet’s frequency-dependent projection behavior:\nSchematic projection behavior of a clarinet: the bell’s high-frequency output towards the floor, close to the music stand, etc., are something to bear in mind as well. (Attentive readers will probably have noticed my virtual assistant Franziska. she doesn’t play the clarinet, by the way… ;-)\nUnlike the clarinet, a saxophone has a conical body. A typical saxophone sound is characterized by the powerful first-order overtones. The body shape is responsible for the overtone structure, which is quite unlike the clarinet’s—even though both instruments use a single reed.\nThe upward bell causes the low and high sound components to mingle, which is especially prominent when close-miking.\nA flute’s fundamental covers a wider frequency range than the one of other woodwinds. Formants are hardly noticeable, and the highest sound components are located at 3kHz~6kHz.\nMicrophone Selection and Placement:\nWoodwinds produce a lower sound-pressure level than brass instruments. This is why more sensitive condenser microphones can be used without hesitation. Care should be taken, however, to choose a microphone whose frequency response neither emphasizes nor attenuates the instrument’s frequency range and formants.\nThe microphone’s directivity essentially depends on the intended effect:\nIf you wish to isolate the signal in question, choose a hypercardioid microphone pattern. This may be counterproductive, however, because a woodwind instrument is not a spot signal source: the entire instrument acts as a tone generator. If you nevertheless prefer a hypercardioid microphone, remember to place it at 50~60cm from the instrument. A cardioid microphone with a wider pattern, on the other hand, may benefit from being closer to the instrument. This would have the additional benefit of the cardioid microphone’s superior background attenuation compared to that of a hypercardioid.\nFor woodwind instruments, microphone placement for close-miking scenarios poses a real challenge. The illustration shows that a clarinet or a soprano saxophone has several areas with rather different frequency response patterns. Ideally, two microphones should be used. Ask your trusted dealer for suitable combinations. When using a single microphone, a workable compromise can be achieved by pointing the microphone not too closely towards the lower body region, just above the bell. Focusing on the bell would result in a sharp, narrow sound that doesn’t reflect the instrument’s natural tone because of the excessive amount of high frequencies.\nIf that is what you are looking for, consider using a short microphone stand (see example 1), or clipping a microphone to the bell. As an alternative, you could use a special instrument mount. A clip-on microphone could also be attached to the music stand and to the instrument itself for solos (see example 2).\nTenor and Alto Saxophone:\nTenor and alto saxophones are not prone to frequency separations in a close-miking scenario, because all frequencies are combined inside the upward-pointing bell. I would nevertheless advise against pointing the microphone directly at the bell. After all, even in the case of a saxophone, the bell tends to emphasize the high-frequency range, which leads to a harsh sound. Doing so only makes sense when the instrument has a mellow sound and would benefit from some added presence. Another consideration is that the high notes in the two octaves above the G are mainly projected by the upper body section, while the low notes essentially emanate from the bell. Pointing the microphone at the bell might cause the low notes to sound somewhat boomy and uncontrolled, while the higher notes are much softer.\nThe following illustration shows a tried-and-tested microphone placement technique (Example 3) used for the Average White Band’s Molly Duncan on tenor sax.\nA balanced and smooth tone can be achieved above the tone holes. If you also want to pick up the breathing noises, place the microphone closer to the headjoint. For a balanced sound, install the microphone on a stand raised 0,5m~1m above the instrument. For minimum background spill, consider using a hypercardioid microphone. With its superior resolution, a condenser mike is likely to produce the best result. A headset microphone might also work. It has the advantage that the musician can freely move their head. Expert placement of the microphone will allow you to mix the breathing noise into the overall sound. The main advantage of a headset microphone—as opposed to a clip-on model mounted on the flute—is that the player is free to switch instruments (from flute to piccolo, and back) without hassle.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "The patient, a brown cat named Erik, lies motionless on his back as a nurse wheels him into the operating room. A caboose of medical equipment follows: heart monitor, anaesthetic machine, ventilator, and a network of wires and tubing.\n\"Alright, we're cutting,\" shouts one of the surgical nurses.\nHush overcomes the bustling operating room as a team of three surgeons, four nurses, and two anaesthesiologists snap to action. With a scalpel's quick slice, Erik's viscera splay out, protruding from his freshly shaved belly like a grisly fruit basket. In plain view are off-white intestines, a crimson spleen, and a bright magenta liver—not the dark purple you see in a butcher shop. There's little blood. The organs rise and fall with Erik's unhurried breaths. Two surgeons on opposite sides of the operating table huddle over the cat, their heads almost butting.\nWaiting nearby, a sick cat named Teca—short for Tecumseh—will soon receive one of Erik's healthy kidneys.\nIn an increasingly common trend, cats like Teca are benefiting from top-notch health care as veterinarians borrow tools, techniques, and drugs from human medicine. But with the convergence of human and animal care comes escalating costs and tough decisions for owners. Teca's kidney transplant cost his owners more than $10,000. Others pay thousands more.\nSince the mid-1980s, Clare Gregory, a veterinary surgeon and researcher at the University of California, Davis, has pioneered kidney transplants in pets. He's performed the operation in several hundred cats and 26 dogs. The transplants have been somewhat successful in cats—more than 90 percent survive the surgery and three-quarters live beyond a year. But with dogs, it's grimmer: A recent study showed just one in five lived more than a year after transplant. Slim chances, considering 95 percent of human kidney recipients live at least one year.\nThere's no single reason for the high rate of failure in these operations, but the drugs the animals take for the rest of their lives are the main cause, says Gregory. The medications stop the recipient's immune system from attacking the new organ. But they have nasty side effects like anemia and diabetes, and they make animals more vulnerable to cancer and infection.\nGregory is working to improve those odds. As director of the Comparative Transplantation Laboratory at UC Davis, he has spent more than 25 years developing and testing transplant rejection drugs for pets—and humans. Because the cost of producing new drugs is so high and the market for pets so small, human applications come first, he says. Only after pharmaceutical companies produce drugs commercially can Gregory adapt them to the pets he treats.\nFrom humans to pets\n\"There are no diseases that occur in humans that we don't see in one or more animal species,\" says Niels Pedersen, a veterinarian at UC Davis who melds human and veterinary practices to offer better care to pets. He directs the Center for Companion Animal Health, a new $15 million clinic built with private donations. The center offers pets cutting-edge treatments that would never exist without human medicine. \"There really is only one medicine,\" he says.\nComparative medicine—looking at the shared traits of human and animal disease—is not new. In ancient Greece, Hippocrates scorned veterinary medicine but studied animal pathology to gain insight into human diseases. The cattle plagues of 18th-century Europe spurred the first veterinary schools. By the late 19th century, France, Germany, and England boasted research institutes devoted to bridging the divide between animals and people.\nFrom the start, surgeons studied organ transplantation in animals, too. Alexis Carrel performed the first kidney transplant in dogs in 1902 and later won a Nobel Prize for the surgical techniques he pioneered. But physicians quickly learned that successful transplants demanded more than surgical dexterity. Unless the kidney came from an identical sibling, the immune system attacked the perceived invader like an infection.\nIn the late 1970s, scientists discovered cyclosporine, a natural chemical made by a lowly soil fungus. It became the first blockbuster transplant drug. By stopping immune cells from dividing and attacking a transplanted organ, cyclosporine made long-term human and animal transplants feasible. Researchers performed some of the first tests on dogs. Soon Gregory started transplanting kidneys into beagles, a common lab breed. \"It was nothing new,\" he says. \"We just borrowed what had gone before.\"\nBy the mid 1980s, as kidney transplants grew more common in humans, Gregory became the first veterinarian to perform the surgery in pets. \"We didn't start kidney transplantation in the clinic because we wanted to,\" he says. \"We had so many clients asking for it.\" Twenty years later, more than a half-dozen veterinary hospitals around the country offer kidney transplants for pets. Cats are the most common recipients because their immune systems are simpler than those of dogs, and veterinarians must only match them according to one of two blood types. He performs about a dozen of the costly procedures each year.\nToday's surgery is typical. Four months ago, Teca, a four-year-old Himalayan with penetrating white eyes, seemed perfectly healthy to his owners, Craig and Maera Busch. But during a routine check-up, they learned their cat was in late-stage kidney failure. Conventional therapies—medication, fluids delivered under the skin, and diet changes—failed, so the Buschs turned to Gregory. A week before the surgery, they flew to Davis from their home in Barrie, Ontario, an hour north of Toronto.\nSurgery under the microscope\n\"Start the clock,\" Gregory orders. Erik's kidney sits in an ashtray-sized stainless steel basin resting on bloodstained surgical sponges, bathed in an ice-cold solution. Cut off from its blood supply and starved for oxygen, the kidney is slowly self-destructing. The surgical team has an hour to reconnect the organ to Teca, restoring blood flow.\nThe artery, about the thickness of twine, is first. But even Gregory's experienced hands need help making the incisions and sewing the kidney in. A huge surgical microscope on a swing arm hovers over Teca's open abdomen.\nA video camera positioned on top of the microscope beams the surgeons' view onto a television in the operating room. \"It looks pretty,\" says a nurse, pointing to the monitor displaying Teca's open abdomen magnified 10 times. A puddle of saline the surgeons squirted into the cavity shimmers like a reflecting pool.\nWith his unblinking eyes never straying from the scope, Gregory makes a tiny cut into Teca's renal artery, which is clamped on both ends. Some blood trickles out for a second, then stops. The suturing begins. Working with tweezers and a needle threaded with silk suture so thin it's only visible under a microscope, Gregory and his colleague Margo Mehl tether the artery from the healthy kidney to Teca's artery with two knots on either end and sew the incision shut. The room is silent, except for Gregory's calm instructions.\nA $30,000 cat named Princess\nThat cat kidney transplants exist is a testament to the demands of pet owners like the Buschs. \"It didn't used to [involve] this much,\" says Maera Busch, waiting anxiously for Teca to get out of surgery. \"When you had a problem, you pretty much put them to sleep.\"\nNo one knows how many cats and dogs suffer kidney failure each year; the ones who receive transplants are a tiny proportion. \"There's a section of the population—not huge—that want the same thing for their pets as they want for themselves,\" says Gregory. But that decision isn't cheap. A feline kidney transplant can cost more than $10,000, and owners end up spending more on post-operative care, immunosuppressive drugs, and blood work. But veterinarians like Gregory say they are up-front about the costs. He has even urged people to reconsider the procedure if he thinks it's going to be a huge financial burden. \"I don't want them to get a second mortgage on their house,\" he says.\nBut Deborah Casey, a 52-year-old middle school teacher from Albany, California, did exactly that. Several years ago, her cat Princess, one of four feral kittens she found living under a shed, developed kidney problems and failed to respond to conventional treatments. \"I was so panicked I was going to lose her that I would have agreed to anything,\" she says. Casey estimates she's spent more than $30,000 caring for Princess, who got her transplant at UC Davis. Gregory is now one of the veterinarians overseeing Princess, who is doing well.\nLike many owners of transplant recipients, Casey has no kids to support. She says her cats are like children, and she has no qualms spending money to care for them. Responses from friends and coworkers have been mixed; she only tells devoted pet owners about the transplant and the money she's spent.\n\"The knee-jerk reaction from some of the public is that these people are crazy,\" says Jonathan McAnulty, a veterinary surgeon who started the kidney transplant program at the University of Wisconsin. But he says they're devoted pet owners with disposable income. \"I've been surprised at how uncharitable some people can be in condemning someone that would go this route,\" he says. \"But they would never condemn someone who would buy a new car every three years.\"\nWhen desperate pet owners approach Gregory for kidney transplants, he reminds them of the risks. \"Don't get into transplantation if you don't think there's a possibility that your animal is going to die,\" he says. Nor is a new kidney a miracle tonic; rejection can happen at any time. \"It's just a treatment, it's not a cure,\" he says.\nFor many pets and their owners, last-ditch surgeries like transplants are not the right choice, says Gregory. Medical technology can only do so much, and it often exposes the limitations of what veterinarians can do to save an animal's life. \"The statement, 'Well it's going to die anyway' doesn't carry a lot of weight with me,\" he says. \"There are ways to die, and I'd rather see an animal in comfort at home with good medical care than to have it die on my operating table.\" Gregory calls such doomed-to-fail procedures \"cowboy surgeries.\"\nIn the operating room, the pace quickens. Gregory stitches the vein of the new kidney to a small incision in Teca's renal vein, completing the circuit of blood flow: oxygen in, carbon dioxide and waste out.\n\"Release the clamps,\" he orders.\nBlood gushes into the newly connected organ, providing much-needed oxygen. \"Mark the timer and put it in the record,\" says Gregory. A nurse notes the kidney was without blood for 54 minutes and 20 seconds. In past operations, the kidney has been disconnected for as long as two hours with good results, but the shorter the better, Gregory says.\nThe kidney is in, and the two other surgeons will close up the cat. Even in the operating room, there's time for a pun: \"Your own little slice of heaven,\" Gregory announces to the team before scrubbing out.\nA drug pipeline for pets\nThough the operation went off without a hitch, the success of Teca's transplant is not assured. Twice a day for the rest of his life, the cat must take cyclosporine to stop his body from attacking Erik's donated kidney, but his compromised immune system will leave him vulnerable to disease. It's a balancing act between organ rejection and immune suppression, says Gregory. Over the next month, he will tweak Teca's medication to find the right dosage.\nCurrent transplant drugs are indiscriminant. They act like a bomb, when a sniper would suffice. Cyclosporine haphazardly stops immune cells from dividing, the key to fighting a pathogen or keeping cancer at bay. It also has \"10,000 side effects,\" says Mehl, Gregory's fellow surgeon. For this reason, Gregory is testing new antirejection drugs, not yet on the market.\nCreating a new drug is a tortuous process that takes years and costs hundreds of millions of dollars. Along the way, pharmaceutical companies navigate several tiers of testing in animals and humans. Gregory partners with drug companies to do the preclinical testing required by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. He tests transplant drugs on cats, dogs, rats, and primates at UC Davis to determine whether they're safe and effective. Only once a drug makes it through human trials and comes onto the market can veterinarians use it on pets. \"We pretty much rely on the backbone structure of drug development for humans to allow us to have new drugs for animals,\" he says.\nOne example is leflunomide, a drug made by the Paris-based pharmaceutical company Sanofi-Aventis. The FDA approved it in 1999. Physicians use leflunomide to treat rheumatoid arthritis and occasionally to prevent transplant rejection. Gregory now includes it in a cocktail of drugs given to dog transplant recipients. As part of the development process in humans, he tested leflunomide on dogs in his lab, speeding its application to pets.\nUnlike cyclosporine, the next generation of transplant rejection drugs being developed for humans work more specifically—like a sniper. Instead of tamping down the whole immune system, they go after specific molecular pathways. This focus leaves the body still able to fight infection and cancer, and causes fewer of the toxic side effects associated with cyclosporine. Many such medications are still in the early phases of testing in humans, but Gregory and other veterinarians are eager to add them to their repertoire. He's currently partnering with several pharmaceutical companies to help test the drugs, which he says could be available to pets within the next few years.\nIdeally, transplant drugs and other pet medicines would be custom designed for animals, but that's unlikely given the minuscule number of animals that get organ transplants. In 2004, doctors performed more than 16,000 kidney transplants in humans—far more than any other solid organ—compared to the dozen or so kidney transplants that Gregory does each year.\nOne major difference between giving drugs to humans and to pets is the regulatory oversight. The FDA strictly controls human medications, while little analogue exists for animals. \"In dog and cat medicine we're governed primarily by our own ethical codes on using drugs we think are safe,\" says Gregory.\nThe animal health-care boom\nIn 2006, Americans spent an estimated $36 billion on their pets. A good chunk of that—$9.4 billion—went to veterinary care. Fifteen years ago, people spent half as much on their pets. These figures reflect the convergence of human and veterinary medicine and the resulting increases in the cost of veterinary care, says Niels Pedersen, director of the new clinic at UC Davis that offers such top-tier care to pets. While Pedersen is an advocate of high-tech pet care, he says it represents a concerning trend.\nSince World War II pets have gained status in the American home, as people migrated from rural areas and farms to sprawling suburbs. In many households, pets have become near equals to humans—even \"child substitutes,\" says Pedersen. But he frets that the increasing cost of pet care, combined with the newfound social status of pets, could further complicate ownership and even obliterate the idea of \"owning\" an animal. \"There's now a belief that if you can't afford veterinary care for your pet, you shouldn't have a pet,\" he says.\nAnd as pets scamper up the social ladder, they gain new legal rights. Currently, animal malpractice suits, though on the rise, are awarded for the actual value of an animal—maybe a few thousand dollars. Pedersen expects this to change. \"Nobody yet has won pain and suffering for $5 million,\" he says. \"One of these days there will be some big settlement, and then veterinarians are going to realize that they've come the full way—they're now equivalent to M.D.s.\"\nTeca is now out of surgery and recovering well. He'll spend a week in the hospital as Gregory watches for rejection and stabilizes his cyclosporine dosage. Two days after the transplant, Erik has fully recovered and is back with his new family, one $10,000 kidney lighter.\nIs this veterinary medicine in the 21st century? Life-saving technologies such as kidney transplantation have opened the door to maladies of the human health care system: rising costs, malpractice, and ethical issues. While veterinarians like Gregory adapt human medical techniques and drugs to their animal clients, offering treatments that would never exist otherwise, the pet health-care system itself is adapting. Just be prepared to pay.\nABOUT THE WRITER\nB.A., biology, Colorado College\nM.S., microbiology, University of Washington\nInternship: Nature, Washington D.C.\nIf bacteria could express joy (or any sentiment), they would be elated by my departure from research. As I studied microbiology during the past five years, countless microbes met their untimely deaths at my hands. In college it was Xanthomonas, itself a killer of tomato plants. Salmonella was my victim in graduate school, though I plead self-defense. Guilt aside, there were other hints that research was not my ideal career. Unlike my classmates, I spent nearly as long working on my prose as on background reading. Volunteer work for a public radio science program confirmed my suspicion that science writing might appeal to me. As I begin my new career, I see my foray into microbiology as an experience that will inform my writing. Still, I'm fortunate bacteria also are unable to hold a grudge.\nABOUT THE ILLUSTRATOR\nB.A., marine biology, Boston University\nD.V.M. ,veterinary medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison\nIt's been a bit of a winding road so far, but no complaints, as everything has started to fit together nicely. I grew up in Colorado, and went to Boston University to study marine biology, traveling to Woods Hole, Ecuador and Dominica during college. I worked at the Shedd Aquarium in Chicago with marine mammals after college, and became interested in the work of the veterinarians. Off I went to school again with the intent of being an aquarium vet. It was three intense years in classes, and a great final fourth year with actual patients. During that time, I started drawing again and colleagues started asking me what I was doing being a vet. So after some soul- and Web-searching, I found the UCSC Science Illustration program. I will be returning to the Shedd Aquarium, this time as a freelance exhibit artist, and also hoping to return to the vet school to provide veterinary students and clinicians with better visual materials.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "5.OA.A.1: Use parentheses and brackets in numerical expressions, and evaluate expressions with these symbols (Order of Operations).\n5.OA.B.3: Generate two numerical patterns using two given rules (e.g., generate terms in the resulting sequences). Identify and explain the apparent relationships between corresponding terms. Form ordered pairs consisting of corresponding terms from the two patterns, and graph the ordered pairs on a coordinate plane (e.g., given the rule 'add 3' and the starting number 0, and given the rule 'add 6' and the starting number 0, generate terms in the resulting sequences, and observe that the terms in one sequence are twice the corresponding terms in the other sequence).\n5.OA.B.4: Understand primes have only two factors and decompose numbers into prime factors.\n5.NBT.A.1: Apply concepts of place value, multiplication, and division to understand that in a multi-digit number, a digit in one place represents 10 times as much as it represents in the place to its right and 1/10 of what it represents in the place to its left.\n5.NBT.A.3: Read, write, and compare decimals to thousandths.\n5.NBT.A.3a: Read and write decimals to thousandths using base-ten numerals, number names, and expanded form.\n5.NBT.A.3b: Compare two decimals to thousandths based on meanings of the digits in each place, using >, =, and < symbols to record the results of comparisons.\n5.NBT.B.5: Fluently multiply multi-digit whole numbers using a standard algorithm.\n5.NBT.B.6: Apply and extend understanding of division to find whole-number quotients of whole numbers with up to four-digit dividends and two-digit divisors.\n5.NBT.B.7: Add, subtract, multiply, and divide decimals to hundredths, connecting objects or drawings to strategies based on place value, properties of operations, and/or the relationship between operations. Relate the strategy to a written form.\n5.NF.A.1: Add and subtract fractions with unlike denominators (including mixed numbers) by replacing given fractions with equivalent fractions in such a way as to produce an equivalent sum or difference of fractions with like denominators (e.g., 2/3 + 5/4 = 8/12 + 15/12 = 23/12).\n5.NF.A.2: Solve word problems involving addition and subtraction of fractions referring to the same whole, including cases of unlike denominators by using a variety of representations, equations, and visual models to represent the problem. Use benchmark fractions and number sense of fractions to estimate mentally and assess the reasonableness of answers (e.g. recognize an incorrect result 2/5 + 1/2 = 3/7, by observing that 3/7 < 1/2).\n5.NF.B.3: Interpret a fraction as the number that results from dividing the whole number numerator by the whole number denominator (a/b = a ÷ b). Solve word problems involving division of whole numbers leading to answers in the form of fractions or mixed numbers.\n5.NF.B.4: Apply and extend previous understandings of multiplication to multiply a fraction by a whole number and a fraction by a fraction.\n5.NF.B.4a: Interpret the product (??/??) x ?? as a parts of a partition of ?? into ?? equal parts.\n5.NF.B.4c: Find the area of a rectangle with fractional side lengths by tiling it with unit squares of the appropriate unit fraction side lengths, and show that the area is the same as would be found by multiplying the side lengths. Multiply fractional side lengths to find areas of rectangles, and represent fraction products as rectangular areas.\n5.NF.B.6: Solve problems in real-world contexts involving multiplication of fractions, including mixed numbers, by using a variety of representations including equations and models.\n5.MD.A.1: Convert among different-sized standard measurement units within a given measurement system, and use these conversions in solving multi-step, real-world problems.\n5.MD.C.3: Recognize volume as an attribute of solid figures and understand concepts of volume measurement.\n5.MD.C.3a: A cube with side length 1 unit, called a “unit cube,” is said to have “one cubic unit” of volume, and can be used to measure volume.\n5.MD.C.3b: A solid figure which can be packed without gaps or overlaps using n unit cubes is said to have a volume of n cubic units.\n5.MD.C.4: Measure volumes by counting unit cubes, using cubic cm, cubic in, cubic ft, and improvised units.\n5.MD.C.5: Relate volume to the operations of multiplication and addition and solve mathematical problems and problems in real-world contexts involving volume.\n5.MD.C.5a: Find the volume of a right rectangular prism with whole-number side lengths by packing it with unit cubes, and show that the volume is the same as would be found by multiplying the edge lengths, equivalently by multiplying the height by the area of the base. Represent threefold whole-number products as volumes (e.g., to represent the associative property of multiplication).\n5.MD.C.5b: Understand and use the formulas V = l x w x h and V = Bh, where in this case B is the area of the base (B = l x w), for rectangular prisms to find volumes of right rectangular prisms with whole-number edge lengths to solve mathematical problems and problems in real-world contexts.\n5.G.A.1: Understand and describe a coordinate system as perpendicular number lines, called axes, that intersect at the origin (0, 0). Identify a given point in the first quadrant of the coordinate plane using an ordered pair of numbers, called coordinates. Understand that the first number (x) indicates the distance traveled on the horizontal axis, and the second number (y) indicates the distance traveled on the vertical axis.\n5.G.A.2: Represent real-world and mathematical problems by graphing points in the first quadrant of the coordinate plane, and interpret coordinate values of points in the context of the situation.\n5.G.B.3: Understand that attributes belonging to a category of two-dimensional figures also belong to all subcategories of that category.\n5.G.B.4: Classify two-dimensional figures in a hierarchy based on properties.\n6.1.1: Mathematically proficient students explain to themselves the meaning of a problem, look for entry points to begin work on the problem, and plan and choose a solution pathway. While engaging in productive struggle to solve a problem, they continually ask themselves, “Does this make sense?' to monitor and evaluate their progress and change course if necessary. Once they have a solution, they look back at the problem to determine if the solution is reasonable and accurate. Mathematically proficient students check their solutions to problems using different methods, approaches, or representations. They also compare and understand different representations of problems and different solution pathways, both their own and those of others.\n6.3.1: Mathematically proficient students construct mathematical arguments (explain the reasoning underlying a strategy, solution, or conjecture) using concrete, pictorial, or symbolic referents. Arguments may also rely on definitions, assumptions, previously established results, properties, or structures. Mathematically proficient students make conjectures and build a logical progression of statements to explore the truth of their conjectures. They are able to analyze situations by breaking them into cases, and can recognize and use counterexamples. Mathematically proficient students present their arguments in the form of representations, actions on those representations, and explanations in words (oral or written). Students critique others by affirming or questioning the reasoning of others. They can listen to or read the reasoning of others, decide whether it makes sense, ask questions to clarify or improve the reasoning, and validate or build on it. Mathematically proficient students can communicate their arguments, compare them to others, and reconsider their own arguments in response to the critiques of others.\n6.5.1: Mathematically proficient students consider available tools when solving a mathematical problem. They choose tools that are relevant and useful to the problem at hand. Proficient students are sufficiently familiar with tools appropriate for their grade or course to make sound decisions about when each of these tools might be helpful; recognizing both the insight to be gained and their limitations. Students deepen their understanding of mathematical concepts when using tools to visualize, explore, compare, communicate, make and test predictions, and understand the thinking of others.\n6.6.1: Mathematically proficient students clearly communicate to others using appropriate mathematical terminology, and craft explanations that convey their reasoning. When making mathematical arguments about a solution, strategy, or conjecture, they describe mathematical relationships and connect their words clearly to their representations. Mathematically proficient students understand meanings of symbols used in mathematics, calculate accurately and efficiently, label quantities appropriately, and record their work clearly and concisely.\n6.7.1: Mathematically proficient students use structure and patterns to assist in making connections among mathematical ideas or concepts when making sense of mathematics. Students recognize and apply general mathematical rules to complex situations. They are able to compose and decompose mathematical ideas and notations into familiar relationships. Mathematically proficient students manage their own progress, stepping back for an overview and shifting perspective when needed.\n6.8.1: Mathematically proficient students look for and describe regularities as they solve multiple related problems. They formulate conjectures about what they notice and communicate observations with precision. While solving problems, students maintain oversight of the process and continually evaluate the reasonableness of their results. This informs and strengthens their understanding of the structure of mathematics which leads to fluency.\nCorrelation last revised: 9/15/2020", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Q: It seems like COVID-19 can have some short and long-term effects on the brain. What is the likelihood that psychiatric issues will arise in COVID-19 survivors?”\nTHE QUICK ANSWER: We do not yet know if SARS COV-2 can get to the brain (cross the blood brain barrier), but we have some evidence that more people are experiencing neurological and psychiatric issues (anything affecting the brain and behavior) after having COVID-19 and EARLY evidence of brain changes after having COVID-19.\n🙋 Does SARS CoV-2 cause symptoms in the brain?\nScientists began to examine the potential mechanism of SARS CoV-2 entering into the brain because more people are reporting anxiety, depression, insomnia, psychosis, and even suicidal thoughts after COVID-19 disease. Among people who have survived COVID-19, many have reported extended difficulty with cognition, fatigue, smell, balance, and nausea, all of which may have to do with the brain. We also know that more people are having strokes and stroke-like events due to clots formed in small blood vessels leading to the brain. These clots can then cut off blood supply and oxygen to key areas of the brain involved in regulating our mood, wakefulness, sleep, balance, and senses. But, the exact mechanism of how psychiatric symptoms emerge is unknown. SARS CoV-2 could get in to the brain through damage to the blood brain barrier or through monocytes (part of your innate immune system, which may take in the virus, but then be unable to get rid of it-thus transporting it to the brain).\n🧠 The brain may be affected directly by the virus, but we do not have much evidence for this. One study looked at people’s brains after they died of COVID-19 (most or all had severe illness)-changes were noted. There are many variables that could influence these changes, including lack of oxygenation, other illnesses, critical illness, and COVID-19 related sequelae (such as micro clots). So this study may not provide direct evidence as the people who died may have had more severe disease and/or other health issues which could have confused the picture (https://tinyurl.com/yh8c9vmc). This recent preprint (not yet peer reviewed), which followed people before and after COVID-19, suggests that COVID-19 results in decreases in gray matter (where most of the neurons are)-specifically in areas of the brain related to smell and taste. This makes sense since this is where the virus can enter the body itself (through the nose and mouth). But, it does not necessarily explain the onset of psychiatric symptoms after infection.\nEven if we don’t know the mechanism by which this occurs, it is clear that the virus affects many systems in the body and can have long lasting impacts. Other viruses also have evidence for causing neurological and psychiatric symptoms by lingering in the body and affecting neurons and the immune system; an example of such a virus is the poliovirus-which can cause neurological symptoms in some, but not all.\n🕵️ Some evidence: There appears to be an increased risk for mental health symptoms among those who have had COVID-19.\nData is still emerging, but a recent study in the Lancet that matched groups (compared two groups with similar characteristics who either had COVID-19, respiratory infection or influenza) and followed them for 90 days suggests that COVID-19 increases the risk of new onset psychiatric symptoms (nearly double) with the most common diagnoses being anxiety, insomnia, and depression. Psychosis was reported, but there was no evidence that this was related to COVID-19 infection. Dementia was also common after COVID-19 infection, although further research is needed to understand why. Of note, there may be unmeasured factors (social and economic) which may explain some of these differences. It is also important to note that the data were already collected and then analyzed and came from hospitals, primary care settings, and specialty care organizations. Follow up data at six months showed similar results, suggesting that people who have had COVID-19 may have an increased risk of psychiatric symptoms. Interestingly, how sick you are (severity of disease) does not seem to play a direct role in the onset of psychiatric symptoms. BUT, having a previous psychiatric diagnosis is likely associated with an increased risk of having psychiatric symptoms after COVID-19 disease.\n😶🌫️ Of course, some people don’t experience any of the studied symptoms, but do experience brain fog. Up to 30% of people who have recovered from COVID-19 suffer from memory loss, difficulty with concentration, and cognitive fatigue-some defining features of what people call brain fog. These symptoms are NOT only present in people who have had severe illness or stroke like we would expect, but in others who have had milder illness as well. The mechanism behind this is not yet well understood but is thought to have to do with inflammation and the body attacking many cells, including some of those in the brain that are responsible for control of memory, attention, and other activities.\nTHE BOTTOM LINE:\n✅ So to answer the question, some people will have neurological and psychiatric symptoms after COVID-19. Specifically people who have had psychiatric symptoms prior to COVID-19 are more likely to have symptoms after having COVID-19. It is likely that this does not have anything to do with how severe their disease is. And some symptoms, like “brain fog,” can linger for up to six months or more. Some people will also have anxiety, depression, or PTSD like symptoms after having COVID-19. In fact, it is well known that many people experience psychiatric symptoms after critical illness. Having COVID-19 does not mean you WILL have psychiatric symptoms-but it is common (about 1 in 3 will have symptoms after having COVID-19) and the risk appears to be higher compared to other psychiatric symptoms after other infections like influenza.\nWhile this sounds disheartening, the important thing is to raise awareness around the possibility that someone can experience psychiatric symptoms so that people can seek help if these symptoms arise. Talk to your primary care provider if they do. The treatments are often similar to those available for traumatic brain injury and focus on periods of rest/work and building up stamina to regain function. They often involve occupational therapy as well as supportive therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy, and medications specific to the symptoms.\nWe are hopeful that greater awareness around this will help more people get the care they need. Thank you for your question!\nThose Nerdy Girls\nIf you or someone you know is considering suicide, contact the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline at 1-800-273-8255 (Español: 1-888-628-9454; Hearing Support: 1-800-799-4889) or the Crisis Text Line by texting HOME to 741741.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Bioactive glasses caused a revolution in healthcare and paved the way for modern biomaterial-driven regenerative medicine. The first 45S5 glass composition, invented by Larry Hench fifty years ago, was able to bond to living bone and to stimulate osteogenesis through the release of biologically-active ions. 45S5-based glass products have been successfully implanted in millions of patients worldwide, mainly to repair bone and dental defects and, over the years, many other bioactive glass compositions have been proposed for innovative biomedical applications, such as soft tissue repair and drug delivery. The full potential of bioactive glasses seems still yet to be fulfilled, and many of today’s achievements were unthinkable when research began. As a result, the research involving bioactive glasses is highly stimulating and requires a cross-disciplinary collaboration among glass chemists, bioengineers, and clinicians. The present article provides a picture of the current clinical applications of bioactive glasses, and depicts six relevant challenges deserving to be tackled in the near future. We hope that this work can be useful to both early-stage researchers, who are moving with their first steps in the world of bioactive glasses, and experienced scientists, to stimulate discussion about future research and discover new applications for glass in medicine.\nThis is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License\nwhich permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "The us department of agriculture said in a statement that the government of india has agreed to allow imports of us pork and pork products. The move comes after India and the United States signed a memorandum of understanding (MoU) last year to boost trade between the two countries. India’s second-largest trading partner after China.\nTable of Contents\nIs it OK for a Hindu to eat pork?\nIndia’s most widely practiced religions all have their own traditions. Hindu texts often praise vegetarianism, and Hindus may also avoid eating beef because cows are considered sacred. Muslim teachings, on the other hand, prohibit the consumption of meat. U.S., the practice of eating meat is more widespread than in most other countries.\nAccording to the Pew Research Center more than two-thirds of Americans (68%) they eat meat at least once a week;\n- Compared with less than one-third (31%) of people in other developed countries\n- The netherlands\n- The united kingdom\nIn addition, nearly half (48%) report that they have eaten meat in the past month, up from about a quarter (26%) a decade ago.\nWhy do Hindu not eat pork?\nSome hindus do not eat meat because it hurts other life forms. Hindu traditions consider vegetarianism to be a form of purification of the body and mind. A vegetarian is one who abstains from meat, fish, eggs, dairy products, honey, and other animal products.\nVegans are those who do not eat any animal product, including eggs and honey. The word “vegan” is derived from the Latin word vegetare, which means “to abstain from.” In other words, a vegan is someone who doesn’t eat meat or fish.\nWho eats pork in India?\nPork is eaten in many states of India, but not in most Indian cuisine, as it is popular in Northeast India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Nepal. It is also used as a flavoring agent in a number of Indian dishes, such as curries, dosa and dal. It is used in many Indian desserts, including chutneys, puddings, and sweets.\nWhat religions dont eat pork?\nThe avoidance of pork products is one of the most distinctive food practices in both judaism and islam. Judaism, the prohibition is a way of showing Jewish identity and belonging to the Jewish people, while in Islam, it is a means of protecting the sanctity of Islam’s holy places.\nIn both religions, pork is considered unclean and is forbidden to eat. For example, kosher meat can be eaten, as can meat from animals that have been slaughtered according to Jewish law, such as pigs, sheep, goats, and chickens.\nDid Lord Krishna eat meat?\nPramod madhwaraj, udupi district in-charge minister, said on saturday that valmiki, rama and krishna were non-vegetarians. He said that they were not vegetarians, but they did not eat meat. The minister, who is also the president of the Hindu Mahasabha, said that he was not against eating meat but that it should be done in moderation.\n“I do not think it is a sin to eat beef. But if you are a vegetarian, you should eat only fruits and vegetables,” he told reporters. The minister said he had been asked to inaugurate the festival by the district administration and that the celebrations would continue till the end of this month.\nWhat happens if a Hindu eats beef?\nIf people in the family are found to have eaten beef, they could be thrown out of the house. “It is a very sensitive issue and it is not something that is easy to talk about. It is an issue that needs to be dealt with in a sensitive manner,” .\nWhat foods do Indians not eat?\nHindus may not eat beef because the cow is considered a sacred animal. Hindus will eat eggs, some will not, and some will refuse onion or garlic, so it’s best to consult with your doctor before making any changes to your diet.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "- Place of Use Continent - North America, Country - Canada\n- Category Communication artifacts\n- Sub-category Personal symbol\n- Department Arms and Technology\n- Museum CWM\n- Earliest 1918/01/31\n- Latest 1920/12/31\n- Inscription (obverse/avers): HE DIED FOR FREEDOM AND HONOUR SIDNEY JAMES LUCK; E.C.P.; 27 (reverse/verso): W\n- Materials Bronze\n- Service Component Canadian Expeditionary Force\n- Person / Institution Subject, Luck, Private Sydney James\n- Measurements Thickness 0.5 cm, Outside Diameter 12.0 cm\n- Caption Medals Project- Luck, Sydney James\nSydney (sometimes recorded as Sidney) James Luck was born in Henley-on-Thames, England, on 9 May 1889. He was the third of John and Annie Luck’s six children. His father was a baker and grocer.\nA student, Luck enlisted in the 4th Overseas Universities Company in Montréal, Quebec, on 15 September 1915. His younger brother, Lewis Edward Luck, had enlisted a year before. After initial training in Canada, Luck and his unit embarked from Halifax, Nova Scotia, aboard SS Lapland on 21 November 1915. The ship arrived in Plymouth, England, on 4 December 1915.\nThe 4th Overseas Universities Company was used as a reinforcement company by the Princess Patricia’s Canadian Light Infantry (PPCLI). As a result, after receiving some training with the 11th Battalion in England, Luck was transferred to the PPCLI on 24 March 1916 and joined the unit in France two days later.Two months after joining the PPCLI, Luck was wounded in the right ankle. The wound was serious enough for him to be evacuated to England for medical treatment at Filsham Park Hospital, St Leonards-on Sea, East Sussex. After two months’ treatment, Luck was discharged from the hospital. He then spent another two months regaining his strength and skills at the Canadian bases in Kent. Luck finally rejoined the PPCLI in the field on 29 September 1916. Luck was once again hospitalized on 8 January 1917. This time, he was said to have been suffering from myalgia (muscle pain) in his legs and insomnia. He returned to duty 14 days later.\nOn 9 April 1917, Luck was wounded during the Battle of Vimy Ridge. Evacuated from the field, he died of his wounds at 10:30 p.m. at No. 22 Casualty Clearing Station in Bruay, France. Although the PPCLI had suffered relatively few casualties (estimated between 35 and 40 in the war diary) while taking its objectives, it was to suffer another 175 between 3 p.m. on 9 April and 2 a.m. on 10 April due to heavy German shelling as the battalion worked to consolidate its hold on the newly captured positions. It is not known whether Luck was wounded during the PPCLI’s advance or by subsequent German shelling.\nSydney James Luck is buried in Bruay Communal Cemetery Extension, Bruay-la-Buissière, France.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "You wake up in the morning, your knees are stiff and your lower back aches. Sound familiar?\nArthritis is the leading cause of disability in the United States. It is one of the most pervasive diseases in the U.S., according to the Center for Disease Control. Arthritis is characterized by pain and inflammation located particularly in the joints throughout the body. More than 10 million Americans have knee osteoarthritis, the most common form of arthritis.\nAlthough osteoarthritis cannot be cured, there are ways to improve your overall health, fitness, and wellbeing by managing the pain associated with it.\nExercise is one of the most important lifestyle changes a person can make to aid in coping with the pain of osteoarthritis. Patients who regularly exercise will have improved mood, improved circulation, healing, and energy.\nAccording to Jessica Black, N.D., a naturopathic physician based in both Portland and McMinnville, Oregon, exercise reduces pain by increasing the body’s repairing abilities. Depending on the severity of osteoarthritis, some individuals may need specific exercise therapy with a qualified physical therapist to learn what types of exercise will help them most.\nHere are some tips for easing pain associated with osteoarthritis using alternative therapies:\nChange your diet to avoid inflammatory foods such as gluten, dairy, sugar, tomatoes, and potatoes. Include healthy fats such as cold-water fish and fish oils high in omega-3 fatty acids. Spicy foods—such as peppers—also have anti-inflammatory properties. Thoroughly chewing your foods can also help with digestion issues as well.\nEating regular small meals, avoiding sugar, eating more protein, and consuming less simple carbohydrates can help maintain healthy blood sugar levels. Maintaining balanced blood sugar helps to facilitate proper circulation and appropriate healing mechanisms in the body.\nSome herbal anti-inflammatory nutritional supplements may help ease pain, such as turmeric and ginger. Some anti-inflammatory pharmaceutical medications can be harmful to the stomach, and in addition, have shown some negative consequences in heart disease. You should, however, seek your doctor’s advice when taking supplements to avoid any complications with medication or to prevent an allergic reaction.\nRegular exercise can prevent stiffness in the joints, as well as stimulate circulation and healing. Low-impact aerobic exercise, such as walking, using an elliptical machine, riding a bike, swimming, or water aerobics are softest on the joints while providing maximum health benefits. Other forms of exercise, such as Tai Chi or yoga, can help.\nBesides promoting circulation and healing, exercise promotes weight loss, which is highly beneficial for people with osteoarthritis. For people with severe osteoarthritis, physical therapy may first be needed before you start an exercise routine.\nBesides those listed above, these therapies may be beneficial for treating pain associated with osteoarthritis:\n- Acupuncture (or massage) can increase the body’s natural healing circulation.\n- Assistance devices (canes or a brace) may help take the pressure off the joint thereby relieving pain.\n- A castor oil pack is an old-fashioned remedy to relieve swelling or inflammation, and it can be made at home in a compress to relieve joint inflammation. Castor oil is available at most health food stores.\n- Over-the-counter pain reliever creams, such as arnica, may help.\n- A lukewarm bath with lavender oil or Epsom salt.\n- A cold pack after exercise can help prevent inflammation", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Surprises in Mind\nMany people — in and out of school — find mathematics frustrating, difficult, even impossible. This documentary uncovers a surprise: Mathematical creativity — expressed in art, architecture and music and valued by industry — is built into the brain and can flourish under the right conditions. A remarkable 12-year study following students from first grade through high school demonstrates the brain’s surprising natural abilities for learning math. The study, led by Professor Carolyn Maher of Rutgers University, brought results that are corroborated by new research from leading cognitive psychologists. Discover ways to unlock this natural human gift for mathematics in classrooms, workplaces and homes.\n1. Surprises in Mind — A video documentary on learning mathematics for K-8 teachers and administrators.\nInstructional Video Resources\nUse our classroom videos for every curriculum and every grade level.\nLending LibraryAccess our lending library and order form for video titles for all grade levels and subject areas.\nFind Us at the Following Events:\nSeptember 14 – Family Literacy Event, Fertile, ND.\nSeptember 16 – 19 – NDLA Conference, Jamestown, ND.\nSeptember 26 – ND Kindergarten Association Conference, Fargo, ND.\nOctober 5-6 – NDATL Conference, Minot, ND.\nOctober 6 – Family Literacy Event, Towner, ND.\nOctober 21-23 – NDCEL Conference, Bismarck, ND.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "- 1 What is the difference between a regional airport and a International Airport?\n- 2 How do regional airports work?\n- 3 What is considered a regional flight?\n- 4 How many regional airports are there in the UK?\n- 5 What are the two types of airports?\n- 6 Which is No 1 airport in world?\n- 7 What is the difference between a domestic flight and a regional flight?\n- 8 How many regional airports are there in the US?\n- 9 How do small airports make money?\n- 10 Which regional airline is the best?\n- 11 How much do regional airlines pay?\n- 12 What is the largest regional airline?\n- 13 Which is the biggest airport in UK?\n- 14 Which is the longest runway in UK?\n- 15 What is the smallest airport in the UK?\nWhat is the difference between a regional airport and a International Airport?\nIn the USA, the difference between a regional and international airport has to do with the presence of a Customs and Border Patrol facility. Runway length has nothing to do with it.\nHow do regional airports work?\nRegional Airports are Economic Generators\n– Regional airports provide freight transportation to markets throughout the U.S. and around the world for locally produced goods. – Regional airports provide access to the local market for goods imported from around the country and around the world.\nWhat is considered a regional flight?\nRegional flights could be any flights that are within a day’s drive, or 12 to 15 hours, of the originating airport. This would, by default, limit the area to a certain defined geographic region.\nHow many regional airports are there in the UK?\nThere are over 40 airports around the UK, some of which top the list of the busiest airports in Europe. The map below shows a list of all major UK domestic and international airports.\nWhat are the two types of airports?\nThere are two types of airports—towered and nontowered. These types can be further subdivided to: Civil Airports—airports that are open to the general public.\nWhich is No 1 airport in world?\n1. Singapore Changi Airport. Singapore Changi Airport once again earned the top prize again this year as the world’s best airport for the eighth consecutive year.\nWhat is the difference between a domestic flight and a regional flight?\nDomestic flights stay strictly within a country’s borders. Regional flights stay within a country’s region which usually centers on a hub, like Chicago in the USA or Toronto in Canada. Regional airlines generally have smaller capacity aircraft and fly to smaller cities and bring passengers to main hubs.\nHow many regional airports are there in the US?\nWhile this shows that the better growth in 2017 was reported at regional facilities in the US, the collective of some 516 airports accounted for just 19% of all seats from the nation last year. Despite the low market share, their portion of all seats in the US increased by 0.3% when compared to 2016.\nHow do small airports make money?\nAirport Revenue by Source: The majority of airport revenue, about 56 percent, is from aeronautical means, such as terminal, landing and passenger fees paid by airlines. Top sources of these revenues include retail concessions, car parking, property and real estate, advertising, car rentals and more.\nWhich regional airline is the best?\nWorld’s Best Regional Airlines 2019\n- Bangkok Airways.\n- Cathay Dragon.\n- jetBlue Airways.\n- Aegean Airlines.\n- Azul Airlines.\n- Azerbaijan Airlines.\n- Alaska Airlines.\nHow much do regional airlines pay?\nA regional airline pilots in the U.S. typically starts out making an hourly rate of $20 – $50 per hour, or about $20,000-$40,000 per year, depending on the airline, type of aircraft, and the pilot’s experience level.\nWhat is the largest regional airline?\nU.S. regional airlines\n- SkyWest’s operating revenue. 2.1bn USD.\n- SkyWest’s passenger traffic. 21.26m.\n- Operating revenue of Envoy Air. 1.38bn USD.\n- Envoy Air’s revenue passenger miles. 7.5bn.\n- Number of passengers carried by Mesa Airlines. 15m.\n- Mesa Airlines‘ available seat miles. 10.9bn.\n- Operating revenue of PSA Airlines. 813.8m USD.\nWhich is the biggest airport in UK?\nLondon Heathrow, which handles over 80 million international passengers annually, is the largest airport in the UK.\nWhich is the longest runway in UK?\nCampbeltown is situated 3 miles to the west of the airport and can be easily accessed with a taxi or hire car. The airport runway, at 3,049 m, is the longest in Europe and RAF Machrihanish hosted UK military and NATO base operations here until 1997.\nWhat is the smallest airport in the UK?\n5 Of UK’s Smallest And Largest Airports\n- Durham Tees Valley Airport. Located way up North near Darlington, the biggest city in County Durham, this used to be an RAF field.\n- Stornoway Airport. Do you know what’s cooler than north England?\n- St Mary’s Airport, Isles of Scilly.\n- Alderney airport.\n- Land’s End Airport.\n- London Luton.\n- London Stansted Airport.\n- Manchester Airport.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Nobody wants to have to look at their child and see the telltale signs of sickness. During the winter months, all kinds of viruses and illnesses float around freely, just waiting for the next carrier to pick it up and pass it on. There are some sure fire ways to help prevent and protect your child throughout the year from coming down with the most common illnesses that plague society. Read further to find tips and ideas on how to protect your child from sneezes, sniffles, and stuffiness.\nVitamins can become your immune systems best friend. A daily does of a children’s vitamin containing specifically Zinc, Vitamin C and Vitamin B6 can ward off most common ailments that could leave your child feeling under the weather.\nThe most important mineral that your body will need is Zinc. Zinc helps your body to produce white blood cells, which are needed to fight off illness. Making sure that your child reaches a recommended dose of Zinc (3 mg for children ages 7 months to 3 years, and 5 mg for children ages 4 to 8 years) will help their body to efficiently battle off viruses and illnesses. Beware giving your child too much Zinc, for it can interfere with the production of copper and iron levels in the body, which are needed for other vital functions in your child’s immune system. It can also weaken the function of the immune system. Make sure that your child stays within the recommended dose of Zinc for the best performance. Zinc can be found in poultry, milk, beef, eggs, yogurts, and seafood.\nVitamin C is an excellent source for repairing your body’s immune system and helping it to efficiently battle off any illnesses that you might get. This vitamin is the easiest to obtain, for the maximum dose needed for efficiency is a mere cup or orange juice. It can also be found in many different vegetables, including broccoli.\nGetting enough Vitamin B6 is as easy as aiming to obtain all of your daily dose of Zinc, for the foods which contain B6 most generally contain Zinc. Vitamin B6 helps your immune system to produce antibodies, which are vital to helping your immune system fight off infections and viruses.\nOne of the most obvious ways to prevent diseases is to make sure that your child is properly immunized with your health care professional. Keeping on schedule and making sure that your child gets every recommended dose for their age will help them to better battle the most common ailments that we have immunizations for in the 21st century. Not only can immunizing your child be good for their health, the more people who get vaccinated for a certain ailment will decrease the likelihood of a widespread outbreak. Talk to your physician about which immunizations your child still needs to be safe.\nOmega 3 fats\nFeed your child a diet rich in Omega 3 fats. These healthy fats will boost the immune system by increasing the amount of macrophages that your body produces, which are white cells that kill bacteria in the body. Foods that contain the recommended daily dose of Omega 3 fats (3 oz.) are most commonly seafoods. If your child doesn’t like seafood, you can offer them a fish oil pill.\nNot only should your child eat foods rich in good things for your body, but they should also balance their diet with good forms of bacteria. Acidophilus and lactobacillus are the two healthy types of bacteria that you should try to incorporate into your child’s diet to help stave off viruses. These two bacterias are considered to be probiotics, and can stimulate your child’s intestinal system so that it is ready to actively ward off bad bacteria. Probiotic capsules are one source that your child can get these bacteria from. Most commonly, they are found in yogurts.\nWhen your body is working with a fully hydrated system, it is easier for it to work efficiently to cleanse and detox your body when bacteria are introduced. Along with regular drinks, your child can get some of their hydration from eating fruits and vegetables.\nStay away from sweets\nMake sure to stay away from sweets and artificial sweeteners. When your body is introduced to too much sweets and sweeteners, it doesn’t work as efficiently at fighting off germs and viruses. Steer away from an abundance of soda and candies. Better alternatives includes fruits, vegetables, and 100% fruit juices.\nEat three balanced meals a day, plus three snacks to ward off virus and infection. When our body skips these vital meals, our immune system drops drastically while we try to tend to other areas that may not be as nourished as they could be. If our immune system is busy working overtime to try to make up for calories and nutrients lost, it can’t focus on actively trying to rid germs and viruses.\nAlong with all of the other immune boosting tips mentioned here, the key to maintaining healthiness lies within lessening your exposure to germs. Constant hand washing, and sanitizing, can lessen a person’s chance of getting a virus or disease more than a person who skips this critical step. If your child is exposed to other children on a common basis, make sure to instill in them proper hand washing techniques, and allow them to carry their own bottle of hand sanitizer.\nObviously, your child will most certainly come down sick at some point despite constant preventative measures. Check with your health professional to see what can be done for your child when they are ill, and make sure to follow all medicinal regimens for them that are prescribed. Don’t medicate your child without a doctor’s permission to use an OTC remedy. Making your health care professional your number one source for advice can greatly decrease the amount of sick time that you child may experience.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "The Kojiki, translated by Basil Hall Chamberlain, , at sacred-texts.com\nWhen [His Augustness Kamu-yamato-ihare-biko] made his progress, and reached the great cave of Osaka, 1 earth-spiders 2 with tails, [namely] eighty bravoes, 3 were in the cave awaiting him. So then the august son of the Heavenly Deity commanded that a banquet be bestowed on the eighty bravoes. Thereupon he set eighty butlers, one for each of the eighty bravoes, and girded each of them with a sword, and instructed the butlers, saying:  \"When ye hear me sing, cut [them down] simultaneously.\" So the Song by which he made clear to them to set about smiting the earth-spiders said:\nHaving thus sung, they drew their swords, and simultaneously smote them to death.\n173:1 p. 174 The etymology of this name is not clear, but readers will of course not confound it with that of the modern town of Ohosaka (Ozaka). The character rendered \"cave,\" , signifies simply \"apartment;\" but the traditional reading is muro, which means a cave or pit dug in the earth. That the latter is the idea which the author wishes to convey becomes clear by comparison with a greater number of passages in the older literature. For a more particular discussion of this subject see Mr. Milne's paper entitled \"Notes on Stone Implements from Otaru and Hakodate,\" published in Vol. VIII, part I of these \"Transactions,\" p. 76 et seq., where a number of passages relative to the \"earth-spiders\" are likewise brought together.\n173:2 Tsuchi-gumo, generally written , but here semi-phonetically . There is little doubt that by this well-known name, which has given rise to much conjecture, a race of cave-dwelling savages or a class of cave-dwelling robbers is intended. Motowori supposes that their name had its origin in a comparison of their habits with those of the spider. But it were surely more rational to regard it as a corruption of tsuchi-gomori, \"earth-hiders,\" a designation as obvious as it is appropriate. The \"Chronicles\" describe one tribe of them as \"being short in stature, and having long arms and legs like pigmies.\" For a further discussion of the subject see Motowori's Commentary, Vol. XIX, pp. 30-31, the \"Perpetual Commentary on the Chronicles of Japan,\" Vol. VIII, p. 35, the \"Tou-ya,\" Vol. XX, s.v. kumo and the \"Examination of Difficult Words,\" Vol. 1I, pp. 55 et seq.\n173:3 p. 175 The original term is takeru ( ), which might also be rendered \"bandit,\" or \"robber chief.\"\n174:4 The import of this poem is too clear to stand in need of explanation. The word mitsumitsushi, here rendered \"augustly powerful\" in accordance with Moribe's view, is understood by Motowori to mean \"perfectly full,\" in allusion to the fully or perfectly round eyes of the deity Kume, to whose name he supposes there to be a reference. Mabuchi, on the other hand, explains the word to signify \"young and flourishing.\" But Moribe's view both of this and of the import of kume as \"warriors \"seems so greatly preferable to any other, that the translator has not hesitated to follow him (conf. Sect. XXXIV, Note 7). The \"children of the warriors\" are of course the warriors themselves. With regard to the signification of the two kinds of swords here mentioned it has, however, been thought best to adhere to the usual view, and Note 10 to Sect. XXXIV should be referred to.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Hepatitis A virus (HAV) particles are environmentally hardy organisms that can be transmitted by contaminated food, water, environmental surfaces (e.g., contaminated table tops, cooking utensils) and through direct or indirect person-to-person contact. Although HAV cannot grow in the environment, they are considered to be extremely stable under a wide range of environmental conditions, including freezing, heat, chemicals, and desiccation. Concentrations of disinfectants commonly used against pathogenic bacteria are not considered effective against these viruses.\nThere are six HAV genotypes (I-VI), as determined by RNA sequence analysis at the VP1-2A junction of the virus genome. Genotypes I, II, and III contain strains associated with human infections, with the majority of human strains grouped within genotypes I and III. Genotypes I-III have been further divided into sub-genotypes A and B for each genotype. Most non-human primate strains are grouped within genotypes IV, V, and VI. Despite the identification of multiple genotypes/strains, this is the only known serotype for HAV. Humans and several species of non-human primates are the only known natural hosts for HAV.\nHAV is classified with the enterovirus group of the Picornaviridae family, genus Hepatovirus, and is comprised of single positive-stranded RNA genome of approximately 7.5 kilobases. This RNA molecule is protected from the environment by a protein capsid (“shell”) comprised of multiple copies of three or four proteins. HAV is a non-enveloped (i.e., no lipid-containing envelope), hydrophobic virus 22 to 30 nm in size, with icosahedral symmetry with 20 sides.\n• Mortality: The overall death rate among people with hepatitis A (that is, liver involvement; the term “hepatitis A” is used to refer to the disease, not to the virus) is approximately 2.4%. Increased age (over 50 years old) slightly increases the death rate. Overall, hepatitis A accounts for < 0.001% of all foodborne-associated deaths. Although fulminant (severe, rapidly progressing) disease is rare, the mortality rate is much higher, at 70% to 80%, as noted in the Illness / complications section, below.\n• Infective Dose: The infective dose of HAV is presumed to be low (10 to 100 viral particles), although the exact dose is unknown. The viral particles are excreted in the feces of ill people (symptomatic and asymptomatic) at high densities (106 to 108/gm) and have been demonstrated to be excreted at these levels for up to 36 days post-infection.\n• Onset: In symptomatic patients, mean incubation phase is 30 days (range 15 to 50 days).\n• Illness / complications: HAV infections can be asymptomatic or symptomatic. Infections usually are asymptomatic in children younger than age 6 and symptomatic in older children and adults. When disease does occur, it is usually mild and recovery is complete within 1 to 2 weeks, although it may last up to several months, in which case it is also generally self-limiting. HAV infection is not considered to be chronic; however, a prolonged or relapsing disease lasting up to 6 months in 10-15% of patients has been reported. Patients feel chronically tired during convalescence, and their inability to work can cause financial loss. An atypical, and rare, clinical outcome of acute HAV infection is fulminant hepatitis or fulminant hepatic disease, which occurs in less than 1% to 1.5% of cases. This more severe outcome of acute HAV infection and illness involves massive hepatic necrosis, with acute liver failure, and has a high case-fatality rate (70% to 80%). The reasons for progression to acute, severe, or fulminant hepatitis remain unclear; however, it is known that patients with an underlying chronic liver disease are at particularly high risk for fulminant disease or liver failure. Factors that may play a role in severe hepatic disease progression include the nature of the host response (e.g., genetic, immunologic, or physiologic), the viral pathogen (e.g., strain virulence), and/or viral dosage (e.g., viral inoculums, patient viral load, or levels of viral replication). A hepatitis A vaccine is available.\n• Symptoms: Symptoms associated with HAV infection include fever, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, myalgia, hepatitis, and, often, jaundice. Jaundice generally occurs 5 to 7 days after onset of gastrointestinal symptoms; however, in 15% of reported jaundice cases, the jaundice was not preceded by gastrointestinal symptoms.\n• Duration: Typically 1 to 2 weeks, although prolonged or relapsing cases may continue for up to 6 months in a minority of patients.\n• Route of entry: HAV may cause infection through various routes. The route of entry for the foodborne infection is oral.\n• Pathway: The exact mechanism of HAV pathogenesis is not fully understood. The route of entry for foodborne HAV typically is the gastrointestinal tract. From the intestinal tract, the virus is transported to the liver via the blood, where hepatocytes generally are thought to be the site of viral replication. The virus is thought to be excreted by the hepatocytes and transported to the intestinal tract via bile. However, some studies suggest that initial replication may occur in crypt cells of the small intestine.\nAn estimated 1,566 cases of hepatitis A from consumption of contaminated food occur annually in the United States. This constitutes a small portion (1% to 1.5%) of the total number of patients infected with HAV. Overall, hepatitis A accounts for < 0.001% of all foodborne-associated hospitalizations in the U.S. Hepatitis A from any cause (i.e., not just the foodborne illness) has a worldwide distribution occurring in both epidemic and sporadic fashion. In the U.S., from 1980 through 2001, an average of 25,000 cases of hepatitis A was reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) annually. However, correcting for under-reporting and asymptomatic infections, CDC estimates that an average of 263,000 HAV infections, from all causes, occurred annually in the U.S. during this period.\nUntil 1995, the overall incidence of HAV infection in the U.S. was cyclic, with nationwide increases occurring every 10 to 15 years (Figure 1). Since 1995, the estimated overall number of reported HAV infections in the U.S. has been declining. This significant decrease (with the most significant decrease occurring in children) appears to coincide with the vaccination program, for children and adolescents 2 to 12 years old that began in the U.S. in 1996.\nIncidence of Acute, Symptomatic Hepatitis A – United States, 1980-2008\nCenters for Disease Control and Prevention. Accessed May 2011.\nHAV is excreted in feces of infected people and can produce clinical disease when susceptible people consume contaminated water or foods. Cold cuts and sandwiches, fruits and fruit juices, milk and milk products, vegetables, salads, shellfish, and iced drinks are commonly implicated in outbreaks. Water, shellfish, and salads are the most frequent sources. Contamination of foods by infected workers in food-processing plants and restaurants also is common.\nIn the U.S., the estimated transmission rate of this virus by person-to person contact was 22%. Of that, 8% was associated with day-care settings, 5% with international travel, 5% with illegal injectable drug use, and 4% with consumption of common-source contaminated food or water. The transmission routes for 65% of cases are unknown. Low income, low education level, crowding, and lack of access to safe drinking water and sanitation facilities are associated with increased rates of HAV infection.\nClinical diagnosis of an HAV infection can be achieved by performing the appropriate analytical tests on serum or stool specimens. HAV diagnosis is generally performed by immunoglobulin (Ig) anti-hepatitis A antibody tests, IgM or IgG, in which an increase in virus-specific serum antibody titers is indicative of a recent HAV infection. One notable limitation for these antibody- based tests is that they cannot readily distinguish a recent HAV infection from increased antibody titer due to immunization, which can lead to elevated IgG and/or IgM being elicited against HAV. In addition to antibody testing, which also includes the use of immunoelectron microscopy, the use of molecular tests premised on reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) can also be utilized. Commercial kits are available to assist in HAV diagnosis.\n6. Target Populations\nAll people are considered susceptible to HAV infection. Immunity can be developed by exposure and/or immunization that elicit an immune response that confers long-term immunity. In the U.S., the percentage of adults with immunity increases with age (10% for those 18 to 19 years of age to 65% for those over 50 years old). The increased number of susceptible people allows common-source epidemics to evolve rapidly.\n7. Food Analysis\nMethods have been developed to detect HAV in the food commodities most often implicated in HAV-associated illnesses; most notably, produce and shellfish. The manner in which the food is analyzed is dependent on the presumed location of contamination. For example, produce methods generally use a method to wash the viruses from the surface, whereas shellfish methods extract the virus from the digestive tract. Following extraction, the viruses are concentrated to suitable levels, so that detection via RT-PCR can be performed. These methods currently used by specialized regulatory laboratories to analyze suspected food for HAV are undergoing rigorous validation to verify that they are suitable for routine analysis.\n8. Examples of Outbreaks\nHepatitis A is endemic throughout much of the world. Major national epidemics occurred in 1954, 1961, and 1971. Foods continue to be implicated in HAV outbreaks, which continue to occur in the U.S. following consumption of contaminated produce and shellfish. The most notable recent HAV outbreaks, in the U.S., that were associated with foods include:\n• 1987 – Louisville, Kentucky- lettuce (imported)\n• 1998 – Ohio- green onions (Mexico/California)\n• 2000 – Kentucky and Florida- green onions (from Mexico) or tomatoes (California)\n• 2003 – Tennessee, North Carolina, Georgia, Pennsylvania – green onions (Mexico)\n• 2005 – Tennessee, Alabama – oysters (Louisiana) Case Example: In August 2005, at least 10 clusters of hepatitis A illness, totaling 39 people, occurred in four states among restaurant patrons who ate oysters. Epidemiologic data indicated that oysters were the source of the outbreak. Trace-back information showed that the implicated oysters were harvested from a specific Gulf Coast shellfish-growing area. A voluntary recall of oysters was initiated in September. HAV was detected in multiple 25-gm portions in one of two recalled samples, indicating that as many as 1 of every 15 oysters from this source was contaminated (Shieh, 2007). Other examples include:\n- CDC Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report: Hepatitis A Virus Provides a list of CDC Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Reports relating to this organism.\n- NIH/PubMed: Hepatitis A Virus Provides a list of research abstracts contained in the National Library of Medicine’s MEDLINE database for this organism.\n- Agricola: Hepatitis A Virus Provides a list of research abstracts contained in the National Agricultural Library database.\n9. Other Resources\n• Shieh YC, Khudyakov YE, Xia G, Ganova-Raeva LM, Khambaty FM, Wood JW, Veazey JE, Motes ML, Glatzer MB, Bialek SR, and Fiore AE. 2007. Molecular confirmation of oysters as the vector for hepatitis A in a 2005 multistate outbreak. J. Food Prot. 70:145-150.\n• HAV Definition and MeSH headings from the National Library of Medicine\n- Carl’s Jr. Hepatitis A Outbreak – Washington\n- Chi-Chi’s Hepatitis A Outbreak – Pennsylvania\n- Chipotle Grill Hepatitis A Outbreak – California\n- D’Angelo’s Deli Hepatitis A Outbreak – Massachusetts\n- Friendly’s Hepatitis A Exposure – Massachusetts\n- Houlihan’s Hepatitis A Exposure – Illinois\n- Maple Lawn Dairy Hepatitis A Outbreak – New York\n- McDonald’s Hepatitis A Outbreak – Washington\n- McDonald’s Hepatitis A Outbreak – Illinois\n- Quizno’s Hepatitis A Exposure – Massachusetts\n- Soleil Produce Hepatitis A Outbreak – California\n- Subway Hepatitis A Outbreak – Washington\n- Taco Bell Hepatitis A Outbreak – Florida", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "A contract is a promise or an agreement between two or more persons or organizations to do or to refrain from doing a particular thing in exchange for something of value. The Breach of this Agreement, promise or contract is recognized by law and provision for remedies of such breach exists in law. The contract can be written in formal or informal words or it can be even oral depending on the nature and subject matter of the contract.\nThe Terms of the Contract – who, what, where, when, and how of the agreement – define the binding promises of each party to the contract.\nA contract normally is completed in there steps- the first being the offer of the contract, which means offering some one to do something in exchange of money or anything of value. The second step is other party’s acceptance of the contract, i.e. undersigning of the agreement by the other party/parties after understanding of each terms and acceptance. The last and final step is the performance of the contract that is to deliver the actual product/service in exchange of something of value.\nWords, gestures, or actions can signal an offer to enter into a contract and an acceptance. If you are forced to make an offer (“your money or life”) it is not a valid offer. Similarly if you are tricked into accepting, it will not be deemed acceptance of the terms offered. To have a binding obligation on both sides, both sides must approve and accept the terms and conditions of the offer. Offers remain open until: (1) accepted, (2) rejected, (3) retracted prior to acceptance, (4) countered, or (5) expired by their own terms.\nIn case of rejection of an offer a new contract can be put on the table (called a “counter-offer”). A counter-offer is a new set of terms and conditions given in response to the original offer. A counter offer may vary from the original offer in just one word, clause or multiple provision of the entire contract.\nYou can take back or change the contract before the other party has agreed and undersigned the contract. This is termed as retraction. On the other hand, changing your mind after you have signed or agreed precludes retraction. Absent compelling reasons for not holding up to your end of the bargain, you will be a party to a contract.\nThe there different types of Acceptance of Contract recognized by the Court of Law are:\nThe law clearly defines the key elements of a binding contract and those key elements are:\nCompetent Parties – For a valid contract, each party must have the capacity to enter into it. Capacity may be seen in terms of legal capacity, mental capacity, age, etc. Agreeing to perform an illegal or illicit act is not consideration and the contract is void. A drugged or mentally impaired person does not hold the capacity to enter into any contract.\nMinors (e.g., usually those under eighteen) cannot, generally, enter into a binding contract without parental consent, unless it is for the necessities of life, such as food, clothing, or for student loan contracts.\nConsideration – A contract is always based on mutual exchange. One must give something of value in exchange to the other party in agreement with you. The value or the compensation is mostly expressed in terms of money, however it can be anything even property.\nMutual Assent – Both the parties must be clear in all the clauses of the agreement and there should not be any element of doubt before signing the contract. Meeting of the minds sometimes can be expressed by words spoken or gestures made or can be inferred from the surrounding circumstances. There is no mutual assent: (1) one side is obviously joking or bragging, (2) there is no actual agreement (i.e., the farmer who is selling a gelding and the buyer thinks the horse is a brood mare), or (3) both sides have made a material mistake as to the terms or details of the contract.\nWe provide Expert Legal Assistance in following States:\nAlabama, Alberta, Arizona, Arkansas, British Columbia, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Ontario, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "The Nineteenth century strategist Carl von Clausewitz argued that ‘the fundamental nature of war is immutable. The characteristics or form of war typical in any particular age might change, but the essential nature of war could not. This distinction carries significant weight and holds considerable merit. As the course of international history and relations progresses, technological advancements, changes in operational and tactical strategy, and different international makeups have altered the way wars are conducted and the way in which they are fought. The underlying causes of and reasons for war, however, have remained the same throughout history, thereby affirming Clausewitz’s assertions.\nSince the beginning of the ‘Westphalian’ era of international relations, warfare has experienced a number of periods of differing techniques, technologies, and strategies. The analyst William Lind described these periods as the ‘four generations’ of warfare. The ‘first generation’ of warfare is defined broadly as one of muskets and line and column tactics. Battles were formal and the battlefield orderly, with competing armies facing each other in open fields and firing in rank. Many of the distinguishing factors of the idea of the ‘military’, such as uniforms, ranks, and saluting, are products of this generation. Beginning in the middle of the 19th century, however, the introduction of rifled muskets, magazine-based ammunition and rapid-fire weapons made the application of lines and columns obsolete and, eventually, suicidal. The ‘second generation’ of warfare was one which applied mass firepower, most of which involved indirect artillery fire, and a defensive-based mentality. The First World War, with its intricate trench systems and static, defensive-based fronts, exemplified the second generation. The introduction of tanks, aircraft, and armored vehicles, intended to break the stalemate of the western front, brought about the ‘third generation’ of warfare. This generation was based on speed, surprise, initiative and decentralization of command. The Second World War was fought during this generation, and the German ‘Blitzkrieg’ doctrine of swift attacks, individual initiative, and encirclements was the prime example of the application of the ideas of this generation. The ‘fourth generation’ of warfare, which the modern world is transitioning into, is one where the state loses monopoly over war. Lind argues that state militaries find themselves fighting non-state opponents, such as Al-Qaeda, Hezbollah, or the FARC, more often than one another in this generation of warfare. Furthermore, victory on the battlefield in this generation does not carry the same operational weight as it did in those prior, and rather victory can be determined by destroying the opponent’s political or societal will to fight as opposed to defeating his armies on the field.\nOther forms of warfare have remained constant throughout these generations. The prime example of this is asymmetrical warfare, where one side faces an overpowering, better equipped, and/or more technologically advanced foe by engaging in guerrilla warfare. Tactics for this form of warfare include ambushing opponents, surprise raids, sabotage, and targeted killings. Although asymmetrical warfare has been a sustained component of warfare through the ages (while conventional warfare has changed considerably in technique and operational strategy), the technologies utilized in asymmetrical warfare have changed in powerful ways. Modern guerrillas utilize weaponry such as IEDS (improvised explosive devises) to destroy armored vehicles and portable anti-aircraft weapons to down helicopters and fighter aircraft. The fact that these weapons are often easy to acquire, cheap to make, yet devastating in effect presents a large challenge to the conventional force they are used against. Additionally, fighters in an asymmetrical war can, and do, now utilize elements of modern society against their foe. For example, Al-Qaeda used commercial aircraft to attack the World Trade Centers in New York on 9/11. Organizations or fighters can utilize the internet to spread their ideology, recruit to their cause (oftentimes within their foe’s country), spread information on weapon-building and utilization, and even hack or disrupt important electronic services with devastating effect.\nThe characteristics and forms of war have thus changed through the ages, as evidenced by the various ‘generations’ of war and military strategy and the consistent improvement and changes in technology. While these facets of war have changed, however, the underlying causes of and reasons for war have not. Clausewitz argued that war was the ‘continuation of politics by other means’. He further contended that war ‘is thus an act of force to compel our enemy to do our will’. By these assertions he meant that war was a tool used by the state to both further act on it positions in international politics and to force the opponent to bend and submit to those positions. By defeating an enemy, a state can impose its will, whatever that will may be, upon it, and therefore further its position in the international arena. This definition of war, which explains its ‘essential nature’, has remained steady throughout the history of war and conflict since the beginning of the Westphalian era.\nThis definition of the nature of war is backed empirically by the examples provided in major wars that have occurred since the treaty of Westphalia in 1648. The War of the Spanish Succession and War of the Austrian Succession in the early 18th century were fought by its participants with the intention of instilling a specific monarch (and thus ruling family) over another. The victors of these wars accomplished their will by putting their choice of monarch on the throne, and thus furthered their political position in an international environment where ruling families controlled great amounts of international clout and power. The Seven Year’s war was a conflict over colonial territory, a major source of power, prestige, and wealth during the 18th century, and saw the alliance under the United Kingdom gain considerable swaths of French territory in the Americas. Through this victory, British international power was increased, and thus its political clout too increased. The American Revolution saw the United States attempting to create a separate political entity from the United Kingdom, and the war was thus an extension of political and domestic disputes between the colonists and their mother country. The American victory saw the U.K. bend to the will of the American people and granted them sovereignty. The Napoleonic Wars saw an emergent France attempting to spread ‘liberal’ ideology and increase its empire, and thus its political position on the world stage. The ultimate defeat of France made her concede to the Coalition’s will of returning to a pre-Napoleonic Europe, both ideologically and in borders. The American Civil War saw the extension of domestic disputes and politics into military conflict, with the Confederacy attempting to succeed from the Union over the issues of state rights and slavery, along with others. Again, the Union’s victory coincided with the enforcing of their will for the return to a united nation. The First World War and Second World War saw the attempt of Imperial and Nazi Germany to form larger and more powerful ’empires’ and thus be dominant political powers, and the victory of the Allies in both wars saw their will for the dismantlement of these empires (and, they hoped, the destruction of the German war machine) enacted. The American wars in Korea and Vietnam were extensions of its political goal of containing the spread of communism, and the ultimate failure of the US in Vietnam enabled the Communists to gain political control of the country. Finally, American wars in Afghanistan and Iraq saw its will for the toppling of the Taliban and Hussein regimes complete, and these were in turn due to the extension of the American ‘neo-con’ political viewpoint that the establishment of democracies in the Middle-East would stabilize the region and counter the threat of terrorism. Even non-state actors, such as Al-Qaeda, hold political motivations when conducting war with its foes. For example, they sought the removal of American troops from the Middle East and the extension of Islamist principles into Middle Eastern politics and societies. By attacking the United State and attempting to demoralize and terrorize its populace, it was simply attempting to enact this political will. Therefore, even while the world transitions into this ‘fourth generation’ of warfare against non-state actors, the underlying nature of war still remains the same. While this list of wars is not nearly comprehensive for the period of time between the modern era and 1648, the general trends shown in this list exemplify Clausewitz’s assertion that the nature of war is immutable despite changing characteristics of war. In each case, the participants were acting with a political reason and position in mind, and the victors enacted their will on the loser to further or accomplish that position.\nClausewitz asserted that the fundamental nature of war was immutable, despite the changing characteristics of war. While technologies, strategies, and even participants in wars change with the times, the underlying nature of war, where one state attempts to enforce its will upon another in order to accomplish its political goals, does not. Major wars throughout different eras of history, which all experienced different tactics, strategies, technologies, and applications of war, shared this fundamental facet. In each case, despite the different application of war, the fact that the victor enacted its will upon the loser and that the belligerents used war as an extension of its political agenda remains the same. Because of this, Clausewitz’s assertions are affirmed.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Performance testing is a necessary and beneficial tool in characterizing the material response of an elastomer over time. By subjecting rubber products to oxidative, thermal, and fluid exposure, among other environmental factors, products display their resistance to physical property deterioration as well as usage life. Adjustments to polymer structure, molecular weight, compounding ingredients, fillers, cure system, time and temperature directly affect elastomer properties and their response to environmental exposure.\nWhen testing the effects fluid exposure on rubber compounds, specimens of vulcanized rubber are placed in fluids at known temperatures for specific time intervals, after which their physical properties are determined. Fluid performance tests commonly evaluate for changes in material volume—rubber components used in the automotive, oil and gas, aerospace and many industrial applications are exposed to liquids which can cause material volume swell and affect the overall performance and service life of a product.\nFluid resistance testing, also known as volume swell testing, measures the deterioration of the specimen as it relates to the change in volume of the liquid that it is exposed to. This is done by performing density measurements before and after immersion in test fluids. In addition to volume swell testing, stress-strain properties are evaluated post fluid test:\n- Tensile strength: the maximum tensile stress applied in stretching a specimen to rupture\n- Ultimate elongation: the elongation at which the rupture occurs in the application\n- Hardness: the relative resistance of the surface of a rubber sample to indentation, also measured using a durometer\nFigure 1: Volume Swell Die and Specimen\nFigure 2: ASTM D 412 Cutting Die C & Dumbbell Specimen (Thickness Measuring Points 1-3)\nBefore beginning any testing, at least 24 hours must elapse between completion of the vulcanization of the samples and the start of each aging interval. Unless otherwise specified, the deterioration of rubber samples fluid aging are carried out in accordance to test method ASTM D 471. As mentioned earlier, fluid aging samples are tested for changes in material volume by taking density measurements before and after immersion in test fluids. Standard test specimens are die cut rectangles having dimensions of 1” by 2” by 0.08” with a small hole punched for the purpose of mounting in the testing apparatus, as seen in Figure 1.\nThree standard dumbbell-shaped specimens are also prepared as described in ASTM Test Method D 412. When preparing dumbbell samples, each specimen’s hardness is measured and recorded as well as the median of the three thickness measurements used in calculating the cross sectional area. The cross sectional area is utilized when evaluating tensile strength and ultimate elongation of the dumbbell specimens post testing interval. The ASTM D-412 cutting die and dumbbell measuring points can be viewed in Figure 2.\nFigure 3: Fluid Aging Hanging Apparatus & Heating Block\nOnce all premeasured properties are recorded, samples are placed in the aging apparatus accordingly. For fluid aging tests, a stainless steel wire with glass beads to separate the specimens is assembled. Samples are suspended 1” above the bottom of a large test tube containing 100 mL of testing fluid. The test tube, viewed in Figure 3, is then placed in a temperature controlled heating block and set to test operating temperature with an air-cooled reflux condenser attached. At the termination of fluid aging tests, both dumbbell and rectangular samples are removed from the aging apparatus, cooled immediately to room temperature in fresh testing fluid for 30 to 60 minutes before determination of physical properties post interval.\nAfter the fluid aged rectangular specimens have cooled, dry and wet weights are measured using a digital scale. These values are then utilized in calculating density and volume swell measurements. Dumbbell specimen hardness is measured and recorded next, after which specimens are prepared for the tensometer by clamping the dumbbell between two wedge grips. The tensometer testing machine is calibrated and once the test begins, the upper crosshead stretches the dumbbell until failure occurs and the dumbbell breaks. Each sample is measured simultaneously with the median value reported for both tensile strength and ultimate elongation of the sample lot. The digital scale and MTS Tensometer used in post- testing can be viewed in Figures 4 and 5.\nFigure 4: Dry/Wet Weight Digital Scale\nFigure 5: MTS Tensometer Testing Machine\nCalculations for volume swell of fluid aged tests are expressed as a percentage of volume change, which is calculated in equation 1:\n- ∆V = change in volume (%)\n- M1 = initial mass of specimen in air (g)\n- M2 = initial mass of specimen in water (g)\n- M3 = mass of specimen in air after immersion (g)\nd = density of immersion liquid at standard laboratory room temperature (mg/m3)\nHardness changes after immersion interval are calculated in equation 2 below:\n- ΔH = hardness change after immersion, units,\n- Hi = original hardness before immersion, units\n- Ho = hardness after immersion, units\nChanges in stress-strain properties are expressed as a percentage of change for both tensile strength and ultimate elongation, which is calculated in equation 3 as follows:\n- P = percentage change in property\n- O = original value\n- A = value after aging\nWhen evaluating test results, fluid age reporting must include the following:\n- Type of aging test\n- Aging temperature, time and fluid used\n- Data on vulcanization of the rubber i.e. duration and temperature, if known\n- Dates of original and final determinations of physical properties\n- Dimensions of test specimens\n- All observed and recorded data on which calculations are based\nAn example of a testing worksheet can be viewed in Figures 6. Measurements taken must be validated and initialed by the lab technician performing each test.\nFigure 6: Fluid Aging Worksheet", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "It happened to me once and I still remember it clearly. Years ago, when I worked at a zoo, I was eating lunch in a grassy field when I felt a gentle tapping on my shoulder. I turned around to find myself staring up at an elephant. Fear, wonder, and confusion all flashed through my mind before I came to my senses and got out of there.\nThis situation was so strange to me because here in North America we don’t really have megafauna (gigantic animals). Well, that’s not entirely true. There is one living species in North America classified as megafauna. Do you know what it is? The answer is at the bottom of this post.\nWe used to have plenty of megafauna here in North America, and recently too! 40,000 years ago, we had 15 species in North America that grew over 400kg. This includes:\n- The mastodon and the woolly mammoth, two hairy relatives of the elephant.\n- Megalonyx, a ground sloth, grew over 3 meters tall and weighed 1,000 kilograms; that’s heavier than two grand pianos!\n- Camelops, a North American camel. Camels originated in the Americas and later travelled to Eurasia.\n- The giant, short-faced bear, one of the largest mammalian carnivores that ever lived.\nThese creatures are now extinct. The majority died off in the last 11,000 years during a global event called the Quaternary Extinction. What happened to these magnificent creatures? Why did they all disappear?\nNobody is quite sure what caused this extinction event, but scientists have plenty of theories. Increased tool usage by human hunters, the end of the ice age (climate change) and a meteor impact all likely played a role, but we may never know how large of an impact each had.\nOh, and the last surviving North American megafauna: Alberta’s bison.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "A warning to modern “progressives” to be careful what they wish for:\nI’m thinking of an American president who demonized ethnic groups as enemies of the state, censored the press, imprisoned dissidents, bullied political opponents, spewed propaganda, often expressed contempt for the Constitution, approved warrantless searches and eavesdropping, and pursued his policies with a blind, religious certainty.\nOh, and I’m not thinking of George W. Bush, but another “W” – actually “WW”: Woodrow Wilson, the Democrat who served from 1913 to 1921.\nPresident Wilson is mostly remembered today as the first modern liberal president, the first (and only) POTUS with a PhD, and the only political scientist to occupy the Oval Office. He was the champion of “self determination” and the author of the idealistic but doomed “Fourteen Points” – his vision of peace for Europe and his hope for a League of Nations. But the nature of his presidency has largely been forgotten.\nThat’s a shame, because Wilson’s two terms in office provide the clearest historical window into the soul of progressivism. Wilson’s racism, his ideological rigidity, and his antipathy toward the Constitution were all products of the progressive worldview. And since “progressivism” is suddenly in vogue – today’s leading Democrats proudly wear the label – it’s worth actually reviewing what progressivism was and what actually happened under the last full-throated progressive president.\nThe record should give sober pause to anyone who’s mesmerized by the progressive promise.\nBut they don’t even understand their own intellectual history.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "April 2/NewsRx Health -- Researchers at the University of California, Berkeley, have identified a gene that plays a critical regulatory role in the process of converting dietary carbohydrates to fat. In a new study, they disabled this gene in mice, which consequently had lower levels of body fat than their normal counterparts, despite being fed the equivalent of an all-you-can-eat pasta buffet.\nThe authors of the study, published in the March 20 issue of the journal Cell, say the gene (DNA-PK) could potentially play a role in the prevention of obesity related to the over-consumption of high-carbohydrate foods, such as pasta, rice, soda and sugary snacks.\nDNA-PK, DNA-dependent protein kinase, has already been the subject of much research because it helps repair breaks in the DNA. Suppression of DNA-PK has been used as a technique by researchers to enhance the ability of cancer treatments to kill tumor cells. Its role in fat synthesis, then, came as a surprise to the UC Berkeley researchers.\n\"It turns out that DNA-PK is critical to a metabolic process we have been trying to understand for 20 years,\" said Hei Sook Sul, a professor in UC Berkeley's Department of Nutritional Science & Toxicology and head of the research team behind these new findings. \"For the first time, we have connected DNA-PK to the signaling pathway involved in the formation of fat from carbohydrates in the liver. Identifying this signaling pathway involving DNA-PK brings us one step forward in understanding obesity resulting from a diet high in carbohydrates, and could possibly serve as a potential pharmacological target for obesity prevention.\"\nAfter a meal of pizza and soda, it is known that levels of blood glucose rise. That rise in blood glucose triggers the secretion of the hormone insulin, which helps different cells in the body use glucose for energy. Glucose in the liver that is not burned for energy turns into fatty acids, which then circulate to other parts of the body, primarily to fat tissue.\nThis conversion of excess glucose into fatty acids occurs in the liver, but the exact molecular pathway involved has not been fully understood until now. Researchers have known that insulin binds to receptors on the liver cells, which activates protein phosphatase-1 (PP1), the first molecule of the insulin-signaling pathway inside the liver cell. Sul's lab had previously shown that upstream stimulatory factor (USF) is needed to activate certain genes, such as fatty acid synthase (FAS), which converts glucose to fatty acids.\nThe link between PP1 and USF was still a mystery until Roger H. F. Wong, a UC Berkeley graduate student in comparative biochemistry in Sul's lab, finally connected the dots through proteomic sequencing. He found that DNA-PK, which is regulated by PP1, controls the activation of USF and the subsequent conversion of glucose to fatty acids.\n\"The missing link was DNA-PK,\" said Wong. \"We determined that DNA-PK acts as a signaling molecule in the chain reaction that begins when insulin binds to receptors on liver cells. This helps explain why untreated type 1 diabetics, who cannot produce insulin, may experience significant weight loss. Without treatment, they basically have trouble making enough fat.\"\n\"This insulin-signaling pathway is also disrupted in type 2 diabetes, in which the body still produces insulin, but the cells become resistant to its effects,\" said Wong.\nAfter identifying DNA-PK, the researchers put the gene to the test in mice fed a diet containing 70% carbohydrates but no fat. A typical lab mouse diet is made up of both fat and carbohydrates. Half the mice had the DNA-PK gene disabled, and the other half comprised a control group of normal mice.\n\"The DNA-PK disabled mice were leaner and had 40% less body fat compared with a control group of normal mice because of their deficiency in turning carbs into fat,\" said Wong. \"The knockout mice were resistant to high carbohydrate-induced obesity and had lower plasma lipids, which can reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. With all of these health benefits, this gene can serve as a potential pharmacological target for obesity prevention.\"\nThe researchers noted that although interest in low-carb diets persists, there are many sources of carbohydrates, including fruits and vegetables, legumes and whole grain breads and pastas, that have important nutritional benefits.\n\"The best way to control your body weight is to eat a well-balanced diet and limit your caloric intake,\" said Wong. \"We hope that this research will one day help people eat bread, pasta and rice and not worry about getting fat.\"\nFrom the April 13, 2009, Prepared Foods E-dition", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "|On January 12, 1965, a DC-3 transport plane took off from Whenuapai Airport, Auckland, on a flight to Kaitaia. As the twin-engine propeller plane flew over Kaipara Harbour, a broad estuary 100 kilometres (60 miles) northwest of Auckland, the pilot, Captain Cathie, spotted an unusual gleam in the water below.\nHe was about 1/3 of the way across Kaipara Harbour, and he at first believed the object to be stranded grey-white whale in an estuary. As he veered his DC-3 for a closer look at the object, it became evident to him that he was observing a metallic structure of some sort.\nCapt. Cathie noted that the object was perfectly streamlined and symmetrical in shape. It had no visible external control surfaces or protrusions, and appeared metallic with the suggestion of a cap, hatch, or dome on top. It was resting on the bottom of the estuary at a depth of no more than 30 feet of water. It was not shaped like a normal submarine, but was approximately 100 feet in length with an approximate diameter of 15 feet at its widest part.\nAfter he filed his flight report, the Royal New Zealand Navy told Captain Cathie that it would have been impossible for any known model of submarine to have been in that particular area, due to the configuration of harbour and coastline.\nMore USO sightings:\nThroughout the 1940s and 1950s a new and peculiar type of unidentified object, the ‘USO’ (unidentified submerged object) was sighted around the world - particularly by pilots and seafarers.\nAround dawn on 28 July 1962, off Avalon, Santa Catalina Island, several crew members and the Captain of a fishing boat were unsettled by mysterious lights that appeared below the surface. They approached the strange glow as something surfaced, and as they came closer, the Captain observed through binoculars and was amazed to see what appeared to be several men now working on a submarine-like object. The sub had no markings whatsoever and was grey in colour. Protruding from the top of the object was a strange structure with a light on it, which the men appeared to be tampering with for a short time before retreating inside the object. The Captain stated, “We passed abeam about a quarter of mile, and I was certain it was a submarine.”\nSuddenly, the unmarked object sped towards the fishing boat and then swept past at speed. At that time, the crew believed it may have been a Russian submarine, but this was never confirmed.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Japan’s Candle Night\nJapan’s Candle Night initiative simply suggests that people switch off their lights for two hours, from 8:00 to 10:00 p.m. on the night of the summer solstice to enjoy some time by candlelight. On June 21, 2009, major facilities and businesses in Japan turned their lights off from 8 to 10 pm. This year’s summer solstice also marks the sixth anniversary of an event called Candle Night since it was started in 2003. The idea of holding Candle Night in Japan, where people turn off their lights and light candles in unison, was originally inspired by the Voluntary Blackout movement in Canada, launched in 2001.\nDuring the summer of 2008, businesses and facilities all over Japan to turned out their lights during two events. One was Black Illumination 2008, held on June 21. The other was Lights-Down at the Star Festival on July 7. Between the two events, a total of 149,939 facilities joined the campaign, reducing the amount of electricity used by approximately 2,371,786.51 kilowatts. This translates into 925 tons of CO2 emissions, equivalent to the total daily emission of 64,000 households.\nThe event now spreads across the world. The Korean Environmental Women’s Network, a non-governmental organization in Korea, worked closely with Japanese Candle Night organizers to hold their own Candle Night. Events were also held in Taiwan, Australia, China (Shanghai), Mauritius, and many other countries. The Candle Night Committee now sends out newsletters in English to over 70 countries in its bid to connect activities and shared feelings in each country and around the world.\nFor more information, visit the Candle Night website.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "by: Michael Creditfirm\nUnderstanding the words used in the credit industry is the first step in understanding how your credit works. Here is a list of the most common industry terms. You may want to print these out and keep them for your records.\nCDIA – Consumer Data Industry Association. The CDIA is an international trade association that represents consumer data companies including the nationwide consumer reporting agencies.\nConsumer Report – Reports provided by consumer reporting agencies to lenders and other users. The FCRA defines a consumer report as “any written, oral, or other communication of any information by a consumer reporting agency bearing on a consumer’s credit worthiness, credit standing, credit capacity, character, general reputation, personal characteristics, or mode of living which is used or expected to be used or collected in whole or in part for the purpose of serving as a factor in establishing the consumer’s eligibility for (A) credit or insurance to be used primarily for personal, family, or household purposes; (B) employment purposes; or (C) any other purpose authorized under section 604 [of the FCRA].” The FCRA provides a limited number of exclusions to this definition.\nConsumer Reporting Agency – The FCRA defines a consumer reporting agency (CRA) as “any person, which, for monetary fees, dues, or on a cooperative nonprofit basis, regularly engages in whole or in part in the practice of assembling or evaluating consumer credit information or other information on consumers for the purpose of furnishing consumer reports to third parties, and which uses any means or facility of interstate commerce for the purpose of preparing or furnishing consumer reports.”\nCredit File/Consumer File – The information about a consumer that is contained in the databases of credit reporting agencies. According to the FCRA, the term “file,” when used in connection with information on any consumer, means all of the information on that consumer recorded and retained by a consumer reporting agency regardless of how that information is stored.\nConsumer File Disclosure – Information provided to a consumer when that consumer requests a copy of the information in his or her file at the NCRA.\nCredit Report – Popular term for consumer reports used or purchased by lenders.\nCredit Reporting Agency/Credit Bureau – Popular term for consumer reporting agencies in the business of providing consumer reports to lenders.\nECOA – Equal Credit Opportunity Act.\ne-OSCAR – The Online Solution for Complete and Accurate Reporting. Web-based computer software system used by Equifax, TransUnion, Experian, and Innovis to communicate with furnishers about consumer disputes.\nFCRA – Fair Credit Reporting Act.\nFurnisher – Generally refers to an entity that provides information relating to its own transactions or experiences with consumers to one or more consumer reporting agencies for inclusion in consumer reports.\n40 CONSUMER FINANCIAL PROTECTION BUREAU, DECEMBER 2012\nInquiry – A request for a consumer report.\nMetro 2® – The industry standard format for furnisher data contributions created in 1997 by the CDIA on behalf of Equifax, TransUnion, Experian, and Innovis.\nNCRA – Nationwide consumer reporting agency. For the purpose of this paper, an NCRA means Equifax, Experian, or TransUnion.\nPublic Record – Generally, a record that a governmental body is required to maintain, and which must be accessible to scrutiny by the public. Definitions of public records can vary by federal, state, or local jurisdiction.\nReinvestigation – An investigation by a consumer reporting agency or a furnisher into the accuracy or completeness of information in a consumer’s credit file in response to a consumer dispute of such information.\nTrade Line – Information furnished by a creditor to a consumer reporting agency that reflects the consumer’s account status and activity. Trade line information includes the name of companies where the applicant has accounts, dates accounts were opened, credit limits, types of accounts, balances owed and payment histories.\nCreditFirm.net has helped thousands of consumers improve their credit reports and increase their credit scores. Call 800-750-1416 for a free consultation with one of our experienced credit consultants and take the first step toward improving your credit today.\nby: Michael Creditfirm.\n1. Your credit report is your resume\nConsider your credit report as a positive reflection of how well you repay debt. A lot of people see credit, whether good, bad, or ugly, as something that happens to them. Your actions directly impact your credit report, and good credit is the result of properly managing your bills and finances. Credit is not something that just happens to you, you control your credit, and in turn how potential employers and lenders see you.\n2. Your credit report is an asset\nYour credit determines your creditworthiness when applying for loans. It determines your interest rates, down payment amounts, and whether a lender can trust you to pay back the amount you are borrowing. You should protect your credit the same way you would protect your child. Never sign anything until you completely understand all of the term and conditions. And do not risk your credit by co-signing for other peoples loans.\n3. Build your credit Portfolio\na. Your credit file must be built thoughtfully, carefully and strategically, account by account. Make sure that you establish a good mix of credit via both installment and revolving loans, credit variance accounts for 10% of your credit score.\nb. Do not close old inactive accounts, keep them open and keep them active so that the issuers do not close them. The older your accounts, the better. Length of history accounts for 15% of your credit score.\nc. Keep your balances low in relation to your credit limits. A good rule of thumb is to keep your balances under 20% of your credit limits. Example: If you have a credit card with a $1,000 limit, keep your balance at $200 or less. Amounts Owed accounts for 30% of your credit score.\nd. Limit yourself to applying for a maximum of one credit transaction every 6 months. New accounts will lower your average length of history and too many hard inquiries will tell creditors that you are hungry for credit and lower your credit scores.\n4. Shop around and do your research\nShop around for the best available interest rates and terms. Do not settle for the first offer, haggle on everything from the price to the interest rate. Do your due diligence and read offers for credit thoroughly so that you are not blindsided. Take your time, do your research, and don’t be rushed into anything, even when pressured by a salesperson.\n5. Good Credit is cheaper\nHaving bad credit can be very expensive. It’s very common to see people with bad credit paying twice as much as a person with good credit for a mortgage, auto loan, or credit cards. But, applying for credit doesn’t have to be a nerve wrecking experience. Buying a new house or car should be an exciting time, and it is if you have good credit. You can qualify for the best deals, the best rates, and the lowest monthly payments. Good credit dramatically improves your quality of life by decreasing your monthly expenses and increasing your borrowing potential.\nSo what are you waiting for? Sign up today and take the first step to Good Credit Now!\nLenders Still Want Great Credit Scores for Mortgages\nThese days, many consumers are likely finding it easier to obtain many types of credit, as lenders have significantly slackened requirements for most loans and credit cards. However, the qualifications to obtain a good mortgage rate remain stubbornly high across the country.\nEven as credit conditions improve significantly nationwide and many financial institutions are once again broadening lending efforts, many are still being extremely tight with financing for mortgages, according to a report from the New York Times. In fact, even as subprime lending for credit cards opens up considerably, many consumers with low credit scores will find themselves extremely unlikely to even be considered for a home loan approval.\nA recent study by the Federal Reserve Board indicated that consumers with a credit score of 620 willing to make a 10 percent down payment are now less likely to be approved for a mortgage than they were in 2006, the report said. Further, some were even reticent to extend financing to borrowers making a similar down payment when their credit rating was 720.\nThis is because most lenders are still extremely gun-shy about lending large sums of money to anyone but the most qualified borrowers, the report said. In many cases, those who are approved for a home loan will also pay far higher rates on the mortgage than those who have top-notch credit scores, even as the average interest rate has hovered below 4 percent for some time now.\n“If you don’t have good credit, you’re not going to get that crazy low rate,” Deborah MacKenzie, the director of counseling at the Stamford, Conn., nonprofit the Housing Development Fund, told the newspaper.\nTypically, the only way consumers can improve their credit ratings so that they can qualify for a home loan is by being smarter about managing their various lines of credit, including keeping credit card balances low and making all payments on time and in full. These are the two biggest factors comprised in a credit score. However, consumers can also be hurt by applying for too many new lines of credit within a short period of time, so avoiding this ahead of shopping around for a mortgage can be crucial to maintaining good credit health as well.\nCredit Report Repair\nIf you have any questions about your credit report or would like to find out how Credit Firm can help you improve your credit history and increase your credit score please contact us.\nThe rate at which consumers fell behind on their home loans declined considerably in the first quarter of the year, and now stand at levels not seen in years.\nThe delinquency rate on home loans for properties of between one and four units fell to 7.4 percent of all outstanding loans in the first quarter of the year, down from 7.58 percent in the fourth quarter of 2011, and 8.32 percent in the same period last year, according to the latest statistics from the Mortgage Bankers Association. While declines are traditionally viewed in the first quarter of every year, the MBA’s data shows that the drops this year were more significant than traditional adjustments would have predicted, showing that the declines are real, rather than the result of seasonal norms.\n“Newer delinquencies, loans one payment past due as of March 31, are down to the lowest level since the middle of 2007, indicating fewer new problems we will need to deal with in the future,” said Michael Fratantoni, the MBA’s vice president of research and economics. “The percentage of loans three payments or more past due, the loans that represent the backlog of problems that still need to be handled, is down to the lowest level since the end of 2008. Foreclosure starts are at their lowest level since the end of 2007.”\nDelinquency fell for all types of mortgages except VA loans on a quarter-over-quarter basis, the report said. Prime fixed rate loan delinquency now stands at 4.07 percent, and late payments for prime adjustable-rate mortgages dropped to 9.05 percent, down from 9.22 percent in the fourth quarter. Further, loans backed by the Federal Housing Administration also saw drops in delinquency, falling to 12 percent from 12.36 percent a quarter earlier. The rate of homes that were in foreclosure increased on a quarterly basis, however, rising to 4.39 percent.\nAs the economy continues to generally improve, consumers are finding themselves in a better position to pay off all their outstanding debts on time. Factors such as declining unemployment rates and rising salaries have contributed to Americans feeling better about their personal financial situations. Experts believe that these trends will likely continue for some time, meaning that the housing industry may continue to improve, encouraging more qualified buyers to enter the market.\nIn the last year or more, many consumers have made conscientious efforts to reduce their reliance on credit cards and increase the timeliness of their payments, leading instances of delinquency and default to slip to at or near all-time historic lows.\nBut lenders will likely see their net charge-off rates slip for one more quarter before expanding again by the end of the year, finishing 2012 with higher rates of defaulted accounts than they began with, according to the latest report from analysis firm Fitch Ratings, entitled “Credit Cards: Asset Quality Review.” At the end of the first quarter, the net charge-off rate observed by the nation’s seven largest credit card lenders stood at 4.02 percent, down from 4.2 percent at the end of 2011, and 6.39 percent in the first quarter of that year.\nFurther, charge-offs are well below the five-year average of 6.51 percent observed between 2007 and 2011, the report said. And because of trends in 30-day credit card delinquencies, which itself is well below the five-year average, it’s likely that the current charge-off rate will decline once again in the second quarter of this year.\nHowever, the trend may soon reverse because consumers are once again feeling better about their finances in general, the report said. Portfolio contraction among major lenders more or less held steady in the first quarter of the year, and smaller card issuers actually saw more consumers opening new accounts.\nAs a consequence of this trend, which may also be the result of expanding credit standards that are allowing subprime borrowers to once again access lines of credit they were unable to tap just a year ago, it’s likely that defaults will begin expanding once again, trending back toward historical averages from the current levels. Many had long projected that there must be a logical point at which charge-offs bottomed out, and we could soon see that point.\nMillions of accounts were written off by lenders as uncollectable during and immediately following the recent recession as card issuers tried to shield themselves from significant loan losses as a result of consumers who could no longer afford to pay their bills. However, the improving economy has emboldened most major lenders to once again extend credit to those who previously defaulted on their accounts.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "dynamic RAMdynamic RAM\ndynamic ram - Computer Definition\nThe most common type of computer memory and generally available today in the form of synchronous dynamic RAM chips (see SDRAM). Most all volatile memory is dynamic RAM because it uses only one transistor and one storage capacitor for each bit. It is denser and much less costly than \"static RAM,\" its faster counterpart. Dynamic RAM Is a Total Loser Unlike non-volatile firmware chips (flash, ROM, EEPROM, etc.), which hold their contents when the power is turned off, both dynamic RAM (DRAM) and static RAM (SRAM) require constant power. The capacitors in a dynamic RAM chip are electrical storage tanks that do a poor job of holding a charge. They constantly leak, and the memory chip would lose its content were it not for the refresh circuitry that continuously re-energizes the capacitors approximately 15 times per second. In 1968, dynamic RAM was patented by IBM, and the first commercial chips came from Intel and Mostek in the early 1970s. See static RAM and memory types.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Bred replacement heifers that will calve in January and February need to continue to grow and maintain body condition. Ideally, two year old heifers should be in a body condition score “6” at the time that their first calf is born. The target of a body condition score “6” is a narrow, but very important target to hit. Reaching this target, allows the heifer the best opportunity to provide adequate colostrum to the baby, repair the reproductive tract, return to heat cycles, rebreed on time for next year, and continue normal body growth. Exceeding the target may result in excess fat in the birth canal and causing some increase in calving difficulty. From now until calving time, the heifers will need to be gaining about 1 pound per head per day, assuming that they are in good body condition coming out of summer.\nHeifers will need supplemental protein, if the major source of forage in the diet is bermudagrass, native pasture, or grass hay. If the forage source is adequate in quantity and average in quality (6 - 9% crude protein), heifers will need about 2 pounds of a high protein (38 - 44% CP) supplement each day. This will probably need to be increased with higher quality hay (such as alfalfa) or additional energy feed (20% range cubes) as winter weather adds additional nutrient requirements. Soybean hulls or wheat mids may also be used to insure adequate energy intake of pregnant heifers.\nWheat pasture (if adequate rainfall produces growth) can be used as a supplement for pregnant replacement heifers. Using wheat pasture judiciously makes sense for pregnant heifers for two reasons. Pregnant heifers consuming full feed of wheat pasture will gain at about 3 pounds per head per day. If they are on the wheat too long the heifers can become very fat and cause calving difficulty. If wheat pasture is used for bred heifers, use it as a protein supplement by allowing the heifers access to the wheat pasture on at least alternate days. Some producers report that 1 day on wheat pasture and two days on native or bermuda will work better. This encourages the heifers to go rustle in the warm season pasture for the second day, rather than just stand by the gate waiting to be turned back in to the wheat. Whatever method is used to grow the pregnant replacement heifers, plan to have them in good body condition (BCS = 6) by calving so that they will grow into fully-developed productive cows. Body condition scores can be studied by downloading the Oklahoma State University Fact Sheet ANSI-3283 “Body Condition Scoring of Beef Cows”.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Language Can Stigmatize People with Mental Illness\nLanguage can stigmatize people with mental illness, and I am quite sensitive to noticing all of the words that seem to counteract society’s movement toward removing stigma for people who live with mental illness. Do you ever cringe when you hear the word \"crazy\" or \"psycho?\" I do. I feel that we have come so far in many respects in shaping our stigmatizing language for the good of many groups such as the terms, \"gay,\" \"retarded\" or \"lame,\" so why are we still so stigmatizing with language when it comes to mental illness?\nHow Stigmatizing Language Can Affect People with Mental Illness\nLanguage can be stigmatizing for people who live with mental illness, such as the word \"crazy,\" which slips out of most of our mouths without any warning. It is the word that nearly everyone uses to describe something, whether it is their day, a party experience, an ex-partner, or even themselves. I do not consider this word to be at all empowering, as it contributes to the pervasive stigma of language that calls down people who live with a mental illness. I am someone that has been admitted to a psychiatric ward, and given a diagnosis of bipolar disorder, so why would I want to say that I am crazy? Is that empowering?\nHow do we deal with mental illness stigma and our language? I am not bipolar, and yes, I have bipolar disorder. It makes me cringe when someone calls another person schizophrenic, instead of, rightfully, being less stigmatizing, and simply stating that the individual has schizophrenia. Is it really so difficult?\nWhen did we stop saying references such as, “That situation is so gay, or my day was so retarded?” Granted some people still do, but it is not socially acceptable anymore, and neither should be words that stigmatize people with mental health issues. A parallel example is avoiding the use of the verb \"commit\" with suicide as this associates it with \"crime\" or \"sin.\" Instead, use \"died by suicide,\" or \"took his own life.\" This is a widely accepted concept, so why is it so difficult for others?\nChanging Stigmatizing Language\nI personally feel I am degrading someone’s experience or abilities by using stigmatizing words, and I also feel that we can all make better use of the complex English language, instead of just relying on slang. Do we really need to call people nuts, cuckoo, or loony, when we think that they are perhaps being illogical, irrational, misleading, or confused? Or maybe they are nonsensical, absurd, ridiculous, or ludicrous?\nThere have been times where I have given a mental health presentation discussing this particular subject, and some people will follow up with a comment such as, “Wow, that was a crazy presentation,” when really they mean that is was outstanding or impacting. They soon follow up with an apology, as they realize they just did it again. I simply smile, and wonder, how much longer and harder do we have to work to make these changes in our everyday language?\nDoes it matter to you? Please comment and let me know what you think.\nPaquette, A. (2015, July 27). Language Can Stigmatize People with Mental Illness, HealthyPlace. Retrieved on 2022, July 6 from https://www.healthyplace.com/blogs/survivingmentalhealthstigma/2015/07/language-can-stigmatize-people-with-mental-illness\nAuthor: Andrea Paquette\nBeing human is not always a sane experience. People use words in order to communicate. The meanings behind the words are subjective. Personally, I could care less what someone else calls me.\nHey Marcia. This blog was written a while ago by one of my former blog partners, but I’ve read over what she said to familiarize myself with what’s going on.\nI think you bring up a fantastic point about language being subjective and I’m glad to hear it doesn’t bother you. I’m like you wherein this kind of language doesn’t bother me, but I know some others are still affected.\nIt’s important, I think, to recognize both sides of this conversation, so your bringing this up is perfect. Thanks for sharing your input about this topic!\nI feel your point, I do. However, I live in Canada and when I saw a 1$ Store called the 'Loonie Bin,\" that was when I finally felt enough is enough. How far does it have to go and why does it even have to get to this point at all? I just feel it is time we stepped it up a little and become more respectful and thoughtful about our language.\nIn Canada it's even acceptable to call the Canadian dollar a \"loonie\" (because it has a picture of a loon on it). Should we take offense to that too?\nI have bipolar disorder but I don't go around telling everyone in my circle of friends and family because I feel it's really none of their business.\nThat being said I don't usually take offence when someone calls me crazy or nuts. Of course It all depends on how it's said. I often say it's been a crazy day or this or that is driving me nuts. Personally I don't see anything wrong with it but that's just me\nI get that some people are more sensitive than others but I also feel that sometimes we take political correctness a little too far...", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "What Is Acid Reflux Disease?\nAcid reflux disease, also known as gastro-esophageal reflux disease, or GERD, occurs due to the coexistence of two medical conditions. The first acid reflux disease contributing condition is a retrograde flow of stomach contents into the esophagus. However, the reflux itself does not necessarily lead to gastro-esophageal reflux disease symptoms or histologic changes, and can occur among healthy individuals as well. In this case, the process is referred to as “physiologic gastroesophageal reflux”.\nThe second acid reflux disease predisposing condition is a lower esophageal sphincter (LES) malfunction. The LES is a 3-cm to 4-cm ring of muscle, which is two to three times thicker than the proximal esophagus and acts as a valve between the esophagus and the stomach. In the case of acid reflux disease, the LES does not close perfectly and stomach contents splashes up into the esophagus. When pathologic symptoms follow this process, the whole condition is called acid reflux disease.\nGastro-esophageal reflux disease is usually experienced as a persistent (at least twice a week) heartburn. Heartburn is the burning sensation in the chest or throat, caused by refluxed stomach contents touching the lining of the esophagus. Since healthy individuals may also experience light reflux – occasional heartburn is common as well, and doesn’t necessarily serve as an evidence of GERD.\nSome GERD sufferers may also experience pain in the chest, cough, morning hoarseness, voice changes, difficulty swallowing (especially lumpy foods), chronic earache, burning chest pains, nausea or sinusitis. Some patients report a sensation that reminds food stuck, choking or tightness in the throat. This happens due to continuous stomach contents acid flow that comes into contact with the esophagus and causes inflammation of the esophagus resulting in scars from tissue damage.\nUntreated acid reflux disease can lead to serious health complications. Those include stricture formation, bleeding, ulcers and esophageal spasms. When the stomach acid reaches the upper esophagus and trachea, the process can result in a variety of severe conditions, such as asthma, sinusitis and pneumonia. Finally, some people may develop Barrett’s esophagus, a condition that manifest in an abnormal shape and color of cells in the esophageal lining. This condition is a precursor to esophageal cancer, especially in adults over 60 years old.\nThe treatment of gastro-esophageal reflux disease takes three forms: surgery, medical therapy and holistic therapy, including dietary and lifestyle changes and the intake of specific herbal supplements. An undergoing surgery should be considered very carefully, since it can compound some underlying conditions, such as stricture and motility disorders. Medical treatment of GERD includes PPIs and H2 blockers. While acid reflux can be treated by taking prescription medications or acid blockers such as the above, bear in mind that the results may be temporary and that some conventional medications can cause serious side effects.\nFrom a holistic point of view, acid reflux disease is considered a warning sign of a major internal imbalance that needs to be properly addressed. Therefore, alternative remedies, such as homeopathic remedies, herbal remedies, lifestyle changes as part of a complete holistic regimen are strongly recommended for acid reflux sufferers.\nWhat Are The Symptoms of Acid Reflux Disease?\nIt is widely agreed among physicians and medical paraprofessionals, that initial diagnosis, mostly by using a typical acid reflux symptoms questionnaire, is necessary to ensure the most effective and quick treatment for this condition. Approx 70% of the acid reflux diagnostics that are based on the presence of typical symptoms are accurate. Since acid reflux, also called GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease), can cause patients a great deal of discomfort and result in severe complications, it is highly important to know how to identify its symptoms in order to quickly diagnose and treat it.\nThe most common symptom of GERD is persistent heartburn. Heartburn is experienced as an unpleasant and painful burning sensation in the esophageal area. Other typical symptoms are as follows:\n1. Gastric regurgitation, which means an unrestricted reversed flow of gastric or esophageal contents into the throat. This gastric fluid can cause respiratory complications under certain conditions.\n2. Odynophagia, which means pain when swallowing.\n3. Dysphagia, which means difficulty swallowing, or the feeling of food stuck in the throat.\nIn addition to the above, about 50% of all gastroesophageal reflux disease sufferers report the co-occurrence of sinonasal symptoms (i. e. symptoms pertaining to the nose and sinuses).\nAbnormal GERD symptoms include chronic wheezing and coughing (sometimes referred to as acid reflux related asthma, and are caused by the aspiration of gastric contents into the lungs area), spasmodic noncardiac chest pain and damage to the lungs, often followed by respiratory diseases such as pneumonia and asthma. Intense chest pain may closely resemble that of myocardial infarction that it has often been incorrectly interpreted as a heart attack. However, unlike the symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease, cardiovascular chest pain is usually aggravated during physical exercise.\nFinally, acid reflux can also harm the vocal cords (hoarseness, laryngitis, cancer), ears (otitis media), and teeth (enamel decay). Being able to identify those symptoms as GERD related is of great importance to your health and general well being and for the prevention of potential complications. Acid reflux symptoms might serve as evidence to severe overall internal imbalance. In addition to that, neglected gastroesophageal reflux disease can lead to significant physical discomfort and sometimes can results in chronic and even dangerous health conditions, such as esophageal cancer and pneumonia.\nWhat Causes Acid Reflux Disease?\nAcid reflux disease, also known as gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD), occurs due to the coexistence of several medical and lifestyle conditions. Physiological factors that trigger GERD include lower esophageal sphincter (LES) hypotonia (the gradual weakening of the LES), along with retrograde flow of stomach contents into the esophagus, and the level of sensitivity of the esophageal mucus to the reflux content.\nThe food that you swallow travels down your throat and is pushed by contractions of the muscular esophagus. In the area where the esophagus joins the stomach a valve-like mechanism, known as lower esophageal sphincter (LES), is located. The closure of this muscle prevents stomach acid from backing up, or refluxing, into the esophagus.\nLES malfunction is the first factor that causes and contributes to gastro-esophageal reflux disease. In a healthy individual, the LES relaxes only when food passes from the esophagus into the stomach. After the food passes into the stomach, the valve shuts off, keeping the stomach content and acid inside. However, when the LES is weak and doesn’t close properly, acid can splash up into your throat causing painful burning sensation, called heartburn.\nThere are several factors/conditions, which can prevent the LES from being closed properly. These factors/conditions include genetic weakness, obesity and excessive fat ingestion. In addition to that, all muscles in the human body tend to sag as part of the aging process, including the LES.\nThe second factor, or rather the group of factors that causes gastro-esophageal reflux disease, are behavioral and lifestyle related. As mentioned above, a weakened LES is one of the direct physiological causes of acid reflux disease. Various food ingredients, drugs and nervous system processes can weaken this muscle, thus contributing to GERD. Foods that may contribute to acid reflux include orange juice, lemons and lemonade, grapefruit juice, tomatoes and tomato juice, French fries, sour cream, coffee and tea.\nAcid reflux can also be the result of fungal yeast infection that builds up in the colon. When Candida albicans turn from yeast to fungi, they depress the immune system and produce more than 79 distinct toxins that may be responsible for many of the symptoms that Candida sufferers have including heartburn.\nWhen Candida gets out of control, it breaks through the intestinal walls and travels throughout the body. It can attach itself to the genital areas, the mouth and the esophagus among many other parts of the body. When Candida goes out of control, it begins to ferment and reflux the contents of the stomach upward through the small intestines, through the stomach and then through the esophagus, causing infection, burning and damage to the esophagus\nHow To Get Rid Of Acid Reflux Disease\nThis article is based on the book, “Heartburn No More” by Jeff Martin. Jeff is an author, researcher, nutritionist and health consultant who dedicated his life to creating the ultimate acid reflux solution guaranteed to permanently reverse the root cause of heartburn and acid reflux and naturally and dramatically improve the overall quality of your life, without the use prescription medication and without any surgical procedures. Learn more by visiting his website: Heartburn No More", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Logic Design for Array-Based Circuits\nCopyright © 1996, 2001, 2002 Donnamaie E. White\nStructured Design Methodology\nLast Edit July 22, 2001\nInitial sizing of the circuit\nBefore an array or array series has been chosen, estimate the size of the circuit or circuits to be placed on the array. Estimate the number of I/O connections, the types of I/O connections and the I/O cell count. The I/O cell count and the pad count may both be required. Estimate the internal cell count. (See Table 2-4.)\nTable 2-4 Sizing Review\nFor standard functions, equivalent gate counts may exist that can be used in place of internal cell count to estimate the size of the internal array area that will be required. Internal cell counts are more useful than equivalent gate counts where the cells are more complex than one or two gates.\nCompare these estimates to the review of the arrays still under consideration and their I/O resources, their internal density and their maximum frequency of operation. Note that, at this stage in the design, the sizing estimates for the circuit may be off by a considerable margin. Historically, device cell utilization at the estimate stage of a design is 20-30% below the final value.\nQ2000 Series Approximate Equivalent Gate Size (Historical)\nInternal cell utilization\nThe first population checks can be made before the circuit is designed. Internal cell utilization is one of these checks. Internal cell utilization is the number of cells required by a circuit divided by the number of cells available.\nMacros that are suitable can be listed and a rough estimate of internal cell utilization computed. This step includes a review of the available macros in the various libraries with emphasis on the requirements of the specific circuit application.\nReviewing the macros available allows a match to be made between functional macros that exist and what is required to implement the design in the least silicon for the highest performance. All other things being equal, the convenience of the macro library can be a decisive factor in the final array selection.\nDo the macros available support the circuit modules? Large macros may include adders, carry-look-ahead, comparators, up and down counters, universal registers, large multiplexors and decoders.\nInternal cell utilization should be 60-70% at the initial stages of sizing estimates to allow for expansion due to buffers, fan-out load distribution, path balancing or specification changes. The internal cell utilization limit for a completed design is array-specific. (See Table 2-5.) AMCC arrays have an upper limit of 95-100%.\nTable 2-5 Internal Cell Utilization Limit\nInterface cell utilization\nThe I/O requirements to the outside world are the second size determination. The array for a circuit must provide sufficient I/O capability to handle all signals, all other interface-placed circuit support such as three-state enable drivers, test enable controls and added power and ground pads to support simultaneously switching outputs (SSO) and high-speed inputs.\nAs with internal cell utilization, only an estimate of final interface cell utilization can be made. The array should not use100% of the I/O or the design will become I/O bound. Pad utilization, for cases where the I/O cells and pads are not one for one, must also be kept under 100%.\nA check on array symmetry should be made. The Q20000 Series arrays do not provide the same number of I/O cells in each array quadrant. This may affect placement and added power and ground usage. The Q24008 is not square and has variable power and ground bonding. Check for these and other variations that might affect allowable utilization of the I/O pads and cells.\nSelection of the array series\nIntegrate the hardware specification, the available arrays and the initial sizing estimates to select the target array series. The final choice is usually based on the performance - cost - availability - support matrix. In cases of equivalence between one or more array series, the final choice may be subjective.\nPackage availability should be considered in the early decisions since customized packages, especially for large arrays, take months to develop.\nThe specified performance and requirements for on-chip memory will assist in the reducing the number of options. Only a limited number of arrays support on-chip memory, such as the QM1600T. CMOS and BiCMOS do not yet support designs operating at 300MHz (although individual macros can toggle at these speeds). High-speed bipolar arrays support paths operating over 1.4GHz.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Allergy and asthma tests are a way to get to the bottom of what’s causing your asthma symptoms as they help your practitioner determine if allergies trigger your asthma. Many people with asthma are allergic to tiny particles (allergens) that they breathe in. Examples of airborne allergens are the pollens of grasses, trees, and weeds, spores of molds, animal dander, and dust mites. This is why asthma testing is extremely important in determining what your triggers may or may not be.\nDay-to-day inhalation of allergens to which you are sensitive can worsen the inflammation of the bronchial tubes in asthma. Additionally, it can cause your asthma to become more active (meaning that you are more likely to be troubled by cough, wheeze, shortness of breath, chest tightness, or nighttime awakenings from asthma symptoms) and make you more likely to have a serious attack of asthma.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Pages for iOS (iPad): Touchscreen basics\nGestures are crucial to using Pages on your iOS device. These are the gestures you need to know:\nUsing one finger, quickly and firmly touch the screen, then lift your finger. Use this gesture to select an object or activate a button.\nUsing two fingers simultaneously, quickly and firmly touch the screen, then lift your fingers. Use this gesture to select an entire paragraph in the document body or a text box.\nScroll, swipe, flick\nSlide one finger up and down or side to side—for example, to see items outside the edges of the screen or to see more options in a list. Scroll quickly by swiping or flicking one finger rapidly across the screen.\nSwipe or flick up and down to scroll the pages of your document.\nYou can drag to move an object, or to resize an object or a selection range.\nTo move an object, touch and hold the object, then drag it to where you want it. To resize an object, tap it, touch and hold one of the selection handles, then drag to resize.\nSelect multiple objects\nSelect as many objects as you want by touching and holding one object on the screen, then tapping the other objects with another finger. Use both hands if it’s easier.\nSwipe to move the insertion point through text\nAfter you place the insertion point within a paragraph, you can quickly move the insertion point around by swiping left or right with one finger, two fingers, or three fingers at a time.\nSwipe across the paragraph with one finger to move the insertion point one character in the direction that you swipe.\nSwipe across the paragraph with two fingers to move the insertion point to the beginning or end of the current word.\nSwipe across the paragraph with three fingers to move the insertion point to the beginning or end of the current line.\nPinch open to zoom in\nPlace two fingers on the screen and spread them apart. This action allows you to see a close-up of items on the screen. Pinch open quickly to immediately increase the page size to 200 percent. If you want an in-between size, pinch open more slowly. An indicator displays the current page magnification as you pinch.\nPinch closed to zoom out\nPlace two fingers on the screen and bring them together. This action allows you to see more items on the screen. Pinch closed quickly to immediately reduce the page. An indicator displays the current page magnification as you pinch.\nTo learn about using universal access features, including VoiceOver, see the Accessibility chapter in your device’s user guide.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "This report presents the results of archaeological investigations undertaken in 2003–5 along the 6km route of the A505 Baldock bypass, Hertfordshire. The evidence spans the late Neolithic to the medieval period, although no evidence for activity from the later 5th century to the beginning of the 11th century was found. The late Neolithic evidence was dispersed across the route corridor and comprised bowl-shaped pits, shaft-like pits and a small funerary enclosure. Early Bronze Age activity was restricted to the northern portion of the route and included a small roundhouse and a cluster of seven barrows. These barrows subsequently became the focus of burial activity in the late Iron Age and earlier Roman period.\nEvidence for early to middle Iron Age activity was concentrated on the Clay-with-flints soils of the Weston Hills. It comprised clusters of pits and occasional post-holes which were grouped into a series of activity areas. The pottery recovered hints at a chronological shift from north to south. These activity areas are thought to represent evidence for more permanent settlement, although the actual dwellings are assumed to lie outside the route corridor.\nRoman boundary ditches and enclosures were found across most of the route corridor. Although evidence is somewhat piecemeal, there does appear to have been a reorganisation of the land boundaries, evidenced by infilling of later Iron Age boundaries and the excavation of new boundaries along a different alignment. Dominating the evidence for the Roman period were two roadways, each displaying a sequence of maintenance and repair. Both roadways lead into the Roman town of Baldock and both were on a similar alignment. A study of the repair sequences and associated finds suggests that a continuing problem of drainage and silting on one road led to the construction of a slightly realigned replacement.\nEvidence for medieval settlement was confined to the northern portion of the route corridor, and included a rectangular enclosure containing a cemetery, pits and post-holes, with evidence of a hollow way running along the western side of the enclosure. Analysis of documentary evidence strongly suggests that this enclosure can be identified as the 13th-century Hospital of St Mary Magdalene in the parish of Clothall.\nWoodland clearance along the route appears to have been complete by the early Bronze Age, with the earlier landscape probably a patchwork of woodland, pasture and cultivated fields. This clearance appears to be associated with a reduction in the numbers of pigs kept by the Bronze Age farmers, and the development of a pastoral economy based upon cattle and sheep. Much of the route from later prehistory onwards has been open calcareous grasslands, probably well grazed by sheep, which became increasingly important in the local economy; much of the wealth of medieval Baldock derived from wool.\nMark Phillips, 2009. 'Four Millennia of Human Activity Along the A505 Baldock Bypass, Hertfordshire', East Anglian Archaeology 128", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Constitution of South Africa\nThe Constitution of South Africa is the supreme law of the Republic of South Africa. It provides the legal foundation for the existence of the republic, it sets out the rights and duties of its citizens, and defines the structure of the government. The current constitution, the country's fifth, was drawn up by the Parliament elected in 1994 in the South African general election, 1994. It was promulgated by President Nelson Mandela on 18 December 1996 and came into effect on 4 February 1997, replacing the Interim Constitution of 1993.\n- In some countries the Constitution only formalises, in a legal instrument, a historical consensus of values and aspirations evolved incrementally from a stable and unbroken past to accommodate the needs of the future. The South African Constitution is different: it retains from the past only what is defensible and represents a decisive break from, and a ringing rejection of, that part of the past which is disgracefully racist, authoritarian, insular, and repressive and a vigorous identification of and commitment to a democratic, universalistic, caring and aspirationally egalitarian ethos expressly articulated in the Constitution. The contrast between the past which it repudiates and the future to which it seeks to commit the nation is stark and dramatic.\n- Ismail Mahomed, State v. Makwanyane, 1995 (3) SA 391 (CC)\n- Encyclopedic article on Constitution of South Africa at Wikipedia", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "“Necessity is the mother of invention” is as apt for new wind turbine de-icing systems as for those created decades ago for planes.\nModern day windmills and their blades are taller and larger than ever before and run 365 days a year through rain, sleet and snow with temperatures that drop below zero. According to industry reports, the presence of ice on blades can cut the production of electricity by 20% a year in cold climates where ice is present for several months or more a year.\nProtecting wind turbines from ice requires a de-icing system. The leading edge of a wind turbine blade builds up ice and in order to keep the blade spinning and generating electricity, de-icing must continually take place. Imagine workers scaling a wind turbine to de-ice its blades manually! There are currently six different solutions to wind turbine icing: hot air, coating paint, blade control systems, built-on or integrated heating panels, geometrical enabled blades and new nanomaterials.\nPerhaps the most interesting systems for de-icing blades involve biomimicry and nanotechnology. Scientists have been developing “superhydrophobic coatings” in which water droplets roll off of surfaces in the same way this occurs on specific types of leaves. In essence, the molecular surface of these coatings do not permit binding with H2O which simply runs off.\nA company called Kelly Aerospace has been creating de-icing systems for planes for many years and is now providing de-icing solutions to the wind power industry. According to the company, its Wind Turbine Ice Protection System (WTIPS):\n- Sheds ice during operation\n- Does not require shut down during icing conditions\n- Protects blades from leading edge erosion\n- Involves simple external installation on blades\n- Uses PLC controlled deicing system\n- Uses a flexible graphite foil\n- Limits laid in balances when ice is present\n- Reduces wind turbine vibration and wear\nWTIPS measure relative humidity, blade temperature and ambient temperature to determine the right time to de-ice. Once de-icing begins, it only takes 7-14 minutes for the cycle to complete.\n[relatedYouTubeVideos relation=”title” max=”1″ class=”horizontal center bg-black” showVideoTitle=”true” showVideoDescription=”true”]", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Do we all have freedom to say whatever we want and act upon it? Or do we have a right to say anything within a set of restrictions?\nFreedom of speech is the expression of beliefs and ideas without unwarranted government restriction. New ideas flourish from this power to speak our mind with no inhibitions. The root of journalism is based within free speech as it allows reports to be made that are truthful and uncensored. It seems such a long time ago that letters from home were being changed and discarded before reaching the recipients in World War 2. And to solve this, a Freedom of Speech act was passed. But it's certainly not solving everything.\nOn a smaller scale, within the school environment, children are bullied and barraged with hate speech. In Cadillac, Michigan, this exact thing happened. Alex Harrisson was constantly being accused of peeking into girls' bedrooms and was taunted throughout his years at school. So he took his own life. If unregulated speech is causing so much harm, should it be allowed? Is the ability to speak your mind worth the potential consequences?\nFree speech also allows for extreme and prejudiced views to come to light. Britain First, an anti-Muslim political party, recently launched their “Ban the Burka” campaign. Essentially it's the first step towards a white, Christian Britain. This party raids mosques and burns the Qur'an in the name of their Christian God and the victims of 9/11 and other terrorist attacks. Clearly, not all Muslims are terrorists, and not all terrorists are Muslims. It is a vast exaggeration to assume that they might be. According to the UN, they are allowed to exist as a party. But they stretch far beyond free speech. They are inciting violence against groups within our society. This shouldn't be happening. This is the main reason why free speech is such a difficult thing to…", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "This Law preceded the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) and is inconsistent with the provisions of the convention. Somaliland considers itself bound by UNCLOS which was ratified by the Somali Democratic Republic on 24 July 1989. For example, the Convention states that “every state has the right to establish the breadth of its territorial sea up to a limit not exceeding 12 nautical miles, measured from the baseline.” (Part II, Section 2, Article 3).\nTerritorial Sea and Ports\nLaw No. 37 on the, of 10 September 1972\nArticle 1 The territorial sea\n1. The Somaliland territorial sea includes the portion of the sea to the extent of 200 nautical miles within the continental and insular coasts, delimited according to the provisions of articles 2 and 3 of this Law.\n2. The Somaliland Territorial Sea is under the sovereignty of the Somaliland Republic. Offences committed within the limits of the territorial sea on board a vessel relating to penal health and public security shall be governed by Somaliland law.\nArticle 2 Measurement of the territorial sea\n1. The normal baseline for measuring the breadth of the territorial sea is the low-water line along the coast.\n2. In localities where the coastline is deeply indented or if there is a fringe of islands along the coast in its immediate vicinity, the method of straight baselines joining appropriate points may be employed in drawing the baseline from which the breadth of the territorial sea is measured.\n3. Waters on the landward side of the baseline of the Territorial Sea form part of the internal waters of the State within the meaning of Article 4 below.\nArticle 3 Territorial sea for islands and archipelagos\n1. Where an island is situated within the 200-mile limit the belt of waters around it will constitute territorial waters. This belt will be 200 miles wide and will be measured from the low-water mark following the sinuosities of the island.\n2. A group of islands forming part of an archipelago shall be considered as a unit and its territorial waters shall be measured from the centre of the archipelago.\nArticle 4 Internal Waters and Maritime Ports\n1. The internal maritime waters include all navigable waters in Somaliland rivers open for maritime vessels and maritime ports with the areas as delimited by the table annexed herewith.\n2. The internal Somaliland waters are subject to the sovereignty of the Republic according to Somaliland Laws and the provisions of this Law.\nArticle 5 Fishing and coastal navigation\n1. Fishing in the territorial sea and regular transportation of persons and goods between Somaliland ports are reserved for vessels flying the Somaliland flag, and other authorized vessels.\n2. Any infringement of the above provision shall be punished with a fine from 5,000/- to 10,000/- Somaliland shillings, and in case of repetition of the infringement by the vessel or the operator, the punishment may be doubled and the captain shall be liable for offences prescribed by the Somaliland penal laws and the vessel may be confiscated.\n3. Any contract of transportation made in violation of paragraph 1 above is void and without effect and the vessel executing or intending to execute the contract shall be subject to a fine equal to 5 times the freight or the fare stipulated or fixed by the usage for similar operation.\nArticle 6 Innocent passage through the territorial sea\nSubject to the provisions of the Law merchant ships of all nationalities are allowed to the right of innocent passage through the territorial sea within the limits laid down by this Law and the general principles of the international law of the sea.\nArticle 7 Meaning of innocent passage\n1. Passage means navigation through the territorial sea for the purpose of either traversing that sea without entering internal waters or of proceeding to internal waters or of making for the high sea from internal waters.\n2. Passage includes stopping and anchoring, but only in so far as the same are incidental to ordinary navigation or are rendered necessary by force majeure or by distress, but not for loading or unloading goods or passengers.\nArticle 8 Limits of innocent passage\nPassage is innocent so long as it is not prejudicial to the peace, good order, health or security of the Republic. Such passage shall take place in conformity with the provisions of this Law, and with the general rules and principles of international law.\nArticle 9 Prohibited passage\n1. Passage in the territorial sea and internal waters is not allowed to vessels having the nationality of States not recognized by the Somaliland Republic.\n2. In case of violation of the above paragraph the Somaliland authorities may take any measures necessary to ensure its.\nArticle 10 Warships\n1. Foreign warships are not allowed to pass through the territorial sea unless they are authorized by the Somaliland Government.\nArticle 11 Respect of Somaliland laws in the territorial sea\n1. All Ships exercising the right of innocent passage shall comply with Somaliland Laws and regulations.\n2. Each vessel while passing through the territorial sea shall hoist its national flag and comply with the orders made according Somaliland laws by the competent Authorities.\n3. In case of infringement of any of the two above paragraphs the vessel hall be punished with a fine from 1,000/- to 100,000/- Somaliland shillings unless the fact or the omission constitutes a more grave crime.\nArticle 12 Entering into internal waters\n1. All Ships proceeding to internal waters or ports shall comply with the provisions set by the Maritime Code for this purpose.\n2. Subject to the limitation laid down by article 5 of this Law all merchant ships except those mentioned in article 9, paragraph 1, above are granted the rights to enter in Somaliland ports for any commercial operation, especially to load, unload, unload cargoes embark or disembark passengers.\nArticle 13 Defence zones\nThe Somaliland competent authorities may take the necessary measures to suspend temporarily innocent passage of all foreign ships, in specified areas of the territorial sea, if this becomes necessary for the protection of the security of the State.\nArticle 14 Charges for services rendered\nCharges levied on ships in internal waters are also levied upon foreign ships passing through the territorial sea for services rendered or measures taken regarding the vessels for their security and the implementation of rules of the navigation police.\nArticle 15 Criminal jurisdiction on foreign ships\n1. The criminal jurisdiction of the Republic shall be exercised on board foreign ships passing through the territorial sea or anchoring in the ports with respect to the arrest of any person or conduct of any investigation in connection with any crime committed on board the ship during its passage. Criminal jurisdiction is confined to the following cases:\n(a) If the consequences of the crime extend to the territory of the Republic; (b) If the crime is of a kind to disturb the peace of the country or the order of the territorial sea of the port;\n(c) If the assistance of the local authorities has been requested by the captain of the ship or by the counsul of the country whose flag the ship flies;\n(d) If it is necessary for the suspension of illicit traffic in narcotic drugs.\n2. The authorities may take any step authorized by the Somaliland laws and regulations for the purpose of any arrest or investigation on board a foreign ship while it is passing through the territorial sea after leaving the internal waters or the port.\n3. In the cases provided for in paragraphs 1 and 2 of this article the authorities shall, if the captain so requests, advise the consular authority of the flag State before taking any steps, and shall facilitate contact between such authorities and the ship's crew. In cases of emergency this notification may be communicated while the measures are being taken.\n4. Local authorities shall not take any steps on board a ship passing through the territorial sea to arrest any person or conduct any investigation in connection with any crime committed before the ship enters into the territorial sea and it is only passing through the territorial sea without entering internal waters.\nArticle 16 Civil jurisdiction of foreign ships\nThe authorities may not levy execution against, or arrest, the ship for the purpose of any civil proceeding, save only:\n(a) In respect of obligations or liabilities assumed or incurred by the ship itself in the course or for the purpose of its voyage through the territorial sea or internal waters;\n(b) In the cases provided for by the Maritime Code.\nArticle 17 Government ships\n1. The rules provided for in the preceding article shall apply also to foreign Government ships operated for commercial purposes.\n2. The above rules do not affect the immunities which Government ships operated for non-commercial purposes enjoy.\nArticle 18 Arrest of vessels by authorities\nIn case where a punishment is prescribed for infringement committed by a foreign vessel the Somaliland authorities may arrest the vessel until the said punishment is fulfilled or a sufficient security for this purpose is furnished.\nArticle 19 Repeal\nAny provision contrary to this Law or consistent with it is hereby abrogated.\nArticle 20 Entry into force of this Law\nThis Law shall come into force on the thirtieth day of its publication.\n10 September 1972", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "The views expressed in this article are those of the author and do not in any way represent the editorial position of Euronews.\nFor over a year, the world has experienced the tragic consequences of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine.\nIn addition to the human toll and suffering in Eastern Europe, the war has revealed and exacerbated a global hunger crisis.\nWhile international aid groups are often best suited to respond in times of crisis, community-based organizations, such as food banks, serve as important partners in the face of food insecurity.\nThe data is clear, but the picture is bleak. One in three people worldwide today face an uncertainty about food.\nEarlier this month, the World Food Program reported that 349 million people in 79 countries would experience acute food shortages this year.\nAt the same time, the conflict in Ukraine has driven up fertilizer and fuel prices and disrupted the global food supply.\nFood banks have the local know-how to handle the toughest crises\nIn addition to the conflict in Ukraine, the food crisis has been exacerbated by other recent devastating disasters.\nThe severe drought in Africa has brought many in the region to the brink of starvation. Last year’s floods in Pakistan caused a drop in rice exports while leading to a spike in rice prices.\nIn addition to these crises, the devastating earthquakes in Turkey and Syria killed over 45,000 people and left many more in need of food, shelter and emergency supplies.\nAlthough the causes of food insecurity are complex and difficult to address, the important role of food banks is clear.\nAs part of the world’s largest network of food banks, we know firsthand the role community-led organizations play.\nFood banks leverage local knowledge and networks to provide a steady supply of culturally appropriate food.\nWhen an emergency strikes, they can mobilize to identify populations in need, collect food and distribute it quickly.\nFrom Ukraine to Turkey, food banks are key to helping those in need\nAt the beginning of the conflict in Ukraine, food banks began to support people in the country and the surrounding areas.\nFood banks helped bring aid to refugees, especially the elderly, women and children, in neighboring countries such as Poland, Romania and Moldova.\nIn October 2022, The Global Foodbanking Network and the European Food Banks Federation (FEBA) established a new food bank network in Ukraine, Ukraine Food Bank Federation, to direct food to people in the conflict zone, especially in eastern Ukraine.\nIn total, more than 25 food bank organizations across Europe have responded and provided food to millions of people.\nLikewise, within hours of the earthquakes in Turkey and Syria, TIDER, a member of The Global Foodbanking Network, sent relief packages to people in the affected area.\nAs a member of Afet Platformu, which coordinates emergency relief activities among more than 20 NGOs in Turkey, TIDER has leveraged its community-led approach to provide earthquake survivors with food, health and hygiene products.\nIt’s not just about one-off disaster relief\nFood banks don’t just play a role in sudden emergencies.\nIn the Horn of Africa, a climate change-driven drought – including five failed rainy seasons in a row – is leading to widespread disruption to local food production.\nIn response, Food Banking Kenya uses its networks to provide food to communities, including the Maasai indigenous people, whose nomadic traditions make them difficult to reach.\nThe Kenyan Food Bank has collaborated with guides, church groups and other partners to identify needs, cover inaccessible terrain and distribute food to these communities.\nWhile the concept of food banks is well established in the US, Europe and most developed countries, the role of food banks is less well known in developing countries.\nTo expand the impact of these organizations, food banks need greater attention and support globally and nationally.\nFor example, governments may adopt policies that provide tax incentives or limit liability for farmers and businesses that donate food.\nThere is no need for debate about the response to the food crisis\nGovernments can also direct resources to food banks through disaster and development funding.\nLocal leaders can help by raising awareness of how food banks strengthen and improve long-term resilience in communities.\nImportantly, food banks do not seek to replace the role of governments or aid organizations, but can be a flexible and effective complement to their work.\nWith greater awareness and support, community-based food banks can be better prepared before crises strike and support communities long after emergency responders have moved on.\nAlthough there is great uncertainty and disagreement in the world today, the need for an urgent response to the multiple intersecting food crises is a place where there is no debate.\n_Lisa Moon is President and CEO of The Global FoodBanking Network, an international non-governmental organization that supports community-led solutions to hunger in over 50 countries worldwide.\nAt Euronews, we believe that all opinions matter. Contact us at [email protected] to send pitches or contributions and be part of the conversation.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "by Al Badia\nHorses are prone to a variety of injuries, but the majority of these injuries are preventable. If you own a horse or work with one regularly, it’s important to know how to evaluate the animal’s body when it’s injured, and how to determine the severity of an injury. This guide will help you locate an injury, assess its impact on your horse’s health, and make decisions about the next steps you should take to restore your horse to full health.\nThere are three different ways you can tell if a horse is injured. One is by feeling the body of the horse to check for any abnormalities. Another is by looking at the horse’s gait as it walks and runs in order to see if there are any issues that could indicate an injury has occurred recently or sometime in the past few weeks or months. Finally, you can ask your veterinarian about specific injuries they may have seen while examining other horses at racetracks around town.\nIn order to properly examine a horse, you need to know where their body parts are located so that you can check them for injuries. The first thing to do is feel for any bumps or lumps on each animal’s backside (near where its tail would be). If there are none present then move onto checking their legs by pressing firmly down with your fingers until they reach bone underneath all layers of muscle tissue; make sure not to press too hard though! You don’t want any damage done after all this time spent searching for those bumps!\nAfterwards you will want to look at how the horse moves when it walks or runs around an area such as a pasture or track", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Renewables comprised 26.2% of global electricity generation in 2018. This volume is expected to increase to 45% by 2040 due to the increased demand for low-emission production. \nBy 2025, the global wind turbine market is expected to reach $123 billion compared to the evaluation at US$90 billion in 2019 . The gradual growth is explained by the struggle of governments worldwide to reduce the carbon footprint that strongly impacts climate change.\nUnfortunately, the COVID-19 pandemic changed everybody’s plans and set new trends for the renewables industry for the next few years. Despite negative forecasts, the renewable energy market started recovering in the second half of 2020 after a dramatic slowdown in the first half of that year.\nWill things ever be the same? Let’s have a look at the post-pandemic changes that will shape the industry through 2022 and beyond.\nMarket boost after the COVID-19 pandemic\nIn early 2020, wind energy supply chains were massively disrupted by the all-around lockdown. Businesses had to shut down manufacturing, incurring missed deadlines and arrangements, and postpone their initiatives from 2020 to 2021 and 2022.\nLeading renewable energy suppliers such as GE Renewable Energy, Vestas, and Siemens had to rearrange production to continue operating, but delays in supplies of turbines, blades, components, and materials. In general, it slowed down productivity until late 2020.\nDespite the severe economic pullback, about 40% of all electricity in the EU was received from renewables compared to 34% of electricity from fossil fuels. \nIn 2021, the wind turbine market growth will be fueled by the resumed projects and investment budgets accumulated through 2020. 2022 is expected to be even more flourishing after the market recovery and further expansion of wind and solar power installations on continents.\nGoing coal-free in the long run\nThe UK was coal-free for 67 days in 2020 . For two months, the country utilized only the electricity produced by wind farms and renewable energy grids. This achievement made the UK’s 2020 the greenest year since the Industrial Revolution.\nBritain’s next milestones are to phase out polluting fuels by 2025 and ban new gas-power cars by 2030 . By that year, the UK will also spend 1 billion dollars on capturing carbon emissions from two industrial hubs.\nThe UK’s green industrial revolution is a hot topic in the media, so its experiment will soon be caught up in other regions of the world.\nA while ago, China announced its plans to go carbon-neutral by 2060 . The Republic will substitute electricity from fossil fuels with that produced by wind and solar power installations as part of its five-year national development plan.\nOn the other side of the world, the US is gradually increasing the share of renewable energy against traditional energy sources. The country counts on solar and wind power installations that are actively established in most US states.\n“2020 was the year of positive surprises for the environment in a way that very few saw coming. It was the breakout year in sustainability and infrastructure.” Jeff McDermott, Head of Nomura Greentech\nOnshore prevails over offshore\nAccording to the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), the capacity of onshore wind energy installations increased from 177,790 MW in 2010 to 594,253 MW in 2019. Within the same period, the capacity of offshore wind turbines has grown from 3,056 MW to 28,155 MW. \nThe delivery of electricity from offshore wind turbines requires more complicated infrastructure at a higher expense on development and maintenance. Which, in its turn, results in a higher cost of electricity for a consumer.\nAt the moment, electricity produced with solar PVs and onshore wind turbines is sold at the cheapest cost out of all global renewables due to the wide popularity and high affordability of these two types of energy generation . In addition to that, the growing popularity of small wind turbines such as from TUGE Energia, WindEnergy7, Enessere, Tbhawt Manufacturing, and others will further influence the decline in the energy cost.\nThere are many remote on-ground areas with high-speed winds that can be used for onshore wind turbine installation, whereas offshore wind turbines demand long-term site preparation, including research of the sea bed and complex foundation development.\nOffshore wind generation is an extremely high-potential market; however, it will take more time to pay back than onshore wind turbines, especially after the pandemic. The industry expects forecast offshore energy to evolve in the next decade quickly.\nElectric power supply systems are currently developed based on centric architecture. Besides known operational advantages, centricity can do a bad favor in the case of delayed price settlement or hub connectivity interruptions.\nInternet-of-Energy has been designed as an instrument to mitigate settlement and connectivity issues.\nQuick read: What is Internet of Energy (IoE)?\nAn IoE power system can involve diverse renewable energy generation grids connected into a network where energy providers, consumers, and investors can communicate via a single, decentralized blockchain-based platform. Using the platform, users can raise funds, own resources, and trade their energy avoiding the risk of fraud or energy loss.\nAn IoE system intelligently distributes rights between users, enabling them to buy and sell electricity directly from each other, skipping the multi-tier settlement that usually takes place in centralized systems. Platform users can set and change prices adherently to the relevant market situation.\nInternet of Energy aims to simplify and improve energy distribution among market participants. Through delegated managerial control, the network lightweights its architecture resulting in higher efficiency.\n“Distributed energy generation is the most fast-developing stream in the energy industry. IoE platforms are a convenient way to buy and sell electricity firsthand. I believe IoE will remain an excellent investment option with very promising profits.”Nick Grebenkine, a private investor in wind energy\nHi-tech energy storage\nThe pandemic has demonstrated that force-majeure can happen for everyone in a moment. Besides closed borders, 2020 has brought several incidents of power outages in different regions of the world. These factors have brought energy startups to the idea of creating energy storage that will cumulate electricity and distribute it safely among consumers even during blackouts.\nIntelligent energy storage will collect electricity from energy providers and keep it until distributed among consumers. By doing so, energy providers can stably deliver electricity on a known time under known circumstances at a known price, unlike centralized systems.\nNext-level energy storage systems can offer individual storage space for buyers to stock it up for the future at the best price at the present time.\nEnergy storage can be especially helpful during peak load times or power outages. It can also be used as a trading platform for the users, where providers and buyers can exchange their resources storing electricity in the same location with minimum transmission expense.\nA Swiss startup Energy Vault has developed storage to keep energy from renewable energy sources in pumped-storage plants that rely on gravity and the movement of water to generate power. Such a system can be used for long-term keeping at a low response time.\nIn a couple of decades, renewables are expected to be the main source of energy in most regions of the world. Blockchain, IoT, and distributed computing are being actively integrated into energy production, storage, and distribution.\nWith global digitization, more technologies will be adopted by the energy industry in the next few years, so leaders need to look at the latest trends not only in the renewable energy market but also at those in the IT software technologies.\n- Renewable energy, C2ES\n- Global Wind Turbine Market – Forecasts from 2020 to 2025\n- Renewables beat fossil fuels, Ember\n- 67 days coal free – a major milestone on the journey to a greener Britain\n- UK plans to bring forward ban on fossil fuel vehicles to 2030, The Guardian\n- How China could be carbon neutral by mid-century, Nature\n- The 10 Ways Renewable Energy’s Boom Year Will Shape 2021, Bloomberg\n- Outlook on the Wind Turbine Global Market to 2025, Businesswire\n- Onshore wind and solar ‘cheapest’ form of energy for two-thirds of global population, Edie", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "When he was shot that fateful day in December 1980, Beatles’ fans everywhere felt that the life of their “Working Class Hero” had been cut short, in his prime, and his voice was silenced, forever.\nThe Death of John Lennon\n“John Lennon was an English musician who gained worldwide fame as one of the founder members of The Beatles, for his subsequent solo career, and for his political activism and pacifism. He was shot to death by Mark David Chapman at the entrance to the building where he lived, The Dakota, in New York City on Monday 8 December 1980. Lennon had just returned from Record Plant Studio with his wife, Yoko Ono.\n“Lennon was pronounced dead on arrival at Roosevelt Hospital. He was 40 years old. At the hospital, it was stated that nobody could have lived for more than a few minutes after sustaining such injuries. Shortly after local news stations reported Lennon’s death, crowds gathered at Roosevelt Hospital and in front of the Dakota. Lennon was cremated on 10 December 1980 at the Ferncliff Cemetery in Hartsdale, New York; the ashes were given to Ono, who chose not to hold a funeral for him.”(Wkipedia)\nThe Day John Lennon Died\nIn 2010, on the 30th anniversary of his death, ITV aired a documentary.\n(And I have deleted the link since the video is no longer available.)\nThe fact that so many people had their lives changed by his death on that day will forever be his legacy.\nIn 1980, we were living in Vancouver, BC. On the 8th of December, my friend Evelyn rang to tell me that she’d heard on the radio that John Lennon had been shot and killed that evening in New York City.\nI was devastated, having been a lifelong fan of The Beatles. We had lost our hero, and the world would never be the same. The world has never been the same since that day.\nPingback: My Beatles Record Collection | cdsmiller17", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Wilderness Survival Skills\nWilderness travel can be a complicated business because of all the variables of terrain, weather, snow, water, and vegetation. By putting the information in this chapter into practice, you can learn to travel safely and efficiently through some of the most awe-inspiring landscapes on earth. Combine this information with the advice in earlier chapters on navigation, camping, food, clothing, and equipment, and you should be ready for the wilderness.\nGetting from the car to the mountain is another. Wilderness travel is the art of getting there across streams, around brush, along trails, and over snow. fiord, tough wilderness travel may lie ahead. The techniques of muddling through brush are not as glamorous as fifth-class rock climbing, but many a peak has been lost in thickets of slide alder. The biggest barriers on the way to a mountaintop often appear below snow line. Learn the skills of wilderness travel and you open the gateway to the summit.\nIn packing for a wilderness trip, it's a simple matter of take it or leave it. The idea is to take what you need and to leave the rest at home. With thousands of choices widely available in outdoor clothing and equipment, it's no longer a question of how to find what you need, but rather of limiting your load to just the items that will keep you safe, dry, and comfortable. This chapter is one useful source of information on basic wilderness gear, including guidelines on what constitutes good equipment. It won't tell you what brands to purchase, but it will help you find high-quality items among those thousands of choices.\nGroups of two or more rarely become dangerously lost, even if they have no wilderness experience. The real danger comes to an individual who is separated from the rest of the party. For this reason, always try to keep everyone together, and assign a rear guard to keep track of the stragglers.\nConsider this a language lesson, but in a language quite easy to learn and one that pays immediate rewards to any wilderness traveler. Some of this language is in words, but most of it is in the This is only the start of the picture that contour lines paint of your actual wilderness route. They also show cliffs, passes, summits and other features (fig. 4-1). You will get better and better at interpreting these lines by comparing actual terrain with its representation on the map (fig. 4-2). The goal is to someday glance at a topographic map and realize you have a rather sharp mental image of just what the place will look like. The following listing shows the main features sketched by contour lines. because topographic maps are not revised very often and information on forests and on roads and other manufactured features could be out of date. A forest may have been logged or a road either extended or closed since the last updating. Although topographic maps are essential to wilderness...\nYou will find detailed information throughout this entire book on dealing with objective hazards, especially in the chapters on wilderness travel and on the various types of climbing rock, snow, ice, winter, and aid. They spell out ways to confront objective hazards ranging from fearsome exposure and rotten rock to avalanches and steep snow slopes with poor runout. They give advice on avoiding rockfall, icefall, cornices, crevasses, and other environmental dangers.\nNavigation is the science of determining the location of your objective and of keeping yourself pointed in the right direction all the way from your starting point to the destination. Like orientation, this takes map and compass and is a required skill for all wilderness travelers.\nIt's a mistake, however, to believe that a larger party is always a safer party. A larger party can start bigger avalanches and kick down more loose rock. It will generally be slower and more unwieldy, both in camping and climbing. A party of ten to twelve is considered the largest that can impose itself on the wilderness without serious damage to the ecosystem and even this is too large a group for some areas.\nEast of the zero-declination line, the declination is subtracted from the magnetic bearing. In Maine, for example, the magnetic bearing is 20 degrees greater than the true bearing. Subtracting the declination of 20 degrees gives a wilderness traveler in Maine the true bearing. This is all very simple in theory but can be confusing in practice, and the wilderness is no place to practice mental arithmetic that can have life-and-death consequences. A more practical way to handle the minor complication of declination is to pay somewhat more for your compass and get one with an adjustable declination arrow instead of a fixed orienting arrow. The declination arrow can be easily set for any declination. Then the bearing you read at the index line will automatically be the true bearing, and concern about a declination error is one worry you can leave at home.\nStoves are now a necessity for backcountry travelers because many camping areas no longer have enough firewood, and others have banned natural-fuel fires. Stoves have a minimal impact on the wilderness and can be used in a variety of conditions. The disposable butane cartridges cannot be refilled. Therefore, you may end up leaving home with a cartridge that is only half full becausc it was already used on an earlier trip. The cartridges are bulky, and all too frequently the spent canisters arc found discarded in the wilderness. Pack them out. Another drawback is that the maximum intensity of the flame declines as the fuel is used up (and the pressure in the cartridge drops correspondingly). This problem is partly compensated for at higher elevations, where lower atmospheric pressure means the interior cartridge pressure is relatively higher. Some cartridges cannot be changed until they are empty. Always change cartridges outside your tent because residual fuel in spent canisters can...\nThe most valuable technique in wilderness hiking is setting the right pace. A very important way of controlling your pace is the rest step (fig. 5-1), used whenever legs or lungs need a little time to recuperate between steps on steep slopes. Once you learn it, you'll use it often.\nMountaineering is more than climbing, panoramic views, and wilderness experience. It is also challenge, risk, and hardship. And it is not for everyone. Those drawn to the mountains can find them exhilarating and irresistible, as well as frustrating and sometimes even deadly. There are qualities to mountaineering that inspire us and bring us to revel in a pursuit that is more than a pastime, more than a sport a passion, certainly, and sometimes a compulsion.\nMountaineers use them to package food, as emergency mini-tents, and sometimes to keep the water away from their feet. Keep a heavy-duty plastic bag on hand to carry the garbage. The old rule about food containers is that if you can carry it into the wilderness full, you can carry it out empty. Mountaineers clean up every bit of their garbage (yes, even aluminum-foil flecks from a campfire) and often pack out anything they find in camp or on the trail, no matter who left it. Never bury garbage or dump it in latrines. The golden rule of camping Leave the campsite cleaner than you found it.\nOf your wilderness destination, but a great deal about how to get there. The information is acces Prepare for each trip as if you were going to lead it, even if you aren't. Each person in a climbing group needs to know wilderness navigation and must keep track of where the party has been, where it is, and where it's going. In case of emergency, each climber must be able to get back alone.\nMountain climbers don't always set up camp in the most comfortable places. They may walk right past an idyllic spot in the forest in favor of a windy mountain ledge because that puts them closer to the summit. What other reasons might there be for picking a particular campsite Because it's comfortable Scenic Environmentally sound Sometimes you can have it all, but at other times you need to give a little to help preserve the wilderness. Let's look at camps from the standpoint of the wilderness to see which sites are least damaging to the environment. From best to worst, they are\nThe entire western half of Canada contains range after range of wilderness peaks, starting with the great massifs of Mount Logan and Mount St. Elias in the north, with their Denali-like climbing and scale, and extending south to the Coast Range and Mount Waddington, five hundred miles north of Vancouver. All of these remote ranges are heavily glaciated and offer major wilderness ice adventures to those willing to make the discovery on their own. In the winter months the mountains of Vancouver Island provide more accessible but still very exciting and little-known Scottish-type climbing on the rimed-up, 3,000-foot cliffs of Mount Colonel Foster and other peaks.\nFreedom characteristically describes not just simple climbing but wilderness mountaineering. Any person who becomes a wilderness mountaineer has a deep and abiding responsibility to help preserve the wilderness environment for present and future generations. Walking softly is a fair start. The mountain regions throughout the world constitute the domain of mountaineering. This dwindling and finite resource depends on the wilderness traveler for its future preservation.\nIf the swimmer must release the rope at any time, he will have to rely on his own water survival skills and swimming ability to get to shore. A PFD will greatly increase his own personal safety. A PFD may also be used by the last man across, as he will release the rope from the anchor and be belayed across as the first man\nBesides advanced techniques, wider aspects of mountaineering safety are not covered like the most common way to die in the wilderness, hypothermia. the Mountain Climbing school Manual introduces only a single aspect of climbing safety, mountaineering techniques. prospective mountaineers should expect years of learning subjects like alpine weather, snow and rock conditions, route finding and first aid. ANd THEN THERE IS EQUIPMENT THAT SHOULd bE ON ANy TRIP INTO THE WILdERNESS, SOMETIMES CALLEd THE TEN ESSENTIALS, ALTHOUCH bOTH THE EXACT NUMbEr ANd THE ITEMS THEMSELVES VAry\nIf the need arises to implement survival skills in a semi-permissive or non-permissive environment the Marine must be able to utilize basic skills, as referenced in the Marine Battle Skills Handbook Pvt - Lcpl, in order to avoid making contact with hostile personnel. Unfortunately, the enemy will not consider your MOS when deciding whether or not you should be captured or killed. It is imperative that every Marine live up to statement - every Marine is a basic rifleman. To discuss every possible survival scenario and enemy situation would be pointless. The following outline is to be utilized as a guide. Common sense and survival skills, along with these considerations, will increase your chances of avoiding capture or possible death.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "URI education group works closely with stateís public schools to improve science teaching\nElizabeth Rau, 401-874-2116\nKINGSTON, R.I. Ė June 11, 2014 Ė Itís no secret educators, parents and politicians are worried that the nationís public schools are failing to prepare students for a rapidly changing world.\nHelp is on the way from the University of Rhode Island, where educators and scientists are working to train teachers how to teach science in a way that emphasizes critical analysis and hands-on learning.\nThe initiative by URIís Guiding Education in Math and Science Network, or GEMS-Net, takes on greater importance following Rhode Islandís decision last year to adopt Next Generation Science Standards, new national guidelines for science teaching.\nRhode Island was the first state in the country to adopt the new standards. Some other states, like Texas, are unlikely to embrace the guidelines because they seek to teach students about controversial topics like climate change and evolution.\nThe URI group will be busy this summer, creating a new science curriculum that Rhode Islandís public schools can use if they want. The group will also hold a leadership training workshop in August for about 50 science teachers.\nCurrently, GEMS-Net is working with nine school districts in pre-kindergarten through 8th grade, at 43 schools. More than 630 teachers are expected to participate in the groupís professional development programs in the coming years.\nDirector Sara Sweetman is especially qualified to lead the charge. She is a former science teacher in Jamestownís public schools, an assistant professor of education at URI and a science consultant for childrenís programs at PBS, including Sesame Street.\nWe sat down with her to talk about her efforts, how URIís education professors are improving science teaching in Rhode Island, and of course, what itís like to hang out in Oscarís trash can.\nWhy is it so important to overhaul science teaching in the country?\nWe can only imagine the challenges our society will have in 20 years when young students are beginning their careers. We will likely be living in new environments, fighting new diseases, enjoying new media platforms and harvesting our natural resources differently. The job opportunities in STEM (science, technology, engineering and math) fields are expected to increase dramatically in the coming years, and there is a need for people to be critical decision makers. It is important that schools challenge children to act, think and learn like scientists. In most American elementary schools science education has not been a priority.\nTell us about GEMS-Net? Why was it created? Who is funding the group?\nURI educators and scientists partner with local school districts to build a support program that ensures all children have access to high quality STEM education. We provide districts with research-based, student-centered curriculum and materials and support all district educators with professional development. The majority of the funding comes from the districts through membership fees.\nYour group is helping nine school districts. Would you like more schools to join?\nSure, more schools mean more shared resources. It helps us keep the costs to districts down Ė an important part of our partnership. In addition, more districts mean that more children will receive the learning opportunities to develop problem solving and critical thinking skills.\nGems-Net is writing a new science curriculum this summer for the stateís public schools to adopt if they want. Any details yet about what will be included in the curriculum?\nYes, we have sample documents to share. The curriculum has suggestions to teachers on methods of teaching, what research based materials to use, how to measure student success and how to capitalize on the connections to the Common Core Standards for Math and English Language Arts.\nThe Next Generation Science Standards, or NGSS, were developed by 26 state governments and a group of scientists and teachers. They provide guidelines for what students should learn, but allow school districts to decide on curriculums. When did Rhode Island adopt the guidelines?\nRhode Island was the first state to adopt the NGSS standards after they were released last May. The districts are expected to be aligned with the new standards by 2017. The policy tells the districts what they need to be doing, but it does not tell them how to do it. That is a great challenge for the districts.\nWhy are the new guidelines controversial in some states?\nThere are a few reasons why states might not adopt the standards. Not all states agree on the content, particularly in areas of climate change and evolution, but it is more than that. The NGSS is a policy document with high expectations that will be very challenging to implement. The transition will cost states and districts money and will likely add to schools already stressed as they work toward expectations on other policies. The demands are too great for districts to do alone. That is why the partnerships URI has with districts are essential.\nIt must be fulfilling to work as a science consultant for PBS? You appeared on Sesame Street several years ago. Did you have fun?\nIt is very rewarding. Everyone I have worked with at PBS is passionate about education. STEM education fits into their mission. Itís about kids, characters and Muppets discovering their world and falling in love with learning. PBS engages their characters in real problems with real solutions. It is a great model for all levels of learning.\nSara Sweetman, director of URIís Guiding Education in Math and Science Network, or GEMS-Net. She is also an assistant professor of education at URI and a former science teacher in Jamestown. Photo by Michael Salerno.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Was Hitler Ill?\nFour months after the end of the war, Hitler's personal physician Theo Morell stated to his fellow prisoner Karl Brandt: \"In fact, Hitler was never sick.\" Brandt, who had been responsible for the \"euthanasia\" killings and was thus deeply implicated in the crimes of the Nazi regime, disagreed. He claimed that Morell had \"pumped the Führer full of drugs\" and was now merely attempting to justify his actions. In his opinion, Morell had turned Hitler into a physical wreck.\nThe image of a decrepit and drug-dependent psychopath in the Reich Chancellery bunker is one of the most enduring myths about Hitler. It provides a simple explanation for his actions: who but a sick man could have ordered the killing of millions of people? Hans-Joachim Neumann and Henrik Eberle study this question and seek answers in the detailed notes and diaries left by Morell, in medical reports, pharmacological analyses and interviews with eye witnesses. Their conclusions are clear and definitive.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "by Carl L. Bankston III\nThe Kingdom of Cambodia is a country of about 8,000,000 people, approximately the size of the state of Missouri, located in Southeast Asia. It is bordered on the west and northwest by Thailand, on the north by Laos, on the east by Vietnam, and on the south by the Gulf of Thailand. The climate is tropical, with monsoon rains from May to October and a dry season from December to March. There is little variation in temperature, which is hot most of the year. There are mountains in the southwest and north, but most of the country consists of low, flat plains. Three-quarters of the land is covered with forests and woodland, and much of the land is cultivated with rice paddies. Cambodia has few roads and bridges, and many of the existing roads and bridges are in poor condition due to years of war and political upheaval. Aside from rice, the main crop, Cambodia also produces rubber and corn.\nThe Cambodian people and their language are also known as \"Khmer.\" About 90 percent of the people in Cambodia are ethnic Cambodians, or Khmer; five percent are Vietnamese; one percent are Chinese; and four percent belong to other ethnic groups, including the Cham who are predominantly Muslims and who migrated from Vietnam long ago. Most Cambodians are wet-rice farmers. Eighty percent of them live in the countryside and practice subsistence farming. It is estimated that about 48 percent of Cambodian men and about 22 percent of Cambodian women can read and write. Cambodia is an overwhelmingly Buddhist country; 95 percent of the population practices Theravada Buddhism, the type of Buddhism found in many of the countries in southern Asia. Other faiths include Roman Catholicism, Islam, animism, and Mahayana Buddhism— the type of Buddhism found most often in northern Asia. The flag of Cambodia contains two horizontal blue stripes divided by a wider, red stripe in the middle. In the center of the red stripe is a white temple, representing the main temple of Angkor Wat, the capital city of the Khmer empire from the ninth to the fifteenth centuries.\nBefore 1975 almost no people of Cambodian ancestry lived in the United States. The 150,000 Cambodians who immigrated by 1990 settled in the United States as a result of the tragic events in their native country in which the United States was deeply involved. Because Cambodian Americans are such a new part of America, to know something of their history is especially important in order to appreciate their culture and their unique situation.\nCambodia is an ancient country with a long history that has been a source of pride and pain to the Cambodian people. The Cambodians probably lived originally in western China, but they migrated down the Mekong River valley into Indochina sometime before the common era. In Indochina, they came into contact with the highly developed civilization and culture of ancient India. From India, they took the religions of Hinduism and Buddhism and the idea of state organization as well as the concept of kingship. These religious and political ideas became the basis of the early state of Funan (second to fifth centuries) whose territory encompassed present day Cambodia and the southern part of southern Vietnam. Funan's port city of Oc Eo received traders coming from India and China. Funan was also well known for the irrigation and drainage canals that crisscrossed its land.\nThe greatest period in Cambodian history was the Angkor period, named after a huge complex of religious and public monuments. Funan's two capital cities, Angkor Wat (City-Temple) and Angkor Thom (Great City), were the most spectacular of these monuments. Most scholars date the Angkor period as having lasted from about 802—when its founder declared the independence of Cambodia and conferred on himself the title of God-King (Deva-Raja)—to about 1431 A.D. During much of this time, Cambodia, or \"Kambuja-Desa,\" as it is called in old inscriptions, was the most powerful kingdom in Southeast Asia, governing great expanses of territory that are now part of Thailand and southern Vietnam, as well as the land that constitutes Cambodia today.\nBy the end of the Angkor era, the kingdom of Kambuja-Desa came under increased pressure from the Siamese (Thai) on the west and the Vietnamese on the east. The ability of the royal bureaucracy to manage the complex irrigation system may also have weakened. Gradually, the center of the kingdom shifted from Angkor to Phnom Penh, today's capital city. Trade had become more important for the Cambodians, and Phnom Penh was located where the Mekong River and the Tonle Sap come together, an easier location from which to control trade with Laos and China.\nFrom the 1400s on, the Cambodians lost territory to both the Siamese and the Vietnamese. By the 1800s, Cambodia had fallen almost entirely under the control of Vietnam and Siam, and Cambodia was sealed off from the outside influences that were beginning to affect other Southeast Asian countries. In 1864, Cambodia became a French protectorate.\nKing Norodom, the King of Cambodia at the time the French established control, appears to have seen French protection as a way of keeping his neighbors at bay and perhaps also as a help in defeating the numerous revolts against him by his own subjects. France gradually tightened its control over Cambodian political life, though. After Norodom died in 1904, the French made his half-brother, Sisowath, the king instead of Norodom's son, whom the French considered too independent. French officials also hand picked and placed in office the two kings who followed Sisowath.\nWhile there was a steady growth of Cambodian nationalism, the country remained at peace through the early part of the twentieth century. When World War II broke out and France was occupied by Germany, the French remained in control in Indochina, with the agreement of Germany's allies in Asia, the Japanese. In 1941, Monivong, the king who had followed Sisowath, died, and the French made Monivong's grandson, Norodom Sihanouk, king. Sihanouk was only 19 years of age at the time. Although he was highly intelligent, artistically talented, and apparently sincere in wanting to be a good ruler, Sihanouk had had no training for the throne and relied heavily on his French advisors in the early years of his rule.\nSihanouk was to dominate Cambodian history for most of the half century following his coronation. He also developed from a protégé of the French into a determined, if cautious, adherent to the cause of Cambodian independence. The occupation of Japanese troops over Southeast Asia provided many Asian colonies with evidence that the European colonists could be defeated. Anti-French feelings intensified in Cambodia when the French attempted, in the 1940s, to replace the traditional writing system with a system based on the letters used by Europeans. In 1945, Japanese troops disarmed the French colonial forces in Cambodia. At their instigation, Sihanouk declared Cambodian independence from France on March 12, 1945.\nThe French reestablished themselves in Cambodia after the defeat of Japan, but their power had been seriously weakened. Nationalist feelings continued to grow stronger in Cambodia. In France, some young Cambodian students, influenced by the French Communist Party, began to formulate ideas that combined extreme nationalism with Communist ideology. Three of these students were to become the most important leaders of the Khmer Rouge: Saloth Sar, later known as Pol Pot, Khieu Samphan, and Ieng Sary. All nationalists looked back to the time of Angkor Wat as a symbol and ideal of Cambodian greatness.\nBy 1953, the war in neighboring Vietnam was becoming a problem for the French, exacerbated by its momentous unpopularity in France. Cambodian resistance and the prospect of fighting another full-scale war in Cambodia led France to grant Cambodia independence on November 9, 1953, while retaining much control over its economy. In 1954, after the French had failed to reimpose their rule on Vietnam, delegates to the Geneva Conference agreed that elections would be held in all three of the countries of Indochina. In order to participate in the elections, Sihanouk abdicated his throne in 1955 in favor of his father, and assumed the highest office in the country as its Prime Minister.\nSihanouk managed to keep his country neutral during many of the long years of war that raged in Vietnam and Laos. He was, at the same time, intolerant of Cambodian leftists, whom he labeled the \"Khmer Rouge,\" or \"Red Khmer.\" Many of these leftists fled into the countryside.\nThe United States became involved in Southeast Asia to preserve a non-Communist regime in South Vietnam. In Laos, Cambodia's northern neighbor, there was an extension of the Vietnam war in the 1960s, in the form of an armed conflict between Pathet Lao forces allied with North Vietnam and the Royal Government of Laos which was pro-American. The policies of Prince Sihanouk were primarily aimed at keeping Cambodia out of these wars and, until about 1970, he was largely successful. His constant attempts to play the different sides in the Vietnam conflict against each other, though, resulted in hostility toward him by the pro-American governments of Thailand and South Vietnam and in a suspicious attitude toward him on the part of the Americans. By 1966, Sihanouk had forged a secret alliance with North Vietnam because he felt certain that the Vietnamese Communists would win the war and because the North Vietnamese agreed, under the treaty, to respect the borders of Cambodia, to leave Cambodian civilians alone, and to avoid conflicts with the Cambodian army.\nWar in the surrounding countries undermined the economy of Cambodia and threatened to spill across the border. Prince Sihanouk blamed the United States for engineering the 1963 coup against the Vietnamese government that resulted in the killing of its leaders. He subsequently refused all forms of American assistance and severed diplomatic relations with the United States. With regard to Vietnamese communists, in a secret treaty, Sihanouk agreed to allow them to station troops inside Cambodia, along the border with south Vietnam, and to receive weapons brought from China and North Vietnam through the port of Sihanoukville. South Vietnam and the United States were greatly concerned about the presence of Vietnamese communist troops in Cambodia and the facilities reserved to them by the government of Cambodia. In a secret move, the United States ordered a carpet bombing of Vietnamese communist sites in Cambodia that caused untold sufferings for the Cambodian population living in these areas.\nIn 1970, apparently with American support, General Lon Nol staged a coup while Prince Sihanouk was on his way to France for health reasons. As the United States welcomed a more cooperative Cambodian regime, the Vietnam War had finally overtaken Cambodia. In May of 1970, American and South Vietnamese forces invaded eastern Cambodia, driving the Vietnamese communist forces farther into the country.\nOut of power, Sihanouk joined forces with the Khmer leftists whom he formerly persecuted. Having the prince on their side gave the Khmer Rouge an enormous advantage in drawing support from the peasants, many of whom still regarded Sihanouk as an almost divine figure. At the same time, American aerial bombing in the Cambodian countryside, directed against both the North Vietnamese and the Khmer Rouge, caused enormous disruption of the traditional society. In the first half of 1973, before the U.S. Congress prohibited further bombing in Cambodia, American planes dropped over 100,000 tons of bombs on the country.\nIt is difficult to say to what extent the extreme radicalism of the Khmer Rouge was due to the bombing, or to far-left Maoist ideas developed by Khmer Rouge leaders as students in France, or to the carrying out of these ideas by generally very young and uneducated peasant soldiers. However, the Khmer Rouge appears to have already been uncompromising and brutal in the areas it controlled even before it took control of the whole country. In April of 1975, with the United States having pulled its troops out of Vietnam and Saigon about to fall to the Vietnamese Communists, the Khmer Rouge marched into Phnom Penh.\nCambodia became an experiment in revolutionary social change known as Democratic Kampuchea (D.K.). In order to create a completely new society in which everyone would be equal, the Khmer Rouge, under the leadership of Pol Pot, ordered everyone, including the elderly and sick, out of the cities and towns of Cambodia and into the countryside. Family life, all traces of individualism, and all attachments to old institutions, including religion, were abolished. A new calendar for a new era was invented, with 1975 renamed \"Year Zero.\" All Cambodians were put to work at agricultural labor in order to build up the agricultural surplus of the nation to finance rapid industrialization. In effect, these uncompromising ideals turned the entire country into a collection of forced labor camps: soldiers whose young lives had consisted mainly of bitter warfare acted as armed guards.\nEstimates of the number of people who died under Pol Pot's Democratic Kampuchea regime vary from one million to two million. The number of people actually executed by the Khmer Rouge is unknowable. How many people died of starvation and poor living conditions, some of which may have been the after-effects of war and U.S. bombing, also remains uncounted. Still, the period from 1975 to 1979 was traumatic for all Cambodians. Cambodians in the United States and elsewhere tell of seeing close friends and family members being killed by the Khmer Rouge and of enduring great suffering.\nDemocratic Kampuchea, in addition to espousing an extreme form of socialism, was also committed to extreme nationalism. The Khmer Rouge wanted to recreate the greatness of the Angkor period, which meant retaking the areas that had become parts of Vietnam and Thailand. Border skirmishes between Cambodian and Vietnamese forces led Vietnam to invade Cambodia on Christmas Day in 1978, and by early January the Vietnamese held Phnom Penh. In the chaos of war, the rice crop went untended and thousands of Cambodians, starving and freed from the Khmer Rouge labor camps, began crossing the border into Thailand. Television cameras brought the images of these refugees into the homes of Americans and other westerners, and immigration from Cambodia to the United States began as a response to the \"Cambodian refugee crisis.\"\nUnder pressure from the United States and other anti-communist and anti-Vietnamese nations, Vietnamese troops pulled out of Cambodia in 1989, leaving behind the Cambodian government they had created—the People's Republic of Kampuchea. In the meantime, with the help of anti-Vietnamese governments, a Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea was formed with the participation of forces loyal to the now infamous Khmer Rouge and to the Khmer People National Liberation Front. In 1991 all Cambodian parties signed the Paris Peace treaty, which called for United Nations Transitional Authorities in Cambodia to prepare the country for a general election. In 1993 the elected representatives voted to form a coalition government composed of the two political parties that had garnered the most votes. They also decided to reestablish the monarchy with Sihanouk as king and head of state. The Khmer Rouge refused to take part in this election and continued to oppose the new government.\nLarge numbers of refugees from Cambodia have come to the United States only since 1979, when the U.S. refugee program began accepting Cambodians from refugee camps in Thailand. Most of these arrived in the early 1980s. Of the 118,823 foreign-born Cambodians identified by the 1990 Census in the United States, only 16,880 (or about 14 percent) had arrived before 1980. As thousands of refugees from Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia began to come into the United States each year, the United States developed organizational procedures for resettlement. Voluntary agencies (or VOLAGS), many of which were affiliated with American churches, had been set up by 1975 to assist the first wave of Vietnamese refugees. These agencies had the task of finding sponsors, individuals, or groups who would assume financial and personal responsibility for refugee families for up to two years. By the early 1980s, refugee camps had been set up in various countries throughout Southeast Asia. Most Cambodians stayed in refugee camps in Thailand, but many who were being prepared for resettlement in the United States were sent to camps in the Philippines or elsewhere. Agencies under contract to the U.S. Department of State organized classes to teach English to familiarize refugees with American language and culture. In 1980 and 1981, 34,107 Cambodians entered the United States. From 1982 to 1984, the influx continued, with 36,082 Cambodians entering the United States. After that time, the numbers began to diminish. In 1985 and 1986, 19,921 Cambodians reached American soil, and from 1987 to 1990, only 11,843 Cambodians were admitted. By the early 1990s, prospects of a political settlement in Cambodia removed much of the perceived urgency of accepting Cambodian refugees, and immigration from Cambodia to the United States decreased to very small numbers.\nThe 1990 U.S. Census found almost 150,000 Cambodian Americans in the United States, although those active in working with Cambodian immigrants warn that the Census may have undercounted this group, since the Cambodians are so new to American society and many may not have responded to the Census. The largest concentration of Cambodian Americans is in California, where close to 70,000, or nearly half of the people of Cambodian ethnicity, appear to have settled. The largest Cambodian community was Long Beach, California, where over 17,000, according to Census, made their home. Again, however, Cambodian American spokespersons maintain that these estimates are dramatically low and that the actual number of Cambodian Americans was probably closer to twice that many. Nearby Los Angeles also had a significant population of Cambodians of at least 4,250. Stockton, California, had the second largest Cambodian community, numbering at least 10,000. Outside of California, the greatest number of Cambodian Americans were found in Massachusetts, where over 14,000 lived. About half of the Massachusetts Cambodians lived in the city of Lowell. Other states with large Cambodian populations include Texas (at least 6,000), Pennsylvania (at least 5,500, located mostly in Philadelphia), Virginia (at least 4,000), New York (at least 4,000, over two-thirds of whom lived in New York City), Minnesota (at least 4,000), and Illinois (over 3,000). Despite their large numbers, Cambodian Americans remained very\nCambodian Americans are members of one of the youngest ethnic groups in American society. According to the 1990 Census, the median age of people of Cambodian ancestry in the United States was only 19.4, compared to 34.1 for other Americans. Almost half of the Cambodian Americans counted in that Census year were under 18 years of age. About 42 percent of these Cambodian Americans below the age of 18 were born in the United States; most of the others arrived between 1980 and 1986.\nCambodian Americans also live in larger families than other Americans. The average number of people in their families was 5.03, compared to an average of 3.06 in white American families and 3.48 in black American families. Both the youth of Cambodian Americans and their large families indicate that, small though their numbers are, they will continue to grow as a proportion of American society.\nAdjusting to American society has been difficult for most Cambodians, who come from rural areas and have few relevant job skills and little familiarity with mainstream American culture. One of the difficulties has been the problem of differences between generations, between older people who see themselves as Cambodians and sometimes speak little,\nCambodian Americans won the sympathy of many Americans in 1979 and in the early 1980s, when the plight of Cambodian refugees in Thailand became world news. Since their arrival in the United States, though, some unfortunate stereo-types of Cambodians have developed. Because Cambodian culture places a high value on courtesy and avoidance of direct confrontation, other Americans sometimes stereotype them as passive. Among older Cambodian Americans some of this appearance of passivity results from their unfamiliarity with the larger American society or with the English language.\nMusic is important to traditional Cambodian culture, and Cambodian Americans put a great deal of effort into maintaining this link with their heritage. Traditional music ensembles perform in almost all large Cambodian communities in the United States. There are six types of music ensembles, but the type known as areak ka is considered the most traditional and is used for popular religious ceremonies and wedding ceremonies. The instruments used in the areak ka ensemble are a three-stringed fiddle, a type of monochord, a long-necked lute, and goblet-drums. Other instruments that may be found in Cambodian ensembles include a quadruple-reed oboe, several types of gongs, a large barrel drum, a flute, a two-stringed fiddle, a three-stringed zither, hammered dulcimers, cymbals, and the xylophone. Cambodian music may sound somewhat strange at first to those who are unfamiliar with Asian music.\nThe best known Cambodian dance is called the \"masked dance,\" because the dancers wear the masks of the characters they portray. The masked dance always tells the story of the Ramayana, an epic that the Cambodians took from ancient India. All parts in the masked dance, even those of women, are played by men. Cambodian classical ballet, or \"court dance,\" on the other hand, has traditionally been danced by women, although men have been entering classical ballet since the 1950s. There are a number of Cambodian dancers in the United States, and the art of dance is also beginning to revive in Cambodia. Bringing this part of the culture back to life, however, is difficult, since an estimated 90 percent of all trained dancers died during the Khmer Rouge regime.\nLinguist Karen Fisher-Nguyen has observed that proverbs in Cambodia before 1975 were so important a means of educating the young that they could be found in almost all of the teaching materials of the public schools, and that studying proverbs was actually a part of the school curriculum. Many Cambodian Americans continue to treasure their proverbs as expressions of the traditional wisdom of their people. The sayings below reflect many of their values and ideals: The new rice stalk stands erect; the old stalk, full of grain, leans over; Travel on a river by following its bends, live in a country by following its customs; The small boat should not try to be a big boat; Don't let an angry man wash your dishes; don't let a hungry man guard your rice; Drop by drop, the vessel will fill; pour it, and everything will spill; Men have words—elephants have tusks; If you don't take your wife's advice, you'll have no rice seed next year; Don't rush to dump your rain water when you hear the sound of thunder; Losing money is better than wasting words; If you are an egg, don't bang against a rock; Gain knowledge by study, wealth by work.\nFor three days in mid-April, Cambodians observe Chaul Chnam, the solar New Year, which is the most important and most common Cambodian holiday. Many parties and dances are held during these three days, and traditional Cambodian music is usually heard. The game of bos chhoung remains a popular New Year's tradition among Cambodians in the United States. In this game, young men and women stand facing each other, about five feet apart. A young man takes a scarf rolled into a ball and throws it at a young woman in whom he is interested. She must catch the scarf, and if she misses it, she must sing and dance for him. If she catches the scarf, she will throw it back to him. If he misses it, he must sing and dance. For Buddhist Cambodians, the New Year Festival is an important time to visit the temple to pray, meditate, and plan for the coming year. The Water Festival, held in November when the flooding has stopped and the water starts to flow out of the great lake into the river again, is celebrated in both Cambodia and the United States. It usually involves boat races and colorful, lighted floats sailing down the river.\nIn addition to the health problems faced by other poor groups in the United States, Cambodian Americans face special mental and physical health problems resulting from their tragic recent history. Almost all lived under the extreme brutality of the Khmer Rouge regime that ruled the country from 1975 to 1979, and their native country has been in a state of war both before and since that time. Most Cambodian refugees also spent time living in refugee camps in Thailand or other Southeast Asian countries. Health professionals and others who work with Cambodian Americans often note that these experiences have left Cambodians with a sense of powerlessness that affects many, even in America. Physical ailments often result from the emotional anguish they have suffered and continue to suffer. Among those who have been resettled in Western countries, there has appeared a strange malady often referred to as the \"Pol Pot syndrome,\" after the leader of the Khmer Rouge. The \"Pol Pot syndrome\" includes insomnia, difficulty in breathing, loss of appetite, and pains in various parts of the body.\nThe stress that has led to such illnesses often tends to create a low general level of health for Cambodian Americans. In the entry on \"Khmer\" in Refugees in the United States: A Reference Handbook, May M. Ebihara reports that 84 percent of Cambodian households in California have reported that at least one household member was under the care of a medical doctor, compared to 45 percent of Vietnamese households and 24 percent of Hmong and Lao households. The syndrome known as \"post traumatic stress disorder,\" a type of delayed reaction to extreme emotional stress that has been found to affect many Vietnam veterans, is also common among Cambodian refugees in the United States.\nTraditional Cambodian healers, known as krou Khmer, may be found in many Cambodian American communities. Some of the techniques used by these healers are massages, \"coining,\" and treatment with herbal medicines. \"Coining,\" or koh khchal, is a method of using a copper coin dipped in tiger balm to apply pressure to acupuncture points of the body. Many Western doctors believe that this actually can be an effective means of pain relief. Coining does leave bruise marks, however, and these can alarm medical personnel and others not familiar with this practice.\nCambodian, or Khmer, is classified by linguists as an Austro-Asiatic language, related to Mon—a language spoken in Burma and western Thailand—and various tribal languages of Southeast Asia. Although many major Asian languages are tonal languages, Cambodian is not tonal: as in the European languages, tones of voice may indicate emotion, but they do not change the meanings of words. The Cambodian alphabet, which has 47 letters, is derived from the alphabet of ancient India, and it is similar to the Thai and Laotian alphabets, as the Thai and Lao people borrowed their systems of writing from the Cambodians.\nCambodian has many sounds that are quite different from those of English, and these are represented by the letters of the Cambodian alphabet. Linguists usually use a phonetic alphabet to write these sounds in the characters used by English and other European languages, but the phrases below are written in a fashion that should provide nonspecialist speakers of American English with a fairly close approximation to their actual pronunciation: Som Chumreap Sur —Good Day; Loak sohk suh-bye jeeuh tay? —Are you well, sir?; Loak-srey sohk suh-bye jeeuh tay? —Are you well, madame?; Baht, knyom sohk suh-bye jeeuh tay —I'm fine (from a man); Jah, knyom sohk suh-bye jeeuh tay —I'm fine (from a woman); Som Aw Kun —Thank-you; Sohm toh —Excuse me, or I'm sorry; Meun uh-wye tay —Don't mention it, or you're welcome; Teuh nah? —Where are you going?; Niyeh piesah anglay bahn tay? —Can you speak English?; Sdap bahn tay —Do you understand?; Sdap bahn —I understand; Sdap meun bahn —I don't understand; Som Chumreap Lea —Goodbye.\nMuch of the early literature of Cambodia is written in Sanscrit and known by modern scholars primarily from inscriptions on temples and other public buildings. Classical Cambodian literature is based on Indian models, and the Reamker, a Cambodian version of the Indian poem the Ramayana, is probably the most important piece of classical Cambodian literature. The Reamker is still known by Cambodians today. In the years before 1975, episodes from this poem were often acted out by dancers in the royal court or by villagers in village festivals. A collection of aphorisms, known as the Chbab (or \"laws\"), exists in both written and oral literature. Until recently, children were required to memorize the Chbab in school. Similar to the Chbab are the Kotilok (or \"Art of Good Conduct\"), which are fables designed to teach moral lessons.\nEuropean literary forms, such as novels, had taken root in Cambodia by the 1970s, but almost no literature was produced under the Khmer Rouge, and many intellectuals were killed during the Khmer Rouge regime. Since 1979, suffering under the Khmer Rouge has been a major theme in Cambodian literature, both in Cambodia and abroad. Among Cambodian Americans, also, the urge to bear witness to the horrors of the years from 1975 to 1979 has inspired many to write, and as a result, the autobiography is the most commonly employed literary form. Many of these Cambodian American authors have taken coauthors, but some have mastered English sufficiently to write solely authored works.\nThe family is extremely important to Cambodian Americans, in part because so many of them lost family members in their previous countries. They tend to have very large families. Children—especially young children—are treasured, and parents treat them with a great deal of affection. Despite the importance of family for Cambodian Americans, they have relatively high numbers of households headed by a single, female parent; in 1990 about 20 percent of Cambodian American households were headed by women, a factor that contributes to their poverty. This high proportion of female-headed households does not appear to be primarily the result of divorce, but rather of the fact that women outnumber men in the Cambodian population, due to years of war.\nIn Cambodia, men are responsible for providing for their families. Only men can occupy the prestigious status of the Buddhist monk. They also receive formal education, whereas Cambodian women are trained certain tasks in the home. Contrary to other Asian cultures, the Cambodian woman occupies a key position in the household. Generally, the wife budgets the family assets, and cares for the children. She is highly regarded by the men in her own family and by Cambodian society at large. In the refugee camps, many Cambodian women had their first taste of formal education. In the United States, young Cambodian American women are pursuing their educations in large numbers, and they have often become important as breadwinners for their families.\nTraditional Cambodian wedding ceremonies are still held by Cambodian Americans, and even members of other ethnic groups who have married Cambodians have celebrated these ceremonies. Although in Cambodia marriages are often arranged by the parents, it is becoming common for Cambodian American young people to choose their own partners. The bride in a Cambodian wedding wears a sampot, an ornate brocade wrap-skirt. She also wears many bracelets, anklets, and necklaces. Grooms sometimes wear the traditional kben (baggy pantaloons) and jacket, but western-style suits are becoming common.\nA procession will bring gifts of food and drink to the bride's home. At the beginning of the wedding, the couple sits at a table covered with flowers, fruit, candles, and sometimes with a sword to chase evil spirits away. Friends and relatives take turns standing up in front of the crowd to talk about the new couple. A Buddhist monk cuts a lock of hair from the bride and the groom and mixes the two locks together in a bowl to symbolize the sharing of their lives. Gifts, frequently in the form of envelopes with money in them, are offered to the couple by the guests. At the end of the wedding, the couple goes through the ritual known as ptem, in which knots are tied in a white string bracelet to represent the elders' blessing.\nBecause Cambodian Americans have settled most often in urban areas, they have frequent contact with disadvantaged members of other minority groups. Often these encounters are troubled by cultural misunderstandings and by the social problems frequently found in poor communities. In some areas where there are large Cambodian communities, Cambodian youth gangs have developed, in part as a matter of self-protection. Older Cambodians often see that they have much in common with their poor Asian, black, and Hispanic neighbors and will frequently distinguish these areas of \"poor people\" from the comfortable middle-class neighborhoods of \"the Americans.\" Most Cambodian Americans are fairly dark-skinned and they are acutely aware of prejudice in America. They sometimes internalize this prejudice and express feelings of inadequacy because of it.\nIt has been noted that Cambodian Americans in Texas have frequent contacts with Mexicans or Mexican Americans, and that the members of the two ethnic groups accommodate one another easily. Cambodians may frequently be found as participants in Mexican American weekend markets. Many Cambodians in Texas have learned Spanish and follow Mexican customs in interacting with their Spanish-speaking peers.\nBuddhism is the traditional religion of Cambodia. Before 1975, the ruler of the country was the official protector of the religion and the monks were organized into a hierarchy overseen by the government. Monasteries and temples were found in all villages, and monks played an important role in the education of children and in passing on Cambodian culture. The people also supported their local monasteries, through gifts and by giving food to monks. Monks were forbidden to handle money and had to show humility by begging for their food. Every morning, the monks would go from house to house, with their eyes downcast, holding out their begging bowls into which the lay people would spoon rice. Although the religion was attacked by the radical Khmer Rouge during their regime and many monks were killed, the vast majority of Cambodians remain Buddhists and the faith remains an important part of the national culture.\nBuddhism in India is divided into two schools of thought. The \"Northern School,\" known as Mahayana Buddhism, is found most often in China, Japan, Tibet, Korea, and Vietnam. The \"Southern School,\" called Theravada (or Hinayana) Buddhism, predominates in Laos, Thailand, Cambodia, Burma, and Sri Lanka. Theravada Buddhists stress the importance of becoming a monk and achieving Nirvana, a state in which there is no self or rebirth, through one's own efforts. Mahayana Buddhists lay more emphasis on help from Bodhisattvas, enlightened beings who have delayed achieving Nirvana in order to help others become enlightened.\nFundamental to the Buddhist doctrine are the Four Noble Truths: (1) Existence inevitably leads to unhappiness which follows from the impermanence and disintegration of all living elements; (2) Unhappiness is caused by desire inherent in human nature; desire causes man to become attached to the impermanent; (3) Unhappiness can be avoided by the crushing of desire; and (4) Desire can be crushed by strict adherence to a prescribed moral path. In Buddhism all worldly things are considered changing and impermanent. Those who are not aware of the impermanent nature of the world become attached to worldly things, and this leads to suffering. The suffering will continue as the soul goes through a cycle of rebirths, continually drawn back to worldly desires. Meditation and a moral, disciplined life can enable a believer to overcome desires. The soul that successfully overcomes all desires may reach Nirvana.\nThe law of Karma ( Kam in the Cambodian language) controls life and rebirth. This law may be seen as a kind of spiritual accounting; good deeds, or \"merit,\" help the soul to be reborn in better circumstances and to earn rewards in the present life; bad deeds cause the soul to be reborn in worse circumstances and can bring about bad luck. For these reasons, \"making merit\" is a central part of religion for Cambodians. Cambodian Buddhists see making merit as more than simply piling up spiritual credits by performing good works. Correct behavior and merit-making activities such as attending religious ceremonies or donating money to temples and food to monks are seen as upholding the order of the universe. These beliefs have often led Cambodians to wonder if the sufferings of their people might be due to some collective fault of the nation.\nSome Cambodian Americans have converted to Christianity, either in the refugee camps, or after arriving in the United States. Often these conversions have been the result of spiritual crises brought about by the tragedies of recent Cambodian history. In many cases, people felt that Buddhism had somehow failed because of the death and destruction that had occurred in their country. In other cases, Christianity has seemed attractive because it is the religion of the majority of Americans, and conversion has seemed a good way to conform to American society and to express gratitude to the religious organizations that played an important part in resettling refugees in the United States.\nThe majority of Cambodian Americans, however, continue the practice of their traditional religion. As more of them have settled in this country, and as they have established their own communities, observing their religious rituals has become easier. In 1979, there were only three Cambodian temples in the United States. By the early 1990s, more than 50 of these temples had been established in Cambodian communities throughout the United States. Even in those communities in which no temples exist, living around other Cambodian Americans has made it possible for Buddhists to observe their rites in private homes or in community halls and other meeting places. Monasteries, or places where Buddhist monks live, are usually attached to the temples, or places of worship, and the monks are in charge of the temples and the religious rituals held in them. Most American Buddhist temples are in houses or apartments, but there are some more traditionally styled temples, such as the large temple-monastery complex in Maryland.\nAdapting to the American economy has been difficult for many people of Cambodian ancestry in the United States. Most of them were farmers in their previous country, and in the United States they have generally been settled in cities. They have high rates of unemployment and the jobs found by\nCambodian Americans are, for the most part, a poor group. According to the 1990 U.S. Census, 42 percent of the families of Cambodian ethnicity were living below the poverty level and 51 percent of all Cambodian households rely on public assistance income. The median household income of Cambodian Americans in 1990 was only $18,837, compared to $30,056 for Americans in general. Cambodian Americans have a high rate of unemployment: About ten percent of those in the labor force in 1990 were unemployed. This high rate of unemployment is largely a result of having arrived in this country so recently. If rates of unemployment are examined by years of arrival, it is clear that the longer Cambodian Americans have been in the United States, the higher the probability they will be employed. Nearly 17 percent of Cambodians in the labor force who arrived in the United States between 1987 and 1990 were unemployed in 1990. Among those who arrived in 1985 or 1986, though, only about 12 percent were unemployed. Among Cambodians who arrived between 1982 and 1984, the percentage of unemployed in the labor force dropped to 11 percent. Only about nine percent of those who arrived in 1980 and 1981 and only about seven percent of those who arrived before 1980 were unemployed. These figures provide evidence for a trait noticed by many familiar with Cambodians in the United States: their eagerness to find work, even low-paying work, as soon as they have acquired sufficient language skills and familiarity with American society.\nLack of formal education is a serious handicap for Cambodian Americans. Census statistics show that about 53 percent of Cambodian American men have a sixth grade education or less and 90 percent have less than 12 years of schooling. Women are faced with even more serious difficulties, since 66 percent of them have sixth grade educations or less and 95 percent have completed less than 12 years of schooling. Even when Cambodian Americans are from highly educated backgrounds, however, they often find that their educations are not relevant to the American workplace, and they are handicapped by their language skills. Author Someth May, for example, worked before the publication of his book as a janitor, despite his elite background in his home country. Regardless of the limited educations of their parents, however, Cambodian American young people often do quite well in school and show themselves dedicated to acquiring more education. Only about six percent of Cambodian Americans between the ages of 16 and 19 are high-school dropouts, compared to about ten percent of white Americans and about 14 percent of African Americans in the same age group.\nMost Cambodian Americans are concerned with questions of survival in the new country. They are not actively involved in U.S. politics but remain keenly interested in the reconstruction of their native country. Some Cambodian American organizations, such as the Cambodian Network Council, contribute to the rebuilding of Cambodia by sending trained Cambodian Americans and others to Cambodia as volunteers.\nIm Proum is a prominent linguist who taught at Cornell University. There he coauthored several of the standard texts on the Cambodian language with Dr. Franklin Huffmann. Sam Ang-Sam is a scholar, musician, and activist. He studied music at the University of Fine Arts in Phnom Penh and afterward continued his studies in the United States, where he received a Ph.D. in ethnomusicology from Wesleyan University. He served on the faculty at the University of Washington in Seattle until becoming director of the Cambodian Network Council in Washington, D.C. He travels around the world performing and teaching about Cambodian music. Chinary Ung is a scholar and musician who teaches about Cambodian culture at Arizona State University. As a musician, Dr. Ung specializes in playing the Cambodian xylophone.\nMaha Ghosananda is a Buddhist monk who lives in the United States but frequently travels to Cambodia. Founder and director of the Khmer Society of New England, he is one of the world's most prominent peace activists and has organized two marches for peace in Cambodia. He has also been nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize. Vora Kanthoul is an authority on contemporary Cambodian issues and an influential figure in the Cambodian American community. He is executive director of the United Cambodian Community and teaches comparative world cultures at Long Beach City College. He studied in France, Russia, and Taiwan, and earned a Cambodian law degree in Phnom Penh and a Master's degree in political science from Southern Illinois University at Carbondale. From 1973 to 1975 he served in the Cambodian Foreign Service. In 1983 he served as minister and counselor of Cambodia's permanent mission to the United Nations.\nHaing Ngor is among the most famous Cambodian Americans, best known for his Oscar-winning portrayal of the Cambodian interpreter and journalist Dith Pran in the film, The Killing Fields. Born in rural Cambodia, he worked his way through medical school and became an obstetrician and surgeon in Phnom Penh. After the Khmer Rouge takeover in 1975, his family was killed by their execution squads. He escaped to Thailand in 1979 and came to the United States in 1980. Aside from a successful acting career, he headed six organizations devoted to caring for Southeast Asian refugees and resettling them in the West. In 1996 he was murdered outside his home in Los Angeles, California.\nDith Pran, the subject of the film The Killing Fields, worked as an assistant and interpreter for New York Times correspondent Sydney Schanberg in Cambodia. When Pran's family escaped from Cambodia on the eve of the Khmer Rouge takeover in 1975, Pran stayed behind to help save Schanberg and other journalists from execution. While Western journalists were able to leave, Pran was trapped in Cambodia. In 1979 he escaped to Thailand, where he reunited with Sydney Schanberg. In the United States he has continued work as a photographer and journalist. His book of interviews with Khmer Rouge survivors entitled Children of Cambodia's Killing Fields: Memoirs by Survivors, was published in 1997.\nAngkor Borei News.\nCambodian community newspaper in English.\nContact: Mr. Diep Ly, Manager.\nAddress: 2565 East Chapman Avenue, Suite F, Fullerton, California 92631.\nTelephone: (714) 773-5519.\nSemi-annual journal that contains academic news of Thai, Laotian, and Cambodian studies.\nContact: Michael R. Rhum, Editor.\nAddress: Association for Asian Studies, Thailand-Laos-Cambodia Studies Group, Department of Anthropology, Northern Illinois University, Dekalb, Illinois 60115.\nTelephone: (815) 753-8577.\nNewsletter that discusses Buddhism and Cambodian culture and civilization. Text is primarily in Khmer but partly in English.\nAddress: Cambodian Buddhist Society, Inc., 13800 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20904.\nTelephone: (301) 622-6544.\nCambodian Americans have formed a wide variety of organizations during the short time they have been a part of American society. Most of these exist to help newly arrived Cambodians adjust to American society, but they also provide information about Cambodian American culture, business, and other aspects of Cambodian life in this country.\nArt of Apsara.\nEncourages the development and exhibition of contemporary Cambodian art. Runs a gallery in Long Beach, open to the general public.\nContact: Mon Duch, Director.\nAddress: Suite 105, 2338 East Anaheim, Long Beach, California 90804.\nTelephone: (310) 438-3932.\nServes Cambodian Americans in the Philadelphia area. Helps newly arrived Cambodians with problems in education and housing, assists in preserving Cambodian culture, acts as an advocate for the interests of Cambodian Americans.\nContact: Walter Chin, Director.\nAddress: 5412 North Fifth Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19121.\nTelephone: (215) 324-4070.\nServes Cambodian Americans in the Santa Ana area. Offers English language training to Cambodian refugees, provides help in finding employment, gives classes in health education and parenting skills. Also offers programs for Cambodian American youth, including a gang prevention program, after-school classes, and Cambodian language classes.\nContact: Rivka Hirsch, Director.\nAddress: 1111 East Wakeham Avenue, D, Santa Ana, California 92705.\nTelephone: (714) 542-2907.\nCambodian Network Council (CNC).\nThe primary national organization of Cambodians in the United States. This is an umbrella organization that seeks to facilitate communication among local Cambodian organizations, to help set up new local organizations, and to build coalitions. The CNC hosts an annual convention of Cambodian American associations. It also maintains a data bank of Cambodian American professionals and runs an international program sending volunteers to Cambodia to help in rebuilding the country.\nContact: Dr. Sam-Ang Sam.\nAddress: 713 D Street, Washington, D.C. 20036.\nTelephone: (202) 546-9144.\nFolsom Cordova School District.\nProvides educational materials, such as bilingual texts for Cambodian Americans.\nContact: Ms. Judy Lewis.\nAddress: 2460 Cordova Lane, Rancho Cordova, California 95670.\nTelephone: (916) 635-6815.\nNational Association for the Education and Advancement of Cambodian, Laotian, and Vietnamese Americans (NAFEA).\nSeeks to provide equal educational opportunities for and advance the rights of Indochinese Americans; encourage appreciation of Indochinese cultures, peoples, education, and language.\nContact: Ms. Ngoc Diep Nguyen, President.\nAddress: 1855 Mt. Prospect Road, Des Plaines, Illinois 60018.\nTelephone: (708) 803-3112.\nUnited Cambodian Council (UCC).\nThe largest Cambodian agency in the United States, the United Cambodian Council is located in Long Beach, the site of America's largest Cambodian community. Organized in 1977 by a group of Cambodian intellectuals to serve the needs of the Cambodians in Long Beach, the agency now helps anyone who needs its services. Although most of its clients are Southeast Asians, it assists low-income Americans of all ethnicities. In addition to the employment and language training generally offered by Cambodian service organizations, the UCC is a partner with St. Mary's Church in the Long Beach Southeast Asian Health Project, which provides a wide variety of health services and information.\nContact: Mr. Vora Kanthoul, Executive Director.\nAddress: 2338 East Anaheim, Suite 200, Long Beach, California 90804.\nTelephone: (310) 433-2490.\nIndochina Studies Program\nIntegral unit of Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California at Berkeley. Focuses on contemporary and historical Indochina, Vietnam, Cambodia (Kampuchea), and Laos.\nAddress: Institute of East Asian Studies, 2223 Fulton Street, Sixth Floor, Berkeley, California 94720.\nTelephone: (510) 642-2809.\nFax: (510) 643-7062.\nCambodian Culture Since 1975: Homeland and Exile, edited by May M. Ebihara, Carol A. Mortland, and Judy Ledgerwood. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1994.\nChandler, David P. A History of Cambodia. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. 1992.\nCriddle, Joan D., and Teeda Butt Mam. To Destroy You Is No Loss: The Odyssey of a Cambodian Family. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 1987.\nMay, Someth. Cambodian Witness: The Autobiography of Someth May, edited by James Fenton. New York: Random House, 1987.\nScott, Joanna C. Indochina's Refugees: Oral Histories from Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland and Company, 1989.\nSoutheast Asian-American Communities, edited by Kali Tal. Woodbridge, Connecticut: Viet Nam Generation, 1992.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Some massive hands are propping up Venice because climate change.\nArtist Lorenzo Quinn seeks to draw attention to human ingenuity — and the modern threat of climate change — with a giant statue unveiled this week, Mashable reports.\nThe hands, each weighing 5,000 pounds, are modeled on those of the artist’s 11-year-old son. They emerge from the Grand Canal to rest against one of Venice’s famous facades in a metaphorical gesture of support.\nOver the last 50 years, rising water and subsiding land have both taken a toll on the low-lying Unesco World Heritage Site. Now, climate change threatens to raise seas around the world to disastrous levels, threatening coastal and island communities everywhere.\nAccording to the artist’s press release, the hands “symbolize tools that can both destroy the world, but also have the capacity to save it.”\nLook, if any one place can tidily sum up the power of human ingenuity in the face of enormous challenges, it’s Venice: a city built over 1,000 years ago on what is more or less a pile of mud.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Help us find out more about these amazing insects.\nNot much is known about the species of butterfly and dragonfly found in Iraq. So, we are trying to collect more information by asking everyone to become scientists.\nTo join in all you have to do is take a photograph when you see a butterfly or a dragonfly and send them to us (firstname.lastname@example.org) or post them on Nature Iraq’s facebook page. Make sure you tell us where you saw it.\nYou will be able to see all the results on the map below.\nFind out more about these amazing insects and the big hunt by downloading our leaflet (on the right).\nThe Darwin team would like to thank David Chelmick, Steve Cham, and the Norfolk Wildlife Trust (UK) for their help sourcing images used in the leaflet.\n- IUCN Red list of the birds of Iraq\n- Annotated checklist of Iraqi birds part II\n- Annotated checklist of Iraqi birds part I\n- Provisional IUCN Red List of endemic plants of Iraq\n- Checklist of the flowering plants and ferns of Peramagroon\n- Leaflet 'butterflies and dragonflies in Iraq' (Arabic)\n- Leaflet 'butterflies and dragonflies in Iraq' (Kurdish)\n- Leaflet 'butterflies and dragonflies in Iraq' (English)", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "How your workplace can affect employees' mental wellbeing\nThe recognition and acceptance of mental health and wellbeing is gaining momentum through the workplace.\nCompanies are becoming more aware of how psychological factors, work or non-work related, can have a significant effect on an individual’s mental state in the workplace, productivity and engagement.\nCompanies have a duty of care to ensure a psychologically and physically safe working environment for their employees, but there is also a growing demand for more positive and supportive workplace cultures.\nResearch conducted by Instinct and Reason, on behalf of Beyond Blue, found that “three-quarters of Australian employees say a mentally healthy workplace is important when looking for a job.”\nUnderstanding psychosocial hazards in the workplace\nIn order to create a mentally healthy work environment, you need to know and address any potential psychological risks. Safe Work Australia refers to these as psychosocial hazards – mental and emotional stressors created when an employee doesn’t feel they have the ability or resources to cope with their job demands.\nPeople with existing mental health conditions are not the only ones who are exposed to psychosocial hazards nor are they the only ones who respond to them. Psychosocial hazards affect anyone in an organisation.\nThey may be always present due to the nature of the job or work environment or they may occur from an event. Some employees may even be exposed to a combination of them.\nAs people react differently in certain situations, the susceptibility of exposure and harm can be very subjective and must be treated with great care and sensitivity.\nFrom CEOs to graduates, everyone has the right to come to a positive work environment and feel they can express their views, concerns or hardships in a confidential and supportive manner.\nIgnoring psychosocial hazards can have detrimental effects\nIf not addressed and identified properly, exposure to psychosocial hazards can lead to work-related stress, unplanned absences, staff turnover, poor work or poor product quality, and even long-term depression and anxiety.\nSafe Work Australia highlights that each year 7,200 Australians are compensated for work-related mental health conditions, and approximately $543 million is paid in workers’ compensation for work-related mental health conditions.\nBetween 2010-11 and 2014-15, 91% of worker’s compensation claims involving a mental health condition were connected to work-related stress or mental stress. The top three causes were work pressure, work-related harassment and/or bullying and exposure to violence.\nAchieving mental wellness takes an integrated approach\nAs mentioned in our previous article Mental wellness in the workplace identifying, managing and controlling psychosocial hazards can be done through the risk management process and incorporated into existing WHS/OHS procedures.\nTo truly sustain a mentally healthy workplace, however, takes an integrated and collaborative approach from people across all levels of an organisation.\nCompanies should implement mental health and wellbeing strategies and policies that are endorsed and promoted by senior management. It is important for leaders to commit to mental wellness initiatives and education, and even be good role models demonstrating their own healthy work habits and self-care.\nIt is also important for managers and supervisors to be effectively trained in discussing mental health and wellbeing with employees, and how to look out for, approach and support employees who may be struggling with work or non-work related stressors.\nThe key attributes of a mentally healthy workplace\nHeads Up outlines some key attributes of a mentally healthy workplace:\n- Prioritise mental health across all levels of employees\n- Build a trusting, fair and respectful culture\n- Demonstrate a commitment and shared purpose from leadership\n- Match roles to employees’ skills and abilities\n- Set reasonable workloads and timelines\n- Encourage skills and career development\n- Encourage work/life balance\n- Be responsive and supportive to employees with mental health conditions\nNot only can these practices and strategies help create a more positive workplace culture and reduce employee exposure to psychological risk, they can also assist those with existing mental health conditions feel more supported and accepted in the workplace.\nTips to keep you mentally well at work\nIf your organisation is still working on an effective mental health and wellbeing strategy or mental wellness is not a priority, there are still ways that you can contribute to a mentally healthy work environment.\n- Increase your own knowledge, and your staff’s knowledge, about mental health and the support services available\n- Educate yourself on how to effectively identify and support any team member who is struggling with their mental health\n- Find out the most appropriate ways to have open and honest discussions with team members on mental wellbeing\n- Lead by example – take regular breaks, leave on time and take care of yourself\n- Take care of your health, both physical and mental\n- Be aware of the signs and symptoms of work-related stress and mental health conditions and ask for support if needed\n- Know what your legal rights are regarding mental health conditions in the workplace\n- Provide support to colleagues especially if they don’t seem themselves\n- Encourage your company to be proactive about mental wellbeing\nPsychosocial hazards: causes & solutions\nBelow is a table of the common psychosocial hazards in the workplace as outlined by Safe Work Australia, and some possible causes and solutions.\nClick here to download this table as a PDF to share with your managers and team members.\nClick here to download a table of the common psychosocial hazards in the workplace as outlined by Safe Work Australia, and some possible causes and solutions.\n|High job demands\nJobs that require continual high physical, mental or emotional effort\n- Long work hours\n- High workload\n- Fast paced work or significant time pressure\n- Long periods of alertness for irregular events (e.g. air traffic controllers)\n- Shift work\n- Monitor employee workloads\n- Where possible, allow employees to self-manage their workloads\n- Encourage employees to talk to their manager if they have any workload pressures\n- Make sure workloads and tasks match employees’ abilities and experience\n- Avoid letting employees move from one demanding project straight to another\n|Low job demands\nJobs that require low physical, mental or emotional effort\n- Little work to do\n- Repetitive work\n- Encourage employees to talk to their managers if they feel they don’t have enough work to do\n- Allow employees to explore internal positions they might feel better qualified for\n|Low job control\nJobs where the employee has little control over of how and when a job is done\n- Machine or computer-paced work\n- Tightly managed work\n- Employees not involved in decisions affecting them or their clients\n- Where possible, let employees set work-related goals, have a say in how their work is organised and when their breaks are taken\n- Involve employees in the allocation of tasks and the establishment of objectives, timeframes and resources\n- Communicate decisions with employees that might affect them in advance\nJobs or tasks where workers have little to no practical or emotional support\n- Little to no inclusion or empathy from managers or co-workers for work or personal struggles\n- No leave given for urgent personal matters or appointments\n- Provided inadequate training and information to perform their job and tasks\n- Provided inadequate tools and resources to complete tasks on time\n- Provide opportunities, such as an employment assistance program, where employees can express their work concerns or personal issues\n- Create a culture that encourages teamwork and collaboration, and discourages gossip\n- Management should be approachable, visible in the workplace with an open-door policy\n- Offer opportunities for training and mentoring to develop and enhance skill sets\n- Provide flexible working arrangements and approve leave for personal matters\n|Poor workplace relationships\nJobs where employees are physically or emotionally hurt, treated unfairly or work in a toxic company culture\n- Workplace bullying, aggression or harassment, discrimination or unreasonable behaviour\n- Poor relationships and/or conflict between an employee and their manager, supervisor or co-worker\n- Lack of fairness and equity in the handling of organisational issues\n- Poorly managed performance issues\n- Treat all employees equally and allocate work responsibilities fairly\n- Have clear and consistent procedures for dealing with complaints and inappropriate behaviour in a timely and confidential manner\n- Ensure all employees have equal opportunity to respond to any allegations regarding issues of misconduct\n- Make employees aware of other avenues to raise their concerns, like union representatives\n|Low role clarity\nJobs where there is confusion or changes to the role\n- Uncertainty about, or frequent changes to, tasks and work standards\n- Important task information not available\n- Being told conflicting expectations from different managers\n- Make sure all employees have clear, adequately detailed and up-to-date job descriptions that clarify responsibilities and expectations\n- Provide employee inductions and suitable training for each role\n- Avoid giving roles that may cause conflict between an employee’s personal beliefs and professional demands\n- Have clear reporting lines and avoid having employees reporting to more than one manager\n|Poor organisational change management\nWorkplaces affected by major changes\n- Lack of consideration of potential WHS/OHS issues and performance impacts during downsizing, relocation or introduction of new technology or procedures\n- Lack of consultation, communication and support between key stakeholders and staff during transition times\n- Inform and prepare staff in advance of any proposed major changes to their work environment, duties or responsibilities\n- Provide adequate training and support before, during and after times of change\n- Be honest and transparent in communications with staff, particularly regarding factors affecting the organisation such as re-structure or merger with another organisation\n- Have strategies to support those who will lose their jobs and those who may feel insecure about their job future\n|Low recognition and reward\nJobs where employee satisfaction or advancement is ignored\n- Lack of positive feedback and informal recognition or reward\n- No opportunity for skill development or career advancement\n- Skills and experience are not used adequately\n- Set realistic and agreed goals and deadlines, and provide the support and resources to achieve them\n- Acknowledge and reward individual and team achievements, and celebrate organisational accomplishments and milestones\n- Provide opportunities for learning, personal development and career advancement\n- Provide positive and constructive advice in performance reviews and focus on skill development rather than failings\n|Poor organisational justice\nUnfair and biased work culture\n- Policy and procedures are not followed consistently\n- Unfairness or bias in decisions regarding who performs certain tasks or receives certain resources\n- Poor management of those who are under-performing\n- Recruit employees based on merit, person-job fit and competence, and promote employees based on performance\n- Have a fair and transparent process for awarding salary increases and bonuses\n- Engage employees in the development of policies and procedures that will affect them\n|Poor environmental conditions\nJobs where there is exposure to poor quality or hazardous work environments\n- Hazardous manual tasks\n- Working near unsafe machinery\n- Environmental factors such as poor air quality, high noise levels or extreme temperatures\n- Ensure appropriate controls are implemented to reduce risks and ensure the safety of employees working on hazardous tasks\n- Where possible, make sure work areas have enough lighting, are well-ventilated and are at a comfortable temperature\n- For any work processes that release harmful substances, have controls in place to extract the substance at the source\n|Remote & isolated work\nJobs where the work location is far from others, or where the employee is working alone or with a few other people\n- Resources, communication and emergency assistance are difficult to access\n- Travel times may be long\n- Access to help from others may be difficult\n- Job examples are farmers, real estate agents, nurses who conduct night visits, night shift workers for petrol stations or convenience stores and fly-in fly-out workers\n- Make sure you are in regular communication with the employees\n- Ensure employees have means of communication for emergencies\n- Make sure employees have access to clean, safe and well-functioning facilities\n- Manage fatigue particularly for those frequently travelling\n- Where possible, give employees the option to reside in local communities\n|Violent or traumatic events\nA workplace incident where the employee has been exposed to or threatened with abuse or harm that has caused fear or distress\n- Employees who have been robbed, assaulted, bitten, spat on, scratched, kicked or threatened with a weapon\n- Job examples where this occurs regularly are first responders, disaster and emergency service workers and defence personnel\n- Prepare workers, particularly police and emergency services roles, for the types of situations they may be exposed to\n- Provide information, guidance and training on the impact of these potentially traumatic situations and how to respond to them with confidence and resilience\n- Train leaders to have the confidence and skills to identify, and consult with, individuals who may be struggling\n- Implement processes to monitor exposure to trauma, and consider screening employees for post-traumatic stress disorder and other mental health difficulties\n- Create a culture that removes any stigma towards mental health difficulties\n|Secondary or vicarious trauma\nThose who have witnessed a fatality or investigated an injury or fatality\n- Employees who repeatedly listen to individuals’ detailed descriptions of traumatic and painful events\n- Job examples of where this occurs are child protection workers, lawyers, police officers, journalists, custom officers", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "The job of a Nurse involves assisting patients, maintaining medical records and implementing nursing care. Nurses can specialize in a particular field after certification and may be called nurse practitioners, certified registered nurse anesthetists, certified nurse midwives, or clinical nurse specialists. Each type of nurse has a specific set of responsibilities.\nEducation/Experience Requirements A successful candidate must possess a certificate from a three-year nursing program or a bachelor’s degree in nursing. All three- to five-year programs include practical experience, scientific training and liberal arts courses. All nurses with a bachelor’s degree must obtain RN licensure from their respective states. Those who wish to become advanced-practice nurses must obtain a master’s degree in nursing (MSN).\nSkills Effective written and verbal communication skills, interpersonal skills, excellent reading comprehension, good logistic reasoning and analytical skills, and the ability to tell whether something is wrong or might go wrong.\nSpecific work elements Depends largely on the type of education he/she obtained. Registered nurses (RN) work directly with patients and perform tasks such as patient evaluation, monitoring of IV placement and vital signs, administering medication and other day-to-day nursing care. Nurse practitioners perform tasks related to care giving, while head nurses or nurse supervisors handle the supervision of nursing activities in various settings. Licensed practical nurses (LPNs) provide patient care personally with minor problems, such as dressing wounds, treating bedsores, administering medications or starting IV fluids. Other types of nurses exist, such as home health nurses, nursing home nurses and nursing aides, among others.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Zircon U/Pb, feldspar common Pb, whole-rock Sm/Nd, and Rb/Sr data indicate that the fine-grained granodiorite (Z103) has yielded conclusive evidence for rocks of early Proterozoic age in the eastern Arabian Shield (21o19' N, 44o50' W). Z103 may have been emplaced approx 1630 m.y. ago and subsequently was severely deformed or perhaps even remobilized at approx 660 m.y. Furthermore, lead isotope data, along with other evidence, show that the 1630 m.y. crustal rocks inherited material from an older, probably Archaean, source at the time of their formation. At that time addition of mantle material considerably modified the Rb-Sr and Sm-Nd systems so that they now yield similar, or only slightly older apparent ages (1600-1800 m.y.).-L.diH.\nAdditional publication details\nGeochronological and isotopic evidence for early Proterozoic crust in the eastern Arabian Shield.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "For too long, too many in our country have turned a blind eye to racism in the hopes that it will simply go away.\nWe cannot continue to ignore this problem.\nRacism is not just a person of color issue. It is everyone’s issue, which makes it everyone’s responsibility to actively work against it—today and every day.\nThough we can’t be together, we challenge all members of the TCNJ community to confront and address racism and hate in your own community, the nation, and the world.\nWe challenge you to find opportunities to share in our common humanity, and treat each other with dignity and respect. These are just a few of the qualities that reflect the values of our strong TCNJ community. We demonstrate these values as a constant reminder that George Floyd’s life and all black lives matter.\nIn solidarity and with commitment,\nKathryn A. Foster\nJames A. Felton III\nVice President for Equity and Inclusion\nFaculty & Staff of The Department of Art & Art History", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Learn and Play Out – How to develop your Primary School's outside space\nDo your children know how to grow potatoes, where to see a dragon-fly or how to fire a rocket?\nAre you one of the 82% of teachers who thinks their school isn’t making as much use of their grounds as they should?\nDo you know how to make the most of your outdoor teaching and learning spaces?\nLearn and Play Out is an inspirational, accessible and pragmatic set of resources for making changes to Primary school playgrounds in order to provide high quality learning and play experiences. Drawing on Learning through Landscapes’ experience in working with thousands of primary schools, it provides practical support to improve the use, design and management of your outdoor area.\nMore schools are seeing the benefits of their pupils spending longer periods of their school day outside, with research showing that this improves attainment, behaviour, motivation and self-esteem. For many schools however, the environment of their grounds does not meet the needs of their pupils. This toolkit helps them assess what they already have, work through what their needs are, and inspires them to take the next steps forward to make physical and practical improvements to their grounds.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "The online portal \"Copernico. History and Cultural Heritage in Eastern Europe\" is calling for submissions for the new topic in focus \"Jewish Life in Eastern Europe – Past and Present\".\nJewish Life in Eastern Europe in the Past and Present\nOn November 22, 1924, Joseph Roth published a feature on Lemberg (L'viv, Lwów, L'vov) in the Frankfurter Zeitung. In it, he describes multilingual Lemberg, often called the \"city of blurred borders,\" where Jews were as much at home as Poles and Ukrainians. While this image is not free of nostalgic transfiguration, given the bloody battles between the Polish and Ukrainian populations and the November pogrom after the end of World War I, the reportage rightly emphasizes the strong presence of Jewish life in eastern Europe before the Holocaust: \"Near the theater that demarcates the street at the lower end, people speak Yiddish. They always spoke that way in this area. They will probably never speak any other way.\"\nAs in Lviv, Jews were one of the largest populations in many places in Eastern Europe from the Middle Ages onward, shaping culture and education, politics and the economy. Their presence was also reflected in the cityscape, particularly in the form of the shtetl, but also in the existence of individual buildings, building complexes or streets with specifically 'Jewish' connotations.\nThe violent conflicts of the 20th century, the Holocaust against the European Jews, ethnic cleansing and forced population displacements almost erased the coexistence of different languages and religions that was once so characteristic of the whole of Eastern Europe. After 1945, there were tentative attempts by some Jewish survivors to re-establish Jewish life in their former places of residence. This was quite often ignored, openly rejected or dismissed by non-Jewish society as a mere transitional stage before emigration.\nThe Call for Papers asks for contributions dealing with the history of Jewish cultural heritage in Eastern Europe. Well-known phenomena in the history of religion and culture, such as the Jewish Enlightenment or Zionism, can be put into perspective, as well as lesser-known facets of everyday life or economic history. The following aspects would also be conceivable foci:\n- Shtetls and metropolises: Jewish spaces\n- Landscapes of memory and “lost places”\n- “Divided” history: coexistence and encounters between Jews and non-Jews\n- Jewish personalities and institutions\n- Spiritual-religious life\n- Everyday culture and family\n- Exclusion and persecution\n- Object histories: Judaica in space and time\n- Difficult new beginnings: New Jewish life after 1945\nGuidelines and formats\nProposals may cover a wide variety of formats and content, ranging from low-threshold introductory formats to in-depth background articles on specific issues. The maximum text length is 12,000 characters including spaces. Other text forms, for example for the introduction of historical personalities, for object stories or for selected historical sources can also be significantly shorter (4,000-6,000 characters).\nContributions longer than 10,000 characters are published in parallel on the Herder Institute's publication server and assigned a DOI. In addition, all contributions in the portal have a citation recommendation, permalinks and license reference. All contributions are published bilingually and translated into English (if required, contributions can also be submitted in English and translated into German). For each entry, at least one attractive, high-resolution illustration with caption and rights clearance is required. The submitted contributions will be proofread within the framework of an internal review process. All authors retain the rights to use their own texts. Further instructions for contributors, illustrations and keywords are available on the portal itself and on request at firstname.lastname@example.org.\nThe rules of good scientific practice apply.\nDeadline and dates\nPlease send an abstract of max. 300 words with a short description of your planned contribution to email@example.com by 31 May, 2022. You will receive feedback by 30 June 2022, indicating whether your contribution has been accepted for the thematic focus. The deadline for the submission of finished contributions is 1 October, 2022.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Serman Nikolaus and Tomico Selviana\nTypes of food processed by soybeans consumed by the people of East Nusa Tenggara Province, including the people of South Central Timor Regency, are tempeh and tofu. Raw materials produced by fabrics operated in East Nusa Tenggara Province are mostly requested from outside the Province of East Nusa Tenggara, such as from Java, Bali and West Nusa Tenggara, even from outside Indonesia, namely from the United States. This problem is supportive as an irony because it requires the natural resources of East Nusa Tenggara to support the cultivation of potential plants. The objectives of this research are: (1) to study the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and challenges of crop farming transferred by farmers in the study area, and (2) to support the strategies used to develop agricultural crops in the area. Research results obtained include (1) the strength of agricultural crops developed by farmers in South Amanatun; (2) weakness of soybean farming in the study area; (3) opportunities for agricultural food crops in the study area are high; and (4) threats made by farmers in soybean farming in the study area. Based on Mosher’s strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats, and theories in the development of agriculture above, the strategy was applied to develop soybean farming in the study area.\nKeywords: development of soybean agriculture, soybean farming, strategy soybean farming\nFull Text: PDF", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "In 1947, ETS's founders envisioned an organization devoted to educational research and assessment that could make fundamental contributions to the progress of education in the United States.\nIn K–12 assessment, recent innovations in both formative and summative assessments have been studied in the CBAL™ (Cognitively Based Assessments of, for, and as Learning) initiative with several states.\nPolicy Information Center Reports\nETS provides policy and research publications for students, parents, educators, researchers and policymakers.\nFault Lines in Our Democracy: Civic Knowledge, Voting Behavior, and Civic Engagement in the United States\nThis report shows that weak civic knowledge among young people is linked to less voting, less volunteering and greater distrust in government. This report calls for sustained efforts on the part of parents, the public, the educational system, and local and national leaders to address these fault lines in our democracy that threaten our nation's civic well-being.\nETS Research Spotlight (Issue 6): CBAL™ Results from Piloting Innovative K–12 Assessments\nThe sixth issue of ETS Research Spotlight focuses on a report highlighting our long-term Research & Development initiative — Cognitively Based Assessment of, for, and as Learning (CBAL)\nState Pre-K Assessment Policies: Issues and Status\nThis report identifies and describes state-funded Pre-K assessment policies and programs operating in 2012 and discusses the special challenges related to assessing young children.\nThe Mission of the High School: A New Consensus of the Purposes of Public Education?\nThis report provides a perspective on a variety of issues that need to be addressed as the mission of the high school is being transformed to prepare all students for college and careers.\nETS Policy Notes — The Family: America's Smallest School\nThis issue of ETS Policy Notes provides highlights from the \"Addressing Achievement Gaps\" symposium held in Washington, D.C., on October 18, 2010.\nETS Policy Notes — A Look Inside the Fourth-Grade Reading Classroom\nThis issue of ETS Policy Notes provides an interesting and informative overview of some of the data collected for the 2009 National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) reading assessment at the fourth-grade level.\nETS Policy Notes — After the Bell Rings: Learning Outside of the Classroom and Its Relationship to Student Academic Achievement\nThis issue of ETS Policy Notes provides highlights from the \"Addressing Achievement Gaps\" symposium held in Washington, D.C. on October 5 and 6, 2009.\nThis publication from ETS's Research & Development team presents research in nontechnical language for educators and administrators.\nEach issue highlights a particular area of research relevant to K–12 educators and discusses how it affects the field of education and offers possible real-world applications.\nSome of our topics are:\n- Why Bother with Research When We Have Common Sense?\nby B. Bridgeman\nR&D Connections No. 20\n- Formative Assessment – Supporting Students' Learning\nby C. Wylie & C. Lyon\nR&D Connections No. 19\n- Dropping Out of High School: Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Remediation Strategies\nby J. Burrus & R. D. Roberts\nR&D Connections No. 18\n- Setting Standards on The Praxis Series® Tests: A Multistate Approach\nby R. J. Tannenbaum\nR&D Connections No. 17\n- Why Do Standardized Testing Programs Report Scaled Scores?\nby X. Tan & R. Michel\nR&D Connections No. 16\n- Can Speech Technology Improve Assessment and Learning?\nby I. I. Bejar\nR&D Connections No. 15\n- The Case for a Comprehensive, Four-Skills Assessment of English-Language Proficiency\nby D. E. Powers\nR&D Connections No. 14\n- Constructed-Response Scoring — Doing it Right\nby C. A. McClellan\nR&D Connections No. 13\n- Leveling the Field on Math and Science Tests for Students with Learning Disabilities\nby E. Stone and L. Cook\nR&D Connections No. 12\n- Constructed-Response Test Questions: Why We Use Them; How We Score Them\nby S. A. Livingston\nR&D Connections No. 11\n- Measuring Learning Outcomes in Higher Education\nby O. L. Liu\nR&D Connections No. 10\n- What Does It Mean to Repurpose a Test?\nby C. Wendler and D. Powers\nR&D Connections No. 9\n- Ensuring Valid Content Tests for English-language Learners\nby J. W. Young\nR&D Connections No. 8\n- Standard Setting: What Is It? Why Is It Important?\nby I. I. Bejar\nR&D Connections No. 7\n- The Practice of Comparing Scores on Different Tests\nby N. J. Dorans\nR&D Connections No. 6\n- Is Test Score Reliability Necessary?\nby M. E. Walker\nR&D Connections No. 5\n- The Facts About Subscores\nby W. Monaghan\nR&D Connections No. 4\n- The Case for Noncognitive Assessments\nby P. Kyllonen\nR&D Connections No. 3\n- E-rater® as a Quality Control on Human Scores\nBy W. Monaghan and B. Bridgeman\nR&D Connections No. 2\n- Testing and Time Limits\nBy B. Bridgeman, A. McBride, and W. Monaghan\nR&D Connections No. 1\nETS works closely with states and the consortia to bring technological innovations to K–12 assessment.\nETS has assisted the NAEP program in introducing numerous psychometric and assessment design innovations over the years.\nExplore the big ideas in educational assessment. Sign up for K–12 Trends and Innovations, our new enewsletter at our ETS Email Preference Center.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "How the weather affects farmers in Morbihan\nThe weather conditions have always had a significant impact on local agriculture and the town of Baud is no exception. Local farmers face challenges related to climatic variations, whether it be excessive rainfall or prolonged drought. Find out in this article the impacts that weather conditions can have on agriculture in Baud, Morbihan.\nThe consequences of heavy rains on vegetable crops\nHeavy rains affect vegetable production in theWest of the FranceThis is particularly true in the Morbihan department. They cause many problems, particularly when the rainfall is too violent, vegetables lie on the ground and the flowers are damaged. The water can also gully and erode the soil on embankments and paths. In recent days, the average temperature has dropped with high humidity and low air pressure. The wind is blowing at around 10 km per hour with gusts, causing damage to crops weakened by the weather. To maintain stable production and ensure sustainable food supply despite the climatic challenges, local farmers need to find solutions.\nWhy is low sunlight harmful to plant growth?\nBecause the soil is soaked with water, the roots are saturated and the plants cannot absorb the nutrients they need for growth. In addition, the lack of sunlight or even cloud cover during this period limits photosynthesis (essential for vegetable growth). In other words, waterlogged soil and low sunlight is detrimental to the growth of plants, especially vegetables. To overcome this problem, several cultivation techniques are possible, such as pot cultivation, raised bed cultivation and hydroponics.\nHowever, it depends on the geographical location of each farmer. For example, it rains less in the north of Morbihan than in the south in the afternoon. Whereas around Baud, there is a cumulus of higher rainfall.\nThe impact of excessive sunlight on cereal crops\nWhen temperatures are too high, vegetables and fruit become weak and vulnerable. Since there is not enough water, the crops die and do not grow. Whether it is cloudy or sunny days, climatic hazards have a major impact on grain production. In the face of these challenges, farmers must be well prepared by following proper crop management techniques. They must refer to the weather conditions and find an effective solution adapted to the changing environment. At MorbihanRainfall is low and the year has summer marked by a severe drought. This had an impact on the quality of the crops. The covered sky has not summer sufficient to compensate for the lack of rain. Some farmers' production has fallen by up to 30 %.\nStay informed about the weather forecast\nAll the farmers should regularly monitor the weather forecast to act immediately in case of bad weather.\nWeather Lorient Morbihan France\nThis afternoon, the weather is very cloudy in Lorient. There is no precipitation and temperatures are between 15 and 17 °C. The wind from the west-southwest is fairly light at about 11 km/ h with gusts. Around 5pm, the sky is still cloudy.\nWeather in the sky Pontivy Morbihan France\nThis afternoon, the sky is very overcast in Pontivy. No precipitation and temperatures between 12 and 19°C. The weather for the next 15 days in Pontivy will be spread out with some sunny spells, showers and rain. During the next 15 days, the wind will blow at 18 km / H and the gusts will reach 35 km/h. Sunrise is at 07:00 and sunset is at 21:00.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Let's consider an extreme example to explain how this works: a financial institution wants to place six PostgreSQL nodes, one witness server, and a backup system. This would clearly be a silly design, as shown in the following diagram:\nThis places every node in a single location that could lose its connection to the internet, lose power, or suffer some other catastrophe that would render the entire database stack unusable or even destroyed.\nNow, let's apply the guidelines. First of all, we want to protect the backup; let's place that elsewhere, as seen in this following diagram:\nNow, one PostgreSQL server and the backup are ...", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Autism Spectrum Disorder Background\nAutism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs) are pervasive development disorders that are characterized by impairment in language and socialization as well as restricted and repetitive behaviors. According to the Centers for Disease Control, the prevalence among eight year olds is approximately 1%.\nThe CDC notes that the average age of diagnosis is 4.5 years, yet age of first concern is 19 months. Early diagnosis leads to early treatment – and early treatment is believed to yield better outcomes. Today, ASDs are diagnosed using a variety of assessments that combine direct patient observation and medical history. ASD diagnosis is often made by developmental pediatricians and other specialists after careful assessment using criteria spelled out in DSM-IV. In larger developmental medicine centers, children are often seen by a team of experts including developmental pediatricians, speech and hearing specialists, neurologists, psychologists, psychiatrists and occupational therapists.\nGene Expression Approach\nAltered RNA expression between ASD and normal individuals using RNA samples derived from peripheral blood was first proposed in 2006 by Valerie Hu. Using lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) established from peripheral blood leukocytes available through the Autism Genetic Resource Exchange (AGRE), Hu and her colleagues identified gene expression signatures that differentiate between ASD and normal twins, between affected and unaffected sibling pairs, and among individuals with different idiopathic ASD diagnoses and unaffected relatives. Similarly, Geschwind and colleagues showed shared and altered expression signatures from different forms of autism involving known chromosomal copy number imbalances using LCL RNA from the AGRE collection.\nIn gene expression studies using RNA derived from whole blood and natural killer (NK) cells isolated from whole blood, researchers at the Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (M.I.N.D.) Institute at UC Davis have demonstrated gene expression changes between normal and autistic children. Most recently, Kohane, Kunkel and colleagues from Children's Hospital Boston have undertaken a large gene expression study comprising 400 ASD cases and controls and have identified a signature that has robust classification accuracy.\nThese data suggest that differential expression of certain genes in blood cells may form the basis for an ASD biomarker. All studies conducted to date have been research studies to distinguish typical development from autism spectrum disorders.\nSynapDx is working to further investigate the ability of an RNA-based blood test to differentiate between patients referred for developmental concern to a specialty center. The goal is to successfully distinguish between patients with ASDs versus those with other developmental disorders using gene expression in a prospective clinical study. Additional research will be conducted before this test will become widely available.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Let’s get one thing straight: The seminal Swiss psychoanalyst Carl Jung was not an anti-Semite–no, sorry, Carl Jung was definitely an anti-Semite. Or—wait. Which is it?\nLet’s look at the facts.\nOne camp avows that Jung was a true-blue anti-Semite, and there’s plenty to back that up. In 1934, while in Germany, Jung published an article that included this statement: “The Aryan unconscious has a greater potential than the Jewish unconscious.” Though Jung said he maintained close friendships with German Jews throughout the 1930s, he appeared to not mind working for the Nazi-established Goring Institute of Psychology, as well as serving as president of the Nazi-dominated International General Society for Psychotherapy. “The Jew,” he once wrote, “…has never yet created a cultural form of his own and as far as we can see never will.”\nSounds pretty bad. At least until 1948, where Jung says the opposite: “I have never been a Nazi sympathizer and I never have been anti-Semitic…my friendly relations with a large group of Jewish colleagues…disproves the charge.”\nIn the (altered) words of Jung’s friend Sigmund Freud: “Sometimes an anti-Semite is just an anti-Semite.” So: Is he or isn’t he?", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Bromhidrosis: Symptoms, Causes, Types, Do's, Don'ts, Yoga, Ayurvedic Reference and Treatment : Complete Ayurveda Details\nBromhidrosis is one of the most common body odor related condition. It is foul smelling of body associated with sweat. Normally perspiration do not cause any foul odor. Sweat, when combines with bacteria on the skin, it may produce a bad odor. Bromhidrosis can be prevented or treated by adopting better hygienic measures as well as by the intake of Ayurvedic medicines. Even though primarily it may cause only perceptional difficulties, if left untreated, it may lead to many complications like skin allergies, erythema etc.\nBromhidrosis can be taken as “Dourgandhya” according to Ayurveda. It is a condition caused by the aggravation of Pitta dosha. Pitta dosha in turn is aggravated by the use of hot and slimy food items, excessive anger, hot weather conditions etc. Ayurveda teachers have mentioned various treatment measures which can reduce Pitta dosha and thereby get rid of the condition “Dourgandhya”.\nIAFA have also developed various medications to treat Bromhidrosis. Based on Ayurveda samhithas (classical textbooks), we have developed natural friendly soaps and shampoos which can help in improving this condition.\nCauses of Bromhidrosis - Dourgandhya\n- Non-hygienic lifestyle\n- Anomalies in the function of sweat glands\n- Other systemic diseases and\nAyurvedic reference of Bromhidrosis - Dourgandhya\nTypes of Bromhidrosis - Dourgandhya\nIt is mainly 2 types\n- Due to lifestyle\n- Due to errors in sweat gland function\nIn the body we have mainly 2 types of sweat glands. 1- Apocrine sweat glands and 2- Eccrine sweat glands.\nThe above mentioned types of sweat glands can lead to abnormal body odor, apocrine gland is predominantly responsible for bromhidrosis. Apocrine glands are located mainly under the arms as well as in the breast and groin areas. When apocrine gland releases sweat, it is colorless and odorless. Bacterias in the body break down dried sweat to give the foul smell and will lead to this condition. Eccrine glands are present all over the body and the same mechanism occurs when bacterias affects the released sweat from the eccrine glands.\nSymptoms of Bromhidrosis - Dourgandhya\n- Foul body odor\n- Excessive sweating\n- Sweating associated with itching\n- Discoloration in sweat\nDiagnosis of Bromhidrosis - Dourgandhya\nBromhidrosis is diagnosed on the basis of symptoms. It is easy to diagnose the condition based on the body odor.\nBromhidrosis, as mentioned earlier, is one of the commonest conditions occurring to the people living in hot weather environments. Foul body odor can lead to mental irritability as well as discomfort. The treatment aspects of the condition is based on severity. In some cases preventive measures itself are enough to get rid of the condition.\nBromhidrosis can be easily cured through numerous effective medicinal preparations developed by Institute of Applied Food Allergy®. IAFA is one of the most trustable and committed institutions in making the world a better place through its original and holistic approach. Dr. Gupta’s IAFA is providing very effective treatment for Bromhidrosis based on various research and studies.\nReach IAFA and get the real benefits!\n– Dr. Sahil Gupta (B.A.M.S., M.H.A.)\nAyurvedic Allergy Specialist\nCEO & Founder of IAFAⓇ\nDiet Management in Bromhidrosis - Dourgandhya\nDo's (Pathya) in Bromhidrosis\n- Maintaining hygiene\n- Food having room temperature ( not extremely hot or not extremely cold)\n- Hearing melodies\n- Spending time in nature\n- Doing Yoga\nDon'ts (Apathya) in Bromhidrosis\n- Unhygienic lifestyle\n- Anger and stress\n- Hot food items\n- Spicy foods\nYoga procedures for the management of Bromhidrosis - Dourgandhya\nThe expert physicians from IAFA have also discovered the utility of Yoga procedures in the ailments of Bromhidrosis. By doing Pranayama and asanas like\n- Padmasana and\n- Vajrasana on a daily basis, we can control Pitta as well as Sveda dushya which in turn benefits in this condition.\nAyurvedic Management of Bromhidrosis - Dourgandhya\nThe main treatment protocol for the alleviation of bromhidrosis condition is reduction of Pitta dosha as well as maintaining a healthy lifestyle. IAFA have also additionally developed numerous methods based on the knowledge provided by the Acharyas in samhithas like Ashtanga Hrudayam and Charaka Samhitha.\nThe treatment procedures includes\n- Purgation with milk and grape juice\n- Cleansing with Triphala\n- Applying Ksheerabala oil on head.\nAyurveda medicines for Bromhidrosis - Dourgandhya\n- Chandanadi taila\n- Yashti Triphala churna\n- Chandrakala rasa\n- Nisosheeradi kashaya\n- Saptamrit loha\n- Sarivadi vati\n- Padmakadi kashayam\nSingle medicinal herbs used for Bromhidrosis - Dourgandhya\n- Yashti (Glycyrrhiza glabra )\n- Amla (Emblica officinalis)\n- Hareetaki (Terminalia chebula)\n- Shloka No. 13, Chapter 11 Doshadivijnaniya, Ashtanga Hrudayam Sutrasthana by Acharaya Vagbhatacharya.\n- Shloka No. 26, Chapter 11 Dhoshadivijnaniya, Ashtanga Hrdayam Sutra Sthana by Vagbhatacharya.\n- Tripathi B, Charak Samhita, Chaukhambha Surbharati Academy Publication, Varanasi, edition – reprint 2009, p. 243.\n- Chunekar K, Bhavprakash Nighantu, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy Publication, Varanasi, edition – reprint 2009, p. 296.\nArticle Written By: Dr. Sahil Gupta (B.A.M.S., M.H.A.)", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Birds Take Backseat To Fish, Farms In The Klamath Basin\nDriving around Lower Klamath National Wildlife Refuge is like being on bird safari. Guides today are refuge manager Greg Austin and biologist John Vradenburg.\n“Starting to see the white-faced ibis,” says Austin, manager of the six preserves that make up the Klamath Basin National Wildlife Refuge Complex.\nAustin and Vradenburg look out of the dusty car window at ibis wading in the distance.\n“Yeah, this is the first time I’ve seen it today,” Vradenburg confirms.\nLower Klamath is a place of paradox. The wide-open landscape is a disconcerting contrast of wildness and impeccable human control. Gravel roads run along a grid of dikes separating wetlands from fields of wheat and barley. Irrigation channels, dams and water pumps crisscross the landscape.\nAustin stops at a massive expanse of marshy field.\n“That’s the first time we’ve had water on that in years,” he says.\nHis voice is tinged with sadness.\n“Ten years at least,” Vradenburg says, matching Austin’s rueful tone.\nThe refuge is functionally near the bottom of a long hierarchy of water users in the basin. And over the past few years, the refuge wetlands haven’t been wet at all.\nThe coots, plovers, willets, godwits, grebes, and gulls don’t know the history of this land. They only know there’s water right now.\nBut Vradenburg says by the end of July, the water in this field will likely be gone. So the refuge, which was set aside by President Theodore Roosevelt as a haven for waterfowl, is pumping the water away to force the birds to leave.\n“We can’t afford to have a whole bunch of areas that are going to attract a large number of birds in to nest, and then pull the bottom out from under them because the water’s not there,” Vradenburg explains.\nThis is the deep irony of Lower Klamath’s place in the basin. The natural systems that once kept the land wet have long been altered and now the refuge depends largely on water deliveries from the Bureau of Reclamation, the federal agency that controls the massive Klamath Basin irrigation project.\nAnd despite having enough snow and rain last winter to end the Western drought, the refuge was given no guarantee of getting any more water this year.\n“To know that you had this kind of water year, and the watershed is as wet as it is, and we may be still dealing with the same drought-like conditions that we’ve dealt with for the recent past history,” Vradenburg says. “I don’t know how we manage for that.”\nAbout 20 miles north of the refuge, Jim McCarthy of the environmental group WaterWatch walks along a trail by Upper Klamath Lake. The narrow inlet above the Link River Dam attracts several mid-morning fishermen.\n“How’s fishing?” McCarthy asks as he passes.\n“No bites yet. Still trying to catch one,” an angler responds. This is the main reservoir for the Klamath Basin.\nIt’s a large shallow lake featuring high temperatures, massive algae blooms and the occasional trophy redband trout.\nMcCarthy says the refuge has an early water right that should give it the same access to this water as the oldest farms here. But he says the Bureau of Reclamation isn’t honoring those rights.\n“If you have an agency coming in and using their power to deny legal water claims, that’s a very bad precedent,” he says. “That should set off alarm bells all across the West.”\nAt the very least, McCarthy says the bureau should extend the same courtesy to the refuge that it extends to farmers on the project. Each spring, the Bureau of Reclamation gives water delivery estimates to farmers based on winter precipitation levels.\n“The bureau makes a big deal—and I think it’s totally appropriate—how they want to provide water certainty to the irrigators so they can plan their crops and plan their year and do what they need to do and make a living,” he says.\nThe bureau hasn’t given any kind of certainty to the refuges since 2013.\n“(That’s) what allows the refuge to exist and fulfill its purposes: if it knows what water it’s receiving and the plans that they can make to provide breeding habitat and other kinds of habitat for birds.”\nEvidence of the simmering tension over water bubbles up frequently in the Klamath Basin. You can ask about anything, “as long as you don’t talk about water or fish or wildlife or wetlands. But everything else you can talk about,” joked one federal employee.\nAt the Bureau of Reclamation office near Klamath Falls, this sentiment is a bit more subtle—and comes in the form of locked entries, barricades and fences (some of these measures, no-doubt, were post 9-11 security upgrades).\nThe building is squat and not aging very gracefully. It’s surrounded by modular outbuildings that resemble trailers. Yet this is a seat of power.\n“We’re the ones that open and close the faucet so we do get characterized as the agency or entity that rules the water in the Klamath,” says Jason Cameron, deputy area manager for the bureau’s Klamath Basin office.\nBut Cameron says the bureau is only following the law.\nLower Klamath does have an early water right that gives them the same legal entitlement to water as the oldest farms on the Klamath Irrigation Project. The problem is physical access.\n“If you do not have direct access to the source of water, then the water right holder together with the (land)owners (in) between … need to work closely together. Because the water right does not give the right to trespass over somebody else’s property,” says Tom Paul, special assistant to the director of the Oregon Water Resources Department, the state agency that manages water rights.\nIrrigators on the Klamath Project have contracts that give them a priority for water delivery—this aligns closely with when the farmer and the land they use became part of the project.\n“In those contract and then the prioritization system, it’s pretty clear that we need to meet our contractual obligations prior to making water available to the wildlife refuge,” says Reclamation’s Cameron.\nAt this point, the refuge doesn’t have a formal agreement with the Bureau of Reclamation to use project infrastructure to receive water. And without a contract-like arrangement, the refuges are out of luck.\nFish Over Birds\nPerhaps a more immediate legal hurdle for the refuges getting water, somewhat ironically, is the Endangered Species Act. Three fish in the Klamath Basin—two species of sucker fish and the Klamath River coho salmon—are protected species under the law.\n“In years past, prior to Endangered Species Act requirements on the project, there was ample water available for the refuge,” says Reclamation Deputy Director Cameron.\nThe latest round of requirements came in the form of a 2013 report by two federal agencies assessing the Klamath project’s impact on imperiled fish and their habitat. This biological opinion by the Fish and Wildlife Service and the National Marine Fisheries Service serves as an instruction manual of sorts for protecting these fish.\nCameron says because of that document, the bureau doesn’t have any discretion on how much water the refuges can receive.\n“In a nutshell, the 2013 biological opinion accounts for all of the water in the system. And clearly articulate how much water can go when and where,” he says.\nThe opinion cuts off the water completely to the refuges from March through the end of May. And then it says the refuges will only get water in the summer if the fish have enough and the project’s farmers get everything they need. And in fact, this latest version of has been even more onerous in terms of water for the refuges.\n“The biological opinions previously didn’t specify what you could or couldn’t deliver to the refuges, where in the current biological opinion it does,” Cameron says.\nReclamation won’t know with certainty if there’s going to be water left until later in the season, although Lower Klamath started receiving some water in July.\nSo who gets the water in the Klamath Basin? First fish, then farms and then, if they’re lucky… the birds.\nRon Cole retired as Klamath Refuge Manager in 2014, a year after Reclamation stopped budgeting water for Lower Klamath.\n“As a manager, I had no problem with the refuge giving up water to help endangered fish. But that’s been going on for a long time now, and we haven’t seen any real change in the fish population,” he says.\nWhat has changed are the refuges. Nesting waterfowl, nesting shorebirds, migratory shorebirds, the number of birds, the number of waterfowl that migrate through the basin, have declined. Cole says there are species that once used the refuges that are now gone.\n“They’re not endangered so no one’s worried about that,” he says.\nCole says a complex history and politics brought us to this moment.\n“You want to keep the Endangered Species Act working and helping fish. You want to keep the economy of the basin functioning as best you can. If someone was going to have to give something up, there’s just not enough support to keep water on the refuge.”\nMaking It Flow\nAs intractable as the refuges’ water situation is, there are ideas for getting the water to flow once again for the birds.\nSome involved look to the past, and the possibility of an agreement like the Klamath Basin Restoration Agreement. This was a long-negotiated water agreement, full of compromise and promise. It effectively died when Congress failed to pass legislation to fund the deal.\n“You look back on the old KBRA and it was groups getting together and compromising… knowing you’re not going to get everything you want but working together. I think as a community we’d be a lot better off with that,” says Austin, the current refuge manager.\nThe KBRA would have given the refuges some water certainty each year, as well as funneling more revenue made off farming on the refuges to pay for wildlife management.\n“We believe we need a balanced approach because, without that, we have to legally write the biological opinions,” Austin says\nLast year’s new agreement to remove four Klamath River dams called for a restart of KBRA-like negotiations. But as of yet no meetings between the interests in the basin are underway.\nAnother possible way forward has also recently emerged.\nBefore the change of administrations in January, Deputy Secretary of the Interior Mike Connor signed a memo saying Lower Klamath National Wildlife Refuge met the requirement to get the highest priority water delivery priority from the Bureau of Reclamation.\nIn June, a bi-partisan group of lawmakers from California and Oregon (including Democratic Sens. Ron Wyden and Jeff Merkley and Republican Rep. Greg Walden) drafted a letter to current Interior Secretary Ryan Zinke asking for a more reliable supply of water to the Klamath Refuges.\nThe letter specifically asks for the bureau to negotiate high-priority water delivery contract (it would technically be a memorandum of agreement) for the refuges.\nRefuge and Reclamation staff say they had a preliminary meeting in June to discuss a way forward.\nThe letter also requests that the up-coming revision of the biological opinion should include changes to water delivery restriction on the refuges because “the criteria under the current biological opinion are almost impossible to meet.”\nAnd this has never been more evident than this year: The entire Klamath Basin is lousy with water and Lower Klamath Refuge and the hundreds of species of birds that use it have been left with the liquid equivalent of scraps.\nWhat Happens To Birds When Wildlife Refuges Dry Up?\nAline of binoculars point upwards at a ridge on the edge of Tule Lake National Wildlife Refuge. There’s an owl’s nest in a small cave about 150 feet up, and Charlotte Kisling has her scope trained.\n“That’s a male barn owl in the scope,” she says to the group standing on the edge of the two-lane road.\n“How do you know?”\n“Females are tawny,” Kisling replies.\nShe knows a lot about birds and isn’t shy about sharing.\n“Oh, I thought it was winking.”\nIt takes a pregnant moment for this comedic bit to land, but Kevin Spencer gets some appreciative chuckles from his fellow birders.\nSpencer is leading this Klamath Audubon Society birding field trip through two of the Klamath National Wildlife Refuges straddling the Oregon-California border.\nHe doesn’t get a chance at an encore joke because another raptor comes on stage.\n“There’s a prairie falcon flying!” Kisling yells in excitement.\nThe group tracks the brown mottled bird and its mate swoop and dip along the ridge. The high-pitched cries bounce off a rock wall and out over the miles of open valley floor behind the group.\n“Look at this show. Just enjoy it,” she says, obviously doing so herself.\nPeople travel here from all over the world to visit the Klamath Refuges. It’s one of the best spots for birding in the United States. There are birding trails, birding festivals—an entire birding economy in the Klamath Basin.\nToday it’s a Southern Oregon crowd on the Audubon field trip, which is focusing not on raptors, but on shorebirds.\nKait White recently moved to Grants Pass from Georgia, and says she immediately heard recommendations to visit the refuges.\n“My species list—I write everything down—is so long compared to other places you go to see one specific species or one or two things. But not like this,” she says. “We must have seen like 45 species today, so pretty awesome.”\nAnd across the six preserves in the Klamath Basin National Wildlife Refuge Complex, there’s a place for every bird.\nSage grouse strut at Clear Lake.\nBald eagles roost at Bear Valley.\nWhite pelicans patrol Klamath Marsh.\nTerns summer at Tule Lake.\nRed-winged blackbirds hide at Upper Klamath.\nAnd their yellow-headed counterparts sing across the border in Lower.\nBut all this abundance could be deceptive.\nClosing The Windows\nStories go around the Klamath Basin about the birds and how many there used to be.\n“I talked to people that grew up here in the ’20s and ’30s,” says Ron Cole, former manager of the refuge complex.\nCole started at the refuges as a technician in the 1980s, left for a while, and then came back as manager in the early 2000s.\n“The classrooms in Tulelake during the fall migration, the white-fronted geese were so numerous that the teachers would have to close the windows so she could talk to the class,” he says. “Because it was so loud.”\nNow Cole says if you see a flock of white-fronted geese flying over the town of Tulelake in the fall, it’s a big deal.\nThat decline in birds is the story of the Klamath Refuges.\n“Historically, it was thought that these refuges here had the highest concentrations of waterfowl found anywhere in the world,” says Bob Hunter, with the environmental group WaterWatch.\nThe Klamath refuges are located in the heart of the Pacific Flyway—one of the major migratory bird routes in the world, stretching from the southern tip of South America to Alaska. And a majority of the waterfowl on the flyway come through the Klamath Basin.\n“This is the bottleneck right here. This is one of the few places where they can come where there are still wetlands available—a mix of wetland habitats that can provide a place for rest and re-nourishment on their migration both north and south in the spring and the fall,” Hunter said.\nBut populations here have plummeted over the past century, in part because of what humans have done to the landscape in the Klamath Basin. The estimated number of birds using the refuges have dropped from more than 7 million birds a year in the 1950s to closer to 1 million currently.\nBecause the birds migrate, problems in the basin likely aren’t the only reason. But the ecosystems here have been highly altered. Marsh connectivity has been lost and as much as 80 percent of the original wetlands in the basin have been drained; much of that area now used for agriculture.\nThe rate of habitat loss from development has slowed considerably. Recently though, the major issue in the basin has been lack of water. The water supply has been stretched thin—so thin that in an average water year, often there’s someone who won’t get the water they want. Even in good water years the refuges have no certainty they’ll get water.\nWithout this certainty, the ability of wildlife managers to plan for the season has been diminished, invasive plants are running rampant and disease has killed thousands of birds.\nConditions are changing on the refuges.\n“We’re turning into more of a spring and fall migration stopover,” says current refuge manager Greg Austin.\nAustin says the refuges haven’t been able to provide nesting habitat because they haven’t been able to keep water on the land.\n“Historically, you’d have water here in the summer—permanent wetland units—that you would get a lot of breeding birds. And we don’t have that anymore,” he says.\nProtecting Postage Stamps\nJohn Alexander of the Klamath Bird Observatory has seen this loss in his work.\nPaddling on the Upper Klamath Refuge canoe trail, he’s yelled at by birds perched on the reedy marsh and green linoleum swaths of lilypad called wocus.\n“We’ll just tuck up into this little channel and sit tight a little bit. And hope that some of our black terns show up,” Alexander says as the canoe pushes through the lilypads.\nThe first of this year’s terns should be arriving any day. They’ll spend a couple weeks on the marsh pairing off and then they’ll build nests in the great sea of tules Upper Klamath is known for.\n“(Upper Klamath is) a postage stamp of what wetland habitats probably were in the West originally,” Alexander says.\nFor a decade, the observatory tracked migratory black terns that nest in and around Upper Klamath. What they found was alarming.\nWhile the terns’ numbers have remained relatively stable elsewhere, they declined here by 8 percent each year.\nAlexander says rising and falling bird populations could be used to help determine the health of these wetlands.\n“The consequences for society might not be as apparent as they could be,” he says, dipping his paddle into the calm, dark water.\n“All of this represents clean water downstream. And all of this represents healthier watersheds that hold more water in the long run in a climate change scenario.”\nFor Alexander, the immediate question is not whether there’s enough protected wetland habitat in the Klamath Basin, but…\n“Are we taking care of the postage stamp?”\nAnd The Answer Is...\nIt would be pretty difficult to find a person who knows the situation at the Klamath Basin National Wildlife Refuge Complex and would still answer that question “yes.”\nBob Sallinger, conservation director of the Audubon Society of Portland, definitely would not. Instead, he’d take things a step further and place at least some of the blame on the refuges themselves—specifically the people that manage them.\nAudubon is one of several groups suing the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service over a new Comprehensive Conservation Plan for managing the refuges. The plan was released early this year. The suit argues the refuges aren’t doing what they should be doing to protect the birds.\n“I would have hoped they would have seen this as a proactive opportunity to take a hard look at the (refuges) and figure out if what they’re doing makes sense. How it can be adjusted. And instead they double down on doing things exactly the way they previously did it,” Sallinger says.\nSallinger says the refuges’ primary mission is to manage for waterfowl—all waterfowl. But the new conservation plan only takes into account a select few species.\nJust Add Memories\nRetired refuge manager Cole is no fan of environmental groups’ legal challenges against the way the Klamath refuges are being operated. But he agrees with them on one thing. “This is something, that honestly, you just add water. It’s that simple. You just add water,” he says.\n“This is something, that honestly, you just add water. It’s that simple. You just add water,” he says.\nCole has another old story about the refuges. It goes like this:\nIt’s 12 o’clock in the afternoon.\nThe birds get up into the air.\nAnd you can’t see the sun because there are so many layers of birds in the sky.\nIt’s a powerful memory. But it’s not a memory of the young. Or the middle-aged. It’s a memory of only the oldest of the oldest remaining in the basin.\nAnd without that memory …\n“I worry that when people are looking out there now, [they think] this is good,” Cole says.\nBecause when the birds are migrating through the national wildlife refuges it is impressive.\n“But if they knew there was an opportunity to see many more birds, would it matter to them? Don’t know. Maybe it wouldn’t. Maybe seeing just a few is enough.”\nHow Farming Inside Wildlife Refuges Is Transforming Klamath Basin Agriculture\nRyan Hartman is driving from field to field in the Klamath Basin, giving what amounts to a masterclass on how to run logistics for 3,000 acres of farmland.\nHe troubleshoots equipment at one spot, sets planting depth drills on another a mile away, and farther on, shows a few of his 12 employees where to install an irrigation pipe.\n“It’s a pretty good job to have. You get to drive around in this every day … it’s pretty nice scenery,” he says of the big blue sky, the low brown mountains, the marshes and wide open fields outside his truck window.\nHartman has been farming for about eight years on land he leases inside the Tule Lake and Lower Klamath National Wildlife Refuges. He grows grain, alfalfa and potatoes.\nHartman pulls off onto a chocolate dirt road into a giant field. A low dike keeps water from a nearby lake off this farmland.\n“These are yellows,” he says, pointing to one part of the potato field. “And from that way up are chippers—a variety for Frito Lay.”\nA century ago, this land was under a massive lake that supported migratory birds. Now it supports potatoes and the people who grow them.\nHartman is one of them. But he’s also part of a new generation of farmers who are making agriculture more compatible with wildlife.\nThey’re adopting irrigation methods that provide habitat for waterfowl, help keep chemicals out of the wildlife refuges, and give growers a premium price for their crops. And they’re helping push the entire Klamath Basin toward a more sustainable agricultural system.\nRefuges Are For Farmers\nIf you drink organic Northwest beer, there’s a decent chance you’ve tasted barley from the Klamath Basin National Wildlife Refuges.\nGrain production on refuges is relatively common across the country, but the Klamath refuges are the only ones that also allow for row crops like potatoes, onions and horseradish.\nThese row crops are grown on Tule Lake refuge and no other because it is enshrined in federal law—1964 legislation called the Kuchel Act (pronounced Key-cull). The Kuchel Act was a compromise bill that stopped refuge land from being stripped away for homesteading, something that had slowly been happening since the land was set aside at the beginning of the 20th century. In return, the farming of grain and row crops was allowed to continue, as long as it supported “proper waterfowl management.”\nThe interpretation of this provision of the law has since been the subject of debate and litigation in the basin.\nCurrently about 40 percent, or 37,000 acres, of land on Lower Klamath and Tule Lake refuges are farmed. Around 10 percent of that land is in row crops.\nThe land is broken down into two separate programs; one involves farming on what are called co-op lands and the other affects growers on so-called lease lands.\nThe co-op farming is directly designed to provide food for waterfowl. No money exchanges hands. These growers can farm the land for free as long as they agree to leave at least a quarter of that grain standing at the end of the season.\n“The co-op fields we have full control over,” says Greg Austin, manager of the Klamath Refuges. The refuges award co-op contracts based on which farmer offers the best deal.\n“Annually what that best plan looks like changes based on what conditions are like,” says refuge biologist John Vradenburg. “What’s the refuge going to be most lacking in that year?”\nSometimes the refuge wants offers that will leave more grain standing. Sometimes it’s waterfowl habitat that gets prioritized. Sometimes other factors play into the decision.\nLease-land farming, by contrast, is more of an economic venture. It’s managed by the Bureau of Reclamation. Farmers bid on specific fields for five-year leases. Potatoes and onions grow here, but most of the land is in grain production. Farmers don’t have to leave any behind for birds.\nAll this has turned the Lower Klamath and Tule Lake National Wildlife Refuges into giant laboratories. They test ideas—both for the birds and for the farmers.\nOne of the most consequential experiments has involved crop irrigation on refuge land—a method that farmers call “flood fallow” and that the refuges have officially labeled as “walking wetlands.” It’s the program that Hartman is taking part in.\nThe aim is to improve the way agriculture supports habitat for waterfowl. The wildlife refuges have high-priority water rights. But their ability to channel water into wetlands is limited.\nThe refuges don’t have a formal agreement with the Bureau of Reclamation to deliver that water. And Endangered Species Act protections for imperiled fish in the Klamath Basin have kept water in streams that might otherwise reach the refuges.\nEven if those things changed, the highest-priority water rights owned by the refuges are earmarked for crop irrigation, not wildlife.\nSo wildlife managers figured out that if they could convince farmers to use their agricultural water to periodically flood their fields for extended periods of time, they could provide more habitat for waterfowl.\n“We have all these agricultural parcels spread throughout the refuge and they’re helping us bring the wetland conditions that have been lost,” Vradenburg says.\nThe Benefit For Farmers?\nFourth-generation Klamath Basin farmer Mark Staunton is among those who now flood their fields. When those fields are drained and put back into production, a year’s worth of bird poop and decomposing wetland plants cause crop fertility to skyrocket.\n“We’re all the sudden back to production that maybe my great-grandpa would have seen when he first started farming on the lake,” Staunton says.\nStaunton’s great-grandfather was one of the first homesteaders in the area. His uncle was the first to work with the wildlife refuges on field flooding about 15 years back.\nNot only are farmers finding that the standing water makes the land more fertile, they’re also discovering that it kills off weeds.\nSince this practice of flooding fields was first put to use, the program has taken off, triggering a transformation of farming on the refuge.\nThere’s another trend that’s changing agricultural practices in the Klamath Basin’s wildlife refuges: rising consumer demand for organic produce and grains.\nThe market has seen double-digit growth since the early 2000s and is currently valued at nearly $40 billion in the United States alone.\nIn the Klamath Basin, flood-fallow irrigation on the refuges has paved the way. On fields that are flooded for three growing seasons, farmers can immediately have their crops certified as organic—netting them higher prices than they’d get for conventionally grown crops.\nIn addition, when the Bureau of Reclamation drains fields that had been flooded, it can then offer them to farmers for organic production.\n“We believe we’re getting higher and increase bids on the lots that are available for organic,” says Mike Green, manager of the lease land program for the Bureau of Reclamation.\nRob Wilson at the University of California extension office in Tulelake says as growers are seeing success using this system, other farmers off-refuge are jumping on board.\n“We’ve seen a substantial increase in organic production. And we’re talking thousands of acres of wheat and small grains, barley, potatoes and many of the forages that are being grown,” Wilson says. “It’s becoming a substantial part of farming in the Klamath Basin.”\nStaunton is part of that trend.\n“About five years ago our farm was less than 15 percent organic to conventional, and now we’re about 50-50 if not a little bit more,” he says.\nAbout half of the farmland on the Klamath refuges is now either organic or flooded as a wetland. And overall fewer chemicals are being put on ground, which is better for the birds.\nBest Of An Awful Situation\nBob Hunter of the environmental group WaterWatch is not convinced.\n“Walking wetland system certainly has provided the refuge manager with a tool to make an awful situation a little better than it is,” Hunter says.\nIt will take far more than a change in the way crops are irrigated to satisfy Hunter and other critics of farming on wildlife refuges.\n“Tule Lake Refuge is really two polluted farm ponds and commercial farming,” Hunter says.\nWaterWatch is suing the refuge for not phasing out farming in its latest conservation plan. The suit says in examining the potential continued compatibility of agriculture on the refuges, managers only considered its effect on a small subset of waterfowl—the same waterfowl that are known to use agriculture for forage and habitat.\nHunter recommends a springtime drive through the refuge to dispel any notion that it’s a park for wildlife.\n“They have silhouettes of painted bald eagles out there to act as scarecrows to keep migrating geese off the fields,” he says. “So here you have a national wildlife refuge that is excluding birds so you won’t adversely impact farming.”\nThe refuge is attempting to rein in this practice in its new conservation plan. That’s drawn the ire of farmers. Some of them are suing over the conservation plan, saying there are changes to agriculture on the refuges that violate federal laws.\nAgain and again the situation at the Klamath refuges comes back to water.\nRon Larson is a retired biologist who worked for the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service in the Klamath Basin for 20 years.\n“Personally, I think it’s unfortunate that there’s farming on the refuge. But on the other hand, the fact that there is farming on the refuge does provide a guaranteed water supply, at least for Tule Lake” refuge, Larson says. “So it’s kind of a Catch-22 situation, but it is unfortunate.”\nEnvironmental groups say the refuges’ managers could do far more than encourage growers to irrigate crops in ways that benefit wildlife. Instead, they should take steps to ensure the refuges’ water rights are enforced to put more water directly into natural waterfowl habitat.\nThis is possible under Oregon water law. But the Oregon Water Resources Department says no changes can happen until after all water rights in the Klamath Basin have been certified. This adjudication process likely won’t be finalized for at least 10 years.\nHunter sees promise in changing the purpose of the refuges’ water rights to benefit wildlife. If the refuges truly care about the birds they’re supposed to be protecting, he says, the next great experiment will be phasing out farming altogether.\nJes Burns is the Southern Oregon reporter for EarthFix, an environmental journalism collaboration led by Oregon Public Broadcasting in partnership with six other public media stations in Oregon, Washington and Idaho.\nShe previously worked for the NPR affiliate KLCC in Eugene as a reporter and the local All Things Considered host. Jes has also worked as an editor and producer for Free Speech Radio News and has produced reports as a freelance producer for NPR, Sirius Radio's OutQ News and The Takeaway.\nJes has a degree in English literature from Duke University and a master's degree from the University of Oregon's School of Journalism and Communications.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Degenerative Disc Disease\nDegenerative Disc Disease (DDD)\nAlthough it’s a normal part of the aging process, degenerative disc disease can cause painful symptoms. Fortunately, there are minimally invasive treatment options that help provide relief and keep you active.\nWhat Is Degenerative Disc Disease (DDD)?\nDegenerative disc disease (DDD) is part of the natural process of growing older. As we age, our intervertebral discs lose their flexibility, elasticity, and shock absorbing characteristics. The outer fibers that surround the disc, called the annulus fibrosis, become brittle and are more easily torn. At the same time, the soft gel-like center of the disc, called the nucleus pulposus, starts to dry out and shrink. The combination of damage to the intervertebral discs, the development of bone spurs and the gradual thickening of the ligaments that support the spine can all contribute to degenerative arthritis of the lumbar spine.\nTo a certain degree, this process happens to everyone. However, not everyone who has degenerative changes in their lumbar spine has pain. Many people who have “normal” backs have MRIs that show disc herniations, degenerative changes, and narrowed spinal canals. Every patient is different, and it is important to realize that not everyone develops symptoms as a result of degenerative disc disease.\nWhat Are The Symptoms Of Degenerative Disc Disease?\nWhen degenerative disc disease becomes painful or symptomatic, it can cause several different symptoms due to the compression of the nerve roots. Depending on where your degenerative disc is located, it could cause:\n- Back pain\n- Radiating leg pain\n- Neck pain\n- Radiating arm pain\nThese symptoms are caused by the fact that worn out discs are a source of pain because they do not function as well as they once did, and as they shrink, the space available for the nerve roots also shrinks. As the discs between the intervertebral bodies start to wear out, the entire lumbar spine becomes less flexible. The result can be back pain and stiffness, especially towards the end of the day.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Taylor's Guide to Water Saving Gardens: Based on Taylor's Enclyclopedia of Gardening, by Norman Taylor (author) and Gordon P. DeWolf Jr. (Editor), paperback (good/very good condition)\nIn areas that experience frequent water shortages, gardeners need to find new and innovative ways to grow their gardens. This book provides the answers to such questions as, Which plants will thrive without much water? Different varieties of flowers, ground covers, shrubs, and trees are all discussed. Helpful gardening techniques are provided for the 260 plants featured, including effective irrigation and soil improvement. A sourcebook for gardeners with 324 color photographs.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "As you all know the nation has been implementing new standards called Common Core for public schools in science, English, reading comprehension and math. The ACT has also been changed slightly to more closely test students over standards set by Common Core. We at iLearn Academy are changing our curriculum as well to align ourselves to the new standards.\nI have been getting questions from parents and students alike as to why some units in certain classes have been changed or omitted. Please be cognizant of the new standards as they may explain changes in you iLearn Academy curricula.\nHere is a helpful place to start:\nThe ACT has just released 2015 data from students who took the ACT in 2015. The data is an interesting snapshot of American high school students and valuable insight for those of you who are preparing or are about to prepare for the ACT. Have a look...\nIt's always important to start building skills for success early, so whether you are a few years away from high school or starting off your first year, check out these 10 great skills to build for success!\n© iLearn Academy 2017", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "There are 7.7 million species of animals and birds present in the world. Animal Kingdom is highly diverse, ranging from larvae in puddles to blue whales in the seas. With such high diversity it is obvious that the world would be full of weird and surprising things that these animals adapt that help them survive.\nFollowing is the list of such things that are sure to amaze you.\n1. All Snails get pregnant!\nSnails are creatures without gender distinction. They have reproductive organs of both the sexes. After mating, both the parties conceive and lay eggs! If you want to sound intelligent, the technical term is “hermaphrodite”.\n2. Headstand before meals!\nFlamingos have to feed with their heads upside down! Feeding process of Flamingos begins at their feet. They stir up the bottom of the shallow water they’re standing in. Then they bend down and fill their beaks with a scoop of water. The water is pushed out and the food is retained, working like a filter! Since the flamingos have to use their beaks in upside down manner too, their beaks have evolved to have such a different shape than rest of the birds!\n3. Height of desperation!\nIf a female ferret goes out into the heat and fails at finding a male ferret, she’ll die! The reason behind this being heat increases levels of estrogen in her blood that causes bone marrow to dysfunction in its ability to make red blood cells and kill the poor ferret of anemia.\nBe careful and sure while stepping out girl!\n4. Dolphins can drown!\nDolphins are incapable of breathing underwater due to absence of gills. They have blowholes analogous to our nostrils and need to surface out for breathing. To prevent them from drowning while asleep, they sleep with their half brain awake which keeps them reminded that they need to swim to surface and breathe!\n5. Females are the vicious ones!\nOnly female mosquitoes bite and suck blood. The itching sensation we feel when a mosquito bites is due to the release of their saliva into our blood. The saliva is a mixture of anticoagulants that helps the mosquito to suck the blood smoothly. The innocent males survive on flower nectar. The blood is needed for production of eggs. Stuffs people do for having kids! 😛\n6. Your goldfish can get bleached!\nIf goldfish is kept in dull light, it’s colour fades away. It works in the similar way the phenomenon of sun tan works with us. Goldfish have chromatophores, pigments that change colour in response to light intensity. If kept in dark all the time, the chromatophores will not produce enough pigment to impart the lovely orange colour.\n7. So many teeth!\nSharks may grow as many as 24000 teeth in their lifetime! Sharks are highly rich in terms of teeth they possess. They can afford to lose teeth easily! Teeth are generally shed out while attacking the prey. Their teeth losing rate is as high as a tooth every week at least.\n8. Lighter than feathers!\nMost of the birds like pigeons have light hollow skeletons. The light weight body is a major aspect that contributes to their flying capability. As a matter of fact, their bones are so light that their feathers weigh more than their bones!\n9. How Romantic!\nSea otters are cute furry little creatures and they are also the largest of the weasel family. Sea otters hold hands while sleeping and eating to prevent drifting apart. Sometimes they even wrap some sea plants around themselves to strengthen the bond! So much love!\n10. Sleeping and flying simultaneously!\nLaysan albatrosses can sleep while flying. This ability acts as a defence mechanism against predators like whales and sharks. The bird rarely touches the ground after it learns to fly. It does rest on water though for feeding and sleeping though.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "By Katherine Schneider\nUniversity of Wisconsin – Eau Claire\nAll new students’ first days are ones of adjustment. However, for international students this is even more true. You will be experiencing many different changes when entering college. There are usually four phases that you may experience.\n- Honeymoon: Everything is great, nothing is wrong, you’re having a wonderful time.\n- Shock: There are so many differences in this country that you don’t know how to deal with them. You didn’t think things would be like this.\n- Negotiation: You learn to deal with the problems set before you and try to integrate them with your own beliefs.\n- Acceptance: You are able to live well in the environment with the differences you are experiencing.\nSome cultural differences you may experience due to change in customs are:\n- Friendship: Most people you will come in contact with will be friendly. They will talk about current events, politics, hobbies, and sports. However, personal matters are often not spoken about such as financial or family problems.\n- Dress: The attire worn is usually informal, unless otherwise told to wear formal clothing. It is not necessary to wear Western-style clothing. Clothing you have brought from home is acceptable.\n- Greetings: When Americans greet each other, whether male or female, a handshake is generally the custom. Spatial distance is a very important aspect of nonverbal communication. Most Americans stand 3 feet apart when talking.\n- Schedules: Americans place a high priority on being punctual. The phrase “time is money” is very common. You will be expected to be on time to events that have specific starting times, such as class, dinner arrangements, appointments, etc.\n- Professors: The relationship between student and professor is usually open and informal. Most professors want their students to talk directly to them about any questions they have, in order to resolve them quickly.\nSymptoms of Culture Shock\n- Feeling very angry over minor inconveniences\n- Withdrawal from people who are different from you\n- Extreme homesickness\n- Sudden intense feeling of loyalty to own culture\n- Overeating or loss of appetite\n- A need for excessive sleep\n- Upset stomach\n- Small pains really hurt\n- Loss of ability to work or study effectively\n- Unexplainable crying\n- Marital or relationship stress\n- Exaggerated cleanliness\n- Feeling sick much of the time\nYou need not have every symptom on the list to have culture shock. It is possible that only a few may apply to you. These symptoms may also appear at any given time. However, those such as headache and upset stomach should be checked by a physician before you decide it’s only culture shock (Student Health Services, 521-6219).\nSolutions for Culture Shock\nEven though some people may not be able to eliminate culture shock, there are ways to ease the stress. Some of these activities are listed below:\n- Keep Active. By getting out of your room or outside of your apartment, you are able to experience first-hand what Americans are doing. If you visit public places, such as a shopping mall or sporting events, you will be able to watch and learn how American customs are practiced. Contact the Student Life office (521-6207) to find out about all the campus organizations and campus events.\n- Make American Friends. By having friends you can talk to, you are able to ask them questions about what you do not understand.\n- Read. At the end of this brochure there is a list of possible websites that you may wish to read to gain more knowledge of the culture you are being introduced to. Accessing the Internet is of no cost to you if used on campus.\n- Exercise. By finding an activity that you can enjoy, you will be able to reduce stress and depression. Americans like to run and walk on paths. They also like organized games. By contacting the Intramurals office (521-6586), you will be able to find out what programs are available.\n- Community Activities. Talk with your host family, Resident Assistant, or other Americans about community activities, religious services, or volunteer opportunities to help you become a member of the community while you are here.\n- Work on Your English. This is an extremely important concept. It is much easier to understand a culture when you can understand the language being used. Ask about any slang terms that you do not understand.\n- Introduce Yourself to Other International Students. Other international students may be experiencing the same problems that you are. By talking to them, you may be able to find out ways they are coping with problems.\n- BE PATIENT. Many international students experience culture shock in some way while they are here. Just recognize the problem and give yourself time to get over it. If you need to, keep reminding yourself that this is not permanent. If culture shock continues, you may contact International Programs Office (775-4095) and/or Counseling Services (521-6202).", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "We have seen that the design of mod-2n binary up-counters is straightforward, with all T states produced, and cycled through in sequence. For general mod-N counters we must begin to use (simplified) synchronous sequential circuit design techniques, with each present state of the circuit used to produce the necessary steering logic to take the circuit into the desired next state. Note that because the circuit is docked the outputs are always stable. This is because although the next state is determined by the present slate, the next state and present state variables are separated by the flip-flops, unlike the asynchronous sequential circuits studied in Chapter 5.\nWe begin by redesigning the mod-8 counter, which should give the circuit produced above (see the end of this section). Firstly we look at how D-type flip- flops could be used and then JK-types. This will also give us our first insight into the general differences in circuits designed using these two types of flip-flop.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "I get asked this question all the time. \"Are you the program that throws babies in the pool?\" Usually, they also say \"That's how I learned to swim. We did it the 'regular' way. My parents just threw us in the water and said 'Swim!'\". Interesting...my reply: \"We at ISR do not throw babies in the water...however that's how you learned and I'm sorry. That experience must have been very traumatic.\"\nISR of Lake Lanier students are never expected to have aquatic skills beyond what we have taught them. I can assure you that ISR Instructors will never place a child in the water without knowing they can attain air successfully. Once a child is fully skilled, we safely place them in water at different orientations to be sure that they can demonstrate the life-saving skills.\nLet's also clarify the difference between \"throw\" and \"place\":\nDefinition of \"to throw\" To propel something through the air by swinging the arm and releasing the object from the hand.\nDefinition of \"to place\" Transitive verb to put something or somebody in a particular location or position; to set\nContact ISR of Lake Lanier for more information!\nBlog with us!\nThank you for checking out my Water Safety Blog! Here you will find aquatic safety information, personal blog posts, recipes from my kitchen and swim savings for your family! Make sure to join us on our Facebook, Instagram, Twitter and Pinterest sites as well.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "The first project\nWork on the creation of a new anti-aircraft missile system started in 1952 year. During the first two years, United States research organizations studied the possibility of creating an air defense system with a semi-active radar guidance system and found out what technologies are necessary for the emergence of such military equipment. Already at this stage, the program to create an air defense system got its name. As a designation for the promising anti-aircraft complex, the hakron of the word Hawk (“Hawk”) - Homing All the Way Killer (“Interceptor controlled throughout the flight”) was chosen.\nPreliminary work has shown the existing capabilities of the American industry and allowed to begin developing a new air defense system. In the middle of 1954, the Pentagon and several companies signed contracts to develop the various components of the HAWK complex. In accordance with them, Raytheon was to create a guided missile, and Northrop was required to develop all ground components of the complex: a launcher, radar stations, a control system and auxiliary machines.\nThe first test launches of the new model missiles were held in June 1956 of the year. The tests of the HAWK SAM continued for a year, after which the project developers began to correct the identified deficiencies. In the summer of 1960, the US military introduced a new anti-aircraft system under the designation MIM-23 HAWK. Soon the deliveries of serial complexes to the line units began. Later, in connection with the start of production of new modifications, the base anti-aircraft complex received an updated designation - MIM-23A.\nThe HAWK anti-aircraft complex included a MIM-23 guided missile, a self-propelled launcher, target detection and target radar, a radar range finder, a command post and a battery command center. In addition, the calculation of the air defense system had a number of auxiliary equipment: transport and charging machines of various models.\nThe aerodynamic shape of the MIM-23 rocket was formed in the early stages of work on the project and has not undergone any major changes since then. The guided missile had a length of 5,08 meters and a diameter of the hull 0,37 m. In the tail of the missile there were X-shaped wings with a span of 1,2 m with rudders across the entire width of the trailing edge. The launch mass of the missile - 584 kg, 54 kg accounted for high-explosive fragmentation warhead. The characteristics of the MIM-23A rocket equipped with a solid-fuel engine made it possible to attack targets at ranges of 2-25 km and altitudes of 50-11000 m. The probability of hitting a target with one missile was declared at the level of 50-55%.\nFor tracking airspace and target detection, the AN / MPQ-50 radar was incorporated into the HAWK air defense system. During one of the first upgrades, radar for detecting low-altitude targets AN / MPQ-55 was introduced into the equipment of the anti-aircraft complex. Both radar stations were equipped with antenna rotation synchronization systems. With their help, we managed to eliminate all the “dead zones” around the position of the radar station. The MIM-23A missile was equipped with a semi-active radar guidance system. For this reason, a target illumination radar was introduced into the HAWK complex. The AN / MPQ-46 illumination station could not only provide missile guidance, but also determine the range to the target. The characteristics of the radar stations made it possible to detect enemy bombers at a distance of 100 kilometers.\nFor the new missiles was created launcher with three guides. This system could be performed in both self-propelled and towed versions. After detecting the target and determining its coordinates, the calculation of the anti-aircraft complex had to deploy the launcher in the direction of the target and turn on the illumination locator. The homing head of a MIM-23A rocket could capture a target both before launch and in flight. Guidance of guided munitions was carried out according to the proportional approach method. When the rocket approaches the target at a given distance, the radio-fuse gave the command to undermine the high-explosive fragmentation warhead.\nTo deliver the missiles to the position and equipment to the launcher, the M-501-3 transport-loading machine was developed. The car on a light tracked chassis was equipped with a charging device with a hydraulic drive, which allowed to place three missiles on the launcher at the same time.\nThe MIM-23A HAWK anti-aircraft missile system clearly showed the possibility of creating a system of this class using semi-active radar guidance. However, the imperfection of the component base and technology affected the real capabilities of the complex. Thus, the basic version of HAWK could attack only one target at a time, which had a corresponding effect on its combat capabilities. Another serious problem was the small resource of electronics: for some modules that used vacuum tubes, the time between failures did not exceed the 40-45 hours.\nM-501EX3 transport vehicle\nAN / MPQ-48 Targeting Radar\nThe MIM-23A HAWK anti-aircraft complex significantly increased the potential of the air defense of the American troops, but the existing shortcomings called into question its further fate. It was necessary to carry out upgrades that could bring the characteristics of the systems to an acceptable level. Already in 1964, work started on the project Improved HAWK or I-HAWK (\"Improved HAWK\"). In the course of this modernization, it was intended to significantly improve the characteristics of the rocket, as well as update the ground components of the complex, including using digital equipment.\nThe basis of the upgraded air defense missile system was the rocket modification MIM-23B. She received updated electronic equipment and a new solid-fuel engine. The design of the rocket and, as a result, the dimensions remained the same, but the starting mass increased. Having burdened up to 625 kilograms, the upgraded rocket expanded its capabilities. Now the interception range ranged from 1 to 40 kilometers, height - from 30 meters to 18 km. The new solid-fuel engine provided the MIM-23B rocket with a maximum speed of up to 900 m / s.\nThe biggest innovation in the electronic components of the Improved HAWK SAM system was the use of a digital data processing system obtained from radar stations. In addition, the radar itself underwent significant changes. According to some data, after the improvements in the framework of the I-HAWK program, the operating time of radio-electronic systems for failure has increased to 150-170 hours.\nThe first anti-aircraft missile systems of the new modification entered the troops in 1972 year. The modernization program continued until 1978. The complexes built and renovated during the repairs helped to significantly increase the defense potential of the military air defense.\nShortly after the creation of the Improved HAWK project, a new program called HAWK PIP (HAWK Product Improvement Plan) was launched, which was divided into several phases. The first one was done before 1978. During the first phase of the program, the zenith complexes received upgraded AN / MPQ-55 ICWAR and IPAR target radars, which made it possible to increase the size of the monitored space.\nFrom 1978 to the mid-eighties, HAWK system developers conducted the work of the second phase. Radar target illumination AN / MPQ-46 has been replaced by a new system AN / MPQ-57. In addition, in the ground equipment of the complex, some blocks based on lamps were replaced by transistor ones. By the mid-eighties, the optical-electronic detection and tracking station OD-179 / TVY was included in the I-HAWK air defense system. This system allowed to increase the combat capabilities of the whole complex in a difficult jamming environment.\nIn the 1983-89, the third phase of the modernization took place. Global changes have affected electronic equipment, most of which has been replaced by modern digital components. In addition, radar detection and target illumination stations were upgraded. An important innovation in the third phase was the LASHE (Low-Altitude Simultaneous Hawk Engagement) system, which allowed one anti-aircraft complex to simultaneously attack several targets.\nAfter the second phase of modernization, the Improved HAWK systems were recommended to change the structure of anti-aircraft batteries. The main fire unit of the air defense missile system was a battery, which, depending on the situation, could have been two (standard battery) or three (reinforced) platoons. The standard composition implied the use of main and advanced fire platoons, reinforced - one main and two advanced ones. The battery consisted of the TSW-12 command post, MSQ-110 clearinghouse, AN / MPQ-50 radar and AN / MPQ-55 radar and AN / MPQ-51 radar. Each of the two or three main fire platoons included one AN / MPQ-57 radar, three launchers, and several auxiliary equipment. In addition to the radar light and launchers, the advanced platoon included a MSW-18 platoon command post and AN / MPQ-55 radar detection radar.\nSince the early eighties, several new modifications of the MIM-23 guided missile were created. Thus, the MIM-23C rocket, which appeared in 1982, received an updated semi-active homing head, which allowed it to operate in conditions of the use of EW systems by the enemy. According to some reports, this modification appeared \"thanks to\" the Soviet electronic warfare systems used by the Iraqi Air Force during the war with Iran. In 1990, the MIM-23E rocket appeared, which also had greater resistance to enemy interference.\nIn the mid-nineties, the MIM-23K rocket was created. It differed from the previous ammunition of the family with a more powerful engine and other characteristics. The upgrade allowed to bring the firing range to 45 kilometers, the maximum altitude of the target - to 20 km. In addition, the MIM-23K rocket received a new warhead with ready-made fragments of 35 g each. For comparison, the fragments from the combat units of previous missiles weighed in 2 grams. It was argued that the upgraded warhead would allow the new guided missile to destroy tactical ballistic missiles.\nDeliveries to third countries\nThe first HAWK anti-aircraft systems for the US military were manufactured in 1960. A year earlier, the United States, Belgium, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands and France signed an agreement to organize the joint production of new air defense systems at European enterprises. A little later, the parties to this contract received orders from Greece, Denmark and Spain, which were to receive a HAWK air defense system of European origin. Israel, Sweden and Japan, in turn, ordered the equipment directly from the United States. In the late sixties, the United States delivered the first anti-aircraft systems to South Korea and Taiwan, and also helped Japan with the organization of licensed production.\nIn the late seventies, European operators engaged in the modernization of their MIM-23 HAWK systems under the American project. Belgium, Germany, Greece, Denmark, Italy, the Netherlands and France carried out the refinement of the existing systems in the first and second phases of the American project. In addition, Germany and the Netherlands independently improved the existing complexes, equipping them with additional infrared means for detecting targets. The infrared camera was installed on the illumination radar, between its antennas. According to some reports, this system made it possible to detect targets at distances up to 80-100 kilometers.\nThe military of Denmark wanted to get complexes that were improved in another way. Optical-electronic means of detecting and tracking targets were installed on the Danish air defense system HAWK. The complex included two television cameras designed for target detection at distances up to 40 and up to 20 kilometers. According to some sources, after such a modernization, Danish anti-aircraft gunners were able to monitor the situation using only optical-electronic systems and to turn on the radar only after approaching the target to the distance necessary for an effective attack.\nMIM-23 HAWK anti-aircraft missile systems were shipped to 25 countries in Europe, the Middle East, Asia and Africa. In total, several hundred sets of air defense missiles and about 40 thousand missiles of several modifications were manufactured. A large part of the countries of operators have so far abandoned HAWK systems due to their obsolescence. For example, the last US Marine Corps in the American armed forces finally stopped using all the systems of the MIM-23 family at the beginning of the two thousandth.\nNevertheless, some countries continue to operate the HAWK SAM systems of various modifications and so far do not plan to abandon them. For example, a few days ago it became known that Egypt and Jordan, still using the HAWK complexes of later modifications, want to extend the life of existing missiles. For this, Egypt intends to order from the United States 186 solid fuel engines for MIM-23 rockets, and Jordan - 114. The total value of the two contracts will be approximately 12,6 million US dollars. The delivery of new rocket engines will allow customer countries to continue to operate the HAWK anti-aircraft systems over the next few years.\nOf great interest is the fate of HAWK complexes supplied to Iran. For several decades, the Iranian military has exploited a number of systems in this family. According to some data, after the break with the US, Iranian experts independently conducted several upgrades of the existing air defense system using the available element base. In addition, at the end of the last decade, a Mersad complex with several types of missiles was created, representing a deep modernization of the American system. Exact information about this Iranian development is missing. According to some sources, Iranian designers managed to increase the firing range to 60 kilometers.\nDespite the fact that the MIM-23 HAWK was developed in the United States to arm its own army, the American forces did not have to use it to destroy enemy aircraft or helicopters. For this reason, the first aircraft shot down by a MIM-23 rocket was recorded at the expense of the Israeli anti-aircraft gunners. 5 June 1967, Israel’s air defense attacked its own Dassault MD.450 Ouragan fighter. The damaged car could have fallen on the territory of the Nuclear Research Center in Dimona, because of which the air defense units had to use missiles against it.\nIn the course of the following armed conflicts, the calculations of the Israeli HAWK air defense system destroyed several dozen enemy aircraft. For example, during the Doomsday War 75 used missiles were able to destroy at least 12 aircraft.\nDuring the Iran-Iraq war, Iran’s anti-aircraft gunners were able to destroy the order of Iraqi 40 aircraft. In addition, several Iranian vehicles were hit by friendly fire.\nDuring the same armed conflict, Kuwait’s air defense system opened its combat account. Kuwaiti HAWK complexes destroyed one Iranian F-5 fighter that invaded the country's airspace. In August, the 1990 of the year, during the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait, the anti-aircraft gunners of the latter shot down 14 of enemy aircraft, but lost several HAWK SAM batteries.\nIn 1987, the French armed forces supported Chad during the conflict with Libya. 7 September the calculation of the French SAM MIM-23 performed a successful launch of a missile on the Libyan bomber Tu-22.\nRK \"Advanced Hawk\" can hit supersonic air targets at distances from 1 to 40 km and altitudes of 0,03 - 18 km (maximum values of the range and height of destruction of the Hok air defense missile system are respectively 30 and 12 km) and can fire at adverse weather conditions and interference\nThe summer will be 54 of the year since the adoption of the HAWK air defense system into service with the American army. For anti-aircraft systems, this age is unique. Nevertheless, despite several upgrades, the US still stopped operating the MIM-23 complexes at the beginning of the last decade. Following the United States, several European countries have decommissioned these systems. Time takes its toll, and even the most recent modifications of the anti-aircraft complex do not fully meet modern requirements.\nAt the same time, however, most countries that once purchased the MIM-23 air defense system continue to operate it. Moreover, some states even intend to modernize and extend the resource, like Egypt or Jordan. Do not forget about Iran, which used the American development as the basis for its own project.\nAll these facts can serve as evidence that the MIM-23 HAWK anti-aircraft missile system proved to be one of the most successful systems of its class. Many countries have chosen this particular air defense system and continue to operate it to this day. Nevertheless, despite all its merits, HAWK SAM system is outdated and needs to be replaced. Many developed countries have long since written off obsolete equipment and put on duty new anti-aircraft systems with higher performance. Apparently, a similar fate soon awaits HAWK anti-aircraft complexes, protecting the sky of other states.\nVasilin N.Ya., Gurinovich A.L. Anti-aircraft missile systems. - Minsk: Popurri LLC, 2002", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Do Vouchers Promise More Than They Deliver?\nThe continuing debate over vouchers is bound to become even hotter after investigators reported contradictory results about test scores. It's little wonder that confusion reigns.\nPublic school students who used vouchers to attend private schools in Louisiana and Indiana scored significantly worse on reading and math tests compared with similar students who remained in public schools (\"On negative effects of vouchers,\" Brookings, May 26). But researchers at the University of Arkansas who looked at 19 studies of 11 voucher programs from Milwaukee, Wisc. to Delhi, India found that voucher students posted \"statistically significant\" improvement in math and reading test scores - the equivalent of several months of additional learning (\"Vouching for Achievement,\" The Wall Street Journal, May 27).\nWhich side is right? Until now, most people have assumed that private schools provided a better education than public schools. But a public school student in Louisiana who was at the 50th percentile in math slipped to the 34th percentile after one year in a private school. A student at the 50th percentile in reading declined to the 46th percentile. The results were impressive because private schools with more applicants than seats used lotteries to choose applicants randomly. The performance of those who won (the treatment group) was then compared with the performance of those who lost (the control group). Moreover, students applying for a voucher were below average for the state, thereby negating the assertion that self-selection was at work.\nIn contrast, researchers delving into 19 studies of 11 voucher programs found that voucher students increased their reading scores by about 0.27 standard deviations and their math scores by about 0.15 standard deviations. In more understandable terms, that meant the voucher students benefited from the equivalent of several months of additional learning than non-voucher students. The 19 studies all compared a treatment group (voucher students) with a control group (non-voucher students).\nNeither side's evidence will end the debate over vouchers, nor should it. Test scores are not the only factor that parents take into account in making a choice. If they believe that traditional public schools are shortchanging their children for any reason, they have the right to send them elsewhere, even when test scores tell a different story. Of course, they have always had this right by paying for private and religious schools. What is different today, however, is that public funds can be used for that purpose as a result of the U.S. Supreme Court's ruling in Zelman v. Simmons-Harris. The high court held that as long as public money was given directly to families, they were free to choose the kind of schooling they alone believed was best suited for their children, be it private, religious, online, or at home.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "76 trade unionists murdered around the world in 2008\nAs you open this year’s Annual Survey of Trade Union Violations, you may be thinking of the terrifying impact of the global financial and economic crisis which hit millions of working women and men around the world in both industrialised and developing countries in 2008.\nThe crisis emphasises the need to develop a global economy based on decent jobs and social justice and it underlines the need for a better distribution of wealth. Instead workers everywhere have begun to feel the full impact of surging unemployment on their lives and that of their families and communities as decent work and decent jobs disappear. They have also begun to see the growing impact on their rights at work.\nTrade union rights are universally-recognised human rights at work. Two key International Labour Organisation (ILO) conventions which define and guarantee them (conventions 87 and 98) have been ratified by 149 and 159 Member States of the ILO, respectively, out of a total of 182 worldwide.\nDespite this formal recognition by governments, the ITUC is, this year again, documenting the continuous and often massive and harsh violations of fundamental trade union rights. This Survey is one of the ITUC’s means to expose and denounce those violations through its overview of the trade union rights situation in the world in 2008.\nCountries where widespread and grave anti-union practices have unfortunately continued include: Colombia, Burma, Belarus, Sudan, Zimbabwe, Swaziland, Iran, Pakistan and the Philippines. Countries such as Honduras and Guatemala should this year be added to this list. In many other countries, where violations are not as outrageous, there is an overall growing tendency to undermine workers’ rights. Interference in trade union activities has been reported in Iraq, Kuwait, Latvia, Kyrgyzstan, the Russian Federation, Turkey and Venezuela, among others. Despite some legislative proposals or measures in some Middle East countries and Gulf States, migrant workers are still denied trade union rights in many countries. In addition to that, companies continued to take advantage of poor legislation and weak implementation to undermine workers' rights.\nWorldwide in 2008, at least 76 labour activists were killed as a result of their actions for workers’ rights. Latin America remains the deadliest continent for trade unionists with over 66 murdered in 2008. 49 Colombian trade unionists lost their lives (including 16 union leaders, 4 of whom were women), a 25% increase over 2007. Trade unionists were also killed in Guatemala (9), Honduras (3) and Venezuela (4) among others. In Asia, at least 6 murders were reported (Nepal and the Philippines), as well as 3 in Africa (Nigeria, Tunisia and Zimbabwe) and 1 in the Middle East (Iraq).\nIn countries in every region, trade unions continue to be banned, or their establishment restricted. China still bans independent trade unions. Those attempting to unionise groups of workers or organise protests are often arrested, with some given prison sentences and others condemned to ‘re-education through work’.\nCertain categories of workers also continue to be excluded. This includes public servants, agricultural workers, migrant and domestic workers, etc. The right to strike is often unduly limited, with lists of public services in which strike action is restricted going far beyond the ILO definition.\nAgain this year, several thousand trade unionists and workers were dismissed for participating in strike actions or protests; thousands more were harassed or discriminated against and hundreds arrested. The situation of domestic workers, mostly women and migrant workers in the Middle East and the Gulf States as well as some African and Asian countries, is also disturbing. Outright denial and other violations of labour and trade union rights were common in export processing zones, for example in Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Swaziland, Bangladesh, Kenya, Mauritius and Pakistan.\nFurthermore, the ongoing globalisation of the world economy coupled with the global financial and economic crisis put inordinate pressure on labour markets, working conditions and workers’ rights everywhere. Workers continue to be threatened by employers with relocation, outsourcing and downsizing, with inevitable negative consequences for the effective exercise of their trade union rights.\nNew forms of employment relationships are also affecting fundamental rights. The use of bogus self-employment as well as subcontractors or labour agencies is increasing in industrialised and developing countries. This report documents cases in Korea, Croatia, Poland, Montenegro, Georgia, the Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Peru, Malaysia, Vietnam, South Africa, Chad and Morocco, amongst others. Sadly, we can only fear that next year’s Survey will paint a worsening picture.\nThis Survey, covering 143 countries, is also intended as a tool. It highlights wasted opportunities to promote better industrial relations, improve working conditions and productivity and to build or consolidate democratic institutions. It also illustrates good practice in cases where improvements are recorded. For instance, new legislation recognizing and enabling trade union organising has been adopted in Burkina Faso, Kenya, Mozambique and Australia.\nYou will find the full text of ILO core conventions 87 and 98 in the annexes as well as an overview of ILO decisions on key issues concerning trade union rights, which are often insufficiently known and understood.\nLegislative frameworks and effective institutions should provide adequate protection and guarantees on freedom of association and collective bargaining. Unfortunately, in too many parts of the world, including Asia, the Middle East and the Gulf States, freedom of association is still not guaranteed by constitutions or labour laws.\nEffective implementation of international conventions or even national labour laws and respect for trade union rights continues to fall far short of workers’ rightful expectations. This year again, the ITUC is reporting assassinations, abductions, arrests and imprisonments, as well as death threats, dismissals, harassments, acts of discrimination and intimidation against trade unionists.\nYet, millions of trade unionists and labour activists around the world continue to fight for workers’ solidarity, sometimes at the risk of losing their own lives or livelihoods. Prominent examples in 2008 included trade union leaders in Zimbabwe, Colombia, Guinea, Guatemala, the Philippines, Iraq and Iran.\nI want to thank our affiliates, the Global Union Federations and all the persons who contributed to making this Survey possible, and to pay tribute to all those whose dedication to justice, equity and fairness at work has achieved so much for so many working people.\nThe ITUC remains the international voice and ally of trade unionists worldwide, especially when they can not rely on fair national legal systems to protect their fundamental trade union rights.\nMore than ever, the ITUC’s mission is to stand side by side with workers in their struggle for justice and the defence of trade union rights worldwide because \"An Injury to One is an Injury to All!\"", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Game theory depends on strategy (your own strategy combined with the strategy of others). It is a branch of applied mathematics. Game theory is used in biology, computer science, engineering, international relations, philosophy, and especially economics.\n\"What economists call game theory psychologists call the theory of social situations, which is an accurate description of what game theory is about. Although game theory is relevant to parlor games such as poker or bridge, most research in game theory focuses on how groups of people interact (Levine, David K.)\"\nOne common game in game theory is Paper, Scissors, Rock. In this game, opponents use their own strategy and skill to make decisions based on their interpretation of the other opponents' strategy. Many people may be familiar with the game the Prisoner's Dilemma. For a diagram of a similar game called the Pride Game, along with a detailed explanation, please see Figure 1.3.\nGame theory was explored in the popular movie War Games from 1983. In this movie, the character played by Matthew Broderick learns that in the game of Global Thermonuclear War, there are no winners. War Games is not the only movie based on Game Theory. Others include the following: The Hunt for Red October, Dr. Strangelove or How I Learned to Quit Worrying and Love the Bomb, and Memento.\nIn 1944, John von Neumann and Oskar Morgenstern published the book Theory of Games and Economic Behavior. There had been some development of game theory prior to this book, but research was continued extensively in the 1950s. In the 1970s, game theory was applied to biology as well.\nThe different types of games in game theory are: extensive form game, normal form game, cooperative game/characteristic function form, and partition function form. Game theory has been used in economics and social sciences. Games can also be broken down into the following categories: cooperative or non-cooperative, symmetric and asymmetric, zero-sum and non-zero-sum, simultaneous and sequential, perfect information and imperfect information, infinitely long games, discrete and continuous games, one-player and many-player games, and Metagames.\nClosely related to game theory are decision theory (one person games), general equilibrium theory (dealing with trade and production), and mechanism design theory (dealing with the consequences of different rules).\nIt is exciting that game theory is being used today in developing artificial intelligence. Game theory, around since the days of Plato, is still being developed and researched along with the other branches of applied mathematics.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "One by one, all of our warm white lights are being replaced by cold, harsh, bluish-white LEDs. And it is happening fast.\nEverywhere. In our streetlights, our workplaces, even our homes. How do you like looking into those blue-white vehicle headlights as compared with the yellow-white ones we have been using since the automobile was invented?\nLED lighting is the way of the future, don’t get me wrong, but we should be specifying and installing LED lights with a correlated color temperature (CCT) of 2700K or 3000K—with few exceptions—not the 4000K or higher that is the current standard.\nWhy is 4000K the current standard? Because blue-white LEDs have a slightly greater luminous efficacy than yellow-white LEDs. Luminous efficacy is the amount of light you get out for the power you put in, often measured in lumens per watt. But should luminous efficiency be the only consideration? What about aesthetics? In addition to luminous efficacy, there are other, more significant ways to reduce power consumption and greenhouse gas emissions:\n- Use the minimum amount of light needed for the application; no need to overlight\n- Use efficient light fixtures that direct light only to where it is needed; near-horizontal light creates annoying and visibility-impairing glare and light trespass, and direct uplight into the night sky is a complete waste\n- Produce the light only when it is needed through simple switches, time controls, and occupancy sensors; or, use lower light levels during times of little or no activity\nEven the super-inefficient incandescent light bulb (with a CCT of 2400K, by the way), operating three hours each night uses less energy than the light source with the highest luminous efficacy operating dusk to dawn. Think about it.\nIn my town, as in most now, the soothing orange 1900K high pressure sodium (HPS) streetlights are being replaced with 4000K LEDs. That’s a big change. It will completely transform our outdoor nighttime environment. Warm-white compact fluorescents are 2700K, and even tungsten halogen bulbs are 3000K. Do we really want or need 4000K+ LEDs?\nWe are currently witnessing a complete transformation of our illuminated built environment. Not enough questions are being asked nor direction being given by citizens, employees, and municipalities. The lighting industry generally wants to sell as many lights as possible at the highest profit margin. We as lighting consumers need to make sure we have the right kind of light, the right amount of light, and lighting only when and where it is needed.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "1. A subject frequently talked about in our country (Greece) is tax reform, which is not surprising since the taxes here change faster than seasonal fashions. At the time of writing (winter 2012) the EU and the IMF are insisting on the modernisation of our taxation system. Sadly, they are not insisting on a fundamental tax reform. In reality, calculating tax is very complicated in all areas of economic activity, and it is easy to see how that brings about corruption, bribery, tax avoidance and an overpowering feeling of suppression and injustice. The latter has two aspects: on the one hand, the taxpayer feels that they are paying more than others in that the more one works and the more one earns, the more tax one has to pay, while others work less and pay less tax. On the other hand, the taxpayer feels that the quality of the corresponding public services they receive in exchange for taxes (security, education, healthcare etc) are deficient and inadequate.\nIs there an alternative to this state of affairs?\nIndeed, there is. There is a simple, effective and just system which significantly constrains the potential injustice, fraud and corruption, if it does not eliminate them outright. It is only partially implemented in some US states, Denmark, New Zealand and elsewhere. This system also provides a significant economic growth stimulus.\n2. This system is both simple and effective, because it is founded on the very nature of production, the quintessence of the economy. Let us see what this means.\nIn any economy, small or large, a public or private business, every good or service produced, including the Gross National Product of the country, contains two values: the first is derived from the labour of the individual, and the other from the existence and progress of society or the nation.\nClassic economists such as Alfred Marshall (Principle of Economics,London 1890) and meta-classics such as R. Burgess (Public Revenue without Taxation, London 1993), N. Kazanas (Society with no Taxes, Athens 1996), and others, recognise these two values in their writings. Supporters of Communism, retain the crooked view that Marx referred to the unique value created by workers alone; but Marx did point out in his more mature work Critique of the Gotha Programme(1875) the following: he wrote that labour is not the single source of wealth [i.e. goods and services which men desire to have] and that Nature creates value as well as labour: Nature here implies public value.\n3. The value or price of a product or of the whole of the yearly production of a business, has a component which derives from the effort of the worker(s) and another which derives from the existence of society and the services that it provides. The first one is called “private share” (or value) and the second one “public share”. Let us explain what this second one is.\nThe economist A. Kanellopoulos, minister of Trade in 1974, in the first democratically elected government (led by K. Karamanlis) after the seven-year junta, wrote: “On a particular plot of land, wealth, power, knowledge and culture accumulate… by purchasing a location in the city, one does not merely secure a place to settle… one also purchases a saving in time, as well as access to information, directness and a set of services” (translation and emphasis mine: p.120 in The Economy between Yesterday and Tomorrow, Athens, 1980).\nSuch is the contribution of society or State: time, information, directness, a wealth of services – including cultural events, specialised technology, public transport, connection to remote areas and foreign lands etc. All these can be found in the capital and less so in large towns, villages and mountain ranges, in decreasing order.\nThis contribution forms the public share of the value or price of a product or of the yearly gross production of a business.\nA rationally planned taxation system will focus on this public share of the total value of a product and not at all on the private one. Since this value stems from the existence of society or the State, returning it whence it came would not be a form of, strictly speaking, taxation but a true “return” which is a form of reward or compensation.\n4. The current system of taxation is entirely irrational, haphazard, inefficient, confused and unjust. It is known as “progressive”.\nThe rationale that everyone must contribute according to their earning power might sound quite democratic or logical, but only to those that do not look deeper than the surface of life and activity.\nWe all know that the progressive system of taxation allows corruption to become rife: on the one hand we have tax officials who can be bribed and on the other taxpayers that evade their taxes. The situation is so well known that there is no need for anything more to be said.\nMoreover, as the lower incomes and low pensions are also taxed, the net income of the recipients diminishes and so does their purchasing power. In practice, all these people, who form the large masses of citizens, stay poor or become poorer, and find themselves in need of government benefits and handouts, which usually are very low-quality charity.\nWhen one examines the twenty year period of 1972-1992, one sees that, despite some increase in wages, especially during the A. Papandreou government where inflated wage rises took place, wages and profits maintain more or less the same level of GDP, as one can see on this graph from the Greek Ministry of Finance:\nBut, in the long term, an even greater consequence is inflation, since the taxes end up being passed into the prices of goods and services, inflating them.\nWorkers ask for and receive wage-increases, part of which they lose in the form of tax. These wage-increases eventually end up being passed into the prices of goods and serices, and the vicious circle repeats.\nR.G. Holcombe also demonstrated clearly that by transferring taxes and despite the beneficial treatment of lower incomes and the associated handouts, within a period of 25 years, the programmes aiming to redistribute income had little or no effect: the poor remained poor and the rich became richer! ( See p.286-8, Public Sector Economics, 1987, Wandsworth, CA.) R. Burgess shares a similar view: “it is possible that the price rise can go on indefinitely and that inflation could become a chronic persistent state of affairs” (p. 58, Public Revenue without Taxation, Shepheard Walwyn London 1992).\n5. Another aspect of the ‘progressive’ system of taxation is limiting and discouraging.\nLet us imagine two bookshops or kebab shops or grocers or any similar small business. In each case, one business works normal business hours, remains shut during holidays and always takes part in strikes, marches and protests. The other works 2-3 hours overtime, and whenever possible opens the shop even during a holiday. The latter, unsurprisingly, has a larger income.\nWhat does our taxation system do? It rushes to exact more taxes from the harder-working business. The lazy one gets tax rebates and handouts – funds that have been collected from the conscientious and eefficient businesses.\n6. It is strange that conservative or neoliberal, or even socialist and progressive, governments maintain and apply this ineffective, illogical and detestable system of taxation that punishes hard work and limits growth while encouraging corruption and indolence.\nWhy is this nonsensical system perpetuated? There are three simple reasons:\na) Here, like elsewhere, the powerful effect of inertia is in operation. This is the system we have, this is what we have inherited, this is what holds in other countries – and we know of no better.\nb) There is ignorance among the masses of citizens. The millions of people do not have the necessary information and believe that politicians and specialised “scientists” called economists know what they are doing by maintaining the present system (it was first enacted by the British PM Pit in the 1790s and CapodIstria in Greece in 1830: direct income tax at a “progressive” scale of 10-25%).\nc) There are powerful lobbies that wish to profiteer at the expense of the state and society. It is not just corrupt tax officials and high-income taxpayers that benefit; all of them have connections with politicians, journalists, unionists and civil servants in other services. A great number of citizens also have undeclared income from activities involving corruption of some sort.\n7. Economists of all sorts and academics, in particular, constitute a quite remarkable fraternity with regard to this issue. Because they really know that another, completely different method of taxation exists, indeed, since it is mentioned in almost all Economics textbooks; they occasionally mention it in their talks and lectures but, alas, they do not promote it!\nPerhaps they would not be wrong if someone accused them of deception. But it is more probably that they also suffer from inertia or cowardice.\nIt is also worthy of note that the system of Land Value Taxation was known to some Greek freedom fighters of the War of Independence of 1821 and the central principle was expressed plainly. For example, an issue of the ministry equivalent to the Home Office, dated 6/5/1822 and bearing the title “To the tax officials of Marathonisi and the captains of Mani” makes the following suggestion: “all Turkish owned estates within freed Greek lands are to be considered as owned by the state and laboured by those that were already labouring there; the rent of those estates is to be added to the National Fund”(Greek Independence Records, volume A’, p.408-9).\nThe economic rent or surplus, is the additional income that is earned by locations of arable land, e.g. cotton or tobacco or wheat, happen to be more fertile or closer to irrigation sources, transport, the markets etc. They therefore earn more when all other things like labour and capital are in equal use. This rent (=surplus above the production of the marginal locations) is the component which was defined as “public share” of the total value of a good/service, which is due to Nature and the existence of the community (see §3, above).\nThe advantageous lands have a greater value than the others, since their yield is greater. Thus, the value of the land is a reliable and accurate indicator. Lands in the margin of production with the lowest value have the lowest productivity and thus have but a negligible public share. It is the high-value lands which have a naturally higher productivity and a considerable public share/value.\nThe same can be applied to a nation as a whole. The plots in central locations of cities have immensely higher values compared to rural farmlands, while rocky mountain ranges without irrigation, soil or minerals have no value in the real estate market.\nTherefore, the public value and economic rent in remote farmlands is negligible, whereas, as one moves to more fertile lands in the countryside and toward more central plots in cities, the public value increases, skyrocketing in the most central locations of the capital.\nThis public share/value or economic rent is the only kind of income that should be taxed.\n8. Adam Smith and all the classics, as well as some modern economists like Nobel laureates M. Friedman and J. Stiglitz, they all teach that taxing economic rent (or collecting the public value of production) is a particularly advantageous and beneficial form of taxation that does not have any negative effects on the economy (e.g. see H. Speight, The Science of Prices and Incomes, 1965, Methuen, London, p.277). H.E. Daly wrote: “taxing economic rent does not cause any distortion in the ordering of economic funds and is the most effective means of collecting public revenue. To the extent that this replaces other means of taxation, it will increasingly stabilise the most effective allocation of funds” (p. 67,Steady-State Economics, 1992, Earthscan, London).\nSimply put, it is not possible for this type of taxation to pass into the prices of goods and services; furthermore, workers will receive higher wages and growth will be stable. Innovation, initiative and hard work will be rewarded appropriately.\nMoreover, since the land values are easily known and their knowledge is accessible to everyone, corruption will cease to exist; the ensuing transparency is a most desirable outcome. Tax authorities will require but a small office with very few employees.\nOne finds the idea stated in the writings of Smith, Ricardo, Mill, Marshall, Friedman, Stiglitz, and many other well-known and not well-known academics. Yet governments do not apply the method.\nThe reasons why governments are reluctant to apply this system are given above, in section §6.\nLand Value Taxation is an efficient, counter-inflationary system of taxation which encourages growth, does not discourage hard work and returns to the state what belongs to it in the first place; i.e. the value generated by the public services and the progress of the community.\nI will return.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "The observatory – located near Ottawa, Ontario, Canada – is named in honour of my father-in-law James Gordon Scott. He had traced his genealogy roots to a farm in the Scottish Borders called Denholm Hill Farm. The farm gets its name from the nearby town of Denholm. The “Hill” is Ruberslaw and at elevation 390m is one of the highest points in the area. The original farm cottage and outbuildings still stand at the base of the hill. The farm’s pastures now include a good portion of the hill itself.\nThere never has been any astronomy done at or near the farm. Although the summit of Ruberslaw would be a great place for an amateur observatory. I haven’t seen the skies at night, but i would think that they would be quite dark. The nearby town of Hawick might create a bit of a light dome but otherwise there is only small villages and farm houses in the area.\nJust for fun, here is a link for the weather in Denholm, Scottish Borders, Scotland, UK.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Not to be confused with the Biribiri, the Biriba is another fantastic fruit of Costa Rica. Its official name is Rollinia deliciosa and it is native to tropical South America. A characteristic is its scalelike skin, which looks rough and hard, but actually it is really soft. Behind the extraordinary skin hides a white, soft and sweet pulp with big black seeds in it. The flesh of the Biriba is comparable to a smooth, velvety custard. But don’t worry, they can be taken out very easily.\nThe Biriba is usually eaten out of hand, but the Brazilians also make wine out of it. Not only is the fruit useful for humans, the Biriba tree also holds value. Its wood is used for building boats and out of the young tree the indigenous people in Brazil make a traditional instrument, called Berimbau.\nHow do you eat your Biriba?", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Expressive text and art tell the story of the life cycle of trees as it has never been told before --- in reverse. Here's a lyrical depiction of the life cycle of trees, told one step at a time, based on newly researched information. The steps are described in simple but evocative text, each starting with “Before . . .” for a rhythmic telling. For example, “Before we stood tall, we clothed ourselves in bark and crowned ourselves in leaves, waving eagerly at the sun.” Particular attention is paid throughout to what's happening underground and how that links all life in the forest. Beginning with mature giants, “mighty in the kingdom of trees,” and ending with the promise of new life on the branches that are “hoping to be mighty in the kingdom of trees,” it's a beautiful and loving celebration of the circle of life. Jessica Kulekjian's skill at seamlessly blending nonfiction information with a poetic narrative sets this informational picture book apart. She also uniquely incorporates intriguing new research on how trees communicate with each other using an underground network of roots and fungus that connects the forest and helps the trees to thrive. Madeline Kloepper's rich artwork with its deep earth tone palette brings the forest and all its inhabitants alive on the page. The material has been vetted by several scientists, including experts on trees, insects and mushrooms. Supported by well-researched backmatter, the book has strong curriculum links to early elementary earth and life science topics, including plants, ecosystems and soil.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "a. Standard solid-shank rivets and the\nuniversal head rivets (AN470) are used in aircraft\nconstruction in both interior and exterior\nlocations. All protruding head rivets may be\nreplaced by MS20470 (supersedes AN470)\nrivets. This has been adopted as the standard\nfor protruding head rivets in the United States.\nb. Roundhead rivets (AN430) are used in\nthe interior of aircraft except where clearance\nis required for adjacent members.\nc. Flathead rivets (AN442) are used in\nthe interior of the aircraft where interference of\nadjacent members does not permit the use of\nd. Brazierhead rivets (AN455 and\nAN456) are used on the exterior surfaces of\naircraft where flush riveting is not essential.\ne. Countersunk head rivets MS20426\n(supersedes AN426 100-degree) are used on\nthe exterior surfaces of aircraft to provide a\nsmooth aerodynamic surface, and in other applications\nwhere a smooth finish is desired.\nThe 100-degree countersunk head has been\nadopted as the standard in the United States.\nRefer to MIL-HD BK5 Metallic Materials and\nElements for Fight Vehicle Structures, and\nU.S.A.F./Navy T./O. 1-1A-8, Structural Hardware.”\nf. Typical rivet types are shown in table\nMonel rivets are used in special cases\nfor riveting high-nickel steel alloys and nickel\nalloys. They may be used interchangeably\nwith stainless steel rivets as they are more easily\ndriven. However, it is preferable to use\nstainless steel rivets in stainless steel parts.\nh. Copper rivets are used for riveting\ncopper alloys, leather, and other nonmetallic\nmaterials. This rivet has only limited usage in\ni. Hi-Shear rivets are sometimes used in\nconnections where the shearing loads are the\nprimary design consideration. Its use is restricted\nto such connections. It should be\nnoted that Hi-Shear rivets are not to be used\nfor the installation of control surface hinges\nand hinge brackets. Do not paint the rivets before\nassembly, even where dissimilar metals\nare being joined. However, it is advisable to\ntouch up each end of the driven rivet with\nprimer to allow the later application of the\ngeneral airplane finish\n7-2. MATERIAL APPLICATIONS.\na. Rivets made with 2117-T4 are the\nmost commonly used rivets in aluminum alloy\nstructures. The main advantage of 2117-T4 is\nthat it may be used in the condition received\nwithout further treatment.\nb. The 2017-T3, 2017-T31, and 2024-T4\nrivets are used in aluminum alloy structures\nwhere strength higher than that of the 2117-T4\nrivet is needed. See Metallic Materials and\nElements for Flight Vehicle Structures\n(MIL-HDBK-5) for differences between the\ntypes of rivets specified here.\nc. The 1100 rivets of pure aluminum are\nused for riveting nonstructural parts fabricated\nfrom the softer aluminum alloys, such as 1100,\n3003, and 5052.\nd. When riveting magnesium alloy\nstructures, 5056 rivets are used exclusively\ndue to their corrosion-resistant qualities in\ncombination with the magnesium alloys.\ne. Mild steel rivets are used primarily in\nriveting steel parts. Do not use galvanized\nrivets on steel parts subjected to high heat.\nf. Corrosion-resistant steel rivets are\nused primarily in riveting corrosion-resistant\nsteel parts such as firewalls, exhaust stack\nbracket attachments, and similar structures.\nj. Blind rivets in the NASM20600\nthrough NASM20603 series rivets and the mechanically-\nlocked stem NAS 1398, 1399,\n1738, and 1739 rivets sometimes may be substituted\nfor solid rivets. They should not be\nused where the looseness or failure of a few\nrivets will impair the airworthiness of the aircraft.\nDesign allowable for blind rivets are\nspecified in MIL-HDBK-5. Specific structural\napplications are outlined in NASM33522.\nNonstructural applications for such blind rivets\nas NASM20604 and NASM20605 are contained\nCAUTION: For sheet metal repairs to airframe,\nthe use of blind rivets must be\nauthorized by the airframe manufacturer or\napproved by a representative of the FAA.\nFor more information on blind rivets, see page\n4-19, f. of this document.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "In this chapter, we explore some of the affinities that can be developed between new information and communication technologies and what has become known as aboriginal ways of knowing. This work documents some of these affinities via the collaborative development of an online project entitled “Nitsitapiisini—Stories and Spaces: Exploring Kainai Plants and Culture,” conducted with teachers, students, and elders of the Blood Tribe in southern Alberta. The pedagogy of this collaboration is then linked to rethinking the disciplines ofknowledge entrusted to teachers and students in schools as living disciplines that make demands on the possibilities inherent in new technologies. This particular orientation tubs against instructionist practices found in many classrooms yet, once awakened, spawns curiosity and creativity.\nFriesen, S., Jardine, D., & Gladstone, B. (2011). The First Thunderclap of Spring: an Invitation into Aboriginal Ways of Knowing and the Creative Possibilities of Digital Technologies. in Craig, C.J., & Deretchin, L.F. (ED.) Cultivating Curious and Creative Minds: The Role of Teachers and Teacher Educators: Part II Teacher Education Yearbook XIX. Lanham, Maryland: Rowan & Littlefield Education. Available Online http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01626620.2011.10519481", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "From CCRMA Wiki\nHomework #2: Sound Peeking\nDue date: 2015.10.13 11:59:59pm, Tuesday.\nIn this assignment, you are to visualize sound in real-time, using OpenGL for the graphics programming.\nSpecification (part 0 of 3): Reading\n- please read this: Principles of Visual Design for Computer Music\n- the original OpenGL (1.1) reference: \"The Red Book\"\n- download and play with sndpeek\nSpecification (part 1 of 3): Naming + Compilation\n- choose a name for your program\n- get a framework compiling on your system (keep in mind the final deliverable must be compilable/runnable on the CCRMA machines)\n- might wish to start from the VisualSine example from lecture (time domain waveform rendering)\n- use the chuck_fft.* files found here NOTE: this library ONLY works with single-precision floating point numbers (e.g., float)\nSpecification (part 2 of 3): Visualizing the spectrum\n- implement short time fourier transform, and visualize the spectrum over time\n- windowing (rectangular, hann, hamming)\n- window size\n- FFT size\n- hop size (for now, hop size can equal window size)\n- implement either a waterfall plot (like sndpeek) or a real-time scrolling spectrogram\nSpecification (part 3 of 3): Visualize something about the sound\n- implement and visualize your choice of one of the following:\n- vowel vs. consonant\n- pitch tracking\n- an audio feature\n- use the sound to control some type of animation\n- (or something of your choosing)\n- have fun with it!!!\n- PRINT OUT USAGE/KEYS TO CONTROLLING YOUR VISUALIZATION ON THE CONSOLE EVERY TIME YOUR VISUALIZER STARTS! (see sndpeek)\n- comment your code!\n- choose your own coding conventions - but be consistent\n- you are welcome to work together, but you must do/turn in your own work (you'll likely get more out of it this way)\nturn in all files via coursework, with concise online documentation + readme\n- 0) source code to the project (*.h, *.cpp, *.c makefile, etc.)\n- 1) screenshots of your visualizer!\n- 2) online page for your project (should be viewable at http://ccrma.stanford.edu/~YOURID/256a/hw2/). It should include:\n- links to your files of various kinds\n- instructions on building the project (for example, anyone in the class should be able to download\n- a short README text section that:\n- conveys your ideas/comments in constructing each program\n- describes any difficulties you encountered in the process\n- lists any collaborators\n- 3) upload to coursework, under a new folder hw2", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Helpful Directions For Completing Science Holiday Homework\nScience is one of the broadest areas when it comes to the various disciplines that have been incorporated in our school curriculum. You have to master how to do your science assignment because it is one area you cannot run away from. However, the following methods can make your work quite easier. Review them and try to implement in your work.\n- Join a discussion group\n- Try to hire professional writers\n- Watch science based videos\n- Get help from the internet\nOn holiday, there is no doubt that you will get in contact with other students both from your institution and those from other various colleges. This should give you an opportunity to request them to allow you form a discussion group in which you can discuss all your assignments. This is ideal because they will be in a position to aid you respond to questions that might be difficult for you. Simply keep in mind that you have to join only members who have the capacity to make a positive contribution to the group.\nA professional writer can refer to either an individual skilled writer or simply a writing company which has several of these writers. It is important to try them first and be convinced about their skills before giving the m your science questions to do for you. They should be able to apply scientific terms instead of using casual language. Hiring of a reliable professional writer is the basis of presenting top notch answers that will greatly improve your grade.\nAlthough some of these videos might not give you direct responses to your set of questions, they can bring the hints and important ideas on board. Therefore, it makes no sense to ignore them. There are others which have specific answers to your set of questions. You can therefore try these videos for both educative and homework based needs.\nHere, everything is easy. You will get availed to a lot of information that is pertinent to the questions you have been asked. There are various sites that major in science and therefore, you only need to single out the answers from the information that pops up. You can choose to rephrase the answers so that there is no aspect of plagiarism in your work. If you do it right, you will be lucky as your lecturer will be impressed at our work. Avoid sites such as Wikipedia because they are not very reliable.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Make the changes in the indicate programs below. In each case, give the code changes and the function or part of the program in which the changes occur. Indicate how the resulting display looks.\nChange the code to use a heat ramp if a constant RAMP is defined.\nChange the code to have cold applied only initially but heat applied continuously.\nChange the code to have one hot area composed of 2 grid points and one cold area of 2 grid points at opposite ends of the bar.\nHave each molecule be blue, unless it hits the wall. Upon hitting the wall, turn the molecule red for that instant. During execution, observe what happens as you make the box smaller.\nInstead of turning the molecule red for an instant, keep a molecule red after it hits and notice how long it takes for all the molecules to turn red.\nDesign different bodies of water and describe how disease spreads.\nCode for a quarantine. What happens?\nHow do you make a smaller recovery rate? What happens?", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Is attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) real?\nDid you know that there is not one mental illness that can be determined by a blood test?\nWhen the school psychologist tells you your child has ADHD and prescription pills such as Ritalin will help, do you believe him or her?\nIf you do, you are crazier than they are.\nThere's no denying that hyperactivity exists. But maybe, just maybe it is not a mental illness. If it were, why did it not exist 100 years ago? Here's a theory. Children back then were given much more physical and creative activity in a school day. And when they weren't in school, they were outside biking or playing.\nBoys, especially, need lots of physical activity. Budget cuts during the last couple of decades took care of most PE and artistic programs.\nSome recent studies are revealing that many hyperactive children were actually very creative children who had their creative side suppressed with drugs. Many of these children grow up, stop taking their drugs and discover their creative side. No surprise here.\nNow let's compound the lack of activity and lack of creativity with increased sugar and stimulant consumption. Then throw in some artificial dyes which cause hyperactivity in many children. Let's not forget some neurotoxins in the form of pesticides and herbicides in all food not labeled organic. Then let's add in some non-organic hormone-filled milk (compliments of Monsanto in the 1990s). Hormones in dairy can mess with the body's natural hormones and cause a host of problems for children including early puberty. Imagine going through puberty at 8 or 9 years old as many children are today. Do you think any of this has to do with the \"attention deficit\" and \"hyperactivity\" problems of today's youth?\nLet's recap. We force children to sit for hours a day doing activities they mostly don't enjoy, give them sugar, caffeine, chemicals, food dyes, artificial hormones, pesticides and herbicides and expect them to behave? They are not the ones with the mental illness. We are for allowing the public school systems to bore our children and food manufacturers to poison our children.\nWhat can you do? Instead of allowing your children to sit again when they get home watching the idiot box or playing video games, make them move for an hour either by doing chores or exercise. Biking, walking, and yard work are all acceptable ways to move.\nSecondly, reduce or eliminate hyperactivity in children by doing the following:\n1. Eliminate caffeine and processed foods with dyes and preservatives.\n2. Reduce sugar to a minimum (30 grams per day). Don't forget fruit juices are high in sugar. Best to eliminate them or dilute them with water but buy 100% juice.\n3. Buy mostly organic produce. Eliminate the 12 most contaminated if you cannot afford all organic.\n4. Only buy organic soy and corn or not at all. More than 70% of these crops are genetically modified. There has been no safety test performed on humans. May be another culprit in behavioral problems.\n5. If you child has acne, aches and pains, irritability, digestive problems, or has already been labeled hyperactive, then also eliminate wheat. Modern wheat is not easily digestible and can cause a host of physical and emotional problems even in those without Celiac disease.\n6. Reduce gut inflammation which has been linked to ADHD by giving them foods with probiotics or feeding them organic plain yogurt (with fresh or frozen fruit and honey for sweetener) every day.\n7. Eliminate trans fats and partially hydrogenated fats from their diets and add omega 3s which have been shown to nourish and calm the brain.\nThirdly, see the links below for more information on how the mental health industry \"develops\" mental disorders, reasons on psychiatrists will profit from the implementation of Obamacare, and more about ADHD.\nPsychiatry Goes Insane (Natural News)\nThe Rise of the Psychiatric State Under Obamacare by Ron Rapporport\nThe Surprising Causes of ADHD.... (Mercola.com)", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Many oral conditions adversely affect a resident’s nutrition and general health status, and the mouth, in turn, reflects many systemic problems. Advanced periodontitis—fairly common in the elderly—-reduces the ability to chew, exacerbates problems in the control of types 1 and 2 diabetes, and has been found to be a risk factor in pneumonia, cardiovascular disorders, and stroke. Loss and nonreplacement or inadequate replacement of missing teeth causes major nutritional difficulties. Smoking has been identified as a major risk factor for periodontitis, in addition to increasing susceptibility to oral cancer. Oral signs of AIDS are frequently misdiagnosed because many health practitioners are unaware of its presence in the elderly population. The multiple medications taken by many long-term care patients are often the cause of xerostomia (dry mouth), and some cause gingival enlargement. Many of the effects of oral disease may be prevented or treated by appropriate measures when a long-term care facility provides the resources and staff training. (Annals of Long-Term Care: Clinical Care and Aging 2000;8[12}:41-46)\nThe oral health of a resident in a long-term care facility affects many aspects of the individual’s daily life, health, and sense of well-being. The mouth is involved in a wide range of activities, including eating, smiling, speaking, singing, smoking, and kissing. Any changes in oral health are likely to have multiple effects. This is further complicated by the functional and cognitive impairment and diminished cooperation of some residents in the performance of oral hygiene, by the reduced availability of dental care in many nursing homes compared with independent living, and by the lack of financial resources to pay for dental care. This article has three objectives:\n1. Describe the oral and dental health changes that may affect the rest of the body and how these effects occur.\n2. Describe the various ways that existing systemic conditions and diseases may affect the mouth.\n3. Suggest practical ways to improve the oral health of long-term care residents. Oral health changes that may cause local problems and affect the rest of the body include periodontitis and other gingival conditions, dental caries, tooth loss and nonreplacement, inadequate replacement of missing teeth, salivary changes, mucocutaneous conditions, and oropharyngeal neoplasms. Some of these cause continuous or intermittent discomfort; some affect the patient’s nutritional status by making chewing difficult or impossible; others are responsible for self-consciousness and loss of self-esteem; and still others are significant risk factors for serious systemic problems.\nPeriodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the gingiva and supporting tissues. If untreated, it results in the progressive loss of bone support around the teeth, the opening of a separation (“pocket”) between gum and tooth, and increasing tooth mobility.1 Bacteria in dental plaque are considered to be the principal causative agents. Pain is not a prominent feature of early disease, and patients are often unaware of the condition until it is pointed out by a dentist or hygienist, teeth become noticeably loose, or abscesses develop. Most adults have some form of the disease, and about 10-20% of the population has moderate or advanced periodontitis. Since residents in long-term care facilities are often in their 70s and beyond, periodontal disease in those who still have their teeth has generally existed for many years and is often advanced.2 Treatment usually slows or stops the progression of the disease (Figures 1A and 1B).\nEffects of Periodontitis\nOne obvious effect of advanced periodontal disease is on nutrition. Patients with many loose teeth or missing teeth are often unable to chew any but the softest foods. They have a tendency to swallow mouthfuls unchewed rather than endure uncomfortable chewing. Such inadequate mastication may result in choking and sometimes in digestive problems. The problem may be worse in residents who have existing swallowing difficulties, such as following a stroke. Chewing difficulties may persist even after loose teeth are removed if they are not replaced with a dental prosthesis or are inadequately replaced.3,4\nAnother long-recognized effect of periodontitis is its role in the presence of diabetes. Glucose levels in patients with type 1 or 2 diabetes with active, advanced periodontal disease are more difficult to manage than in patients without periodontal disease. Conversely, when the diabetic state is uncontrolled, the patient is more susceptible to periodontal abscesses and rapid periodontal breakdown.5\nIn the past decade, other effects of periodontitis have become apparent. Evidence is accumulating that the presence of periodontal infections increases susceptibility to pneumonia and other lung conditions,6 cardiovascular disease,7 and stroke. (In a younger population, women of childbearing age with severe periodontitis appear to be at higher risk for preterm birth and low-birth-weight babies.) The mechanism of these effects is still uncertain. It is apparent, however, that the treatment of periodontal disease is advisable at every age level to prevent such complications.\nAt least three different types of medication produce gingival overgrowth that can interfere with chewing.8 These are the anticonvulsant phenytoin, the immunosuppressant cyclosporine, and calcium channel blockers, such as nifedipine and diltiazem. The mechanism of the overgrowth is still unclear. The enlargement may be minimal and barely noticeable, or it may be so advanced that the tissue covers the teeth. The effect is cumulative: a patient on cyclosporine who is also given nifedipine often presents with greater gingival overgrowth than with either drug alone (Figure 2). In addition to having difficulty chewing, the patient may be self-conscious and withdrawn because of the unpleasant appearance of the mouth.\nCaries is generally thought of as a disease of young people because the highest incidence of new-enamel decay occurs during the first three decades of life in the enamel on the chewing surfaces and the proximal surfaces (the surface at which each tooth contacts its neighbor). However, older adults are susceptible to root caries, a condition in which decay invades the exposed roots of teeth and may result in pain, tooth fracture, abscess formation, and pulp death, requiring root canal treatment or extraction.9\nTooth Loss and Nonreplacement\nThe nonreplacement of missing teeth is one of the principal causes of inability to chew. Many older people, especially those with low incomes, fail to have lost teeth replaced for financial reasons. They rarely have dental insurance once they are no longer employed. If many teeth are missing, chewing becomes more and more difficult, and malnutrition is likely to result. A related problem is the continued use of dentures that no longer fit properly. The patient either leaves the dentures out of the mouth or uses them only intermittently. Even when a partial denture fits well, the patient is at higher risk for root caries unless the denture is removed daily, and both the denture and teeth are cleaned thoroughly.10,11\nThere has been a longstanding consensus in the health care community that patients in the over-65 age group have a diminished salivary flow. This has recently been questioned, and it now appears that much of the “dry mouth” problem is related to multiple medications taken by the people in this age group.12 More than 500 drugs in 42 drug categories produce xerostomia. They include antihypertensives, psychotropics, antihistamines, antiarrhymics, and many others. Dry mouth is also caused by Sjögren’s syndrome (an autoimmune condition seen primarily in women that involves dryness of mouth, eyes, and most other mucous membranes), as well as by radiation therapy for cancer of the head and neck. The reduced level of salivary flow increases susceptibility to root caries. Dry mouth tends to make eating less enjoyable and makes swallowing of relatively dry foods difficult. Again, nutritional problems may result.\nThere are a number of ulcerative, desquamative conditions that cause the oral tissues to be painful and make eating a highly unpleasant experience. They include candidiasis (thrush), erosive lichen planus, herpes zoster (shingles), and mucous membrane ulcerations resulting from chemotherapy.13\nApproximately one-half of the 30,000 cases of oral cancer reported each year are found in patients over 65 years of age.14 Many deaths from this disease could be averted by early detection during routine screenings.\nSystemic Conditions That Affect the Mouth\nHIV is a condition not usually associated with older age groups, yet approximately 11% of patients with AIDS are 50 years of age and older, and one-fourth of these are over 60. Changes in the mouth are among the more frequently found signs of HIV and AIDS. These include Kaposi’s sarcoma, candidiasis, necrotic periodontitis, and hairy leukoplakia of the tongue. Many health care practitioners are only vaguely aware or are unaware of the possibility of HIV in an older patient, and the disease often is undiagnosed until it is far advanced.15\nSmoking is now recognized as a major risk factor for periodontal disease,16 in addition to its role in heart disease, lung cancer, and other disorders. It is still uncertain whether the damage to the periodontal tissues produced by smoking is due to a topical effect of the smoke on the gingiva and/or to systemic effects, such as changes in blood flow. Smoking is also implicated in the high incidence of oral and pharyngeal cancers that are found in elderly men who are both tobacco users and alcohol abusers. All forms of smoking—cigarettes, cigars, pipes—greatly increase the risk of oral and pharyngeal cancers, compared with nonsmokers. Many patients in long-term care have neurologic conditions such as Parkinson’s disease or Alzheimer’s disease that make oral hygiene measures difficult or impossible for them to perform. Similarly, patients with severe arthritis are unable to wield a toothbrush or floss their teeth. The result is plaque accumulation and increased gingival inflammation. Sensory deficits, especially deteriorating eyesight, make oral hygiene more difficult, while both impaired vision and hearing loss make it more difficult for oral health care instructions to be understood by the patient. Medications have multiple effects, some of which (xerostomia and gingival enlargement) have been described above. In addition, taste changes caused by some drugs make food taste unpleasant,17 whereas others, such as antipsychotics, can produce movement disorders (tardive dyskinesia), which may interfere with the patient’s ability to manage food utensils or oral hygiene implements. Some patients have systemic conditions that, while they do not affect the mouth directly, complicate the management of oral health problems. An example is the patient with rheumatic heart disease or other conditions that require antibiotic premedication prior to dental treatment sessions. Behavioral challenges also complicate oral health care. Residents with dementia or other psychiatric conditions may be too frightened, uncomprehending, or combative to permit dental treatment or oral hygiene procedures. Management of the Oral Health of Patients in Long-Term Care Oral health has a low priority in many nursing homes. A survey in 1995 of more than 16,000 nursing homes in the United States revealed that 1700 offered no dental services at all; 60% had no regular dental services available, except on call or offsite; and more than 1000 did not provide any oral hygiene assistance to residents.18 All incoming residents should have an oral health examination (with dental radiographs) that includes cancer screening. It should involve a visual examination and palpation of the oral tissues for changes in color, size, form, firmness, and/or surface texture; a periodontal examination; recording of missing and carious teeth, and evaluation of existing prostheses. Functionally dependent adults should be assessed for their ability to perform oral hygiene procedures. This assessment need not be an all-or-nothing evaluation. Some residents’ difficulties may be due to partial physical and/or cognitive impairment. Thus, an individual who is unable to brush his or her teeth independently may be able to do so if someone is present to direct the procedure with such instructions as “open your toothpaste, pick up your brush, put on the toothpaste,” and so on. Patients with severe arthritis or motion disorders find toothbrushing easier if the brush has a thick handle. These are available from suppliers of implements for the disabled or may be made from a standard soft-bristled toothbrush by taping sponge rubber to the handle. Checkup examinations should be done at intervals of no more than 12 months. The management of oral health problems will depend on the patient’s sensory and motor abilities, understanding and cooperation; the training, skills, sensitivity, and motivation of the staff; and the availability of funds to pay for the care needed. Ideally, oral hygiene procedures should be taught, missing teeth replaced, carious teeth restored, and periodontal treatment performed to ensure that the patient will be able to eat comfortably. Various techniques are available to stabilize loose teeth even in the presence of severe periodontal disease. Patients with extensive root caries should be given a fluoride rinse to reduce the likelihood of further decay. For patients with severely dry mouths, artificial saliva is available. Patients whose impairments prevent their performance of oral hygiene should have it performed by an aide. It should involve the use of a soft toothbrush with or without toothpaste to clean all of the teeth, particularly at the gum line on both the inner and outer surfaces of the teeth. A Swedish study published in 1997 found that nursing personnel considered oral care assistance more disagreeable than most other nursing activities.19 Such an attitude reduces the likelihood of careful oral hygiene by aides. A search on the World Wide Web under oral hygiene or oral hygiene video will provide sources of patient education brochures and tapes that may be helpful, but a dentist or hygienist is the best person to provide the necessary training.20,21 Finding the funds for oral health care in a long-term care environment is another major challenge. Medicare generally pays for dental needs only if they are the result of an accident, whereas Medicaid reimbursement varies from state to state and is usually minimal. An inquiry to the state Medicaid office or the state dental society might suggest ways to obtain some of the needed funds. The oral health of residents in long-term care facilities frequently suffers for a variety of reasons: functional and/or cognitive impairments that limit the ability of residents to care for themselves; a large variety of prescribed medications; and reduced access to oral health care. As the over-65 population continues to grow, institutions will house more people who are retaining more of their teeth and who will have even greater dental care needs. Now is the time to plan for the management of this population and to seek increased financial reimbursement.\nMichele Karel, PhD, a geriatric clinical psychologist, offered valuable comments and suggestions during the preparation of this article.\n1. Albandar JM, Brunelle JA, Kingman A. Destructive periodontal disease in adults 30 years of age and older in the United States, 1988-1994 [published erratum appears in J Periodontol 1999;70(3):351]. J Periodontol 1999;70(1):13-29.\n2. Fox CH, Jette AM, McGuire SM, et al. Periodontal disease among New England elders. J Periodontol 1994;65(7):676-684.\n3. Mojon P, Budtz-Jorgensen E, Rapin CH. Relationship between oral health and nutrition in very old people. Age Ageing 1999;28(5):463-468.\n4. Saunders MJ. Nutrition and oral health in the elderly. Dent Clin North Am 1997;41(4):681-698.\n5. Grant-Theule DA. Periodontal disease, diabetes, and immune response: A review of current concepts. Journal of the Western Society of Periodontology – Periodontal Abstracts 1996;44(3):69-77.\n6. Scannapieco FA. Role of oral bacteria in respiratory infection. J Periodontol 1999;70(7):793-802.\n7. Beck JD, Offenbacher S. Oral health and systemic disease: Periodontitis and cardiovascular disease. J Dent Educ 1998;62(10):859-870.\n8. Desai P, Silver JG. Drug-induced gingival enlargements. J Can Dent Assoc 1998;64(4):263-268.\n9. Shay K. Root caries in the older patient: Significance, prevention, and treatment. Dent Clin North Am 1997;41(4):763-793.\n10. MacEntee MI, Glick N, Stolar E. Age, gender, dentures and oral mucosal disorders. Oral Diseases 1998;4(1):32-36.\n11. Slavkin HC. Maturity and oral health: Live longer and better. J Am Dent Assoc 2000;131:805-808.\n12. Fox PC. Acquired salivary dysfunction: Drugs and radiation. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1998;842:132-137.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "The Mackenzie River is a major river in northern Canada. It is named after famous explorer, Alexander Mackenzie. The river's watershed drains parts of Alberta, British Columbia, the Northwest Territories, Saskatchewan, and the Yukon. It flows north, for 1,738 kilometres (1,080 mi), from Great Slave Lake to the Arctic Ocean. There are only a few small towns on the river, including Fort Providence and Norman Wells. The river is used as a boat transport route during the ice-free summer.\n|Length||1,738 km (1,080 mi)|", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Winter sowing is the technique of growing plants from seeds sown in winter to give them a head start in spring. As any gardener who has ever struggled with a self-seeding plant knows, some seeds do very well when left outdoors in the cold all winter. The seeds that does well in this technique are the ones that need to experience cold, damp conditions either because they have hard shells that are softened by the freezing and thawing or because they are triggered by the change in temperature to sprout. This is called stratification.\nSo, how is “winter sowing” different than “self sowing? Winter sowing essentially provides a mini greenhouse environment to control the germination of seeds within the boundaries of the container it is sowed in. A quick internet search told me that the phrase “winter sowing” is attributed to Trudi Davidoff, a resourceful gardener who had more seeds than indoor space. Ms. Davidoff sows seeds in covered containers (she uses take-out containers with foil bottoms and plastic tops) and then moves the containers outdoors. The containers act as mini greenhouses, allowing the seeds to experience the chill of winter in a controlled environment. When the temperature warms enough, the seeds germinate and start to grow. I learnt about this technique in the last few months and wanted to give it a try. I sowed Tiger Paw Asters, Monarda (Bee Balm), and Lupine seeds. I am eagerly waiting to see if I am successful in this process. I won’t write about the step by step process I followed, instead I am linking the video here:\nI will provide an update on this experiment in spring. So make sure to follow me here or in my social media accounts.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "While DietsInReview’s primary focus is weight loss, disease prevention and overall health and wellness, we are also concerned about the health impact of poverty and malnutrition. Obesity may be a major problem in the United States and most of the developed world, but many developing nations struggle with nutritional deficiencies as a result of an insufficient food supply and poverty. Nutrition, health and health care, social justice, disease, and so many other concerns are wrapped up with poverty. It can be an overwhelming and cyclical problem.\nThe Girl Effect aims to improve poverty, disease, war, social inequality, and the world’s economy by educating girls in the developing world. It may sound idealistic, but there is much research behind the hypothesis that when girls are given any additional education, they are less likely to marry early, have children early, die from childbirth, contract HIV, and live in poverty. The Girl Effect also recognizes the different impact that women have on children and families versus men. According to The Girl Effect Fact Sheet women reinvest 90 percent of their income into their families, while men only reinvest 30 to 40 percent. That means that educating a young girl and giving her the opportunity to earn an income is at least 50 percent more likely to reduce poverty in her family than if a young boy was given additional educational opportunities. Women can make powerful changes when given the opportunity.\nThe Girl Effect, created by the Nike Foundation with support from the NoVo Foundation and Nike, Inc., who brought us the “If You Let Me Play” campaign 15 years ago, encourages advocating for educating girls in developing nations, which they believe can have a snowball effect on those girls, their families and children, their towns and villages, and eventually the entire world. The Girl Effect advocates for social movement and wide-spread change based on research and a singular focus – education. The videos are powerful. The research is staggering. I encourage you to check out The Girl Effect and see how you can help.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "What to do as a parent\nMany essentially well-informed parents are still unsure how to protect their children from a possible sexual assault or what they should do to protect another child that they suspect to be a victim of sexual abuse in its environment.\nTalk to your children\nThe most important thing that parents can do is talk to their children and teach them some basic principles from an early age:\n- I have the right to say NO to any action that makes me feel scared or uncomfortable.\n- My body belongs to me. Everyone must respect that. I can even say NO to someone I know or love.\n- Nobody is allowed to touch me in my private parts. If it is necessary for a doctor or nurse to do so, they will have to tell me the reason and ask me first.\n- I distinguish “bad” from “good” secrets. A bad secret is what makes me feel scared, awkward, uncomfortable or bad. A good secret is a surprise-party or an unexpected gift. I speak directly to my parents or an adult that I trust about what is happening to me or is worrying me.\nIt is the parents’ responsibility to be aware of what is going on and protect their children. We watch out for unjustified marks, scrapes or scratches on our child’s body. We are on guard for unreasonable changes in the child’s behavior.\nBeing alert to the behavior of all other adults involved in the care and instruction of our children is necessary. The rules of protection are valid for all.\nPrivacy and respect towards our child are non-negotiable.\nRead here all the informative brochures of ELIZA.\nWhat to do if we suspect that a child is a victim of sexual abuse\nChildren are often afraid to talk about what is happening to them. If you suspect that there is a possibility of a child being sexually abused, you should do the following:\n- Stay in contact with the child and give it the chance to talk about what’s happening.\n- Take notes of dates and incidents in order to detect any changes in the child’s behavior.\n- Talk to the teacher or pediatrician of the child about your concerns.\n- Call the 115 25 Helpline of the Together for Children Association – with which ELIZA is cooperating – and report the incident.\nSexual abuse, particularly when it involves our close environment is an unpleasant issue that people often refuse to believe. Their initial reaction is that it would be better not to get involved because it may all be in their imagination. This is a mistake.\nDo not hesitate to report an incident of suspected child sexual abuse. Do not wait until you are absolutely sure. Trust your instinct and break the silence.\nChildren depend on us, adults, to protect them and it is our responsibility to do so.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Home automation gives you access to control devices in your home from a mobile device anywhere in the world. The term may be used for isolated programmable devices, like thermostats and sprinkler systems, but home automation more accurately describes homes in which nearly everything — lights, appliances, electrical outlets, heating and cooling systems — are hooked up to a remotely controllable network. From a home security perspective, this also includes your alarm system, and all of the doors, windows, locks, smoke detectors, surveillance cameras and any other sensors that are linked to it.\nA lot of inventions these days, Experts are introducing latest inventions and inventing new technology real quickly. I would also like to mention form to phone software which is also a great invention in history of internet marketing. Where home automation becomes truly “smart” is in the Internet-enabled devices that attach to this network and control it. The classic control unit is the home computer, for which many of the earlier home automation systems were designed. Today’s home automation systems are more likely to distribute programming and monitoring control between a dedicated device in the home, like the control panel of a security system, and a user-friendly app interface that can be accessed via an Internet-enabled PC, smartphone or tablet.\nOne clear advantage of home automation is the unmatched potential for energy savings, and therefore cost savings. At the most basic level, home automation extends that scheduled programmability to lighting, so that you can suit your energy usage to your usual daily schedule. With more flexible home automation systems, electrical outlets or even individual devices can also be automatically powered down during hours of the day when they’re not needed. As with isolated devices like thermostats and sprinkler systems, the scheduling can be further broken down to distinguish between weekends and even seasons of the year, in some cases.\nSet schedules are helpful, but many of us keep different hours from day to day. Energy costs can be even further reduced by programming “macros” into the system and controlling it remotely whenever needed. In other words, you could set up a “coming home” event that turns on lights and heating as you’re driving home after work, for example, and activate it all with one tap on your smartphone. An opposite “leaving home” event could save you from wasting energy on forgotten lights and appliances once you’ve left for the day.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "The duty of doing nothing\nAugust is approaching, the month of holidays par excellence in the Mediterranean cradle, and with it the long hours of warm days occupied with... nothing. Or not. Allowing oneself to disconnect is a luxury that very few can afford in a society that idealises productivity and stigmatises free time even during the longed-for holidays.\nHowever, letting the mind wander uncontrollably is the perfect recipe for boosting creativity and productivity. A walk in the woods, a nap on the beach, contemplating the landscape from a bench on the sidewalk... distraction is an experience that all human beings share and has been the subject of study for centuries, along with the ability to focus thought, in the search for the perfect balance.\nWe live surrounded by stimuli, to the point of considering overstimulation as a positive element in our lives. It is not by chance that the excess of activities and the lack of time stand out as the main cause of stress.\nHowever, the brain is not prepared to manage all that information and can only pay attention to a limited number of things at a time. According to Daniel Levitine, author of the book \"The Organized Mind\" and professor of psychology at McGill University (Canada) with data overload, the ability to focus attention is diminished by constantly jumping from one topic to another, resulting in mental fatigue that no night's sleep can solve.\nWhen, on the other hand, people let the mind wander, it engages in one of the most interesting processes of intelligence: creation. One of the key activities for personal and social development.\nAs seems to be the case with everything, virtue lies between the two systems of attention that the human mind is capable of alternating: the first, positive attention, consists of focusing the mind on a task and avoiding all kinds of distractions; while the second, negative attention, is what appears when the mind is wandering. These two systems work in reverse: when one is on, the other is off.\nDuring moments of wandering, the mind, contrary to what one might think, continues to work in the subconscious. It is during these moments when what has been learned is understood, newly acquired data is consolidated and the most important information is memorized; or when the solution to a problem that we may have been dragging around for days is \"magically\" solved.\nIt is also during these moments that the mind rests and resets. When self-identity is affirmed, human behavior is understood and ethical codes are generated. Because as the popular saying goes, \"time heals all things and changes all things\".\nTherefore, during this month we do what we preach and we go to rest, to recharge our batteries and to do nothing! to return full of ideas and news to share with you.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "- The Earth Observer Newsletter\nYou will be directed to the NASA Visible Earth webpage when you select Images by Mission below, or click on the images at right that are randomly generated to represent four out of all possible topics.\nYou are here\nModular Optoelectronic Multispectral Scanner (MOMS)\nMission Category: Historical Missions\nLaunch Date: June 18, 1983\nThe Modular Optoelectronic Multispectral Scanner (MOMS) was a camera mounted on the Shuttle Pallet Satellite (SPAS-01), which launched as a free-flyer platform (the image above shows the SPAS platform that MOMS was mounted on). The scanning system had airborne and, predominantly spaceborne, geoscientific remote sensing applications . The first version, MOMS-01, was developed by order of the German Minister for Research and Technology under contract from the German Aerospace Research Establishment (DLR).\nThe most important characteristic of MOMS was the modular arrangement of the CCD-sensor, electronics, optical lens system, and filters. This arrangement allowed the instrument to be adapted for completely different geoscientific tasks or missions. The multispectral mode of MOMS enabled geologic mapping, mineral resources exploration, hydrology, mapping and monitoring of renewable resources (agriculture, forestry, urban and regional planning), coastal zone monitoring, and topographic mapping.\nThe first two flights of MOMS-01 took place on board the Space Shuttle missions STS-7 and STS-11 in 1983 and 1984, respectively. Both flights yielded high-resolution images with a 20x20m ground size from about a 300 orbital altitude. Data takes occurred over Africa/Arabia, Australia, east and southeast Asia, India, South America, and the US.\nKey Modular Optoelectronic Multispectral Scanner Facts\nRelevant Science Focus Areas:\n- Earth Surface and Interior\nRelevant Science Questions:\n- How is the global Earth system changing?", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Technical barriers to trade\nThe Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Agreement aims to ensure that technical regulations, standards, and conformity assessment procedures are non-discriminatory and do not create unnecessary obstacles to trade. At the same time, it recognises WTO members' right to implement measures to achieve legitimate policy objectives, such as the protection of human health and safety, or protection of the environment. The TBT Agreement strongly encourages members to base their measures on international standards as a means to facilitate trade. Through its transparency provisions, it also aims to create a predictable trading environment.\n- TBT Information Management System – The TBT IMS offers a wide range of search criteria for notifications, specific trade concerns and other TBT information\n- TBT Enquiry points\nback to top\n- The full text of the TBT Agreement\n- What are technical barriers to trade? A brief introduction\n- WTO Agreement Series — Technical Barriers to Trade\nAn overview of the TBT Agreement, FAQs, the full legal text of the Agreement, and the decisions and recommendations adopted by the TBT Committee since 1 January 1995.\nback to top\nTBT Committee work involves two broad areas:\n- review of specific measures\nWTO members/observers use the TBT Committee to discuss specific trade concerns (STCs) — specific laws, regulations or procedures that affect their trade, usually in response to notifications. Essentially, members raise STCs to find out more about the scope and implementation of each other's regulations in light of the core TBT obligations. The discussion is mostly about measures in the pipeline, but can also be about the implementation of existing measures. To date, more than 500 “STCs” have been raised which can be accessed through the TBT Information Management System TBT IMS — the database of WTO information on TBT notifications, specific trade concerns, enquiry points, etc.\n- strengthening implementation of the TBT Agreement\nMembers exchange experiences on the implementation of the Agreement with a view to making implementation more effective and efficient. This discussion revolves around generic, cross-cutting themes, including transparency, standards, conformity assessment and good regulatory practice.\nOver the years, the Committee has developed a series of decisions and recommendations intended to facilitate implementation of the TBT Agreement. The latest decisions and recommendations adopted by the Committee can be found here.\nMeetings of the TBT Committee\nThe Committee usually holds three formal meetings per year. These are sometimes preceded by workshops or thematic sessions. Meetings are open to all WTO members and observer governments. International intergovernmental organizations — several of them standardizing bodies — also participate as observers in the Committee. See also rules of procedure for meetings of the Committee and guidelines for observer status.\nThe current chair of the TBT Committee is .\nSearch here for TBT official documents using various criteria\nThe Committee is mandated to conduct an annual review of activities relating to the implementation and operation of the TBT Agreement, including notifications, specific trade concerns, technical assistance activities, and TBT related disputes. The latest Annual Review report was circulated in April 2017.\nThe TBT Committee is mandated to review the operation and implementation of the TBT Agreement on a triennial basis. The Eighth Triennial Review is due for completion by the end of 2018.\nTransparency is a cornerstone of the TBT Agreement and consists of three core elements:\n- establishment of enquiry points\n- publication requirements.\nThis toolkit contains information on the transparency obligations and procedures, and related work in the Committee, as well as other resources.\nback to top\nFind jurisprudence concerning the TBT Agreement:\n- Analytical Index — Guide to WTO Law and Practice\n- WTO Appellate Body Repertory of Reports and Awards (5th edition: 1995–2013)\n- WTO Dispute Settlement: One-Page Case Summaries (1995–2012)\n- 19 March 2018\nSide Event organized by Chile\n- 13 June 2017\nThematic Session on Risk Assessment\n- 28 March 2017\n- Agreement series — TBT\nAn overview of the TBT Agreement\n- Trade and Food Standards\n- Technical Barriers to Trade: Reducing trade friction from standards and regulations\n- World Trade Report 2012\nA closer look at non-tariff measures\n- World Trade Report 2011\nDeeper integration (PTAs), including on regulatory matters\n- World Trade Report 2005\nA closer look at standards\n- WTO Agreements and Public Health — A joint study by WHO and the WTO Secretariat\nStaff working papers\n- Interplay between Patents and Standards in the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Sector and its Relevance to the Implementation of the WTO Agreements\n- Trade, testing and toasters: Conformity assessment procedures and the TBT Committee\n- TBT and Trade Facilitation Agreements: Leveraging linkages to reduce trade costs\n- TBT provisions in Regional Trade Agreements: To what extent do they go beyond the WTO TBT Agreement?", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "- There is a large pocket of methane gas underground. Since methane gas is less dense than air, it rises through and out the ground. A previous earthquake may also have allowed a pathway to open up in the ground to allow methane gas to seep through the ground.\n- Methane reacts with oxygen and other chemicals in the air to combust.\n- It is a natural phenomenon\nLocated just past Hengchun’s east gate, Chuhuo’s local topography is made of mudstone. There are many cracks in these mudstone that allow natural gases to be emmited. If there is a fire source. These gases which include methane, can be ignited. It is a natural phenomenon where methane seeps up from the earth and ignites the area around it.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "In all living cells, DNA makes RNA and RNA makes proteins. The molecular factory that translates the information from RNA to proteins is called the “ribosome” (shown in the accompanying movie). It is a large and sophisticated entity, itself made of RNA and proteins.\nUsing a novel approach, Matthieu Gagnon and other Yale researchers in the lab of Nobel laureate Thomas Steitz in the Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry have described the crystal structure of the ribosome bound to a new protein, called elongation factor 4 (shown in dark blue), that plays a crucial and heretofore unknown role in production of proteins, which are essential to all life.\nThe knowledge of the structure sheds new light on the intricate process of producing proteins and also paves the way to creation of more specifically designed drugs.\nFor more on the research, see the Aug. 8 issue of Science.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Amazon rainforest losing capacity to soak up CO2\nLung capacity The Amazon rainforest may be approaching the limit of how much excess carbon dioxide it can capture from the atmosphere.\nThis could have significant implications for global carbon dioxide levels, as the rainforest previously absorbed up to two billion tonnes of carbon dioxide each year, converting it into biomass.\nBut the net uptake by the forest has halved, and is now for the first time being overtaken by fossil fuel emissions in Latin America.\nThe three-decade-long study involved teams of researchers from around the world measuring the growth and death of vegetation across a network of 321 plots of Amazonian rainforest, with an average size of 1.2 hectares.\nCo-author Professor Bill Laurance says earlier research showed that the Amazon acts as a major 'carbon sink', as trees grow faster in response to increasing carbon dioxide levels; an effect known as CO2 fertilisation.\n\"What was happening was that the trees were getting bigger and they were accumulating more biomass, so in rough terms, it looked like each hectare of forest was gaining about half a tonne of carbon per year,\" says Laurance, director of the Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Studies at James Cook University and ARC Laureate Fellow.\nBut faster growth isn't always a good thing, and the accelerated life cycle of the tree is also linked with size-related structural problems, less reproduction, and reduced photosynthesis.\nThis new study shows growth appears to be slowing as the forest becomes saturated.\n\"You can only pack so many trees and so many vines into a forest,\" Laurance says.\n\"There's only a finite amount of light and water and nutrients out there, so basically what happens is that competition intensifies, and as competition intensifies some things have to die so you get things dying faster,\" he says.\nResearchers found increased tree death, but also increasing growth of vines, which are flourishing in the disturbed forest environment that occurs when trees die at a greater rate.\n\"The vines are the junk traders of the forest whereas the trees are the old money,\" Laurance says.\n\"They're the ones that have the long-term investment in wood and structure, and the vines are the fast-living junk bond traders that are parasites and not investing much into wood, but putting a lot of investment into leaves.\"\nThe shift in growth could be due to a number of factors in addition to the higher levels of carbon dioxide, including several unprecedented droughts that have struck the Amazon basin on top of the usual El Nino-related droughts.\nHowever, the study shows that the decline in the rainforest's carbon-dioxide-absorbing capacity predates these extreme droughts.\nLaurance says the longer-term implications for global carbon dioxide levels are still unclear.\n\"It doesn't suggest that [carbon] sink has gone away, but it suggests that it's tapering off or slowing down,\" Laurance says.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "The reason John F. Kennedy kept a battered coconut shell on his desk in the Oval Office\nDuring his presidency, John F. Kennedy decorated his desk with a number of items that carried personal meaning. These included model sailing ships, an ornamented whale tooth, and various naval memorabilia.\nHowever, the most unusual and perhaps most significant item was a paperweight made out of an old, battered coconut shell. A faint handwritten inscription on the shell stated: “NAURO ISL… COMMANDER… NATIVE KNOWS POS’IT… HE CAN PILOT… 11 ALIVE…NEED SMALL BOAT …KENNEDY.”\nThe coconut shell stood on JFK’s desk as a reminder of his almost losing his life in the Pacific in World War II. In 1943, Kennedy was a lieutenant in the U.S. Navy who probably didn’t ever dream about becoming the most powerful man in America. He was in command of PT-109, a small torpedo patrol boat with a crew of 14 men based at Tulagi Island in the Solomon Islands. The boat was tasked with patrolling the waters around the Solomon Islands and scouting the area for Japanese military vessels.\nOne night in August, PT-109 was intercepted by a 367-foot-long Japanese destroyer named Amagiri. Kennedy’s crew was getting ready to attack the ship, but the gargantuan destroyer was moving fast and was way more agile than they anticipated: It deliberately ran into PT-109 and literally cut the small boat in half. Two men were killed, and the rest of the crew found themselves in the water. Kennedy knew that the Japanese ship might turn around and try to finish off the survivors, so he ordered his men to swim to a nearby island. Although his back was badly damaged from an injury while playing football in college, he managed to tow a badly burned crew member for two hours until reaching the island.\no the misfortune of Kennedy and his crew, the barren island was uninhabited, with no food or water to be found. Kennedy persuaded his crew to swim to another island a couple of miles away that hopefully had some vegetation. The men reached the island after several hours of exhausting swimming; their ordeal was worsened by the constant fear of Japanese patrol ships. They also feared military outposts that could have been hidden on the island. When they arrived, they discovered that the island, then known as Plum Pudding Island and today known as Kennedy Island, was also uninhabited. But it had palm trees.\nFor the following six days, the crew survived only on coconuts that they found on the palm trees. On the seventh day, they encountered two men in a canoe: the men were natives from a nearby island and, fortunately for Kennedy and his men, they worked with the Coastwatchers, a secret network of agents that informed the Allies of the positions of Japanese military outposts.\nThey agreed to help the stranded men, so Kennedy etched a message on a coconut shell, and the two islanders brought it to the Allied forces stationed at Tulagi Island.\nThe two islanders managed to safely avoid a network of Japanese scouts and patrol ships in the waters around the Solomon Islands, and the message found its way to the Allies. After the crew of the ill-fated PT-109 were transported back to safety, Kennedy’s bravery and tactical thinking earned him the Navy and Marine Corps Medal and a Purple Heart.\nThe concept for the BEANO hand grenade was that a spherical grenade the size and weight of a common baseball would be effective in the hands of American troops. The designers believed that by emulating a baseball, any American young man should be able to properly throw the grenade with both accuracy and distance.\nThe final design for the T-13 hand grenade utilized a pressure trigger as well as an in-flight arming device. The grenade was designed to be thrown as a traditional baseball, and as such it was held with two fingers on a weighted and knurled \"butterfly cap\" and the arming pin was removed. Once thrown, the cap detached from the body of the grenade and a length of nylon string unwound until a secondary arming pin attached to the far end of the cord was pulled, arming the grenade to detonate upon impact with a hard surface. While the original design called for a 5.5 oz (160 g) total weight, it was later decided that this was too light and the weight was increased to 12 oz (340 g).\nThe following user(s) said Thank You: snowman, jacobston\nHow to Make the M1 Garand Even Better — Shorten It, Make It Lighte\nThe World War II M1 Carbine was never actually meant to be a front-line infantry weapon. Rather, the U.S. Army had envisaged soldiers in support roles using the gun strictly for last-ditch, personal defense.\nIn January 1944, the Infantry Board tested a shorter and lighter version of the Garand developed by the 93rd Infantry Division. The Board concluded that shortening the rifle did not impair its accuracy.\nCol. Rene Studler, the chief of ordnance, directed Springfield Armory to develop a suitable carbine for widespread issue. John Garand, the M1's head designer, began work on an appropriate folding stock.\nThe prototype M1E5 featured a barrel that was just 18 inches long, down from the standard 24 inches — and also boasted an ingenious, folding, pantograph-style stock that attached via a rear metal cap.\nThe weapon’s overall length with the stock extended was 37.5 inches. It weighed 8.4 pounds. This was still longer and heavier than the 5.8-pound, 36-inch M1 Carbine was, but lighter and more compact than the 9.6-pound, 43.5-inch Garand was.\nRevisions to the stock improved the weapon’s ergonomics and strength — especially when firing rifle grenades. However, the Springfield Armory suspended work on the Garand carbine shortly after finishing testing in late 1944. Springfield redirected its staff to focus on the select-fire T20 rifle then in development. The war ended before Springfield could revisit the carbine project.\nGarand filed a patent protecting the stock design in June 1946, and the government granted it in February 1949. Springfield Armory only built one M1E5 prototype. It remains in the Armory’s collection.\nGAZ AA SOVIET SHIELDED TRUCK\nGerman soldiers resting after the hard fighting in the vicinity of Leningrad, 1941. Behind, a Soviet armored truck in flames model GAZ-AA.\nThe burning vehicle is a limited variant of the GAZ-AA truck, limited since this model is armored, hence the silhouette between the smoke is very straight, are the armor plates.\nPlace: near Leningrad.\nThe GAZ - MM was produced in the late 1930s and early 1940s by GAZ in the Soviet Union. It is a simplified version of the Soviet license version of Ford Model AA. At the beginning of World War II, more than 150,000 were used by the Red Army.\nThe GAZ-MM was only a designation of a 50 HP reinforced engine, introduced in 1938, in the factory documents these trucks were still designated as GAZ AA.\nGAZ-65: prototype version. Produced in 1940.\n4M GAZ-AAA: anti-aircraft truck equipped with a Maxim M1910 quad cannon.\n72-K GAZ - MM: anti-aircraft truck equipped with an M1940 (72-K) automatic cannon of 25 mm air defense built during World War II.\n- 72-K GAZ - MM anti-aircraft trucks equipped with an M1940 (72-K) automatic cannon of 25 mm anti-aircraft defense. The cannon was created in the early 1940s at Artillery Factory No. 8 in Kalinin, under the direction of chief designer Mikhail Loginov.\nnot fear the enemy that attacks you,\nbe afraid of the false friend that hugs you\nThe following user(s) said Thank You: snowman, Maquisard", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "The Dagger alif or superscript alif (Arabic: ألف خنجرية alif khanjariyya) is written as a short vertical stroke on top of an Arabic letter. It indicates a long /aː/ sound where alif is normally not written, e.g. هٰذَا hādhā or رَحْمٰن raḥmān. The dagger alif occurs in only a few modern words, but these include some common ones; it is seldom written, however, even in fully vocalised texts, excepting the Qur'an. As Wright notes \"[alif] was at first more rarely marked than the other long vowels, and hence it happens that, at a later period, after the invention of the vowel-points, it was indicated in some very common words merely by a fètḥa [i.e. the dagger alif.]\" Most keyboards do not have dagger alif. The word ﷲ (Allāh) is usually produced automatically by entering \"alif lām lām hāʾ\". The word consists of alif + ligature of doubled lām with a shadda and a dagger alif above lām.\nThere are two possible ways of representing the dagger alif in modern editions of Quran. In the editions printed in the Middle East the dagger alif is written with fatḥah: الرَّحْمَٰنِ (a)r-raḥmān. In the editions printed in South Asia (Pakistan, India and Bangladesh) the dagger alif is written without fatḥah: الرَّحْمٰنِ (a)r-raḥmāni.\n- Alhawary, Mohammad T. (2011). Modern standard Arabic grammar: a learner's guide. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 17–18. ISBN 978-1-4051-5501-4.\n- Ryding, Karin C. (2005). A Reference Grammar of Modern Standard Arabic. Cambridge University Press. p. 28.\n- Caspari, Carl Paul (1896). Wright, William; Smith, William Robertson; de Goeje, Michael Jan, eds. A Grammar of the Arabic Language. 1 (3rd ed.). pp. 9–10.\n|This writing system-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.|", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Written by Max Muller:\nSome imagine our memory merely as a tool to retrieve past events or thoughts. That it operates as a purely mechanistic, objective tool that passively stores information. As such, it enables us to learn things and allows people to function properly in their daily lives.\nHowever, this conception of human memory is rather limited. Although it does perform the above-mentioned tasks, it is not confined to purely practical matters. A person’s memory is not merely concerned with what he or she does or can do – it also determines who and what the person is.\nHuman beings are necessarily finite, both in terms of space and in terms of time. We live within a particular time frame and grow up under some set of historical particularities. Thus, to a large extent, our circumstances and experiences determine who we are.\nIn order to understand ourselves, we look back upon past events. We aim to come to an understanding of our role within them. In doing so, we continuously re-visit our memories to re-interpret them, casting light on the way we are situated in the present.\nBy selectively choosing to focus on certain memories and at the same time discarding others, people actively and subjectively construct themselves by means of narratives. Human beings are therefore not mere processors of information, they invent and re-work it as stories. Memory comes alive in the act of narration, allowing individuals to form a coherent identity. Human life has, therefore, both biological and biographical origins.\nIn that sense, it is not surprising that psychologists sometimes encourage their patients to share their life story with them. It allows patients to understand themselves. Their confusion is healed when the re-visitation of their memories results in a more thorough understanding of the way they acted in (perceived) past events. This enables them to act with deeper understanding during the present. Concurrently, their sense of identity is emboldened throughout the process, allowing them to be more at ease with who they are.\nTherapists are expensive. In addition, the whole therapeutic process is quite time-consuming, cumbersome and confrontational. Why not engage you, our readers, with my past?\nAt the risk of seeming exceedingly self-centered, I will take this opportunity to describe some memories of my own. During the writing process, I aim to gain a more thorough understanding of myself. In addition, I am curious as to what you think about my experiences. What do they tell you about me? Do you have any insights as to how I ought to interpret these events? Let us make sense of my life together.\nOne memory that sometimes resurfaces dates back from more than 17 years ago. At the time, my family and I would visit a place called Cap-d’Agde in the South of France every summer. We would stay in a resort filled with bungalows and spent our carefree days at the beach or near the pools.\nSometimes, however, something out of the ordinary would happen. The owners of the resort would invite a potter to teach kids (and, occasionally, adults too) how to make pots the traditional way. He put a wet blob of clay on a horizontally spinning wheel. With his hands, he would manipulate its shape in a clever way, slowly but steadily creating a pot.\nTo me, being an eight-year-old, the whole process must have seemed like magic. He barely moved his hands at all, yet sure enough, the spinning clot would always turn into a pot. His precisely applied, manual pressure ensured it.\nAnother day, the potter maker would take us to his home outside the resort. Upon arriving there, I realized that pottery making represented just a fraction of his artistic inclinations. He had made his whole home himself. Some walls were riddled with minutely illustrated paintings. Others were littered with spontaneously arranged tiles, forming splendid mosaics.\nNothing in the house had sharp hooks or rigid lines. It was a fluid arrangement with bows and curved lines. Looking back on it now, it seemed like an artistic, Mediterranean version of a hobbit home. His house was a Gaudi-esque constellation of furious creativity. The potter had shown a level of dedication that could only be matched by Ryan Gosling in The Notebook. It was a unique anachronism, both temporally as well as spatially.\nIts uniqueness was punctuated by the banality of Cap-d’Agde in general. It was a beach town past its former glory, overflowed by foreign tourists who were bored of their mundane lives back home. They were in search of a red-tanned chest and hedonistic escape. The town’s most famous nightclub was aptly called Amnesia. The nudist beaches and swingers clubs were phenomena – famously described by Michel Houellebecq in his book Les Particules Elementaires – that embodied the town’s indulgence.\nSo what does this memory tell about me? What does the fact that it resurfaces every now and again mean? What insights can it give me with regards to my current phase in life?\nOne theme of the memory seems to be the contrast between sloth and sacrifice, between laziness and dedication. The potter had gone to great lengths to build a perfect house for himself. Viewed from this point of view, the memory perhaps tells me I have a choice: put in the effort and succeed, or be idle and fail.\nBy extension, the story reveals the importance of a goal worth fighting for. It is not possible to put in a lot of effort into something that’s not worthwhile. Whatever the potter’s motives were, they were important enough to him to put up a Herculean effort. Maybe it was indeed a romantic act, akin to Gosling’s efforts. Whatever the case may have been, it reminds me of seeking purpose in the things that I do.\nThe potter’s dedication had an almost ascetic quality. His efforts stood out amid the lazy tourists. Viewed from this perspective, his architectural work represented a kind of purity amid a degenerated desert. Maybe this represents my childhood innocence, which can be contrasted with adulthood.\nAnother aspect of importance is the dichotomy between the ordinary and the extraordinary. Although I liked spending time at the beach or playing games on my Gameboy Color, the experiences with the potter were something else entirely. They fueled my sense of wonder and stimulated my imagination.\nI guess nowadays I look back upon these events with a sense of nostalgia, perhaps even melancholy. I’m not as easily impressed as I was back then. Even so, I currently probably miss having such experiences. Maybe my life has become as mundane as all of those other adults who aimed to escape their lives in the French coastal town.\nAnyhow, I am an amateur psychologist at best, and a self-deluding charlatan at worst. You may have a much deeper understanding of this memory in particular. You possibly know how to put my experiences within a Freudian framework, or recall how the potter’s activities relate to Jung’s theory of psychosocial archetypes.\nPlease tell me! I’m eager to find out more about myself.\nHowever, this isn’t just about me. You have just seen a glimpse of my past. Hopefully, it has inspired you to probe into the depths of your own mind, too. What are your most important memories? What do they signify to you? I invite you to take a step back and analyze your past. I suspect that — in the end — it could prove to be highly rewarding.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "What is confidence and supply?\nAn agreement between political parties that is less formal than a full-blown coalition but one that allows a minority party to hold power. Under \"C&S\", as it is sometimes called, a smaller party, or parties, agree to support a larger party on its budget and any votes other parties propose to bring it down. If the Liberal Democrats agreed to such a deal with the Tories they would support (or possibly abstain on) a Queen's speech put forward by a minority Conservative government in the next few weeks. They would do the same with a Tory budget and a vote of no confidence (if one is tabled). But the Lib Dems would judge other proposals on merit and would reserve the right to vote against the Tories on them.\n\"Supply\" refers to bills required for a minority government to receive money to allow it to enact its policies. It does not mean supplying policy concessions to smaller parties, although that is also involved.\nThis refers to the agreement of backing on votes of no confidence. It is not allusion to the trust, or otherwise, that signatories to the deal have in each other.\nWould the Lib Dems hold cabinet posts under a confidence and supply agreement?\nWhat's in it for the Tories?\nIt would allow a minority Conservative administration the chance to govern without conceding too much to the Lib Dems. For example such an agreement is highly unlikely to include a meaningful concession on electoral reform.\nWhat's in it for the Lib Dems?\nThe Tories would agree to enact some elements of Lib Dems' manifesto (although probably not electoral reform). Politically they would avoid being tainted as a full coalition partner in a potentially unpopular Tory government determined to cut spending.\nWhat are the disadvantages?\nIt would be a weak arrangement prone to early collapse. There are unlikely to be enough incentives in terms of legislative measures for the Lib Dems to support an agreement for a long period.\nWhere does the term come from?\nIn 1996 New Zealand introduced proportional representation for its parliamentary system. Since then confidence and supply agreements have played a key part in the negotiations to form new governments. The term has also been used in various deals to form governments in Scotland since the introduction of devolution.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "The developmental role of rhymes and routines for congenitally blind children\nUNSPECIFIED. (1998) The developmental role of rhymes and routines for congenitally blind children. CAHIERS DE PSYCHOLOGIE COGNITIVE-CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY OF COGNITION, 17 (2). pp. 451-477. ISSN 0249-9185Full text not available from this repository.\nA number of blind children exhibit delays in cognitive functioning and language usage resulting in difficulties in sharing meaningful conversation by three years. One reason may be that blindness in infancy limits the availability of information about space, especially distal space and so these children have to rely on other information in making sense of their environment. Time-based information about actions and events is likely to be very important to blind infants. Rhymes and routines depend partially on time-based information and have been reported to be widely used by blind children and their sighted parents. The present study examines the relationship between cognitive and language functioning and the quality and nature of rhymes and routines in four blind children and their mothers. All children were able to initiate rhymes and routines as well as using increasingly sophisticated verbal strategies and language play. Differences emerged between dyads concerning the extent to which they were able to involve objects and space in rhymes and routines. The findings are discussed in relation to the potential role of rhymes and routines in the development of blind children.\n|Item Type:||Journal Article|\n|Subjects:||B Philosophy. Psychology. Religion > BF Psychology|\n|Journal or Publication Title:||CAHIERS DE PSYCHOLOGIE COGNITIVE-CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY OF COGNITION|\n|Publisher:||ADRSC-ASSOC DIFFUSION RECHERCHES SCIENCES COGNITIVES|\n|Official Date:||April 1998|\n|Number of Pages:||27|\n|Page Range:||pp. 451-477|\nActions (login required)", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Country of origin and import laws control the information on pottery imported to the United States. A stamp or marking with the country of origin usually indicates an item made after 1891, the date of enactment of the Mc Kinley Tariff Act in the United States.This act required that country of origin be marked on all imports. Changes enacted to the Tariff Act in 1914 required the words \"made in,\" followed by the country of origin.East Germany used various marks, including GDR or German Democratic Republic until the 1990 unification.The unified country used \"Made in Germany\" after 1990.More recent pieces include numbers with a W, S, O or 2/ in front of them from 1939 onward.Marks on Copeland Spode are impressed, painted or transfer printed onto individual pieces.Some pieces also have a workman's mark in addition to the company's mark from the Spode factory that ran from 1780 to 1833.\nDating pottery and history intertwine as the pottery marks reflect changes in import and export laws established by the countries.\nThe lion was the heraldic animal of the Wittelsbach family, which ruled Bavaria for nearly 1,000 years.\nSome marks show a crown, a common symbol of a royal license that might have a cross rising from its center or sitting atop a pair of intertwined Cs.\nOnce Europe discovered the secret of kaolin and fine porcelain-making, the powerful families who controlled the clay quarries opened china factories.\nBavaria had high-quality clay quarries; its first potteries were named, and sometimes marked, for historic or contemporary rulers.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "A day in December of 1924 turned out to be a fateful one for the men on board the SS Watertown. Below deck, seaman James Courtney and Michael Meehan were cleaning a cargo area when they were inundated with noxious fumes. The gases being released into the room were unscented and went unnoticed.\nIt didn't take long for the other crewmen to notice what happened. The men had a funeral on board the next day and laid the men to rest. The very next day, other crew members began seeing the men's ghostly faces...\nThe foam of the ocean can take on a lot of shapes. The brain will usually make them up for you, but this wasn't just their imaginations...\nMany crew members began seeing the ghostly faces of their perished shipmates in the seafoam. It happened so much that one crewmember actually snagged a photo of the phenomenon!\nOnce the film was developed, the captain and crew were able to positively identify the faces as the men who passed away. The photo was even sent to the Burns Detective Agency who confirmed that the photo was not doctored whatsoever.\nAfter the crew changed up, the faces were no longer sighted by those who knew of the situation.\nMany different people tried to debunk the photo as fake. In the 1930s, a man who read the account tried to contact some crewmembers to get their side of the story... But those crewmembers had passed away.\nIn the 1950s, another man went to speak to the ship's captain. During their talk, the captain said that this was indeed true and many people saw it happen multiple times. He even shared the other frames of the image, which proved that it wasn't just their imaginations.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Hip replacement has become necessary for your arthritic hip: this is one of the most effective operations known and should give you many years of freedom from pain.\nOnce you have arthritis that has not responded to conservative treatment, you may well be a candidate for a resurfacing procedure of the hip.\nA standard hip replacement replaces the acetabulum (hip socket) and the places a femoral component inside the femur (thigh bone). Hip Resurfacing or bone conserving procedure replaces the acetabulum (hip socket) in the same way but resurfaces the femoral head. This means the femoral head has some or very little bone removed that is replaced with the metal component. This spares the femoral canal.\nResurfacing procedures may be indicated in the young patient (usually less than 55 years) who has osteoarthritis and wishes to maintain an active lifestyle. It is a more conservative and less traumatic alternative to Total Hip Replacement (THR).\nArthritis is a general term covering numerous conditions where the joint surface (cartilage) wears out. The joint surface is covered by a smooth articular surface that allows pain free movement in the joint. This surface can wear out for a number of reasons, often the definite cause is not known.\nWhen the articular cartilage wears out, the bone ends rub on one another and cause pain. There are numerous conditions that can cause arthritis and often the exact cause is never known. In general, but not always, it affects people as they get older. This form of arthritis is referred to as Osteoarthritis.\nOther causes include\n- Childhood disorders e.g., dislocated hip, Perthe's disease, slipped epiphysis etc.\n- Growth abnormalities of the hip (such as a shallow socket) may lead to premature arthritis\n- Trauma (fracture)\n- Increased stress e.g., overuse, overweight, etc.\n- Avascular necrosis (loss of blood supply)\n- Connective tissue disorders\n- Inactive lifestyle- e.g., Obesity, as additional weight puts extra force through your joints which can lead to\narthritis over a period of time\n- Inflammation e.g., Rheumatoid arthritis\nIn an Arthritic Hip\n- The cartilage lining is thinner than normal or completely absent. The degree of cartilage damage and inflammation\nvaries with the type and stage of arthritis\n- The capsule of the arthritic hip is swollen\n- The joint space is narrowed and irregular in outline; this can be seen in an X-ray image\n- Bone spurs or excessive bone can also build up around the edges of the joint\n- The combinations of these factors make the arthritic hip stiff and limit activities due to pain or fatigue\nThe diagnosis of osteoarthritis is made on history, physical examination & X-rays. There is no blood test to diagnose\nOsteoarthritis (wear & tear arthritis).\nIndications & Advantages\nResurfacing procedures may be indicated in the young patient (Less than 55 years) who has osteoarthritis and wishes to\nmaintain an active lifestyle. It is a more conservative and less traumatic alternative to Total Hip Replacement (THR).\nThe main advantage is that it is bone sparing in that it does not violate the femoral canal. This allows a Total Hip\nReplacement to be performed at a later date, if required, with little difficulty.\n- Higher activity levels allowed\n- Quicker recovery in hospital (2 to 5 days)\n- Reduced bone damage and Osteolysis (erosion of bone) over time\n- Reduced complications, especially reduced dislocation rate and reduced leg discrepancy\n|Suitable for older patients\n||Suitable for younger patients\n|Femoral canal violation\n||Femoral canal left intact.\n|Metal on polyethylene, metal on metal or ceramic\non ceramic articulation\n|Metal on metal articulation\n|Can wear out rapidly.\n||Longer lasting, with better wear characteristics.\n|Risk of dislocation.\n||Less risk of dislocation.\n|Leg length discrepancy.\n||Minimal or no leg discrepancy.\n|Osteolysis (bone wearing out)\n||Less risk of osteolysis.\n||No thigh pain\n|May require revision surgery\n||Revision surgery less likely.\n|Requires restriction of activities\n||Able to be more active\nYour surgeon will send you for routine blood tests and any other investigations\nrequired prior to your surgery.\nYou will be asked to undertake a general medical check-up with a physician.\nYou should have any other medical, surgical or dental problems attended to prior to\nMake arrangements for help around the house prior to surgery.\nCease aspirin or anti-inflammatory medications 10 days prior to surgery as they\ncan cause bleeding.\nCease any naturopathic or herbal medications 10 days before surgery.\nStop smoking as long as possible prior to surgery.\nDay of Surgery\n- You will be admitted to hospital usually on the day of your surgery\n- Further tests may be required on admission\n- You will meet the nurses and answer some questions for the hospital records\n- You will meet your Anesthetist, who will ask you a few questions\n- You will be given hospital clothes to change into and have a shower prior\n- The operation site will be shaved and cleaned\n- Approximately 30 minutes prior to surgery, you will be transferred to the\nAn incision is made over the hip to expose the hip joint.\nThe acetabulum (socket) is prepared using a special instrument called a reamer.\nThe acetabular component is then inserted into the socket. This is sometimes reinforced with\nscrews or occasionally cemented.\nA liner which can be made of plastic, metal or ceramic material is then placed\ninside the acetabular component\nThe femur (thigh bone) is then prepared. The femoral head which is arthritic is\ncut off and the bone prepared using special instruments, to exactly fit the new\nmetal femoral component.\nThe femoral component is then inserted into the femur. This may be press fit\nrelying on bone to grow into it or cemented depending on a number of factors\nsuch as bone quality and surgeon's preference.\nA trial reduction (putting the hip back into place) is performed to make sure\neverything fits well.\nThe real femoral head component is then placed on the femoral stem. This can be made\nof metal or ceramic.\n- The hip is then reduced again, for the last time\n- The muscles and soft tissues are then closed carefully\nYou will wake up in the recovery room with a number of monitors to record\nyour vitals, (Blood pressure, Pulse, Oxygen saturation, temperature, etc.) You\nwill have a dressing on your hip and drains coming out of your wound.\nPost-operative X-rays will be performed in recovery.\nOnce you are stable and awake you will be taken back to the ward.\nYou will have one or two IV's in your arm for fluid and pain relief. This will be explained\nto you by your anesthetist.\nOn the day following surgery, your drains will usually be removed and you will be\nallowed to sit out of bed or walk depending on your surgeon's preference.\nPain is normal but if you are in a lot of pain, inform your nurse.\nYou will be able to put all your weight on your hip and your\nphysical therapist will help\nyou with the post-op hip exercises.\nYou will be discharged home or to a rehabilitation hospital approximately\n5-7 days depending on your pain and help at home.\nSutures are usually dissolvable but if not are removed at about 10 days.\nA post-operative visit will be arranged prior\nto your discharge.\nYou will be instructed to with crutches for two weeks following surgery and\nto use a cane from then on until 6 weeks\nRemember this is an artificial hip and must be treated with care.\nAvoid the Combined Movement of Bending Your Hip and Turning\nYour Foot In. This can cause Dislocation. Other precautions to avoid\n- You should sleep with a pillow between your legs for 6 weeks. Avoid\ncrossing your legs and bending your hip past a right angle\n- Avoid low chairs\n- Avoid bending over to pick things up. Grabbers are helpful as are shoe\nhorns or slip on shoes\n- Elevated toilet seats are helpful\n- You can shower once the wound has healed\n- You can apply Vitamin E or moisturizing cream into the wound once the\nwound has healed\n- If you have increasing redness or swelling in the wound or temperatures\nover 100.5 degrees you should call your doctor\n- If you are having any procedures such as dental work or any other\nsurgery you should take antibiotics before and after to prevent infection\nin your new prosthesis. Consult your surgeon for details\n- Your hip replacement may go off in a metal detector at the airport\nAs with any major surgery, there are potential risks involved. The decision to\nproceed with the surgery is made because the advantages of surgery outweigh\nthe potential disadvantages.\nIt is important that you are informed of these risks before the surgery takes place.\nComplications can be medical (general) or specific to the Hip\nMedical complications include those of the\nanesthetic and your general well\nbeing. Almost any medical condition can occur so this list is not complete.\n- Allergic reactions to medications\n- Blood loss requiring transfusion with its low risk of disease transmission\nHeart attacks, strokes, kidney failure, pneumonia, bladder infections\n- Complications from nerve blocks such as infection or nerve damage\n- Serious medical problems can lead to ongoing health concerns, prolonged\nhospitalization, or rarely death\nInfection can occur with any operation. In the hip this can be superficial or deep.\nInfection rates are approximately 1%. If infection occurs it can be treated with antibiotics\nbut may require further surgery. Very rarely your hip may need to be removed to\nBlood Clots (Deep Venous Thrombosis)\nThese can form in the calf muscles and can travel to the lung (Pulmonary\nembolism). These can occasionally be serious and even life threatening. If you\nget calf pain or shortness of breath at any stage, you should notify your surgeon.\nThis means the hip comes out of its socket. Precautions need to be taken with\nyour new hip forever. If a dislocation occurs it needs to be put back into place\nwith an anesthetic. Rarely this becomes a recurrent problem needing further\nFractures (break) of the femur (thigh bone) or pelvis (hipbone)\nThis is also rare but can occur during or after surgery. This may prolong your recovery,\nor require further surgery.\nDamage to Nerves or Blood\nAlso rare but can lead to weakness and loss of sensation in part of the leg.\nDamage to blood vessels may require further surgery if bleeding is ongoing.\nYour scar can be sensitive or have a surrounding area of numbness. This\nnormally decreases over time and does not lead to any problems with your new\nLeg length inequality\nIt is very difficult to make the leg exactly the same length as the other one. Occasionally\nthe leg is deliberately lengthened to make the hip stable during surgery. There are some\noccasions when it is simply not possible to match the leg lengths. All leg length inequalities\ncan be treated by a simple shoe raise on the shorter side.\nLeg length inequalities are less likely to occur with a resurfacing procedure.\nAll joints eventually wear out. The more active you are, the quicker this will occur.\nIn general 80-90% of hip replacements survive 15- 20 years.\nResurfacing procedures should last longer, but this has to be proven by long\nterm studies and with the latest designs.\nFailure to relieve pain\nVery rare but may occur especially if some pain is coming from other areas such\nas the spine.\nUnsightly or thickened scar\nPressure or bedsores\nLimp due to muscle weakness\nDiscuss your concerns thoroughly with your\nOrthopaedic Surgeon prior to surgery.\nSurgery is not a pleasant prospect for anyone, but for some people with arthritis,\nit could mean the difference between leading a normal life or putting up with a\ndebilitating condition. Surgery can be regarded as part of your treatment plan—it\nmay help to restore function to your damaged joints as well as relieve pain.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "In a transmission line, air acts as a dielectric medium between the conductors. When the voltage is applied across the sending end of the transmission line, current starts flowing between the conductors (due to imperfections of the dielectric medium). This current is called the charging current in the transmission line.In other words, we can say, the current associated with the capacitance of a line is known as the charging current.The strength of the charging current depends on the voltage, frequency, and capacitance of the line. It is given by the equations shown below.\nFor a single-phase line, the charging current\nSignificance of charging current\n- It reduces the load current, due to which line losses decreases, and hence the efficiency of the line is increased.\n- It improves the power factor of the transmission line.\n- Charging current improves the load capacity of the line.\n- It improves the voltage regulation of the line because the voltage drop is quite small.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "One of the first discoveries I ever made in web development was that CSS hex values that were all the same number would always give me some shade of grey. #444 was dark, almost black. #ccc was light, perfect for form borders. Not long after I discovered that Photoshop wouldn't accept these values and would make me type in all 6 characters - #444444, #cccccc.\nSometime after that I discovered how to tap into a shade somewhere between #eee and #fff, just a barely perceptible off-white with #f4f4f4. #f9f9f9 was lighter. #efefef was darker. The jobs at hand didn't really call for a deeper cognitive understanding. Just some off white colors.\nIt was only much more recently that somewhere in the corners of my mind I began to unravel the science, and just this morning walking down the stairs when it hit me in the way that I now have to write about.\nparseInt(), and its job (in case it isn't clear) is to parse integers. There are two parameters - the first being the string/number you want to parse, but the second is often overlooked. The second is the \"base number\" in which you wish to parse, 10 (for decimal) is the default. I've read there is a bug whereby if you pass is a string beginning with the number 0, a base of 8 is assumed. This can lead to some weird bugs if that's not what you intend, so it's considered good style to always specify what you mean, usually 10.\nIf you want to play with this function, pass it some hexadecimal (base 16) and see what you get back. This will let you do something like this --\nparseInt('ef', 16); // -> 239 parseInt('ff', 16); // -> 255 parseInt('44', 16); // -> 68 parseInt('45', 16); // -> 69\nHex and Rgb\nRgb color notation is pretty simple to get your head around. It means Red, Green, Blue. The same colors that your old tube TV used to put out in those tiny little dots if you got close enough. Mix those 3 colors together in the proper proportions anbd you can pull any shade of the rainbow out. Mix them together in equal portions and you get shades of grey, ie\nrgb(239, 239, 239) is a lovely shade of off-white.\n16 x 16 = 256; Duh.\nrgb(68, 68, 68) === #444444;\nI haven't really been required to think much in base 16, and the average developer probably isn't called on to think in those terms very often, but once that clicked for me, I can somewhat compute the shades of colors that I want in my head based off of thinking about basic color mixing theory and then doing some base 16 calculations in my head. Staving off Alzheimers, hopefully.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Words matter. Language is fluid and alive. It soothes, stings, and moves us; it can tap into every human emotion. It is a powerful tool that can be wielded like a sword or whispered like a hint to influence another.\nWhen speaking recently to my friend and fellow Art21 Educator, Don Ball, I asked, “Where do you find happiness?” He responded by saying he prefers to use the word joy over the word happiness because he feels being joyful is more of a state of mind and less of an outside construct that relies on the attainment of things. We then embarked on a conversation about the meaning of these two words, joyfully contemplating the meaning of joy. Why? Words matter. And so does context.\nFred Wilson is a contemporary artist whose practice focuses on curating exhibitions that bring together disparate but related objects. His juxtaposition of art and artifacts of varied purposes and time periods redefines the meanings of the objects. In this context, Wilson unfolds new narratives. He does not rewrite history; he revisits history, specifically Black history, and offers viewers another lens to see it through.\nWilson’s recent exhibition, Afro Kismet at Pace Gallery in New York, was conceived for the fifteenth edition of the Istanbul Biennial. In it, he placed a powerful quote by James Baldwin above a grouping of antique etchings covered in transparent paper, which was strategically cut to reveal the sole Black persons among the Europeans and Turks.\n“We all commit our crimes. The thing is to not lie about them—to try to understand what you have done, why you have done it. That way, you can begin to forgive yourself. That’s very important. If you don’t forgive yourself, you’ll never be able to forgive anyone else, and you’ll go on committing the same crimes forever.”\n—James Baldwin, Another Country\nWilson’s placement of Baldwin’s text brings another layer into the narrative of Afro Kismet, one that spans time and continents. Written in 1961 and set in 1950s New York City, Baldwin’s novel, Another Country, focused on race and the early civil-rights movement in the United States. In order to complete his work, Baldwin fled to Istanbul to view the racial tensions in the US from afar. Wilson, aware of Baldwin’s relationship to the city, includes the author’s text in the exhibition’s narrative to unravel and re-stitch the threads of history to include a larger worldview that connects us all.\nFor an artist, text is a powerful medium, one that can allow meanings to be malleable, and Art21 has featured many artists who use language as a medium. As an educator, I found these artists to be gateways to the expression of my students, whether in conversation or in artwork.\nOne of my most successful units was a yearlong exploration of text that I implemented with my sixth, seventh, and eighth grades. Students viewed the works of numerous artists who incorporate text, including Glenn Ligon, Barbara Kruger, and Jenny Holzer, as well as word art from popular culture, to consider how words can be used to inspire, incite, and inform.\nEngaging the medium of text in different lessons, the students altered books; they illustrated found poems, puns, and figures of speech; they rewrote the news; and they designed protest T-shirts. For the final project, students considered their material and aesthetic preferences in using text to visually define a personal experience of bias or injustice.\nIn the yearlong curriculum for grades 6, 7, and 8, the unit included five lessons (PDF version):\nLesson 1, “Re-configuring the News”: Students used images and text from newspapers and created collages.\nLesson 2, “Tongue Twisted”: Students illustrated verbs and examples of word play, like puns and figures of speech.\nLesson 3, “Altered Words”: Students created altered books that were then made into sculptures inspired by the stories.\nLesson 4, “Shout, Shout, Let it All Out”: Students designed a\nprotest/statement t-shirt that focused on an issue they are passionate\nLesson 5, “In My Own Words”: Students created a personal text piece with materials of their choice, based on a time they felt wronged, isolated, or hurt by words.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Every family unit is a complex social network influenced by numerous inputs. In nature, social organizations at the family and small-group level can range from violent to peaceful, monogamous to polyandrous, segregated to sharing work. On Wednesday August 4, 2004, scientists will gather for the symposium, \"Family Dynamics: the Evolution and Consequences of Family Organization.\" The session, to be held during the Ecological Society of America’s 89th Annual Meeting in Portland, Oregon, will examine the varied structures of social organization and the conditions, from genetics to habitat, that affect the evolution and development of these groups.\nMichael Neubert (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution) will begin the session with an overview of the theories for family organization and implications of family structure on populations in his talk, \"Family Dynamics: An introduction to the symposium with an example from invasion dynamics.\"\nAndrew Dobson (Princeton University) will follow Neubert, describing how the social organization of hosts can affect the transmission of diseases in, \"The coevolution of host social organization and pathogen transmission.\" Examining data from primates and carnivores, along with theoretical models, Dobson will also discuss the possible role of pathogens in shaping populations.\nAnnie Drinkard | EurekAlert!\nGlobal threat to primates concerns us all\n19.01.2017 | Deutsches Primatenzentrum GmbH - Leibniz-Institut für Primatenforschung\nReducing household waste with less energy\n18.01.2017 | FIZ Karlsruhe – Leibniz-Institut für Informationsinfrastruktur GmbH\nFor the first time ever, a cloud of ultra-cold atoms has been successfully created in space on board of a sounding rocket. The MAIUS mission demonstrates that quantum optical sensors can be operated even in harsh environments like space – a prerequi-site for finding answers to the most challenging questions of fundamental physics and an important innovation driver for everyday applications.\nAccording to Albert Einstein's Equivalence Principle, all bodies are accelerated at the same rate by the Earth's gravity, regardless of their properties. This...\nAn important step towards a completely new experimental access to quantum physics has been made at University of Konstanz. The team of scientists headed by...\nYersiniae cause severe intestinal infections. Studies using Yersinia pseudotuberculosis as a model organism aim to elucidate the infection mechanisms of these...\nResearchers from the University of Hamburg in Germany, in collaboration with colleagues from the University of Aarhus in Denmark, have synthesized a new superconducting material by growing a few layers of an antiferromagnetic transition-metal chalcogenide on a bismuth-based topological insulator, both being non-superconducting materials.\nWhile superconductivity and magnetism are generally believed to be mutually exclusive, surprisingly, in this new material, superconducting correlations...\nLaser-driving of semimetals allows creating novel quasiparticle states within condensed matter systems and switching between different states on ultrafast time scales\nStudying properties of fundamental particles in condensed matter systems is a promising approach to quantum field theory. Quasiparticles offer the opportunity...\n19.01.2017 | Event News\n10.01.2017 | Event News\n09.01.2017 | Event News\n23.01.2017 | Health and Medicine\n23.01.2017 | Physics and Astronomy\n23.01.2017 | Process Engineering", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "They called it the Navel of the World, and for its inhabitants, Easter Island was the only inhabited scrap of land on an ocean planet. Even their enigmatic statues encircle the island with their backs to the sea.\nEaster Island, Chile\nLatitude: 27° 05', South.\nLongitude: 109° 20', West.\nOver 880 statues called moai (pronounced 'mo eye') can be found on this isolated island, located 2,300 miles from the coast of Chile. The statues range in size from a few feet to over 30 feet, and weigh up to 150 tons. They were built sometime after the island was colonized in 300 C.E.. Each statue was hewn out of hard volcanic material from quarries near the Rano Raraku volcano. The statues are thought to honor their deity Make Make, or represent chieftans of the two or three tribes that inhabited this island. Originally the island was heavily forested for the construction of statues and campfires, but the rapid growth of the human population quickly denuded the island. About 250 years ago, warfare between the two tribes of 'Easter Islanders' led to the toppling of most of the statues. Very little is known about the earlier inhabitants whose very existence was not realized until 1774 when Captain Cook visited it and gave it its modern name.\nAlthough the vast majority of the Moai are located on the beaches and face inland, the seven moai at Ahu Akivi were built around 1460 C.E. and face the point at which the sun sets during the equinox. Each measures 14 feet tall and weighs 12 tons. It was restored in 1960 by archaeologists William Mulloy and Gonzalo Figueroa. It is commonly said that the remarkable aspect of Ahu Akivi is that the moai also are the only ones that face out to sea, however from their central location on the island, all sight-lines are towards the ocean. Easter Island oral history from the fewer than 700 remaining natives do not indicate a deep interest in astronomical knowledge. Hieroglyphic writings have survived that might fill-in this information, but have yet to be translated.\nThis bulletin board activity is designed to focus student attention on the role that sun watching has played in humankind's survival through time. As part of this display you may wish to use your own world map ordownload one we have created for you.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "We usually don’t bother much about sauces and dips we consume and in vain. Some of them, like salsa, can be surprisingly beneficial despite their simple content.\nIf you only know that salsa is a tomato sauce, we suggest you get familiar with its shelf life, storage specifics, and other common facts. And now we are going to take a closer look at this foodstuff’s history and its health usefulness in particular.\nSalsa. History And Health Profit\nThis sauce (someone calls it condiment) is a traditional foodstuff in Mexican and South-American cuisines. And its name literally means “sauce” in Mexican!\nThe traditional salsa is made of tomatoes with the addition of some chili, garlic, and onion that makes this condiment burn your tongue. Salsa can be cooked or made of freshly chopped ingredients – it all hangs upon the tradition of a certain region.\nMost of us don’t know about it but various types of this sauce exist. “Fresh salsa” is made of raw tomatoes, lime juice, chili, onions, and cilantro leaves; “black salsa” contains dried chili, oil, and garlic, whereas green condiment is made of tomatillos, veggies that resemble tomatoes a bit.\nThere are even mango, pineapple, avocado, corn, and carrot sauces! And each of them is spicy and hot.\nBut except for adding some fire to the daily meal, this condiment has several undeniable health benefits that can make you think of having a jar in your fridge all the time.\n- Salsa is a source of vitamin C due to lime juice, onions, and tomatoes\n- It helps to balance our blood sugar level since it is filled with natural fiber\n- It’s hydrating, and not only because it will make you drink liters of water to bring that fire down! Since this sauce is mostly tomato, and those veggies have ninety-five percent of their weight from water, salsa can keep you well hydrated\n- Salsa decreases the risk of cancer (thanks to tomatoes again!)\n- Guess what?! If you eat this sauce regularly, you can say good-bye to the unwanted fat! Yes, this Mexican sauce will burn it out!\n- Salsa is a heart-friendly foodstuff because it is cholesterol-free\n- It’s a low-calorie product\n- This condiment is a source of potassium that all of us need so much, and this element helps to maintain our mineral balance and regulate the blood pressure\n- Since salsa contains onions, too, it has anti-inflammatory and antihistamine effect\n- It’s finally rich in citric acid which means that salsa eaters can say good-bye to kidney stones\nAnd what is even better about this foodstuff is that you don’t necessarily have to go to the store to get it! Salsa is extremely simple to make yourself with the least of supplies. In addition, you will be absolutely sure that your sauce has no additives, preservatives, or other non-healthy chemicals that can often be found in commercial foods.\nSo grab a pack of tomatoes, some chili, and garlic, and make yourself a burning sauce to enrich your dishes and boost your health!", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Gerd von Rundstedt, the son of a military officer, was born in Aschersleben, Germany, on 12th December 1875. He joined the German Army and served throughout the First World War. By 1918 he had reached the rank of major and was chief of staff of his division.\nAfter the war Rundstedt rose steadily in the small 100,000 man army and in 1932 was appointed commander of the 3rd Infantry Division. Later that year he threatened to resign when Franz von Papen declared martial law and ordered his troops to eject members of the Social Democratic Party from state government offices. However, Rundstedt eventually agreed to carry out the task.\nIn February 1934, Rundstedt joined with General Wilhelm Leeb to block the pro-Nazi Walther von Reichenau who General Werner von Blomberg wanted to succeed Kurt Hammerstein-Equord as head of the German Army. He also tried to protect General Werner von Fitsch when he was ousted after false claims were made about his sexuality.\nRundstedt was unhappy with the growing power of Adolf Hitler over the army and resigned from office on 31st October 1938. Although 64 years old, Rundstedt was recalled to the army on the outbreak of the Second World War and in September 1939 led Army Group South into Poland.\nIn 1940 Rundstedt was quick to see the merits of the plan devised by Erich von Manstein to invade France. With his support the Manstein Plan was eventually used as part of the Western Offensive. Rundstedt led seven panzer divisions, three motorized divisions, and 35 infantry divisions during the invasion of France.\nBy 14th May, 1940, the German tanks led by General Heinz Guderian had crossed the Meuse and had opened up a a fifty-mile gap in the Allied front. Rundstedt had doubts about the aggressive tactics of Guderian and argued that his tanks should halt and wait until infantry divisions could catch up. Rundsteadt did not fully understand Blitzkrieg tactics and wanted a conventional assault on the British Expeditionary Force (BEF). Adolf Hitler agreed and this decision stopped Guderian cutting off the escape of the British and French troops from Dunkirk.\nRundstedt was promoted to field marshal on 19th July 1940 and took part in the planning of Operation Sealion. When the invasion of Britain was called off Rundstedt took control of occupation forces and was given responsibility to develop the coastal defences in Holland, Belgium and France.\nIn June 1941 Rundsdet took part in Operation Barbarossa when as commander of Army Group South he led 52 infantry divisions and five panzer divisions into the Soviet Union. Unlike those forces led by General Wilhelm Leeb and General Fedor von Bock, Rundsdet made slow progress during the first few weeks of the campaign.\nIn September 1941, Rundsdet took part in the capture of Kiev where 665,000 Russian prisoners were taken. After this he moved east to attack Kharkov and Rostov.\nAt the beginning of November 1941, Rundsdet had a heart-attack. However, he refused to be hospilized and continued the advance and reached Rostov on 21st November, but a Red Army counter-attack forced the Germans back. Hitler was furious and blamed Rundsdet for the defeat. When Rundsdet demanded he should be allowed to withdraw he was sacked and replaced by General Walther von Reichenau.\nAdolf Hitler recalled Rundsdet to duty in March 1942 and was sent to France where he was given reponsibility of defending the Atlantic coast. Known as the Atlantic Wall, Rundsdet organized the building of permanent fortifications with huge naval guns along 1,700 miles of coastline.\nAs a result of the July Plot Rundsdet agreed to join Heinz Guderian and Wilhelm Keitel on the Army Court of Honour that expelled hundreds of officers suspected of being opposed to the policies of Adolf Hitler. This removed them from court martial jurisdiction and turned them over to Roland Freisler and his People Court.\nRundsdet was captured by the US 36th Infantry Division on 1st May 1945. While being interogated he suffered another heart-attack. He was taken to Britain where he was held in captivity. During this period he was interviewed by several military historians including Basil Liddell Hart and Brian Horrocks .\nGerd von Rundstedt was released in July 1948 and lived in Hanover until his death on 24th February 1953.\nAs the first steps to prepare for an invasion were taken only after the French capitulation, no definite date could be fixed when the plan was drafted. It depended on the time required to provide the shipping, to alter ships so they could carry tanks, and to train the troops in embarking and disembarking. The invasion was to be made in August if possible, and September at the latest. The military reasons for its cancellation were various. The German Navy would have had to control the North Sea as well as the Channel, and was not strong enough to do so. The German Air Force was not sufficient to protect the sea crossing on its own. While the leading part of the forces might have landed, there was the danger that they might be cut off from supplies and reinforcements.\nThe responsibility of commanding the invasion fell to me, and the task was assigned to my Army Group. The 16th Army under General Busch was on the right, and the 9th Army under General Strauss was on the left. They were to sail from ports stretching from Holland to Le Havre. The 16th Army was to use ports from Antwerp to Boulogne, while the 9th Army was to use the ports between the Somme and the Seine. No landing was to be made north of the Thames.\nWe were then to push forward and establish a much larger bridgehead along an arc south of London. It ran up the south shore of the Thames to the outskirts of London, and then south-westwards to Southampton Water.\nLong before winter came the chances had been diminished owing to the repeated delays in the advance that were caused by bad roads, and mud. The 'black earth' of the Ukraine could be turned into mud by ten minutes rain - stopping all movement until it dried. That was a heavy handicap in a race with time. If was, increased by a lack of railways in Russia - for bringing up supplies to our advancing troops. Another adverse factor was the way the Russians received continual reinforcements from their back areas, as they fell back. It seemed to us that as soon as one force was wiped out, the path was blocked by the arrival of a fresh force.\nIt is madness to attempt to hold. In the first place the troops cannot do it and in the second place if they do not retreat they will be destroyed. I repeat that this order be rescinded or that you find someone else.\nWhen I wanted to break off the battle and withdraw to the Mius River, Field-Marshal von Brauchitach agreed, but men an overriding order came from the Fuhrer, which forbade any such withdrawal. I wired back that it was nonsense to hold on where we were, and added: \"If you do not accept my view you must find someone else to command.\" That same night a reply came from the Fuhrer that my resignation was accepted - I left the Eastern Front on December 1st, and never returned there. Almost immediately afterwards the Fuhrer flew down to that sector; after seeing the situation, he changed his mind and sanctioned the step-back. Significantly, the Mius River line was the only sector of the front that was not taken during the winter of 1941-42.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "The 40mm Bofors antiaircraft machine gun has had a short but vital history in the U. S. Navy. First Installations afloat were made In the early summer of 1942. Since that date, Bofors guns have been placed on virtually all combatant ships and on most non-combatant vessels large enough to support the weight of a 40mm assembly. In defense against low-flying enemy aircraft, the 40mm has had the task of spanning the relatively large gap between the 20mm AA gun and the larger 3\" and 5\" DP guns. In that role, the Bofors has become the very \"backbone\" of our close-in AA defense.\nThe design of the Bofors 40mm appears to have originated at the Krupp Works in Germany shortly after the end of World War I. then the provision of the Versailles Treaty necessitated the discontinuation of Krupp operations In Germany, Otto Krupp obtained a block of stock in the Swedish Bofors Company, and Krupp equipment along with key personnel was moved\nto Sweden. In time the Germans achieved full control of the company but were eliminated by a Swedish law in 1930 which prohibited foreign ownership of munition factories. Controlling Interest in the company was purchased by Axel Wenner-Gren, a Swedish international financier. The Bofors 40mm gun, like other Bofors products, was sold to various countries and gained a high reputation for efficiency during the Spanish Civil War.\nb. Adoption of Gun by U. S. Navy\n1. Critical Antiaircraft Situation\nThe 40mm Bofors gun story can be understood only In terms of the critical antiaircraft situation which existed in the Navy at the time of the gun's adoption and early manufacture. The development of the airplane as a threat to the existence of the surface ship is too well known to warrant repetition here, but the antiaircraft activities within the wavy in 1940, and even earlier, should be recalled in order\nto appreciate the pressure under which the Bofors came to be a U.S. Naval gun.\nIn recognition of the growing necessity for antiaircraft fire, the more or less continuous Bureau of Ordnance experimentation with double purpose guns in the 1920s finally culminated in the early 1930!s in the development of the 5\"/38 DP gun which has fulfilled its purpose throughout the war to the complete satisfaction of all concerned -- a rare testimonial for any ordnance equipment in anyone's Navy- or Army. While the longer range AA gun field was thus taken care of, except for insufficient numbers, the situation was far from satisfactory in the short range category. Neither the .50 caliber machine gun, effective enough in plane-to-plane fire at point blank range, nor the 1.1\" gun which the Bureau of Ordnance had developed in quadruple mounts in the 1930's were competent to meet the menace of the Second World War plane. The l.l\" was too heavy to serve as a \"last ditch\" free mount and too light to span the gap between itself and the 5 Inch guns, even had all the l.l\" \"bugs\" been eliminated. The lack of adequate\nshort range AA guns together with Insufficient quantities of the best guns then available created a situation by 1940 which can hardly be termed anything but critical.\nIn the spring of 1940 the Secretary of the Navy designated Rear Admiral (later Fleet Admiral) E. J. King to make special studies looking toward the improvement of antiaircraft batteries, and on August 9, 1940, the Chief of Naval Operations created the Navy Department Anti-Aircraft Defense Board with Captain W, A. Lee, Jr., USN, as Senior Member, for the purpose of conducting a continuing study of all phases of antiaircraft defense. The recognized urgency of the AA situation can be seen clearly from reports made by Admiral King and the AA Board. In a report to the Secretary of the Navy, Admiral King stated: \"It appears clear from the data available that ordnance material - armament and equipment--is the 'bottle-neck' for the work In hand and,\nconsequently, that steps towards the elimination of this bottleneck are urgent and immediate.\" And in the Antiaircraft Defense Board's report of December 26, 1940, the following declaration is made: \"The Navy Department Antiaircraft Defense Board considers that the lack of adequate close range antiaircraft gun defense of existing ships of the Fleet constitutes the most serious weakness in the readiness of the Navy for war.\"\nIn the Bureau of Ordnance, a variety of vigorous steps were being taken to meet the recognized deficiencies. These steps included stepping-up the manufacture of the 1.l\" until such time as a more suitable battery could be substituted in adequate quantities, efforts to improve AA fire control, studies relating to the increase of numbers of AA guns on board combatant and other ships, and steps to procure more effective guns in both the 20mm and\n40mm calibers. On July 15, 1940, Captain (later Rear Admiral and Chief of the Bureau of Ordnance) W.H.P. Blandy reported to the bureau and was detailed to coordinate the whole antiaircraft ordnance program. Captain Blandy was, incidentally, one of the original members of the Wavy Department Anti- Aircraft Defense Board.\n2. Purchase of a 40mm Bofors Gun\nThere are several threads to the Bofors story prior to the establishment of manufacturing facilities and the Navy's purchase of manufacturing rights from the Swedish Bofors Company, but the first thread to follow is the purchase by the Bureau of Ordnance of a twin 40mm Bofors gun and mount which arrived on the AMERICAN LEGION in New York on August 28, 1940. The twin, equipped with standard sights, and accompanied by spare parts and 3000 rounds of ammunition, was shipped to the Naval Proving around at Dahlgren\nwhere exhaustive tests were made for comparison with other available AA guns which resulted In the Navy's decision to adopt the Bofors.\nRear Admiral W. R, Furlong (Chief of the Bureau of Ordnance 1937-1941) first became particularly Interested in the 40mm Before gun in the fall of 1939 through Mr. Henry Howard, an engineer and businessman of Newport, Rhode Island. Mr. Howard was a delegate In June 1939 to the International Chamber of Commerce Convention in Copenhagen and from there went to Stockholm. Through the intercession of friends, he was able to examine the Bofors 40mm and\nwitness a firing demonstration. On the return to this country, Mr. Howard sought out Admiral Furlong and gave him a description of the gun together with some information regarding the methods of fire control which he had seen. Although there had been some earlier knowledge of the Bofors products in the Bureau, it was apparently as a result of the above conversation that Admiral Furlong in October 1939 directed Sections \"K\", \"T\", and \"M\" to make special studies of available Bofors literature looking toward the purchase of the Bofors AA gun. Two of the sections recommended the purchase.\nJust at the time that Interest in the purchase of a Bofors gun was being aroused In the Bureau, the York Safe and Lock Company of York, Pennsylvania, was\nbecoming interested in obtaining manufacturing rights for the gun in this country. Presumably the interest of the company had been stimulated through a visit by Mr. J. A. Cunningham, Assistant to the President of the Company, to Sweden where he, like Mr. Howard, had witnessed a demonstration of the Bofors AA gun. On November 10, 1939, Admiral Furlong replied to an inquiry from the Company concerning the Navy's attitude to the Company's acquisition of Bofors manufacturing rights that no objections would be raised and suggested that any agreement should Include the right to manufacture for the US Government in the event the guns should be wanted. He also expressed the desire to purchase one of the 40mm guns for test purposes. The plan for the York Safe and Lock Company to acquire manufacturing rights progressed to the point where a representative of the Company, with Naval authorization, started for Sweden In April 1940\nto negotiate a contract. Just as the representative was ready to sail from New York, however, the Nazis seized Norway and plane for the visit were dropped.\nNegotiations for the purchase of the twin gun continued, however, through the Naval Attaché in Stockholm, and the purchase of an air-cooled, rather than the desired water-cooled, twin mounted gun was completed in July. Eventually arrangements were made through the State Department for transporting the gun across Finland to Petsamo where it was shipped on the AMERICAN LEGION, arriving in the New York\nharbor in late August 1940. Mr. K. E. Jansson, a Before engineer who participated in the tests of the gun at Dahlgren, accompanied the shipment.\n3. Testing Period\nPrior to the arrival of the sample Bofors gun, Admiral Blandy (then Captain) and Captain A.F. France (then Lieutenant Commander), Chief of the Bureau Fire Control Section, flew to Trinidad in August to inspect the German fire control system for the 40mm Bofors which the Dutch had installed in H.N.M.S. VAN KINSBERGEN. The Dutch fire control system and the opportunity for inspecting it were suggested by the Dutch Naval Attaché in Washington, Captain (later Admiral) Ranneft. Since there were no aerial targets available for testing the system, the Chief of Naval Operations boarded the cruiser TUSCALOOSA to Trinidad from Guantanamo, Cuba, 1500 miles away, in order to\nhave planes to tow the targets. \"The demonstration was about as International an affair as it could be. American planes towed targets for a Dutch ship firing Swedish guns with a combined Dutch-German fire control system, the whole taking place in the Caribbean Sea off a British port.\" While the American Naval observers were not particularly impressed with the Dutch fire control system, they returned full of enthusiasm for the Bofors gun.\nThe first tests of the gun which Admiral Furlong had obtained from the Bofors Company were conducted at Dahlgren on September 28, 1940, with representatives present from the Bureau of Ordnance, the Army Ordnance Department, and the Naval Gun Factory. The results, of these and later tests convinced virtually everyone of the superiority of the 40mm Before gun over all other guns of its general class, which were being studied at the same time. Among the machine guns\nheavier than the l.l\" which were being considered were the US Army 37mm and the British Naval 40mm pom-pom, with the choice soon narrowing down to the Bofors and the British pompom The British were extremely anxious to have us adopt their gun, and the fact that British aid would be readily and immediately available in initiating manufacture was put forward as an argument in favor of its adoption. The pompom, moreover, was giving a good account of itself on British ships. On the other hand, there was the distinct disadvantage that the pompom was designed for cordite powder, which if the gun were accepted, would either require the development of manufacturing techniques and facilities or result in an undesired dependence upon the British for necessary powder supplies. After thorough study it was found that the gun was not susceptible to conversions which would permit the use of American powder. Also there was the consideration of muzzle velocity: the pompom had a relatively low velocity, 2350 f.p.s. as compared with 2830 f.p.s. for the Bofors 40mm. The success of the pompom in action\nwas more than offset by the proved qualities of the Before in the hands of a number of powers who were using it. The British Army had already adopted the Before and shortly after our decision in favor of it, the British Naval officials also decided to undertake production of the gun.\nImmediately upon his return from Trinidad, Captain Blandy requested the Dutch Naval Attaché to take steps to obtain the drawings and specifications for the gun, mount and fire control equipment. Holland had been occupied by the Germans and the Dutch Admiralty had not been able to remove drawings to London. Fortunately there were prints In Surabaya, Java, which were microfilmed and sent to, Washington. Work was started immediately on the translation of the prints from Swedish and Dutch to English and on the conversion of dimensions to\nAmerican measurement and standards. In January 1941 additional drawings were obtained from the British through Captain C. S. Miller, R.N., of the British Admiralty Technical Mission located In Ottawa, Canada. The British Army, Incidentally, was beginning to manufacture the Bofors at the Autism Fensom Company of Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. They were in full production In January 1941 with gun barrels and were laying out their factory to produce the complete gun.\nWhile the Interest of the US Army in the Bofors gun had no bearing upon the Navy's adoption of the gun. It should be noted that Army Ordnance officers became Interested in the gun at least as early as 1937. The Army, apparently, became interested in procuring a gun for test purposes somewhat after efforts in that direction were initiated by the Navy. In November 1940, a British Army 40mm Bofors with single\nmount was obtained by the Ordnance Department, and tests of this gun were witnessed by Naval Ordnance personnel just as Army officers were witnessing the naval tests, by January 1941, the Army had obtained drawings which they turned over to the Chrysler Corporation of Detroit for conversion to American measurements. In both the negotiations for manufacturing rights and in the establishment of manufacturing facilities, the Array and Navy cooperated to the advantage of both services.\nChronologically, the next chapter in the history of the Bofors gun concerns two main developments which progressed concurrently: the working out of plans for the establishment of manufacturing facilities, and negotiations with the Bofors Company of Sweden for US rights to manufacture the gun. Since the establishment of production is a continuing story, the negotiations fill be treated first.\n4. Negotiation of Contract for Manufacturing Rights\nThe negotiations between the Navy Department and Bofors Company for US manufacturing rights to\nthe Bofors gun resembled negotiations which commonly characterize a difficult international political compact far more than those which usually accompany a commercial agreement. Although the 40mm gun was decidedly a \"or sale\" article, already in the hands of numerous powers other than Sweden, the complexities arising from Europe's state of war together with the then US role of \"arsenal of democracy\" added varied difficulties which in more normal times might not have existed. Perhaps the most difficult point raised was the Swedish Government's request, in return for its consent to US manufacturing license, for certain US airplane export and manufacturing licenses to which the US government would not agree. The eventual withdrawal of these demands by Sweden made possible the conclusion of a contract which was signed on June 21, 1941.\nPrior to the entrance of the Swedish government into the picture, however, the decision had been made by the Bureau of Ordnance to adopt the gun, and negotiations for manufacturing rights had been\ninitiated with the Before Company through Lieutenant Commander (later Captain) W. L. Heiberg, USN, then US Naval Attaché at Stockholm. The Before Company offered manufacturing rights for the naval type gun and mount together with shop practices and the services of two engineers for $600,000. For an additional $250,000 they offered also manufacturing rights for the Before 40mm ammunition. Subsequent to the commencement of the negotiations, it became evident that the US Army was also interested in adopting the gun, and it was agreed that the Navy should carry on the negotiations for both services. To some degree this complicated the issue in that the Bofors field carriage in which the Army was interested was the one item on which there was a US patent.\nSubsequent to the Navy's decision to adopt the Bofors gun, the Swedish Legation in Washington sent a representative, Captain Weasel, to Admiral Furlong to outline the requests which Sweden intended to present. When in response to an inquiry by the Chief\nof the Bureau of Ordnance It was learned that the Army Air Corps, and to a somewhat lesser degree the Bureau of Aeronautics, were unwilling to agree to the concessions requested by the Swedish government. All of the Items which the Swedish government listed as compensations for granting permission to a contract with the Bofors Company pertained to aeronautical material and particularly to manufacturing rights for specified United Aircraft Corporation engines and Republic Aviation Corporation planes.\nThe Impasse in the negotiations with Bofors lasted until late in April when the Swedish government agreed to withdraw its demands. The probable reasons for the withdrawal were: first, the Swedish government discovered that the Bofors items, save one, were not patented In the US, a fact which they apparently did not previously know; and, secondly,\nthey learned that both the Navy and Army Intended to proceed with the manufacture of the gun whether or not agreement was reached with the Before Company. Although the Swedish government receded from its previous stand in its quid pro quo requests with reference to the Bofors manufacturing rights, It continued to press the US government for the desired licenses \"In the spirit of mutual good will.\" Previous services of the Swedish government to the United States, including among them cooperation In the purchase and shipment of the Bofors twin gun In the summer of 1940, together with other diplomatic considerations, led to a reconsideration of several of the earlier requests and to the granting of the manufacturing license for Republic Aircraft Corporation's frames.\nWith the resumption of negotiations between the Bofors Company and the Bureau of Ordnance, the agreement envisaged was one which would cover not only the Naval type of gun and mount, together with ammunition, but also the Army type gun and field carriage, the field carriage being covered by US Patent 2,103,670. The terms finally agreed upon were $600,00 for unrestricted rights to make or have made in the United States, and to use all of the material mentioned, for gun and tool drawings, and plans regarding shop practice. Also the services of two production engineers were promised for the period of one year. The considerations which made the agreement appear advantageous, not to say necessary, were succinctly stated in a letter from the Chief of the Bureau to the Secretary of the navy on May 29, 1941:\n(a) The services of engineers with experience in the production of the Bofors guns and mounts can reasonably be expected to provide the most valuable insurance against.\ncostly errors and delays in manufacture; no engineers with experience in production of this material are now available in the United States.\n(b) The plans obtained from the Dutch Navy do not include manufacturing drawings, tool drawings, shop procedures, and various related manufacturing aids which it is now desired to obtain from the Bofors Company; these are considered of great value in ensuring expeditious and. Successful manufacture\nof the Bofors material in this country.\n(c) Although of the five Items covered by the proposed agreement (viz., naval type gun, naval twin mount, army type gun, army field carriage, and ammunition for both types of gun) only the army field carriage is patented, even the entire amount to be paid is considered inexpensive Insurance against such claims as might eventually arise from as yet undisclosed rights connected with the presently unpatented items. In this connection It is noteworthy that an expenditure of $250,000,000 to $300,000,000 will be involved in the manufacture of the naval type gun and mount, and ammunition.\n(d) A contract for the purchase of one Bofors twin mount, with guns and ammunition, for test by this Bureau, negotiated between the United States Minister to Sweden and the Bofors Company In July 1940, stipulated that that contract did not grant the United States a license to manufacture Bofors equipment. Acceptance of the test gun under these conditions makes it advisable to obtain manufacturing rights, irrespective of the now existing patent situation as far as it is known.\nIn the contract (N557a-2) which was signed at Stockholm on June 21, 1941, with the US Naval Attaché representing the Navy Department and Captain Oscar Linden the Bofors Company, all manufacturing rights for both Army and Navy equipment together with drawings of operating and measuring tools and descriptions of shop practices were included. The total price agreed upon was $600,000, of which the Army was to pay one-half, but $100,000 of this amount was contingent upon the arrival in the US of two Bofors production engineers. Since these men never arrived, the total payment was reduced to $500,000.\nFrom the viewpoint of possible future complications, the most important feature of the contract concerned the wording which related to the use to which material manufactured under the license might be put. In other words, did the contract cover, In addition to use by US armed services, the right to export Bofors guns under Lend-Lease or similar\narrangements? Great care had been exercised in the drawing up of the contract to limit the use of items manufactured as a result of the contract to US forces only. The original wording suggested had, in fact, been changed from \"for United States Forces only\" to \"for United States use.\":\nSubsequent to the execution of the contract, however, the Before Company expressed concern as to the interpretation of the term \"for United States use.\" A representative of the Before Company, in the person of Captain Harvey Combe (a British subject and ex-British Army Officer) arrived in the United States prior to the completion of the contract, but negotiations were nevertheless completed in Stockholm. Later Before requested Combe to negotiate such further agreements as would be required to cover all contemplated uses of Bofors equipment to be manufactured in the United States. After requesting an opinion from the Judge Advocate General of the Navy, the Navy Department decision was that further negotiation was unnecessary. The following excerpt from the Judge Advocate General's opinion Is quoted as stating the Navy views:.... It is the opinion of the Judge Advocate General that the expression 'United States use'\nappearing in Article 1, section (a) of the subject contract ... as properly interpreted means use in defense of the United States. As so construed, the employment of materials covered by the contract, in furtherance of or in accordance with or to carry out the provisions of the defense aid Act (Public Law 11 -77th Congress) entitled 'An act to Promote the Defense of the United States' constitutes an authorized use within the terms and provisions of such contract.\na. Production Program\n1. Early Design Problems\nIt should De emphasized that while the basic twin Bofors gun and gun mechanism were obtained from the Swedish Bofors company, the U. S. Navy Bofors gun and associated equipment is actually a very different final product from the original. The Swedish Bofors was manufactured in single and in twin mountings, both manually operated. The US Navy adopted twin and quadruple mounts, both operated by power and associated with gun directors, which presents quite a different picture from the parent Swedish gun.\nObtaining Bofors drawings and manufacturing rights was, then, merely the beginning of the Before story.\nThe design for the quadruple mount was worked out by Section \"T\" of the Bureau of Ordnance according to a plan suggested by Mr. George A. Chadwick, then Chief Engineer of the Bureau. In order to save time which would have been required for designing a completely new mount, the quad mount was in principle two twine on a single mount leaving room for the loaders between the pairs of gun mechanisms and giving the appearance of two sets of twine rather than a single mount.\nThe first design problem which had to be solved was that of converting drawings which had been obtained from the Dutch, the Bofors Company and the British to American measurements. The conversion Introduced manifold difficulties. When changed from the metric system, a great many of the measurements\nbecame troublesome decimals which added complications to the matter of tolerances. Worse still, the dimensions called for in the drawings did not agree in many instances with actual measurements taken from the gun since certain dimensions allowed for hand working. All of the first guns had to be finished by hand due to improper clearances. There were notes on the drawings which read \"file to fit at assembly\" or \"drill to fit at assembly\" which told a story of careful, expert European workmanship In producing handmade guns, but which constituted nothing but headaches for American producers who were soon faced with the necessity of setting up assembly lines for mass production.\nThe task of translating the drawings and of establishing standard Navy drawings was turned over to the York Safe and Lock Company to which Mr. Chadwick was sent to render aid. The York Safe and Lock Company translated in terms of decimals whereas the Chrysler Corporation, which had in the meantime\naccepted a similar assignment from the Army, translated in terms of fractions which complicated to some degree the program of arriving at interchangeability of parts \"between the Army and Navy mechanisms. Something of the size of the task of converting the measurements can be seen from the fact that 8505 man-hours were required at the Chrysler Corporation to transpose the drawings from British to American standards.\n2. Overall Procurement Program\n(a) Initial Procurement Plans. 1941\nThe York Safe and Lock Company which had been interested in producing the 40mm gun more or less from the period when the gun was first considered, was chosen as the prime contractor for the guns and mounts. The choice was not made without expression of trepidation of the part of some of the officers in the Bureau, but it was extremely difficult at the time to interest private contractors in ordnance production and there was then no way of visualizing the magnitude of the program. The first official\ncommitment authorizing the establishment of facilities was made by letter of intent to the York Safe and Lock Company on February 19, 1941. Early plans called for the production of 500 twin mounts and 500 quad mounts, together with the guns with delivery of one quad and one twin in October 1941, increasing gradually thereafter to 25 each per month by May 1942.\nSince additional guns were needed in order to meet Lend-Lease requirements for the British, letters of Intent for establishing additional facilities were issued in April 1941 to the Blaw-Knox Company of Pittsburgh and the Chrysler Corporation of Detroit. These companies were selected on the recommendation of the Office of Production Management, and the plan was for Blaw-Knox to produce the mounts in a rehabilitated plant at Martins Ferry, Ohio, for which Chrysler would supply the guns. Chrysler had previously accepted proposals from the US Army to\nproduce air-cooled guns for the US and British Armies under lend-lease. The Navy, however, took over the administration of Chrysler production for both Army and Navy. York Safe and Look planned from the beginning extensive subcontracting for parts, and Chrysler planned to spread its work through a number of its plants and to contractors. Barrel forgings were to be obtained for machining by York Safe and Lock and the Naval Ordnance Plant, South Charleston, from Crucible Steel Company and Midvale Company. The Crucible Steel Company was, incidentally, already producing barrel, breech block and breech ring forgings for Otis Fensom in Canada. Somewhat later the National Supply Company also began to produce forgings. The Standard Machinery Company and the Kaydon Engineering Corporation became the prime contractors for roller bearing assemblies.\nb. Development of the Procurement Pattern\nForty millimeter procurement throughout the war was one of the major ordnance procurement programs. From the original contracts in April 1941 which\ncalled for an ultimate total of 500 twins and 500 quads for Naval use plus an additional 500 twins and 300 quads for Lend-Lease, the program has expanded until by the end of the war more than 2300 quads, almost 10,000 twins, and over 10,000 single joint had come off the production lines. At the end of 1944, 40mm production together with 20mm, 3\"/50, and 5\"/38 gun production represented over 95 per cent of the value of the total gun and mount program.\nThroughout the war, demands for 40mm guns increased constantly. The introduction of new or changed methods and weapons by the enemy as well as the changing tactics of war inevitably forced alterations of many ordnance products; in some cases they necessitated abandoning items; they did nothing, however, but increase the demands for 40mm guns, While these facts constitute a remarkable tribute to the gun, they also point up the vital character of the program for procuring it.\nForty millimeter guns and equipment were produced almost entirely by commercial manufacturers, very few of whom had had any previous experience with the production of ordnance materials. They have, of course, had to run the gamut of problems which face commercial manufacturers when they attempt to meet the close tolerances and rigid specifications which must characterize the Navy's fighting equipment. In meeting schedules, 40mm manufacturers brought to the problem American industry's ingenuity and assembly-line technique. The number of instances of improvement in manufacturing methods, of redesign in order to produce a better part or to save man-hours in production are legion. At the Chrysler Corporation, to cite one example, the redesign of ten items saved 7,500,000 pounds of material and 1,896,750 man-hours in a year's production and at the same time released thirty-odd machines for the production of other parts.\nThe general pattern of the procurement program was one of few prime contractors and relatively large numbers of subcontractors. The York Safe and Lock Company subcontracted the major portions of Its work, the proportion running on some assemblies as high as 90 per cent. In 1943, York Safe and Lock listed 481 subcontractors and Blaw-Knox 200. The number of prime contractors producing components, other than for power drives and directors, never reached more than 20. In the main, the expansion was accomplished by more extensive subcontracting and by more efficient use of facilities originally allocated. In the production of mounts, for example, ultimate production schedules called for a twelve-fold increase in the output of twins and a twofold Increase In the production of quads. Chrysler production of gun mechanisms was Increased tenfold, an expansion made possible by an Army cutback of 40mm single mechanism production In January 1944.\nMajor shifts in the allocation of contracts to the major producers have been few though several have\nbeen quite significant. The York Safe and Lock Company was gradually relieved of some of its more important functions in the program, including the transfer in July 1943 of its cognizance of 40mm gun and mount drawings to the Naval Gun Factory and the transfer of its prime contract for power drives to the Webster Electric Company of Racine, Wisconsin. Webster Electric had previously, as a subcontractor for York, produced approximately 90 per cent of York's power drive equipment. Also in the procurement of power drives, a major change was made when the Ford Instrument Company, one of the original contractors, ceased in May 1943 to produce drives and Vickers, Inc., of Detroit was brought Into the program, Vickers and the Ford Instrument Company both being units of the Sperry Gyroscope Company.\nThere have been few radical changes in 40mm mounts, the differences in mods arising primarily\nfrom the different drives used on the mounts. The only significant departure from the early mount design has been the adoption of a light-weight quad mount developed by Northern Ordnance, Incorporated, Minneapolis, Minnesota. The quad mount Mark 4, powered by a General Electric drive, is 1,000 pounds lighter than the Mark 2. In addition, some 2,500 pounds of electrical equipment, Including the amplidyne motors, are stowed below decks. This makes the mount assembly about 3,500 pounds lighter, which represents a considerable reduction in topside weight affecting ship stability. Approximately one hundred of these mounts had been manufactured when hostilities with Japan came to an end.\nThe cost of 40mm assemblies was gradually but consistently reduced as the program expanded. The complete story would require a breakdown of the cost into individual components and the savings made through renegotiation of contracts and shifts from\nhigher cost to lower cost producers which is hardly warranted for the purposes of this account. Some conception of the general picture can be seen from the reductions made in estimated average costs of complete assemblies as given in the following table which includes spare equipment and is based through-cut on quad and twin equipments with hydraulic power drives:\n1943 1944 1945 40mm Quad $86,900 $73,100 $67,520* 40mm Twin $62,300 $46,140 $643,640 40mm Single Procured from Army $9,500 $9,500\n*Actually the lighter mounts procured in 1945 cost considerably less, but the cost of the heavier mounts is given for purposes of comparison\nProduction was slower in getting started than had been anticipated; a pilot twin model was completed by York Safe and Lock In January and the first\nquad in April. Blaw-Knox initiated delivery with two twin mounts in May. 3y the end of 1942 a total of 212 quad assemblies and 503 twins had been delivered. The peak month of twin productions was February 1945 and of quad production June 1945 when 550 and 142 assemblies, respectively, came from the producers.\nThe following table shows yearly production of completed equipments:\n1941-1942 1943 1944 1945 Quad 212 530 744 967 Twin 503 1,738 3,754 3,429 Single 62 2,517 5,823 967\n3. Associated Equipment\n(a) Power Drives\nThe production of power drives was one of the major bottlenecks in the 40mm program. A slowly increasing rate of production, adequate for the first\nmonths of the war, gradually fell behind a rapidly increasing demand until by the summer of 1943 guns and mounts in increasing numbers were going into storage for lack of drives. A vigorous reorganization of production facilities resulted in a greatly increased output; monthly schedules were met, the backlog of stored mounts was gradually absorbed, and by 1945 production was running well ahead of requirements.\nIn order to avoid delay in distribution of 40mm equipment to the Fleet it was necessary to adapt or modify power drives that had been developed for other gun mounts. The electro-mechanical power drive Mark 2 developed by the Ford Instrument Company for twin mounts was a modification of the 1.1\" drive Mark 1; the General Electric Company's amplidyne drive, also for twin mounts, was an adaptation of the 1.1\" Mark 2; and the Mark 5 developed by the Sperry Company for the quad was a direct outgrowth of the drive that had been designed for the Army's 90mm AA gun mount.\nA prime contract for the production of the power drive Mark 2 was placed with Ford Instrument Company In March 1942. This contract incorporated a major portion of the letter of intent issued to Ford In June 1941 for the manufacture of a power drive for the 1.1\". It was not until June 1942 that the first Mark 2 was delivered. The Ford drive proved unsatisfactory for service use due to frequent failures in the magnetic clutch-type transmission and in the limit stops. Production of the drive ceased in May 1943, when Ford completed its contract with the delivery of the 466th unit.\nThe failure of Ford Instrument Company to produce a satisfactory product left but two sources of power drives in production, namely, General Electric Company, producing the twin Mark 4, and the York Safe and Lock Company, manufacturing the twin Mark 5. Originally\ndeveloped for the quad mount, the Mark 5 proved lacking in power and was converted for use on the lighter twin.\nEven with Ford in the program, production of drives could not keep pace with other 40mm equipment. To assist General Electric Company in attaining an increased rate of production on the drive Mark 4, the Naval Ordnance Plant, Center Line, Michigan, began the manufacture of mechanical assemblies. Later Center Line became an assembly point for complete drives.\nOn June 2, 1943 the monthly rate of amplidyne drives from General Electric was stepped up to 230 plus 20 from Center Line. General Electric absorbed this demand by entering Into extensive subcontracting with the Warner-Swasey Company of Cleveland for the mechanical subassemblies and with the Otis Elevator Company for amplidynes for Mark 4 drives.\nIn the meantime, the York Safe and Look Company increased its monthly rate to 75, but unfortunately\nat the expense of spare parts. In spite of this showing it was apparent that, due to the many unfavorable production factors at York, the handling of power drive production would in due time collapse. It was felt that the Webster Electric Company of Racine, Wisconsin, principal subcontractor, was operating on a much sounder production basis and should assume the obligations of the prime contractor. The York contract was terminated late in 1943. Under the new contract, Webster agreed to produce 85 quad power drives per month and 150 twins.\nIn a further effort to bridge the gap between requirements and production, the Bureau, late in 1943, placed a prime contract with Vickers Incorporated of Detroit for the manufacture of 1500 twin drives Mark 5. Vickers was ideally suited for this work since they furnished all hydraulic units for power drives Marks 5 and 6 and had Just completed delivery of 90mm drives of the same general type to the Army.\nThe performance of the new contractors was excellent; within a few months, production schedules were being met and exceeded, and by January 1, 1945, there was actually a surplus of twin power drives.\nThe production of power drives for quad mounts, while generally tight and on occasions behind schedule, has presented no problems comparable to those of the twin program. The power drive Mark 5, originally intended for the quads, was replaced in early 1942 by the Mark 6 train (heavy duty). The Mark 6 contained much larger hydraulic units than the Mark 5, with consequent increased power, decreased maximum operating pressure, increased accuracy, and Increased ruggedness. York Safe and Lock Company and the Webster Electric Company have been the prime contractors for these drives.\nOn October 25, 1943, Northern Ordnance was awarded a letter of intent for the production of complete quad\nequipments. General Electric Company accepted a subcontract to design an amplidyne power drive for the new mount. The drive, as delivered in May 1945, is similar to the Mark 4 used on twins but with larger amplidyne generators and power motors. At the completion of production of existing or completed contracts for twin and quad drives total deliveries will have been as follows:\nTwins Quads Ford Instrument Company 466 York Safe and Lock Company 890 780 Webster Electric Company 2,333 1,684 Vickers Incorporated 1,338 General Electric Company 3,805 General Electric Company--Warner Swasey 1,700 General Electric Company--NOP Center Line 1,148 Northern Ordnance, Inc. 900 ===== ===== 11,680 3,364\nMany of the bottlenecks and shortages in the production of power equipment arose as a result of the use of motors, bearings, and electronic items which could be obtained from only one manufacturer.\nIn the York type power drive the dither motor could be procured only from the Bodine Electric Company; the Federal Telephone and Radio Corporation was the only producer of selenium rectifiers, and for certain types of transformers the Thoradson Transformer Company was the only manufacturer. Each of these items caused delays in the 40mm mount program.\nThe 40mm single mount, for installation on landing craft and other light vessels, was procured in large numbers from the US Army. The Army power drive was too light for control of the mount aboard ship where roll was encountered, and to overcome this difficulty the Massachusetts Institute of Technology developed a new drive, which was In the main a modification of the original Army drive. Its procurement was facilitated by the fact that the prime contractors, Westinghouse Electric, Williams 0i1-0-Matic Heating Corporation, and Gilbert and Barker Company, had all produced the Army type drive.\nb. Fire Control\nThe 40mm story would be incomplete without some mention of the methods which nave been used for directing 40mm fire. In general, the Gun Director with which the 40mm quads and twins have served for most of the war was the Mark 51--a one-man, hand-operated director which has as its oasis the Gunsight Mark 14.\nThere are exceptions to the generalization, as 40mm guns were used with Gun Directors Mark 37 and 50, which are not primarily machine gun directors, and with early blind firing directors which for one reason or another were discarded. Also, beginning in 1945r the continuous efforts to make available to the fleet effective blind firing machine gun directors began to Dear fruit. Gun Directors Mark 57 and 63 began to be available early in the year and the third new director, the Mark 60, was nearing the production stage at the end of the war.\nThe Gun Director Mark 51 grew out of the development of the \"Draper\" Gunsight Mark 14 which has been\nthe inseparable associate of 20mm guns. One of the motivating reasons, in fact, for sponsoring the Gunsight Mark 14 was the thought that it might form the basis if a simple machine gun director. So serious was the need for such a director that, on the recommendation of Captains E, E. Herrmann and M. E. Murphy (then Commander), Admiral Blandy approved on January 16, 1942, a production program of 1000 directors while the instrument was still in the design stage. The first director was proved at Dahlgren May 4-7, 1942, and by June deliveries were being made for installation afloat. This is perhaps the fastest design and production job of a reasonably complicated mechanism which the Bureau has recorded. By the end of 1942, a total of 723 directors had been produced, and by the end of May 1945 roughly 13,500.\nThe Gun Director Mark 51 met what was perhaps the most critical need of the Fleet at the time of\nits development. Its continuing usefulness is shown by statistics compiled from recent action reports which indicate that guns controlled by this director are still responsible for a large number of kills.\nQuad and twin 40mm mounts were also equipped with Gunsight Marks 3 and 4, respectively, for use in the event of power failures which would necessitate manual operations. Single mounts which were not equipped with power drives were initially supplied by the Army with cartwheel and fence type sights though a ring sight was developed for this mount and modifications made for anti-personnel firing. Single mounts for use on submarines were also provided with panoramic telescopes.\nBeset by numerous difficulties in the early production stages which for a time threatened the entire program, the quality of the 40mm round was constantly\nimproved until today 40mm ammunition is a standard of excellence. Subsequent to January 1, 1942, over $600,000,000 was spent for 40mm ammunition and it is estimated that the total expenditure for this item exceeded that for any other type of close-in AA ammunition.\nAt the very outset of the program for the development and production of ammunition components for the Bofors gun, the Army and Navy established the cardinal principle that the ammunition must be interchangeable as regards fit and effective use. The British round was adopted with the understanding that both services would be free to substitute components of proven reliability which would speed production. The round developed by the Bofors Company was rejected on the ground that its fuze, which functioned on impact with rain drops, was too sensitive, was not bore safe and that It was not capable of mass production.\nThe British round in many ways did not lend itself to quantity production, but the urgent need for this ammunition did not permit the usual careful research and development that generally preceded service issue.\nThe early days of development were hectic. Forty millimeter guns and mounts were rolling off the production line, but no safe ammunition was available. Of the several components, the original British fuze and the self-destroying type tracer probably proved to be the most troublesome. The fuze Mark 27 developed by the Naval Ordnance laboratory, and the perfection of the tracer Mark 11 solved these difficulties.\nEarly in 1943 the overall requirements for 40mm ammunition ware established at 5,250,000 rounds per month. From this beginning requirements were gradually Increased to a maximum of 12,000,000 rounds per month In the winter of 1944, Later developments resulted In a reduction to 4,500,000 rounds a month. The cutback was of material benefit to the rocket and high capacity ammunition programs.\nThe entire loading program was carried by Triumph Explosives Incorporated until December 1942. It was realized that one contractor could not meet the demands of the 40mm program and the Navy, shortly after Pearl Harbor, began the construction of a model 40mm loading plant at Charlotte, North Carolina. A contract was negotiated with the US Rubber Company to manage the new activity, and on 21 December 1942 the plant was officially opened. It is significant that the rated capacity of Charlotte was exceeded within a year after operations began with no increase in the original building facilities. In 1943, when\nrequirements were greatly increased, a supply contract was placed with National Fireworks, Inc. In spite of the efforts of these companies, increased loading requirements could not be met, and early in 1944 it became necessary to set up 40mm lines at the Naval Ammunition Depots at Hastings and McAlester. The reduction of requirements in 1945 allowed the Naval Ammunition Depots to concentrate on urgent rocket loading.\nAt no time after the beginning of production was there a comfortable margin of 40mm assemblies. Usually the situation was tight. A constantly increasing rate of production was necessary to keep abreast of requirements and to cut down an accumulating backlog.\nIncreasing estimates of requirements for twin assemblies were fairly constant while estimates for quad assemblies saw a certain amount of fluctuation. The problem which the bureau faced was one not only of increasing production but of meeting demands which varied tremendously over relatively short periods of\ntime. For example, estimates based on Chief of Naval Operations Directives in the twelve month period, April 1, 1943 to April 1, 1944, increased for quad assemblies required in 1944 by 44% and in 1945 by 257%. The estimates in the same period for twin assemblies increased 137% for 1944 and 300% for 1945. The charts on the following page show the estimated requirements as issued during this one-year period.\nPyramiding requirements kept the 40mm program under forced draft. Assemblies were produced as rapidly as facilities could be made available, and the material scheduled and delivered into assembly lines. Even so, production could scarcely keep up with requirements, and for many months there was a deficit. There Is some truth in the statement that the schedules were ahead of production, rather than that production was behind the schedules.\nIn June 1944 the 40mm program became a \"Must\" on the War Production Board's Production Urgency List. The stimulus furnished by this action, coupled with more extensive subcontracting and a more efficient use of facilities originally allocated, gradually brought production and requirements Into substantial balance by February 1, 1945. Increasing requirements for quads after February, however, ran ahead of production.\nRequirements for spares presented a continuing problem. The original procurement plane for 40mm equipment envisaged that one complete assembly out of every five would be earmarked for spares; that for each mounted barrel there would be a 150% reserve and that there would be 30% additional gun mechanisms complete with barrels. These reserves were never accumulated. During the initial stages of the war it was more important to insure delivery of material to new construction and ships requiring improvement of armament than to produce spares.\nSpares policy was revised by BuOrd Order 63-43, dated December 30, 1943. Under this order requirements were expressed in terms of the number of spare assemblies, and selected major subassemblies, that should be in distribution reserves by January 1, 1944, January 1, 1945, and thereafter, to support the equipments installed, on hand, and planned for procurement at the time the order was placed. This change resulted\nin a considerable reduction in the 40mm spare requirements as the new policy took into account the fact that actual requirements do not increase in the same ratio as the number of equipments in service. Requirements for 40mm quads and twins included.\n(a) Distribution Reserve or Working Pool:\nDistribution Reserve 1 Jan.\nUltimate Mount Assemblies(less gun mechanisms\nand barrel assemblies):\n60 100 150\n100 200 300 Gun Mechanisms (less barrel assemblies)\nFor multiple mounts (pairs)\n325 650 1,000\n(b) Replenishment Requirements:\n1944 1945 Barrels (exclusive of water jackets, etc.)\nand barrel assemblies:\nFor multiple mounts\nAs for spare parts for the 40mm AA twin or quad gun assembly, one vessel spare part set was procured\nfor each gun assembly; one tender spare part set for every 25 gun assemblies, and one shore-based spare part set for every 100 gun assemblies.\n5. Special Problems.\n(a) Continuing Design Problem\nOne of the more troublesome design problems was that of interchangeability of parts between the Navy and Army guns and even between the naval guns produced at York and those produced at Chrysler. It will be recalled that the Chrysler drawings were obtained by translating from British drawings while the York drawings came from the Dutch originals--a circumstance which led to problems in the matter of tolerances. These differences resulted in approximately 200 parts which were not necessarily interchangeable. In time the whole problem was solved with complete interchangeability all around save for water-cooling, portions of the wavy gun which were not required by the Army and for approximately tan small items. Since Army and Navy mounts differ both in operational and\ndesign requirements, attempts at uniformity for these items are unnecessary.\nThe maintenance of 40mm drawings by the York Safe and Lock: Company eventually proved so unsatisfactory that it seriously jeopardized the whole 40mm program. Dimensional errors were common, drawings were not kept up to date, and in some instances tolerances were not specified. According to estimates, not over twenty per cent of the drawings were completely dependable. Contractors complained constantly that they were a source of considerable trouble and confusion to subcontractors. This state of affairs constituted a serious handicap to the program for increasing production. In August 1943, cognizance of the drawings was transferred to the Naval Gun Factory.\nOver 2200 drawings were reviewed, by the Gun Factory and priority given to changes required to\nfacilitate production. Engineers from the Blaw-Knox Company, Martins Ferry Plant, and the Naval Ordnance Plant, York, were assigned to the Gun Factory for the purpose of speeding the work. By December 1944, the priority drawing revision had practically been completed. Subsequently the maintenance of the drawings was transferred to the Naval Ordnance Plant, York, Pennsylvania.\nb. Balancing Production\nIn any procurement system based upon the work of numerous contractors the matter of balancing production becomes of paramount importance. This was particularly true in the case of 40mm production because of the large number of parts involved. There are approximately 5000 parts in the quad assembly and about as many in the twin. The advantages, not to say necessities, which made the 40mm program one of many participating manufacturers are obvious. But equally obvious is the fact that the touch-and-go three year\nrace between production and schedules was one principally of balancing the production of the numerous components. Perhaps the best statement of the process was made by the Bureau officer who stated In one of his reports, \"It still takes all the parts to make a complete assembly.\"\nLooking at the picture as a whole, the principal shortages which held back production were power drives and electronic equipment. Both quad and twin production suffered In 1944 from a shortage of selenium rectifiers, Thoradson transformers, condensers and synchros. In order to eliminate some of the difficulties in obtaining selenium rectifiers and Thoradson transformers, a new circuit was designed for the power drives Mark 5 and Mark 6. For a time a shortage of hand wheel bracket assemblies threatened to become the bottleneck which would hold up twin assemblies. In late 1942 guns were the item of the assembly which\nendangered the program. Perhaps the most striking example of all such difficulties was the failure of York Safe and Lock Company in October 1943 to produce\na single assembly due to a shortage of approximately 25 parts.\nThus the balance has always been more or less precarious. As one Report pictured the program in late 1944: \"Any unforeseen difficulties, such as casting defect, strikes, delay in rolling schedules at steel mills, or for any reason whatsoever, the failure of single sub or sub-sub etc., contractor can at any time threaten the entire program and cause a serious backlog which may or may not be made up.\" But the report adds: \"However, such exigencies are being and will continue to be overcome.\"\nc. York Safe and Lock Company\nThe 40mm production program depended heavily for its success on the York Safe and Lock Company, York,\nPennsylvania, and this company can with Justice claim credit for a number of valuable contributions to the program. As requirements mounted, however, it became increasingly clear that the company could not be counted on to carry the responsibilities which were essential to the continuation of its major role in the program. Previous mention had been made in this report of steps taken to relieve York Safe and Lock of its prime contract for power drives and to transfer the administration of 40mm drawings to the Naval Gun factory. On January 33, 1944, the Navy Department took over certain portions of the York Safe and Lock Company, consisting principally of the facilities known as the Special Ordnance Plant. The Special Ordnance Plant had been constructed at government expense of approximately $8,000,000 for 40mm production. On June 19, 1944, these activities were designated as the Naval Ordnance Plant, York, and the Blaw-Knox Company engaged as the contractor-operator.\nThe conditions which led to the necessity for the transfer were such as to threaten the 40mm program. The Bureau had entertained fears from the beginning\nthat too much dependence in the company rested on Mr. Laucks, the President. With the death of Mr. Laucks and a subsequent change in ownership of the company, involving highly questionable financial manipulations, the critical nature of the situation became more Intense. The most serious aspects of the problem were: (1) inefficiency evidenced in procurement of material and in stock control; (2) an excess of facilities and personnel as compared to other companies which were producing greater amounts; and (3) coats that were too high.\nIn the period between January 23, 1944, and June 19, 1944, the York Safe and Lock Company was operated by the Navy Department with Captain D. F. Ducey, USN, acting for the Secretary as the Officer in Charge of the Plant. The Secretary was authorized to take over the plant by Executive Order No. 9416 of January 21, 1944. During the period of direct Navy operation and since the establishment of the\nNaval Ordnance Plant, York, in June 1944, performance improved steadily. Overhead was decreased, scheduled production balanced, rejections decreased, and the performance of subcontractors bettered.\nd. Machine Tools. Materials, and Priorities\nAt the beginning of the 40mm program the Navy's antiaircraft guns shared with guns for aircraft the top position on the priority list for new machine tools, in spite of this high rating, machine tools constituted one of the major problems of the program. The Bureau was frequently reminded by contractors that increased schedules could not be met without a corresponding Increase in facilities. In some instances installations could not be made for over a year after their scheduled deliver. Despite Bureau efforts to expedite deliveries, the machine tool industry could not expand its facilities rapidly enough to meet on time the tremendous demands made upon it by the Army and Navy.\nIn many cases the impossibility of obtaining the desired machines made it necessary to adapt existing\nequipment for the required purpose. Through the ingenuity and resourcefulness of engineers and production experts, many machine tools were converted for new work. To name but three examples: a two-spindle machine was needed to drill, countersink and tap holes in both sides of the breech ring. To meet this need, tool engineers tied a vertical drilling machine In with a new tapping machine. In another Instance, an old hydraulic press formerly used to straighten rear axle housings was converted into a broaching machine for use on the breech block. One company resurrected a discarded planer type grinding machine and put it to work on the gun sight. Contractors were constantly on the lookout for changes in design which would affect a savings in machine tools and at the same time speed prodution. For example, by changing gun pawls from forgings to strip steel stampings embossed and line reamed, 13 machines were freed for other jobs. Originally the housing was cut from solid billets of steel but the substitution of forgings made possible the transfer of 17 machines to other critical work. Such illustrations could be multiplied many times. While these adaptations\ncontributed significantly to production, the bulk of the 40mm production came from Bureau procured machine tools.\nThe original Swedish drawings called for a variety of high alloy steels, medium alloy steels, straight carbon steels and non-ferrous alloys. The close chemical tolerances specified ruled out their use in the American 40mm gun since sufficient quantities for mass production could not be furnished. The substitution of one steel for another was carried as far as possible without affecting adversely the quality of parts.\nConsiderable savings were made in the conservation of critical and strategic materials other than in steels. When necessary to conserve tin, silicon bronzes were used in both castings and bar stock. A further attempt were made to save copper and tin by the substitution of malleable iron castings, but the experiment was not successful due to slow deliveries and the excessive machining operations required on the castings. The development of\nsteel cartridge cases provided a means of conserving brass.\nUnder the Priorities System In force during 1941, 40mm guns were assigned ratings ranging from A-l-2 to A-l-d, depending upon the vessel for which they were intended. Beginning with the Army and Navy Munitions Board Priorities Directive of January 13, 1942, the 40mm Program was assigned a blanket rating of A-l-a, the highest to which military production was then entitled. This too standing was retained in all subsequent priorities directives. Prior to February 1942, ratings were extended by preference Bating certificates countersigned by the Navy inspectors. After this date, manufacturers were permitted to extend the ratings assigned to their production without clearance, except for machine tools and capital equipment. Ratings on the latter could be assigned only by certificates countersigned by the inspector.\nUnder the Production Requirements Plan, which was first introduced in the second, quarter of 1942\nand became mandatory in the third quarter, manufacturers applied to the War Production Board through their claimant agencies for a rating pattern and authority to purchase the necessary materials. In their applications, they were required to show the ratings from their customers and the quantities of material required for production. Review by the inspector prior to submission, which was a prerequisite of the Plan, saddled the inspectors with an almost impossible job because of the difficulty of estimating accurately the manufacturer's requirements for materials of all types.\nThe Production Requirements Plan was replaced by the Controlled Materials Plan in March 1943. With the Introduction of CMP, the controlled materials--steel, copper and aluminum--were ordered solely on allotments from the various claimant agencies. All other materials and fabricated items continued to be controlled by priorities. The allocation system of CMP somewhat eased the\ncritical condition of controlled materials and in general enabled 40mm manufacturers to obtain their requirements on schedule. The emphasis then shifted to the expediting of critical components and later to manpower. In June 1943 the 40mm program became a \"must\" on the Production Urgency List of the War Production Board. The \"must\" position was held until early in 1945 by which time manpower problems had been reduced to the replacement of labor lost by attrition.\nd. Use and Performance\n1. General Characteristics\nThe 40mm gun can be operated either fully automatic or single fire. In automatic, it is capable of a maximum cyclic rate of fire of approximately 160 rounds per minute. A unique characteristic of this gun is that the trigger mechanism controls the rammer operation only; once the ramming cycle is started, the round is loaded and automatically fired without further control.\nThe individual gun mechanisms are alike except for the changes necessary to make them right and left guns in the pairs. Conventional pedestal-type mounts, for both twin and quad assemblies, have power-operated elevating and training gear which position all guns as a unit both in elevation and in train. Originally the power drives were controlled either at the mount by means of the pointer's and trainer's handwheels, or from a director through an electrical-control system. Later mounts were provided with a single control lever, or joystick at the pointer's station which is used to control both elevation and train drive. This provides a unified and effective means for controlling gunfire, particularly when employing tracers. The twin mount weighs approximately 12,300 pounds while the quad weighs 22,500 pounds.\nThe ammunition is of the fixed type, loaded into clips having a capacity of 4 rounds. Each\ncartridge weighs 4.8 pounds and the projectile alone weighs slightly less than 2 pounds. Of twelve different types of 40mm ammunition which were produced, five types were in use at the end of the war: high explosive incendiary bright tracer, high explosive incendiary dark tracer, night explosive incendiary dark ignition bright tracer, armor piercing, and high explosive incendiary bright tracer non-self-destroying ammunition. The muzzle velocity of the projectile averages 2390 feet per second and the tracer burning time varies from 8.5 to 10.5 seconds depending; upon the ammunition type. This burning time gives an approximate range of 4200 to 4500 yards. A point detonating fuze causes high order detonation of the TNT projectile burster charge on contact with a target offering a resistance equivalent to or greater than 3/16\" chipboard. In addition to TNT, the projectile contains a pellet of magnesium and aluminum powder which provides incendiary action. Smokeless powder is the standard for 40mm ammunition and approximately 3/4 pound is used in each round.\nAntiaircraft guns were mounted on combatant ships in such numbers that only weight and space consideration were limiting factors. When original limits were reached material already installed on topside was removed to make available more capacity for more antiaircraft guns. In this program, the 40mm quads were, In the main, installed on battleships, cruisers, and carriers. Due to their lighter weight, twins had a considerably wider distribution on lighter combatant ships and on numerous non-combatant vessels. The single mount has been distributed to destroyers, destroyer escorts, submarines, and landing craft.\nThe U.S.S. WYOMING received the first quad on June 22, 1942, and the first twin was installed on the U.S.S. COGHLAN on July 1, 1942. Of the first\nquads, 12 were allotted to AA training centers and Schools, 36 to the Pearl Harbor Pool, 2 to lend-lease and 43 for installation on the following ships:\nU.S.S. HELENA 4 U.S.S. MASSACHUSETTS 6 U.S.S. INDIANA 6 U.S.S. WYOMING 1 U.S.S. ALABAMA 6 U.S.S. COLUMBIA 2 U.S.S. NEVADA 4\nU.S.S. MONTPELIER 2 U.S.S. IDAHO 4 U.S.S. DENVER 2 U.S.S. CHICAGO 4 U.S.S. SANTA FE 2\nThe first 187 twins were distributed in the main to new construction--DD's, CL's and ACF's [AGF?]; AA training\ncenters received 17, the Pearl Harbor Pool 22, and Lend-Lease 5.\nOn June 30, 1945, US Navy combatant and other Navy ships had received 17,365 installations of 40mm guns.\nPercentage Distribution by Vessel Category\n( ) Represents June 30, 1944\n[ ] Represents Dec. 31, 1945\nCombatant Other Quads 764 1,308 1,954 (89)  81 (11)  19 Twins 2,450 5,372 7,574 (81)  40 (19)  60 Singles 3,917 8,089 7,837 (5)  81 (95)  93 ===== ===== ===== 7,131 14,769 17,365\nOn December 31, 1944, a total of 4,184 40mm guns had been installed on Navy combatant ships.\nPercentage Distribution By Type of Ship\n( ) Represents 1943\nNumber of Large & Type Installations Battle- Carriers Heavy Light Des- Destroyer Sub- Minecraft of\nQuads 0 477 1,042 (45) 28 (25) 29 (20) 16 (9) 10 (1) 14 (-) - (-) - (-) 3 Twins 0 1,333 2,486 (1) - (21) 26 (1) 1 (7) 8 (62) 47 (8) 16 (-) - (-) 2 Singles 0 656 (-) 78 (-) 17 (-) -\nAntiaircraft training center and schools, as of July 1, 1945, had received 33 quads, 125 twins, and 47 singles.\nDeliveries of 40mm guns to foreign governments under Lend-Lease were not large. At expiration of that program on September 30, 1945, the following deliveries had been made:\nCountry Quads Twins Singles United Kingdom 44 339 151 France 39 16 78 Netherlands 2 1 Brazil 8 15 Russia 260 Mexico 3 Uruguay 1 Greece 1 China 18 Norway 3 === === === 85 363 531\nIn the light of the extensive operations n the Pacific, the losses of 40mm guns from sinkings were unusually small. Wartime losses totaled 24 quads.\n220 twins, and 226 singles.\n3. Antiaircraft Performance\nThe continued demands which came from the Fleet for more and more 40mm guns constituted perhaps the best evidence of their value. Specific examples of excellent performance are too abundant and too well known to warrant inclusion in this report. Overall tabulations including such information as plane kills accredited to 40mm guns, ammunition expended, \"round per bird\" comparisons with other guns, etc., require extremely detailed analysis and explanation to prevent them from being misleading. The available evidence on which to base such tabulations, moreover, is fragmentary. It is felt, therefore, that a more accurate picture can be had from a few accepted generalizations.\nThere can hardly be any argument with general statements regarding the excellence of the 40mm guns, their effectiveness within range, their ruggedness, their simplicity of operation and maintenance, and the dependence placed upon them by the Fleet for close-in AA defense. While the number of kills\naccredited to a specific gun is always a somewhat problematical figure, the number accredited to the 40mm has mounted in rough ratio to the number of guns in action. The picture naturally changed as the tactics of the enemy changed. For example, the emphasis by the Japanese on suicide attacks with planes placed an increasing dependence upon close-in defense by AA guns as opposed to the longer range defense of DP guns. Of the kills made in the period October 1, 1944, to February 1, 1945, in which an attempt was made to assign then to a particular caliber gun, approximately 50% were accredited to 40mm guns. In an earlier period when attacking planes tended to keep at a greater distance, dependence upon DP guns with special ammunition was more marked.\nWhile the 40mm is primarily an AA gun, it should be noted that it has become increasingly effective as a weapon for use against certain types of shore\nand surface targets. This is especially true of 40mm guns mounted on submarines and amphibious fire support vessels, action reports late in the war stressed the value of the 40mm gun as an anti-personnel weapon.\n4. Maintenance and Performance Problems.Live round ejection into the case chute, and case chute jams were early difficulties which required correction. A thorough investigation disclosed, that the dropping of live rounds was caused by obstructions in the path of the rammed round which had resulted from an accumulation of tolerances in mass production. A more judicial selection of tolerances and allowances on critical dimensions plus minor changes in profile made it possible to eliminate the failure without resorting to costly hand fitting. Case chute jams were caused primarily by the faulty profile of the deflector, and a redesign of the part eliminated t is difficulty. It was also necessary to make minor changes in design to increase the service life of certain vital parts.\nPremature firing of the primer before complete closing of the breech block was encountered. Cases of stand roller path corrosion were common. To eliminate this latter failure, the Naval Gun Factory devised a new method for lubricating the stand and perfected an improved seal to protect the roller bearing assembly from water penetration. Light blows of the firing pin constituted casualties in proof firing, but changes in lubrication eliminated the trouble.\nReports from the Fleet occasionally pointed out that the performance of 40mm guns was sluggish at high angles of elevation. Exhaustive tests proved that with an increase from 0 degrees to 70 degrees the cyclic rate of fire is reduced by approximately 20 rounds per minute. It has been demonstrated, however, that with a wide open setting of the needle valve, a maximum rate of fire at high elevations can be approached.\n5. Possibilities with Blind Firing Directors\nOne of the most interesting commentaries on the history of the Bofors 40mm gun in World War II is the fact that the gun was used during most of the war without benefit of a director which should give it optimum performance - namely, a blind firing director, by early 1943 the design of a lightweight radar equipment had progressed to the point where such equipments could be included in a manually operated director. Thenceforth the inclusion of blind firing features formed a part of all developmental programs for AA directors. Of the early directors produced, however, either weight, maintenance or quantity production problems necessitated discarding or converting the models to other purposes.\nThe recognizedly urgent Fleet retirement of a light-weight, blind firing AA gun director system became an objective toward which numerous programs were directed. From these efforts, three directors, representing different methods of attack on the same basic problem, were developed. The gun fire control\nsystem, Mark 57, was developed by Section T of the Office of Scientific Research and Development. At the end of August 1945, 251 systems had been produced. Production of the gun fire control system Mark 63, which is basically an incorporation of blind firing features in the Gun Director Mark 51, reached a total of 356 by the end of August 1945. Production for the third system, the Mark 60, which had been developed by the General Electric Company, was can-celled at the end of the war.\nSufficient evidence is not available to permit a complete evaluation of the performance of the 40mm gun in association with these new equipments, but it is unquestionably true that the effectiveness of the 40mm as an AA weapon should be very considerably enhanced through the use of effective blind firing.\nTable of Contents\nPrevious Chapter (V) * Next Chapter (VII)", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "PHASE I : - Selection of Student Scientist is done in following categories.\na) 10 MEMBERS - CORE TEAM (representing to lead 100 members).\nb) 100 MEMBERS as LEAD STUDENT SCIENTIST (with a team of 9 members each).\nPHASE II: - Experiment in various areas:\nLEAD STUDENT SCIENTIST:\nStep 1 : Lead Student Scientist would select areas to implement the experiment (it can be the place where one of the team members live) .\nStep 2. Invitation to people in the colony or the area would be made by the Lead Student Scientist. (Proforma of invitation would be given by the society).\nStep 3. Invitation to press for coverage of the experiment would be made.\nResult Monitoring: Lead Student Scientist assisted by his team of 9 members would conduct the experiment in presence of people of area/colony and media. Further after four days he would collect feedback from the people on the experiment conducted.\nNote: society would coordinate and provide required material, equipments, guidance and amount (raised from participation fee) to carry out the experiment on its own cost.\nSociety would select 10 students who would form Core team and will work directly under the supervision of General Secretary.\nStep 1. Press Conference: Core team of 10 Students (each of them representing 100 students) would conduct Press Conference at Musi River bed.\nStep 2. Experiment: at the venue of the meet\nStep 3. Request to Meet President: Letter addressed to his Excellency the Honorable President of India requesting an appointment to meet and demonstrate the efforts would be made by Core Team.\nDate of Selection 1st and 3rd November, 2006\nFor More Details click on the link on the right. To download zip file containing 3 documents.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Despite all the years of research that have gone into them, cognitive conditions like autism and schizophrenia are still largely a mystery. Here's one nice step toward figuring them out, though: Researchers from UCLA have discovered a specific genetic trait in a small community in Finland that might have some clues.\nThere are communities in northern Finland that have been extremely isolated from the outside world for years. So many rare genes and genetic defects are more common in those populations. One in particular had a high rate of autism, schizophrenia, and other cognitive conditions. After examining data from 173 participants in that community, compared to 1586 from the rest of Finland, it was found that a chromosome 22 deletion was present in 18 of the 173 compared to just one in the larger sample.\nWith a sample of 173, could the overrepresentation of this deletion be an unrelated manifestation of such a small genetic pool? In other words, are these just specific to the particular to the region? It's not likely, actually. Chromosome 22 deletion affects the creation of an enzyme called TOP3β, which helps translate DNA into RNA. It's still up in the air exactly how this works to disrupt brain development, but there's a clear link between TOP3β and conditions like schizophrenia and fragile X.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Unless you have tasted the stunning sweetness of a carrot pulled from your own garden – in the dead of winter – you haven’t really tasted a carrot!\nAutumn King is one of the best main crop varieties available with a consistent deep red colour and conical roots that grow to around 25 to 30cms (10 to 12 inches) long. This favourite of home gardeners can be grown as a maincrop or late variety. It resists greening and splitting so stores well left in the ground and is a good variety for storing.\nIt is one of the largest of carrots and last to mature. A very healthy and vigorous carrot with the potential to be the highest yielding of all. Crops in 70 days.\nCarrot Autumn King has been awarded the RHS Award of Garden Merit (AGM).\nPrepare the site:\nSuccess with root vegetables is very much down to the quality of the soil, so it’s worth taking the time to prepare your patch. Start digging over your soil in late winter or early spring, removing any stones you find and turn the soil until it has a fine, crumbly texture. If your soil is not ideally suitable, you can prepare a large container instead. Do not add manure as this makes the soil too rich for the seeds.\nSowing: Sow successionally March to August\nCarrot seeds are small, but it’s wise to plant them as thinly as possible. This reduces the amount of thinning necessary and potential risk from pests. Mix the seeds with a handful of sharp sand and sow the seeds and sand together. Sand will also aid drainage. Once the seedlings are showing their first rough leaves, thin to 5cm (2 in) between plants.\nCarrot seeds hate drying out and germinate slowly (14 to 21 days) so if you’re sowing seed in summer, a good way to keep them moist is to lay wet newspaper on top of the damp soil. Once the seedlings are showing their first rough leaves, thin out to 10cm apart which minimises competition and enables the carrots to grow quickly to harvest size. The plants need little other attention during their growth period, although the plants should be kept well watered – too little water results in coarse, woody roots.\nHarvesting: June to October.\nStart pulling up your carrots as soon as they are big enough to eat. It’s best to harvest them in the evening to avoid attracting carrot fly. Late-sown carrots must be lifted by October to be stored over the winter. Remember that winter carrots take a little longer to mature than summer carrots.\nThe window for planting carrots is actually pretty wide. The thing to remember is that if you’re planting for a winter crop, is to make sure you plant early enough to ensure they are fully grown before the winter comes.\nYou can leave them in the ground and just dig them up as you need them. Dig up any remaining overwintered carrots by April so that they don’t start growing again.\nStore only the best, undamaged roots, cut off their foliage and lay the roots between layers of sand in a strong box, ensuring that the roots do not touch. Store somewhere cool and dry, check the carrots occasionally, removing any odd rotten roots before they infect their neighbours. Carrot tops can be used in a variety of dishes, including raw in drinks or in salads. During the first five months of storage, carrots will actually increase their vitamin A content; and, if protected from heat or light, can hold their nutrient content for another two or three months.\nCarrot fly is drawn to carrots by the smell of crushed foliage, reduce the risk of an attack by thinning plants in the evening on a still day, removing any thinnings and watering afterwards. Carrot fly are also low-flying insects: erecting a ‘wind-break’ style shield around a crop will also help deter these pests.\nCarrots do well alongside most plants, especially Chives, Garlic, Rosemary and Sage. Try growing Spring Onion White Lisbon next to carrots as the smell helps deter Carrot Fly.\nHowever Dill, Coriander and other members of the Umbelliferae family should not be planted near carrots as they tend to cross pollinate which can be important if you are to save your own seed.\nThe carrot, onion and mustard families are the most important crops to rotate every year. This is because they’re most at risk from root insects and diseases in the soil. They also deplete nutrients that can be easily replenished by growing different crops in that location the following year. Ideally, try to wait three years before planting carrots back in their original location. Good vegetables to plant the following year are beets, spinach, swiss chard, endive and lettuce.\nCarrots sown in February in a cold frame/cloche are ready to harvest by June. When using cloches put them in place a month before sowing as this helps to warm up the soil. Sow forced crop seeds in 2cm deep drills (shallow furrows), 15cm apart, preferably a bed prepared the previous autumn. Thin out plants to 10cm apart which minimises competition and enables the carrots to grow quickly to harvest size.\nLater in Spring (March/April) sow seeds directly outdoors. Where possible, cover with garden fleece to speed germination and protect against carrot fly. Harvest in July/September.\nThese are sown in April/May and harvested in October/November. This time its drills 2cm deep but 30cm apart. Sow seed very thinly and cover with light soil. Thin seedlings out to 4cm apart. These carrots are particularly suitable for storage after harvest.\nLate Main Crop:\nThese should be sown June/July and are ready for harvesting from December onwards. Late varieties are good for storing and produce large roots. Thin seedlings out to 4 to 5cm apart and avoid bruising the leaves when thinning as the smell can attract carrot fly.\n- Additional Information\nPacket Size 1 gram Average Seed Count 900 Seeds Seed Form Natural Seeds per gram 900 seeds per gram Common Name Maincrop / Late variety Family Apiaceae Genus Daucus Species arota ssp. sativus Cultivar Autumn King Hardiness Hardy Biennial Time to Sow Sow successionally March to August Germination 14 to 21 days Harvest June to October.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Year 4 enjoy Anglo-Saxon journey\nOur Year Fours sampled life in the Anglo-Saxon period (410 to 1066) when they visited Richmond Museum for a workshop this week.\nThe pupils learnt some interesting facts on the trip, including the fact that Richmond was not always called Richmond, but used to be known Sheen, which in Anglo-Saxon times had the meaning 'to shine.'\nThey were also told all about how the Anglo-Saxons were the world's best at embroidery and were known for making high quality yarn.\nThe children enjoyed the opportunity to get involved in some fun activities, including the chance to do some braiding and to write in 'runes' the language used in the Anglo-Saxon period.\n\"It was so much fun,\" Isla told us. \"We made braids, which everyone found really interesting and we've been continuing to make them during class. We also wrote our names in another language,\" she added.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "This strategy is called Beat the Author.’ In this strategy, the teacher will give students a section of the story to read. It will cut off at a certain point, and at that point, the teacher will give students several options of what text will come next—this will be in multiple-choice format and have different sections of writing with only one correct section. The students will have to read and analyze the author’s writing in the previous sections very closely in order to select the chunk of text that is actually written by the author.\nI think this is a unique reading strategy; I also think it is an effective reading strategy. By asking the students to select the text that is written by the author, the teacher is asking them to carefully analyze the author’s writing, sentence structure, fluency, and use of figurative language. This strategy can be set up like a game which will encourage students to be competitive. They will be reading carefully, but hopefully having fun while doing so.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "TRPV4 (Transient Receptor Potentials, vanilloid family, type 4) is widely expressed in vertebrate tissues and is activated by several stimuli, including by mechanical forces. Certain TRPV4 mutations cause complex hereditary bone or neuronal pathologies in human. Wild-type or mutant TRPV4 transgenes are commonly expressed in cultured mammalian cells and examined by Fura-2 fluorometry and by electrodes. In terms of the mechanism of mechanosensitivity and the molecular bases of the diseases, the current literature is confusing and controversial. To complement existing methods, we describe two additional methods to examine the molecular properties of TRPV4. (1) Rat TRPV4 and an aequorin transgene are transformed into budding yeast. A hypo-osmtic shock of the transformant population yields a luminometric signal due to the combination of aequorin with Ca2+, released through the TRPV4 channel. Here TRPV4 is isolated from its usual mammalian partner proteins and reveals its own mechanosensitivity. (2) cRNA of TRPV4 is injected into Xenopus oocytes. After a suitable period of incubation, the macroscopic TRPV4 current is examined with a two-electrode voltage clamp. The current rise upon removal of inert osmoticum from the oocyte bath is indicative of mechanosensitivity. The microAmpere (10-6 to 10-4 A) currents from oocytes are much larger than the subnano- to nanoAmpere (10-10 to 10-9 A) currents from cultured cells, yielding clearer quantifications and more confident assessments. Microscopic currents reflecting the activities of individual channel proteins can also be directly registered under a patch clamp, in on-cell or excised mode. The same oocyte provides multiple patch samples, allowing better data replication. Suctions applied to the patches can activate TRPV4 to directly assess mechanosensitivity. These methods should also be useful in the study of other types of TRP channels.\n21 Related JoVE Articles!\nCryopreservation of Preimplantation Embryos of Cattle, Sheep, and Goats\nInstitutions: Iowa State University.\nPreimplantation embryos from cattle, sheep, and goats may be cryopreserved for short- or long-term storage. Preimplantation embryos consist predominantly of water, and the avoidance of intracellular ice crystal formation during the cryopreservation process is of paramount importance to maintain embryo viability. Embryos are placed into a hypertonic solution (1.4 – 1.5 M) of a cryoprotective agent (CPA) such as ethylene glycol (EG) or glycerol (GLYC) to create an osmotic gradient that facilitates cellular dehydration. After embryos reach osmotic equilibrium in the CPA solution, they are individually loaded in the hypertonic CPA solution into 0.25 ml plastic straws for freezing. Embryos are placed into a controlled rate freezer at a temperature of -6°C. Ice crystal formation is induced in the CPA solution surrounding the embryo, and crystallization causes an increase in the concentration of CPA outside of the embryo, causing further cellular dehydration. Embryos are cooled at a rate of 0.5°C/min, enabling further dehydration, to a temperature of -34°C before being plunged into liquid nitrogen (-196°C). Cryopreserved embryos must be thawed prior to transfer to a recipient (surrogate) female. Straws containing the embryos are removed from the liquid nitrogen dewar, held in room temperature air for 3 to 5 sec, and placed into a 37°C water bath for 25 to 30 sec. Embryos cryopreserved in GLYC are placed into a 1 M solution of sucrose for 10 min for removal of the CPA before transfer to a recipient (surrogate) female. Embryos cryopreserved in EG, however, may be directly transferred to the uterus of a recipient.\nDevelopmental Biology, Issue 54, embryo, cryopreservation, cattle, sheep, goats\nThe Crossmodal Congruency Task as a Means to Obtain an Objective Behavioral Measure in the Rubber Hand Illusion Paradigm\nInstitutions: Macquarie University, Macquarie University, Macquarie University.\nThe rubber hand illusion (RHI) is a popular experimental paradigm. Participants view touch on an artificial rubber hand while the participants' own hidden hand is touched. If the viewed and felt touches are given at the same time then this is sufficient to induce the compelling experience that the rubber hand is one's own hand. The RHI can be used to investigate exactly how the brain constructs distinct body representations for one's own body. Such representations are crucial for successful interactions with the external world. To obtain a subjective measure of the RHI, researchers typically ask participants to rate statements such as \"I felt as if the rubber hand were my hand\". Here we demonstrate how the crossmodal congruency task can be used to obtain an objective behavioral measure within this paradigm.\nThe variant of the crossmodal congruency task we employ involves the presentation of tactile targets and visual distractors. Targets and distractors are spatially congruent (i.e.\nsame finger) on some trials and incongruent (i.e.\ndifferent finger) on others. The difference in performance between incongruent and congruent trials - the crossmodal congruency effect (CCE) - indexes multisensory interactions. Importantly, the CCE is modulated both by viewing a hand as well as the synchrony of viewed and felt touch which are both crucial factors for the RHI.\nThe use of the crossmodal congruency task within the RHI paradigm has several advantages. It is a simple behavioral measure which can be repeated many times and which can be obtained during the illusion while participants view the artificial hand. Furthermore, this measure is not susceptible to observer and experimenter biases. The combination of the RHI paradigm with the crossmodal congruency task allows in particular for the investigation of multisensory processes which are critical for modulations of body representations as in the RHI.\nBehavior, Issue 77, Neuroscience, Neurobiology, Medicine, Anatomy, Physiology, Psychology, Behavior and Behavior Mechanisms, Psychological Phenomena and Processes, Behavioral Sciences, rubber hand illusion, crossmodal congruency task, crossmodal congruency effect, multisensory processing, body ownership, peripersonal space, clinical techniques\nFunctional Neuroimaging Using Ultrasonic Blood-brain Barrier Disruption and Manganese-enhanced MRI\nInstitutions: Stanford University , Duke University Medical Center, Duke University .\nAlthough mice are the dominant model system for studying the genetic and molecular underpinnings of neuroscience, functional neuroimaging in mice remains technically challenging. One approach, Activation-Induced Manganese-enhanced MRI (AIM MRI), has been used successfully to map neuronal activity in rodents 1-5\n. In AIM MRI, Mn2+\nacts a calcium analog and accumulates in depolarized neurons 6,7\n. Because Mn2+\nshortens the T1\ntissue property, regions of elevated neuronal activity will enhance in MRI. Furthermore, Mn2+\nclears slowly from the activated regions; therefore, stimulation can be performed outside the magnet prior to imaging, enabling greater experimental flexibility. However, because Mn2+\ndoes not readily cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), the need to open the BBB has limited the use of AIM MRI, especially in mice.\nOne tool for opening the BBB is ultrasound. Though potentially damaging, if ultrasound is administered in combination with gas-filled microbubbles (i.e., ultrasound contrast agents), the acoustic pressure required for BBB opening is considerably lower. This combination of ultrasound and microbubbles can be used to reliably open the BBB without causing tissue damage 8-11\nHere, a method is presented for performing AIM MRI by using microbubbles and ultrasound to open the BBB. After an intravenous injection of perflutren microbubbles, an unfocused pulsed ultrasound beam is applied to the shaved mouse head for 3 minutes. For simplicity, we refer to this technique of BBB Opening with Microbubbles and UltraSound as BOMUS 12\n. Using BOMUS to open the BBB throughout both cerebral hemispheres, manganese is administered to the whole mouse brain. After experimental stimulation of the lightly sedated mice, AIM MRI is used to map the neuronal response.\nTo demonstrate this approach, herein BOMUS and AIM MRI are used to map unilateral mechanical stimulation of the vibrissae in lightly sedated mice 13\n. Because BOMUS can open the BBB throughout both hemispheres, the unstimulated side of the brain is used to control for nonspecific background stimulation. The resultant 3D activation map agrees well with published representations of the vibrissae regions of the barrel field cortex 14\n. The ultrasonic opening of the BBB is fast, noninvasive, and reversible; and thus this approach is suitable for high-throughput and/or longitudinal studies in awake mice.\nNeuroscience, Issue 65, Molecular Biology, Biomedical Engineering, mouse, ultrasound, blood-brain barrier, functional MRI, fMRI, manganese-enhanced MRI, MEMRI\nCharacterization of G Protein-coupled Receptors by a Fluorescence-based Calcium Mobilization Assay\nInstitutions: KU Leuven.\nFor more than 20 years, reverse pharmacology has been the preeminent strategy to discover the activating ligands of orphan G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). The onset of a reverse pharmacology assay is the cloning and subsequent transfection of a GPCR of interest in a cellular expression system. The heterologous expressed receptor is then challenged with a compound library of candidate ligands to identify the receptor-activating ligand(s). Receptor activation can be assessed by measuring changes in concentration of second messenger reporter molecules, like calcium or cAMP. The fluorescence-based calcium mobilization assay described here is a frequently used medium-throughput reverse pharmacology assay. The orphan GPCR is transiently expressed in human embryonic kidney 293T (HEK293T) cells and a promiscuous Gα16\nconstruct is co-transfected. Following ligand binding, activation of the Gα16\nsubunit induces the release of calcium from the endoplasmic reticulum. Prior to ligand screening, the receptor-expressing cells are loaded with a fluorescent calcium indicator, Fluo-4 acetoxymethyl. The fluorescent signal of Fluo-4 is negligible in cells under resting conditions, but can be amplified more than a 100-fold upon the interaction with calcium ions that are released after receptor activation. The described technique does not require the time-consuming establishment of stably transfected cell lines in which the transfected genetic material is integrated into the host cell genome. Instead, a transient transfection, generating temporary expression of the target gene, is sufficient to perform the screening assay. The setup allows medium-throughput screening of hundreds of compounds. Co-transfection of the promiscuous Gα16\n, which couples to most GPCRs, allows the intracellular signaling pathway to be redirected towards the release of calcium, regardless of the native signaling pathway in endogenous settings. The HEK293T cells are easy to handle and have proven their efficacy throughout the years in receptor deorphanization assays. However, optimization of the assay for specific receptors may remain necessary.\nCellular Biology, Issue 89, G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), calcium mobilization assay, reverse pharmacology, deorphanization, cellular expression system, HEK293T, Fluo-4, FlexStation\nIntroduction to Solid Supported Membrane Based Electrophysiology\nInstitutions: Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Goethe University Frankfurt.\nThe electrophysiological method we present is based on a solid supported membrane (SSM) composed of an octadecanethiol layer chemisorbed on a gold coated sensor chip and a phosphatidylcholine monolayer on top. This assembly is mounted into a cuvette system containing the reference electrode, a chlorinated silver wire.\nAfter adsorption of membrane fragments or proteoliposomes containing the membrane protein of interest, a fast solution exchange is used to induce the transport activity of the membrane protein. In the single solution exchange protocol two solutions, one non-activating and one activating solution, are needed. The flow is controlled by pressurized air and a valve and tubing system within a faraday cage.\nThe kinetics of the electrogenic transport activity is obtained via capacitive coupling between the SSM and the proteoliposomes or membrane fragments. The method, therefore, yields only transient currents. The peak current represents the stationary transport activity. The time dependent transporter currents can be reconstructed by circuit analysis.\nThis method is especially suited for prokaryotic transporters or eukaryotic transporters from intracellular membranes, which cannot be investigated by patch clamp or voltage clamp methods.\nBiochemistry, Issue 75, Biophysics, Molecular Biology, Cellular Biology, Physiology, Proteins, Membrane Lipids, Membrane Transport Proteins, Kinetics, Electrophysiology, solid supported membrane, SSM, membrane transporter, lactose permease, lacY, capacitive coupling, solution exchange, model membrane, membrane protein, transporter, kinetics, transport mechanism\nCreating Dynamic Images of Short-lived Dopamine Fluctuations with lp-ntPET: Dopamine Movies of Cigarette Smoking\nInstitutions: Yale University, Yale University, Yale University, Yale University, Massachusetts General Hospital, University of California, Irvine.\nWe describe experimental and statistical steps for creating dopamine movies of the brain from dynamic PET data. The movies represent minute-to-minute fluctuations of dopamine induced by smoking a cigarette. The smoker is imaged during a natural smoking experience while other possible confounding effects (such as head motion, expectation, novelty, or aversion to smoking repeatedly) are minimized.\nWe present the details of our unique analysis. Conventional methods for PET analysis estimate time-invariant kinetic model parameters which cannot capture short-term fluctuations in neurotransmitter release. Our analysis - yielding a dopamine movie - is based on our work with kinetic models and other decomposition techniques that allow for time-varying parameters 1-7\n. This aspect of the analysis - temporal-variation - is key to our work. Because our model is also linear in parameters, it is practical, computationally, to apply at the voxel level. The analysis technique is comprised of five main steps: pre-processing, modeling, statistical comparison, masking and visualization. Preprocessing is applied to the PET data with a unique 'HYPR' spatial filter 8\nthat reduces spatial noise but preserves critical temporal information. Modeling identifies the time-varying function that best describes the dopamine effect on 11\nC-raclopride uptake. The statistical step compares the fit of our (lp-ntPET) model 7\nto a conventional model 9\n. Masking restricts treatment to those voxels best described by the new model. Visualization maps the dopamine function at each voxel to a color scale and produces a dopamine movie. Interim results and sample dopamine movies of cigarette smoking are presented.\nBehavior, Issue 78, Neuroscience, Neurobiology, Molecular Biology, Biomedical Engineering, Medicine, Anatomy, Physiology, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Receptors, Dopamine, Dopamine, Functional Neuroimaging, Binding, Competitive, mathematical modeling (systems analysis), Neurotransmission, transient, dopamine release, PET, modeling, linear, time-invariant, smoking, F-test, ventral-striatum, clinical techniques\nDeriving the Time Course of Glutamate Clearance with a Deconvolution Analysis of Astrocytic Transporter Currents\nInstitutions: National Institutes of Health.\nThe highest density of glutamate transporters in the brain is found in astrocytes. Glutamate transporters couple the movement of glutamate across the membrane with the co-transport of 3 Na+\nand 1 H+\nand the counter-transport of 1 K+\n. The stoichiometric current generated by the transport process can be monitored with whole-cell patch-clamp recordings from astrocytes. The time course of the recorded current is shaped by the time course of the glutamate concentration profile to which astrocytes are exposed, the kinetics of glutamate transporters, and the passive electrotonic properties of astrocytic membranes. Here we describe the experimental and analytical methods that can be used to record glutamate transporter currents in astrocytes and isolate the time course of glutamate clearance from all other factors that shape the waveform of astrocytic transporter currents. The methods described here can be used to estimate the lifetime of flash-uncaged and synaptically-released glutamate at astrocytic membranes in any region of the central nervous system during health and disease.\nNeurobiology, Issue 78, Neuroscience, Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Cellular Biology, Anatomy, Physiology, Biophysics, Astrocytes, Synapses, Glutamic Acid, Membrane Transport Proteins, Astrocytes, glutamate transporters, uptake, clearance, hippocampus, stratum radiatum, CA1, gene, brain, slice, animal model\nOptimization and Utilization of Agrobacterium-mediated Transient Protein Production in Nicotiana\nInstitutions: Fraunhofer USA Center for Molecular Biotechnology.\n-mediated transient protein production in plants is a promising approach to produce vaccine antigens and therapeutic proteins within a short period of time. However, this technology is only just beginning to be applied to large-scale production as many technological obstacles to scale up are now being overcome. Here, we demonstrate a simple and reproducible method for industrial-scale transient protein production based on vacuum infiltration of Nicotiana\nplants with Agrobacteria\ncarrying launch vectors. Optimization of Agrobacterium\ncultivation in AB medium allows direct dilution of the bacterial culture in Milli-Q water, simplifying the infiltration process. Among three tested species of Nicotiana\n, N. excelsiana\n× N. excelsior\n) was selected as the most promising host due to the ease of infiltration, high level of reporter protein production, and about two-fold higher biomass production under controlled environmental conditions. Induction of Agrobacterium\nharboring pBID4-GFP (Tobacco mosaic virus\n-based) using chemicals such as acetosyringone and monosaccharide had no effect on the protein production level. Infiltrating plant under 50 to 100 mbar for 30 or 60 sec resulted in about 95% infiltration of plant leaf tissues. Infiltration with Agrobacterium\nlaboratory strain GV3101 showed the highest protein production compared to Agrobacteria\nlaboratory strains LBA4404 and C58C1 and wild-type Agrobacteria\nstrains at6, at10, at77 and A4. Co-expression of a viral RNA silencing suppressor, p23 or p19, in N. benthamiana\nresulted in earlier accumulation and increased production (15-25%) of target protein (influenza virus hemagglutinin).\nPlant Biology, Issue 86, Agroinfiltration, Nicotiana benthamiana, transient protein production, plant-based expression, viral vector, Agrobacteria\nCell-based Calcium Assay for Medium to High Throughput Screening of TRP Channel Functions using FlexStation 3\nInstitutions: The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston.\nThe Molecular Devices' FlexStation 3 is a benchtop multi-mode microplate reader capable of automated fluorescence measurement in multi-well plates. It is ideal for medium- to high-throughput screens in academic settings. It has an integrated fluid transfer module equipped with a multi-channel pipetter and the machine reads one column at a time to monitor fluorescence changes of a variety of fluorescent reagents. For example, FlexStation 3 has been used to study the function of Ca2+\n-permeable ion channels and G-protein coupled receptors by measuring the changes of intracellular free Ca2+\nlevels. Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels are a large family of nonselective cation channels that play important roles in many physiological and pathophysiological functions. Most of the TRP channels are calcium permeable and induce calcium influx upon activation. In this video, we demonstrate the application of FlexStation 3 to study the pharmacological profile of the TRPA1 channel, a molecular sensor for numerous noxious stimuli. HEK293 cells transiently or stably expressing human TRPA1 channels, grown in 96-well plates, are loaded with a Ca2+\n-sensitive fluorescent dye, Fluo-4, and real-time fluorescence changes in these cells are measured before and during the application of a TRPA1 agonist using the FLEX mode of the FlexStation 3. The effect of a putative TRPA1 antagonist was also examined. Data are transferred from the SoftMax Pro software to construct concentration-response relationships of TRPA1 activators and inhibitors.\nBioengineering, Issue 54, TRP channels, Calcium assay, FlexStation 3\nTissue Preparation and Immunostaining of Mouse Sensory Nerve Fibers Innervating Skin and Limb Bones\nInstitutions: The University of Iowa, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa.\nDetection and primary processing of physical, chemical and thermal sensory stimuli by peripheral sensory nerve fibers is key to sensory perception in animals and humans. These peripheral sensory nerve fibers express a plethora of receptors and ion channel proteins which detect and initiate specific sensory stimuli. Methods are available to characterize the electrical properties of peripheral sensory nerve fibers innervating the skin, which can also be utilized to identify the functional expression of specific ion channel proteins in these fibers. However, similar electrophysiological methods are not available (and are also difficult to develop) for the detection of the functional expression of receptors and ion channel proteins in peripheral sensory nerve fibers innervating other visceral organs, including the most challenging tissues such as bone. Moreover, such electrophysiological methods cannot be utilized to determine the expression of non-excitable proteins in peripheral sensory nerve fibers. Therefore, immunostaining of peripheral/visceral tissue samples for sensory nerve fivers provides the best possible way to determine the expression of specific proteins of interest in these nerve fibers. So far, most of the protein expression studies in sensory neurons have utilized immunostaining procedures in sensory ganglia, where the information is limited to the expression of specific proteins in the cell body of specific types or subsets of sensory neurons. Here we report detailed methods/protocols for the preparation of peripheral/visceral tissue samples for immunostaining of peripheral sensory nerve fibers. We specifically detail methods for the preparation of skin or plantar punch biopsy and bone (femur) sections from mice for immunostaining of peripheral sensory nerve fibers. These methods are not only key to the qualitative determination of protein expression in peripheral sensory neurons, but also provide a quantitative assay method for determining changes in protein expression levels in specific types or subsets of sensory fibers, as well as for determining the morphological and/or anatomical changes in the number and density of sensory fibers during various pathological states. Further, these methods are not confined to the staining of only sensory nerve fibers, but can also be used for staining any types of nerve fibers in the skin, bones and other visceral tissue.\nNeuroscience, Issue 59, pain, immunostaining, sensory nerve fiber, skin, bone, plantar punch, CGRP, NF200, TRPV1, Tubulin\nIn vivo Neuronal Calcium Imaging in C. elegans\nInstitutions: Boston University School of Medicine, Boston University Photonics Center.\nThe nematode worm C. elegans\nis an ideal model organism for relatively simple, low cost neuronal imaging in vivo\n. Its small transparent body and simple, well-characterized nervous system allows identification and fluorescence imaging of any neuron within the intact animal. Simple immobilization techniques with minimal impact on the animal's physiology allow extended time-lapse imaging. The development of genetically-encoded calcium sensitive fluorophores such as cameleon 1\nand GCaMP 2\nallow in vivo\nimaging of neuronal calcium relating both cell physiology and neuronal activity. Numerous transgenic strains expressing these fluorophores in specific neurons are readily available or can be constructed using well-established techniques. Here, we describe detailed procedures for measuring calcium dynamics within a single neuron in vivo\nusing both GCaMP and cameleon. We discuss advantages and disadvantages of both as well as various methods of sample preparation (animal immobilization) and image analysis. Finally, we present results from two experiments: 1) Using GCaMP to measure the sensory response of a specific neuron to an external electrical field and 2) Using cameleon to measure the physiological calcium response of a neuron to traumatic laser damage. Calcium imaging techniques such as these are used extensively in C. elegans\nand have been extended to measurements in freely moving animals, multiple neurons simultaneously and comparison across genetic backgrounds. C. elegans\npresents a robust and flexible system for in vivo\nneuronal imaging with advantages over other model systems in technical simplicity and cost.\nDevelopmental Biology, Issue 74, Physiology, Biophysics, Neurobiology, Cellular Biology, Molecular Biology, Anatomy, Developmental Biology, Biomedical Engineering, Medicine, Caenorhabditis elegans, C. elegans, Microscopy, Fluorescence, Neurosciences, calcium imaging, genetically encoded calcium indicators, cameleon, GCaMP, neuronal activity, time-lapse imaging, laser ablation, optical neurophysiology, neurophysiology, neurons, animal model\nThe Use of Cystometry in Small Rodents: A Study of Bladder Chemosensation\nInstitutions: KU Leuven, Belgium, KU Leuven, Belgium, KU Leuven, Belgium.\nThe lower urinary tract (LUT) functions as a dynamic reservoir that is able to store urine and to efficiently expel it at a convenient time. While storing urine, however, the bladder is exposed for prolonged periods to waste products. By acting as a tight barrier, the epithelial lining of the LUT, the urothelium, avoids re-absorption of harmful substances. Moreover, noxious chemicals stimulate the bladder's nociceptive innervation and initiate voiding contractions that expel the bladder's contents. Interestingly, the bladder's sensitivity to noxious chemicals has been used successfully in clinical practice, by intravesically infusing the TRPV1 agonist capsaicin to treat neurogenic bladder overactivity1\n. This underscores the advantage of viewing the bladder as a chemosensory organ and prompts for further clinical research. However, ethical issues severely limit the possibilities to perform, in human subjects, the invasive measurements that are necessary to unravel the molecular bases of LUT clinical pharmacology. A way to overcome this limitation is the use of several animal models2\n. Here we describe the implementation of cystometry in mice and rats, a technique that allows measuring the intravesical pressure in conditions of controlled bladder perfusion.\nAfter laparotomy, a catheter is implanted in the bladder dome and tunneled subcutaneously to the interscapular region. Then the bladder can be filled at a controlled rate, while the urethra is left free for micturition. During the repetitive cycles of filling and voiding, intravesical pressure can be measured via the implanted catheter. As such, the pressure changes can be quantified and analyzed. Moreover, simultaneous measurement of the voided volume allows distinguishing voiding contractions from non-voiding contractions3\nImportantly, due to the differences in micturition control between rodents and humans, cystometric measurements in these animals have only limited translational value4\n. Nevertheless, they are quite instrumental in the study of bladder pathophysiology and pharmacology in experimental pre-clinical settings. Recent research using this technique has revealed the key role of novel molecular players in the mechano- and chemo-sensory properties of the bladder.\nMedicine, Issue 66, Physiology, Chemistry, cystometry, urodynamics, bladder function, bladder chemosensation, animal model, urinary tract\nGiant Liposome Preparation for Imaging and Patch-Clamp Electrophysiology\nInstitutions: University of Washington.\nThe reconstitution of ion channels into chemically defined lipid membranes for electrophysiological recording has been a powerful technique to identify and explore the function of these important proteins. However, classical preparations, such as planar bilayers, limit the manipulations and experiments that can be performed on the reconstituted channel and its membrane environment. The more cell-like structure of giant liposomes permits traditional patch-clamp experiments without sacrificing control of the lipid environment.\nElectroformation is an efficient mean to produce giant liposomes >10 μm in diameter which relies on the application of alternating voltage to a thin, ordered lipid film deposited on an electrode surface. However, since the classical protocol calls for the lipids to be deposited from organic solvents, it is not compatible with less robust membrane proteins like ion channels and must be modified. Recently, protocols have been developed to electroform giant liposomes from partially dehydrated small liposomes, which we have adapted to protein-containing liposomes in our laboratory.\nWe present here the background, equipment, techniques, and pitfalls of electroformation of giant liposomes from small liposome dispersions. We begin with the classic protocol, which should be mastered first before attempting the more challenging protocols that follow. We demonstrate the process of controlled partial dehydration of small liposomes using vapor equilibrium with saturated salt solutions. Finally, we demonstrate the process of electroformation itself. We will describe simple, inexpensive equipment that can be made in-house to produce high-quality liposomes, and describe visual inspection of the preparation at each stage to ensure the best results.\nPhysiology, Issue 76, Biophysics, Molecular Biology, Biochemistry, Genetics, Cellular Biology, Proteins, Membranes, Artificial, Lipid Bilayers, Liposomes, Phospholipids, biochemistry, Lipids, Giant Unilamellar Vesicles, liposome, electrophysiology, electroformation, reconstitution, patch clamp\nUse of the Operant Orofacial Pain Assessment Device (OPAD) to Measure Changes in Nociceptive Behavior\nInstitutions: University of Florida College of Dentistry, University of Florida College of Medicine , Stoelting Co., University of Florida .\nWe present an operant system for the detection of pain in awake, conscious rodents. The Orofacial Pain Assessment Device (OPAD) assesses pain behaviors in a more clinically relevant way by not relying on reflex-based measures of nociception. Food fasted, hairless (or shaved) rodents are placed into a Plexiglas chamber which has two Peltier-based thermodes that can be programmed to any temperature between 7 °C and 60 °C. The rodent is trained to make contact with these in order to access a reward bottle. During a session, a number of behavioral pain outcomes are automatically recorded and saved. These measures include the number of reward bottle activations (licks) and facial contact stimuli (face contacts), but custom measures like the lick/face ratio (total number of licks per session/total number of contacts) can also be created. The stimulus temperature can be set to a single temperature or multiple temperatures within a session. The OPAD is a high-throughput, easy to use operant assay which will lead to better translation of pain research in the future as it includes cortical input instead of relying on spinal reflex-based nociceptive assays.\nBehavior, Issue 76, Neuroscience, Neurobiology, Anatomy, Physiology, Medicine, Biomedical Engineering, Surgery, Neurologic Manifestations, Pain, Chronic Pain, Nociceptive Pain, Acute Pain, Pain Perception, Operant, mouse, rat, analgesia, nociception, thermal, hyperalgesia, animal model\nBladder Smooth Muscle Strip Contractility as a Method to Evaluate Lower Urinary Tract Pharmacology\nInstitutions: University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine.\nWe describe an in vitro\nmethod to measure bladder smooth muscle contractility, and its use for investigating physiological and pharmacological properties of the smooth muscle as well as changes induced by pathology. This method provides critical information for understanding bladder function while overcoming major methodological difficulties encountered in in vivo\nexperiments, such as surgical and pharmacological manipulations that affect stability and survival of the preparations, the use of human tissue, and/or the use of expensive chemicals. It also provides a way to investigate the properties of each bladder component (i.e.\nsmooth muscle, mucosa, nerves) in healthy and pathological conditions.\nThe urinary bladder is removed from an anesthetized animal, placed in Krebs solution and cut into strips. Strips are placed into a chamber filled with warm Krebs solution. One end is attached to an isometric tension transducer to measure contraction force, the other end is attached to a fixed rod. Tissue is stimulated by directly adding compounds to the bath or by electric field stimulation electrodes that activate nerves, similar to triggering bladder contractions in vivo\n. We demonstrate the use of this method to evaluate spontaneous smooth muscle contractility during development and after an experimental spinal cord injury, the nature of neurotransmission (transmitters and receptors involved), factors involved in modulation of smooth muscle activity, the role of individual bladder components, and species and organ differences in response to pharmacological agents. Additionally, it could be used for investigating intracellular pathways involved in contraction and/or relaxation of the smooth muscle, drug structure-activity relationships and evaluation of transmitter release.\nThe in vitro\nsmooth muscle contractility method has been used extensively for over 50 years, and has provided data that significantly contributed to our understanding of bladder function as well as to pharmaceutical development of compounds currently used clinically for bladder management.\nMedicine, Issue 90, Krebs, species differences, in vitro, smooth muscle contractility, neural stimulation\nModeling Neural Immune Signaling of Episodic and Chronic Migraine Using Spreading Depression In Vitro\nInstitutions: The University of Chicago Medical Center, The University of Chicago Medical Center.\nMigraine and its transformation to chronic migraine are healthcare burdens in need of improved treatment options. We seek to define how neural immune signaling modulates the susceptibility to migraine, modeled in vitro\nusing spreading depression (SD), as a means to develop novel therapeutic targets for episodic and chronic migraine. SD is the likely cause of migraine aura and migraine pain. It is a paroxysmal loss of neuronal function triggered by initially increased neuronal activity, which slowly propagates within susceptible brain regions. Normal brain function is exquisitely sensitive to, and relies on, coincident low-level immune signaling. Thus, neural immune signaling likely affects electrical activity of SD, and therefore migraine. Pain perception studies of SD in whole animals are fraught with difficulties, but whole animals are well suited to examine systems biology aspects of migraine since SD activates trigeminal nociceptive pathways. However, whole animal studies alone cannot be used to decipher the cellular and neural circuit mechanisms of SD. Instead, in vitro\npreparations where environmental conditions can be controlled are necessary. Here, it is important to recognize limitations of acute slices and distinct advantages of hippocampal slice cultures. Acute brain slices cannot reveal subtle changes in immune signaling since preparing the slices alone triggers: pro-inflammatory changes that last days, epileptiform behavior due to high levels of oxygen tension needed to vitalize the slices, and irreversible cell injury at anoxic slice centers.\nIn contrast, we examine immune signaling in mature hippocampal slice cultures since the cultures closely parallel their in vivo\ncounterpart with mature trisynaptic function; show quiescent astrocytes, microglia, and cytokine levels; and SD is easily induced in an unanesthetized preparation. Furthermore, the slices are long-lived and SD can be induced on consecutive days without injury, making this preparation the sole means to-date capable of modeling the neuroimmune consequences of chronic SD, and thus perhaps chronic migraine. We use electrophysiological techniques and non-invasive imaging to measure\nneuronal cell and circuit functions coincident with SD. Neural immune gene expression variables are measured with qPCR screening, qPCR arrays, and, importantly, use of cDNA preamplification for detection of ultra-low level targets such as interferon-gamma using whole, regional, or specific cell enhanced (via laser dissection microscopy) sampling. Cytokine cascade signaling is further assessed with multiplexed phosphoprotein related targets with gene expression and phosphoprotein changes confirmed via cell-specific immunostaining. Pharmacological and siRNA strategies are used to mimic\nSD immune signaling.\nNeuroscience, Issue 52, innate immunity, hormesis, microglia, T-cells, hippocampus, slice culture, gene expression, laser dissection microscopy, real-time qPCR, interferon-gamma\nDrug-induced Sensitization of Adenylyl Cyclase: Assay Streamlining and Miniaturization for Small Molecule and siRNA Screening Applications\nInstitutions: Purdue University, Eli Lilly and Company.\nSensitization of adenylyl cyclase (AC) signaling has been implicated in a variety of neuropsychiatric and neurologic disorders including substance abuse and Parkinson's disease. Acute activation of Gαi/o-linked receptors inhibits AC activity, whereas persistent activation of these receptors results in heterologous sensitization of AC and increased levels of intracellular cAMP. Previous studies have demonstrated that this enhancement of AC responsiveness is observed both in vitro\nand in vivo\nfollowing the chronic activation of several types of Gαi/o-linked receptors including D2\ndopamine and μ opioid receptors. Although heterologous sensitization of AC was first reported four decades ago, the mechanism(s) that underlie this phenomenon remain largely unknown. The lack of mechanistic data presumably reflects the complexity involved with this adaptive response, suggesting that nonbiased approaches could aid in identifying the molecular pathways involved in heterologous sensitization of AC. Previous studies have implicated kinase and Gbγ signaling as overlapping components that regulate the heterologous sensitization of AC. To identify unique and additional overlapping targets associated with sensitization of AC, the development and validation of a scalable cAMP sensitization assay is required for greater throughput. Previous approaches to study sensitization are generally cumbersome involving continuous cell culture maintenance as well as a complex methodology for measuring cAMP accumulation that involves multiple wash steps. Thus, the development of a robust cell-based assay that can be used for high throughput screening (HTS) in a 384 well format would facilitate future studies. Using two D2\ndopamine receptor cellular models (i.e\n), we have converted our 48-well sensitization assay (>20 steps 4-5 days) to a five-step, single day assay in 384-well format. This new format is amenable to small molecule screening, and we demonstrate that this assay design can also be readily used for reverse transfection of siRNA in anticipation of targeted siRNA library screening.\nBioengineering, Issue 83, adenylyl cyclase, cAMP, heterologous sensitization, superactivation, D2 dopamine, μ opioid, siRNA\nExamination of Synaptic Vesicle Recycling Using FM Dyes During Evoked, Spontaneous, and Miniature Synaptic Activities\nInstitutions: University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, University of Bath.\nSynaptic vesicles in functional nerve terminals undergo exocytosis and endocytosis. This synaptic vesicle recycling can be effectively analyzed using styryl FM dyes, which reveal membrane turnover. Conventional protocols for the use of FM dyes were designed for analyzing neurons following stimulated (evoked) synaptic activity. Recently, protocols have become available for analyzing the FM signals that accompany weaker synaptic activities, such as spontaneous or miniature synaptic events. Analysis of these small changes in FM signals requires that the imaging system is sufficiently sensitive to detect small changes in intensity, yet that artifactual changes of large amplitude are suppressed. Here we describe a protocol that can be applied to evoked, spontaneous, and miniature synaptic activities, and use cultured hippocampal neurons as an example. This protocol also incorporates a means of assessing the rate of photobleaching of FM dyes, as this is a significant source of artifacts when imaging small changes in intensity.\nNeuroscience, Issue 85, Presynaptic Terminals, Synaptic Vesicles, Microscopy, Biological Assay, Nervous System, Endocytosis, exocytosis, fluorescence imaging, FM dye, neuron, photobleaching\nDirect Imaging of ER Calcium with Targeted-Esterase Induced Dye Loading (TED)\nInstitutions: University of Wuerzburg, Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich.\nVisualization of calcium dynamics is important to understand the role of calcium in cell physiology. To examine calcium dynamics, synthetic fluorescent Ca2+\nindictors have become popular. Here we demonstrate TED (= targeted-esterase induced dye loading), a method to improve the release of Ca2+\nindicator dyes in the ER lumen of different cell types. To date, TED was used in cell lines, glial cells, and neurons in vitro\n. TED bases on efficient, recombinant targeting of a high carboxylesterase activity to the ER lumen using vector-constructs that express Carboxylesterases (CES). The latest TED vectors contain a core element of CES2 fused to a red fluorescent protein, thus enabling simultaneous two-color imaging. The dynamics of free calcium in the ER are imaged in one color, while the corresponding ER structure appears in red. At the beginning of the procedure, cells are transduced with a lentivirus. Subsequently, the infected cells are seeded on coverslips to finally enable live cell imaging. Then, living cells are incubated with the acetoxymethyl ester (AM-ester) form of low-affinity Ca2+\nindicators, for instance Fluo5N-AM, Mag-Fluo4-AM, or Mag-Fura2-AM. The esterase activity in the ER cleaves off hydrophobic side chains from the AM form of the Ca2+\nindicator and a hydrophilic fluorescent dye/Ca2+\ncomplex is formed and trapped in the ER lumen. After dye loading, the cells are analyzed at an inverted confocal laser scanning microscope. Cells are continuously perfused with Ringer-like solutions and the ER calcium dynamics are directly visualized by time-lapse imaging. Calcium release from the ER is identified by a decrease in fluorescence intensity in regions of interest, whereas the refilling of the ER calcium store produces an increase in fluorescence intensity. Finally, the change in fluorescent intensity over time is determined by calculation of ΔF/F0\nCellular Biology, Issue 75, Neurobiology, Neuroscience, Molecular Biology, Biochemistry, Biomedical Engineering, Bioengineering, Virology, Medicine, Anatomy, Physiology, Surgery, Endoplasmic Reticulum, ER, Calcium Signaling, calcium store, calcium imaging, calcium indicator, metabotropic signaling, Ca2+, neurons, cells, mouse, animal model, cell culture, targeted esterase induced dye loading, imaging\nMicrowave-assisted Functionalization of Poly(ethylene glycol) and On-resin Peptides for Use in Chain Polymerizations and Hydrogel Formation\nInstitutions: University of Rochester, University of Rochester, University of Rochester Medical Center.\nOne of the main benefits to using poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) macromers in hydrogel formation is synthetic versatility. The ability to draw from a large variety of PEG molecular weights and configurations (arm number, arm length, and branching pattern) affords researchers tight control over resulting hydrogel structures and properties, including Young’s modulus and mesh size. This video will illustrate a rapid, efficient, solvent-free, microwave-assisted method to methacrylate PEG precursors into poly(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate (PEGDM). This synthetic method provides much-needed starting materials for applications in drug delivery and regenerative medicine. The demonstrated method is superior to traditional methacrylation methods as it is significantly faster and simpler, as well as more economical and environmentally friendly, using smaller amounts of reagents and solvents. We will also demonstrate an adaptation of this technique for on-resin methacrylamide functionalization of peptides. This on-resin method allows the N-terminus of peptides to be functionalized with methacrylamide groups prior to deprotection and cleavage from resin. This allows for selective addition of methacrylamide groups to the N-termini of the peptides while amino acids with reactive side groups (e.g.\nprimary amine of lysine, primary alcohol of serine, secondary alcohols of threonine, and phenol of tyrosine) remain protected, preventing functionalization at multiple sites. This article will detail common analytical methods (proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy (;\nH-NMR) and Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time of Flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-ToF)) to assess the efficiency of the functionalizations. Common pitfalls and suggested troubleshooting methods will be addressed, as will modifications of the technique which can be used to further tune macromer functionality and resulting hydrogel physical and chemical properties. Use of synthesized products for the formation of hydrogels for drug delivery and cell-material interaction studies will be demonstrated, with particular attention paid to modifying hydrogel composition to affect mesh size, controlling hydrogel stiffness and drug release.\nChemistry, Issue 80, Poly(ethylene glycol), peptides, polymerization, polymers, methacrylation, peptide functionalization, 1H-NMR, MALDI-ToF, hydrogels, macromer synthesis\nFunctional Mapping with Simultaneous MEG and EEG\nInstitutions: MGH - Massachusetts General Hospital.\nWe use magnetoencephalography (MEG) and electroencephalography (EEG) to locate and determine the temporal evolution in brain areas involved in the processing of simple sensory stimuli. We will use somatosensory stimuli to locate the hand somatosensory areas, auditory stimuli to locate the auditory cortices, visual stimuli in four quadrants of the visual field to locate the early visual areas. These type of experiments are used for functional mapping in epileptic and brain tumor patients to locate eloquent cortices. In basic neuroscience similar experimental protocols are used to study the orchestration of cortical activity. The acquisition protocol includes quality assurance procedures, subject preparation for the combined MEG/EEG study, and acquisition of evoked-response data with somatosensory, auditory, and visual stimuli. We also demonstrate analysis of the data using the equivalent current dipole model and cortically-constrained minimum-norm estimates. Anatomical MRI data are employed in the analysis for visualization and for deriving boundaries of tissue boundaries for forward modeling and cortical location and orientation constraints for the minimum-norm estimates.\nJoVE neuroscience, Issue 40, neuroscience, brain, MEG, EEG, functional imaging", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Building and Using a Groundwater Database is an introductory book that focuses on the fundamentals of groundwater database use. It is an excellent guide for people who collect and use groundwater quality data, hydrogeological data, and general geological data, as well as people who are required to prepare information about groundwater resources for others to use. The book also serves as a textbook for computer-based hydrogeology courses. Many university courses now make use of computerized groundwater data, yet no textbook exists to guide students in database use.\"Building and Using a Groundwater Database\" provides detailed information regarding the steps and perspectives required to create a database and use it for groundwater management, land use practices, planning, cleanups, site investigations, and general hydrogeologic reporting. The book is structured to take the reader from the foundations of database development through maintenance and everyday use of the database. Actual examples from selected case studies are used to illustrate database principles.This book is unique in that it deals with the management and structuring of groundwater data, as opposed to the collection and interpretation of data. It illustrates how database software managers can be integrated with groundwater software tools. \"Building and Using a Groundwater Database\" provides consultants, engineers, public officials, university instructors, local and municipal water utilities, and banking and loan institutions with a clear, concise guide to using groundwater databases.\nThere are currently no reviews for this product. Be the first to review this product!", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Are you wondering what a perc test is? If you’re buying a new piece of land, it’s something you may want to know about.\nA percolation test, or perc test, is a procedure performed to review water drainage in different soils. It is important for many uses, such as when designing a leach field for a septic system, planning a building design, or considering agricultural use of the land. If the water cannot drain properly, a swamp of sewer water will result. This is a foul-smelling health hazard that could cost you thousands of dollars to correct, or ruin your house or farm entirely.\nSome types of soil require a percolation test to ensure sufficient drainage before a septic system can be installed. If you’re planning on building a house on a new piece of land, it is highly recommended that a perc test be performed to ensure that it passes state and local regulations. The results may determine how many bedrooms are allowed to be developed in the house. Soil that fails a perc test could require expensive septic alternatives.\nShoots Veis of Interstate Engineering has the lowdown on how an underground wastewater treatment system is designed. “(It’s) designed based on two factors: household water usage and percolation rate of the soil where the underground system is located. Using those two pieces of information, the size of drainfield area is determined.”\n“If a household used a lot of water and it is discharged to a soil with a slow percolation rate, then a large drainfield area will be required. A household with small water usage and well drained soil will be able to utilize a smaller drainfield footprint.”\nYou can perform a perc test on any soil. Depending on your soil, the test results could be different on various parts of your property. Local building regulations may require a test be performed by a licensed professional, so check with your local zoning department to find out if this applies to you. If not, a personal perc test may do the trick.\nYou can perform a simple test by picking up a handful of soil and compressing it in your fist. If the soil is dry, dampen it with a little water. Soil that falls apart easily will allow water to drain quickly; soil that holds together has a large amount of clay that will not allow rapid draining.\nYou will need a shovel, stopwatch, yardstick, gravel, and water. Dig several holes, each 1 foot wide and up to 3 feet deep, depending on local ordinance requirements. Soak the holes overnight; remember, you must perform the test in damp soil. Place 2 inches of gravel at the bottom of the holes.\nCover the gravel with 6 inches of water and measure the depth of water every 30 minutes. Local codes will indicate passing scores for your septic system. See if your water depth makes the grade. A licensed professional may be required to perform the test and requirements vary from town to town.\nPerc tests play a vital role in building design and stormwater management, just ask David Businelli, AIA. Owner of Studio 16 Architecture in Staten Island, NY.\n“When designing a building, architects have to consider and deal with storm water drainage. This means that we have to calculate the amount of water from a 2” rainfall that will fall on the entire site, especially hard surfaces like the roof or paved areas.”\n“Here in NYC, we have either storm sewers or combined storm and sanitary sewers into which rainwater can be discharged. But, there are many sites – especially on Staten Island that do not have storm sewers available. There are many municipalities in the country that don’t have storm sewers. Lacking them, storm water must be retained and drained on site, i.e. draining it into the ground.”\n“Once an area of the site is selected, soil borings are done in order to determine the soil types and where permeable soil is. Then a percolation test is performed in order to determine how much water and at what rate the soil can absorb, in gallons per minute. This data allows us to determine the type of drainage system that is appropriate for the project, such as drywells, bioswales, retention ponds, sheet drainage over grassy areas, permeable pavement, etc. Stormwater management is an essential part of any building project, and contributes to the sustainability of the building by using the site properly.”\nScott Bergman, VP at Bergman Vineyards, has years of experience selling vineyards and wineries in Napa and Sonoma Counties.\n“When someone buys a vineyard, a winery with a vineyard on it, or land that is ‘plantable’ for more vineyard, they do a detailed soil test to find the quality of the soils that the vines are growing in and the soils where future vines will be growing. This test normally takes a MINIMUM of 60 days to get the soils from the ground, categorize the soil samples, send them to the mid-west for the tests, get the results back, and then have the specialist perform a write up on the results.”\n“Thankfully, a perc test can be a quick solution for someone that isn’t able to wait for the soil results 2 months later. “If there is a short (less than 60 days) timeframe to do the necessary due diligence (time for inspections of the property and improvements), a perc test can be performed much faster. The perc test will let us know how the clay is in the ground. If the water doesn’t draw down fast enough, we know that the vines could drown (not worthy to purchase).”\nAny other Perc Test tips? Tell us in the comments below or on our social channels!\nSearch our U.S. land for sale to find the property of your dreams.\nPhoto Cred: wikimedia commons | Robert Young Vineyards", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "* Study finds second-hand smoke exposure thickens artery walls\n* Raises risk of heart attacks and stroke in adulthood\n* Findings lend weight to calls for car, home smoking bans\nBy Kate Kelland\nLONDON, March 5 (Reuters) - Exposure to second-hand smoke in childhood causes irreversible damage to children's arteries - increasing their risk of heart attacks or strokes when they grow up, according to a large international study published on Wednesday.\nThe research, which lends weight to campaigns for smoking to be banned in private cars and homes, found passive smoking leads to a thickening of children's artery walls, adding some 3.3 years to the age of blood vessels by adulthood.\n\"Exposure to passive smoke in childhood causes direct and irreversible damage to the structure of the arteries,\" said Seana Gall, a researcher in cardiovascular epidemiology who led the study at the University of Tasmania.\nShe said parents, or even those thinking about becoming parents, should quit smoking - both to aid their own health and protect the future health of their children.\nSmoking causes lung cancer, which is often fatal, and is the world's biggest cause of premature death from chronic conditions like heart disease, stroke and high blood pressure.\nOn top of the 6 million people a year killed by their own smoking, the World Health Organisation (WHO) says another 600,000 die a year as a result of exposure to other peoples' smoke - so-called second-hand or passive smoking.\nOf the more than 4,000 chemicals in tobacco smoke, at least 250 are known to be harmful and more than 50 are known to cause cancer, the WHO says - and creating 100 percent smoke-free environments is the only way to protect people fully.\nAbout 40 percent of all children are regularly exposed to second-hand smoke at home, and almost a third of the deaths attributable to second-hand smoke are in children.\nThis latest study, published in the European Heart Journal, was the first to follow children through to adulthood to look at links between exposure to parents' smoking and thickness of the innermost two layers of the arterial wall, known as carotid intima-media thickness (IMT).\nResearchers from Finland and Australia looked at data from 2,401 people in Finland 1,375 people in Australia who were asked about their parents' smoking habits. The scientists used ultrasound to measure the thickness of the children's artery walls once they had reached adulthood.\nThe results showed that carotid IMT in adulthood was 0.015 millimetres thicker in those exposed to both parents smoking than in those whose parents did not smoke.\nGall said that while this was a \"modest\" increase, it was nonetheless an important extra and irreversible risk for suffering heart attacks or strokes later in life.\nSince children of parents who smoke are also more likely to grow up to be smokers themselves, and more likely to be overweight, their heart health risks are often already raised, she said, and the second-hand smoke adds yet more risk.\nThe researchers said the findings showed reducing children's exposure to smoke is a public health priority.\n\"Legislation can reduce passive smoke exposure, with restriction of smoking in public places reducing hospitalisations for cardiovascular and respiratory disease,\" they wrote, adding that banning smoking in cars with children in them would also have a significant positive effect.\nThe United States, Australia and Canada have already banned smoking in cars carrying children, and Britain said last month that it too would be introducing a ban soon. (Editing by Keiron Henderson)\nOur Standards: The Thomson Reuters Trust Principles.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "The Names of the Hare\nOver recent years I have spent many hours exploring the Stonehenge landscape and the ever present hares are an integral element of that region of Salisbury Plain. They are recorded as being coursed on the Downs around Amesbury in the late 16th century and in the early 19th century, and the coursing was recorded as ‘excellent.’ Amesbury Coursing Club was formed in 1822, at which time the owner of the land allowed hares to be preserved on the downland near Stonehenge. Elsewhere in the parish was also regularly used for coursing. The Altcar (Lancs) Club held a seven day meet at Amesbury in 1864 and the South of England Club used to meet at Stonehenge. Immediately southeast of Stonehenge is Coneybury Hill, where Coneybury Henge once stood. ‘Coney’ is a Middle English word deriving from Old French meaning ‘rabbits’. Hares and rabbits clearly have a long association with the Stonehenge landscape.\n‘The Names of the Hare’ is a poem written in the late thirteenth century, originally in Middle English, that is attributed to a Shropshire family on the Welsh borders. The poem is said to be a ritual to be recited by a hunter on his first encounter with a hare, and the seventy seven different names given to the hare in the poem were supposed, on recital, to deliver it to the hunter’s power.\nThe Names of the Hare\nTranslation from the Middle English by Seamus Heaney\nThe man the hare has met\nwill never be the better of it\nexcept he lay down on the land\nwhat he carries in his hand—\nbe it staff or be it bow—\nand bless him with his elbow\nand come out with this litany\nwith devotion and sincerity\nto speak the praises of the hare.\nThen the man will better fare.\n‘The hare, call him scotart,\nthe O’Hare, the jumper,\nthe rascal, the racer.\nThe wimount, the messer,\nthe skidaddler, the nibbler,\nthe ill-met, the slabber.\nThe quick-scut, the dew-flirt,\nthe grass-biter, the goibert,\nthe home-late, the do-the-dirt.\nThe starer, the wood-cat,\nthe purblind, the furze cat,\nthe skulker, the bleary-eyed,\nthe wall-eyed, the glance-aside\nand also the hedge-springer.\nThe stubble-stag, the long lugs,\nthe stook-deer, the frisky legs,\nthe wild one, the skipper,\nthe hug-the-ground, the lurker,\nthe race-the-wind, the skiver,\nthe shag-the-hare, the hedge-squatter,\nthe dew-hammer, the dew-hoppper,\nthe sit-tight, the grass-bounder,\nthe jig-foot, the earth-sitter,\nthe light-foot, the fern-sitter,\nthe kail-stag, the herb-cropper.\nThe creep-along, the sitter-still,\nthe pintail, the ring-the-hill,\nthe sudden start,\nThe gobshite, the gum-sucker,\nthe scare-the-man, the faith-breaker,\nthe snuff-the-ground, the baldy skull,\n(his chief name is scoundrel.)\nThe stag sprouting a suede horn,\nthe creature living in the corn,\nthe creature bearing all men’s scorn,\nthe creature no one dares to name.’\nWhen you have got all this said\nthen the hare’s strength has been laid.\nThen you might go faring forth—\neast and west and south and north,\nwherever you incline to go—\nbut only if you’re skilful too.\nAnd now, Sir Hare, good-day to you.\nGod guide you to a how-d’ye-do\nwith me: come to me dead\nin either onion broth or bread.\nSource of the text – The Rattle Bag, edited by Seamus Heaney and Ted Hughes. London: Faber and Faber, 1982, pp. 305-306.\nHares are intimately woven into layer upon layer of folklore in Britain, particularly associated with the moon and witches, which I do not propose to explore here, beyond an illustrative quote of Margaret Murray’s, purportedly from seventeenth century Scottish witch trials. The method of making the ritual change into a hare (or other animal) was by the incantation:\n‘I sall goe intill ane haire’\nWith sorrow, and sych, and meikle caire,\nAnd I sall goe in the Divellis nam.\nAy whill I com hom againe’\nTo revert again to the human form the words were:\n‘Hare, hare, God send thee care.\nI am in hares likeness just now,\nBut I shall be in a woman’s likeness even now’\nBelow is a photograph I took recently of a 12th century carved stone depicting a hare playing a harp, originally from a cottage in Powerstock, Dorset and believed to have come from the site of Wytherston Church. It is on display at Dorset County Museum.\nBelow: A photograph of one of the stones in The Cove at Avebury stone circles in Wiltshire on which to the lower right hand side, can be seen the image of a hare.\nThank you to Wesley Smith of Wesverines Prehistoric Sites for use of the lead image above, a photograph of a hare in the Avebury landscape in late winter 2016, and to Sophie Kinsley for the use of her felt hare collage photograph.\nDedicated in loving memory to ‘Charlie’.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "WASHINGTON: In a breakthrough, scientists have discovered a new class of antibiotics to fight deadly bacteria such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and other drug-resistant bacteria that threaten public health.\nThe new class, called oxadiazoles, was discovered by University of Notre Dame researchers led by Mayland Chang and Shahriar Mobashery in silico (by computer) screening and has shown promise in the treatment of MRSA in mouse models of infection.\nResearchers who screened 1.2 million compounds found that the oxadiazole inhibits a penicillin-binding protein, PBP2a, and the biosynthesis of the cell wall that enables MRSA to resist other drugs.\nThe oxadiazoles are also effective when taken orally. This is an important feature as there is only one marketed antibiotic for MRSA that can be taken orally, researchers said.\nMRSA has become a global public-health problem since the 1960s because of its resistance to antibiotics.\nIn the US alone, 278,000 people are hospitalised and 19,000 die each year from infections caused by MRSA, said researchers.\nOnly three drugs currently are effective treatments, and resistance to each of those drugs already exists.\nThe researchers have been seeking a solution to MRSA for years.\n“Professor Mobashery has been working on the mechanisms of resistance in MRSA for a very long time,” Chang said.\n“As we understand what the mechanisms are, we can devise strategies to develop compounds against MRSA,” said Chang.\n“Mayland Chang and Shahriar Mobashery’s discovery of a class of compounds that combat drug resistant bacteria such as MRSA could save thousands of lives around the world. We are grateful for their leadership and persistence in fighting drug resistance,” said Greg Crawford, dean of the College of Science at the University of Notre Dame.\nThe research is published in the Journal of the American Chemical Society.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "At its most basic, plain flour is flour that does not contain a raising agent.\nAn ingredient used in many foods, flour is a fine powder made from cereals or other starchy food sources. It is most commonly made from wheat, but also maize (a.k.a. corn), rye, barley and rice, amongst many other grasses and non-grain plants (including many Australian species of acacia). Flour is the key ingredient of bread, which is the staple food in many countries, and therefore the availability of adequate supplies of flour has often been a major economic and political issue. Flour can also be made from legumes and nuts, such as soy, peanuts, almonds, and other tree nuts.\nFlour is always based on the presence of starches, which are complex carbohydrates.\nUsually, the word \"flour\" used alone refers to wheat flour, which is one of the most important foods in European and American culture. Wheat flour is the main ingredient in most types of breads and pastries. Wheat is so widely used because of an important property: when wheat flour is mixed with water, a complex protein called gluten develops. The gluten development is what gives wheat dough an elastic structure that allows it to be worked in a variety of ways, and which allows the retention of gas bubbles in an intact structure, resulting in a sponge-like texture to the final product. This is highly desired for breads, cakes and other baked products.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Mainframe z/OS Components\nMainframe operating system z/OS is a share-everything runtime environment that provides for resource sharing through its heritage of virtualization technology. z/OS gets work done by dividing it into pieces and giving portions of the job to various system components and subsystems that function interdependently.\nThe workload management (WLM) component of z/OS controls system resources, while the recovery termination manager (RTM) handles system recovery.\nAt any point in time, one component or another gets control of the processor – makes its contribution, and then passes control along to a user program or another component. The control typically gets passed when a job has to wait for information to be read in from, or written out to, a device such as a tape drive or printer.\nAs with memory for a personal computer, mainframe central storage is tightly coupled with the processor itself, whereas mainframe auxiliary storage is located on (comparatively) slower, and cheaper external disk and tape drives.\nTypical z/OS middleware (between the operating system and an end user or end-user applications) includes:\n- Database systems\n- Web servers\n- Message queueing and brokering functions\n- Transaction managers\n- Java virtual machines\n- Portal services\n- XML processing functions\nSystem Address Spaces and Master Scheduler\nMany z/OS system functions run in their own address spaces. The master scheduler subsystem runs in the address space called *MASTER* and is used to establish communication between z/OS and its own address spaces. Master initialization routines initialize system services, such as the system log and communication task, and start the master scheduler address space.\nBatch processing is the most fundamental function of z/OS. Many batch jobs are run in parallel and Job control language (JCL) is used to control the operation of each job.\nz/OS requires the use of various subsystems, such as a primary job entry subsystem or JES. An address space is created for every batch job that runs on z/OS. Batch job address spaces are started by JES.\nMultiple initiators (each in an address space) permit the parallel execution of batch jobs. Correct use of JCL parameters (especially the DISP parameter in DD statements) allows parallel, asynchronous execution of jobs that may need access to the same data sets (a technique to use batch parallelism and improve availability)\nThere are address spaces for middleware products such as DB2, CICS, and IMS (referred to as “secondary sub-systems). Typically an automation package starts all tasks in a controlled sequence. Then other subsystems are started. Subsystems are defined in a special file of system settings called a parameter library or PARMLIB.\nWorkload Management (WLM)\nWLM manages the processing of workloads in the system according to the business goals, such as response time. WLM also manages the use of system resources, such as processors and storage, to accomplish these goals.\nWLM has three objectives:\n1. To achieve the business goals that are defined by the installation, by automatically assigning sysplex resources to workloads based on their importance and goals (goal achievement).\n2. To achieve optimal use of the system resources from the system point of view (throughput).\n3. To achieve optimal use of system resources from the point of view of the individual address space (response and turnaround time).\nGoal achievement is the first and most important task of WLM. Optimizing throughput and minimizing turnaround times – which come after that – are essentially contradictory objectives.\nOptimizing throughput means keeping resources busy. Optimizing response and turnaround time, however, requires resources to be available when they are needed. Achieving the goal of an important address space might result in worsening the turnaround time of a less important address space. Thus, WLM must make decisions that represent trade-offs between conflicting objectives.\nWLM is particularly well-suited to a sysplex environment. It keeps track of system utilization and workload goal achievement across all the systems in the Parallel Sysplex and data sharing environments.\nA mainframe installation can influence almost all decisions made by WLM by establishing a set of policies that allow an installation to closely link system performance to its business needs. Workloads are assigned goals (for example, a target average response time) and an importance (that is, how important it is to the business that a workload meet its goals).\nI/O and data management\nThe input/output architecture is a major strength of the mainframe. It uses a special processor to schedule and prioritize I/O: the System Assist Processor (SAP). This processor is dedicated to drive the mainframe’s channel subsystem, up to 100,000 I/O operations per second and beyond. The channel subsystem can provide over 1000 high-speed buses, one per single server.\nData management activities can be done either manually or through the use of automated processes. When data management is automated, the system uses a policy or set of rules known as Automatic Class Selection (ACSTM) to determine object placement, manage object backup, movement, space, and security. ACS applies to all data set types including database and Unix file structures.\nStorage management policies reduce the need for users to make many detailed decisions that are not related to their business objectives.\nToday’s z/OS provides a disk device geometry called Extended Address Volume (EAV) that enables support for over 223 gigabytes (262,668 cylinders) per disk volume in its initial offering. This helps many larger customers having the 4-digit device number limitation to begin consolidation of disk farms.\nIntelligent Resource Director (IRD)\nIntelligent Resource Director can be viewed as Stage 2 of Parallel Sysplex. IRD gives the ability to move the resource to where the workload is. z/OS with WLM provides benefits from the ability to drive a processor at 100% while still providing acceptable response times for critical applications.\nIRD is not a product or component, but consists of three separate but mutually supportive functions.\n1. WLM LPAR CPU Management – provides a means to modify an LPAR weight to a higher value in order to move logical CPUs to that LPAR that is missing its service level goal.\n2. Dynamic Channel-path Management (DCM) – designed to dynamically adjust the channel configuration in response to shifting workload patterns.\n3. Channel Subsystem I/O Priority Queueing (CSS IOPQ) – z/OS uses this function to dynamically manage the channel subsystem priority of I/O operations for given workloads based on the performance goals\nPredictive Failure Analysis and Health Checker for z/OS\nPredictive Failure Analysis (PFA) is designed to predict whether a soft failure (abnormal yet allowable behaviors that can slowly lead to the degradation of the operating system) will occur sometime in the future and to identify the cause while keeping the base operating system components stateless. PFA is intended to detect abnormal behavior early enough to allow you to correct the problem before it affects your business.\nPFA uses remote checks from IBM Health Checker for z/OS to collect data the installation. The objective of IBM Health Checker for z/OS is to identify potential problems before they impact z/OS’ availability or, in worst cases, cause outages.\nNext, PFA uses machine learning to analyze this historical data to identify abnormal behavior. It issues an exception message when a system trend might cause a problem – thereby improving availability by going beyond failure detection to predict problems before they occur. To help customers correct the problem, it identifies a list of potential issues.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "The New Zealand Ministry for Primary Industries (MPI) has recently released a science-based definition for identifying New Zealand Manuka honey, from the results of its science programme.\nThe programme found that five attributes – when identified together, at specified levels – clearly show that the honey is the real deal – authentic New Zealand Manuka honey. Unless the honey meets all five attributes, it’s not monofloral Manuka honey. But it may still pass the test for multifloral Manuka honey.\nMPI proposes implementing the definition through a General Requirement for Export Notice (GREX) under the Animal Products Act 1999. The draft GREX is also designed to improve traceability, and make the food standards around honey clearer.\nMPI is calling for feedback and consultation on both its definition and the new export requirements. During the consultation period (until Tuesday 23 May 2017 at 5:00pm) the Ministry is holding workshops around the New Zealand, posting locations, dates and times on the MPI website, in local papers and on social media. Three independent experts from New Zealand, Australia and Canada have already peer reviewed key aspects of the MPI science programme.\nThe Ministry will consider submissions and feedback before issuing the GREX – letting the apiculture industry and the public have their say. The aim is to bring in the new regulations in late July 2017.\nMPI has been working with local New Zealand laboratories, so they can be ready to provide consistent, accurate Manuka honey test results for the four chemical markers and one DNA marker. Analytica Laboratories (where we test our Manuka honey) has gained MPI Limited Recognition to start testing for Manuka honey chemical markers as per the MPI definition. DNA testing will be carried out by Hill Laboratories.\nThe True Honey Co. is thrilled that the Ministry has made this progress and we wholeheartedly support its initiatives to make sure our industry is authentic for consumers, sustainable for the environment and ethical for all of us. As a company that proudly stands behind every jar, we can’t wait to try out the new test.\nLike to know more? Visit the dedicated MPI Manuka honey page for the Science Summary Report, the draft GREX, and the discussion document.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "World population is slated to top nine billion by 2050, and seeing as how arable land is being rapidly swallowed by towns and cities, oceans are increasingly overfished, and climate change is disrupting traditional farming, a new United Nations study proposes a twist on Marie Antoinette’s dietary advice: let them eat bugs.\n“Common prejudice against eating insects is not justified from a nutritional point of view,” write the authors of a 191-page report (PDF) released by the United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) entitled “Edible insects: Future prospects for food and feed security”.\nBugs are not only good eatin’, say the authors, but they’re also highly efficient sources of nutrition. Your average insect, the report claims, requires a mere two kilograms of food to produce one kilogram of what it charmingly refers to as “insect meat”, a far better feed-to-food ratio than, for example, a fatted calf, which requires eight kilograms of feed to produce one kilogram of beef.\nTwo billion of our current seven billion fellow travelers have already welcomed bugs into their diets, the report contends. Over 1,900 insect species find their way into our alimentary canals, with beetles being the most popular at 31 per cent, followed by caterpillars at 18 per cent; bees, wasps, and ants at 14 percent; and grasshoppers, locusts, and crickets at 13 percent………………..\nfull article at source.http://www.theregister.co.uk/2013/05/13/insects_as_food_and_feed/\nMore than 200 men, women and children appear to have been killed in this latest atrocity. Everything we have seen of the Syrian regime’s behaviour over the last seventeen months suggests that these reports are credible. They demand a united response from the international community.\nWe have two urgent priorities – to establish an accurate account of what happened in Tremseh so that those responsible can and will be held to account; and to agree urgent action at the United Nations Security Council.\nTo that end, the UN mission in Syria must be able to access Tremseh quickly and without hindrance so they can carry out an independent investigation into what has happened and who is responsible.\nAnd we will redouble our efforts to agree a Chapter VII resolution of the UN security council. This would compel the Syrian regime to fulfil the commitments it has made under the Annan plan, to withdraw its military from residential areas, and establish a transitional government as called for by Kofi Annan and endorsed by the P5 and Arab League. It should be a legally binding security council resolution with teeth, that creates a trigger for sanctions if the Assad regime does not comply. British diplomats in New York will continue negotiations on a resolution at the security council today:\nsee also: http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/2012/07/13/gJQAyfUahW_story.html\nThis butchery must stop and the UN should now just move in and restore order and the criminals who are responsible for these murders must be brought to justice ASAP.\nThe world stands condemned for standing by and allowing this genocide to continue !\nThe ESM has the exact same safeguards as the IMF\nQuestion: Are they the same organisation? Immune from prosecution, from any state or government in the world? Who gave them this right? Let’s be clear the IMF and now the ESM both have immunity from all prosecution from any national government of world organization like the UN???\nWe cannot hand over this power to an organization that has no accountability to anybody ,That is shear madness and a total betrayal of the citizens rights enshrined in the Irish constitution.\nWe must not allow faceless, unaccountable financial dictators to just take our rights away from us\nVote No to this madness!\nImage via Wikipedia\nWith the constant stream of brutal killings in the various Syrian cities and the absence of any of the world peace bodies capable of stopping this blatant Syrian Government murder I feel compelled once again to call on the forceful removal of this Butcher of his own people and pray to god that this creep will meet the same faith as Gaddaffi, the once proud master of Libya .Monsters like Assad will be brought to justice and the United Nations must now enforce the international rule of law. This is not the middle ages where the world was oblivious to the crimes of so called leaders. The Peoples of the world demand action now and the protection of the innocent.\nThe last slide is of a little girl holding a placard for help ,she was brutally murdered just one day after this photo.All decent people must take a good look at this little girl face and ask themselves “have I done enough to stop her murder” and many more that might come to some other child what if she was your child??? ?????\n(see article below)\nThis innocent little girl is Martyred by the forces of Bassar al-Asad, some days ago. She was killed just one day after she was holding that board. The board says to help the Syrian children (especially in Homs). The armed forces of Syria are targeting children and killing them.\nThe Syrian regime says life in Homs is normal, but the pictures and reports tell a much different story. In an emotional interview, a Syrian activist gives voice to a reality of death and destruction.\nInnocent men, women, and children are being slaughtered by the Assad government because they are asking for freedom.\nRussia and China have this blood on their hands and should now be expelled from the UN. The UN is now a farce .Thousands of people are now dead and are now been killed! Why is this been allowed to continue? Any person who calls themselves human must condemn this genocide. The Syrian army leadership must be told that they will have to face the international court of justice for murder and crimes against humanity. These criminals must be brought to justice a face the hangman for this!\nCurrently, the US is following a trajectory of past unsuccessful empires that were unable to sustain themselves resulting in an eventual collapse from within. The US is currently running up a budget deficit which is not only threatening to bankrupt its entire economy, but also threatening the hegemony of its sole instrument for advantage and influence on the world stage – the US dollar. Any threat to the supremacy of the dollar is also a threat to the empire.\nIt is difficult to calculate the outcome of a western attack against Iran -because there are so many variables.\nNo moral mandate\nFor centuries, even Rome required a moral mandate as it conquered the known world. As was the case with the Iraqi invasion and occupation in 2003, the West and its Axis powers led by Washington will require a multi-nation coalition backed by some form of moral mandate in order to move forward with their plans.\nPreviously, a US-UK campaign against Iraq’s alleged weapons of mass destruction was waged through the UN, and was sufficient at the time in achieving a minimal sway in public opinion needed from both the American and British people, justifying their governments’ foreign policy goals enough to get the war off the ground. But the cost in 2012 of pushing forward under false pretences with both Afghanistan and Iraq in 2003, means that the Axis coalition powers have already played their best hand under the current social democratic system.\nfull article at source:http://www.marketoracle.co.uk/Article32471.html\nAs the Libyan conflict seems to be coming into the final stages we are now beginning to\nsee more and more people braving bullets in Syria .It must be made clear to the leadership\nof Syria that they will be brought before the international court of justice for\nthe murder of their own citizens :Assad must go now!", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "What A Concept: Docs Trained in Genetic Testing\nThe current yawning gap between the availability of genetic tests for common diseases and their usefulness for patients is due in part to a lack of physician training and familiarity with these tests. Many DNA markers that convey a higher risk for diseases such as diabetes and heart disease are preliminary in terms of their true predictive power for individual patients. But so was the cholesterol test 20 years ago. It took years of using and understanding the cholesterol test–and the collection of data on thousands and later millions of patients–to establish a cholesterol threshold as an acceptable guide to a person’s heart attack risk. This process needs to happen for genetic test as well.\nA helpful step in bringing genetic testing into the exam room was announced today by Boston-based Beth Isreal Deaconess Medical Center and California-based Navigenics, an online genetic company that is emphasizing alliances with medical centers and has been pushing the idea of educating doctors. Here is the announcement run on GenomeWeb Daily News:\nNEW YORK (GenomeWeb News) - Navigenics and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center in Boston announced today that they will collaborate on training physicians in personal genomic testing.\nBeth Israel has launched the Personalized Genomics and Next Generation Sequencing Training Program, which includes a series of lectures, discussions, and presentations, aimed at promoting a better understanding of the personalized genomics field and next-generation sequencing technologies. Among the specific goals of the program are fostering an understanding of issues related to the evaluation of direct-to-consumer genotyping services and familiarizing physicians with the interpretation of genomic information and its correlation with personal medical and health information.\nAs part of the program, residents will be given the opportunity to have their own genomes analyzed through Navigenics’ consumer genomics services.\n“We believe that genetics and genomics will be critical to the future of health care,” Mark Boguski, of BIDMC’s Department of Pathology and the Center for Biomedical Informatics at Harvard Medical School, said in a statement. “Training our residents on the leading genetic services and technologies will be essential to this future.”\nGeoffrey Hinton tells us why he’s now scared of the tech he helped build\n“I have suddenly switched my views on whether these things are going to be more intelligent than us.”\nChatGPT is going to change education, not destroy it\nThe narrative around cheating students doesn’t tell the whole story. Meet the teachers who think generative AI could actually make learning better.\nMeet the people who use Notion to plan their whole lives\nThe workplace tool’s appeal extends far beyond organizing work projects. Many users find it’s just as useful for managing their free time.\nLearning to code isn’t enough\nHistorically, learn-to-code efforts have provided opportunities for the few, but new efforts are aiming to be inclusive.\nGet the latest updates from\nMIT Technology Review\nDiscover special offers, top stories, upcoming events, and more.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Approximate Acreage: 16,950 acres\nMunicipalities: Bridgewater, Easton, Norton, Raynham, Taunton, and West Bridgewater\nThe Hockomock Swamp and associated wetlands and water bodies comprise the largest vegetated freshwater wetland system in Massachusetts. The boundaries of the Hockomock Swamp ACEC include approximately 16,950 acres in the southeastern part of the state. The wetlands act as a huge water reservoir and serve as the headwaters for the Town River, which flows into the Taunton River. The wetlands and floodplains are connected hydrologically with an extensive underlying system of medium- and high-yield aquifers. There are three public water supply wells located in the ACEC, and others are proposed.\nThe Hockomock Swamp is a vast natural and scenic area. Because of its size, it is a unique and irreplaceable wildlife habitat. It is also the location of at least 13 rare and endangered species. According to the Massachusetts Historical Commission, the archaeological sites in the vicinity of this wetland complex are known to span a period of 9000 years; the potential quality and significance of the archaeological resources are enormous. Productive agricultural lands are located on the uplands adjacent to the wetlands, brooks, and rivers.\nThe Division of Fisheries and Wildlife (DFW) owns approximately 5000 acres of the Hockomock Swamp, within all six communities. The Hockomock Swamp Wildlife Management Area provides public access to the swamp and to several recreational areas. Additional public and nonprofit lands are located within the ACEC. The area is popular for hunting, fishing, boating, canoeing, swimming, and for the observation and study of flora and fauna.\nWater Bodies included (partially or entirely) in the ACEC\n- Rivers: Hockomock River (Bridgewater, West Bridgewater); Snake River (Norton, Taunton); Town River (Bridgewater, West Bridgewater)\n- Lakes, Ponds: Gushee Pond (Raynham); Hewitts Pond (Raynham); Lake Nippenicket (Bridgewater, Raynham); Nunkets Pond (Bridgewater, Raynham)\n- Wetlands: Hockomock Swamp (Bridgewater, Easton, Norton, Raynham, Taunton, West Bridgewater); Dead Swamp (Raynham); Titicut Swamp (Bridgewater, Raynham); Little Cedar Swamp (Easton)\n- Brooks, Creeks: Black Brook (Easton); Coweesset Brook, West Meadow Brook, Onemile Brook (West Bridgewater)\nMaps are intended to be used with the written boundary description contained in the ACEC designation document. The mapped boundary is not to be used by itself for definitive ACEC boundary delineation or regulatory interpretation. For review of site-specific projects in or bordering the ACEC, determinations must be made in the field by a certified professional in consultation with the appropriate Conservation Commission(s) and ACEC Program Staff.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "The fallout from the global pandemic lowered occupancy and usage for some large facilities, yet energy bills didn’t necessarily decrease at the same pace to alleviate the cost burdens of maintaining base operations and systems. As the economy recovers, this makes now an ideal time to consider energy efficiency measures as a means of cost management.\nSupply chain organizations are naturally focused on efficient processes, and Energy Efficiency-as-a-Service (EEaaS) is a newer approach that helps warehouses, delivery hubs and other logistics facilities reduce their energy use while making a positive impact on the health of the planet.\nEEaaS also enables supply chain facilities to conserve their cash for other uses. With the economic pressures of today, most know cash is king—and cost reduction is queen. By using financing, supply chain facilities may benefit from energy efficiency upgrades while avoiding capital outlays.\nDefining Energy Efficiency-as-a-Service\nWhat is energy efficiency-as-a-service, and how does it work? EEaaS is a pay-for-performance, off balance sheet financing solution that allows facilities to implement energy, water and other efficiency projects with no upfront capital expenditure, according to the Better Buildings Financing Navigator by the U.S. Department of Energy. (U.S. Department of Energy’s Better Buildings Financing Navigator. https://betterbuildingssolutioncenter.energy.gov/financing-navigator/option/efficiency-a-service)\nWith EEaaS, the provider pays for project development, construction, and maintenance costs. Once a project is operational, the customer makes service payments based on actual energy savings or other equipment performance metrics, resulting in immediate reduced operating expenses.\nThe Energy Services Agreement (ESA) is the most common type of arrangement, according to the U.S. Department of Energy, but other models such as lumens-as-a-service and energy subscription agreements are also in use.\nThe EEaaS opportunity\nThis overview by the American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy outlines a list of possible benefits of EEaaS for commercial customers. (American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy’s Emerging Opportunities Series, https://www.aceee.org/sites/default/files/eo-energy-as-service.pdf)\n- First-cost savings - Under an EEaaS agreement, organizations may pursue energy efficiency without using their own finances because the service provider secures third party funding to pay for all project costs. This means the customer has no upfront expenses or internal capital outlay, preserving their funds for other projects.\n- Off-balance sheet financing - EEaaS offerings are often designed as an off-balance sheet financing solution. The use of service payments allows businesses to shift energy efficiency projects from an expense asset that they must buy, own, maintain and depreciate, to an operating expense, similar to a utility bill or power purchase agreement.\n- Deeper operational and maintenance savings - The cost savings from energy efficiency projects are calculated and guaranteed using agreed-upon measurement and verification protocols. Because the EEaaS paradigm generally relies on the pay-for-performance model, it offers potential operational efficiencies and positive cash flow from energy, water and maintenance cost savings.\nThe first place to look for energy savings\nLighting is often one of the costliest budget items for a typical organization, business or facility, and LED lighting—which uses 25% to 80% less energy than conventional light bulbs—can cut energy overhead costs. (T-1 Lighting, https://www.t1-lighting.com/energy-efficient-lighting/)\nWhen it comes to commercial buildings, the Whole Building Design Guide from the National Institute of Building Sciences estimates electric lighting accounts for 35% to 50% of the total electrical energy consumption. (Whole Building Design Guide, “Daylighting,” https://www.wbdg.org/resources/daylighting)\nInefficient lighting can represent a huge part of monthly energy bills. If tight budgets are impacting business progress, cost savings may be found by switching to LED technology.\nHow much can be saved? A lot. By 2027, the U.S. Department of Energy estimates that LED lighting could conserve up to 348 terawatts of energy, which equates to $30 billion in savings at current pricing levels. (U.S. Department of Energy’s Energy Saver consumer website. LED Lighting. https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/save-electricity-and-fuel/lighting-choices-save-you-money/led-lighting) With an energy efficiency savings strategy in place, most organizations are capable of saving 20%-40% of their total energy spend.\nSupply chain facilities can estimate their own lighting savings with this interactive business estimator. (Key Equipment Finance. “Estimate your lighting savings” https://landing.keyequipmentfinance.com/estimate-your-lighting-savings-key) Organizations are encouraged, however, to seek advice from qualified professionals regarding specific business circumstances and lighting costs.\nOther energy savings options\nWhile lighting is a top focus for energy efficiency projects, facilities may find energy cost savings in other areas or add systems for power generation. For example, renewable energy assets that provide distributed generation include solar, energy storage, microgrid, fuel cells, batteries, generators, reciprocating engines, gas and steam turbines. For even great savings and environmental benefits, facilities can consider advanced energy upgrades such as air conditioning, chillers, power resiliency/redundancy, building automation systems and IoT.\nBottom line: Organizations can take a holistic approach whereby they implement a myriad of energy savings projects to meet their organization’s objectives.\nThese solutions can include design and implementation of energy conservation, energy infrastructure outsourcing, power generation, energy supply and risk management techniques.\nExample: Fortune 100 company powers facilities with Energy Efficiency-as-a-Service\nEnergy efficiency upgrade projects offer plenty of challenges in their own right. But how does a supply chain operation navigate those challenges when they are presented at multiple locations— and with zero capital expenditure?\nHere’s an example: A Fortune 100 technology company—which was investing heavily in wind farms and solar rooftops and aimed to power its global infrastructure with 100% renewable energy—knew it needed an innovative solution. That solution was to implement an EEaaS initiative that included new LED lighting and building management systems across their facilities nationwide.\nTo ensure success, the company turned to an energy efficiency provider that designed and implemented programmatic energy services agreements. These agreements allowed the company to blend the economics of different utility rates across regions to ensure that all sites are able to benefit from the efficiency upgrades. By combining sites where utility rates and operating conditions are more favorable with sites that have less favorable conditions, the projects are economically viable and provide project uniformity across sites.\nThe project also included an energy savings performance contractor and an equipment finance provider. The contractor provided construction, engineering, installation, measurement and verification for an LED lighting retrofit. The finance company provided a solution that enabled energy efficiency services across multiple sites in multiple states, including high-efficiency LED lights and building management systems.\nUnder the ESA, the energy efficiency provider would pay for all upfront costs and be paid only when the project achieved actual savings. For the Fortune 100 customer, the projects resulted in a monthly bill—an operating expense, which doesn’t require a capital expenditure. They only pay for the energy they use after the equipment is installed.\nThe projects were expected to reduce total electricity use by approximately 70%, thereby eliminating 29,917 tons of annual carbon dioxide.\nPandemic considerations in EEaaS\nBusiness growth and stability pose a dilemma—especially in the midst of uncertainty around accessing desirable capital. There’s no question that leading-edge technology, timing, and scalability play key roles in the assets of a supply chain. However, the ways in which we choose to pay for new equipment may vary according to our business objectives.\nLuckily, the marketplace is adapting to new and creative ways to address those objectives.\nThe impact of financing\nMore than ever before, the benefits of financing energy efficiency initiatives could have a significant, positive impact on an organization’s goals and success.\nTo help determine if Energy Efficiency-as-a-Service is a good fit, the U.S. Department of Energy (U.S. Department of Energy’s Better Buildings Financing Navigator. https://betterbuildingssolutioncenter.energy.gov/financing-navigator/option/efficiency-a-service) recommends companies consider whether they:\n- want to pursue retrofits across their portfolios without spending capital;\n- prefer off-balance sheet treatment for the delivery of efficiency services;\n- want a pay-for-performance solution where a third party takes on performance risk and provides project management and maintenance;\n- are looking for a financing mechanism with a contract term ranging from 5 to 15 years, with periodic buy-out options; and,\n- want a new way to procure energy efficient technologies across their portfolios without the hassle of ownership.\nChoosing a finance partner\nBefore supply chain businesses undertake an EEaaS initiative, they should seek an equipment financing professional who has clean energy solutions expertise, a proven track record in lease structuring, and a clear understanding of their unique business goals. This can help with the formation of a strategy to optimize business assets and opportunities, both today and in the future.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Diamonds are an oil’s best friend\nA mixture of diamond nanoparticles and mineral oil easily outperforms other types of fluid created for heat-transfer applications, according to new research by Rice Univ.\nRice scientists mixed very low concentrations of diamond particles (about 6 nm in diameter) with mineral oil to test the nanofluid’s thermal conductivity and how temperature would affect its viscosity. They found it to be much better than nanofluids that contain higher amounts of oxide, nitride or carbide ceramics, metals, semiconductors, carbon nanotubes and other composite materials.\nThe Rice results appeared this week in the American Chemical Society journal Applied Materials and Interfaces.\nThe work that could improve applications where control of heat is paramount was led by Pulickel Ajayan, chair of Rice’s new Materials Science and NanoEngineering Department; Rice alumnus Jaime Taha-Tijerina, now a research scientist at Viakable Technology and Research Center in Monterrey, Mexico; and a research collaborator at Carbon Sponge Solutions in Houston.\nThermal fluids are used to alleviate wear on components and tools and for machining operations like stamping and drilling, medical therapy and diagnosis, biopharmaceuticals, air conditioning, fuel cells, power transmission systems, solar cells, micro- and nanoelectronic mechanical systems and cooling systems for everything from engines to nuclear reactors.\nFluids for each application have to balance an ability to flow with thermal transport properties. Thin fluids like water and ethylene glycol flow easily but don’t conduct heat well, while traditional heat-transfer fluids can be affected by stability, viscosity, surface charge, layering, agglomeration and other factors that limit essential flow.\nResearchers have been looking since the late 1990s for efficient, customizable nanofluids that offer a middle ground. They use sub-100-nm particles in low-enough concentrations that they don’t limit flow but still make efficient use of their heat-transfer and storage properties.\nNanodiamonds are proving to be the best additive yet. They carry most of the properties that make bulk diamond so outstanding for heat-transfer applications at the macro scale. Single diamond crystals can be 100 times better at thermal conductivity than copper while still acting as an efficient lubricant.\n“The great properties of nanodiamond—lubricity, high thermal conductivity and electrical resistivity and stability, among others—are quite impressive,” said Taha-Tijerina. “We found we could combine very small amounts with conventional fluids and get extraordinary thermal transport without significant problems in viscosity.”\nIn tests, the researchers dispersed nanodiamonds in mineral oil and found that a very small concentration—one-tenth of a percent by weight—raised the thermal conductivity of the oil by 70% at 373 K (about 211 F). The same concentration of nanodiamond at a lower temperature still raised the conductivity, but to lesser effect (about 40% at 323 K).\nThey suggested a mechanism somewhat like percolation—but perhaps unlike anything else yet seen takes hold as oil and diamond molecules collide when heated.\n“Brownian motion and nanoparticle/fluid interactions play an important role,” Taha-Tijerina said. “We observed enhancement in thermal conductivity with incremental changes in temperature and the amount of nanodiamonds used. The temperature-dependent variations told us the changes were due not just to the percolation mechanism but also to Brownian motion.”\nCo-authors are former Rice postdoctoral researcher Tharangattu Narayanan, now at the CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute, Karaikundi, India; Chandra Sekhar Tiwary, who has a research appointment at Rice and is a scientist at the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India; and Rice alumna Karen Lozano, a professor of mechanical engineering, and Mircea Chipara, an assistant professor of physics and geology, both of the University of Texas Pan American, Edinburg, Texas. Ajayan is Rice’s Benjamin M. and Mary Greenwood Anderson Professor in Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science and of chemistry.\nMexico’s National Council for Science and Technology and the Army Research Office through the Multidisciplinary University Research Initiative supported the research.\nSource: Rice Univ.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Born Margaret Roberts in Grantham, Lincolnshire, Thatcher was a research chemist before she became involved in politics. After serving as a member of Britain's Parliament, Education Secretary and Leader of the Opposition, Thatcher became the first female prime minister of Britain. She served as the leader of Britain's Conservative Party from 1979 to 1990 and was nicknamed \"The Iron Lady\" for her uncompromising demeanor.\nThatcher retired from public life in 2002 after suffering a series of strokes and has been in relatively poor health in recent years. She is survived by her children, Mark and Carol. Her husband, Denis, died in 2003.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Understanding how to pay business taxes in the United States is essential to expanding your business. Although it is a bureaucratic function that may seem complicated, it is possible to be on top of the subject after we discuss four topics in this post: federal income tax, state income tax, sales tax, and withholding tax.\nThis content focuses on technology, e-commerce, and international trading companies incorporated in Delaware and Florida, where the partner is not a U.S. tax-paying resident.\nOne of the first things to keep in mind is that although the United States has 97 tax rates that ought to be paid annually, you won’t have to pay all of them since you are a non-resident entrepreneur who plans to have a business in the U.S.\nBelow, we list the most common taxes you’ll probably need to pay.\nHow do taxes work in the United States?\nFederal taxes are paid to the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) and state taxes are paid to the Department of Revenue (DOR) in each state.\nUnlike in Latin America, in the United States, you do not need to pay a tax on the note issued. Here, all taxes are classified as deductible income, costs, and expenses, regardless of whether your company is an LLC or CORP.\nWhat are the most common taxes in the United States?\nFederal Income Tax\nThe amount to be paid to the IRS for this tax varies according to your company’s earnings.\nSince 2018, company profits are 21%, ceasing to be in bands like before. When distributing profits to shareholders, the amounts received are set according to the information in this table.\nCompanies recognized as LLCs do not have to pay this tax at a corporate level. This charge will be made only at an individual level and once the profit is shared. In this type of company, the profits are divided 100% among the partners. The brackets in this category are listed in this table.\nOn the other hand, a C-CORP will pay 21% corporate income tax. C-CORP shareholders pay between 10% and 37% after receiving dividends. This percentage is also valid for members of an LLC who pay taxes on profits received.\nWhat is interesting in this regard is that, until 2017, there was an exception of approximately $4,000 for individuals. With this, the first $4,000 received from these dividends wouldn’t necessarily be declared.\nHowever, this exception was pendent until 2025 under the “Jobs and Tax Cut Act” passed by U.S. President Donald Trump in 2017.\nTo ensure you do the entire tax payment process right, you need to hire an accountant or tax preparer.\nState Income Tax\nThe United States is full of peculiarities. Some taxes vary from state to state, such as the state income tax (some states do not charge this fee).\nIn Florida, for example, you do not pay this tax as an individual. On the other hand, a CORP must pay 4.5% per year, except for the first $50,000 of earnings.\nIn California, while an individual pays between 1% and 12.3% tax, a CORP pays between 4% and 9%. In Delaware, on the other hand, you will not have to pay any state income tax if you are not a resident of the area.\nSales tax is a tax paid by the consumer at the time of the purchase of consumer goods. Because it is a state law, each of the 50 U.S. states has different rules.\nFor example, if you sell a $100 item to a customer, you must collect a 7% sales tax, then charge the customer $107 for the product and pass the $7 on to the state.\nThere are 3 factors you must consider in determining whether or not to charge Sales Tax to the customer based on their NEXUS:\n- State of registration of your business: If your business is registered in Florida, for example, it must collect sales tax from all customers who have an address in the state. Delaware does not have a sales tax bill.\n- Physical presence in the state: If you use a warehouse in California, for example, even if your business is in Florida, you must collect sales tax from customers located in California.\n- Economic activity: After July 2018, states established the Economic Nexus, where, depending on the volume of transactions you have for a given state in 12 months, you must also collect Sales Tax in that state.\nTax Withholding and Estimated Tax Payment\nIn the United States, tax returns are filed annually and are due at the beginning of the next tax year, but tax collection must be done quarterly throughout the current year.\nThe Withholding/Estimated Tax Payment is not an additional tax and is the name given to these tax collections that occur proportionally during the year. It functions as a guarantee that, at the end of a tax year, you will file your tax return and pay the amount due or receive a refund of what you paid in addition.\nThis proportional withholding/payment can vary from 10% to 37% of the profit for the period, depending on the corporate structure of your company and the tax status of each member.\nLearn more about US taxes\nThis article addresses the most common tax liabilities of a U.S. corporation and its members/shareholders. Other taxes may arise depending on the type of income, operations, and tax status.\nIf you are thinking of starting a business in the United States, talk to our team! We can guide you through the process and explain all the details necessary to start a business on U.S. soil.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "|Antiques Digest||Browse Auctions||Appraisal||Antiques And Arts News||Home|\nUNDER-GLAZE: Decoration, printed or painted, done before the glaze is applied and the piece fired. This is a more difficult process than over-glaze (q.v.), because the high temperature required for the glaze spoils almost all colors excepting cobalt blue, and was first attempted in England about 1750.\nUNION PORCELAIN WORKS: Established in 1864 at Greenpoint, Long Island, by Thomas C. Smith. The porcelain made was composed of kaolin, quartz and feldspar mix, and the glaze was applied by the same process used at Sevres, Meissen and other foreign factories. Mr. Smith was probably the first potter in this country to apply decoration on hard porcelain by the under' glaze method. He also used later the over-glaze method, in order to obtain a greater variety of coloring. The work exhibits a high degree of excellence.\nUNITED STATES POTTERY Co.: (Bennington, Vermont) See BENNINGTON.\nURBINO (Italy) WARE: The majolica produced here was at its best about 1530'1540 and maintained its excellence for about thirty years. The style of decoration is that known as \"Raffaelesque\" with scrolls and grotesque ornament forming the ground work and medallions of cupids or mythological subjects in the center. Among its products were plaques, vases and drug pots, sometimes with serpentine handles and mask spouts. The large plaques are frequently decorated with Biblical or historical subjects.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Windows NT Challenge/Response Authentication is an authentication scheme used in Microsoft Windows NT–based networks that enables users to be authenticated without the transmission of actual account information or passwords across the network. Windows NT Challenge/Response Authentication is one of three authentication schemes supported by Internet Information Services (IIS). It is also sometimes known as NTLM, which stands for Windows NT LAN Manager authentication. On the Microsoft Windows 2000 platform, this authentication scheme is now known as Integrated Windows Authentication.\nWhen a Web browser such as Microsoft Internet Explorer attempts to connect to an IIS server configured for Windows NT Challenge/Response Authentication, the IIS server challenges the browser to perform a complex mathematical calculation on the password of the logged-on user who is using the browser and to return the result of this calculation to the server. The server also performs the calculation on the user’s password obtained from a domain controller’s Security Account Manager (SAM) database. If the two calculations agree, the client is considered authenticated. If they differ, the user is prompted for a valid Windows NT username and password. If the user provides invalid credentials, the server sends a Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) status code to the client browser indicating that access is denied unless some other authentication scheme is enabled.\nInternet Explorer 2 and later are the only Web browsers that currently support Windows NT Challenge/Response Authentication.\nYou can configure IIS 4 so that basic authentication and Windows NT Challenge/Response Authentication are both available. When a browser that supports both methods makes a request to IIS 4 for authentication, Windows NT Challenge/Response Authentication takes precedence.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Are you having trouble starting your computer in the aftermath of a power outage? If your computer was plugged in during a lightning strike or when electricity returned after a power outage you may have fallen victim to a power surge.\nWhat is a Power Surge?\nIn a typical household setting, a power surge is a phenomenon where the voltage or current delivered to the residence increases briefly and rapidly. In the United States, the standard voltage supplied is around 120 volts, with a maximum threshold of 169 volts. While in other places such as the European Union, the standard supplied voltage is between 110 and 240 volts with a maximum threshold of around 320 volts.\nPower surges occur when that maximum threshold is breached by the excess strain placed on electrical circuits by either human error, natural causes, or a combination of the two. To illustrate, lightning strikes, which are natural events, may cause a power surge when lightning comes in contact with electric lines, power grids, or simply the building you happen to be in. High powered machineries such as air conditioning units, microwave ovens and welding machines can also cause a power surge when not properly set up. Overloading electrical outlets and misusing extension cords can leave you far more vulnerable to power surges in your home.\nA strong indicator that a power surge may be imminent is when your residence and possibly even your entire block experience a power outage Sensitive electronics like televisions, personal computers (PC), and associated electronic equipment are all vulnerable to damage when power first returns to your residence. The Data Savers LLC team strongly encourages our readers to unplug any important electronics when you experience a power outage or become aware that there may be lightning.\nData Recovery After a Power Surge\nThe prospect of getting your data back after a power surge will depend on your preparation and, to an extent. luck. You can mitigate the risk of data loss by adequately preparing your house’s electrical circuits. Preparation will significantly increase the odds of getting your files back after a power surge. However, there will be scenarios where even the most well prepared house will still sustain damages to equipment after a spike in voltage or current. When a device has been severely damaged by a power surge, a skilled data recovery technician is your best hope for restoring any files that were lost.\nOwing to the complex and sensitive nature of servicing electronics that were damaged by power surges, this is not a data loss scenario where an individual can do much on their own. Fortunately, the data recovery professionals at Data Savers LLC have specialized equipment and nearly two decades of experience with such situations.\nRequest an Estimate from Data Savers LLC Today!\nCan a Power Surge Damage a PC?\nYes. A substantial power surge can damage a Personal Computer (PC). Modern electronic devices and storage appliances likely have some variety of built-in protection from power surges. However, those built-in surge protections can only handle over-voltages that exceed certain thresholds. In thunderstorms, where lightning discharges on average, around 300 million volts, it is essentially guaranteed that your electronic devices are nonfunctional. In the event that your PC and / or hard drive was damaged after a power surge, then it is advised to immediately unplug all your PC components and make sure that there is no visible smoke or sparks coming from the device.\nDoes a Power Surge Happen with Every Power Outage?\nNo. A power surge does not always happen with every power outage. Power surges may only affect certain portions of your house, everything in the house, or nothing in the house. A power outage that is not accompanied by a power surge may either be a good thing or a bad thing depending on how well your electrical wiring was made. For instance, a homeowner who was able to integrate certain proactive initiatives may experience a power outage that does not affect their appliances. Rather the power outage becomes a preventive measure that protects the entire household from excessive voltage spikes.\nHow to Protect your Electronics from Power Surges\nProtection of electronic devices from power surges should not be disregarded if you have a stable and reliable supply of electricity, or even when you are living in an area where lightning strikes and thunderstorms rarely occur. The best remedy is always adequate and substantial preparation. If you value the data stored on your computer, it’s worth putting in extra effort to limit the chance of a power surge damaging your electronic devices. Below is a list of some of the best practices you can apply in protecting your electronic devices from damage due to power surges:\n- Consider investing in surge protectors for your house. A proper grounding rod may also be a prudent investment. A grounding rod can divert excess voltage from lightning strikes or transmission switching.\n- Consult an electrician on how to properly set up high powered appliances. These professionals will be able to advise you on where to install circuit breakers, the correct wire gauge for the corresponding electrical outlet, etc.\n- Use automatic voltage regulators (AVRs) on your computers or desktops to provide a steady source of voltage supply and protect your PCs from voltage fluctuations.\n- Avoid overloading your extension cords or electrical outlets. Only plug in devices with low power consumption on extension cords.\n- If an advisory regarding thunderstorms occurring in your area was broadcasted, limit the use of high powered appliances. To really exercise caution, unplug devices that are not critically important (probably all of them. Read a book).\n- When you observe that a power outage is likely to occur due to blinking or fading lights, properly turn off your computer(s) and un-plug the device(s) from electrical outlets.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "801 Echinops ritroCommon Names: small globe thistle Family: Asteraceae (aster/daisy Family)\nSmall globe thistle is a clump forming herbaceous perennial with coarse, prickly leaves to 8 in (20.3 cm) long, and rigid, usually branched, flowering stems 2-3 ft (0.6-0.9 m) tall. The leaves are stiff and deeply dissected into spine tipped lobes, gray-green, patterned with cobweb like markings on top, and densely white-wooly beneath. The basal leaves are much larger than the stem leaves. The spherical flowerheads are 1-2 in (2.5-5.1 cm) in diameter, silvery blue at first and maturing to bright blue. Within the flowerhead, the tiny tubular flowers are each surrounded by bristly silverish bracts that extend beyond the actual flowers, giving the head a spiny texture. The flower stems branch 2-6 times and each branch bears a single flowerhead. There are several species of globe thistles available in the horticultural trade; most are larger than small globe thistle, but pretty similar otherwise. 'Taplow Blue' has metallic blue flowers on vigorous 3-4 ft (0.9-1.2 m) stems. 'Veitch's Blue' blooms repeatedly with vivid dark blue flowers on 2 ft (0.6 m) stems.\nSmall globe thistle, Echinops ritro, is native to western Asia and eastern Europe from Russia to southern France and Spain.\nCultureThe globe thistles are best grown on poor, sandy soils. In richer organic soils, with plenty of watering, they may grow so much as to require staking. If you cut flowerheads for dried arrangements early in the season the plants may bloom again. Light: Full sun. Moisture: Water regularly. Once established, small globe thistle is moderately drought tolerant. Hardiness: USDA Zones 3 - 10. Small globe thistle is very tolerant of hot weather, but cool nights result in more intense flower colors. Propagation: Divide root clumps in winter, or sow seed in spring.\nThe globe thistles are bold and rewarding perennials for herbaceous borders. Small globe thistle is especially useful in smaller gardens and in mixed flower plantings. The basal leaves tend to deteriorate, so conceal them with smaller plants that allow the colorful flowerheads to stand above. Globe thistle is valued for dried arrangements, but the flowerheads must be cut just before the tiny flowers are fully open. Dry quickly upside-down in a warm, airy environment, and they will retain their blue color. The repeat-blooming 'Veitch's Blue' is especially desirable for the cut flower garden. Bumblebees, moths and butterflies find the flowers irresistible.\nUndemanding and well behaved, globe thistles are reliable performers in full sun and poor soils in virtually any climate.\nSoft hands and feet could be cut by the leaves and mace-like flowerheads.\nSteve Christman 9/16/00; updated 10/31/03", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Anticipating the Cascading Impact of Marine Hydrocarbon Transport Disaster Stories Upon Canadian Coastal Hazard and Risk Communities\nBy: Shona L. van Zijll de Jong, Dept. of Earth Sciences, Laurentian University,Ontario\nTwenty-seven countries responded to the 2010 Deep Horizon Oil Spill in the Gulf of Mexico and offered assistance to the United States of America. By June 2010, the U.S.had accepted assistance from twelve countries and international bodies to manage this “black swan” oil spill (the largest accidental marine oil disaster in the history of the petroleum industry): Canada contributed 3000 metres of containment boom.\nImportantly, this evidence indicates that the petroleum industry’s black swan oil disaster story rapidly circled the globe. Many oil and petroleum producing nations took lessons from the event and applied them to national contexts. For example, cognizant that the global hydrocarbon supply chain had been anticipating growth in Canada’s oil and gas exploration, exploitation and transportation, the Canadian government began to tackle the local- global issue of marine hydrocarbon transportation. Tellingly, the Transport Canada 2010 report is entitled: Ship Source Hazardous and Noxious Substances (HNS) Incident Preparedness and Response Regime.\nMore recently, nongovernmental organizations, academic institutions, industry, government agencies, and other stakeholders have published a number of key marine hydrocarbon transport hazard and risk reports. Many reports focus on the potential and actual impacts of marine disasters/accidents from ships in Canadian waters. Taken together, these reports suggest that Canadian stakeholders are raising important questions about the anticipated consequences of proposed hydrocarbon transportation upon Canadian coastal communities. Canada is a coastal nation-state with 56% of the world’s coastlines (over 200,000 kilometers). Investigation has tended to focus on three themes:\n- offshore conservation in the marine environment;\n- expansion of the renewable energy developments/schemes; and\n- mineral resource exploration/exploitation\nOur study differs from the standard coastal risk reports and literature. Our research focuses on the cascading impact of marine hydrocarbon transport disaster stories in popular culture, policy circles, and national and international marine safety standards. It seeks to discover how coastal hazard risk assessments have become milestones in Canadian’s coastal hazard risk management strategy and how these assessments have helped to guide the discussion required to reduce hazard risk at the municipal level. Thus, a large amount of literature has been collated and thematically analyzed to determine how Canada has advanced a coastal risk communication strategy, focused on its Northern, Western, and Eastern coastlines, to best prepare communities, industry, and government sectors for marine disaster risk.\nThis five-phase research project began in 2014. The first phase was an in-depth review of over 200 peer reviewed journal articles detailing how socioeconomic vulnerability to specific coastal hazards has been qualified and quantified. The second phase involved reviewing over 100 Canadian local and regional coastal vulnerability studies (peer reviewed articles, Canadian graduate student theses, government reports and other “grey” literature) to determine how coastal zone hazard and risk research has been advanced by Canadian coastal hazard/risk and vulnerability research initiatives. Over the next two years, several more phases of research will be initiated.\nWe are seeking Coastal Risk Management Analysts** who would like to work on this project.\nThis will include:\n- providing evidence of coastal risk reduction initiatives that have become milestones in Canadian’s coastal risk communication strategy;\n- identifying several key gaps in Canadian approaches to the study of coastal vulnerability; and\n- highlighting how oil spill disaster stories are changing research and coordination partnerships among industry, government, risk reduction organizations, and academics, as well as driving new research and development investment into specific business continuity plans.\nThe results of this project will reveal how black swan oil spill disaster stories change research and coordination partnerships among industry, government, risk reduction organizations, and academics. The goal is to show evidence of coastal risk reduction initiatives that have become milestones in Canadian’s coastal risk communication strategy with the following end result: Increase emergency response capacity and capability in local, regional, national, and international networks.\nThe anticipated outcome of this research is the identification of how relevant parties and stakeholders communicate and cooperate. The findings will be useful for stakeholders in academia, industry, nongovernmental organizations, and government.\nBio: Recently, Shona received awards from the United Way and the Hollyhock Social Venture Institute. She volunteers with the Geological Survey of Canada and the Canadian Federation of Earth Sciences.\n**For more information please contact: firstname.lastname@example.org", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Vision Therapy Controversy\nWhen Student Doesn't Qualify\nVision Tests & Tools\nInterpreting the Eye Report\nStructure & Function of the Eye\nCommon Visual Impairments\nCortical Visual Impairment\nWhat is the FVE\nAssessment Kit Materials\nNear Vision Acuities\nDistance Acuities & Fields\nLearning Media Assessment\nWriting the F.V.E. Report\nSample FVE Reports\nClinical Low Vision Evaluation\nAssistive Technology Assessment\nOrientation & Mobility Evaluation\nImpact on Development\nUnique Visual Needs\nECC Annual Needs\nWriting SMART Goals\nOverview of AT\nAccommodations vs. Modification\nRole of Classroom Teacher\nService Delivery Models\nLeast Restrictive Environment\nSchools for the Blind\nStudent Led IEPs\nThis page provides a collection of pamphlets, handouts, and forms available for download to support your district's visual impairment program.\nAlabama Institute for Deaf and Blind is a residential school that also provides statewide services. In addition to information about the school, AIDB provides wonderful resources on their \"Reference Desk\" page.\nArkansas School for the Blind & Visually Impaired offers statewide educational programs and resources to students who are blind or visually impaired, birth through twenty-one, enabling them to become productive, self-sufficient citizens through the involvement of all students, staff, parents and the community.\nArizona State School for the Deaf and the Blind is a residential school that also provides statewide services.\nThe Los Angeles Blind Children's Center is an organization which serves children birth through second grade who are blind or visually impaired and their families in an inclusive setting.\nThe Braille Institute is a nonprofit organization offers a variety of free programs, classes and services and outreach locations throughout Southern California.\nCalifornia School for the Blind provides intensive, disability specific educational services for students enrolled in the school as well as statewide resources.\nColorado School for the Deaf and the Blind provides comprehensive direct educational services for children, birth to age 21 as well as outreach programs for students, staff, and families in communities throughout Colorado.\nThe Concordia Learning Center at St. Joseph's School for the Blind provides comprehensive services to students with visual impairments and/or multiple disabilities from birth to age 21 years of age in New Jersey.\nFlorida School for the Deaf & the Blind In addition to information on their residential program and outreach program, the FSDB site provides resources specific to visual impairments.\nGeorgia Academy for the Blind provides educational services to students and families throughout Georgia including day and residential programs on campus and outreach services.\nThe Governor Morehead School for the Blind educates, advocates for, and provides resources for all North Carolina students with visual impairment, their families, and professionals who serve them.\nThe Hadley School for the Blind promotes independent living through lifelong, distance education programs for people who are blind or visually impaired, their families and blindness service providers.\nThe Idaho School for the Deaf and the Blind provides a full continuum of services for children who are Blind and Visually Impaired including a residential campus, education centers and clinical services for children age 3 to age 21.\nThe Indiana School for the Blind & Visually Impaired provides residential as well as outreach services to children and young adults throughout the state who are blind or have low vision.\nIllinois School for the Visually Impaired provides statewide educational resources as well as a comprehensive educational program.\nThe Iowa Educational Services for the Blind and Visually Impaired provides residential and outreach programs and resources to students who are blind or visually impaired.\nThe Kansas State School for the Blind is a special purpose school for students aged 3-21 years of age who are visually impaired. KSSB also provides statewide outreach services.\nThe Kentucky School for the Blind offers a residential and day program as well as outreach services throughout the state of Kentucky.\nJunior Blind of America offers educational programs as well as recreation and rehabilitation services.\nThe Lavelle School for the Blind, located in the Bronx in New York, integrates students who are blind and have multiple disabilities using a combination of developmental and functional strategies.\nThe Louisiana School for the Visually Impaired offers residential and day programs as well as outreach services throughout the state of Louisiana.\nThe Maryland School for the Blind (MSB) is a private, statewide resource center providing outreach, school and residential programs to children and youth from infancy to age 21 who are blind or visually impaired.\nThe Michigan Department of Education, Low Incidence Outreach provides technical assistance and resources to local service providers.\nThe Mississippi School for the Blind is designed to focus on the unique learning needs of children and youth with visual impairments or blindness, including those with additional disabilities. They offer residential and day programs as well as outreach services throughout the state of Mississippi.\nThe Minnesota State Academy for the Blind provides educational services to blind and visually impaired students who range in age from birth to 21. It offers residential and day programs.\nThe Missouri School for the Blind offers educational and outreach services for legally blind Missouri children from birth through age 21 and their families.\nThe Montana School for the Deaf & Blind provides comprehensive educational opportunities for Montana's deaf, hard of hearing, blind, and visually impaired children. They offer a residential or day students on the Great Falls campus as well as outreach services.\nThe Nebraska Center for the Education of Children who are Blind or Visually Impaired provides services to children from birth to age 21. NCECBVI provides center-based and residential services along with an outreach program.\nThe New Mexico School for the Blind & Visually Impaired offers a continuum of services for children throughout New Mexico. It offers a residential program, family-Infant-toddler program, and outreach program.\nThe New York Institute for special Education is a private, nonprofit educational facility which provides programs for children who are blind or visually impaired.\nNorth Dakota Vision Services/ School for the Blind provides center based programming and regionalized outreach services.\nThe Ohio State School for the Blind provides services to children from birth to age 21 throughout Ohio. They offer a residential or day program as well as an outreach program.\nThe Oklahoma School for the Blind provides instruction to Oklahoma students in the residential and day program as well as outreach services.\nThe Overbrook School for the Blind offers a variety of programs for children of different ages and abilities including residential and day programs.\nThe Perkins School for the Blind provides a wide range of services including both residential and day programs, community programs and international programs. They also provide a wide range of teaching resources that include interactive webinars, educational activities, professional development credits, online workshops and more.\nThe South Carolina School for the Deaf and the Blind is a specialized school for students who are deaf or blind. The main campus is located in Spartanburg, but the school serves students throughout the state through its campus and outreach programs.\nThe South Dakota School for the Blind and Visually Impaired has been designated to provide a variety of services to meet the individual needs of students in South Dakota who are visually impaired, blind, or deaf-blind.\nThe Tennessee School for the Blind provides a residential program as well as an outreach program for students within the state of Tennessee.\nThe Texas School for the Blind and Visually Impaired provides a continuum of statewide placements for students who are blind or visually impaired ages 6 through 21. It also provides statewide resource to parents and professionals through transition from school. TSBVI publishes a number of resources a wide range of topics.\nThe Utah Schools for the Deaf and the Blind provides a variety of educational services and options to meet the needs of students throughout Utah including residential and day programs and outreach services.\nThe Virginia School for the Deaf and the Blind provides an array of specialized services including residential and day options as well as outreach services.\nThe Washington State School for the Blind provides specialized educational services to visually impaired and blind youth ages birth to 21 within the state of Washington.\nThe Western Pennsylvania School for Blind Children provides residential services to students who are blind or visually impaired as well as outreach services and programs to babies, toddlers and school-age students with visual impairments attending thier local schools.\nThe West Virginia School for the Deaf and the Blind provides students with specialized programs including residential programs and outreach programs.\nThe Wisconsin Center for the Blind and Visually Impaired is a residential school and also provides outreach services to students throughout Wisconsin.\n- Referrals >\n- Vision Exams >\n- FVE LMA >\n- Other Evaluations >\n- IEPs >\n- Tactual Readiness Goals\n- Pre-Braille Goals\n- Braille Goals\n- Nemeth Goals\n- Abacus Goals\n- Signature Goals\n- Listening Goals\n- Study & Organization Goals\n- Adaptive Device Goals\n- Visual Efficiency Goals\n- Low Incidence VI Goals\n- Optical Device Goals\n- Computer Goals\n- Independent Living Goals\n- Social Goals\n- Recreation & Leisure Goals\n- Self Determination Goals\n- Career Readiness Goals\n- 504 Plans\n- Instructional Adaptations >\n- Material Adaptations >\n- Environmental Adaptations >\nTypes of VI AT\n- Apple Apps for VI\n- Android Apps for VI\n- Non-Optical Low Vision Devices\n- Low/Medium Tech Devices for Tactual Learners\n- Optical Devices for Near Viewing\n- Optical Devices for Distance Viewing\n- Braille Technology\n- Screen Enlargement & Readers\n- Video Magnifiers\n- Auditory Access Devices\n- Tactile Graphics Technology\n- Early Intervention\n- Early Childhood >\n- Literacy Adaptations >\n- Math Adaptations >\n- Science Adaptations >\n- Social Studies Adaptations >\n- Electives Adaptations >\n- Impact on Development & Learning\n- Concept Development\n- Apps for Communication\n- Create Tactual Books\n- Braille Instruction\n- Writing Braille\n- Braille Apps\n- Reading Efficiency\n- Creating Tactile Graphics\n- Cranmer Abacus Instruction\n- Functional Skills\n- Cause & Effect Apps\n- Organization & Study Skills\n- Note Taking Apps\n- Listening Skills Instruction\n- Signature & Handwriting Instruction\n- Sensory Efficiency >\n- Assistive Technology >\n- Independent Living >\n- Social Skills >\n- O&M >\n- Career Edu. >\n- Recreation & Leisure >\n- Self Determination\n- Compensatory >", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Our world is so fast-paced and demanding that we never take time to stop and reflect. As an introvert, I need reflection to recharge. As a teacher, I know that reflection is a crucial part of the learning process. That’s why I put my unit plans aside on the first day back from break, and started 2019 with poetry, personal writing, and time to talk with friends. Even if you’re not a teacher, you might like to participate in this mini English lesson as a way to ground yourself for 2019!\nStep 1: Poetry\nI am a firm believer in enjoying poetry, not killing it via dissection. For this lesson, I only needed the poetry piece to get them started on reflecting. I don’t need an intensive analysis that will only make them shut down.\nWhen we read “Burning the Old Year” by Naomi Shihab Nye, these were the only comprehension questions I gave them:\n- Summarize this poem in your own words.\n- What are the things that burn?\n- What does she mean by “so little is a stone”?\n- What does she mean by “an absence shouts, celebrates, leaves a space”?\n- What remains “crackling?\nAfter some small group discussion and some big group checks for comprehension, we moved on to reflection questions. Students wrote for about a minute for each prompt:\n- If you could burn all of 2018, what would be the things that would wither away and vanish? Although Nye implied that these were just the menial and meaningless memories, you can also think of this as a cathartic burning of bad memories.\n- What is “a stone” for you? This would be the people/memories/things that would remain after the burning, that you could lift up out of the ashes of 2018 and carry with you into 2019.\n- What is still “crackling” for you? What are the actions that are left undone, that you didn’t fully complete or carry through to the end? Do you want to continue pursuing them in 2019, or let them go?\nStep 2: Whiteboard Gallery Walk\nIf there’s one thing I’ve learned about high schoolers, it’s that they love writing on walls and whiteboards. I filled up my walls with as many whiteboards as I could. To prep, the kids individually brainstormed through the following prompts:\n- What is one thing from 2018 that made you happy, proud of yourself, or feel inspired?\n- What is the greatest lesson you learned in 2018?\n- What is your favorite memory from Winter Break 2018?\n- What is one goal you have for 2019?\n- What motivates you?\n- What is one challenge you will have to face in 2019?\n- How do you move forward from setbacks to your goal?\nThen, I gave the kids two 90s pop songs’ worth of time to walk through the class at their leisure and write a thought at each of the boards. Be aware: this is about 8-10 minutes of unstructured “fun” time, so be ready to let go of some control and let your kids be kids.\nRecommended guidelines so the kids are kind to themselves and each other:\n- No pressure to write anything personal on the boards that they’re not comfortable with sharing. Let them know ahead of time, and allow them to write something fun instead.\n- No editing or erasing others’ thoughts. Teacher can make it clear that only she will erase, and that’s only to keep things appropriate in class.\n- Reminders to be mindful of varying perspectives and beliefs.\n- Have fun!\nStep 3: Share\nOnce everyone was back at their desks, we all shared ONE thought from the whiteboard walls that we were OK with sharing. I started my telling the kids about my potty training adventures over break, and they continued with their favorite memories and their new goals. It was a fun way to get to know each other again after a stressful end to 2018!\nStep 4: Deeper Reflection\nI asked the kids to pick ONE idea from the day, anything from their warm-up to “Burning the Old Year” to any of their whiteboard prompts. They had about five minutes to elaborate on the idea in the form of a paragraph. I took it up as an ungraded writing practice. I read their reflection, left a comment for each kids, gave them a sticker (because EVERYONE loves stickers, no matter what the age), and gave it back to them the next day.\nI absolutely loved this way of getting to know my students better. It was also a much more pleasant start to the year than diving right back into literary analysis. It’s great to see their insightful sides come out, as well as their senses of humor.\nTo my fellow empath teachers out there: be ready to be completely exhausted after you read their personal reflections. I was worn out at the end of the day, after reading about all their anxieties, fears, and goals. It’s good to know it all, but it wears on you if you read 150 of them in 24 hours.\nWhat are your thoughts on New Year’s? Do you begin with reflection? How do you begin the new school year?\n2 thoughts on “Lesson Plan: Encouraging Reflection at the Start of the New Year”\nLOVE this! Nice work, teach!", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Because you have diabetes, it is very possible\nthat circulation of blood to your legs and feet is slower and more\nsluggish. If you are a newly diagnosed diabetic, this is a future\npossibility. This problem could be a factor in your ability\nto fight infection. A little sore or cut on your foot or lower\nleg, if not properly treated, might lead to serious complications.\nTherefore, it is important that you prevent any injury to your feet\nand follow a very careful plan of foot hygiene. I have listed\nsome very basic steps that all diabetics should consider. You\nmust always remember that if you have a question or concern; you should\ncall your referring doctor or my office and just ask!\nBathe your feet daily in lukewarm soapy water\nand rinse thoroughly. Make sure the water is NOT HOT.\nTest temperature with your hand, thermometer or another person.\nDiabetes affects sensation and your temperature sensation\nmay not be true. This will prevent burns. Carefully\nand gently pat your feet dry after soaking, do not rub.\nUse a soft towel and remember to dry gently between all toes.\nWear clean socks, change them daily and discard\nwhen worn out. Inspect the socks daily for signs\nof drainage from an open sore that you do not know you have\nor can feel.\nWear shoes that fit snugly, but not tight.\nTo help assure dryness, rotate your shoes every day\nand keep your shoes in good condition. Break in new\nshoes gradually. Wear only a few hours at first to\nprevent blisters and sore spots.\nKeep your toenails trimmed. Since you\nare a diabetic, it is not recommended that you cut your own\ntoe nails because you could cause an infection. Visit\nyour podiatrist regularly for routine care, examination and\nDo not attempt to trim your own corns and calluses.\nDo not use commercial corn or wart remedies. These contain\nharmful acids that are very dangerous to diabetics.\nAlways wear shoes or slippers around the house,\nespecially outside of the house, in your yard or at the beach.\nRemember, bare feet invite injuries!\nAvoid wearing anything tight around your legs\nor ankle that might in any way reduce of cut off the blood\nsupply to your feet. Avoid extremes of cold or heat.\nNever use hot water bottles or heating pads to warm your feet\nas you may get a burn. Use warm socks if feet are cold.\nDO NOT SMOKE !! Smoking constricts blood\nvessels and directly affects the blood supply to your feet.\nNicotine gum does the same.\nExamine your feet daily. If you find\nany sores, cuts, redness, swelling, pus, blisters (EVEN IF\nYOU HAVE NO PAIN !!) report this to Dr. Brandeisky's\nOffice IMMEDIATELY. Tell the answering\nservice or receptionist that it is a diabetic emergency.\nIf you have questions about foot care or\nwould like to receive more information, you can reach my office at\n(732) 308-1090 or E-mail me at email@example.com.\nBack to njfootdoc.com Home Page", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "1. Q: What is a stove used for?\nA: It���s used for cooking.\nA: It’s used to cook things.\nA: A stove is used to heat food.\n2. Q: How many burners are on this stove?\nA: There are four burners. / It has four burners.\n3. Q: Is it gas or electric?\nA: It’s electric.\n4. Q: What will happen if you leave something on the stove for too long?\nA: If you leave something on the stove for too long, it will burn.\n5. Q: What’s below the stove?\nA: Below the stove is the oven.\nClick here for more Think in English exercises.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Bongeunsa is a Buddhist temple in Gangnam-gu, Seoul, South Korea.\n12 Aug 2007, by HongSang Lee\nBongeunsa is a Buddhist temple in Gangnam-gu, Seoul, South Korea. It was founded in 794 during the reign of King Wonseong by the monk Yeon-hoe, then the highest ranking monk of Silla, and originally named Kyongseoungsa. It is located on the slope of Sudo Mountain in Samseong-dong, across the street from the COEX Mall.\nDuring the Joseon Dynasty, Buddhism in Korea was severely repressed. However, Bongeunsa was reconstructed in 1498 under the patronage of a Joseon Queen. With the support of Queen Munjeong, who revived Buddhism in Korea for a short time in the mid-16th century, it became the main temple of the Korean Seon (Zen) sect of Buddhism from 1551 through 1936. Monk Bo-wu was appointed head of the temple in 1548 by Queen Munjeong but was killed soon afterwards as the anti-Buddhist factions regained dominance in Korea towards the end of Queen Munjeong's rule. From 1552-1564 it was the center of the Buddhist National Exam.\nA fire in 1939 destroyed most of the buildings, and other parts of the temple were destroyed during the Korean War. Fortunately, one of the very few halls which escaped destruction during the Korean War continues to hold the woodblock carvings of the Flower Garland Sutra, ë´Âcompleted in 1855 by monk Young-ki The temple has undergone many repairs and renovations, and is now once again a large, thriving complex. The reconstruction efforts are being waged even today.\nThe temple is also a notable tourist destination, offering a \"Temple Stay Program\" in which visitors can lead the life of a monk for a few hours.\nROTOPAN PANORAMIC TRIPOD HEAD\nLocation & Nearby - Korea, Republic of\n|This panorama was shot here.||One panorama here - click to view|\n|Many panoramas here - click for details/zoom|", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Business freedom is an overall indicator of the efficiency of government regulation of business. The quantitative score is derived from an array of measurements of the difficulty of starting, operating, and closing a business. The business freedom score for each country is a number between 0 and 100, with 100 equaling the freest business environment. The score is based on 10 factors, all weighted equally, using data from the World Bank’s Doing Business study:\n- Starting a business—procedures (number);\n- Starting a business—time (days);\n- Starting a business—cost (% of income per capita);\n- Starting a business—minimum capital (% of income per capita);\n- Obtaining a license—procedures (number);\n- Obtaining a license—time (days);\n- Obtaining a license—cost (% of income per capita);\n- Closing a business—time (years);\n- Closing a business—cost (% of estate); and\n- Closing a business—recovery rate (cents on the dollar).\nEach of these raw factors is converted to a scale of 0 to 100, after which the average of the converted values is computed. The result represents the country’s business freedom score. For example, even if a country requires the highest number of procedures for starting a business, which yields a score of zero in that factor, it could still receive a score as high as 90 based on scores in the other nine factors. Canada, for instance, receives scores of 100 in nine of these 10 factors, but the 14 licensing procedures required by the government equate to a score of 64.5 for that factor.\nEach factor is converted to a scale of 0 to 100 using the following equation:\nFactor Scorei = 50 factoraverage/factori\nwhich is based on the ratio of the country data for each factor relative to the world average, multiplied by 50. For example, on average worldwide, it takes 18 procedures to get necessary licenses. Canada’s 14 licensing procedures are a factor value better than the average, resulting in a ratio of 1.29. That ratio multiplied by 50 equals the final factor score of 64.5.\nFor the six countries that are not covered by the World Bank’s Doing Business report, business freedom is scored by analyzing business regulations based on qualitative information from reliable and internationally recognized sources.\nSources. Unless otherwise noted, the Index relies on the following sources in determining business freedom scores, in order of priority: World Bank, Doing Business 2013; Economist Intelligence Unit, Country Commerce, 2009–2012; U.S. Department of Commerce, Country Commercial Guide, 2009–2012; and official government publications of each country.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Also known as Dark-barred Pipefish, Fijian-banded Pipefish, Red-banded Pipefish, White-faced Pipefish.\nFound singly, pairs or in groups over rock and sand areas of lagoons and seaward reefs.\nThey feed on tiny swimming invertebrates which they suck whole into their mouths.\nLength - 10cm\nDepth - 0-30m\nWidespread Indo-West Pacific\nPipefish are like seahorses in that the male gives birth!\nThe female deposits their eggs after fertilisation into the males pouch located under their tail to incubate the eggs for one month before giving birth. Ref: https://www.fishbase.se/summary/6659", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Sawkill Creek is located in Greene and Ulster Counties, in the glaciated Allegheny Plateau physiographic province of New York State. Sawkill Creek is a tributary to Esopus Creek, a subwatershed to the Hudson\nRiver. The watershed covers approximately 42 square miles (26,810 acres) and is located in the Towns of Hunter, Woodstock, Saugerties, Ulster and Kingston.\nThe main stem of Sawkill Creek is approximately 19.5 miles long, and falls approximately 1950 feet through its course. The headwaters originate at Echo Lake on the border of the Towns of Hunter and Woodstock at an elevation of 2,075 feet above mean sea level. The creek joins with two first-order tributaries before reaching an unnamed second-order tributary, combining to form a third-order stream. The stream meanders through the Village of Woodstock before flowing into the Town of Kingston near River Mile 12. Sawkill Creek terminates at Esopus Creek, at a base elevation of 135 feet above mean sea level.\nThe valley landform ranges from a moderately sloping to gradually sloping convex ridges with dendritic patterned drainages of varied densities and spacing. The valley bottom ranges in width from as little as a few feet in the headwaters to hundreds of feet in the middle and lower portions of the watershed. The morphology of Sawkill Creek and its tributaries varies depending on the watershed area, valley confinement, valley slope, bedrock structural controls, and anthropogenic features such as road encroachments and bridge structures. The predominant stream types along the mainstem include Rosgen Types C and B.\nThe stream substrate varies throughout the mainstem, changing from larger cobble and boulder in the headwaters to predominantly gravel through the majority of its length. Significant exposures of bedrock are present both in the headwaters and in the lower valley. Glacial till is the most extensive source of parent material in the watershed. Significant amounts of glacial till, outwash, and clay materials are present in varying depths throughout the basin.\nexcerpted from Sawkill Creek Stream Corridor Assessment Report, May 2007, prepared by Integrated River Solutions, Inc. for the Sawkill Watershed Alliance, Town of Woodstock, Town of Kingston, & Town of Ulster", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "NOVEMBER IS AMERICAN DIABETES MONTH\nAt Spectrum Eyecare in Peachtree City, Dr. John Henahan considers educating diabetic patients one of his most important missions. That is because diabetes is the single leading cause of irreversible vision loss in Americans under 70 years of age. During this month, please visit stopdiabetes.org to learn more about this disease. As for preserving your vision, below are Dr. Henahan’s top tips to prevent vision loss if you are diabetic.\n1) Annual Eye Exams\nSeeing well into the future is no big trick — as long as you have regular vision and eye health examinations. There are many disorders and diseases that can have long lasting affects on your eyes if not diagnosed early. One disease that can be detected during a thorough eye examination is diabetic eye disease. Yet, less than 50% of diabetics have an annual diabetic eye examination. That is unfortunate, as early detection and treatment can prevent vision loss in the majority of people suffering from diabetic eye disease. Studies have repeatedly shown that early detection of diabetic eye disease is essential for the prevention of vision loss. Once vision loss occurs, it is unlikely that full function can be recovered.\n2) Retinal Photography\nBe sure that your eye examination includes a dilated eye examination and photography of the retina (the part of the eye where most vision loss in diabetes occurs). Retinal photography has been shown to detect diabetic eye disease in more people than an eye examination alone.\n3) Control Blood Sugar\nThe two main risk factors for diabetic eye disease are how long you have been diabetic and how well you control your blood sugar. Since you cannot control how long you have been diabetic, it is imperative that you control your blood sugar. The most important measure of control is a blood test called an “A-1-C” test. This test measures how well you have controlled your blood sugar for the past 90 days or so. “I often tell my patients that this test is the best way to know if you are winning or losing your battle with diabetes”, says Dr. Henahan. It is critical to have this test done by your doctor as directed (typically every three months). Also you need to know your doctor’s goal for your score (typically in the 6.0-7.0 range). If you don’t know your score, you need to find out.\nDr. Henahan and Spectrum Eyecare are emphasizing the importance of annual dilated eye examinations during American Diabetes Month in November. As a diabetic, or a person at risk, seeing your optometrist is as important as visiting your physician regularly and following instructions about proper diet, exercise, and medication.\nRemember, if you are diabetic your medical insurance will cover an eye examination, so you do not need vision insurance to have an exam (you may still have a deductible or co-pay, check with your insurance company).\nSchedule an annual eye examination today if it has been more than a year or if your blood sugar control has been deteriorating. Dr. Henahan is a resident of Peachtree City and founder of Spectrum Eyecare. You may reach his office at 770-487-0667 or on the web at SpecEye.com.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "- Entering the Water: Always use a feet-first entry into shallow water. If the lane is crowded, always ease in, using a feet-first entry. You may dive into the pool only from the deep end and only if the pool is completely clear ahead of you.\n- Direction of Swimming: Just like on the road, stay to the right. Try to leave the middle of the lane open.\n- Passing: If a swimmer knows you are behind them and that you want to pass, the best place to pass is at the wall. A light touch on the foot can also signify this. If you pass in the middle of the lane, it should be between the backstroke flags, and you should pass on the inside or middle of the lane. Make sure the way is clear; you can lightly touch the foot of the swimmer in front of you to let them know that you are passing. This will signal the swimmer that you are passing to slow down a little and “hug the lane.”\n- Number of People in a Lane: Several people (as many as 8 or more), can fit in a lane if proper etiquette is observed and swimmers of like speed are together.\n- Lane Speed: It is very important to swim in a lane with other swimmers of the same speed. The lanes progress with the side pool wall being the slowest and moving faster from there. Fast and slow are relative terms, so take some time to observe the swimmers in the pool and take your best guess as to where you should swim.\n- Stopping/Resting: If you are resting on the wall, stay to the right side of the lane to stay away from the swimmers coming in. Stopping in the middle of the pool should be avoided. If the lane is crowded and one person stops, all will have to stop. Be aware of the swimmers around you.\n- The Diplomacy of Shared Space: If someone makes a suggestion concerning any of the mentioned etiquette topics, try to make adjustments in the spirit of cooperation. If you make a suggestion to another swimmer, try to do it as diplomatically as possible. Lifeguards will intercede only if there is a problem that cannot be resolved or if there appears to be a safety concern.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Located in the southern province of Mersin, on the Mediterranean Sea, the Akkuyu nuclear plant has been controversial since it was first proposed in the 1970s.\nThe meltdown at the Japanese Fukushima nuclear plant last year didn’t stall Turkey’s plans to build its own nuclear reactors. Like many Middle Eastern countries, as Green Prophet reported, Turkey announced its intent to continue full-speed with its nuclear power program. Now, 3D images of the country’s first planned nuclear facility have been released — and despite some greenwashing, they don’t look pretty.\nThe $20 billion plant will be built and majority owned and operated by Russian atomic energy agency ROSATOM. To give it more of a “Turkish theme”, however, the general manager of the project company says the roof of the structure enclosing the reactors will be topped by a “Turkish style dome”.\nAkkuyu will have a final generating capacity of 4,800 MW, or nearly one-tenth of Turkey’s total installed power generating capacity. There will be no noise pollution or waste seepage, and employees “will not have to wear any special gear” once the plant is up and running.\nThe plant will “have the look of a scientific research institute,” according to Turkish Hurriyet Daily News, the paper that released the 3D images. It will be the size of two football fields, and located on the coast of the Mediterranean Sea, whose waters it will draw from for cooling purposes.\nConstruction is expected to begin in 2013.\nLocation, location, location\nSounds pretty good so far, but the devil’s in the details. Here are the major flaws you won’t read about in the Daily News article:\n– The plant is slated to be built 16 miles from an active fault line. (This piece of information caused one of the original scientists who signed off on Akkuyu’s first license in 1976 to revoke his support for the project.)\n– The Akkuyu facility will supposedly be designed to withstand an earthquake rated 9.0 on the Richter scale. But the type of nuclear plant that ROSATOM is building, the VVER 1200, has never been built before — meaning its design has never been tested by an actual earthquake.\n– Because of the plant’s proximity to the Mediterranean Sea, no cooling towers will be built. The plan is to use Mediterranean water as a coolant and then “redirect the water back to the sea completely uncontaminated.” But the Mediterranean Sea can reach temperatures up to 30 degrees Celsius (86 degrees Fahrenheit) in the summer, meaning it will be too hot to adequately cool the reactors.\n– Furthermore, the water that is returned to the sea will be much hotter than when it was retrieved, giving it the potential to seriously damage marine life in the area.\n– There is no visible plan for how Akkuyu will dispose of the nuclear waste generated by the facility. The plan insists that “no radiation will be released in any form outside of the boundaries of the plant,” as though it will simply evaporate away.\n– Finally, the entire project has been pitched to the Turkish public as a way for Turkey to wean itself off dependence on foreign energy imports. But a Russian state-owned company will majority own and operate the facility. That doesn’t seem very energy-independent.\nTurkey hoping to have three nuclear plants in a decade\nROSATOM is looking to take over the other two nuclear plants Turkey hopes to build in the next decade, according to the article in Hurriyet.\nA Korean company that had been interested in one of those projects announced that it expected Turkey to cancel its nuclear plans after the massive earthquake that rocked the country’s southeast last October, but Turkey’s government is obviously not fazed by the prospect of similar destruction occurring within a nuclear zone.\nOf all countries in the Middle East, Turkey should be most aware of the risks of nuclear power: the Chernobyl nuclear meltdown in 1986 occurred just across the Black Sea from Turkey’s northern coast, ruining two seasons of crops and causing untold disease in residents.\nThe fact that Turkey’s government is pursuing a nuclear project as flawed and short-sighted as Akkuyu does not bode well for the future of nuclear development in the country. Turkey’s public seems aware of this — huge public protests against the plant have been taking place for the past three decades. Hopefully, the government will eventually pay attention to what its own populace is saying.\nRead more about nuclear power in Turkey:\nImage via Hurriyet Daily News", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "These spooky creatures will make your skin crawl\nThis is the stuff nightmares are made of.\nCaterpillars have a nice life. They spend most of their time munching on leaves until they are big fat caterpillars. Then they slumber for weeks as pupae before turning into beautiful butterflies. Unless they catch a virus. Then it all goes downhill, literally.\nNormally, gypsy moth caterpillars spend their nights munching leaves and their days hiding from predators underground. But when they are infected by a particular family of viruses, they develop a very odd behaviour.\nThey climb up a tree in broad daylight, all the way to the top, and then they literally explode, releasing millions of viral particles in the process. The virus’s plan all along.\nBut how does a virus manage such a scheme? It turns out that it all boils down to a single gene. According to a study, the virus is carrying a gene called egt that drives the caterpillar to develop this bizarre zombie-like behaviour. When researchers removed this gene from the virus, infected caterpillars did not turn into zombies.\nViruses are not the only ones messing with insects’ lives. Fungi are not far behind.\nIs that a fungus in your head?\nSeveral fungi species are specialised in infecting particular ant species, and they are well known for their gruesome strategies. The fungal genus Ophiocordyceps, for example, is known to infect carpenter and spiny ants.\nIt all starts when an ant walks into the wrong side of the forest and runs into microscopic fungal spores. As soon as the spore is attached to the ant, it secretes a powerful enzyme that digs through the ant’s exo-skeleton.\nTwo days later, the ant walks out of its nest, climbs up a tree and finds a cosy spot. One with the right temperature and humidity for a fungus. Then, it climbs to the underside of a leaf and bites a vein so it is firmly hanging about. Then, it dies.\nShortly afterwards, the fungus growing within the ant consumes the ant’s internal organs and sprouts out of the ant. Later on, spores are released, and the cycle starts over.\nBut viruses and fungi are just gentle players compared to other mind-controlling critters. Wasps are the real puppet masters.\nTales from the wasp side\nWasps can be mean little critters. Some species inject chemicals into spiders, cockroaches or caterpillars that turn them into zombies, just so they can use them as living food for their babies.\nFor example, a recent study found that the wasp Reclinervellus nielseni injects a paralysing venom into the spider Cyclosa argenteoalba and then proceeds to place an egg into the spider.\nAfter the attack, the spider continues with its everyday tasks. But about four days after the egg was laid on the spider, a small larvae hatches. During the next two weeks the tiny larvae will slowly feed on the spiders inner fluids, while also releasing mind-controlling chemicals.\nThese chemicals will persuade the spider into building a special kind of web. This web resembles a resting web, a relatively simple web structure that is normally built by the spider when moulting.\nBut the web built by the parasitised spider is not exactly a resting web. It is reinforced to become a cocoon web, one that will support the wasp cocoon during its 10-day development.\nOnce the cocoon web is completed, the larvae has matured and will suck dry the spider over a course of 20 hours, quickly killing the spider.\nAfterwards, the larvae is ready to finish its development in a nice strong web. “The wasps thus not only devour the host spider but also evoke the spider’s innate web-building behaviour for their own survival after the host vehicle died,” says Dr Keizo Takasuka at Kobe University, Japan, who led the study.\nAnother wasp, found in Central and North America and in New Zealand, goes the extra mile when it comes to making zombies. It not only turns a helpless caterpillar into a living food pantry, it even makes the caterpillar work as babysitter of its own parasites!\nIt all starts when a wasp of the genus Glyptapanteles injects its eggs into the caterpillar Thyrinteina leucocerae. About 2 weeks later, bad things start to happen to the caterpillar. First off, more than 80 little larvae start oozing out of its body, all at once, over a 1-hour period.\nBut to add insult to injury, after all those larvae have protruded out of its body, the caterpillar actually starts caring for them. The poor caterpillar builds a nice silky cocoon to protect the larvae from predators and other wasps. The caterpillar will even fight off potential attackers, and it continues with this behaviour until it dies of starvation.\nWhy would the caterpillar behave this way? According Dr Arne Janssen at the University of Amsterdam who studied this bizarre wasp, the secret may be with one or two larvae that remain inside the caterpillar. He thinks these larvae may be manipulating the behaviour of the caterpillar host.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Loggerhead Sea Turtle\nLoggerhead turtles are the most abundant of all the marine turtle species in U.S. waters. But persistent population declines due to pollution, shrimp trawling, and development in their nesting areas, among other factors, have kept this wide-ranging seagoer on the threatened species list since 1978.\nTheir enormous range encompasses all but the most frigid waters of the world’s oceans. They seem to prefer coastal habitats, but often frequent inland water bodies and will travel hundreds of miles out to sea.\nThe largest of all hard-shelled turtles—leatherbacks are bigger but have soft shells—loggerheads have massive heads, strong jaws, and a reddish-brown shell, or carapace. Adult males reach about three feet (nearly one meter) in shell length and weigh about 250 pounds (113 kilograms), but large specimens of more than 1,000 pounds (454 kilograms) have been found.\nThey are primarily carnivores, munching jellyfish, conchs, crabs, and even fish, but will eat seaweed and sargassum occasionally.\nMature females will often return, sometimes over thousands of miles, to the beach where they hatched to lay their eggs. Worldwide population numbers are unknown, but scientists studying nesting populations are seeing marked decreases despite endangered species protections.\n- Strong loggerhead sea turtle nesting in Florida (sfgate.com)\n- Lawsuit targets critical habitat for loggerhead sea turtles (summitcountyvoice.com)\n- 40 hypothermic sea turtles rescued on Cape Cod (boston.com)\n- PHOTO RELEASE: Coast Guard, The Florida Aquarium release rehabilitated sea turtle back into the wild (uscgnews.com)", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Experience the vibrant tapestry of Bengali culture in just thirteen celebrations in the picture book,“Festivals of Bengal”. The author has used the literal meaning of the phrase ‘Baaro maashe, taro pabbon’, which in her mother tongue, Bengali, means `Thirteen festivals in Twelve months’’ indicating the abundance of festivities in Bengal and other parts of India.\nEvocative illustrations and vivid recollections of Durga Puja, Kali Puja, Poila Boishakh and more take you through a journey of cherished memories as we relive the author’s childhood of growing up in a proverbial “village” of “aunties” and “uncles”. Feel the palpable excitement in the air, the anticipation of new clothes, delectable flavors and the joyous coming together of communities, as these stories capture a bygone era when festivals were intertwined with the rhythm of life.\nFrom the humble sowing of seeds to bountiful harvests, the book captures the essence of these age-old festivals, beyond their religious origins. As an added treat, the book includes some simple recipes, adding flavor and aroma to the reading experience.\nUltimately, this book is a love letter to the author’s daughter and other children around our beautiful diverse world.\n“Festivals of Bengal” is an invaluable resource for parents, educators, and libraries, promoting diversity, and cultural appreciation where traditions intertwine with fond memories and the joy of celebration for readers everywhere.\nLet me know when your book gets published I will be first in line to buy a copy!\nThe book will be immensely popular because of its simple language and colourful drawings.\nThank you so much for your encouragement!", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Today, the Internet is not only a source of information from around the world but also a repository of everyone’s personal data, from social media posts to browser search history and online purchases.\nAll of this information creates a digital portrait of you, compromising your online security. In particular, the data can be used in fraudulent schemes or sold on black markets to cyber criminals. In order to minimize the risks of data used by hackers, first of all, it is worth finding out what the world wide web knows about you and whether there is any confidential data among those data. Although it is quite difficult to delete all information about yourself on the Internet, by following the following tips from ESET specialists, you can significantly reduce the amount of it on the network.\nIt is worth starting to delete information about yourself on the Internet by searching for data in a browser, in particular Google. To do this, enter your name in the search engine and check the results on the first pages, then try to match the name with a phone number or home address.\nUse Google’s new tool to remove personal data from search results. In particular, thanks to the new capabilities, the company can remove government identification numbers or photos, bank details, contacts, as well as medical records. However, Google will not delete the personal information contained in the news or public databases.\nBy browsing social networks, fraudsters can obtain a lot of data about the user and use it later for malicious purposes. To avoid this, you should review the security and privacy settings in each application. For example, social networks Facebook and Twitter have settings that allow you to protect your data and contacts from being displayed in search engines. In addition, it is worth checking who exactly can view your posts and personal data, what information is available to them, and removing unfamiliar and suspicious accounts from your friend list.\nEvery day, everyone visits dozens of sites and creates new accounts on them, providing their personal information, including name, date of birth, email, and phone number. After that, most users may not use all the accounts created. To find the sites you signed up for, enter phrases like “unsubscribe” or “welcome” in the mail search and delete the ones you don’t need. In case you want to remove a specific mention on a certain web resource, send a request to the official address, which is usually located in the “Contact” section of the site.\nMany users are used to sharing all the details of their lives on the Internet. To limit access to personal information for anyone, it is worth reviewing your social media pages and deleting old posts made many years ago. You should also delete all the photos in which your loved ones appear, so as not to share their personal data.\nAfter deleting information about yourself on the Internet, you can continue your virtual life on social networks in the future. However, take care of privacy in the settings of each social network, in particular, choose the type of users who can see your posts. Also, in the future, avoid sharing unnecessary content that you may later regret.\nFor even more privacy, turn on a VPN, which will provide an extra layer of protection by encrypting your connection and hiding your location. First of all, it will help prevent hackers from gaining access to your personal information.\nIs it possible to have complete control over the data about myself online? It depends on your internet activity. If you have a limited social media presence, you can probably remove most of your information and reduce your digital footprint.\nIf you’re active on many social networks and don’t keep track of entering your credentials on most sites, it becomes more difficult to remove your information from the Internet. Despite this, you can still restrict other users’ access to your personal data by following the advice above.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "New feed additive significantly reduces methane emissions from dairy cows\nA novel feed additive can be included in dairy cow diets to significantly reduce methane emissions. That was demonstrated by a trial at the Wageningen University & Research innovation centre Dairy Campus in Leeuwarden. The emission reductions vary from 27% up to 40% of methane per cow, depending on the diets and the amount of methane inhibitor in the feed. Royal DSM developed the Bovaer methane inhibitor.\nMethane emission from ruminants represents a significant portion of anthropogenic greenhouse gases and contributes to climate change. Parties agreed in the Dutch Climate Agreement that the Dutch livestock sector should reduce greenhouse gases with 2 Megatons by 2030.\nThe trial was designed to deliver methane reduction results for three different ratios of grass silage and maize silage in dietary roughage, typical for Dutch circumstance in different regions, with two different dosages of Bovaer. Sixty-four Holstein-Friesian cows in mid-lactation were enrolled in the study to investigate the effect of supplementation of the methane inhibitor with the different diets.\nClick here to read more details.", "label": "No"}