Foreign Investment: Implementation of Exon-Florio and Related Amendments
Released: 1995-12-21T00:00:00

Letter

Background

Preserving U.S. industrial capabilities in sectors critical to national security has been a traditional U.S. policy goal. An important concern in the debate on foreign investment in the United States is the possibility that key segments of industries critical to the national security could come under foreign control through foreign investments. Because U.S. defense strategy relies on the deterrent effects of technological rather than numerical superiority, concern about foreign investment focuses on the U.S. government’s ability to identify technologies crucial to defense systems and to act to preserve and promote U.S. leadership in them.

The United States does not screen inward investment but relies on certain laws or regulations to ensure that foreign investment does not assume forms harmful to the nation’s interests. For example, specific restrictions are in place to protect classified defense information from foreign access and to ensure U.S. production of vital defense goods in the event of a crisis. Foreign investments in U.S. firms performing classified defense work are monitored under the National Industrial Security Program. Restrictions under this program provide authority to restrict or deny foreign access to classified information. Although they do not authorize denials of foreign investments, they can, in effect, deter potential investors who are seeking access to classified information. The U.S. government, in addition, restricts foreign investment in certain sectors, such as energy resources, coastal and domestic shipping, and air transport.

To counter the loss of leading-edge or highly advanced technology and processes that are important to the country’s security through the acquisition of U.S. companies by foreign investors, Congress passed the Exon-Florio legislation in 1988. Congress was concerned that foreign takeovers of U.S. firms that harmed U.S. security could not be stopped unless the President declared a national emergency or regulators invoked Federal antitrust, environmental, or securities laws. The Exon-Florio legislation grants the President the authority to take appropriate action to suspend or prohibit foreign acquisitions, mergers, or takeovers of U.S. businesses that threaten to impair the national security. To exercise this authority, the President must find that (1) credible evidence exists that the foreign interest might take action that threatens to impair national security and (2) provisions of law, other than the International Emergency Economic Powers Act, do not provide adequate and appropriate authority to protect the national security. However, Congress did not intend for the legislation to raise obstacles to foreign investment.

The President designated CFIUS as responsible for reviewing transactions. CFIUS is an existing Committee comprised of representatives from 11 agencies or offices. The Secretary of the Treasury chairs the Committee and the Departments of State, Commerce, and Defense are among the agencies represented. The Defense Technology Security Administration coordinates the positions of various Department of Defense (DOD) components and provides the final DOD position for CFIUS reviews.

Notification to CFIUS of an acquisition is voluntary. However, it is in the interest of foreign investors to do so because CFIUS retains the right to review in the future any acquisition not notified to the Committee. The Exon-Florio regulations also permit a Committee member to submit a notice of a proposed or completed acquisition for a national security review.

The CFIUS review process serves both to protect national security and to minimize any potential adverse effect of the Exon-Florio legislation on foreign investment in the United States. CFIUS determination that there are no national security issues essentially eliminates the risk that the President will at a later time block the transaction or order a divestiture.

Once it is notified, CFIUS has an initial 30-day review period to determine if the transaction involves foreign control and whether there are national security concerns that warrant further investigation. If CFIUS decides that there will be foreign control and that potentially serious national security concerns are present, the Committee initiates a 45-day investigation. It then submits a report and recommendation to the President. The President has 15 days to decide whether or not to take appropriate action. The President may exercise the authority conferred by the Exon-Florio legislation, however, only if there is credible evidence that a foreign controlling interest might threaten national security and that other legislation cannot provide adequate protection.

As shown in table 1, between October 1988 and December 1994, CFIUS received 918 voluntary notifications. Of these, 15 involved 45-day investigations with recommendations to the President. In 5 of the 15 investigations, the companies voluntarily withdrew their investment offers. Of the remaining 10 investigations, the President decided not to intervene in 9 transactions and ordered divestiture in 1 case involving a Chinese company’s acquisition of a U.S. aircraft parts company.

In 1992, Thomson-CSF, a French government-owned company, attempted to acquire the LTV Corporation’s Missile Division, which prompted legislation aimed at strengthening Exon-Florio. One provision made a distinction between foreign control and foreign government control and mandated 45-day investigations when the acquiring company is controlled by or acting on behalf of a foreign government and the acquisition could result in foreign government control that could affect the national security. Another provision required intelligence agency assessments of the risk of diversion of a defense critical technology when the U.S. company is engaged in the development of such a technology or is otherwise important to the defense industrial and technology base.

Characteristics of Investments Reported and Not Reported to CFIUS

Our analysis of data on CFIUS cases from October 1988 through May 1994 showed that about two-thirds of the filings involved high-technology industries in which there could be potential national security concerns.Among these industries are computers and semiconductors, electronics, aerospace, advanced materials, chemicals, biotechnology, and telecommunications. About one-third of the notifications to CFIUS involved industries in which national security concerns would be unlikely to arise. Examples of these industries include mining, plastics and rubber, construction, retailing, real estate, and entertainment. (App. III contains additional information on the industries with foreign investments that were reported to CFIUS.)

Companies from Japan, the United Kingdom, France, and Germany accounted for over 65 percent of the notifications to CFIUS since 1988. Japanese companies were the leading investors notifying CFIUS, primarily on investments in computers and semiconductors. British companies were the second most active investors filing with CFIUS, most frequently on investments in advanced materials and electronics. French companies most frequently notified CFIUS of investments in aerospace, computers, and telecommunications companies, while German companies filed with CFIUS for investments in chemicals, industrial controls, equipment and machinery, and energy industries. Our comparison of CFIUS data with two private sector databases on foreign investments showed somewhat comparable investment concentrations by country and by industry. (Details on the four countries’ CFIUS filings by industry are in app. IV.)

The 1992 legislation required the President to report on various aspects of foreign investment in U.S. critical-technology companies. The National Economic Council formed a working group to respond to the requirement and reported its findings in 1994. The group found no credible evidence that a country or private companies had a coordinated strategy to acquire U.S. critical-technology companies. It also noted that the absence of credible evidence demonstrating a coordinated strategy should not be viewed as conclusive proof that a coordinated strategy does not exist. The report also indicated that foreign governments, including those of France, Germany, and Japan, provide indirect assistance and guidance to their companies regarding foreign investments in high-technology U.S. firms.

Investments Not Reported to CFIUS

The Exon-Florio legislation and implementing regulations do not define which investments are important to review for national security reasons. Moreover, notification to CFIUS is voluntary. CFIUS officials believe that the Committee has been notified of most foreign investments in key or high-technology companies that could affect national security. CFIUS officials pointed out that investors have a strong inducement to notify CFIUS and seek its prior approval because the President retains the authority to order divestitures of transactions not cleared by CFIUS. However, we found that many foreign investments occur in high-technology or defense-related industries that were not reported to CFIUS. While the significance of the gap is unclear, it does suggest that the CFIUS process alone cannot be relied on to surface transactions posing potential national security concerns.

Our comparison of two private databases on foreign investment in the United States with CFIUS data showed that many transactions occurred in high-technology industries that were not filed with CFIUS. Among these industries were telecommunications, advanced materials, biotechnology, electronics, computers, and aerospace. We verified selected transactions and determined that an acquisition of a U.S. aircraft parts manufacturer and investments in biotechnology and chemical companies occurred without being reported to CFIUS. However, these databases do not contain sufficient information to establish a link to national security, since they do not contain information on, for example, whether the acquired company had DOD contracts or produced products subject to U.S. export controls. (See app. I for an explanation of our comparison and app. II for details on transactions not notified to CFIUS, according to these private databases.) Furthermore, because Exon-Florio was never intended to be a comprehensive foreign investment review act, it is to be expected that there would be foreign investments that are not notified to CFIUS.

CFIUS Decisions on Foreign Companies’ Control and Foreign Governments’ Control Over Acquiring Companies

Under the Exon-Florio legislation, CFIUS has considerable flexibility to decide if a transaction results in foreign company control over a U.S. firm or if a foreign government has control over an acquiring company. The implementing regulations do not specify that a given percentage of foreign ownership automatically results in control because minority owners can exercise control under various conditions. For example, a minority owner might hold board membership and have special voting rights over certain company actions. For this reason, the regulations broadly define control to mean having the power to directly or indirectly effect key company decisions and actions. CFIUS generally relies on a company’s stated intentions regarding the structure of the investment and the decision-making framework of the corporation. While decisions about foreign control are straightforward in complete acquisitions and majority investments, such decisions can be complicated and difficult in minority investment cases. Also, deciding foreign government control over the acquiring company can be difficult and involves a high degree of judgment.

Decisions on Foreign Control

Of the 16 cases we reviewed, 12 involved majority investments or 100 percent acquisitions, and 4 involved minority investments. In two of the minority investment cases, CFIUS found foreign control and in two cases it determined there was no foreign control.

A British company notified CFIUS of its intention to acquire 20 percent of a U.S. company. The U.S. company had classified contracts and provided a critical U.S. government emergency service. The acquisition would give the British company 3 of the 15 seats on the company’s board of directors and certain “consent rights” that would enable the British company to block several corporate actions. CFIUS found that foreign control would result on the basis of the British company’s right to veto certain acquisitions, joint ventures, and asset sales as well as any company charter amendment adversely affecting the British company. CFIUS conducted a 30-day review. However, this review determined that national security concerns were not sufficient to warrant an investigation.

A German company notified CFIUS of its intention to purchase 12.25 percent of the common stock of a U.S. company. The U.S. parent company controlled 51 percent of the stock, and three European companies controlled the remaining 49 percent. The proposed investment would redistribute the stock among the foreign owners, leaving the U.S. majority ownership intact. The U.S. company had classified DOD and other U.S. government contracts that were protected by facility security clearances. CFIUS determined that the purchase of 12.25 percent of the company’s voting stock constituted foreign control because of several minority veto rights. These rights included the ability of any single foreign director to block decisions such as the adoption of a strategic plan or annual budget or the development of a new product that varies from the types of business stated in the strategic plan. CFIUS reviewed the company’s notification for national security concerns and decided to proceed with a 45-day investigation. During the investigation, CFIUS addressed issues relating to DOD’s ability to mitigate foreign control and influence over the company under the existing security agreement. As required, CFIUS prepared a report to the President. The transaction was not blocked.

A Singaporean company proposed acquiring 22.8 percent of the voting stock in an investor group formed to acquire all of a U.S. company. A majority of the investor group’s voting stock was held by U.S. entities. The Singaporean company was indirectly owned by a holding company that was 99.9 percent owned by the Singapore Ministry of Finance. The U.S. company had classified contracts with DOD, necessitating a security agreement protecting classified information and technologies. CFIUS based its finding that the foreign company would not have control partly on the minority investor’s willingness to execute a proxy agreement under industrial security regulations that would give the minority investor’s voting rights to two U.S citizens. (The minority foreign investor later entered into a security agreement that would allow the foreign investor to gain board membership.) In our discussions on this case, CFIUS officials agreed that a proposed security agreement should not be used to determine foreign control. The Exon-Florio control standards are not comparable to the control issues under the industrial security regulations, which intend to isolate foreign control and influence over certain aspects of the business, not to determine whether the entire company will become foreign controlled. Although CFIUS’s letter to the company notifying it of its decision referenced the proxy agreement, CFIUS officials stated the finding of no foreign control was based on other factors, including a requirement for a two-thirds stockholder majority for certain decisions. Because CFIUS found no foreign control, it did not review the transaction for national security concerns.

Two Israeli companies acquired a total of 35.6 percent of the outstanding stock of a U.S. company. One of the Israeli companies increased its ownership from 10.5 percent of the outstanding stock to 17.4 percent, while the second company acquired 18.2 percent of the outstanding stock. The notification to CFIUS stated that the two companies were considering entering into a shareholders’ agreement to vote their respective shares in concert. In subsequent correspondence, CFIUS was informed that the two Israeli companies had not concluded a shareholders’ agreement. CFIUS found that there was no foreign control because the two firms were not acting together and did not either individually or collectively have the ability to control the U.S. company. Because CFIUS found no foreign control, it did not review the transaction for national security concerns.

Decisions on Foreign Government Control

The 1992 legislation required mandatory investigations of CFIUS cases in which the foreign company proposing an investment is controlled by a foreign government and the transaction could result in foreign control that “could affect the national security.” As a result, CFIUS also reviews cases for foreign government control. Of the 174 cases reviewed between October 1992 and December 1994, CFIUS found foreign government control in 18 cases. None of these cases resulted in investigations. CFIUS found the national security concerns in these cases were not sufficient to warrant investigations. In implementing the legislative requirement, CFIUS has determined that even when there is foreign government control, the provision does not mandate an investigation for a notification that does not pose a credible threat to the national security.

Of the 16 cases we reviewed, 13 occurred after the 1992 legislation. Six cases involved some level of foreign government ownership of or participation in the acquiring companies. In two of these cases, CFIUS determined there was foreign government control.

A subsidiary of a German company proposed acquiring a U.S. manufacturer of large machine tools. The U.S. company had unclassified contracts with DOD, and its products were subject to export controls applying to dual-use products, but it did not possess unique capabilities, and its technology was not considered defense critical. About one-third of the German company was indirectly owned by one German state government and two German city governments. Under German law, this level of ownership gave the government-owned entities the power to block certain decisions, such as the acquisition or closing down of businesses. The government-owned entities offered to abstain on shareholder decisions affecting the U.S. company. CFIUS found that there was foreign control because the acquiring company was German-owned and planned to purchase substantially all the assets of the U.S. company. Because the government entities had the power to block certain decisions, CFIUS determined there was foreign government control. CFIUS also concluded that there were not sufficient national security concerns to warrant an investigation.

A subsidiary of a French company proposed purchasing a U.S. developer and manufacturer of software tools. The U.S. company had unclassified contracts with DOD and other U.S. government entities, but the technology was not militarily sensitive. The ultimate parent of the acquiring company is 100 percent owned by the French government. CFIUS determined that the acquiring company was foreign owned and that the outright acquisition of the U.S. company would result in foreign control. Because the buyer was owned by the French government, CFIUS decided that foreign government control would result from this acquisition. CFIUS also concluded that there were not sufficient national security concerns to warrant an investigation.

In the other four cases, CFIUS determined that there was no foreign government control. Two of these cases are discussed below for illustrative purposes. In the other two cases, CFIUS decided there was no foreign government control because either multiple intervening layers of ownership diluted government control or the foreign government could not appoint board members.

A South Korean company notified CFIUS of its intent to acquire a U.S. designer and manufacturer of semiconductor devices. The U.S. company was a defense subcontractor engaged in a defense-critical but not state-of-the-art technology. The foreign buyer indicated its intention to transfer the U.S. company’s technology to Korea and establish a production facility there. The foreign buyer received a small proportion of its total assets from two banks owned by the Korean government. Because this was a 100-percent acquisition by a Korean-owned company, CFIUS made a determination of foreign control. Although the foreign buyer had financing arrangements with the government-owned banks, CFIUS determined the amount of capital provided was not sufficient to constitute foreign government control. CFIUS also determined that there were not sufficient national security concerns to warrant a 45-day investigation.

A British company notified CFIUS of its intention to acquire 20 percent of a U.S. company. The U.S. company had classified contracts and provided a critical U.S. government emergency service. Although the British government owned only 1.5 percent of the acquiring company’s issued shares, it retained special powers over the acquiring company. These powers included requiring the government shareholder’s written consent to alter certain sections of the foreign buyer’s articles of incorporation. For example, consent must be obtained when there are changes in the limit of any single shareholder owning more than 15 percent. The British government could also appoint two directors. As discussed on page 8, CFIUS determined that the minority investment would result in foreign control. CFIUS decided that there was no foreign government control because the government owned only a small amount of stock, had not recently appointed directors to the board, and had no significant consent rights over the acquiring company. CFIUS conducted a 30-day review and determined that there were not sufficient national security concerns to warrant a 45-day investigation.

DOD’s Reviews of CFIUS Cases for National Security Risks

DOD has no special statutory role in reviewing transactions for national security concerns, and all other CFIUS members have equal standing to raise such concerns. However, officials from other CFIUS agencies stated that they look to DOD to make key judgments regarding the national security risks of a transaction. DOD considers, among numerous factors, whether (1) the technologies and products involved are critical to the national security, (2) the firm being acquired is a sole-source supplier to DOD, and (3) the U.S. company has classified contracts with the U.S. government. In addition, DOD reviews and analyzes information from the intelligence community regarding the foreign buyer’s past record of compliance with export controls, proliferation of sensitive weapons-related technologies, and other matters.

Our sample included some cases involving intelligence information on the acquiring company or its government’s practices, including violations of U.N. sanctions and transfers of U.S. technology to proscribed countries; for most of these cases, DOD did not recommend a 45-day investigation. According to Defense Technology Security Administration officials, this information alone did not provide sufficient grounds to warrant investigations. They said that in some cases the technology at the U.S. company was not deemed to be critical and in others the intelligence information was not sufficiently corroborated, did not show violations of U.S. laws, or had occurred so long ago that it was no longer relevant.

DOD Determinations of Defense-Critical Technologies for Risk of Diversion Assessments

As required by the 1992 legislation, DOD agencies, including defense intelligence entities, assess the risk of diversion when the Secretary of Defense determines that a proposed merger, acquisition, or takeover may involve a firm engaged in the development of a defense-critical technology or is otherwise important to the defense industrial and technology base. These assessments are to be shared with all the Committee members, according to CFIUS officials. The Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Economic Security found that 9 of the 174 CFIUS cases reviewed between October 1992 and December 1994 required a risk of diversion assessment. The responsible DOD official noted that the legislation requires a risk of diversion assessment only when the company is involved in the development, not the application, of a critical technology or is otherwise important to the defense industrial base. DOD uses the Key Technologies Plan, as authorized by the legislation, to decide whether the company is developing a defense-critical technology.

Agency Comments

The Departments of Defense, State, and the Treasury generally agreed with our draft report and provided minor technical comments. The Department of Defense said it concurred with the report as presented. The Department of State, in official oral comments, said that the report fairly and thoroughly describes the activities of CFIUS and accurately reflects the role of CFIUS members. The Department of the Treasury discussed the voluntary nature of CFIUS notification and said it will remind agencies to bring to CFIUS’s attention transactions in high-technology industries that have not been notified to CFIUS. Treasury also stated that it believes Exon-Florio implementation “has increased the awareness of investors to national security issues, brought transactions into conformity with existing laws where needed, and caused investors to consider explicitly national security when putting together proposals to acquire U.S. businesses.” The full text of the comments from the Departments of the Treasury and Defense are included in appendixes V and VI, respectively.

The Department of Commerce reviewed the final draft and provided minor technical comments. The Department of Justice also reviewed the report but did not comment.

We are sending copies of this report to other congressional committees; the Secretaries of the Treasury, State, Defense, Commerce, and Justice; and the Director, Office of Management and Budget. We are also making copies available to other interested parties upon request.

Please contact me at (202) 512-4125 if you or your staff have any questions concerning this report. Major contributors to this report are listed in appendix VII.

Objectives, Scope, and Methodology

Our examination of the implementation of Exon-Florio legislation and its amendments was requested by the former Chairs of the Subcommittee on Legislation and National Security and the Subcommittee on Commerce, Consumer, and Monetary Affairs, House Committee on Government Operations, and the Chairs and Ranking Minority Members of the Subcommittee on Research and Technology and the Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigation, House Committee on Armed Services. Specifically, we focused on (1) the extent foreign investments are reported to the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (CFIUS) and the characteristics of these investments and (2) the factors CFIUS considers in making decisions on whether the foreign investment would result in foreign companies’ control of U.S. companies, whether the acquiring foreign company is controlled by a foreign government, and whether there are associated national security risks.

To address these objectives, we interviewed officials and examined records at the Departments of Defense (DOD), the Treasury, State, and Commerce. We also discussed CFIUS procedures and selected foreign company notifications with officials from the Defense Technology Security Administration and other DOD participants, including the Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition and Technology; the Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Command, Control, Communications, and Intelligence; the military services; the Defense Intelligence Agency; the National Security Agency; the Defense Investigative Service; the Defense Logistics Agency; and the Advanced Research Projects Agency. We also obtained information from other CFIUS participants, including the Department of Justice, and contacted the Council of Economic Advisers, the Office of Management and Budget, the Office of Science and Technology Policy, and the National Security Council.

To examine the scope of foreign investments voluntarily filed with CFIUS, we used an unofficial Department of Commerce database on CFIUS cases maintained by the Office of Strategic Industries and Economic Security.We also compared the CFIUS data with foreign investment databases maintained by the Economic Strategy Institute (ESI) and Securities Data Company (SDC). The ESI database tracks foreign investments in and acquisitions of U.S. companies involved in high, key, or critical technologies. These technology categories are developed by consultation with technical experts and generally follow broad standard technology categories. The SDC tracks investments, acquisitions, and mergers worldwide, but we obtained selected data on foreign investment in the United States in technology areas comparable to those tracked by ESI. SDC categorizes the technology sector by ascertaining the primary business of each company and by identifying pertinent standard industrial classification codes. From this comparison of the databases, we identified transactions not reviewed by CFIUS. We further selected transactions involving foreign acquisitions of or majority investments in high-technology industries and verified that these transactions were completed without CFIUS review for foreign control and national security concerns.

We eliminated duplications in the Commerce database and deleted notifications withdrawn from CFIUS review. To develop industry categories, we relied primarily on those used by Commerce but also considered ESI’s categories. We divided the U.S. industries listed in the database into two categories, high technology and low technology, by referring to DOD’s Key Technologies Plan and the Militarily Critical Technologies List. We consulted with experts within and outside the government on our industry groupings and made changes in response to their recommendations.

To evaluate the overall concentration or frequency of foreign investments by country and industry, we obtained data from federal government reports and interviewed agency officials at Commerce’s Bureau of Economic Analysis about aspects of their data collection efforts. We also obtained information from several private sector firms tracking foreign investment in U.S. companies, including SDC, Ulmer Brothers, Inc., and Technology Strategic Planning, Inc. We did not independently verify the information in the Commerce, ESI, or SDC databases.

To examine the factors CFIUS considers in its decision-making process, we selected a judgmental sample of notifications from 1992 and 1993. We used the Defense Intelligence Agency’s list of 188 CFIUS filings for these years to select 33 notifications that the agency ranked high, moderate, and low risk. After an initial examination, we focused on 16 cases for in-depth review on the basis of the following criteria: (1) the technologies and industries involved, including cases DOD found to involve critical technologies; (2) the countries and companies involved in the transactions, including foreign government-owned companies; (3) whether validated export licenses are required; (4) the risk and intelligence analyses done; (5) the presence of DOD classified contracts and associated security agreements; and (6) the presence of sole-source or last supplier considerations. The 16 cases we reviewed covered 8 foreign countries and 6 industrial sectors. Table I.1 shows the 16 cases we selected for review.

Percent acquired Risk of diversion Case withdrawn Represents two investors.

Technology information is not included to avoid revealing the transaction.

The sampling is not statistically representative of the entire CFIUS caseload, but these cases illustrate the CFIUS process and allowed us to examine the more difficult cases (that is, those involving minority investments, foreign government ownership and control, critical defense technologies, and/or adverse intelligence information).

We reviewed records for each of the 16 cases at the Departments of the Treasury, Defense, State, and Commerce because CFIUS does not maintain a central file repository. DOD and State screened their CFIUS files and documents before making them available to us, which may have impeded our scope. The Defense Intelligence Agency and Central Intelligence Agency also provided information on our sample cases, where applicable.

We reviewed the Exon-Florio legislation and subsequent amendments, implementing regulations, and the legislative history. We considered DOD’s role in the legislation and focused on the implementation of recently related legislation.

We performed our work between March 1994 and April 1995 in accordance with generally accepted government auditing standards.

Foreign Investment Transactions Not Reported to CFIUS

Tables II.1 and II.2 provide information on foreign investment transactions from two private databases that were not in the Commerce Department’s database on CFIUS notifications. In our tables, we include only those transactions involving high-technology industries.

CFIUS Cases Reviewed for National Security Concerns

From the Commerce Department’s database on CFIUS cases, we obtained data on cases reviewed for national security concerns between October 1988 through May 1994. Table III.1 shows the number of CFIUS cases reviewed during that period, by country, in high-technology and non-high-technology industry categories. Table III.2 provides further details of CFIUS cases reviewed for national security concerns by high-technology industry category and by country. Table III.3 illustrates CFIUS cases in non-high-technology industries by country. We developed these industry categories using the Commerce Department’s groupings and by consulting with industry experts within and outside the U.S. government.

CFIUS Filings From Japan, the United Kingdom, France, and Germany

Comments From the Department of the Treasury

Comments From the Department of Defense

Major Contributors to This Report

National Security and International Affairs Division, Washington, D.C.

Office of General Counsel

Related GAO Products

Defense Industrial Security: Issues in the Proposed Acquisition of LTV Corporation Missiles Division by Thomson-CSF (GAO/T-NSIAD-92-45, June 25, 1992).

Foreign Investment: Analyzing National Security-Related Investment Under the Exon-Florio Provision (GAO/T-GGD-92-49, June 4, 1992).

National Security Reviews of Foreign Investment (GAO/T-NSIAD-91-8, Feb. 26, 1991).

National Security Review of Two Foreign Acquisitions in the Semiconductor Sector (GAO/T-NSIAD-90-47, June 13, 1990).

Foreign Investment: Analyzing National Security Concerns (GAO/NSIAD-90-94, Mar. 29, 1990).

The President’s Decision to Order a Chinese Company’s Divestiture of a Recently Acquired U.S. Aircraft Parts Manufacturer (GAO/T-NSIAD-90-21, Mar. 19, 1990).

Strategic Minerals: Implications of Proposed Takeover of a Major British Mining Company (GAO/NSIAD-89-123, Mar. 3, 1989).

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