Tax Administration: IRS' Use of Random Selection in Choosing Tax Returns for Audit
Released: 1998-03-02T00:00:00

Letter

Background

IRS Audits of Tax Returns

IRS audits tax returns to check compliance in reporting income or deductions and in other tax issues as well as in paying the correct tax liability. IRS auditors check taxpayers’ documents in support of data reported on tax returns. Through IRS’ 33 district offices, auditors either visit the taxpayers to review the documentation or ask taxpayers to bring it to the IRS office. These district-based audits often focus on two or more tax issues.

Tax examiners in IRS’ 10 service centers are to check taxpayers’ documentation through correspondence audits. These audits usually involve one tax issue, such as the number of tax exemptions claimed on a return.

Regardless of the type of audit, IRS auditors decide whether to recommend that additional taxes be assessed. If auditors recommend additional tax assessments, the taxpayer can agree with or appeal the change. If the taxpayer wins the appeal, the additional taxes recommended in the audit would not be assessed and collected.

IRS has about 40 audit sources, which are programs and techniques used to select potentially noncompliant returns for audit. The major source is the discriminant function (DIF) formula, a computer-generated score designed to predict returns that, if audited, would be most likely to result in additional taxes owed. The other sources prompting audits include (1) referrals from outside or inside IRS, (2) information provided by a third party, (3) indications of fraud or noncompliance from another audit, (4) actions of tax return preparers, and (5) returns filed by IRS employees who hold sensitive positions. Service center processes also identify potential noncompliance, such as apparently improper claims for the EIC on tax returns.

IRS has established procedures to better ensure that auditors promote a fairer tax system by focusing on potentially noncompliant returns. IRS also has established nine audit standards to guide auditors’ behavior in areas such as probing for unreported income and developing evidence of noncompliance. After an audit, selected IRS staff across the country are to review a small sample of audits closed by district offices to measure auditors’ adherence to these standards.

Why Returns May Be Randomly Selected for Audit

In its simplest form, random selection is a process by which all members of a specific population or subpopulation have an equal chance of being selected for study. This process eliminates personal biases and subjectivity from the selection process and allows study results to be generalized to a larger group. On this basis, IRS could study compliance for a specific taxpayer subpopulation by randomly selecting a sample of taxpayer returns from that subpopulation for audit. The results of these audits could be projected to that entire subpopulation. Indications of noncompliance would not be considered in the random selection of returns for audit.

Traditionally, the only IRS program using widespread random selection has been the Taxpayer Compliance Measurement Program (TCMP). Under TCMP, IRS auditors did line-by-line audits of randomly selected tax returns from large taxpayer populations such as individuals, partnerships, or small corporations. TCMP was IRS’ program for gathering comprehensive and reliable tax compliance data. IRS used the data for measuring compliance levels, estimating the tax gap, identifying compliance issues, developing DIF formulas for objectively selecting returns for audit, and allocating audit resources. In addition, Congress used TCMP data for policy analysis, revenue estimating, and research. IRS did the last TCMP for individuals who filed returns for tax year 1988; these audits were generally done during 1990, 1991, and 1992. IRS had planned a TCMP for tax year 1994 but postponed it indefinitely because of concerns about the costs to IRS and the burdens on taxpayers.

Outside TCMP, IRS’ Examination Division initiates audit projects at IRS district offices and service centers to improve the selection of the audit workload. Also IRS’ Compliance Research function runs research projects at IRS districts and service centers through District Research Offices. IRS occasionally does research projects, such as the ongoing series of EIC studies, through other functions. All of IRS’ projects focus on measuring the extent and nature of noncompliance for specific tax issues or specific groups of taxpayers in which compliance problems have occurred. These projects also tend to focus on finding solutions to the compliance problem that use nonenforcement means, such as taxpayer assistance, rather than enforcement means, such as audits. IRS officials said they may choose to randomly select samples of tax returns in these projects for research purposes.

Objectives, Scope, and Methodology

You asked 12 questions about IRS audits and IRS’ use of random selection for audits closed during fiscal years 1994 through 1996, which were 1. The total number of IRS audits closed nationwide and in Georgia; 2. The number of audits across the nation and in Georgia that were randomly selected (i.e., random audits); 3. The number of IRS closed audits of returns filed by IRS employees; 4. The number of audits of IRS employees that were randomly selected; 5. IRS’ plans or efforts to measure taxpayers’ burdens and costs from being subjected to random audits; 6. The number of nationwide random audits, by location of the taxpayer; 7. The number of nationwide random audits, by type of taxpayer; 8. The number of nationwide random audits, by taxpayer income levels; 9. The number of nationwide random audits, by type of taxpayer business; 10. The number of nationwide random audits that resulted in additional taxes recommended and the amounts of those additional taxes; 11. The number of nationwide random audits that resulted in referrals for criminal investigation; and 12. The alternatives other than random audits IRS might have used to meet its objectives.

To answer your questions, we defined random audit as any audit of a taxpayer’s return that was randomly selected, including returns randomly selected from subpopulations that were nonrandomly targeted because of suspected or known noncompliance. We used the returns as the basis of our analysis in order to make some comparisons to the overall audit universe. However, when IRS selects one taxpayer’s return for audit, through whatever means, it may also audit other returns filed by the taxpayer in that or another tax year. Although the first selection may be random for the subpopulation, the selection of additional returns may not. In reporting the overall number of random audits, we distinguished between the number of taxpayers and number of returns.

Within this context, we responded to your 12 questions through 5 objectives on IRS’ use of random audits during fiscal years 1994 through 1996. Our objectives were to provide information on (1) the number of audits selected overall and at random for tax returns filed by all taxpayers and by IRS employees across the nation and in Georgia; (2) the profile of the taxpayers subjected to the random audits by state, type of taxpayer return, taxpayer income level, and taxpayer occupation; (3) the results of the random audits in terms of number of audits for which additional taxes were recommended as well as the amount of these additional taxes and the number of referrals to IRS’ CID; (4) the known burdens imposed on taxpayers subjected to random audits; and (5) the alternatives other than random selection that IRS might have used to meet its objectives.

To identify the number of audits done nationwide and in Georgia as well as of returns filed by IRS employees for fiscal years 1994 to 1996, we collected related data from IRS officials in the National Office and Georgia District. We also used data from IRS’ database on closed audits—the Audit Information Management System (AIMS)—for each of these fiscal years. We interviewed Examination Division officials in the National and Georgia District offices to understand these data as well as IRS’ procedures for selecting and doing audits. We collected data on IRS procedures, including those on audits of IRS employees.

To identify the number of audits that used random selection, we first reviewed IRS’ audit selection procedures and interviewed Examination Division and Research Division officials in the National Office to discuss the types of audits that may use random selection. These types included audits done for IGPs in the Examination Division, research projects in the District Office Research and Analysis (DORA) unit, and EIC project audits. IRS does not track the use of random selection, so we asked officials to query the district offices and DORAs about projects that may have used it.

We reviewed all the information IRS had available on the projects in the National and Georgia District offices to see whether we could identify other uses of random selection. Some information was unavailable, particularly for projects that started in earlier years. Examination officials explained that IRS is not required to maintain these records. They also said some records were discarded or lost in consolidating from 63 to 33 district offices and in shifting responsibilities for record maintenance during recent reorganization efforts. As a result, we are not sure whether all projects that used random selection have been identified. IRS officials said any omission would be minor because IRS lacks the resources to use random selection extensively.

For one of the six projects that IRS identified as using random selection, the EIC project, our analyses included the first two EIC studies for filing years 1994 and 1995 but not the third, because IRS was still checking the EIC and other claims for filing year 1996. IRS officials would not share the approximately 2,000 taxpayer identification numbers (TIN) associated with the tax year 1995 returns that were randomly selected for the 1996 EIC study, because IRS was still analyzing the audit results and wanted to prevent early release of data on EIC noncompliance. Our having the TINs and AIMS data, however, would not have allowed us to accurately compute the level of noncompliance. IRS provided some summary data on 789 taxpayers whose returns were in the tax year 1995 sample and had been audited, but we did not incorporate those data into our responses to the questions because we could not analyze and verify the data to the extent we could have done with the AIMS data. Appendix II summarizes the data provided by IRS.

For any project that we or IRS identified as randomly selecting returns for audit, we asked for the TIN on the audited returns. We used these TINs in two ways. First, we matched them to data on IRS employees in 1994, 1995, and 1996 to identify IRS employees subjected to random audits. Second, we matched the TINs to AIMS data to answer the questions about the profile of the taxpayers (e.g., income level and state location) and audit results (e.g., additional taxes recommended and referrals to Criminal Investigation).

For the taxpayer profile and audit results, we reported the available AIMS data on each random audit. We did not test the reliability of the AIMS data. We did not report estimates that may be developed from the data because we did not evaluate the statistical validity of IRS’ random selection; further, most of the random audits were not finished. For these reasons, in combination with the small number of random audits compared with all audits, we did not attempt to draw conclusions about the profile and results. Also, we did not report results of audits involving fewer than three taxpayers because of IRS disclosure rules that protect taxpayer privacy.

To identify IRS’ efforts to measure taxpayers’ costs and burdens, we talked to Examination officials and collected data on IRS’ plans and surveys to define and measure taxpayer burden. We reviewed IRS’ ongoing efforts for measuring taxpayer satisfaction with the audit process through a survey. We reviewed IRS’ 1992 and 1996 survey results for measuring taxpayer burden and attitudes of large corporations. We did not attempt to evaluate these surveys or plans.

To identify whether IRS had any alternatives to random audits, we first interviewed IRS officials and collected IRS data about the objectives of each project using random selection. Next, we reviewed our prior reports as well as a Price Waterhouse report on compliance data and the trade-offs with alternative sampling strategies. We interviewed IRS officials and researched the literature to see whether we could find any other data sources that would meet IRS objectives. We did not attempt to evaluate the worthiness of IRS objectives.

Our work was done at IRS’ National Office in Washington, D.C., the Georgia District Office, Atlanta Service Center, and Southeast Regional Office between March and November 1997 in accordance with generally accepted government auditing standards. We requested comments from the IRS Commissioner on a draft of this report and these comments are discussed at the end of this report.

Overall and Random Audits Done Nationwide and in the Georgia District

Between fiscal years 1994 and 1996, according to IRS data, audits increased nationwide as well as in Georgia. During this period, IRS did not randomly select any taxpayers from the population of all taxpayers for audit. IRS did identify six subpopulations with known or suspected noncompliance from which it randomly selected taxpayers for audit. Compared with the overall number of audits, IRS did very few random audits during this period—both across the nation and in Georgia. Similarly, very few of the audits of IRS employees involved random selection.

Total Audits Done Nationwide and in Georgia

Table 1 shows that the total number of nationwide audits increased from 1994 to 1996. During that time, the number of audits done in Georgia also increased (from 45,451 to 55,446). Both of these increases resulted from a change in emphasis in the types of audits. IRS increased the number of service center correspondence audits and decreased the number of district office audits; correspondence audits can be done more quickly than audits at a district office.

Random Audits Conducted Nationwide and in the Georgia District

During the 3 years, IRS did not randomly select any taxpayers from the population of all taxpayers for audit. According to IRS data, only those belonging to one of the six project subpopulations were eligible for being randomly selected. IRS chose these six subpopulations nonrandomly on the basis of historically high noncompliance rates or other evidence of suspected high noncompliance rates. These subpopulations represent small segments of the population of taxpayers and include taxpayers in a specific occupation, industry, geographic area, or economic activity; or with specific characteristics, such as being EIC recipients.

Table 2 shows the number of random audits across the six project subpopulations for the nation and Georgia during fiscal years 1994 through 1996. Compared with all its audits, IRS rarely did random audits. For the 3 years, IRS audited 2,961 returns across the nation—including 157 in Georgia—in these six projects. Most of these audits took place at IRS service centers—2,524 nationwide and 133 in Georgia. These IRS data reflect the number of returns audited and not the number of taxpayers audited.

Of the six projects shown in table 2, three included taxpayers from Georgia. The EIC Schedule C project is managed by the Georgia district; the duplicate dependent Social Security number (SSN) project is managed by a neighboring district; and the EIC studies project is national in scope. The EIC studies accounted for the bulk of the random audits both nationwide and in Georgia. The other two projects did not involve more than seven random audits of Georgia taxpayers in any of the 3 years. Additional Georgia taxpayers may be subjected to random audits because the three projects were ongoing in 1997.

As table 3 shows, the 6 projects included 7,421 taxpayers. For fiscal years 1994 through 1996, as of July 1997, IRS had audited only 2,629 taxpayers—largely in the filing year 1994 and 1995 EIC studies. During the audits of these 2,629 taxpayers, IRS audited 2,961 returns because some audits led IRS to audit additional returns from the same taxpayer. The other 4,792 taxpayers had not yet had their audits completed because the projects had recently begun; specifically, 3,702 of these taxpayers were selected for the duplicate dependent SSN project, which started during 1996.

Table 3 also shows that IRS’ use of random selection did not cover the entire population of taxpayers. The subpopulations in the 6 projects accounted for a small portion of the more than 100 million tax returns filed annually. The subpopulations ranged from 2,348 to 15.1 million in any 1 year. IRS randomly selected the 7,421 taxpayers after nonrandomly selecting subpopulations of taxpayers known or suspected to be noncompliant.

Total and Random Audits of IRS Employees Compared With All Taxpayers

Table 4 compares all audited taxpayers and IRS employees with returns audited as a result of random selection. It makes two basic points. First, the percentage of returns audited as a result of random selection for both groups was very small compared with the overall number of returns audited. For the 3 fiscal years in total, the percentage of audited returns subjected to random selection was slightly higher for IRS employees than for all taxpayers (0.06 percent compared with 0.05 percent, respectively).

Second, IRS audited four IRS employees’ returns after random selection from a subpopulation. According to officials, IRS employees were unlikely candidates for being selected randomly for audit because they generally did not fall into the subpopulations. Four of the six projects involved businesses or self-employed individuals. As a general rule, few IRS employees would also be self-employed. Two of the projects involved the EIC, which is designed to help the working poor. Many full-time IRS employees would be ineligible for the program.

To provide another perspective on these percentages, we analyzed the overall audit rates for individual taxpayers and IRS employees for fiscal years 1994 through 1996. For all individual taxpayers, IRS audited 1.08 percent, 1.67 percent, and 1.67 percent, respectively, of the returns filed. For IRS employees, IRS audited 1 percent, 2.6 percent, and 2.7 percent, respectively, of the roughly 110,000 IRS employees during each of the 3 years. Most of the IRS employees audited were new hires, executives, candidates for executive positions, and employees promoted into sensitive positions; the rest were selected for audit just like any other taxpayer would be.

Profile of Taxpayers Selected for the Six Projects

To profile the characteristics of taxpayers audited through the six projects, we analyzed IRS data on the 2,961 audited returns. The characteristics included the taxpayer’s state, type of return, income level, and occupation or business. Our results cannot be considered definitive because our analysis only involved completed audits, and most of the projects are ongoing with the audits of 4,405 taxpayers still to be closed.

State Location of the Taxpayer

For fiscal years 1994 to 1996, 16 states had fewer than 10 random audits, and 10 states had more than 100 random audits. Most of these audits resulted from the EIC and Ohio’s eating and drinking establishment projects. In future years, Florida, Georgia, and Missouri will likely have a higher number of random audits because of three ongoing projects: (1) the duplicate dependent SSN project in Florida; (2) the EIC Schedule-C loss project in Georgia; and (3) the self-employment tax project in Missouri. (See app. III, table III.1.)

Type of Taxpayer Return

According to IRS data, the 2,961 returns audited in the 6 projects fell into 3 categories of tax returns—individual, corporate, and employment tax returns—except in 1996, when fewer than 3 partnership returns were audited. Of these 2,961 returns, individual returns accounted for 2,781 of the audits. For example, in fiscal year 1994, all 714 random audits involved individual returns. (See app. III, table III.2.)

Taxpayer Income Levels

Of the 2,961 returns audited in the 6 projects, 2,572 returns reported positive income of less than $25,000. The project on the EIC, which is designed to help lower income individuals, accounted for 2,417 of these returns. This income level accounts for most individual tax returns and most IRS audits overall (See app. III, table III.3.). For fiscal year 1996, these lower income taxpayers filed about 59 million of the 116 million returns.

Further, 1.1 million (most of them with EIC claims) of the 2 million returns audited in fiscal year 1996 also involved taxpayers from this income level.

Few of the random audits involved higher income taxpayers, but this is also true for audits overall. However, IRS usually audits a higher percentage of returns that report higher income. For fiscal year 1996, IRS audited almost 3 percent of the individual returns reporting at least $100,000 in positive income but less than 2 percent of the returns reporting less than $25,000 in positive income. Before the recent influx of audits focusing on EIC claims, the audit rates for such lower income returns were well below 1 percent.

Random audits in the eating and drinking establishment project included nonindividual returns, such as corporate, employment, and partnership returns. For this project, 40 percent of the audited nonindividual returns were filed by corporations with total gross receipts under $250,000. For corporate returns alone, this category represented 69 percent of the audits. In 1994, IRS data showed it did not audit any nonindividual returns as a result of random selection. (See app. III, table III.4.)

Taxpayer Occupation or Business

AIMS has limited information on the occupation or business of individual taxpayers. In fact, it does not record an individual’s occupation. Instead, the database indicates whether a taxpayer filed a Form 1040 Schedule C (income from an individual business) or Form 1040 Schedule F (income from farming) and may indicate the type of Schedule C business (e.g., retail sales, services). Of the cases we reviewed, AIMS had very little data on the types of businesses; the data that did exist varied greatly, suggesting no discernable pattern. However, one of the six projects identified the type of business by the title—eating and drinking establishments.

Audit Results From the Six Projects

We also analyzed data on the reported results of the 2,961 audits in the projects. These results included the percentage of returns with recommended additions to reported taxes, the amount of additional taxes recommended, and the number referred to CID. These results cannot be considered definitive because our analysis only involved returns with completed audits, and most of the projects are ongoing with over 4,000 taxpayer returns still to be completed.

Percentage of Recommended Additional Taxes

For the 3 fiscal years, the percentage of completed audits that recommended additional taxes to a return was 80 percent or higher for the projects on eating and drinking establishments and self-employment tax. The percentage recommending additional taxes for the project on EIC studies averaged 46 percent for the 3 years. Each year, the percentage for this project rose—from 12 percent in 1994, to 50 percent in 1995, and to 69 percent in 1996. For the same period, the nationwide average across all audited returns was 67 percent. (See app. III, table III.5.)

Amount of Additional Taxes Recommended

The amount of reported additional taxes recommended from audits of individual returns for all 3 years exceeded $200,000 in three of the six projects. The project on the EIC studies recommended about $1.9 million in additional tax; the eating and drinking establishment project recommended about $712,000, and the duplicate dependent SSN project recommended about $208,000. The amounts recommended in the other three projects fell below $20,000 during the same period.

Of the 2 projects with more than 200 audited returns, the average amount of additional taxes recommended per individual return audited for the EIC project was $1,653; and for the eating and drinking establishments project, the average amount of additional taxes recommended was $12,711—double the national average of $6,251 for fiscal years 1994 to 1996. (See app. III, table III.6.)

Referrals for Criminal Investigation

None of the 2,961 audited returns during fiscal years 1994 to 1996 resulted in criminal referrals to IRS’ CID or the Department of Justice. In fact, IRS auditors referred very few cases to CID for criminal fraud. In fiscal year 1996, auditors only referred 783 of more than 2 million audits.

CID relies on various sources of information for initiating its investigations, including information from (1) within IRS, such as from the Examination Division; (2) other government sources, such as U.S. Attorneys; (3) banks and other financial institutions; and (4) the public. In an effort to increase the quality of fraud referrals from other IRS groups to CID, IRS established formal fraud-referral procedures, effective for fiscal year 1996. According to CID officials, the objective of these procedures was to increase coordination between CID and other IRS divisions, particularly Examination.

Burden Imposed on Taxpayers Selected for Audit in the Six Projects

According to IRS, any audit—whether randomly selected or otherwise—imposes some level of cost and burden on taxpayers. However, IRS has no system or data to measure the costs and burdens associated with any of its audits. IRS recognizes this situation and, as a result, is trying to develop measures of taxpayer costs and burden as well as data sources.

In considering ways to define and measure the burdens and costs imposed on taxpayers, IRS plans to include all contacts with taxpayers—from telephone calls and correspondence to audits and collection notices—in its measures. With these measures, IRS plans to capture savings from burden reduction initiatives, such as increasing telephone assistor access at Customer Service sites. IRS plans to measure taxpayer burden by dollars, in order to compare the savings and costs of burden reduction initiatives versus tax law enforcement initiatives. IRS also plans to develop alternative methods for measuring taxpayer burden and satisfaction with all IRS products and services.

In the interim, IRS began its current survey for measuring taxpayer satisfaction with the audit process in July 1997. The survey is based on a Price Waterhouse study done in 1991 and a related prior survey conducted by Booz-Allen in 1989. IRS decided to use the Price Waterhouse study as a model for its current survey.

The purpose of the survey is to provide IRS with information from a small sample of taxpayers on (1) their level of satisfaction with recent income tax audits, (2) their suggestions to increase the level of satisfaction and improve the audit process, and (3) recurrent problems and how IRS could correct them. IRS plans to compare taxpayers’ perceptions of the quality and efficiency of the audit process with IRS’ assessments. IRS plans to conduct the survey through the mail for a 1-year span in four of its district offices. Results of the survey are to be available as early as late 1998; afterward, IRS plans to make decisions about future surveys.

IRS Alternatives to Conducting Random Audits

For the six projects, IRS officials said that they could not have met the research objectives through alternatives to random selection. Internally and externally, no statistically valid compliance data addressed the objectives of these projects according to these officials. We did not independently evaluate the designs of the six projects to determine if they would meet their objectives. We have reported on IRS’ lack of statistically valid data outside the data from TCMP or specialized research that not only measured taxpayer compliance but also offered insights on the nature of and reasons for tax noncompliance. Price Waterhouse has made similar points about IRS’ ongoing need for statistical compliance data.

IRS officials said that without such compliance data, IRS has few options to using random audits for compliance research purposes, particularly for statistical precision, data quality, and data collection cost considerations. The officials said they need some source of statistical compliance data to be able to project research results to a larger subpopulation as a way to improve audit selection methodologies to better target noncompliant taxpayers for audit. To the extent that the random selection is adequately designed and properly done, it allows IRS to develop estimates of noncompliance for an entire subpopulation without burdening each taxpayer within that subpopulation.

Outside these research purposes, IRS officials indicated that they would have little incentive to randomly select returns for audit because IRS wants to invest its limited audit resources productively. According to IRS officials, random audits usually generate less additional recommended taxes per audit hour compared with audits selected for ongoing programs. IRS wants to target audit resources on returns selected through the ongoing programs, which attempt to focus on the most noncompliant taxpayers, rather than on returns selected randomly.

Agency Comments and Our Evaluation

In a letter dated December 23, 1997, IRS’ Acting Chief Compliance Officer commented on a draft of this report (see app. IV). He expressed disagreement with our definition of random audit. He said random audit involves random selection for audit in which every taxpayer in the filing population would have an equal chance of being selected. He also said the six projects discussed in our report are not random audits. He said they are projects where returns were selected using a statistical random return selection technique from a subpopulation of returns that were nonrandomly selected because of suspected or known noncompliance.

We believe our report clearly makes this same distinction between random selection from the population of all taxpayers and random selection from subpopulations picked because of suspected or known noncompliance. And as we noted in the draft report, for the period reviewed, IRS did not randomly select for audit any taxpayer from the population of all taxpayers. As a result, we made no changes to the report on the basis of IRS’ comments.

As we arranged with your office, unless you publicly announce its contents earlier, we plan no further distribution of this report until 30 days from its date of issue. We will then send copies to the Commissioner of Internal Revenue and Members of the Georgia Congressional Delegation, and we will make copies available to others upon request.

Major contributors to this report are listed in appendix V. Please contact me on (202) 512-9110 if you or your staff have any questions about this report.

Descriptions of Projects Involving Random Selection

Earned Income Credit (EIC) studies—A series of nationwide studies conducted on 1993, 1994, and 1995 tax returns to provide broader information on taxpayer understanding of and assess compliance with EIC qualification requirements. The audits done in these studies were unusual in that both Criminal Investigation Division (CID) and Examination were involved. Because of this circumstance, some audits of returns may have been recorded as closed on the Audit Information Management System well after CID’s initial contact with the taxpayers.

Eating and drinking establishments—An Information Gathering Project begun in 1993 at Internal Revenue Service’s (IRS) Cleveland District, seeking to measure the accuracy of income reported by eating and drinking establishments that had fewer than 25 locations and that were licensed to sell alcoholic beverages in Ohio.

Duplicate dependent Social Security numbers (SSN)—A research effort, managed by IRS’ North Florida District, examining those returns filed in tax year 1995 where more than one taxpayer claimed the same dependent (a duplicate dependent SSN). IRS is testing the effectiveness of notices in modifying taxpayer behavior for 1996, securing amended returns for 1995, and learning more about the subpopulation.

Questionable Schedule Cs—A research effort, managed by IRS’ Illinois District, to determine the compliance of “questionable” wholesale and retail sole proprietorships. IRS drew two samples from tax year 1993 of Schedule Cs who claimed (1) zero gross receipts, zero other income, and zero cost of goods sold, and (2) gross receipts of $350 or under, zero cost of goods sold, and total expenses greater than $1,050.

EIC Schedule-C losses—A research effort, managed by IRS’ Georgia District, attempting to determine if sole proprietorships might be using losses from Schedule C to offset other income; such offsets allow a taxpayer that would have been otherwise ineligible to qualify for EIC. IRS selected its sample from tax year 1994 returns including a Schedule C and claiming EIC.

Self-employment tax—A research effort, managed by the IRS’ Kansas-Missouri District, testing the impact of an educational letter as a means of improving compliance for taxpayers filing a Schedule C, Schedule F, and/or Other Income but not a Schedule SE with their return. The returns selected for testing were from tax year 1993.

IRS Summary Data for IRS’ Study of EIC Claims for Filing Year 1996

Because it was still drafting a report on EIC compliance during the 1996 filing season, IRS did not wish to share the tax year 1995 taxpayer sample. IRS did provide summary data from the sample, which follows.

1040A, TPI under $25,000 Non-1040A, TPI under $25,000 TPI $25,000 under $50,000 Schedule C, TGR under $25,000 Schedule C, TGR over $25,000 under $100,000 Schedule C, TGR $100,000 and over Schedule F, TGR under $100,000 1040A—U.S. individual income tax return TPI—Total positive income TGR—Total gross receipts Schedule C—Business income schedule Schedule F—Farm income schedule In accordance with statistics of income (SOI) criteria, the data have been deleted to avoid disclosure for specific taxpayers.

22 (continued)

In accordance with SOI criteria, the data have been deleted to avoid disclosure for specific taxpayers. However, deleted data are included in the total.

Characteristics and Results of Random Audits

(continued)

In accordance with SOI criteria, the data have been deleted to avoid disclosure for specific taxpayers. However, deleted data are included in the total.

Table III.2: All Returns and Number Audited as a Result of Random Selection by Tax Return Type, Fiscal Years 1994, 1995, and 1996

Includes returns not falling into one of the nine major tax types and any returns where the tax type is not specified in the AIMS database.

Table III.3: All Individual Returns Audited and Those Audited as a Result of Random Selection, by Taxpayer Income Level and by Project, Fiscal Years 1994-1996

Schedule C (business)

Schedule F (farming)

TPI—Total Positive Income TGR—Total Gross Receipts IRS had not completed its work on its filing year 1996 EIC study and would not provide the tax year 1995 sample.

Table III.4: All Nonindividual Returns and Those Audited as a Result of Random Selection by Tax Return Type With a Breakdown by Corporate Assets, by Project, Fiscal Years 1995-1996

Form 1120S (nontaxable)

Nationwide (individual returns)

Comments From the Internal Revenue Service

Major Contributors to This Report

General Government Division, Washington D.C.

Atlanta Field Office

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