U.S. and Coalition Military Operations in Afghanistan: Issues for Congress
Released: 2007-03-27T00:00:00

The U.S. military has been involved in Afghanistan since the fall of 2001 when Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) toppled the Taliban regime and attacked the Al Qaeda terrorist network hosted by the Taliban. A significant U.S. military presence in the country could continue for a number of years as U.S., North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), Coalition, and Afghan National Army (ANA) forces attempt to stabilize the country by defeating the insurgency, facilitating reconstruction, and combating Afghanistan's illegal drug trade.

Current U.S. Forces

According to the Department of Defense (DOD), as of March 1, 2007 there were approximately 25,000 U.S. service members in Afghanistan. The majority of U.S. combat forces composing the 7 th OEF rotation to Afghanistan were from the Fort Drum, NY-based 3 rd Brigade,10 th Mountain Division, which constituted the division's third year-long deployment to Afghanistan in five years. About 5,800 troops from the division's 3 rd Brigade, as well as Division Headquarters and other supporting units are from Fort Drum, while another 1,300 soldiers are from the division's 4 th Brigade, stationed at Fort Polk, LA. There are also an unknown number of U.S. Special Operations Forces (SOF) personnel from all services that are part of the Combined Joint Special Operations Task Force that is conducting special operations missions in and around Afghanistan. The 10 th Mountain Divisionâless 3 rd Brigadeâis in the process of being replaced by the division headquarters of the Fort Bragg, NC-based 82 nd Airborne Division and the division's 4 th Infantry Brigade Combat Team.

Aside from naval and air force special operations forces, U.S. Navy and Air Force service members are playing an increased role in ground operations in Afghanistan. Six of the twelve U.S.-led Provincial Reconstruction Teams (PRTs) are commanded by naval officers and 140 sailors are now serving on U.S. PRTs. The other six U.S. PRTs are led by Air Force officers and are made up of both soldiers and airmen.

Tour Extension and Modification

On January 25, 2007, DOD announced that the 3,200-member 3 rd Brigade, 10 th Mountain Divisionâwhich reportedly had already begun to redeploy advance elements back to Ft. Drum âwould be extended in Afghanistan for up to 120 days. On February 14, 2007, DOD announced that they were diverting the Vincenza, Italy-based 173 rd Airborne Brigade from an upcoming deployment to Iraq and would instead deploy the brigade's 3,200 soldiers to Afghanistan in the spring of 2007. The 173 rd Airborne Brigade will serve as the 3 rd Brigade, 10 th Â Mountain Division's replacement when that brigade redeploys to Ft. Drum, NY sometime in May 2007. On March 11, 2007 it was reported that the Administration plans to send an additional 3,500-soldier brigade to Afghanistan "to accelerate training of local forces."

Non-U.S. Coalition Forces in Afghanistan

Non-U.S. Coalition forces in Afghanistan are distributed between the U.S.-led Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF)âwhich conducts counterterror and counterinsurgency operationsâand the NATO-led International Security and Assistance Force (ISAF), which provides security and reconstruction support for all of Afghanistan. In October 2006, NATO assumed command of ISAF and all security operations in Afghanistanâincluding OEF (OEF's U.S. commander serves as a deputy ISAF commander). Some countries contribute forces to both OEF and ISAF, while others contribute strictly to ISAF. At present, 21 nations contribute approximately 3,100 troops to OEF while the United States contributes about 9,600 troops to OEF. Thirty seven NATO and non-NATO nations contribute about 36,000 troops to ISAF. According to U.S. Central Command (USCENTCOM), the United States contributes approximately 15,800 troops to support ISAF.

ISAF X

On February 4, 2007 a composite headquarters assumed command of ISAF's tenth rotation previously held by NATO's Allied Command Europe Rapid Reaction Corps (ARRC). The 1,000-strong headquarters is commanded by U.S. Army General Dan McNeillâthe highest ranking U.S. officer to command in Afghanistanâand will command ISAF and OEF forces untilÂ February 2008.

Allied Troop Issues

Despite repeated requests by the U.S. government and NATO commanders in Afghanistan for additional troops as well as the removal of national caveats that limit the utility of NATO forcesâprimarily German, French, Italian, Spanish, and Turkish forcesâmany NATO members have rejected sending additional forces or even modifying how their forces are employed. Poland is still expected to provide an additional 1,000 troops sometime in early 2007. While some maintain that forces that are not permitted to participate in offensive operations are of little value and put an unfair burden on U.S., British, Canadian, and Dutch forces that are actively involved in combat, others argue that these forcesâeven with their caveatsâhelp to provide security that is needed to facilitate reconstruction.

Continued German Presence?16

Despite German plans to send 500 additional troops and six Tornado reconnaissance planes to augment the 3,000 German troops already serving with ISAF, reports suggest that opposition is growing in Germany over its expanding military role in Afghanistan. This opposition has been heightened by the recent murder of a German aid worker and the abduction of two other German workers by insurgents. Increasing German public and political opposition to military participation in Afghanistan could make it highly unlikely that the German government will rescind national caveats and adopt a more offensive posture as called for by NATO and the United States. In light of this apparent growing opposition, NATO and U.S. officials might reconsider calling for a more offensive role for German forces, as such pressure could increase German political opposition and result in a reduction of German military participation in Afghanistan.

1,400 Additional British Troops

Reports maintain that in response to a lack of commitment by other NATO nations to provide additional forces, Great Britain will deploy an additional 1,400 soldiers to Helmand province by the summer of 2007, bringing the British troop level in Afghanistan to 7,700. This new battle group will be comprised of units from 1 st Battalion, Royal Welsh Fusiliers, 1 st Battalion, Scots Guards, 5 th Regiment, Royal Artillery, and 39 th Regiment, Royal Artillery.

Norwegian Special Forces

The Norwegian government has reportedly committed to deploy a 150-soldier special forces unit to Afghanistan but, in deference to political opposition within the Norwegian government, this unit will be restricted to operating in and around Kabulâdespite a NATO request that the unit be permitted to operate in southern Afghanistan. In addition to the special forces unit, Norway contributes 550 soldiers in northern Afghanistan as part of a quick reaction force and a Provincial Reconstruction Team.

Additional Contributions21

The Czech Republic will increase its strength from 120 to 255, deploying a field hospital, a military police unit, and a chemical defense unit. Latvia will increase its troop strength from 30 to 100 and Lithuania, which already has 130 soldiers in Afghanistan will deploy a 55-man special forces unit during the summer of 2007. Even with the addition of the aforementioned troops and additional troops from the United States, Poland, the United Kingdom, and Norway, NATO's Supreme Commander, U.S. Army General John Craddock, still believes that NATO needs "another one or two combat battalions (a battalion averages about 650 soldiers) in Afghanistan."

Recent Military Operations

NATO/Afghan National Army Ambush Insurgents23

In what was described as the "first major engagement of 2007" and "the largest battle since September 2006," as many as 150 Taliban insurgents were killed when they were ambushed by NATO and Afghan forces as the insurgents crossed the Pakistani border into Afghanistan on January 11, 2007. Reports maintain that two large groups of insurgents were initially spotted gathering on the Pakistan side of the border near the Afghan Barmal district of Paktika Province.Â With what was described as "close co-operation with Pakistani authorities in monitoring the insurgents before they entered Afghanistan," NATO tracked insurgent vehicles loaded with men and equipment as they crossed into Afghanistan, and NATO and Afghan forces ambushed the insurgents in a deserted area about one half mile inside of Afghanistan. The ambush consisted of ground and air attacks and several trucks carrying arms and ammunition were also destroyed or captured.

Operation Achilles24

On March 6, 2007 NATO and Afghan forces launched "Operation Achilles" in Helmand Province. The immediate goal of the operationâwhich will eventually involve 4,500 U.S., British, Canadian, and Dutch troops and 1,000 Afghan soldiersâis to secure the road leading to the Kajaki dam which has been described as a strategically important hydro-electric project. Taliban attacks against British forces providing security for the dam have precluded international aid work on the hydro-electric plant that provides electricity to about 1.7 million Afghans in the region. Longer term goals for Operation Achilles include bringing security to northern Helmand province and addressing the region's narcotics trafficking. NATO and Afghan officials maintain that about 700 insurgents have moved into the Helmand region and are posturing themselves to conduct attacksâincluding suicide attacks. More than 1,000 U.S. soldiers from the 4 th Brigade, 82 nd Airborne Division are participating in the early phases of Operation Achilles in an attempt to not only bring security to the Helmand region, but also to disrupt Taliban preparations for an anticipated spring offensive.

Some analysts maintain that this latest NATO operation will face two significant challengesâa comparatively low number of NATO troops and its inability to pursue Taliban insurgents to their bases in Pakistan. U.S. officials suggest that any Afghan-centric military operation can only damage and not destroy Taliban forces that retreat to Pakistan to recruit and rearm its forces for future operations in Afghanistan.

U.S. Marine Special Operations Unit Sent Home by U.S. Commander

A 120 Marine Special Operations Company from the Second Marine Special Operations Battalion from Camp Lejeune, N.C. was reportedly sent home by U.S. commanders for its response to a March 4, 2007 incident where elements of the unit were ambushed by a vehicle-borne improvised explosive device and the Marines responded by killing as many as 10 civilians and wounding about 34 more. This was the first combat deployment of the recently-activated Marine special operations unit which had only been in Afghanistan for a few weeks out of a scheduled six month deployment and military officials have supposedly initiated an official investigation into the incident. U.S. military officials claim that the unit was sent home as it could no longer work in a counterinsurgency role because it had damaged the unit's relationship with the local population but some suggest that sending an entire unit homeâparticularly one as highly trained as a special operations unitâis highly unusual and perhaps indicative of deeper problems with the unit.

Pakistani Military Operations

Pakistani military operations in its Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) as well as along the Pakistan-Afghan border, continue to play a significant role in combating the insurgency in Afghanistan. While many U.S. officials praise Pakistan's military activities, some U.S. and Afghan officials question if Pakistan is doing enough in combating Taliban insurgents. Reports also continue to suggest that Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence Agency is actively conducting training camps for insurgents and supporting jihadist madrassahs (religious schools) along the Afghan-Pakistan border. Pakistan has indicated that it would close four refugee camps along the border to prevent their use by insurgents and narco-traffickers and would add up to 938 border posts throughout the mountainous border region in increase intelligence activities and to tighten government control in the region. Pakistani officials indicated that the Afghan government has only about 100 border posts. Pakistan has supposedly started to issue biometric cards to monitor border crossings by people and traffic alike.

Border Fence33

Reports suggest that the Pakistani government will shortly begin construction of a border fence along parts of it's 1,500 mile shared border with Afghanistan. In addition to erecting fencing and barbed wire, Pakistan also plans to emplace landmines to deter illegal border-crossers. Pakistani officials reportedly claim that the fences and mines will not be used at legal border crossings but will instead be placed on routes used by insurgents and drug traffickers. The Afghan government's response has been characterized as largely negative and some suggest that relations between the two countries have been further eroded. The Afghan government reportedly believesÂ that the fence and mines would arbitrarily divide the Pashtun tribes that live on both sides of the border and the use of mines would invoke "bad memories" of the hundreds of thousands of landmines laid during 25 years of conflictâfirst by the Soviets in the 1980s and later by warring Afghan militias in the 1990s. The United Nations and other international groups have spent millions of dollars to remove these mines and many areas still contain mines from the 80s and 90s.

Insurgent Tactics and Operations

Insurgent tactics and operations against Coalition forces continue to evolve, and some maintain that they are becoming increasingly like the tactics employed in Iraq. U.S. military officials have noted that cross-border attacks against U.S. and Afghan forces have increased significantly since September 2006, when Pakistan signed a pact with tribal groups in the border region. According to officials, in the two months before the agreement, there were 40 cross-border attacks in Khost and Paktika provinces, but in the two months after the agreement, there were 140 attacks. U.S. military intelligence officials also provided statistics detailing the increase in insurgent attacks. In 2005, there were a reported 27 suicide attacks and in 2006, there were 139 attacks. In 2005, there were 783 road side bombs and in 2006, there were 1,677. The insurgents conducted 4,542 direct attacks (attacks using small arms, grenades an other weapons) in 2006, as compared to 1,558 such attacks in 2005.

Taliban insurgents reportedly seized control of two towns in southern and southwestern Afghanistan, largely attributed to a lack of presence of NATO forces. On February 1, 2007, the town of Musa Qala in Helmand province was taken over by Taliban forces. About five months earlier, British forces vacated the town and handed over responsibility for its security to a tribal council and local police forces. On February 19, 2007, Taliban forces seized a district in southwestern Afghanistan. The attack occurred in the Baqwa district of Farah province where few NATO and Afghan troops are deployed. It is not known if Taliban forces have retained control of Baqwa district or have left the area.

Taliban Spring Offensive?

Reports vary as to insurgent troop strength and their ability to mount a spring offensive. One senior Taliban commander maintains that there 8,000 to 9,000 "fighters" in Helmand province alone presently opposing NATO's Operation Achilles and ready to participate in a "spring offensive." While some NATO military officials maintain that the Taliban are fully capable of mounting a large-scale spring offensiveânoting an increase in attacks as the weather has begun to improve, others suggest that the Taliban is too weak for a new offensive, having been significantly degraded in the NATO campaigns of late 2006. While the Taliban might have beenÂ weakened by the campaigns of 2006, a recent cross border attack against U.S. Fire Base TillmanÂ in Paktika Province on March 24âwhere 12 militants were killed in the fightingâseems to indicate that the insurgents are still willing and capable of directly confronting U.S. and Coalition forces.

Provincial Reconstruction Teams41

PRTs are small, civil-military teams designed to extend the authority of the Afghan central government beyond Kabul and to facilitate aid and reconstruction projects. PRTs have enabled coalition forces to extend a degree of security to outlying regions and have also permitted U.S. forces to establish personal relationships with local Afghan leaders which some believe has helped to diminish insurgent influence in a number of regions. As of February 7, 2007, ISAF had 25 PRTs operationalâ12 of which were U.S. teams.

Composition of U.S. PRTs

U.S. PRTs consist of between 50 and 100 military and civilian personnel. Civilian personnel usually consist of a U.S. State Department representative, a U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) representative, and a representative from the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). There is also usually an Afghan representative from the Ministry of the Interior on the PRT. In terms of military personnel, each PRT has a commander, two civil affairs teams with four members each, operational and administrative staff, and force protection elementsâusually a platoon-sized (40 soldier) force.

The Afghan National Army (ANA)

Training of the ANA commenced shortly after U.S. and Coalition forces defeated Taliban forces in early 2002. The Bonn II Conference on rebuilding Afghanistan in December 2002 endorsed a 70,000 strong Afghan National Army. Part of ISAF's mission is "supporting and helping to train the Afghan National Security Forces (ANSF) to a standard that will enable them in time to assume full responsibility for the internal and external security of the country."

The ANA has been considered a relatively competent force, but one whose performance varies from very good to very poor, dependent to a large extent on the leadership of the particular unit. Recent reports suggest that the ANA continues to improve its proficiency, with some suggesting that the ANA "outperforms" the better-equipped Iraqi security forces. Some military officials believe that the ANA could defend Afghanistan without U.S. and NATO support in ten years or less. U.S. military officials maintain that more than two dozen ANA battalions are capable of conducting operations "on their own with minimal support" from U.S. or coalition forces. Some credit the ethnic diversity of the ANA and its training curriculumâwhich includes literacy, writing, and language trainingâas key factors in the ANA's growing efficacy.

A 50,000 Soldier Afghan National Army?47

One report suggests that the Administration now supports the creation of a 50,000 soldier ANA as opposed to the 70,000 soldier force that the United States and other countries agreed to at the Bonn II Conference in December 2002 and later reaffirmed at the London Conference on Afghan Reconstruction. The Pentagon reportedly believes that Afghanistan will be unable to support a 70,000 soldier force and that Afghanistan won't even be able to pay for a 50,000 soldier force until 2063. The Afghan government reportedly opposes a reduction to a 50,000 soldier force and U.S. military officials acknowledge that a 50,000 soldier force would mean that the Afghan government would have to accept a greater degree of risk.

A 150,000 Afghan National Army Needed?

According to the Afghan Defense Minister, Abdul Rahim Wardak, the Afghan National Army needs at least 150,000 troops to secure the country. The Defense Minister reportedly suggests that a 70,000 member ANAâwhich is still three years awayâcould not end surging Taliban violence and protect the country from outside threats. Mr. Wardak maintains that this force must be well-trained and equipped with sufficient mobility and firepower as well as logistical and training institutions.

Equipping the Afghan National Army

Equipping the Afghan National Army continues to be described as "inadequate." In a recent report, the following observations were made by a retired U.S. Army general:

They [ANA] have no real national logistics or maintenance system. The ANA has, for all practical purposes, no air powerâneither helicopter or fixed wing. We should, in my view, have a five year program to equip them with 100-plus Blackhawks [UH-60 helicopter] (some equipped as gunships), 25-plus Chinooks [CH-47 helicopter], and two dozen C-130s [transport aircraft]/AC-130s [fire support aircraft]. They have no high speed, wheeled light armor (they should have three battalions of Stryker combat vehicles). They have junk small arms and should be equipped with U.S. Army modern automatic weapons. They lack body armor. They lack deployable, modern mortars and light artillery (this has been an absolute key to keeping U.S. Army combat units alive along the eastern frontier).

While the provision of helicopter, transport aircraft, armored vehicles, and artillery would likely significantly enhance the ANA's combat capabilities, significant maintenance and logistical support would be required to sustain these systemsâa capacity that is, at present, lacking.

Some equipment is being provided to the Afghan National Army. On February 1, 2007, the United States handed over 12,000 heavy and light weapons and 800 High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicles (HMMWVs) and trucks to the ANA. NATO states that it has provided the ANA over 50,000 light weapons, 110 armored personnel carriers, 12 helicopters and millions of rounds of ammunition although it is not known if these figures include contributions from the United States.

Counternarcotics Operations52

Increased Poppy Production in 2006

According to the U.N., 2006 opium cultivation in Afghanistan rose 59% over 2005 levels, with expected revenues exceeding $3 billion. The number of people involved in opium cultivation increased by almost a third to 2.9 millionâapproximately 12% of Afghanistan's total population. In its report, the U.N. suggests thatâparticularly in Helmand and Kandahar provincesâNATO and the ANA combine its counterinsurgency and counternarcotics efforts to stop "the vicious circle of drugs funding terrorist and terrorists protecting drug traffickers."

Some Afghan government officials maintain that former commanders and warlords that have become district chiefs and local police chiefs under the new Afghan central government and are involved in the drug trade. Some experts suggest that since the fall of the Taliban in 2001 and because of Coalition and government pressure, that major Afghan drug traffickers:

Have used their wealth and influence to establish complex systems of protection, systematically targeting government and law enforcement institutions for corruption by paying some officials at all levels to allow them to continue their business and by purchasing positions within institutions.

If these systems have been developed within Afghan government institutions to protect and perpetuate the illegal Afghan drug trade, NATO and U.S. military actions designed to combat the Afghan opium trade and disrupt its financial ties to Taliban insurgents may prove to be ineffective. The Afghan national government continues to resist U.S. pressure for aerial eradication of opium-producing poppies but has renewed its ground-based eradication efforts, hoping to destroy some 123,550 acres before the poppy harvest begins in April.

U.S. and NATO's Role in Countering Drugs

While NATO's supreme commander has reportedly ordered NATO commanders in Afghanistan to "increase their assistance to local counternarcotics authorities," he also reiterated that "NATO was not authorized to play a direct role in the anti-narcotics effort," and could only supply intelligence and security and logistical assistance. Some question if more direct NATO involvement in Afghan counternarcotics efforts could achieve better results but additional troops would likely be required for a more direct role in counternarcotics operations.

Issues for Congress

Adequacy of Forces?

Congress might examine the adequacy of forcesâboth U.S. and NATOâin terms of their ability to successfully prosecute combat operations against a Taliban insurgency that has evolved in terms of tactics and its ability to conduct coordinated, relatively large-scale military operations. One issue that might be explored is that of national caveats that limit the usefulness of some nation's military forces. It can be argued that because many NATO nations significantly restrict their force's operations that a disproportionate burden is being placed on NATO countries that do not restrict how their forces are used in Afghanistan. Such a disparity could also conceivably result in a rift between NATO forces that participate in combat operations and those forces that are restricted from participatingâa rift that insurgents might choose to exploit. While it is possible that these national caveats have resulted in requirements for additional forces that can participate in combat operations it can be argued that forces subject to national caveats are playing a vital role in Afghanistan by virtue of their presence, which affords a degree of security and enables relief and reconstruction efforts.

Can NATO Sustain or Increase Its Current Force Levels?

As part of any discourse on the adequacy of NATO forces in Afghanistan, Congress might also consider NATO's ability to sustain current force levels in Afghanistan or increase these levels if the situation requires. Of particular concern, is the "pass the hat" manner in which NATO obtains its forces from member countries which likely makes any sort of long-term planning difficult at best. NATO's 2006 request for an additional 2,000 to 2,500 combat soldiers is considered by some as illustrative of these difficulties. Because of what some call a lack of commitment by many NATO members, the United States and Great Britain were compelled to provide the majority of reinforcements needed to meet the growing security threat posed by the Taliban insurgents and narcotics traffickers.

Why Was the U.S. Marine Special Operations Unit Asked to LeaveÂ Afghanistan?

Congress may decide to examine the specific events that lead to the expulsion of the Marine Special Operations Company. One report suggests that after the ambush, some Afghan witnesses stated that "the Marines fired recklessly at passing vehicles and pedestrians along the crowded road flanked by shops." Such a reaction by a unit reportedly "composed of some of the most experienced, highly trained Marinesâincluding many experts in reconnaissance and marksmanship," is considered by some to be highly unusual for a supposedly elite and highly disciplined unit.

The Evolving Insurgency

Five years into the conflict in Afghanistan, it can be argued that the Taliban insurgency has evolved both operationally and in terms of its impact on efforts to extend security and reconstruction throughout Afghanistan. Congress might decide to examine the current state of the insurgency and its potential for further growth and evolution, and U.S. and NATO efforts to address this evolution. Reports suggest that insurgent attacks have more than doubled over the past six months, now numbering more than 600 attacks per month resulting in at least 3,700 military and civilian deaths in 2006. This pattern of attacks reportedly "threatens to reverse some of the gains made in the past, with development activities being especially hard-hit in several areas, resulting in partial or total withdrawal of international agencies in a number of the worst-affected provinces."

The nature of insurgent operations suggests that the Taliban insurgency continues to evolve. Some military officials concede that despite Coalition offensive operations, the insurgency has grown stronger. The insurgency now attacks in larger groups, mounting more sophisticated and audacious operations that often feature coordinated fires and maneuvers. The insurgents also have displayed a tenacity that was not present in past operations by pressing their attacks as opposed to past "hit and run" attacks. It can be argued that these operational characteristics represent a Taliban insurgency that has improved its militarily effectiveness over the past five years of conflict, despite repeated attempts by Coalition ground and air forces to destroy it.

Adequacy of the Afghan National Army

Congress might consider reviewing the U.S. government's commitment to building and supporting an effective Afghan National Armyâa prerequisite for the withdrawal of U.S. forces from Afghanistan. The Administration appears to be supporting a 50,000 soldier Afghan National Army as opposed to the 70,000 soldier force that it committed to in 2002. Critics of this policy suggest that it is based on a desire to cut costs and does not take into account the current situation where insurgents are stepping up both conventional attacks and explosive device and suicide attacks against Coalition forces. In addition, some analysts maintain that a 50,000 soldier force would be inadequate to confront the insurgency and defend Afghanistan's western border with Iran. Some suggest that such an approach, which might make sense from a short-term financial perspective, could result in an undermanned Afghan National Army and require an indefinite commitment of U.S. and foreign troops to provide for Afghanistan's security needs.

Beyond national security, some suggest that success of the Afghan National Army is important for other reasons. Some maintain that Afghanistan has no unifying institutions, that the Karzai government controls Kabul but not much more; that the Afghan National Police are a fundamentally corrupt organization; and that in the rural areas of Afghanistan, druglords and warlords are in charge. Some view the multi-tribal Afghan National Army as a "good place to start" to build Afghan national loyalty.

Inadequate Equipment for the Afghan National Army

With numerous reports from U.S. officials citing the poor state of the Afghan National Army in terms of equipment, it is possible that Congress might examine how the United States and NATO and Coalition countries plan to improve the equipment posture of the Afghan National Army. Taliban insurgent forces are said to be better equipped than their ANA counterparts, who reportedly ride into battle in "Ford Ranger pick up trucks, with no body armor or helmets, and who communicate with cellphones." Many analysts see little prospect for success if the ANA is not properly equipped and supported.

Counternarcotics Operations

The current U.S. military policy on counternarcotics operations and NATO's limited mandate for participating in counternarcotics operations may come under congressional scrutiny. While "burning poppy fields" and conducting combat operations on narcotics-related facilities might be too extreme a course of action for U.S. and NATO troops, a more active role short of direct action might have an impact on insurgent activities. According to one report, while the solution to the illegal opium problem requires an interdisciplinary approach due to the central role opium production plays in Afghanistan's economy, NATO [and U.S. forces] should play a greater role "in targeting drug laboratories, opium stockpiles, and trafficking routes" as this would "not only help Afghan counternarcotics efforts but also curtails the flow of drugs to Europe, which gets 90 percent of its heroin from Afghanistan." Opponents of a more active U.S. and NATO counternarcotics role could argue that these efforts would shift resources and focus away from helping to stabilize the security situation, which could undermine the credibility of the Afghan central government.

Additional Reading

CRS Report RL30588, Afghanistan: Post-Taliban Governance, Security, and U.S. Policy , by [author name scrubbed].

CRS Report RL32686, Afghanistan: Narcotics and U.S. Policy , by [author name scrubbed].

CRS Report RL33627, NATO in Afghanistan: A Test of the Transatlantic Alliance , by Vincent Morelli and [author name scrubbed].

CRS Report RL33110, The Cost of Iraq, Afghanistan, and Other Global War on Terror Operations Since 9/11 , by [author name scrubbed].