Single Audit: Survey of CFO Act Agencies
Released: 2002-03-15T00:00:00

Letter

Objectives, Scope, and Methodology

To assess how agencies are using the results of single audits, we conducted a survey of the 24 agencies subject to the CFO Act. We pretested our survey with one federal agency, solicited comments from OMB, and modified the survey based on the comments we received. The survey included two sections. The first section captured background information on agency federal awards programs, the single audit process from an agencywide perspective, and the offices within the agency that are responsible for fulfilling the task of implementing the various single audit responsibilities defined under OMB Circular A-133. The second part of the survey captured information on how agency CFO, IG, and program offices use the results of single audits in each agency’s largest grant program. We distributed the surveys to the agencies for completion. We then performed follow-up interviews with representatives from CFO, IG, and program offices to obtain, discuss, and clarify their survey responses.

Our survey results reflect the information provided by and the opinions of the agency officials who participated in our survey. We did not independently verify the responses to our questions. We received responses from all of the CFO Act agencies. One of the 24 agencies returned but did not complete the survey because it does not have grant- making authority, and, therefore, has no experience with single audits. As a result, our survey results are based on responses from 23 agencies. We conducted our work from July 2001 through December 2001, in accordance with generally accepted government auditing standards. We discussed a draft of this report with representatives from OMB and have incorporated their comments and views where appropriate.

Background

According to OMB, federal awards for fiscal year 2001 totaled about $325 billion of the $1.8 trillion federal budget. The Departments of Agriculture, Education, Health and Human Services, Housing and Urban Development, and Transportation were responsible for managing about 86 percent of the federal awards in fiscal year 2001. The Single Audit Act, as amended, established the concept of the single audit to replace multiple grant audits with one audit of the recipient as a whole. As such, a single audit is an organizationwide audit that focuses on the recipient’s internal controls and compliance with laws and regulations governing federal awards and should be viewed as a tool that raises relevant or pertinent questions rather than as a document that answers all questions. Federal awards include grants, loans, loan guarantees, property, cooperative agreements, interest subsidies, insurance, food commodities, and direct appropriations and federal cost reimbursement contracts.

The objectives of the Single Audit Act, as amended, are to promote sound financial management, including effective internal controls, with respect to federal awards administered by nonfederal entities; establish uniform requirements for audits of federal awards administered by nonfederal entities; promote the efficient and effective use of audit resources; reduce burdens on state and local governments, Indian tribes, and ensure that federal departments and agencies, to the maximum extent practicable, rely upon and use audit work done pursuant to the act.

Recipients of federal awards who expend $300,000 or more in a year are required to comply with the Single Audit Act’s requirements. In general, they must (1) maintain internal control over federal programs, (2) comply with laws, regulations, and the provisions of contracts or grant agreements, (3) prepare appropriate financial statements, including the Schedule of Expenditures of Federal Awards, (4) ensure that the required audits are properly performed and submitted when due, and (5) follow up and take corrective actions on audit findings.

OMB Circular A-133 establishes policies for federal agency use in implementing the Single Audit Act, as amended, and provides an administrative foundation for consistent and uniform audit requirements for nonfederal entities that administer federal awards. It details federal responsibilities with respect to informing grantees of their responsibilities under the act. A significant part of OMB Circular A-133 is the Compliance Supplement. This document serves as a source of information to aid auditors in understanding federal program objectives, procedures, and compliance requirements relevant to the audit, and it identifies audit objectives and suggested procedures for auditors’ use in determining compliance with the requirements. For example, it includes guidance on audit procedures applicable to 14 areas including allowable activities, allowable costs, cash management, eligibility, and reporting. (Appendix III lists and briefly describes the 14 areas.)

Organizations that must comply with the Single Audit Act, as amended, are required to submit a reporting package to the FAC. The FAC serves as the central collection point, repository, and distribution center for single audit reports. Its primary functions are to receive the SF-SAC Form—a data collection form that contains summary information on the auditor, auditee and its federal programs, and audit results—and the audit report from the auditee, archive copies of the SF-SAC Form and audit report, forward a copy of the audit report to each federal awarding agency that has provided direct funding to the auditee when the report identifies a finding relating to that agency’s awards, and maintain an electronic database that is accessible through the Internet.

In our June 1994 report, Single Audit: Refinements Can Improve Usefulness (GAO/AIMD-94-133), nearly two-thirds of the program managers we interviewed said that a database of single audit information would be a significant help in comparing information about entities operating their programs. Eighty percent of the managers said they would like to use the database to identify all entities operating their programs that had serious internal control or noncompliance problems disclosed in single audit reports.

The Single Audit Act Amendments of 1996 led to the establishment of an automated database of single audit information—the FAC database. OMB Circular A-133 requires all entities that must submit single audit reports to the FAC to prepare and submit a data collection form (SF-SAC Form) with the audit report. The FAC uses this form as the source of the information for its automated, Internet-accessibledatabase of information contained in single audit reports. The database contains about 4 years of information on over 30,000 annual single audit reports. The various data query options available provide potential users, including program managers, auditors, and other interested parties, with significant amounts of readily available information on grant recipient financial management and internal control systems and on compliance with federal laws and regulations.

Single Audit Processes in Place but Use of Results Varies Significantly among Agencies

Our survey results indicated that the CFO Act agencies have generally developed processes and assigned responsibilities to meet their requirements under the Single Audit Act, as amended. The CFO, IG, and program offices perform these activities either individually or in coordination with each other. Federal agencies indicated that they use single audit results for many purposes. The most common reported use was as a tool to monitor auditee compliance with administrative and program requirements and to monitor the adequacy of internal controls. Although agencies have identified many uses for the single audit results, our survey results show that they are generally not using the FAC automated database to obtain summary information on the audit results or the entities that are receiving funds under their programs. Rather, they reported developing their own systems or methods to obtain information from the reports.

Single Audit Processes and Awarding Agency Responsibilities

According to our survey results, agency program offices are primarily responsible for ensuring the application of the provisions set forth in OMB Circular A-133. For example, in completing the survey, program office officials indicated that they (1) ensure that award recipients are given information that describes the federal award, (2) advise recipients of other applicable award requirements, (3) advise recipients of the requirement to obtain a single audit when they expend $300,000 or more in federal awards in a year, (4) ensure that single audits are completed and the reports are received in a timely manner, and (5) follow up on issues identified in the reports that require corrective action. Specifically, 20 agency program offices responded that they ensure recipients are given the information necessary to describe the federal award and advise recipients of other applicable award information, 19 responded that they advise recipients of the requirements to obtain a single audit when they expend $300,000 or more in federal awards in a year, 19 responded that they follow up on issues that are identified in the reports that require corrective action, 17 responded that they provide information to auditors about the federal 10 responded that they ensure that single audits are completed and the reports are received in a timely manner.

Additionally, at some agencies more than one office responded that they are responsible for the application of the provisions of OMB Circular A-133.

The FAC distributes single audit reports to each federal awarding agency that has provided direct funding and for which the report identifies an audit finding related to an award managed by that agency. Based on our survey, receipt of single audit reports from the FAC and distribution of the reports to the applicable agency office is predominately the responsibility of the OIG. Our results show that 18 OIGs responded that they receive the single audit reports directly from the FAC and that they distribute them to applicable agency offices.

Audits provide important information on recipient performance and are a critical control that agencies can use to help ensure that entities that receive federal funds use those funds in accordance with program rules and regulations. Agency OIGs play a key role in this area by performing quality control reviews (QCR) to ensure that the audit work performed complies with auditing standards. Our survey results show that 10 of the CFO Act agency OIGs performed 109 QCRs during fiscal year 2001, although this total may be overstated since OIGs occasionally perform joint QCRs and our survey did not capture information on the number of times this occurred. Although the number of QCRs performed is small compared to the approximately 30,000 single audits performed annually, several OIGs conducting QCRs have identified problems with the audit work performed. For example, 7 OIGs noted problems with the internal control and/or compliance testing performed by the auditors, and 3 OIGs reported problems relating to auditor compliance with generally accepted government auditing standards.

Audit follow-up is an integral part of good management and is a shared responsibility of agency management officials and auditors. Corrective action taken by the recipient on audit findings and recommendations is essential to improving the effectiveness and efficiency of government operations. In addition, federal agencies need to ensure that recipients take timely and effective corrective action. OMB Circular A-133 notes that audit follow-up is the responsibility of the federal awarding agency. The Circular requires agencies to issue a management decision on audit findings within 6 months after receipt of the recipient’s audit report and to ensure that the recipient takes appropriate and timely corrective action.

Analysis of our survey results indicates that both the IG and program offices have a role in the audit follow-up process. For example, 15 IG and 9 program offices responded that they are responsible for reviewing reports to verify that the report contains agency program-specific information. When single audit reports do not have enough information, both IG and program offices indicated that they follow up with either the recipient or the auditor. Thirteen IG and 14 program offices stated that they follow up with the recipient, and 13 IG and 10 program offices stated they follow up with the auditor.

Program offices, on the other hand, are responsible for evaluating the corrective action plans filed by recipients to determine whether they address the audit findings. Sixteen program offices responded that they are responsible for evaluating the corrective action plans to determine whether the issues are valid and what corrective action is necessary. Furthermore, the program offices at 10 agencies stated that they rely on subsequent audits to determine whether corrective actions have been taken.

Agency Uses of Single Audits

At 22 of the agencies, officials in at least one of the CFO, IG, and/or program offices responded that they use single audits as a tool to monitor compliance with administrative and program requirements addressed in the OMB Circular A-133 Compliance Supplement and to monitor the adequacy of internal controls. Six agencies reported that the CFO, IG, and program offices all perform this function. Six agencies reported that some combination of CFO, IG, and program offices perform this function. Ten agencies reported that one office performs the function, and that office varies across the 10 agencies.

The next most frequent uses reported were for identifying leads for additional audits (18 agencies) and as a preaward check for determining how recipients managed previous awards (14 agencies). Further, they reported that the single audit reports are used in preaward checks to identify findings that may affect the program area of operations and identify questioned or unallowable costs incurred by the recipient. agencies reported that these checks may affect future awards.

Additionally, the survey results indicated that between 6 and 12 agencies use single audit results to identify leads for program office site visits (12 agencies), as support for closeout of the award (12 agencies), to hold agency program offices accountable for administrative and program compliance (12 agencies), to support the agency’s financial statements (10 agencies), and as a source of program information for the agency’s performance plan or annual accountability report (6 agencies).

As can be seen, agencies report using single audits for a number of purposes. However, between 1 and 8 agencies indicated that, for several reasons, they did not use the reports for some or all of these purposes. When asked why they did not use single audit reports, several agencies noted that their programs were too small to be covered in the scope of an audit performed under the Single Audit Act. For example, the Single Audit Act requires auditors to use combined expenditure and risk-based criteria to determine which programs to include in the scope of a single audit. Since the expenditure portion of the criteria identifies awards with large- dollar expenditures, agencies whose programs do not meet this criteria are less likely to have their programs audited during a single audit. Additionally, agencies said the single audit reports did not provide relevant information for specific purposes such as support for the agency financial statements or holding federal program offices accountable for administrative and program compliance. Other reasons provided for not using single audit reports include limited staff resources and competing priorities.

Federal Audit Clearinghouse Database Usage

Our survey results indicate that 11 agencies routinely use the FAC database and that usage is distributed among the CFO, IG, and program offices. For example, the 11 agencies indicated that they use the database to identify recipients that have incurred questioned costs, have made improper payments, or both. In addition, 8 agencies noted that they use the database to determine whether large-dollar or complex programs have significant findings such as adverse opinions on recipient compliance with program laws and regulations. Survey respondents also indicated that they use the FAC database to perform other tasks, such as tracking the status of audit-finding resolution, determining whether the recipient has filed its single audit report, a source for audit leads, identifying trends between recipients, and verifying the accuracy of the Schedule of Expenditures of Federal Awards.

Those agencies that do not use the database reported that they rely on the FAC to send them the single audit reports and that they review the hard copy reports to obtain information on the agency’s programs instead of the database.

In discussions with personnel at 4 agencies, we learned that they were unfamiliar with the FAC database and how it could be used. These officials did express interest in using the database and inquired about the availability of training.

We are sending copies of this report to the ranking minority member, Subcommittee on Government Efficiency, Financial Management and Intergovernmental Relations, House Committee on Government Reform; the chairman and ranking minority member, Senate Committee on Appropriations; the chairman and ranking minority member, House Committee on Appropriations; the chairman and ranking minority member, Senate Committee on Governmental Affairs; the chairman and ranking minority member, House Committee on Government Reform; the chairman and ranking minority member, Senate Budget Committee; and the chairman and ranking minority member, House Budget Committee. We are also sending copies of this report to the director of the Office of Management and Budget and the agency CFOs and IGs. Copies of this report will be made available to others upon request. This report will also be available on GAO’s home page (http://www.gao.gov).

Please call me at (213) 830-1065 or Tom Broderick, Assistant Director, at (202) 512-8705 if you or your staff have any questions about the information in this report. Key contributors to this report were Cary Chappell, Mary Ellen Chervenic, Valerie Freeman, Stuart Kaufman, and Gloria Hernandez- Saunders.

Agencies Subject to the Chief Financial Officers Act

Briefing on Results of Survey on CFO Act Agency Use of Single Audits

According to Office of Management and Budget (OMB) figures, federal awards for fiscal year 2001 totaled $325 billion of the $1.8 trillion budget. This assistance includes grants, loans, loan guarantees, property, cooperative agreements, interest subsidies, insurance, food commodities, and direct appropriations and federal cost reimbursement contracts.

Recipients of Federal Awards

(Fiscal Year 2001)

$325 Billion

Fiscal Year 2001 Grants by Agency to State and Local Governments According to OMB figures, the Department of Health and Human Services is responsible for managing 54 percent of the $325 billion in federal awards provided during fiscal year 2001. The Departments of Transportation, Housing and Urban Development, Education, and Agriculture are responsible for managing an additional 32 percent of federal awards.

FY 2001 Grants by Agency to State

(in billions)

Top Ten Programs for Fiscal Year 2001 According to OMB figures, the Department of Health and Human Services managed 5 of the top 10 federal awards programs in fiscal year 2001. These programs are Medicaid, Temporary Assistance for Needy Families, Head Start, Foster Care, and Child Support Enforcement. (in billions)

• Medicaid • Highway Planning and Construction • Temporary Assistance for Needy Families • Title I - Education • National School Lunch Program • Work Force Investment Act • Head Start • Special Education - States • Foster Care • Child Support Enforcement

Briefing Section II—Single Audit Processes and Awarding Agency Responsibilities Organizations Performing Selected A-133 Responsibilities According to our survey results, agency program offices are primarily responsible for ensuring the application of the provisions set forth in OMB Circular A-133, Audits of States, Local Governments, and Non-Profit Organizations. For example, 20 agency program offices responded that they ensure that recipients are given the information necessary to describe the federal award and advise recipients of other applicable award information. Nineteen responded that they advise recipients of the requirement to obtain a single audit when they expend $300,000 or more in federal awards in a year, 19 responded that they follow up on issues that are identified in the reports that require corrective action, 17 responded that they provide information to auditors about the federal program, and 10 responded that they ensure that single audits are completed and that the reports are received in a timely manner. Additionally, at some agencies more than one office responded that they are responsible for the application of the provisions of OMB Circular A-133. For example, the chief financial officer (CFO) and inspector general (IG) offices are involved in providing information to auditors performing single audits and in addressing issues that require corrective action.

While the majority of agencies hold program offices responsible for such tasks, 3 agencies established a separate function within the CFO’s office to ensure proper oversight of federal awards. While these agencies award relatively small amounts of federal money, they felt it was important to maintain proper oversight.

Agencies responded that the primary way they promote compliance with OMB Circular A-133 is by mandating it in regulations, agency policy directives, or guidance on grants administration, and by including it in the grant award document.

Organizations Performing Selected A-133

Provide recipients the information necessary to describe the federal award. Advise recipients of other applicable award requirements and provide information as requested. Advise recipients of the requirement to obtain a single audit when they expend $300,000 or more in federal awards in a year. Address issues that are identified in single audit reports that require corrective action. Provide information to auditors on agency programs as requested. Ensure single audits are completed and reports are received in a timely manner.

NOTE: Rows do not add across to total agencies because we received responses from multiple offices within an agency.

Briefing Section II—Single Audit Processes and Awarding Agency Responsibilities Organizations Performing Selected A-133 Responsibilities OMB Circular A-133 requires the Federal Audit Clearinghouse (FAC) to distribute single audit reports to the federal agencies. The FAC distributes reports to each federal agency that provides federal awards and for which the report identifies an audit finding related to an award managed by that agency. Based upon our survey, receipt of single audit reports from the FAC and distribution of the reports within the agency are predominately Office of Inspector General (OIG) responsibilities. Our results show that 18 OIGs receive the single audit reports directly from the FAC and distribute them to applicable agency offices.

Under OMB Circular A-133, federal award recipients are assigned either a cognizant agency for audit or an oversight agency for audit, depending on the amount of federal awards they expend. The agency that provides the predominant amount of direct funding to a recipient is responsible for carrying out the functions of the cognizant or oversight agency, unless OMB makes a specific cognizant agency for audit assignment. The cognizant agency for audit is required to conduct quality control reviews (QCR) of selected audits made by nonfederal auditors.

Organizations Performing Selected A-133

Receive single audit reports from the FAC.

Distribute single audit reports to the applicable agency office.

Obtain or conduct QCRs of selected audits made by nonfederal auditors, and provide the results, when appropriate, to other interested organizations.

NOTE: Rows do not add across to total agencies because we received responses from multiple offices within an agency.

Briefing Section II—Single Audit Processes and Awarding Agency Responsibilities Analysis of our survey results indicates that both the IG and program offices are responsible for the audit follow-up process. For example, 15 IG and 9 program offices responded that they are responsible for reviewing reports to verify that the report contains agency program-specific information. When single audit reports do not have enough information, both IG and program offices follow up with either the recipients or the auditor. Thirteen IG and 14 program offices stated they follow up with the recipient, and 13 IG and 10 program offices stated that they follow up with the auditor.

Program offices, on the other hand, are responsible for evaluating the corrective action plans filed by recipients to determine whether they address the audit findings. As shown on the accompanying slide, 16 program offices responded that they are responsible for evaluating the corrective action plans to determine their validity. Furthermore, the program offices at 10 agencies stated that they rely on subsequent audits to determine if corrective actions have been taken.

To facilitate follow-up procedures, automated or manual audit tracking systems are necessary. The results of our interviews show that most agencies use a tracking system to track single audit findings.

Single Audit Follow-up Process

NOTE: Rows do not add across to total agencies because we received responses from multiple offices within an agency.

Briefing Section III—How Agencies Use Single Audits Agency Uses of Single Audits Review of the surveys indicated that one or more offices at 22 agencies use single audits as a tool to monitor compliance with administrative and program requirements and to monitor the adequacy of recipients’ compliance with internal controls. Five agencies reported that the CFO, IG, and program offices all perform these functions. Six agencies reported that some combination of CFO, IG, and program offices perform them and 11 agencies reported that one office performs this function.

Our results also indicate that many agency personnel read all single audit reports they receive to identify noncompliance with program requirements or inadequacy of internal controls.

NOTE: Rows do not add across to total agencies because we received responses from multiple offices within an agency.

Briefing Section III—How Agencies Use Single Audits Agency Uses of Single Audits Single-audit-report leads for follow-on work can come from a review of the entity’s financial statements or the auditor’s findings. Further, while single audit report findings are supposed to be corrected by the entities, some findings may indicate problems that need further investigation to be fully understood and effectively resolved. Thus, information from single audit reports may indicate the possible need for follow-on audits or additional review and analysis by program officials or both.

Eighteen agencies responded that they use single audits as a source of leads for additional audits. Fourteen agencies said they use single audits as a preaward check to determine how the recipient managed previous awards. These agencies responded that single audit reports are used in preaward checks to identify findings that may affect the program area of operations, questioned or unallowable costs incurred by the recipient, and findings that may affect future awards.

Program officials at 12 agencies responded that single audits are used as a source of leads to select recipients for program site visits. Twelve agencies said they used single audit reports as support for award closeout.

Agency Uses of Single Audits

Briefing Section III—How Agencies Use Single Audits Agency Uses of Single Audits Survey results indicate that 12 of the 24 CFO agencies use single audit results to hold agency program offices accountable for administrative and program compliance. Ten agencies responded that they use single audit reports to support the agency’s financial statements. Six agencies responded that they used the results of single audits as a source of program information for the agency’s performance plan or annual accountability report.

Agency Uses of Single Audits

Briefing Section III—How Agencies Use Single Audits Why Agencies Do Not Use Single Audit Reports As indicated in the preceding slides, agencies use single audits for a number of purposes. However, between 1 and 8 agencies indicated that, for several reasons, they did not use the reports for these purposes. When asked why they did not use single audit reports for a particular purpose, between 4 and 8 agencies noted that their programs were too small to be covered by the Single Audit Act. For example, the Single Audit Act requires auditors to use combined expenditure and risk-based criteria to determine which programs to include in the scope of a single audit. Since the expenditure portion of the criteria identifies awards with large-dollar expenditures, agencies whose programs do not meet this criteria are less likely to have their programs audited during a single audit. Additionally, between 2 and 8 agencies said that the single audit reports did not provide relevant information for specific uses. Other reasons provided for not using single audit reports included limited staff resources (2 to 5 agencies), and competing priorities (1 to 3 agencies).

Why Agencies Do Not Use Single Audit Reports

Briefing Section IV—Use of Federal Audit Clearinghouse Database Uses of Federal Audit Clearinghouse Database Our survey results indicate that 11 agencies routinely use the FAC database and that usage is distributed among the CFO, IG, and program offices. For example, 11 agencies indicated that they use the database to identify recipients that have incurred questioned costs, have made improper payments, or both. In addition, 8 agencies noted that they use the database to determine whether large-dollar or complex programs have significant findings such as adverse opinions on recipient compliance with program laws and regulations. Survey respondents also indicated that they use the FAC database to perform other tasks, such as tracking the status of audit-finding resolution, determining whether the recipient has filed its single audit report, a source for audit leads, identifying trends between recipients, and verifying the accuracy of the Schedule of Expenditures of Federal Awards.

Those agencies that do not use the database rely on the FAC to send them the single audit reports and review the reports to obtain information on the agency’s programs instead of using the database to obtain such information.

In discussions with agency personnel at four agencies, we learned that they were unfamiliar with the FAC and how it could be used. These officials did express interest in using the database and inquired about the availability of training.

Uses of Federal Audit Clearinghouse Database

to determine whether multiple agency programs have similar audit issues called “finding categories” to identify recipients that have incurred questioned costs, made improper payments, or both to determine how many recipients have recurring findings to determine whether large-dollar or complex programs have significant findings such as adverse opinions on recipient compliance with program laws and regulations to study the findings of subrecipients (A subrecipient is a nonfederal entity that expends federal awards received from a pass-through entity to carry out federal programs.)

NOTE: Rows do not add across to total agencies because we received responses from multiple offices within an agency.

OMB Circular A-133 Compliance Supplement Requirements

Presented below are the 14 types of compliance requirements that the auditor shall consider in every audit conducted under OMB Circular A-133.

Activities allowed or unallowed are unique to each federal program and are found in the laws and regulations and the provisions of the contract or grant agreements pertaining to the program.

OMB Circulars A-87, Cost Principles for State, Local and Indian Tribal Governments; A-21, Cost Principles for Educational Institutions; and A-122, Cost Principles for Non-Profit Organizations prescribe the cost accounting policies associated with the administration of federal awards managed by states, local governments, Indian tribal governments, educational institutions, and nonprofit organizations.

Requires that recipients follow procedures to minimize the time elapsing between the transfer of funds from the U.S. Treasury and payment by the recipient.

Requires that all laborers and mechanics employed to work on construction projects over $2,000 financed by federal assistance funds be paid prevailing wage rates.

The specific requirements for eligibility are unique to each federal program and are found in the laws and regulations and the provisions of the contract or grant agreements pertaining to the program.

Equipment and real property management Requires real property acquired by nonfederal entities with federal award funds be used for the originally authorized purpose and may not be disposed of without prior consent of the awarding agency.

The specific requirements for matching, level of effort, and earmarking are unique to each federal program and are found in the laws and regulations and the provisions of the contract or grant agreements pertaining to the program.

Where applicable, federal awards may specify a time period during which the nonfederal entity may use the federal funds. A nonfederal entity may charge to the award only costs resulting from obligations incurred during the funding period and any preaward costs authorized by the awarding agency.

Nonfederal entities are prohibited from contracting with or making subawards to parties that are suspended or debarred from contracting with the federal government.

Requires that program income be deducted from program outlays unless otherwise specified in agency regulations or the terms and conditions of the award.

Requires that the provisions specified in the Uniform Relocation Assistance and Real Property Acquisition Policies Act of 1970, as amended, are adhered to when persons are displaced from their homes, businesses, or farms by federally assisted programs.

Requires that each recipient report program outlays and program income on a cash or accrual basis, as prescribed by the awarding agency.

Requires that pass-through entities monitor subrecipients. Monitoring activities may include reviewing reports submitted by subrecipients, performing site visits, reviewing the subrecipients single audit results, and evaluating audit findings and the corrective action plan.

Special tests and provisions are unique to each federal program and are found in the laws and regulations and the provisions of the contract or grant agreements pertaining to the program.

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