Export Promotion: Better Information Needed about Federal Resources
Released: 2013-08-14T00:00:00

Letter

Background

Responsibility for designing and carrying out federal export promotion programs is widely dispersed. Numerous federal agencies have offices across the country and overseas and operate a wide variety of programs that are intended, at least in part, to assist U.S. companies in entering foreign markets or expanding their presence abroad. For example, agencies provide companies with information on market opportunities and help them connect with potential buyers abroad, provide access to export financing, and negotiate with other countries to lower trade barriers.

The dispersion of export promotion activities among numerous agencies led us to observe in a 1992 report that “funding for … agencies involved in export promotion is not made on the basis of an explicit government- wide strategy or set of priorities. Without an overall rationale it is unclear whether export promotion resources are being channeled into areas with the greatest potential return.” In 1992, Congress passed the Export Enhancement Act of 1992, which directed the President to establish the TPCC. The TPCC is chaired by the Secretary of Commerce, and its day- to-day operations are carried out by a secretariat that is housed in Commerce’s International Trade Administration. The TPCC has 20 members, including 7 core members. Oversight of these agencies is dispersed across many congressional committees. Table 1 identifies the authorizing and appropriating subcommittees with jurisdiction over the seven core TPCC agencies.

We have reviewed the TPCC’s operations on several occasions since its creation in 1992. We have found that the TPCC and its member agencies have improved coordination in several areas, but we also found shortcomings in the committee’s response to the budget-related portions of its mandate. In 2002, we observed that the Secretary of Commerce, as the chair of the TPCC, made recommendations to the President, through OMB, on selected export promotion budget matters on multiple occasions. However, with no authority to reallocate resources among member agencies and occasional agency resistance to its guidance, the TPCC provided limited direction over the use of export promotion resources in support of its strategies. We also noted that the TPCC had not used its National Export Strategies to examine how agencies’ resources aligned with their goals, and we recommended that the TPCC consistently do so. The TPCC agreed with our findings and recommendation. However, in 2006 we determined that the committee had not implemented our recommendation; we found that the committee’s annual strategies did not review agencies’ allocation of resources in relation to identified priorities. In 2009, we observed that the TPCC’s most recently published National Export Strategy continued to lack an overall review of agency resource allocations relative to government-wide priorities.

Export promotion has recently been emphasized as a high priority for the federal government. In his 2010 Executive Order announcing the NEI, the President emphasized that creating jobs and sustainable economic growth in the United States was his top priority, and that increasing exports was a critical component of those efforts. He also laid out eight priority areas to be addressed through the NEI. OMB subsequently identified the NEI’s goal of doubling U.S. exports as one of 14 interim crosscutting priority goals under the GPRA Modernization Act. Additionally, as part of his 2013 and 2014 budget proposals, the President proposed consolidating six departments and agencies involved in export promotion into one new cabinet-level department.

In his directives regarding the NEI, the President established a new body, the Export Promotion Cabinet, to develop and implement the initiative. The Export Promotion Cabinet is coordinated by a White House official, has most of the same member agencies as the TPCC, and is to coordinate its efforts with the TPCC. Among other things, the President tasked the Export Promotion Cabinet to work with the TPCC to determine how resources should be allocated. In particular, a February 2012 Presidential Memorandum instructed the Export Promotion Cabinet, in consultation with the TPCC, to evaluate the current allocation of federal government resources, make recommendations to the Director of OMB for their more effective allocation, and propose a unified federal trade budget, consistent with the administration’s priorities, to the Director of OMB as part of the annual process for developing the President’s budget.

The TPCC Does Not Report or Collect Information on How Resources Align with Priorities

National Export Strategies Outline Priorities, but Do Not Identify Associated Resources

The Export Enhancement Act states that the TPCC’s strategies should establish a set of priorities for federal export promotion activities and propose a unified federal trade promotion budget that supports the plan. Additionally, we have previously reported that one of the six characteristics of an effective interagency national strategy is that it identifies the resources needed to carry out the strategy. Specifically, an effective national strategy should address what it will cost, the sources and types of resources and investments needed, and where resources and investments should be targeted based on balancing risk reductions with costs.

The most recent National Export Strategies, published in 2011 and 2012, outline federal priorities for export promotion, but provide little information on member agencies’ resources for carrying out these priorities. Both strategies outline progress made toward the eight NEI priorities and identify specific areas federal agencies will focus on in the coming year. In fact, the 2011 strategy includes the NEI recommendation to “increase the budget for trade promotion infrastructure” as one of five critical recommendations on which TPCC agencies would focus. However, these strategies do not provide summary information on the total resources available for export promotion and do not discuss how resources are currently allocated across priorities. Without this information, decision makers lack a clear understanding of the total federal resources being dedicated to export promotion activities, and it is not possible to assess the appropriate levels or allocations of export promotion resources.

The 2011 and 2012 strategies contain very limited discussions on agencies’ export promotion resources, consisting only of a few bullets that broadly discuss agencies’ budget requests. For example, figure 1 reproduces in its entirety the section in the 2012 report titled “The Administration’s FY2013 Trade Promotion Budget.” The section includes three bullets relating to agencies’ requested export promotion budgets for 2013, but provides no context on the total federal export promotion budget or on the budgets of the individual agencies it discusses. The first bullet, for example, notes that the President’s budget proposed $30.3 million in additional funding for the U.S. and Foreign Commercial Service’s overseas export promotion activities. However, it does not indicate what the Commercial Service’s baseline budget is, whether the increase supports specific priorities laid out in the strategy, or whether resources could be shifted from existing Commerce activities, or from other agencies, to meet these needs. The remaining bullet points do not tie specific funding requests to individual agencies. The second bullet states that the fiscal year 2013 President’s budget seeks “support” for SBA’s Office of International Trade without stating what amount of funding, if any, SBA is requesting. The final bullet point simply states that five other core TPCC agencies seek a total increase of $19 million over 2012 funding levels.

Despite the current emphasis on export promotion as a high-priority goal, the level of detail on agencies’ budgets presented in the TPCC’s National Export Strategies has decreased. During much of the 1990s, the TPCC provided trade promotion budget information by agency and by activity, noting as it did so that presenting meaningful information across agencies was difficult because of the variety of programs involved. The strategies provided in-depth tables on how agency resources were allocated, for example, the 1997 report included 44 pages of material on this topic. After 2000, the TPCC stopped reporting budget information in such depth. The National Export Strategies from 2002 through 2008 provided only a summary budget table that presented information on each agency’s total budget authority for export promotion activities. As already noted, the most recent reports have eliminated these summary budget tables. Figure 2 compares the budget information presented by the TPCC in 1996, 2004, and 2012.

TPCC secretariat officials acknowledged that the amount of budget information presented in the National Export Strategies has declined and that the TPCC members currently place little emphasis on displaying or discussing agencies’ resources. They noted that changes in the political and budget environment over time have affected the TPCC’s processes. First, TPCC secretariat officials said that in the early 2000s, the TPCC shifted its focus away from resources in favor of efforts to improve the management of existing programs. For example, in 2003, a TPCC secretariat memo to member agencies stated that, given the budget environment, agencies should assume their budgets would be flat. The TPCC recommended that agencies look for opportunities to leverage resources through coordination or by sharing costs. Because the TPCC anticipated that members’ appropriations would not be increasing, secretariat officials stated that the TPCC largely stopped talking about or examining resources. Officials further noted that, while the NEI has generated enthusiasm for export promotion, the TPCC’s current focus remains on better managing and coordinating existing resources. Second, TPCC secretariat officials also stated that because final appropriations have not been passed until later in the fiscal year, it has been more difficult to collect up-to-date budget data. Finally, though GPRA sought to improve agency management and reporting processes, TPCC secretariat officials indicated that, as member agencies increasingly worked to comply with the law in 1999, it hindered their ability to do crosscutting analyses. Officials found that agencies focused on their own specific core priorities and on developing agency-specific performance plans, which complicated the TPCC’s ability to obtain and track export promotion budgets.

The Budget Data the TPCC Collects Are Not Useful for Assessing Resource Allocations

The TPCC Collects Some High- Level Budget Data

The TPCC periodically collects summary data on agencies’ total budget authority for export promotion activities with OMB’s assistance. According to OMB staff, OMB asks agencies’ budget offices to self-identify their activities that relate to export promotion and compile a summary budget number. OMB resource management offices typically review the numbers provided by the agencies to ensure they are reasonable. Table 2 below reproduces the last table publicly released by the TPCC in its 2008 National Export Strategy, including its footnotes.

According to OMB staff, OMB only compiles this information when requested by the TPCC, and the committee last requested this data in the spring of 2011. Because the TPCC opted not to make these data public in that year’s National Export Strategy, OMB staff did not fully review them. Therefore, OMB staff requested that we not publish the data collected in 2011. We nevertheless examined the more recent information the TPCC provided us, which included actual budget data for the same member agencies as shown in table 2 from fiscal years 1994 through 2010 and agencies’ requested budget for fiscal years 2011 and 2012. The TPCC used the same process to collect data in 2011 that it used for the 2008 National Export Strategy. Therefore, our discussion below, which identifies several significant issues impacting the reliability and usefulness of the data, focuses on the 2011 update but also generally applies to the data presented in table 2. According to TPCC secretariat officials, the committee has initiated efforts to further update this information, but officials have not indicated whether they plan to make it public as part of a future National Export Strategy.

The data the TPCC collects are not useful for assessing the allocation of export promotion resources. To be useful for assessing how agencies’ resources are allocated, data should, among other things, be consistent and sufficiently comprehensive for the intended purpose. Moreover, collaborating agencies would need to use compatible methods to track funding. Additionally, we have reported on the importance of agencies providing appropriate levels of detail in budgeting documents. For example, prior to the creation of the Department of Homeland Security, we noted that crosscutting funding data provided in an OMB annual report on combating terrorism had limited utility for decision makers, in part because it did not include data on obligations or on duplication in programs for combating terrorism. We identified several issues with the TPCC’s most recent data, from 2011, and determined that the data are neither consistent across agencies nor comprehensive enough to indicate how resources are allocated across priorities or the overall cost of carrying out the National Export Strategy.

Agencies use different definitions: According to TPCC secretariat and OMB staff, each agency independently defines export promotion and self-identifies the activities to include in its export promotion budget. The TPCC’s data include few explanatory notes about how each agency’s budget was computed, making it difficult to compare numbers across agencies or understand what activities are included for each agency. In fact, TPCC secretariat officials were not always certain what each agency’s number represented. Because agencies use different definitions, there is no assurance that TPCC’s data treat similar activities consistently. For example, SBA, OPIC, and Ex-Im all provide some form of export financing, but the TPCC’s data for these agencies represent three different aspects of their budgets. SBA’s data show the administrative expenses for its Office of International Trade, which is responsible for its export loan programs. OPIC’s data capture the agency’s total impact on the federal budget but do not provide any indication of the costs of operating its financing programs. Ex-Im’s data show the appropriations for its Office of Inspector General, but do not include any information on the costs of operating its financing programs or the agency’s total impact on the federal budget.

The reasons for including or excluding agencies are not always clear: An example of the lack of clarity in how the TPCC treats member agencies is that its summary budget table does not include USAID, noting that it does not do so because the agency’s activities support trade promotion indirectly. However, the TPCC’s data include OPIC, which also focuses on international development and only indirectly supports exports. Moreover, the TPCC’s table continues to include other agencies, such as the Department of the Treasury, which do not directly fund trade promotion activities. Nonetheless, as we noted in 2006, portions of several National Export Strategies continued to highlight export promotion programs involving USAID. According to TPCC secretariat officials, member agencies decide whether or not they have export promotion programs and whether to provide resource data.

The data are not detailed enough to align with priorities: The TPCC’s summary budget table presents data at a very high level, with one number for each agency, and provides no information on specific activities or programs. Without greater detail, it is not possible to understand whether or how agency resources are aligned with the priorities laid out in the National Export Strategy and National Export Initiative. Some TPCC member agencies conduct activities in more than one priority area. For example, among other activities, Commerce supports U.S. business in conducting trade missions and also works to reduce barriers to trade, both of which are priority areas in the National Export Initiative. Among its many activities, USDA supports the goals of increasing exports by small and medium-sized enterprises and increasing export credit available to U.S. businesses. Because it only presents information at a high level, the TPCC’s table does not allow users to understand how federal resources are being allocated across these, or other, priority areas.

The data are not current: The TPCC’s data are not comprehensive because they do not include current information about agencies’ resources. The TPCC last updated its information in April 2011 and that summary budget table reflected agency budget requests for fiscal year 2012. The President released his fiscal year 2013 budget request in February 2012. Nonetheless, the latest data collected by the TPCC do not reflect fiscal year 2013 requests, nor do they show actual data for 2011, or estimates for 2012. Moreover, because the TPCC opted not to include the data in its National Export Strategy, OMB staff never fully vetted the data collected in 2011. Therefore, the most recent fully vetted data on federal export promotion resources are from 2008.

Budget authority data does not fully reflect costs of all agencies’ programs: Finally, the TPCC’s use of total budget authority data provides an incomplete picture of the costs of some agencies’ programs. For example, OPIC is self-funded through receipts collected on its financing activities and has a net negative budget authority, meaning it returns money to the U.S. government. However, it does receive annual instructions from Congress on the amount of money it can spend on administrative and program expenses for its financing programs. While the TPCC’s use of total budget authority data may accurately represent one aspect of an agency’s impact on the overall federal budget allocated for export promotion, it is not sufficiently detailed to fully understand the agency’s contributions toward export promotion. For example, the TPCC’s number does not indicate the costs associated with operating OPIC’s financing programs or how much financing its budget supports.

Without consistent and comprehensive information on export promotion resources, the TPCC cannot accurately assess the levels and allocation of resources among agencies. Thus, decision makers in Congress and the administration do not have full information about the U.S. government’s investment in export promotion and cannot determine whether resources are being allocated to the highest priority areas. Further, without information on export promotion resources, neither the TPCC nor the Export Promotion Cabinet can make informed recommendations about their appropriate allocation across agencies. Additionally, the Export Enhancement Act requires the TPCC to identify overlap and duplication among export promotion programs. However, as we have reported, it is difficult to gauge the magnitude of the federal commitment to a particular area of activity or assess the extent to which federal programs are duplicative without a clear understanding of the costs of implementing those programs and the activities they support.

According to TPCC secretariat officials, the TPCC does not provide any guidance to agency officials on what budget information should be reported or how agencies should determine which activities should be included as export promotion. In the past, the TPCC provided guidance on the information member agencies should submit on their export promotion budgets. We reported that the data presented by the TPCC fostered a better understanding of historic and potential expenditures.

The lack of clear TPCC guidance makes it difficult for agencies to provide, and for the committee to collect, comparable budget information. Without clear guidance, TPCC agencies use different definitions for export promotion in compiling budget information. Many agencies’ programs have multiple objectives, some of which are directly related to export promotion and some of which are not. For example, USDA’s export promotion programs also fulfill domestic agricultural objectives. According to OMB staff, this makes it challenging to clearly determine what activities should be considered export promotion. OMB staff stated that TPCC secretariat and OMB staff have had some preliminary discussions about developing standardized definitions of what activities should be considered export promotion and how data should be reported. However, these discussions are in the early stages, and the TPCC would need to decide what information it wants to include in the National Export Strategies before moving forward.

Similarly, the TPCC does not supply guidance that could help clarify what level of detail agencies should provide to them. As the TPCC noted in its 2000 National Export Strategy, its ability to collect and present detailed budget information is limited by agencies’ abilities to generate comparable data within their varied accounting structures. In developing guidance, the TPCC could work with member agencies to determine a reasonable level of detail and identify the limitations of the data. For example, in 2000, the TPCC provided details on agencies’ expenditures in major federal export promotion areas, such as combating foreign export subsidies. However, they included a caveat that detailed budget numbers below the overall agency total can be difficult to validate and should only be used as an indication of the resources available for each area.

There are lessons to be learned from other bodies coordinating crosscutting government programs and facing similar challenges. For example, like the TPCC, the Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP) has a statutory requirement to develop a national strategy and propose a consolidated budget to implement that strategy. ONDCP’s process for developing the National Drug Control Strategy and its associated budget is not a perfect comparison for the TPCC because ONDCP has different authorities for reviewing and suggesting changes to member agencies’ budgets. However, its process for collecting and compiling data can highlight the usefulness of providing clear and detailed guidance. ONDCP provides detailed guidance to relevant agencies on how to assemble budget information. Its guidance includes a sample budget table that identifies the level of detail agencies should provide, including a list of the functions, such as corrections or interdiction, agencies should report on. ONDCP’s guidance also defines those functions and identifies which activities should be included in each function. In 2011, we reported that, while drug control agency officials raised some concerns about ONDCP’s budget process, officials at 4 of 6 agencies stated that it was somewhat or very effective at providing a record of national drug control expenditures, among other things.

Clear guidance can help overcome challenges and make the data collected by interagency groups more useful for understanding how resources are currently allocated across agencies and activities, as illustrated by the ONDCP example. The TPCC’s lack of guidance impedes the collection of accurate, comprehensive, and consistent information necessary to understand how resources are allocated among priorities. Without clear guidance, TPCC agencies are using nonstandardized definitions to identify activities that relate to export promotion and are not clear about what level of detail is required.

Conclusion

In announcing the National Export Initiative, the President not only reemphasized the importance of exports to the U.S. economy, but specifically highlighted the need to understand and coordinate federal resources for export promotion. However, the TPCC does not provide decision makers—including Congress and the Export Promotion Cabinet—with information that provides a clear understanding of how resources are currently allocated across the country and around the world among its member agencies or across federal export promotion priorities. In fact, the amount of information the TPCC has reported on agencies’ resources has declined. The TPCC has responded to the National Export Initiative by reporting on efforts to address established priorities and working to improve interagency coordination, but the committee currently places almost no emphasis on understanding the federal resources dedicated to implementing the National Export Strategy, as is called for in good practices. In the absence of clear guidance, the data the TPCC collects are not comparable across agencies and not comprehensive enough to allow the TPCC to determine how resources are currently allocated in support of priority activities. Furthermore, without better resource data, neither the TPCC nor the Export Promotion Cabinet can make informed recommendations about how federal resources should be allocated. As policymakers review the success of the NEI and consider the President’s request for authority to consolidate trade agencies in a single department, it is important to understand how federal resources are being spent. Without consistent and comprehensive information on export promotion resources—presented transparently through the TPCC’s annual strategies—decision makers in Congress and the administration cannot determine whether the return on the federal investment in export promotion is adequate or make informed decisions about future resource allocations.

Recommendations for Executive Action

To improve the consistency, comprehensiveness, and transparency of information provided to Congress and policymakers on the federal investment in export promotion programs, the Secretary of Commerce, as chair of the TPCC, should 1. develop and distribute guidance for member agencies on what information they should provide the TPCC on the resources they spend on export promotion activities, and 2. report in its National Export Strategies on how resources are allocated by agency and aligned with priorities.

Agency Comments and Our Evaluation

We provided drafts of this report to the Secretary of Commerce, as chair of the TPCC, and to OMB. In written comments reprinted in appendix II, the Director of the TPCC Secretariat generally concurred with our recommendations on behalf of the Secretary and stated that they intend to work with TPCC member agencies and the Export Promotion Cabinet to implement them. In particular, they plan to create a new TPCC Budget Working Group to establish a robust TPCC role in assessing the appropriate levels and allocation of resources among agencies, as called for in its mandate. TPCC Secretariat officials provided technical comments and suggested corrections and clarifications that we incorporated, when appropriate. Nevertheless, the Director noted the TPCC’s limited authority over budget reporting and resource allocations, including its inability to compel member agencies to provide budget and resource information. He gave examples of some challenges they face, including shifts in the political and budgetary landscape and how different Administrations and Congresses have emphasized different priorities over time. However, he said the TPCC Secretariat will work within its existing authorities with TPCC agencies to address our recommendations.

We support the establishment of a TPCC Budget Working Group and note that implementing the requirements of the Export Enhancement Act of 1992 is the responsibility of the committee, as comprised of the member agencies, under the leadership of the Chair and with the support of the secretariat. TPCC member discussions that improve the consistency, comprehensiveness, and transparency of information provided to Congress and policymakers can help overcome such challenges, facilitate well-informed resource decisions, and better support the National Export Initiative and the Export Promotion Cabinet.

We also requested comments on a draft of this report from OMB. On June 21, OMB’s Office of General Counsel provided us with comments via e-mail. OMB noted that, while export promotion budgetary data have not been presented in a public document since the 2008 National Export Strategy, OMB annually compiles and reviews current and proposed resources across TPCC agencies that are devoted to export promotion and trade activities, as part of the development of the President’s budget. OMB further stated that it uses these data to ensure prudent government- wide allocation of export promotion-related resources and strong support for the President’s export promotion agenda, but that because these data are internal, pre-decisional, and deliberative, OMB does not share the cross-agency table outside of OMB, nor does it publish this information as part of the President’s budget or related materials. However, OMB commented that it consults with a number of officials, including the Assistant to the President and Deputy National Security Advisor for International Economics, as head of the Export Promotion Cabinet, when recommending export-promotion related resources in the President’s budget.

We acknowledge that OMB conducts a review as part of the annual agency budget formulation process. However, this activity is distinct from the TPCC’s budget-related requirements in the Export Enhancement Act. As OMB notes, its activities are internal and deliberative and not shared outside OMB, including with the TPCC Secretariat or its member agencies. Thus, OMB’s process is not transparent to Congress or to other relevant parties and does not benefit from activities that could improve the consistency or comprehensiveness of this information.

As agreed with your office, unless you publicly announce the contents of this report earlier, we plan no further distribution until 28 days from the report date. At that time, we will send copies to the Secretary of Commerce (in her capacity as Chairman of the TPCC), as well as the Director of OMB, interested congressional committees, and other interested parties. In addition, the report will be available at no charge on the GAO website at http://www.gao.gov.

If you or your staff have any questions about this report, please contact me at 202-512- 8612 or gianopoulosk@gao.gov. Contact points for our offices of Congressional Relations and Public Affairs may be found on the last page of this report. GAO staff who made major contributions to this report are listed in appendix IV.

Appendix I: Scope and Methodology

This report assesses the extent to which the Trade Promotion Coordinating Committee (TPCC) currently compiles and reports information on how budgetary resources are aligned with established export promotion priorities.

To address this objective, we analyzed the laws and presidential directives that define what is required of the TPCC as an interagency coordinating body. These included the Export Enhancement Act of 1992, which directed the President to establish the TPCC; the 1993 Executive Order which established the TPCC in accordance with the 1992 act; the 2010 Executive Order announcing the National Export Initiative (NEI); and a subsequent (2012) Presidential Memorandum providing further instruction on Export Promotion Cabinet and TPCC collaboration to maximize the effectiveness of Federal trade programs. We also reviewed GAO’s guidance regarding data reliability and examined alternate models and good practices for coordinating and managing multi-agency initiatives as described in other GAO reports, including those covering the Government Performance and Results Act (GPRA) of 1993 and the GPRA Modernization Act of 2010. We reviewed the annual “National Export Strategy” reports to Congress that the TPCC has produced since its inception, focusing in particular on those prepared since the NEI was announced in 2010, as well as TPCC memoranda documenting efforts to compile and report budget information and develop a federal trade promotion budget. We also interviewed staff of the TPCC Secretariat, which is housed in the Department of Commerce, and staff of the Office of Management and Budget (OMB).

To assess the reliability and usefulness of budget data collected by the TPCC, we took a number of steps, including (1) reviewing the data for internal consistency; (2) comparing TPCC’s data table with select agency budget documents, including Congressional Budget Justifications, appropriations bills, and agency financial or annual reports; (3) reviewing past GAO work on the TPCC’s budget; and (4) interviewing knowledgeable TPCC secretariat and OMB staff. Based on this assessment, we identified numerous issues with the TPCC’s data, as discussed in detail in this report. We present the TPCC’s data in the report only to illustrate our assessment of the data.

We conducted this performance audit from February 2013 to July 2013 in accordance with generally accepted government auditing standards. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain sufficient, appropriate evidence to provide a reasonable basis for our findings and conclusions based on our audit objectives. We believe that the evidence obtained provides a reasonable basis for our findings and conclusions based on our audit objectives.

Appendix II: Comments from the Trade Promotion Coordinating Committee

Appendix III: GAO Contact and Staff Acknowledgments

GAO Contact

Staff Acknowledgments

In addition to the contact named above, Adam Cowles, Assistant Director; Michael McAtee, Analyst-in-Charge; Kara Marshall; and Karen Deans made key contributions to this report.

Related GAO Products

Export Promotion: Small Business Administration Needs to Improve Collaboration to Implement Its Expanded Role. GAO-13-217. Washington, D.C.: January 30, 2013.

National Export Initiative: U.S. and Foreign Commercial Service Should Improve Performance and Resource Allocation Management. GAO-11-909, Washington, D.C.: September 29, 2011.

International Trade: Effective Export Programs Can Help In Achieving U.S. Economic Goals. GAO-09-480T. Washington, D.C.: March 17, 2009.

Export Promotion: Trade Promotion Coordinating Committee’s Role Remains Limited. GAO-06-660T. Washington, D.C.: April 26, 2006.

Export Promotion: Mixed Progress in Achieving a Governmentwide Strategy. GAO-02-850. Washington, D.C.: September 4, 2002.

Export Promotion: Federal Agencies’ Activities and Resources in Fiscal Year 1999. GAO/NSIAD-00-118. Washington, D.C.: April 10, 2000.

Export Promotion: Issues for Assessing the Governmentwide Strategy. GAO/T-NSIAD-98-105. Washington, D.C.: February 26, 1998.

National Export Strategy. GAO/NSIAD-96-132R. Washington, D.C.: March 26, 1996.

Export Promotion: Governmentwide Plan Contributes to Improvements. GAO/T-GGD-94-35. Washington, D.C.: October 26, 1993.

Export Promotion: Initial Assessment of Governmentwide Strategic Plan. GAO/T-GGD-93-48. Washington, D.C.: September 29, 1993.

Export Promotion Strategic Plan: Will It Be a Vehicle for Change? GAO/T-GGD-93-43. Washington, D.C.: July 26, 1993.

Export Promotion: Governmentwide Strategy Needed for Federal Programs. GAO/T-GGD-93-7. Washington, D.C.: March 15, 1993.

Export Promotion: Federal Programs Lack Organizational and Funding Cohesiveness. GAO/NSIAD-92-49. Washington, D.C.: January 10, 1992.