Emergency Management: FEMA's Disaster Recovery Efforts in Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands
Released: 2019-07-11T00:00:00

Letter

Background

FEMA’s Public Assistance Program

FEMA’s Public Assistance program provides grant funding to state, territorial, local, and tribal governments as well as certain types of private nonprofit organizations to assist with responding to and recovering from presidentially-declared major disasters or emergencies. As shown in figure 3, Public Assistance grant funds are categorized broadly as “emergency work” or “permanent work.” Within these broad categories are separate subcategories. In addition to the emergency work and permanent work categories, the program includes category Z, which represents indirect costs, direct administrative costs, and any other administrative expenses associated with a specific project.

FEMA’s Public Assistance program also provides grant funding for cost- effective hazard mitigation measures to reduce or eliminate the long-term risk to people and property from future natural and man-made disasters and their effects. For example, a community that had a fire station damaged by a disaster could use Public Assistance grant funding to repair the facility and incorporate additional measures such as installing hurricane shutters over the windows to mitigate the potential for future damage.

FEMA, the state or territorial government (the recipient), and local or territorial entities (the subrecipient) work together to develop projects under the Public Assistance program. After a project has completed FEMA’s review process and is approved, FEMA obligates funding for the project by placing money into an account where the recipient has the authority to draw down—or withdraw—funding to pay the subrecipient for eligible work upon completion.

The Public Assistance Alternative Procedures Program in Puerto Rico and the USVI

The Sandy Recovery Improvement Act of 2013 authorized the use of alternative procedures in administering the Public Assistance program, thereby providing new flexibilities to FEMA, states, territories, and local governments for debris removal, infrastructure repair, and rebuilding projects using funds from this program. Unlike in the standard Public Assistance program where FEMA will fund the actual cost of a project, the Public Assistance alternative procedures allow awards for permanent work projects to be made on the basis of fixed-cost estimates to provide financial incentives for the timely and cost-effective completion of work.

Under these procedures, if the actual cost of the project exceeds the fixed-cost estimate agreed upon by FEMA and the recipient, the recipient or subrecipient is responsible for the additional costs at the time of the close-out process. However, if the actual cost of completing eligible work for a project is below the estimate, the recipient may use the remaining funds for additional cost-effective hazard mitigation measures to increase the resilience of public infrastructure. In addition, these funds may also be used for activities that improve the recipient’s or subrecipient’s future Public Assistance operations or planning.

In October 2017, Puerto Rico requested, and FEMA approved, the use of the alternative procedures program for all large-project funding for Public Assistance permanent work projects in categories C through G. Although FEMA had approved alternative procedure grants in 30 states as of April 2018, in these cases, alternative procedures were used on a project-by-project basis. Puerto Rico’s recovery from the 2017 hurricanes is the first recovery to use alternative procedures for all large permanent work projects. In addition, in July 2018, FEMA approved a request from the Governor of the USVI to transition to using the Public Assistance alternative procedures program for permanent work in the territory. Unlike in Puerto Rico, the USVI may pursue the alternative procedures on a project-by-project basis.

FEMA Had Obligated $5.6 Billion and $1.8 Billion in Public Assistance Grant Funding in Puerto Rico and the USVI, Respectively, as of April 2019

As of April 2019, FEMA had obligated a total of about $7.4 billion in grant funds for Public Assistance projects in both Puerto Rico and the USVI. Specifically, as shown in figure 4, FEMA obligated approximately $5.6 billion for 1,264 Public Assistance projects in Puerto Rico, including approximately $5.1 billion (90 percent) for emergency work (categories A and B) and $377.7 million (7 percent) for permanent work in categories C through G).

Puerto Rico had expended approximately $3.5 billion—about 61 percent of total Public Assistance grant obligations in Puerto Rico—as of April 2019. Ninety-six percent of the expended amount went toward emergency work projects in categories A and B while just over one percent went toward permanent work projects. The majority of FEMA’s obligations and the funding Puerto Rico expended as of April 2019 are for emergency work because these projects began soon after the disasters struck and focused on debris removal and providing assistance to address immediate threats to life and property. In contrast, permanent work projects take time to identify, develop, and ultimately complete as they represent the longer-term repair and restoration of public infrastructure.

In the USVI, FEMA had obligated approximately $1.8 billion for 583 Public Assistance projects across the territory, as of April 2019. Similar to Public Assistance grant funding in Puerto Rico, the majority of funding FEMA obligated and the USVI expended was in emergency work categories A and B. Specifically, FEMA obligated approximately $1.1 billion (63 percent) for emergency work (categories A and B) and $587.3 million (33 percent) for permanent work (categories C through G) in the territory (see fig. 5).

Of the $1.8 billion FEMA obligated for Public Assistance projects, the USVI had expended approximately $982.4 million as of April 2019. Specifically, the USVI had expended about $808.1 million (82 percent) for emergency work projects in categories A and B and $163.1 million (17 percent) for permanent work projects in categories C through G.

Emergency work. As of April 2019, FEMA had obligated a total of approximately $6.2 billion for emergency work projects in Puerto Rico and the USVI—including about $5.1 billion in Puerto Rico and $1.1 billion in the USVI. These projects focused on debris removal activities and providing assistance to address immediate threats to life and property. For example, as of April 2019, FEMA had obligated $138.9 million for projects focused on debris removal activities in the USVI under category A. This included $45.9 million to the USVI Department of Public Works for USVI-wide debris removal efforts and $39.1 million to the USVI Water and Power Authority for these activities in St. Croix (see fig. 6).

In another example, FEMA obligated more than $140.0 million to the Puerto Rico Aqueducts and Sewer Authority under category B to fund emergency protective measures, including using back-up generators to supply water to the island after Hurricane Maria, among other things.

Further, as of April 2019, FEMA had obligated $1.1 billion in Puerto Rico and $278 million in the USVI to fund the Sheltering and Temporary Essential Power pilot program. This program, which is implemented as a subprogram under Public Assistance program category B, is intended to provide essential repairs or restore power to private residences to allow affected individuals to return or remain in their homes, thereby reducing the demand for other shelter options. We are continuing to assess this program as part of our ongoing work on recovery efforts in the USVI.

Permanent work. As of April 2019, FEMA had obligated approximately $965.0 million for permanent work projects in Puerto Rico and the USVI— including about $377.7 million in Puerto Rico and $587.3 million in the USVI. These projects focused on the restoration of disaster-damaged infrastructure or systems. For example, under category C, FEMA obligated $137.6 million for projects in Puerto Rico focused on the permanent repair of roads and bridges, such as the severely damaged road shown in figure 7 below.

In addition, under category E, FEMA obligated $39.2 million and $67.7 million for projects in Puerto Rico and the USVI, respectively, focused on repairing and rebuilding damaged public buildings and equipment, such as the schools shown in figure 8 below.

Further, under category F, FEMA obligated $504.9 million for projects in the USVI to repair damaged utilities. Specifically, FEMA obligated $481.8 million—or 95 percent of this total—through the standard Public Assistance program for projects focused on territory-wide permanent electrical distribution system repairs. This includes replacing damaged wooden utility poles with more resilient composite fiberglass poles that can withstand 200 mile per hour winds as well as power transmission lines and transformers (see fig. 9).

Puerto Rico and the USVI Have Established Recovery Offices to Oversee and Monitor Recovery Efforts

As the recipients of federal disaster funding, Puerto Rico and the USVI are responsible for monitoring and overseeing the Public Assistance program to ensure it is implemented in compliance with applicable laws, regulations, and requirements as well as FEMA policies and guidance. To address these responsibilities, Puerto Rico and the USVI established recovery offices to manage recovery activities and funding, including through the Public Assistance program.

Puerto Rico’s Central Office for Recovery, Reconstruction, and Resilience Has Developed Internal Controls to Oversee Recovery Funds

In March 2019, we reported that Puerto Rico, in accordance with Amendment 5 to the President’s disaster declaration, established the Central Office for Recovery, Reconstruction, and Resilience (COR3) to oversee federal recovery funds. We also reported that COR3 was developing an internal controls plan to help ensure better management and accountability of the funds. According to FEMA officials, FEMA instituted a manual reimbursement process due to Puerto Rico’s financial situation, weaknesses in internal controls, and the large amount of recovery funds, among other things, to mitigate risk and help ensure financial accountability. However, from our ongoing work on Puerto Rico’s disaster recovery efforts, we have learned that, on April 1, 2019, FEMA removed the manual reimbursement process and began a transition to allow the central recovery office to take responsibility for the review and reimbursement approval of federal recovery funds.

We have also learned from our ongoing work that, in March 2019, COR3 released the Disaster Recovery Federal Funds Management Guide. Among other things, the guide outlines COR3’s roles and responsibilities and the internal controls COR3 put in place to oversee the recovery. For example, COR3 will identify, procure, and administer all federal, territorial, and private resources available to Puerto Rico related to recovery. In addition, it will provide oversight of subrecipients using risk-based monitoring, offer technical assistance, and advise Puerto Rico’s governmental agencies and municipalities regarding any matter related to recovery. COR3 continues to update its online transparency portal intended to provide a breakdown of FEMA Public Assistance and other federal funding obligated for disaster recovery in Puerto Rico.

The USVI Established the Office of Disaster Recovery to Monitor and Oversee Recovery Efforts

According to our preliminary observations, in February 2019, the USVI established the new Office of Disaster Recovery. This office serves as the primary territorial agency responsible for overseeing all disaster recovery efforts and funding in the territory, and coordinates across all USVI governmental agencies and other pertinent entities. According to USVI officials, following the 2017 hurricanes, key USVI agencies did not have enough employees with the knowledge and expertise necessary to staff recovery-related positions and effectively manage the implementation of recovery efforts. To address this challenge in the short-term, the USVI government hired two contractors in December 2017—Witt O’Brien’s, LLC and Ernst & Young Puerto Rico, LLC—to assist the territory in planning, developing, implementing, and overseeing Public Assistance program projects, among other responsibilities. The Director of the Office of Disaster Recovery told us that while contractor personnel had been valuable in augmenting the USVI’s management capacity in the short term, the territory’s longer-term vision included the establishment of the Office of Disaster Recovery to centrally manage all aspects of federal recovery in the territory.

Among other things, the Office of Disaster Recovery is responsible for taking on the USVI’s monitoring and oversight responsibilities for the Public Assistance program in the long term. This includes tracking and reporting on the progress of projects and overseeing reimbursement requests for completed work to ensure compliance with applicable laws and FEMA policies. As of March 2019, the Director of the Office of Disaster Recovery told us the priority is to quickly hire and train qualified individuals to staff the new agency. FEMA officials in the USVI stated that the establishment of the Office of Disaster Recovery and the USVI’s ongoing efforts to hire local residents into recovery-related positions represented a positive step forward in increasing the territory’s capacity to oversee recovery efforts. We will continue to review the monitoring and oversight of recovery efforts in Puerto Rico and the USVI in our ongoing work.

Public Assistance Challenges Remain in Puerto Rico and USVI, However FEMA has Taken Some Actions to Improve Program Implementation

Our prior and ongoing work highlight the challenges with implementing the Public Assistance program—and the alternative procedures—in Puerto Rico and the USVI. In particular, our prior and ongoing work have identified challenges related to (1) the clarity of FEMA’s guidance for the Public Assistance program, (2) the time and resources needed to transition to FEMA’s new Public Assistance program delivery model in Puerto Rico, (3) the implementation of flexibilities provided by the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2018, and (4) developing fixed-cost estimates. FEMA has taken some actions, including issuing additional guidance and developing specific training, among other things, to improve Public Assistance implementation in Puerto Rico and the USVI. However, it is too soon to assess their effectiveness in addressing these issues.

Clarity of Guidance. In March 2019, we reported that officials from FEMA, COR3, and municipalities said they experienced initial challenges with the recovery process, including concerns about lack of experience and knowledge of the alternative procedures; and concerns about missing, incomplete, or conflicting guidance from FEMA on the alternative procedures. In addition, in our June 2019 testimony statement we continued to report on these challenges and preliminary observations from our ongoing work indicate that these challenges continue. For example, officials from Puerto Rico’s government agencies told us they did not feel they had sufficient guidance on the FEMA Public Assistance program and where they did, written and verbal FEMA guidance was inconsistent or conflicting. For instance, officials from one agency expressed their desire for more FEMA guidance communicated in writing as FEMA officials would frequently interpret existing guidance differently. Similarly, officials from two agencies described situations where they had initially been directed to follow one interpretation of a policy, only to be directed to follow a different, conflicting interpretation in the subsequent months. Puerto Rico agency officials also stated that the lack of sufficient instruction led to a “back and forth” with FEMA for clarifications, which led to delays in the phases of project development. For example, officials from one Puerto Rico government agency stated that conflicting verbal instructions from several FEMA officials contributed to delays in opening the bidding process for recovery-related contracts. FEMA officials in Puerto Rico stated that the agency has developed specific guidance for disaster recovery in Puerto Rico and that there are various ways, such as in-person meetings, where officials from Puerto Rico can obtain clarification. FEMA officials also reported that they developed additional training for new FEMA employees. We are continuing to examine this issue as part of our ongoing review of Puerto Rico’s recovery.

FEMA’s new delivery model in Puerto Rico. In May 2019, FEMA’s Federal Disaster Recovery Coordinator for Puerto Rico announced that FEMA was transitioning to using the new Public Assistance program delivery model in Puerto Rico beginning on June 3, 2019. Among other things, the implementation of the new delivery model establishes a new Consolidated Resource Center in Puerto Rico to support grant development for disaster recovery across all recovery sectors and geographic branches. Following the hurricanes, FEMA implemented a program delivery model developed specifically for Puerto Rico which included, among other things, a sector-based approach which coordinated recovery resources across the federal interagency, private sector, and nongovernmental organizations to identify and complete proposed work. According to FEMA officials, the decision to transition from the initial delivery model to the new delivery model in Puerto Rico was due to improvements made since its nationwide deployment in 2017. In response, COR3 officials raised concerns about the scope of the changes and potential challenges with the amount of time and resources needed to transition to the new delivery model.

The Bipartisan Budget Act of 2018. We reported in June 2019 that in both Puerto Rico and the USVI, FEMA and local officials have reported challenges with the implementation of the flexibilities authorized by section 20601 of the Bipartisan Budget Act. This section of the Act allows for the provision of assistance under the Public Assistance alternative procedures to restore disaster-damaged facilities or systems that provide critical services—such as medical and educational facilities— to an industry standard without regard to pre-disaster condition. Officials from Puerto Rico’s central government stated that they disagreed with FEMA’s interpretation of the types of damages covered by section 20601 of the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2018. In response, FEMA officials in Puerto Rico stated they held several briefings with Puerto Rico’s central recovery office to explain FEMA’s interpretation of the section. In addition, FEMA officials in the USVI told us that initially, they had difficulty obtaining clarification from FEMA headquarters regarding how to implement key components of section 20601 of the Act. Further, USVI officials stated that at times, the appropriate process for implementing components of the Act was not clear and that ensuring program participants understood its key components was difficult. However, FEMA officials in the USVI stated that they continue to move forward with developing alternative procedures projects. USVI officials also told us that FEMA had been responsive and helpful in identifying its options for using the new flexibilities the Act provides.

Developing Fixed-Cost Estimates. Preliminary observations from our ongoing work indicate that as of May 2019, FEMA had obligated funding for four alternative procedures program projects in Puerto Rico and two projects in the USVI. FEMA officials in Puerto Rico and the USVI stated that the ongoing development of a “cost factor” for use in the fixed-cost estimating process has slowed the pace of FEMA obligations for permanent work projects. Specifically, these factors are intended to ensure that the costs associated with implementing projects in Puerto Rico and the USVI are sufficiently captured when developing the fixed- cost estimates for alternative procedures projects. Since incorporating the cost factor into the fixed-cost estimating process will increase the amount of funding obligated for any given permanent work project, FEMA officials explained that Puerto Rico and the USVI have an incentive to delay the obligation of individual projects until this factor is finalized. For example, FEMA officials in the USVI told us in May 2019 that obligations for permanent work projects in the territory were mostly on hold until the USVI-specific cost factor was finalized. As of June 2019, the cost factors for use in both Puerto Rico and the USVI had not yet been finalized.

According to FEMA guidance, the Puerto Rico-specific cost factor is being developed by a third-party center of excellence comprising personnel selected by FEMA and Puerto Rico, through COR3. In March 2019, we reported that while FEMA had identified and chosen personnel, COR3 had not yet finalized its hiring of personnel to staff the center of excellence, which resulted in delaying the cost estimation process. Through our ongoing work we learned that, as of June 2019, COR3 had identified and hired personnel to staff the center; however, FEMA and COR3 have not come to agreement on a cost estimation approach. Further, according to FEMA officials, no timeline has been established for the completion of the center of excellence’s standard operating procedures for developing fixed-cost estimates for permanent work projects in Puerto Rico.

In addition, according to FEMA officials, the USVI-specific factor is being developed by an independent contractor. FEMA officials told us that territorial officials disagreed with the initial cost factors this contractor proposed and contended the factors were insufficient in accurately capturing the unique circumstances that influence construction costs in the territory, such as the limited availability of local resources and the need to import materials and labor. As of June 2019, these officials told us the contractor was developing a third and final cost factor for potential incorporation into the fixed-cost estimation process in the USVI. Despite these delays, FEMA officials in the USVI stated that they continue to work with territorial officials to develop alternative procedures projects in the territory. They added that once the cost factor is finalized and incorporated into FEMA’s fixed-cost estimating process, FEMA and the USVI will be well positioned to quickly finalize these projects and obligate funding. However, we reported in June 2019 that the territory plans to take a cautious approach in pursuing permanent work projects using the Public Assistance alternative procedures program. Specifically, USVI officials we interviewed told us that developing fixed-cost estimates for alternative procedures projects that accurately incorporate the future impact of inflation and increases in materials and labor costs for certain projects was difficult. Further, these officials stated that since the territory is financially responsible for any costs that exceed these fixed-cost estimates, the USVI plans to pursue alternative procedures projects that do not include high levels of complexity or uncertainty to reduce the risk of cost overruns, especially given its already difficult financial situation.

As established in FEMA guidance, Puerto Rico’s deadline for finalizing fixed-cost estimates for permanent work projects using the alternative procedures—and the Bipartisan Budget Act, as applicable—is October 2019. Since Puerto Rico must use the alternative procedures for all large permanent work, all fixed-cost estimates for Public Assistance program permanent work projects in Puerto Rico must be finalized by this date, or, according to FEMA officials, Puerto Rico must request that FEMA extend this deadline on a project-by-project basis. In contrast, the USVI has the flexibility to pursue either the alternative procedures or the standard procedures on a project-by-project basis. As the USVI’s deadline for finalizing these projects is in March 2020, it is too early gauge the extent to which the alternative procedures will play a role in the USVI’s long-term recovery strategy.

We will continue to evaluate these identified challenges and any efforts to address them, as well as other aspects of recovery efforts in the USVI and Puerto Rico, and plan to report our findings in late 2019 and early 2020, respectively.

Thank you, Chairman Payne, Ranking Member King, and Members of the Subcommittee. This concludes my prepared statement. I would be happy to respond to any question you may have at this time.

GAO Contact and Staff Acknowledgments

If you or your staff has any questions concerning this testimony, please contact Christopher P. Currie at (404) 679-1875 or curriec@gao.gov. Contact points for our Offices of Congressional Relations and Public Affairs may be found on the last page of this statement. Key contributors to this statement were Joel Aldape (Assistant Director), Bryan Bourgault, Aaron Gluck, Taylor Hadfield, Brian Lipman, and Amanda Prichard. In addition, Eric Hauswirth, Susan Hsu, Tracey King, Taylor Matheson, Amanda Miller, Heidi Nielson, and Kevin Reeves made contributions to this statement. Key contributors for the previous work on which this statement is based are listed in each product.

Appendix I: GAO Products Previously Issued on Emergency Management

2017 Disaster Relief Oversight: Strategy Needed to Ensure Agencies’ Internal Control Plans Provide Sufficient Information. GAO-19-479 (Washington, D.C.: June 28, 2019).

Emergency Management: FEMA Has Made Progress, but Challenges and Future Risks Highlight Imperative for Further Improvements, GAO-19-617T (Washington, D.C.: June 25, 2019).

Emergency Management: FEMA Has Made Progress, but Challenges and Future Risks Highlight the Imperative for Further Improvements, GAO-19-594T (Washington, D.C.: June 12, 2019).

Disaster Assistance: FEMA Action Needed to Better Support Individuals Who Are Older or Have Disabilities. GAO-19-318 (Washington, D.C.: May 14, 2019).

Disaster Contracting: Actions Needed to Improve the Use of Post- Disaster Contracts to Support Response and Recovery. GAO-19-281 (Washington, D.C.: April 24, 2019). 2017 Hurricane Season: Federal Support for Electricity Grid Restoration in the U.S. Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico. GAO-19-296 (Washington, D.C.: April 18, 2019).

FEMA Grants Modernization: Improvements Needed to Strengthen Program Management and Cybersecurity. GAO-19-164 (Washington, D.C.: April 9, 2019).

Disaster Recovery: Better Monitoring of Block Grant Funds Is Needed. GAO-19-232 (Washington, D.C.: March 25, 2019).

Puerto Rico Hurricanes: Status of FEMA Funding, Oversight, and Recovery Challenges. GAO-19-256 (Washington, D.C.: March 14, 2019).

Huracanes de Puerto Rico: Estado de Financiamiento de FEMA, Supervisión y Desafíos de Recuperación. GAO-19-331 (Washington, D.C.: March 14, 2019).

High-Risk Series: Substantial Efforts Needed to Achieve Greater Progress on High-Risk Areas. GAO-19-157SP (Washington, D.C.: March 6, 2019).

U.S. Virgin Islands Recovery: Status of FEMA Public Assistance Funding and Implementation. GAO-19-253 (Washington, D.C.: February 25, 2019). 2017 Disaster Contracting: Action Needed to Better Ensure More Effective Use and Management of Advance Contracts. GAO-19-93 (Washington, D.C.: December 6, 2018).

Continuity of Operations: Actions Needed to Strengthen FEMA’s Oversight and Coordination of Executive Branch Readiness. GAO-19-18SU (Washington, D.C.: November 26, 2018).

Homeland Security Grant Program: Additional Actions Could Further Enhance FEMA’s Risk-Based Grant Assessment Model. GAO-18-354 (Washington, D.C.: September 6, 2018). 2017 Hurricanes and Wildfires: Initial Observations on the Federal Response and Key Recovery Challenges. GAO-18-472 (Washington, D.C.: September 4, 2018).

Federal Disaster Assistance: Individual Assistance Requests Often Granted but FEMA Could Better Document Factors Considered. GAO-18-366 (Washington, D.C.: May 31, 2018). 2017 Disaster Contracting: Observations on Federal Contracting for Response and Recovery Efforts. GAO-18-335 (Washington, D.C.: February 28, 2018).

Disaster Recovery: Additional Actions Would Improve Data Quality and Timeliness of FEMA’s Public Assistance Appeals Processing. GAO-18-143 (Washington, D.C.: December 15, 2017).

Disaster Assistance: Opportunities to Enhance Implementation of the Redesigned Public Assistance Grant Program. GAO-18-30 (Washington, D.C.: November 8, 2017).

Climate Change: Information on Potential Economic Effects Could Help Guide Federal Efforts to Reduce Fiscal Exposure. GAO-17-720 (Washington, D.C.: September 28, 2017).

Federal Disaster Assistance: Federal Departments and Agencies Obligated at Least $277.6 Billion during Fiscal Years 2005 through 2014. GAO-16-797 (Washington, D.C.: September 22, 2016).

Disaster Recovery: FEMA Needs to Assess Its Effectiveness in Implementing the National Disaster Recovery Framework. GAO-16-476 (Washington, D.C.: May 26, 2016).

Disaster Response: FEMA Has Made Progress Implementing Key Programs, but Opportunities for Improvement Exist. GAO-16-87 (Washington, D.C.: February 5, 2016).

Hurricane Sandy: An Investment Strategy Could Help the Federal Government Enhance National Resilience for Future Disasters. GAO-15-515 (Washington, D.C.: July 30, 2015).

Budgeting for Disasters: Approaches to Budgeting for Disasters in Selected States. GAO-15-424 (Washington, D.C.: March 26, 2015).

High-Risk Series: An Update. GAO-15-290 (Washington, D.C.: February 11, 2015).

Emergency Preparedness: Opportunities Exist to Strengthen Interagency Assessments and Accountability for Closing Capability Gaps. GAO-15-20 (Washington, D.C.: December 4, 2014).

Fiscal Exposures: Improving Cost Recognition in the Federal Budget. GAO-14-28 (Washington, D.C.: October 29, 2013).

Federal Disaster Assistance: Improved Criteria Needed to Assess a Jurisdiction’s Capability to Respond and Recover on Its Own. GAO-12-838 (Washington, D.C.: September 12, 2012).

Opportunities to Reduce Potential Duplication in Government Programs, Save Tax Dollars, and Enhance Revenue. GAO-11-318SP (Washington, D.C.: March 1, 2011).

Appendix II: Ongoing GAO Reviews on Emergency Management

1. Review of U.S. Virgin Islands recovery planning and progress; 2. Puerto Rico disaster recovery planning and progress; 3. 2017 wildfire response and recovery; 4. Puerto Rico electricity grid recovery after the 2017 hurricane season; 5. Mass care sheltering and feeding challenges during the 2017 6. Department of Transportation highway and transit emergency relief 7. Drinking water and wastewater utility resilience; 8. Review of disaster death count information in selected states and 9. Department of Health and Human Services disaster response efforts; 10. Disaster and climate change impacts on Superfund sites; 11. FEMA Public Assistance program fraud risk management efforts; 12. Wildland fire fuel reduction efforts; 13. Preparedness challenges and lessons learned from the 2017 14. FEMA workforce management and challenges; 15. Small Business Administration response to 2017 disasters; 16. Development of the GAO disaster resilience framework; 17. FEMA Individuals and Households Program operations and 18. National Flood Insurance Program post-flood enforcement; 19. Emergency alerting capabilities and progress; 20. National Flood Insurance Program buyouts and property acquisitions; 21. Economic costs of large-scale natural disasters and impacts on 22. Community Development Block Grants – disaster recovery; and 23. Disaster Housing Assistance Program.

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