Iraq's Agriculture: Background and Status
Released: 2003-05-13T00:00:00

RS21516 -- Iraq's Agriculture: Background and Status

May 13, 2003

Footnotes

1. (back) Ahmad, Mahmood. "Agricultural PolicyIssues and Challenges in Iraq" Short- and Medium-term Options," from Iraq's Economic Predicament ,Kamil Mahdi, Editor. Exeter Arab and Islamic Studies Series, Ithaca Press,copyright©Kamil Mahdi, 2002, pp. 179-180.

2. (back) FAOSTAT, Food and AgriculturalOrganization, United Nations, http://apps.fao.org/

Note: A hectare equals about 2.47 acres.

3. (back) PECAD, FAS, USDA. "Iraq CropProduction." January 16, 2003. http://www.fas.usda.gov/pecad/highlights/2003/01/iraq_update/index.htm

4. (back) FAOSTAT, FAO, U.N.

5. (back) In the early 1990s, cultivated areatemporarily expanded to nearly 5.5 million hectares before returning to under 4 million.

6. (back) The Iraq government reported an expansionof irrigated area to 3.525 million hectares in 1990, but this appears unlikely and is inconsistent with anecdotalreports. This reported new irrigated area could be a "euphemistic"reclassification of the government program of draining the southeast marshlands.

7. (back) Springborg, Robert. "Infitah, AgrarianTransformation, and Elite Consolidation in Contemporary Iraq," The Middle East Journal , Vol. 40, No.1, Winter 1986, pp. 33-52.

8. (back) Ibid., p. 37.

9. (back) Springborg (1986), p. 40-41.

10. (back) FAOSTAT, FAO, U.N.

11. (back) Ibid.

12. (back) U.S. General Accounting Office. Iraq's Participation in U.S. Agricultural Export Programs , NSIAD-91-76, November 1990, http://161.203.16.4/d22t8/142766.pdf

Note: under GSM-102 USDA's Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC) guarantees repayment for credit salesof 3 years or less; under GSM-103, CCC guarantees repayment for credit sales of more than 3 years but less than10 years.

13. (back) Ibid, p. 22-23.

14. (back) United Nations, Office of the IraqProgram -- Oil for Food; "About the Program: In Brief." http://www.un.org/depts/oip/background/inbrief.html

15. (back) Country Factsheet, The EconomistIntelligence Unit,

http://www.economist.com/countries/Iraq .

16. (back) The Economist , "Diggingfor defeat: Iraq," May 2, 1998, Vol. 348, No. 8066, p.44.

17. (back) U.S. Bureau of the Census,International Data Base (IDB), Iraq, Oct. 10, 2002;

http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/idbacc.html

18. (back) FAOSTAT, FAO, U.N.

19. (back) UNDP, Iraq Country Office,1999-2000 Report, June 2000.

20. (back) USDA, PSD database, April 2003. Note: during 1960-69 annual cereal production per capita averaged 249 kilograms, this fell to 177 in the 1970s, and130 in the 1980s, but had regained ground to 155 kilograms during the1990-94 period.