DOD Joint Bases: Management Improvements Needed to Achieve Greater Efficiencies
Released: 2012-11-15T00:00:00

Letter

Background

Implementation of the Joint Bases and Management Responsibilities

DOD noted in its recommendation to the 2005 BRAC Commission that all military installations employ personnel to perform common functions in support of installation facilities and personnel and that all installations execute these functions using similar or nearly similar processes. DOD’s justification for the recommendation stated that this, along with the proximity of the bases in question, allowed for significant opportunity to reduce duplication and costs by consolidating the installations. Specifically, DOD stated that savings in personnel and facilities costs could be realized by, among other things paring unnecessary management personnel, achieving greater efficiencies through economies of scale, reducing duplication of efforts, consolidating and optimizing existing and future service contract requirements, establishing a single space management authority that could achieve greater utilization of facilities, and reducing the number of base support vehicles and equipment consistent with the size of the combined facilities.

As a result, the BRAC Commission approved a modified version of DOD’s recommendation, and recommended combining 26 installations that were close to one another into 12 joint bases.

In its January 2008 joint basing implementation guidance, OSD established a schedule dividing the joint bases into two implementation phases and required that the installations complete a memorandum of agreement that would describe how the military components would work together at each joint base.among other things, Each agreement was required to outline, how the installations were to fully implement the 2005 BRAC joint how the supporting component was to deliver installation support services to the other military components at the base—called supported components—in accordance with the joint base common standards.

Table 1 identifies the location, implementation phase, and supporting military service at each of the joint bases.

The 2008 joint basing implementation guidance designated the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology, and Logistics as the official within OSD responsible for establishing overarching guidance, procedures, and policy and for providing oversight for implementation of the joint basing guidance. Within the Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology, and Logistics, the lead office for DOD’s installations and facilities is the Office of the Deputy Under Secretary of Defense (Installations and Environment), which conducts oversight of and provides guidance to the joint bases.

Joint Base Common Standards

OSD’s 2008 guidance on implementing joint basing established a set of installation support functional areas and provided for the creation of a set of joint base common standards to define the level of service expected to be provided at each joint base and in order to ensure consistent delivery of installation support services. As of April 2012, there were 280 joint base common standards grouped into 48 functional areas, such as the standard that 90 percent of law enforcement investigations be completed within 30 days, which falls under the security services functional area (see app. III for a complete list of these functional areas). Each joint base can seek approval to have deviations from the common standards, which would be outlined in its memorandum of agreement. One-third of the joint bases told us they had approved deviations from certain common standards. OSD officials stated that they have changed the joint base common standards over time to clarify or better align them with how the services are providing installation support services.

Joint Management Oversight Structure

The Joint Management Oversight Structure was established as a mechanism to provide for six levels of performance review and dispute resolution as part of managing implementation of the joint bases. Issues raised at the joint bases are first addressed at the lowest level of the structure, the local Joint Base Partnership Council, which includes officials from the supported and supporting services on each joint base. If issues are not resolved there, they are raised to higher levels of command, such as the Senior Installation Management Group, which includes the service installation commands, such as Commander, Navy Installations Command, and the Army Chief of Staff Installation Management Command. If the issues remain unresolved, they can go up through the service Vice Chiefs of Staff and finally on to OSD. See figure 1 for the oversight structure and decision chain.

DOD Has Not Developed a Plan for Achieving Joint Basing Cost Savings and Efficiencies or a Reliable Method for Tracking Costs and Estimated Savings

DOD’s recommendation to the 2005 BRAC Commission noted anticipated cost savings and efficiencies to be gained from joint basing, but OSD has not developed an implementation plan to guide joint bases in their efforts to achieve these cost savings and efficiencies. Furthermore, DOD does not have a reliable method of collecting information on the net costs or estimated savings, and efficiencies, specifically resulting from joint basing and excluding other influences on the bases’ budgets. Without a plan to guide and encourage joint bases to pursue cost savings and efficiencies and without a method to track joint basing-specific costs, savings, and efficiencies, DOD will likely miss opportunities for cost savings and continue to be unaware of the extent to which joint bases have been able to meet the objectives laid out in the 2005 BRAC recommendation on joint basing.

DOD Has Not Developed a Plan to Guide Joint Bases toward Achieving Cost Savings and Efficiencies

Officials in the Office of the Deputy Under Secretary of Defense (Installations and Environment) said they did not have a plan in place to guide the efforts to achieve cost savings and efficiencies at the joint bases because joint basing is a relatively new initiative and they are still resolving implementation issues. DOD’s 2005 joint basing recommendation estimated a 20-year savings of $2.3 billion, with $601 million in savings by the end of the implementation period in fiscal year 2011. However, the 20-year savings estimate has now decreased by nearly 90 percent, to $249 million.

We have previously reported that successful organizational transformations—such as merging components and transforming organizational cultures—in both the public and private sector, involve several key practices, including ensuring that top leadership drives the transformation, setting implementation goals and a timeline to show progress from day one, and establishing a communication strategy to create shared expectations and report related progress.

Ensuring top leadership drives the transformation. DOD leadership has not provided clear direction to joint basing officials on achieving the cost savings and efficiency goals of joint basing. Some joint basing officials told us they perceived a lack of direction from OSD about the joint basing initiative and more specifically about whether the purpose of joint basing is to meet the joint base common standards for installation support or to achieve cost savings and efficiencies. These two goals may not always be in harmony since meeting some joint standards requires a higher level of service, which can increase costs rather than save money.

Setting implementation goals and a timeline to show progress. One of DOD’s stated objectives for joint basing was to save money; however, it did not establish quantifiable and measurable objectives for how to achieve cost savings or efficiencies through joint basing, nor did it establish a timeline to achieve such goals. Such methods for achieving cost savings or efficiencies could include, for example, reducing duplication of efforts, paring unnecessary management personnel, consolidating and optimizing service contract requirements, and reducing the number of base support vehicles and equipment, among other things noted in DOD’s recommendation to the 2005 BRAC Commission.

Establish a communication strategy. DOD has not established a communication strategy that provides information to meet the needs of joint basing officials on how to achieve the joint basing goals of cost savings and efficiencies. Some joint base officials told us that they desire additional guidance about how to achieve cost savings and efficiencies.

DOD Has Developed a Method of Identifying Costs and Efficiencies on Joint Bases, but This Method Cannot Yet Accurately Isolate the Effects of Joint Basing

In addition to not having an implementation plan, DOD does not yet have a fully developed method for accurately gathering information on costs, estimated savings, and efficiencies achieved specifically as a consequence of joint basing, and as a result it does not have an estimate of the extent to which joint basing has realized actual cost savings. OSD has developed a data collection tool, called the Cost and Performance Visibility Framework, through which the joint bases report installation support performance data, including annually reporting on funds obligated to provide base support services, and officials involved in management and oversight of the joint bases can use this information to improve joint base management. In addition, OSD can measure these data against the level of funding the military services expect they would have had to obligate for installation support on the joint bases if no savings resulted from joint basing—what DOD refers to as the Cost and Performance Visibility Framework baseline. However, because of inconsistencies in the way the joint bases reported data through the framework to date, and because the data reported through the framework do not exclude costs and savings that are not specific to joint basing, OSD is not yet able to accurately isolate the effects of joint basing on the cost of providing support services. In addition, comparing support service obligations to the Cost and Performance Visibility Framework baselines does not show whether overall savings were achieved as a result of joint basing since the new support service standards themselves are a part of the joint basing initiative. Measuring against these baselines therefore does not provide a true picture of savings resulting from joint basing.

The Cost Performance and Visibility Framework is a web-based application managed by OSD which allows joint bases to report on their performance against the joint base common standards quarterly and to report on the funds obligated and manpower employed to meet the common standards annually. Various levels of the joint basing Joint Management Oversight Structure use the framework as a management tool to review and assess performance of the joint base common standards by category, service, and base, including comparing performance of the standards to the funds obligated and manpower employed to meet particular categories of standards. For example, officials can compare the funds obligated on housing on a particular joint base with the extent to which that joint base met the common standards related to housing, as well as the baseline, or anticipated cost of meeting those common standards. OSD officials told us that they use these data to identify categories of joint base common standards where the bases are performing especially well or poorly, and can compare this performance to the funds obligated relative to achievement of the standards, as well as to the baseline—the level of funding the military services anticipated they would need to obligate to meet the standards. This information provides an initial insight and a basis for further discussion at the working level with officials involved in joint base management and oversight. Through further discussion, the officials said they were able to identify the reasons why joint bases may be performing well or underperforming in particular areas relative to the funds obligated and the baseline. In turn, this allows the officials to make adjustments in funding, learn from the experiences of particular joint bases in providing support services, and improve joint base management going forward.

For fiscal year 2011, the first year all of the joint bases had completed implementation, the joint bases reported through the Cost and Performance Visibility Framework obligating a total of about $4.3 billion on support services. The military services also created baselines against which to measure these funding levels. According to these service- developed baselines the 12 joint bases’ installation services were expected to cost $5.1 billion in fiscal year 2011, as compared with the framework-reported actual cost of about $4.3 billion, for a reported savings of $800 million less than the baseline. However, this difference between the reported baselines and the installation support funding levels on the joint bases does not accurately reflect savings arising from joint basing for several reasons. First, these baselines were calculated using actual obligations in fiscal year 2008, when the joint bases were standalone bases, and were adjusted to include increases in personnel needed to meet the new joint base common standards and other expected changes, such as utility rate changes. This effectively inflated the baselines beyond what was actually obligated prior to joint basing. Therefore, while the adjusted baselines are meant to represent the projected costs to operate the newly established joint bases, they overstate the actual cost to operate the bases as compared to when they were standalone bases. As a result, these are not true baselines against which a valid comparison can be made of the cost to operate joint bases compared with standalone bases. Moreover, DOD officials noted that the adjusted baselines and the reported obligations did not always exclude one-time expenditures unrelated to the cost of providing support services, such as military construction projects, which impairs the reliability of comparisons using the obligations data. Finally, the framework does not identify when costs, savings, or efficiencies occurred specifically as a result of joint basing, as opposed to other actions such as military service- wide budget cuts. Therefore, the absence of a comparison with the funds obligated for support services on the installations prior to becoming joint bases, reliability problems in the data, and the inability to isolate joint- basing specific costs, savings, and efficiencies, limits the use of the framework as a definitive tool to identify the overall effects on cost of the joint basing initiative.

OSD officials said that they expect to correct the data reliability problems by the end of fiscal year 2012, and as joint basing continues these officials believe it will be possible to compare each year’s obligations at the joint bases against prior years’ obligations and therefore gain insight into the extent that savings and efficiencies are achieved. However, DOD officials also acknowledged that other factors have affected and will continue to affect funding levels at the joint bases, including budget- driven reductions by the military services that do not necessarily represent savings or efficiencies specifically from joint basing, and as a result, OSD may not be able to determine joint basing-specific costs and estimated savings even with its improved data collection.

We found that the individual joint bases do not systematically track cost savings and efficiencies achieved as a result of joint basing. However, some joint bases have achieved efficiencies through consolidating service contracts, combining departments, and reducing administrative overhead, and identified anecdotal examples of such efficiencies, including the following.

Joint Base McGuire-Dix-Lakehurst. Base officials told us that by combining telephone services under the existing Air Force contract, call rates were substantially reduced, and that they have saved about $100,000 annually as a result. Additionally, the officials said that consolidating nine maintenance support contracts into one has produced $1.3 million in annual savings. Joint Base Charleston. Base officials stated that information technology network upgrades resulted in improved high-speed access and annual savings of $747,000. Additionally, these officials told us that they consolidated multiple contracts for chaplains, resulting in $55,000 in annual savings. Joint Base Pearl Harbor-Hickam. Base officials told us that they have realized efficiencies and cost savings through consolidating some offices in their Morale, Welfare & Recreation Departments. Through this effort, they saved about $400,000 in fiscal year 2011 and expect those savings to increase in subsequent years.

Conversely, some joint basing officials have told us that the joint basing initiative may be increasing rather than cutting costs because in some cases the new joint base common standards require a higher level of support than was previously provided by service-specific standards. As previously noted, we reported in 2009 that the new joint base common standards required the services to fund installation support at higher-than- previous levels.

Even with the achievement of some efficiencies, the joint bases lack clear direction and impetus to identify and execute cost-saving measures because OSD has not established an implementation plan with measurable goals to track progress toward meeting the cost savings and efficiencies goals that it recommended to the 2005 BRAC Commission. In the absence of such a plan, opportunities for savings and efficiencies are likely to be missed. In addition, without a reliable method to collect data on costs or estimated savings resulting specifically from joint basing, DOD cannot identify the net savings, if any, associated with joint basing. As a result, DOD will likely remain unable to quantify the effects of the joint basing initiative and unable to evaluate whether to continue or expand joint basing.

Joint Bases Report Meeting Many Common Standards, but the Usefulness of the Standards as a Common Framework to Manage Installation Support Services Is Limited

In fiscal years 2010 and 2011 the joint bases reported meeting the common standards more than 70 percent of the time. However, the lack of clarity in some standards, the fact that unclear standards are not always reviewed and changed in a timely manner, and the fact that the data collection and reporting on the standards in some cases adhere to individual service standards rather than the common standard hinders the effectiveness of the standards as a common framework for managing installation support services. Without a consistent interpretation and reported use of the standards, the joint bases will not have reliable and comparable data with which to assess their service support levels, and OSD cannot be assured of receiving reliable and comparable data on the level of support services the joint bases are providing.

Meeting the Common Standards

According to OSD guidance, DOD developed the standards to provide common output or performance-level standards for installation support, and to establish a common language for each base support function on the joint bases. These common standards provide a common framework to manage and plan for installation support services. In quarterly reporting from 2010 and 2011 using the joint basing Cost and Performance Visibility Framework, the joint bases and various offices within the joint bases reported on whether they met the established common standards or whether the standard was either not applicable to them or not reported by them. In eight quarters of reporting, the 12 joint bases and various offices within the joint bases submitted over 53,000 reports on standards. Our analysis showed that 74 percent of these reports stated that the joint base or office met the standard, and 10 percent of the time the joint base or office did not meet standard. The other 16 percent of the time the joint bases or office reported that the standard was either not applicable to the particular joint base or office, or that the joint base or office did not report on the standard.

The functional areas of standards the joint bases most frequently reported not meeting, according to our analysis of the joint base performance reporting data, included the following.

Information technology services and management. This includes such areas as telephone services and video teleconference.

Facilities sustainment. This includes certain building restoration, modernization, and maintenance.

Command management. This includes such areas as postal services and records administration services.

Emergency management. This includes such areas as emergency notification and emergency training.

Base support vehicles and equipment. This includes shuttle bus services, and vehicle and equipment maintenance.

Based on our analysis of the reasons joint base officials reported to OSD for not meeting standards, we found that the joint bases reported a range of reasons for not meeting a given standard, such as a lack of personnel or resources, as well as the inability to meet the standard because of contract-related resourcing issues. For example, the joint base may have a contract in place for providing multimedia services, but the contract does not provide for video production, and therefore the base chooses not to meet the common standard because it would be too costly to modify the contract or let an additional contract. The most common reasons joint bases reported as to why the standard was not met, as determined by our analysis, are shown in figure 2.

In addition to the ability of the joint bases to meet the standards, joint base officials and our analysis of the comments in the common standard reporting system identified three main issues affecting the joint bases’ ability to interpret and report on base support services, regardless of whether the standards are met. These are (1) the standards are in some cases unclear, (2) the standards are not reviewed and changed in a timely manner when clarity issues arise, and (3) data in some cases are still collected in a service-specific manner that does not correspond to the common standard, or the bases are reporting according to a service- specific rather than a joint standard.

According to joint base officials, the joint base common standards in some cases are not measurable or clear. We have previously reported that key attributes of successful performance measures include a measurable target and clarity. Having a measurable target in a performance measure ensures the ability to determine if performance is meeting expectations. Clarity of a performance measure means that the measure is clearly stated and the name and definition are consistent with the methodology used to calculate it, so that data are not confusing and misleading to the users of the data. Joint basing officials provided many examples of standards that lack clarity and therefore cause uncertainty in how the standards should be reported, including the following:

One common standard requires that 100 percent of installations meet a DOD requirement for at least annual exercise testing of mass warning and notification systems. However, according to officials at Joint Base Andrews-Naval Air Facility Washington (in Maryland), there are many modes of emergency management notification and many ways to test these modes. As a result, they are unsure about how to adequately answer this common standard and therefore report it as not met.

One common standard relating to awards and decorations to recognize individual and unit achievements states that 90 percent of awards should be posted to personnel records in accordance with service-specific timeliness standards. However, the standard is not clear because, according to joint base officials, not all of the services have applicable timeliness standards. According to comments accompanying common standard reporting from officials at Joint Base San Antonio and Joint Region Marianas, no service standard defines when a posting is late, and therefore they consider this standard to always be met, regardless of when awards are posted.

One common standard requires that 60 percent of certain service vehicles be repaired within 24 hours. However, officials at Joint Base McGuire-Dix-Lakehurst said the standard was unclear because it does not take into account the priority of the vehicle. Therefore, for the purposes of the standard, a vehicle that is essential to accomplishing the base’s mission would need to be fixed within the same time frame as a non-mission-essential shuttle bus that transports personnel around the base.

One common standard related to investigations and crime prevention requires joint bases to maintain 7 days’ processing time for law enforcement information to meet legal and command requirements for adjudication and action. However, according to officials at Joint Base McGuire-Dix-Lakehurst, this standard does not specify whether the timeline is in calendar or business days. In the absence of clarification, the joint base has marked the standard as met.

According to GAO’s Standards for Internal Control in the Federal Government, information should be recorded and communicated to management and others within a time frame that enables them to carry out their responsibilities. However, according to officials at several joint bases, the OSD process to review and clarify standards does not update standards in a time frame to allow joint bases to accurately report each quarter on those standards that are unclear. OSD conducts a review of selected functional areas each year. As an example, for its most recent review for fiscal year 2012, conducted in February 2012, OSD selected the facility operations, facility investment, and information technology services management as the functional areas for review. Changes made to these standards took effect in April 2012. Joint base officials stated that since OSD selects certain functional areas to review each year and does not review standards outside those particular functional areas, standards in those functional areas that are not selected are not reviewed and clarified even though clarification in those areas may be necessary. OSD officials told us that in their most recent review, they used input from the joint bases, military services, and functional area experts within OSD to determine which functional areas of standards to review, among other inputs, such as which of the standards bases were most frequently not meeting. However, since OSD does not necessarily select all those standards to which joint bases have requested clarification and only reviews standards for possible updating once a year, changes to the standards are not implemented in time for the next quarterly reporting cycle and joint base officials in some cases are required to continue collecting data on and reporting on standards that they have difficulty interpreting.

The joint bases do not always report on the common standards in ways that produce similar results because in some cases they are using service-specific data collection methods that are unable to provide information on whether the joint standard is being met, and in some cases they are reporting on service-specific performance measures rather than the joint standard. We have previously reported that to achieve reliability in performance reporting, measurements must apply standard procedures for collecting data or calculating results so that they are likely to produce the same results if applied repeatedly to the same situation. The following are instances when joint bases may rely on data that do not support reporting on the joint base common standard or where joint bases are adhering to an individual service standard rather than the common standard.

One common standard states that joint bases should maintain a clean and healthy environment by cleaning certain restrooms three times a week, and should sweep and mop floors, vacuum carpets, remove trash, and clean walk-off mats once a week; buff floors monthly; and maintain/strip floors and shampoo carpets annually. Officials at Joint Base McGuire-Dix-Lakehurst reported not meeting the common standard because the Air Mobility Command method for data collection differs from the information needed to report on the common standard. Therefore, the joint base could be meeting the standard, but officials do not know because they are not collecting the data required to identify whether they are doing so.

One common standard related to technical drawings requires that 98 percent of requests for location data result in no incidents of misidentified data. Officials at Joint Base Pearl Harbor-Hickam reported not meeting the common standard, stating that they were not tracking this metric because the Air Force did not independently require it and they were therefore unable to know whether they met the metric.

One common standard requires that 100 percent of joint bases hold emergency management working group meetings quarterly. Joint Base San Antonio officials reported not meeting the common standard because the base is instead holding semiannual emergency management working group meetings, which officials said is in accordance with Air Force policy.

Because some of the standards are not clear and are not reviewed and changed in a timely fashion and in some cases the joint bases use service-specific data and standards rather than the joint standard, the common standards do not provide OSD and the joint bases with a common tool to ensure that the joint bases are interpreting and reporting on the standards consistently. As a result, it is not clear to what extent the joint bases are achieving the intent of the common standards, even though the joint bases report meeting the standards the majority of the time. Without a consistent interpretation and reported use of the standards, the joint bases will not have reliable and comparable data with which to assess their service support levels, and OSD cannot be assured of receiving reliable and comparable data on the level of support services the joint bases are providing.

OSD and Joint Bases Have Processes to Identify Joint Basing Implementation Challenges, but Lack of Routine Communication Limits Opportunities for Greater Efficiencies

OSD and the joint bases have various mechanisms in place to address challenges in achieving joint basing goals, but these mechanisms do not routinely facilitate the identification of common challenges among the joint bases or the development of common solutions to these challenges. Specifically, we found that the joint bases do not have a formal method of routinely sharing information among the joint bases on identified challenges and potential solutions or guidance on developing and providing training for new joint base personnel on how the joint bases provide installation support services. Without processes to identify common challenges and share information across the joint bases, and guidance on delivering consistent training to new personnel, DOD will likely miss opportunities to efficiently develop common solutions to common challenges and to reduce duplicating efforts to provide training to new personnel.

Mechanisms to Address Support Service Consolidation Challenges

OSD and the joint bases have several mechanisms in place to address challenges in consolidating installation support services at the joint bases. These include a multi-level management structure for the joint bases, annual review meetings, performance reporting, newsletters, and informal communications, as follows.

The Joint Management Oversight Structure. According to DOD guidance, challenges at the joint bases in consolidating installation support services should be addressed at the lowest possible level of the Joint Management Oversight Structure—the local joint base partnership council. Most problems are addressed between command components at an individual joint base, or by intermediate service commands, such as the Army’s Installation Management Command, according to joint base officials.

Annual management review meetings between OSD and the joint bases. As part of its management of the joint bases, OSD holds an annual meeting each February in which joint base commanders brief OSD on the status of the bases’ consolidation and any challenges that the bases may or may not have been able to address.

Joint base common standards performance reporting. The joint bases report on a quarterly basis on whether they met the common standards. As part of this reporting, the bases can provide comments identifying challenges they faced in meeting particular standards.

Joint base newsletters. OSD publishes a monthly newsletter about and for the joint bases. This newsletter highlights changes to joint basing processes, common challenges, lessons learned, and policy issues affecting joint bases. For example, the March 2011 newsletter noted that Joint Base San Antonio had combined the best practices of the various military services in consolidating motorcycle safety training. Informal communications. Joint base officials told us that they sometimes communicate implementation challenges directly to OSD officials by e-mail or telephone in order to request assistance or guidance.

Wide-ranging Implementation Challenges

In meetings and written responses, joint base officials reported facing a variety of challenges in implementing joint basing as well as implementing the specific common standards. These challenges cover a wide range of issues, from differing expectations among the military services about how particular base support services should be provided to the incompatibility of information technology systems. The following examples illustrate the range of problems joint bases have faced.

Differences in how the military services conduct snow removal have led to unexpected effort or cost for some supported components. Joint Base McGuire-Dix-Lakehurst officials told us that when the Air Force took over providing the support for the joint base, Army and Navy personnel were surprised when they had to shovel the sidewalk around their buildings because previously this service was provided by the base. By contrast, the officials said that the Air Force removes snow from roads and parking lots on base but not from sidewalks and building paths. The officials told us they had to spend additional money to contract for snow removal on sidewalks or use their own personnel to remove the snow, which diminished productivity of mission functions. While there is no joint base common standard specifically on snow removal, there is one on pavement clearance, which includes snow and ice removal, which states that joint bases should have an installation pavement clearance plan developed in accordance with best practices of the military components to meet safety and mission needs. Notes accompanying the standard state that each joint base defines its own best practices.

Services had different expectations for maintenance of building components such as alarm systems and fire extinguishers. For example, Navy officials on Joint Base McGuire-Dix-Lakehurst told us that previously, the Navy installed security systems and replaced fire extinguishers as part of base support services. However, following joint basing and the installation becoming part of an Air Force- supported base, the Air Force did not provide these services and expected building occupants to fund these services themselves.

Some supported components and tenant organizations are experiencing changed expectations and increased costs under the joint base structure, in part because of differences in the way the military services budget and pay for installation support. For example, officials of a Joint Base Pearl Harbor-Hickam tenant told us that their costs rose significantly following the transition to the joint base in order to cover expenses, such as telephone service, not previously required under the tenant’s own budget. In addition, the tenant officials stated that the different service standards under the Navy had raised their expenses.

The variety of incompatible information technology networks and other systems among the services inhibits communication and requires additional effort. For example, the absence of common information technology and communications networks hampered communications and information sharing between joint base occupants, and the bases expended significant efforts transitioning data from one service system to another.

Officials at a number of joint bases stated that they believe the individual efforts and relationships developed between the components and commands at the joint bases have facilitated consolidation of installation support services and resolution of implementation challenges. However, a number of joint base officials noted that there was no systematic process in place to identify and resolve common challenges and share information with new base personnel.

Limited Routine Communication

OSD and the joint bases have some methods to address challenges in consolidating support services, but the absence of a method for routinely communicating among the joint bases limits opportunities to jointly identify common challenges to joint basing implementation and share best practices and lessons learned in order to develop common solutions to those challenges. Because problems are first identified and addressed at the lowest level of the Joint Management Oversight Structure, which only includes officials from a given joint base, other joint bases do not become aware of these problems or the associated solutions. If joint bases are not informed of problems at other joint bases, then they cannot work together and collectively elevate issues to OSD for the purposes of identifying best practices and disseminating them to the joint bases. One joint base official noted that the information contained in the newsletters does not represent formal guidance. In addition, some joint base officials said that the annual program management reviews conducted by OSD are not sufficient to respond to day-to-day challenges faced at the joint bases. Joint base officials told us that in some cases they have obtained needed guidance through informal contacts with OSD. However, they noted that a formal, routine method of sharing information received from these sources would help to ensure consistent performance across the joint bases. Without such guidance and a mechanism to routinely share lessons learned across the joint bases, opportunities will be missed to work together to resolve common challenges and reduce duplication of effort, and the potential that joint bases may be implementing policies inconsistently will increase.

In addition, OSD has not provided guidance to the joint bases on developing training materials to be used to inform incoming personnel about the specifics of how installation services are provided on joint bases. Such guidance is needed since joint base standards may differ from standards and approaches used on standalone bases. Some components, such as the Air Force Wing Command at Joint Base Pearl Harbor-Hickam, developed their own briefings or training courses to provide information on the process of requesting and receiving installation support services and how the process is different from that of other Air Force bases. Some joint base officials stated that educating personnel about joint base-specific processes requires a great deal of effort. Because of the lack of OSD guidance on providing common training materials, the joint bases have in some cases developed their own materials, which can result in duplication of efforts and inconsistencies across the joint bases.

DOD recommended consolidation of installations into joint bases to the 2005 BRAC Commission to, among other things, reduce duplication of management and installation support services, resulting in potential efficiencies and cost savings. GAO’s Standards for Internal Control in the Federal Government states that the policies, procedures, techniques, and mechanisms that enforce management’s directives are an integral part of an entity’s planning, implementing, reviewing, and accountability for stewardship of government resources and achieving effective results. It also states that for an entity to run and control its operations, the entity must have relevant, reliable, and timely communications relating to internal events, and that information is needed throughout the agency to Without a means of identifying common achieve all of its objectives.challenges and sharing best practices and lessons learned in order to identify common solutions, DOD is likely to miss opportunities to efficiently resolve joint base challenges using common methods. In addition, without sharing guidance for new personnel, some joint bases will duplicate efforts to solve problems previously encountered elsewhere and be unable to provide uniform policies across joint bases.

Conclusions

Since 2008, OSD has consolidated installations in proximity into joint bases and established common standards for delivering installation support services at these bases. As DOD stated in its recommendation to the 2005 BRAC Commission, DOD anticipated that this effort represented a significant opportunity to reduce duplication of effort and achieve efficiencies and cost savings across the 12 joint bases. However, to date OSD has not developed and implemented a plan to guide the joint bases in achieving cost savings and efficiencies. OSD has developed and implemented a framework for collecting and reporting data on performance of joint base common standards and the funds spent and manpower used to meet those standards. However, OSD has not yet developed this framework to the point where it can isolate the costs, savings, and efficiencies resulting specifically from joint basing, excluding non-joint basing actions and using reliable data. Without this information, OSD is not in a position to know to what extent DOD has made progress toward achieving the joint basing objectives, and will be unable to evaluate whether to continue or expand joint basing. Additionally, a lack of specificity and clarity within the joint base common standards, the long process to review and adjust the standards, and the absence of consistently reported data hinder the standards’ effectiveness as a common framework or tool for managing support services. Without a consistent interpretation and reported use of the standards, OSD and the joint bases cannot ensure that they are receiving reliable and comparable data on the level of support services provided, and as a result will not have information necessary to make informed resource allocation decisions so that joint base services are delivered consistently. While OSD and the joint bases can identify challenges in implementing the joint bases, OSD has no common strategy to ensure that the joint bases routinely share information with each other on best practices and lessons learned in order to resolve common challenges. Finally, OSD has not provided guidance to ensure that bases provide consistent information to new joint base personnel to better inform them as to procedures for obtaining support services on joint bases. Without taking further steps to address these issues, DOD will likely miss opportunities to achieve cost savings and efficiencies, provide consistent levels of support services, and to work together to resolve common challenges and reduce duplication of effort across the joint bases.

Recommendations for Executive Action

To enable DOD to achieve cost savings and efficiencies and to track its progress toward achieving these goals, we recommend that the Secretary of Defense direct the Deputy Under Secretary of Defense (Installations and Environment) to take the following two actions: Develop and implement a plan that provides measurable goals linked to achieving savings and efficiencies at the joint bases and provide guidance to the joint bases that directs them to identify opportunities for cost savings and efficiencies. DOD should at a minimum consider the items identified in its recommendation to the 2005 BRAC Commission as areas for possible savings and efficiencies, including paring unnecessary management personnel, consolidating and optimizing contract requirements, establishing a single space management authority to achieve greater utilization of facilities, and reducing the number of base support vehicles and equipment.

Continue to develop and refine the Cost Performance and Visibility Framework in order to eliminate data reliability problems, facilitate comparisons of joint basing costs with the cost of operating the separate installations prior to implementing joint basing, and identify and isolate the costs and savings resulting from actions and initiatives specifically resulting from joint basing and excluding DOD- or service-wide actions and initiatives.

To improve DOD’s ability to provide a common framework for the management and planning of support services at the joint bases, we recommend that the Secretary of Defense direct the Deputy Under Secretary of Defense (Installations and Environment) to take the following two actions:

Direct the joint bases to compile a list of those common standards in all functional areas needing clarification and the reasons why they need to be clarified, including those standards still being provided or reported on according to service-specific standards rather than the common standard.

Amend the OSD joint standards review process to prioritize review and revision of those standards most in need of clarification within this list.

To increase opportunities for the joint bases to obtain greater efficiencies in developing common solutions to common challenges and reduce duplication of efforts, we recommend that the Secretary of Defense direct the Deputy Under Secretary of Defense (Installations and Environment) to take the following two actions:

Develop a common strategy to expand routine communication between the joint bases, and between the joint bases and OSD, to encourage joint resolution of common challenges and sharing of best practices and lessons learned.

Develop guidance to ensure all the joint bases develop and provide training materials to incoming personnel on how installation services are provided on joint bases.

Agency Comments and Our Evaluation

In its comments on a draft of this report, DOD stated that it does not agree that at this point in the joint bases’ development that the department should establish savings targets because they would be premature and arbitrary. DOD partially concurred with the remainder of our recommendations; however, in most instances, DOD did not identify what, if any, actions the department plans to take to implement the recommendations. DOD’s comments are reprinted in their entirety in appendix IV.

DOD did not concur with our first recommendation, to develop and implement a plan to provide measurable goals linked to achieving savings and efficiencies at the joint bases and provide guidance to the joint bases directing them to identify the savings and efficiencies. In its comments, DOD said such targets would restrict the authority of local commanders to manage the merger of the formerly standalone bases into joint bases. DOD also stated that while savings targets may be appropriate in the future, imposing savings goals would restrict the authority of the joint base commanders and burden them while implementing new organizational structures, which would unnecessarily risk negative impacts to mission support when operational effectiveness of the bases is paramount. Moreover, DOD stated that the department should continue its approach of being patient with obtaining savings and efficiencies at joint bases because this approach is working. DOD cited two cost-savings examples through personnel cuts achieved in fiscal years 2012 and 2013: the Air Force reduced civilian positions for all the joint bases for which it is the lead, and the Navy chose to not fill all of its civilian vacancies. Finally, DOD stated that the creation of the joint bases from separate installations is equivalent to the mergers of corporations with very different financial systems, management structures, operating procedures, and cultural differences. DOD has decided it is important to empower each joint base commander to design, implement, and adapt cost efficient and effective approaches to their unique situations while adopting new and cross- cutting business practices, thereby making them incubators of innovation. Therefore, DOD has decided to allow for an extended transition period and defer near-term savings.

We acknowledge that establishing joint basing is a complex undertaking, but DOD’s current position of taking a patient approach and deliberately deferring near-term savings contradicts the position it took when requesting the BRAC Commission to approve its joint basing recommendation. Specifically, in its justification to the Commission (published in our report as appendix II), DOD stated that joint basing would produce savings exceeding the cost of implementation immediately. Moreover, as our report clearly points out, DOD projected 20-year net present value savings of over $2.3 billion although the current 20-year net present value savings estimate is now about $249 million—a decrease of about 90 percent. DOD also asserted that it is achieving savings, as shown by the Air Force and Navy manpower reductions at the joint bases. However, these cuts were not the result of a purposeful effort to pare unnecessary management personnel due to the implementation of joint basing. Air Force and Navy documents and interviews with officials from these services indicate that the joint bases’ memoranda of agreement show increases in budget and civilian manpower required as a result of joint basing. Any reductions in civilian positions at the joint bases through attrition or leaving unfilled positions open are attributable to general service-wide initiatives and reductions and not joint basing The Secretary of Defense’s justification to the BRAC efficiencies.Commission requesting approval of the joint basing recommendation stated that “there is a significant opportunity to reduce duplication of efforts with resulting reductions of overall manpower and facilities requirements capable of generating savings.” We continue to believe that DOD’s justification for joint basing—the realization of savings—is attainable by developing guidance and encouraging appropriate practices, goals, and time frames. Therefore, we continue to believe our recommendation is warranted.

DOD partially concurred with our second recommendation, to continue to develop and refine the Cost Performance and Visibility Framework in order to (1) eliminate data reliability problems, (2) facilitate comparisons of joint basing costs with the cost of operating the separate installations prior to implementing joint basing, and (3) identify and isolate the costs and savings resulting from actions and initiatives specifically resulting from joint basing and excluding DOD or service-wide actions and initiatives. DOD stated that its Cost Performance and Visibility Framework already provides a method to collect quarterly data on performance towards the Common Output Level Standards, annual data on personnel assigned, and funds obligated for each joint base. However, DOD also acknowledged that there were inconsistencies in the current data captured in the Framework and that DOD is working through and improving its data reliability. DOD stated that it invested considerable effort to clarify this data and expected to have sufficient data to begin assessing joint base efficiencies by the end of fiscal year 2012. It stated that then it would be able to compare the current fiscal year financial and performance data to the baseline and previous year’s obligations. DOD also stated that it could perform an additional analysis to compare the joint bases’ baseline data with the costs of operating the separate installations prior to implementing joint basing because this information is included in annex U of each joint base’s memorandum of agreement. However, DOD also acknowledged that this comparison still would not be able to identify cost savings resulting solely from joint basing and asserted that it is impractical to isolate and distinguish joint basing cost savings from the savings that result from DOD- or service-wide actions using the data contained in its Framework. Furthermore, DOD pointed out that it did not believe that accounting systems are designed to track savings, rather they are designed to track expenses and disbursements, which DOD stated in its comments is what we concluded in a 1997 report.

We also see that the Cost Performance and Visibility Framework represents a good start on development of a system to measure joint basing performance. However, as it was being used at the time of our review, and as we clearly state in the report, it was not adequate to reliably identify any savings. First, DOD’s proposed analysis of comparing current operating costs to the baseline would not result in an accurate assessment of savings from the joint bases because DOD has included in the baseline the higher costs of implementing the higher joint basing standards, such as expected increases in personnel and higher utility rates. The baseline would not accurately reflect the cost of the standalone bases prior to the joint basing initiative. Therefore, while this analysis might show some bases spending less than the inflated baseline, it would not show if they are spending less than what they spent as standalone bases. Second, DOD’s proposed analysis to compare the current cost of joint basing documented in its framework to the cost of standalone bases as captured in annex U of the memoranda of agreement as currently planned would also produce inaccurate results. As DOD stated, this analysis would not be able to isolate any savings specific to joint basing since some savings have been made that are not directly attributable to joint basing such as the general service personnel reductions. Third, the memoranda of agreement annexes U do not consistently and clearly show the costs of operations of each base prior to joint basing and the respective transfers of funds between the services, rendering them unreliable for this analysis. Finally, we agree with DOD’s statement that our 1997 report concluded that the department’s accounting systems are not designed to track savings. However, it is for this reason that we also concluded in our 1997 report that “the absence of efforts to update projected savings indicates the need for additional guidance and emphasis from DOD on accumulating and updating savings data on a comprehensive and consistent basis,” and we so recommended it then. As we believed in 1997 and continue to believe, DOD needs to improve its ability to update savings from BRAC recommendations. Refinements to the Cost Performance and Visibility Framework would position the department to effectively measure savings from joint basing, and therefore the need for our recommendation remains.

DOD partially concurred with our third and fourth recommendations—to compile a comprehensive list of common standards needing clarification and to prioritize the review and potentially revise those standards within that list, respectively—and stated that there is already a quarterly feedback process on the joint base common standards and an annual review process that incorporates input from the joint bases. Specifically, DOD stated that standards may need changing as priorities change and missions evolve, but that the current process strikes an appropriate balance between the analytical burden of repeated reviews with the need for clarity and refinement. DOD also stated that it believes that reviewing all the standards simultaneously does not allow for the depth of analysis required to make sound decisions. DOD suggested that GAO should conduct a qualitative assessment of the standards because our findings on the need to revise its process for reviewing and clarifying its standards appear to be based on an anecdotal assessment.

While we agree with DOD that the standards need to be continually reviewed and adjusted as priorities and missions change, we found ample evidence that the individuals that report on the joint bases’ ability to meet the current standards believe some of the standards need clarification now, and that in many instances, these officials believe it is unclear what some of the standards are measuring. It is important to note that nothing in our recommendation requires DOD to review all the standards simultaneously. To the contrary, our recommendation specifically states that DOD should compile a list of standards needing clarification. In fact, because DOD has not issued any guidance to prioritize the standards, joint bases continue to report on and provide resources toward reporting on all the standards whether they are problematic or not. Lastly, DOD stated that they believed our evidence was based on an anecdotal assessment. We disagree. We conducted a comprehensive qualitative review of over 59,359 comments entered into the Cost Performance and Visibility Framework from fiscal years 2009 through 2011 and categorized them into broad themes of issues raised by the bases in reference to the Common Output Level Standards. As shown in figure 2 of our report, the need for clarity of the Common Output Level Standards was raised over 200 times by the joint bases during this timeframe. However, because DOD’s data is not adequate to permit us to specifically identify what types of clarification problems were being encountered by the bases, we supplemented our analyses with follow-up interviews to provide anecdotal examples that added some context to our analyses and described a few of the types of problems encountered. Moreover, our data suggested that DOD’s quarterly process had proven ineffective at addressing the need for clarification and review of problematic standards since some standards continue to be problematic despite the quarterly reviews which DOD asserts are working. For these reasons, we continue to believe that improvements are needed in DOD’s current process for reviewing and clarifying the common standards to address the bases reported concerns.

DOD partially concurred with our fifth recommendation, to develop a common strategy that expands routine communication between the joint bases, and between the joint bases and OSD, to encourage joint resolution of common challenges and sharing of best practices and lessons learned. DOD stated that it believed there are already mechanisms in place to facilitate routine communication between the joint bases, as well as between OSD and the joint bases, and that it is increasing those opportunities. DOD listed the various opportunities it has for sharing joint basing information, all of which we are aware:

The military services have routine communication with the joint bases and are the lead to encourage joint resolution of common challenges and sharing of best practices.

DOD chairs a working group twice a month where headquarters service representatives offer information and ideas generated during internal service meetings with joint bases.

Best practices from the bases are shared in a periodic newsletter.

OSD and the military services conduct joint base site visits each year to capture any opportunities for improvement and hosts an annual management review meeting each year with the joint base commanders.

While we recognize that DOD has facilitated communication of lessons learned and best practices, as we note in our report, because different services have the lead role in providing support services at different joint bases, best practices are not necessarily shared with all the bases across the services. DOD’s joint basing policy states that problems at the joint bases should be identified and addressed at the lowest possible level, which can include only officials at any given joint base. Thus, the majority of these issues may not be elevated to the working group but may still occur at multiple joint bases leading to duplication of effort in resolving common problems experienced in multiple locations. Moreover, those issues that are not elevated to the working group may never be relayed to other joint bases since there is no explicit policy or process in place to do so. The newsletters, which we discuss in our report, only convey a limited number of best practices, and exclude problems and solutions identified in the course of implementing joint basing. Additionally, contributions to the newsletters are not required and are not always comprehensive. Moreover, the contributions tend to highlight best practices which are good but exclude unsolved challenges, which if shared, could result in the bases jointly resolving problems or elevating them when needed to more senior leadership. As a result, some joint base officials told us that they found the newsletters to be of limited usefulness. For these reasons, we continue to believe that the joint bases could benefit from routine communication that allows them to commonly and routinely share identified challenges and possible solutions, rather than having such communication occur only sporadically or be filtered through the higher levels of the oversight structure put in place by OSD.

DOD partially concurred with our sixth recommendation, to develop guidance that would ensure all joint bases develop and provide training materials to incoming joint base personnel. DOD stated that the department will ensure each of the services is providing training materials to incoming personnel; however, joint base commanders need flexibility to tailor training to the needs of their installation. We agree that the commander of each joint base needs the flexibility to provide joint base- specific training. The intent of our recommendation is that in addition to establishing a requirement that joint bases develop training guidance and ensure training occurs at each base, OSD’s guidance should encourage the sharing of training materials across bases to reduce duplication of effort, promote commonality where appropriate, and provide a means of potentially sharing best practices. Our recommendation was not intended to require standardized training at each location. Therefore, we continue to believe that OSD-level guidance for joint bases to develop and provide training to incoming personnel is necessary to help the joint bases facilitate the provision of services on the bases and may provide a way to reduce duplication of effort and more effectively share information.

We are sending copies of this report to the appropriate congressional committees; the Secretary of Defense; the Deputy Under Secretary of Defense (Installations and Environment); the Secretaries of the Army, Navy, and Air Force and the Commandant of the Marine Corps; the Director, Office of Management and Budget; and other interested parties. In addition, the report is available at no charge on the GAO website at http://www.gao.gov.

If you or your staff have any questions about this report, please contact me at (202) 512-4523 or leporeb@gao.gov. Contact points for our Offices of Congressional Relations and Public Affairs may be found on the last page of this report. GAO staff who made key contributions to this report are listed in appendix V.

Appendix I: Scope and Methodology

In order to assess the extent to which the Department of Defense (DOD) developed and implemented a plan to achieve cost savings and efficiencies at the joint bases and tracked the costs, savings, and efficiencies resulting from joint basing, we analyzed DOD guidance related to joint base implementation, specifically looking for any measures or reporting processes on efficiencies and cost savings. We also reviewed our prior findings on key practices and implementation steps for mergers and organizational transformations. We interviewed DOD officials at the service headquarters and the Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD) to obtain information about cost savings, joint basing budget data, and guidance related to cost savings and efficiencies. We also interviewed joint basing officials at three joint bases and obtained answers to written questions from the remaining nine joint bases that we did not visit in person to obtain information on actual cost savings and efficiencies achieved and guidance and communication related to cost savings and efficiencies. We selected a nonprobability sample of three site visit locations based the following factors: (1) we chose to visit one base where each military department (Army, Air Force and Navy) had the lead responsibility for providing installation support, (2) we considered geographic diversity, (3) we chose to visit at least one base that we did not visit for our 2009 joint basing report, (4) we selected at least one joint base from each of the two phases of joint base implementation, and (5) we chose joint bases where the installations that had been combined into the joint base were directly adjacent to each other. Based on these factors, we chose to visit Joint Base McGuire-Dix-Lakehurst, Joint Base Lewis-McChord, and Joint Base Pearl Harbor-Hickam.

To evaluate the extent to which joint base common standards have provided a common framework for defining and reporting installation support services, we reviewed DOD policy and guidance related to the common standards; the standards themselves, including both functional areas and specific standards; and federal internal control standards and key elements of successful performance measures.reviewed the joint bases’ reporting on the joint base common standards for fiscal years 2010 and 2011. To determine the degree to which the standards were achieved, we analyzed the data to determine how many standards were met, not met, or determined to be not applicable. We conducted a content analysis of the comments accompanying the standards reporting from fiscal years 2010 to 2011 to identifying concerns regarding the various standards. In conducting this content analysis, we reviewed comments accompanying all reported standards, including those reported as met, not met, and not applicable. Using this analysis, we identified the most frequent reasons the joint bases provided for not meeting the standards, as well as challenges the joint bases faced in implementing and reporting on various standards. To conduct the content analysis, two analysts individually coded all comments accompanying the standards reporting into one of the 17 categories listed in table 2. After the comments were coded, a third analyst adjudicated any differences between the coding of the first two analysts.

Appendix II: BRAC Commission Recommendation on Joint Basing (Including Elements of DOD’s Recommendation to the Commission)

Appendix II: BRAC Commission Recommendation on Joint Basing (Including Elements of DOD’s Recommendation to the Commission)

Appendix III: Joint Basing Installation Support Functional Areas

The joint base common standards developed by the DOD for use by the joint bases in managing and reporting on installation support services are grouped into 48 functional areas of installation support. Table 3 shows the 48 functional areas.

Appendix IV: Comments from the Department of Defense

Appendix V: GAO Contact and Staff Acknowledgments

GAO Contact

Staff Acknowledgments

In addition to the contact named above, Laura Durland, Assistant Director; Jameal Addison; Grace Coleman; Chaneé Gaskin; Simon Hirschfeld; Gina Hoffman; Charles Perdue; Michael Silver; and Michael Willems made key contributions to this report.

Related GAO Products

Military Base Realignments and Closures: Key Factors Contributing to BRAC 2005 Results. GAO-12-513T. Washington, D.C.: March 8, 2012.

Excess Facilities: DOD Needs More Complete Information and a Strategy to Guide Its Future Disposal Efforts. GAO-11-814. Washington, D.C.: September 19, 2011.

Military Base Realignments and Closures: Review of the Iowa and Milan Army Ammunition Plants. GAO-11-488R. Washington. D.C.: April 1, 2011.

GAO’s 2011 High-Risk Series: An Update. GAO-11-394T. Washington, D.C.: February 17, 2011.

High-Risk Series: An Update. GAO-11-278. Washington, D.C.: February 2011.

Defense Infrastructure: High-Level Federal Interagency Coordination Is Warranted to Address Transportation Needs beyond the Scope of the Defense Access Roads Program. GAO-11-165. Washington, D.C.: January 26, 2011.

Military Base Realignments and Closures: DOD Is Taking Steps to Mitigate Challenges but Is Not Fully Reporting Some Additional Costs. GAO-10-725R. Washington, D.C.: July 21, 2010.

Defense Infrastructure: Army Needs to Improve Its Facility Planning Systems to Better Support Installations Experiencing Significant Growth. GAO-10-602. Washington, D.C.: June 24, 2010.

Military Base Realignments and Closures: Estimated Costs Have Increased While Savings Estimates Have Decreased Since Fiscal Year 2009. GAO-10-98R. Washington, D.C.: November 13, 2009.

Military Base Realignments and Closures: Transportation Impact of Personnel Increases Will Be Significant, but Long-Term Costs Are Uncertain and Direct Federal Support Is Limited. GAO-09-750. Washington, D.C.: September 9, 2009.

Military Base Realignments and Closures: DOD Needs to Update Savings Estimates and Continue to Address Challenges in Consolidating Supply- Related Functions at Depot Maintenance Locations. GAO-09-703. Washington, D.C.: July 9, 2009.

Defense Infrastructure: DOD Needs to Periodically Review Support Standards and Costs at Joint Bases and Better Inform Congress of Facility Sustainment Funding Uses. GAO-09-336. Washington, D.C.: March 30, 2009.

Military Base Realignments and Closures: DOD Faces Challenges in Implementing Recommendations on Time and Is Not Consistently Updating Savings Estimates. GAO-09-217. Washington, D.C.: January 30, 2009.

Military Base Realignments and Closures: Army Is Developing Plans to Transfer Functions from Fort Monmouth, New Jersey, to Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, but Challenges Remain. GAO-08-1010R. Washington, D.C.: August 13, 2008.

Defense Infrastructure: High-Level Leadership Needed to Help Communities Address Challenges Caused by DOD-Related Growth. GAO-08-665. Washington, D.C.: June 17, 2008.

Defense Infrastructure: DOD Funding for Infrastructure and Road Improvements Surrounding Growth Installations. GAO-08-602R. Washington, D.C.: April 1, 2008.

Military Base Realignments and Closures: Higher Costs and Lower Savings Projected for Implementing Two Key Supply-Related BRAC Recommendations. GAO-08-315. Washington, D.C.: March 5, 2008.

Defense Infrastructure: Realignment of Air Force Special Operations Command Units to Cannon Air Force Base, New Mexico. GAO-08-244R. Washington, D.C.: January 18, 2008.

Military Base Realignments and Closures: Estimated Costs Have Increased and Estimated Savings Have Decreased. GAO-08-341T. Washington, D.C.: December 12, 2007.

Military Base Realignments and Closures: Cost Estimates Have Increased and Are Likely to Continue to Evolve. GAO-08-159. Washington, D.C.: December 11, 2007.

Military Base Realignments and Closures: Impact of Terminating, Relocating, or Outsourcing the Services of the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology. GAO-08-20. Washington, D.C.: November 9, 2007.

Military Base Realignments and Closures: Transfer of Supply, Storage, and Distribution Functions from Military Services to Defense Logistics Agency. GAO-08-121R. Washington, D.C.: October 26, 2007.

Defense Infrastructure: Challenges Increase Risks for Providing Timely Infrastructure Support for Army Installations Expecting Substantial Personnel Growth. GAO-07-1007. Washington, D.C.: September 13, 2007.

Military Base Realignments and Closures: Plan Needed to Monitor Challenges for Completing More Than 100 Armed Forces Reserve Centers. GAO-07-1040. Washington, D.C.: September 13, 2007.

Military Base Realignments and Closures: Observations Related to the 2005 Round. GAO-07-1203R. Washington, D.C.: September 6, 2007.

Military Base Closures: Projected Savings from Fleet Readiness Centers Are Likely Overstated and Actions Needed to Track Actual Savings and Overcome Certain Challenges. GAO-07-304. Washington, D.C.: June 29, 2007.

Military Base Closures: Management Strategy Needed to Mitigate Challenges and Improve Communication to Help Ensure Timely Implementation of Air National Guard Recommendations. GAO-07-641. Washington, D.C.: May 16, 2007.

Military Base Closures: Opportunities Exist to Improve Environmental Cleanup Cost Reporting and to Expedite Transfer of Unneeded Property. GAO-07-166. Washington, D.C.: January 30, 2007.

Military Bases: Observations on DOD’s 2005 Base Realignment and Closure Selection Process and Recommendations. GAO-05-905. Washington, D.C.: July 18, 2005.

Military Bases: Analysis of DOD’s 2005 Selection Process and Recommendations for Base Closures and Realignments. GAO-05-785. Washington, D.C.: July 1, 2005.

Military Base Closures: Observations on Prior and Current BRAC Rounds. GAO-05-614. Washington, D.C.: May 3, 2005.

Military Base Closures: Updated Status of Prior Base Realignments and Closures. GAO-05-138. Washington, D.C.: January 13, 2005.

Military Base Closures: Assessment of DOD’s 2004 Report on the Need for a Base Realignment and Closure Round. GAO-04-760. Washington, D.C.: May 17, 2004.

Military Base Closures: Observations on Preparations for the Upcoming Base Realignment and Closure Round. GAO-04-558T. Washington, D.C.: March 25, 2004.

Defense Infrastructure: Long-term Challenges in Managing the Military Construction Program. GAO-04-288. Washington, D.C.: February 24, 2004.

Results-Oriented Cultures: Implementation Steps to Assist Mergers and Organizational Transformations. GAO-03-669. Washington, D.C.: July 2, 2003.

Military Base Closures: Better Planning Needed for Future Reserve Enclaves. GAO-03-723. Washington, D.C.: June 27, 2003.

Defense Infrastructure: Changes in Funding Priorities and Management Processes Needed to Improve Condition and Reduce Costs of Guard and Reserve Facilities. GAO-03-516. Washington, D.C.: May 15, 2003.

Defense Infrastructure: Changes in Funding Priorities and Strategic Planning Needed to Improve the Condition of Military Facilities. GAO-03-274. Washington, D.C.: February 19, 2003.

Defense Infrastructure: Greater Management Emphasis Needed to Increase the Services’ Use of Expanded Leasing Authority. GAO-02-475. Washington, D.C.: June 6, 2002.

Military Base Closures: Progress in Completing Actions from Prior Realignments and Closures. GAO-02-433. Washington, D.C.: April 5, 2002.

Military Base Closures: Overview of Economic Recovery, Property Transfer, and Environmental Cleanup. GAO-01-1054T. Washington, D.C.: August 28, 2001.

Military Base Closures: DOD’s Updated Net Savings Estimate Remains Substantial. GAO-01-971. Washington, D.C.: July 31, 2001.

Military Base Closures: Lack of Data Inhibits Cost-Effectiveness of Analyses of Privatization-in Place Initiatives. GAO/NSIAD-00-23. Washington, D.C.: December 20, 1999.

Military Bases: Status of Prior Base Realignment and Closure Rounds. GAO/NSIAD-99-36. Washington, D.C.: December 11, 1998.

Military Bases: Review of DOD’s 1998 Report on Base Realignment and Closure. GAO/NSIAD-99-17. Washington, D.C.: November 13, 1998.

Navy Depot Maintenance: Privatizing Louisville Operations in Place Is Not Cost-Effective. GAO/NSIAD-97-52. Washington, D.C.: July 31, 1997.

Military Bases: Lessons Learned From Prior Base Closure Rounds. GAO/NSIAD-97-151. Washington, D.C.: July 25, 1997.

Military Base Closures: Reducing High Costs of Environmental Cleanup Requires Difficult Choices. GAO/NSIAD-96-172. Washington, D.C.: September 5, 1996.

Military Bases: Closure and Realignment Savings Are Significant, but Not Easily Quantified. GAO/NSIAD-96-67. Washington, D.C.: April 8, 1996.

Military Bases: Analysis of DOD’s 1995 Process and Recommendations for Closure and Realignment. GAO/NSIAD-95-133. Washington, D.C.: April 14, 1995.

Military Bases: Analysis of DOD’s Recommendations and Selection Process for Closures and Realignments. GAO/NSIAD-93-173. Washington, D.C.: April 15, 1993.

Military Bases: Observations on the Analyses Supporting Proposed Closures and Realignments. GAO/NSIAD-91-224. Washington, D.C.: May 15, 1991.

Military Bases: An Analysis of the Commission’s Realignment and Closure Recommendations. GAO/NSIAD-90-42. Washington, D.C.: November 29, 1989.