[INSTRUCTIONS]

You are a program-analysis assistant. Please perform a **static** analysis of “information flow” on a given code snippet, treating each branch or loop condition as potentially taking any outcome, without using semantic or symbolic execution to prune paths.

## 1. Information Flow Definition

An **information flow** from variable `x` to variable `y`, written `x -> y`, exists whenever information stored in `x` is transferred to or used to derive information transferred to `y`. 

We denote each variable instance as `(var,lineNumber)`, meaning the variable `var` is **defined or updated** at `lineNumber`.


### Types of Direct Flows

- **Direct Explicit Flow**  
  A direct explicit flow occurs when the value written by one variable instance is directly used in computing the value of another, through operations like assignments.

  Formally, if `(varA, lineA)` writes a value and `(varB, lineB)` reads that value to compute its own, then there is a **direct explicit flow** from `(varA, lineA)` to `(varB, lineB)`, written as: `(varA,lineA) -> (varB,lineB)`. 


  **Example 1**:
    ```
    1  x = 5
    2  y = x + 1
    ```
    `(x,1) -> (y,2)` is a direct explicit flow.


  **Example 2**:
    ```
    1  x = 5
    2  if cond:
    3      y = x + 1
    ```
    `(x,1) -> (y,3)` is a direct explicit flow. 

    Under static analysis, we treat **each conditional or loop as potentially taking any outcome**, and we **do not perform semantic pruning**. Therefore, even if the statement at line 3 is conditionally executed, we still recognize `(x,1)` as used to compute `(y,3)`.
    


- **Direct Implicit Flow**

  A direct implicit flow from `(varA,lineA)` to `(varB, lineB)` occurs when `(varA,lineA)`’s value directly influences whether `lineB` executes. In other words, it corresponds to a **direct control dependence**, where the condition has **at least one branch** where `(varB, lineB)` must run and another where it may not. All conditional structures (e.g., if, while, for, switch, etc.) generate these flows.

  Formally, if `(varA,lineA)` is **directly read** in a condition at `lineC` and that condition **directly** decides whether `lineB` executes, then we say there is an **direct implicit flow** from `(varA,lineA)` to `(varB,lineB)` (or `(varA,lineA) -> (varB,lineB)`).

  **Example**:
  ```
  1  z = x + 5
  2  if z > 1:
  3      y = 10
  ```
  `(z,1) -> (z,2)* -> (y,3)` is a direct implicit flow through the condition at line 2. Line 2 is a conditional statement and the value of `(z,2)*` here is not redefined, therefore marked with "*".
  
  The asterisk * indicates that the variable is used for the conditional statement but not redefined at that line (e.g., used in a condition).



### Information Flow Between Variables

An **information flow** exists from a variable `(varA, lineA)` to another variable `(varB, lineB)` if there is a **transitive chain of direct flows** — explicit, implicit, or both — connecting them.

That is, there exists a sequence of variables:
`(varA, lineA) -> ... -> (varB, lineB)`



## 2. **Output Format**  

When asked "Is there information flow from `(varA,lineA)` to `(varB,lineB)`? If so, provide one feasible trace.", respond with a JSON object:

- If information flow exists:
```json
{
  "InformationFlow": true,
  "Trace": [
    {
      "from": ["varOrExpr", lineNumber            /*, "use" optional */],
      "to":   ["varOrExpr", lineNumber            /*, "use" optional */],
      "type": "data" | "control"
    },
    // … additional edges
  ]
}
```
- If no information flow exists, omit the Trace field:
```json
{
  "InformationFlow": false
}
```

- Every trace edge must specify "from", "to" (each may include a third "use" element when the line is a conditional statement that only reads without redefining/updating the value), and "type".
- **We do not consider loop in the trace**.


A **trace** represents a **transitive chain of direct flows** arise from compositions of **direct** implicit or explicit flows, where each edge represents a **direct implicit flow** (through control dependence) or a **direct explicit flow** edge (through data dependence).


You only need to provide **one** valid trace if you conclude a information flow exists, even if multiple possible chains exist. 


## 3. **Intraprocedural Data Dependence**  
   All dependence analysis is performed within **a single function**. We do not track dependencies across function boundaries. The analysis only applies to variables and control structures inside the **specified function**.


## 4. **Example Code Snippet**:


### Example 1
```python
1  def example_func():
2      status = 0
3      flag = False
4      balance = 1000
5      balance += 500
6      if balance > 1000:
7          status = 1
8          flag = True
9      limit = status * 5000
10     transaction = limit * 0.2
11     return flag
```

#### Example Question 1.1:
Is there information flow from `(balance,4)` to `(transaction,10)`? If so, provide a trace.

**Analysis**:
- Line 10: `(transaction,10)` reads `limit`, so there is a direct explicit flow from `(limit,9)` to `(transaction,10)`. 
- Line 9: `(limit,9)` reads `status`, so there is a direct explicit flow from `(status,7)` (or `(status,2)`) to `(limit,9)`. Here we focus on `(status,7)`. 
- Line 7: `(status,7)` is updated only if line 6’s condition is true, so has a direct control dependence on line 6.
- Line 6: checks `balance > 1000`, reads from `(balance,5)`, so there is a direct implicit flow from `(balance,5)` to `(status,7)` through `balance` at line 6.
- Line 5: `(balance,5)` reads from `(balance,4)`, so there is a direct explicit flow from `(balance,4)` to `(balance,5)`.
- Line 4: `(balance,4)` initializes the variable balance.
  
Hence, A transitive of flow of direct implicit or explicit flows forms a information flow trace.


**Output**:
```json
{
  "InformationFlow": true,
  "Trace": [
    {
      "from": ["balance", 4],
      "to":   ["balance", 5],
      "type": "data"
    },
    {
      "from": ["balance", 5],
      "to":   ["balance", 6, "use"],
      "type": "data"
    },
    {
      "from": ["balance", 6, "use"],
      "to":   ["status", 7],
      "type": "control"
    },
    {
      "from": ["status", 7],
      "to":   ["limit", 9],
      "type": "data"
    },
    {
      "from": ["limit", 9],
      "to":   ["transaction", 10],
      "type": "data"
    }
  ]
}
```

 
- The edge from line 6 to `(status,7)` is through control dependence and therefore with a type of "control". 
- Line 6 only reads the value of `balance` without defining/updating it. So it is marked with `"use"`. 
- You only need to provide **one** valid chain if you conclude a the information flow exists. 


#### Example Question 1.2

Is there information flow from  `(flag,3)` to `(limit,9)`? If so, provide a trace.

**Analysis**
- Line 9: `(limit,9)` reads `status`, so there is a direct explicit flow from either `(status,7)` (if line 6’s condiation evaluates to `true`) or on the original `(status,2)` (if not) to `(limit,9)`. 
- Since this is a static analysis, all possible paths are considered without analyzing actual reachability. This means line 6 is treated as being evaluated to both possibly true and possibly false.
  - If line 6 is true, `(limit,9)` depends on `(status,7)`. 
    - Line 7: `(status,7)` doesn't have any data dependence as it is assigned with a constant number. The execution of line 7 is control-dependent on the condition in line 6.
    - Line 6: the condition at line 6 directly reads from `(balance,5)`. 
    - Line 5: `(balance,5)` is updated based on the previous value of `balance` in line 4.
    - Line 4: `(balance,4)` is initialized with a constant number. Therefore it has no more data dependence. Nor is it guarded by any conditions.
  - If line 6 is not true, `(limit,9)` depends on `(status,2)`. 
    - Line 2: `(status,2)` is initialized with a constant number. Therefore it has no more data dependence. Nor is it guarded by any conditions.
- Therefore, among all the possible paths, there is no transitive (indirect) chain of implicit or explicit flow from `(flag,3)` to `(limit,9)`. The information flow doesn't exist.


**Output**:
```json
{
  "InformationFlow": false
}
```

#### Example Question 1.3

Is there information flow from  `(status,2)` to `(transaction,10)`? If so, provide a trace.

**Analysis**
- Line 10: `(transaction,10)` reads `limit`, so there is a direct explicit flow from `(limit,9)` to `(transaction,10)`.
- Line 9: `(limit,9)` reads `status`, o there is a direct explicit flow from either `(status,7)`, or the original `(status,2)`, to `(limit,9)`.
- Similar to the above example, line 6 is possibly evaluated to true or false.
- If line 6 evaluates to `true`, there is a direct explicit flow from `(status,7)` to `(limit,9)`, which directly data-dependent on `(status,2)`, forming a transitive explicit flow trace :`(status,2) -> (status,7) -> (limit,9) -> (transaction,10)`.
- If line 6 evaluates to `false`, `(limit,9)` has a direct data dependence on `(status,2)`, forming a transitive explicit flow trace :`(status,2) -> (limit,9) -> (transaction,10)`.
- A transitive of explicit flow forms a information flow trace. Only one valid trace is required for the output even if multiple exists.

**Output**:
```json
{
  "InformationFlow": true,
  "Trace": [
    {
      "from": ["status", 2],
      "to":   ["limit", 9],
      "type": "data"
    },
    {
      "from": ["limit", 9],
      "to":   ["transaction", 10],
      "type": "data"
    }
  ]
}
```


### Example 2
```python
1.  val = 5
2.  size = 3
3.  arr = [0] * size
4.  i = 0
5.  j = 1
6.  total = 0
7.  if val > 2:
8.      arr[j % size] = j
9.  while i < size:
10.     arr[j] += 1
11.     score = arr[j+1]
12.     total += score * 2
13.     diff = total - score
14.     j = (j + 1) % size
15.     i += 1
16. last = arr[-1]
17. summary = diff + j
```

#### Example Question 2.1:
Is there information flow from  `(size,2)` to `(summary,17)`? If so, provide a trace.

**Analysis**:
- Line 17: `(summary,17)` reads `diff` and `j`. We focus on the path through `j`. `j` is updated from line 14 and line 5. 
- Static analysis assumption: Every branch or loop condition may succeed or fail; we do not prune unreachable paths. When line 9 evaluates to `true`, line 14 will be executed. 
- Line 14: `(j,14)` is updated inside the `while i < size` loop, so its update is control-dependent on the loop condition at line 9.
- Line 9: `while i < size` reads `size` (a pure read), so has a direct explicit flow from `(size,2)`.
- Line 2: `size` is initialized with a constant number. It is not guarded with any conditions. 
- Therefore, there is an transitive trace of direct implicit/excplit flows from `(size,2)` to `(summary,17)`.

Only one valid trace is required for the output. 

**Output**:
```json
{
  "InformationFlow": true,
  "Trace": [
    {
      "from": ["size", 2],
      "to":   ["size", 9, "use"],
      "type": "data"
    },
    {
      "from": ["size", 9, "use"],
      "to":   ["j", 14],
      "type": "control"
    },
    {
      "from": ["j", 14],
      "to":   ["summary", 17],
      "type": "data"
    }
  ]
}
```


#### Example Question 2.2:
Is there information flow from  `(j,5)` to `(score,11)`? If so, provide a trace. 

**Analysis**:
- Line 11: `(score,11)` reads `arr[j+1]`. There is a direct data dependence on both `arr` and `j`. That `j` may come from either `(j,5)` (initial) or subsequent updates at `(j,14)`.
- Static analysis assumption: Every branch or loop condition may succeed or fail; we do not prune unreachable paths. Therefore, `j` could be read from either line 5 (e.g., when it is the first iteration of the while loop) or line 14 (e.g., when it is the not the first iteration of the while loop).
- If line 11 reads `j` from line 5, it forms a tansitive explicit flow trace: `(j,5) -> (score,11)`.
- If line 11 reads `j` from line 14, it forms a tansitive explicit flow trace: `(j,5) -> (j,14) -> (score,11)`.
- A transitive of explicit flow forms a information flow trace. Only one valid trace is required for the output even if multiple exists.


**Output**:
```json
{
  "InformationFlow": true,
  "Trace": [
    {
      "from": ["j", 5],
      "to":   ["score", 11],
      "type": "data"
    }
  ]
}
```



#### Example Question 2.3:
Is there information flow from  `(j,1)` to `(i,15)`? If so, provide a trace.

**Analysis**: 
- Line 15: `(i,15)` updates `i` based on its previous value. So there is a direct explicit flow from either `(i,4)` (initialization) or itself (loop-carried) to `(i,15)`. But we do not consider loop-carried dependencies across iterations in this analysis. So we focus on `(i,4)`.
- The execution of line 15 is conditional on the while loop at line 9.
- Line 9: `while i < size` depends on `i` and `size`. It directly reads from `(i,4)` (or possibly `(i,15)`) and `(size,2)`.
- Both `(i,4)` and `(size,2)` are initialized with constants and are not themselves control-dependent on any earlier values or branches.
- There is no use of `(j,1)` in the computation of `(i,15)`, nor does `(j,1)` influence whether line 15 executes.
- Therefore, there is no transitive flow, explicit or implicit, from `(j,1)` to `(i,15)`.


**Output**: 
```json
{
  "InformationFlow": false
}
```


#### Example Question 2.4:
Is there information flow from  `(val,1)` to `(last,16)`? If so, provide a trace.

**Analysis**:
- Line 16: `(last,16)` reads `arr[-1]`. That element may have been modified by the assignment in line 8 (or by the loop updates in line 10). Under static analysis, multiple update sites may contribute. We conservatively pick one valid trace (line 8).
- Line 8: `arr[j % size] = j` executes only if `val > 2`, so `(arr,8)` has a direct control dependence on `(val,1)` via the `if` at line 7.
- Therefore, there exists a trace from `(val,1)` to `(last,16)`, and the edge from line 7 to `(arr,8)` is through implicit and explicit flows. 

**Output**:
```json
{
  "InformationFlow": true,
  "Trace": [
    {
      "from": ["val", 1],
      "to":   ["val", 7, "use"],
      "type": "data"
    },
    {
      "from": ["val", 7, "use"],
      "to":   ["arr", 8],
      "type": "control"
    },
    {
      "from": ["arr", 8],
      "to":   ["last", 16],
      "type": "data"
    }
  ]
}
```

---

[YOUR TURN]

Below is **your target snippet**. 

```Java
1   import java.io.*;
2   import java.util.*;
3   public class Main {
4   	private static Scanner sc;
5   	private static Printer pr;
6   	private static void solve() {
7   		int h = sc.nextInt();
8   		int w = sc.nextInt();
9   		int[][] a = new int[h][w];
10  		for (int i = 0; i < h; i++) {
11  			for (int j = 0; j < w; j++) {
12  				a[i][j] = sc.nextInt();
13  			}
14  		}
15  		List<Integer> x = new ArrayList<>();
16  		List<Integer> y = new ArrayList<>();
17  		boolean flag = false;
18  		int prex = 0;
19  		int prey = 0;
20  		boolean odd;
21  		for (int i = 0; i < h; i++) {
22  			if (i % 2 == 1) {
23  				for (int j = w - 1; j >= 0; j--) {
24  					if (a[i][j] % 2 == 1) {
25  						odd = true;
26  					} else {
27  						odd = false;
28  					}
29  					if (odd && flag) {
30  						flag = !flag;
31  						x.add(prex);
32  						y.add(prey);
33  						x.add(j);
34  						y.add(i);
35  						prex = j;
36  						prey = i;
37  					} else if (odd && !flag) {
38  						flag = !flag;
39  						prex = j;
40  						prey = i;
41  					} else if (!odd && flag) {
42  						x.add(prex);
43  						y.add(prey);
44  						x.add(j);
45  						y.add(i);
46  						prex = j;
47  						prey = i;
48  					} else if (!odd && !flag) {
49  					}
50  				}
51  			} else {
52  				for (int j = 0; j < w; j++) {
53  					if (a[i][j] % 2 == 1) {
54  						odd = true;
55  					} else {
56  						odd = false;
57  					}
58  					if (odd && flag) {
59  						flag = !flag;
60  						x.add(prex);
61  						y.add(prey);
62  						x.add(j);
63  						y.add(i);
64  						prex = j;
65  						prey = i;
66  					} else if (odd && !flag) {
67  						flag = !flag;
68  						prex = j;
69  						prey = i;
70  					} else if (!odd && flag) {
71  						x.add(prex);
72  						y.add(prey);
73  						x.add(j);
74  						y.add(i);
75  						prex = j;
76  						prey = i;
77  					} else if (!odd && !flag) {
78  					}
79  				}
80  			}
81  		}
82  		pr.println(x.size() / 2);
83  		for (int i = 0, size = x.size(); i < size / 2 * 2; i++) {
84  			if (i % 2 == 0) {
85  				StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
86  				sb.append(y.get(i) + 1);
87  				sb.append(' ');
88  				sb.append(x.get(i) + 1);
89  				sb.append(' ');
90  				pr.print(sb.toString());
91  			} else {
92  				StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
93  				sb.append(y.get(i) + 1);
94  				sb.append(' ');
95  				sb.append(x.get(i) + 1);
96  				pr.println(sb.toString());
97  			}
98  		}
99  	}
100  	public static void main(String[] args) {
101  		sc = new Scanner(System.in);
102  		pr = new Printer(System.out);
103  		solve();
104  		pr.close();
105  		sc.close();
106  	}
107  	static class Scanner {
108  		BufferedReader br;
109  		Scanner (InputStream in) {
110  			br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(in));
111  		}
112  		private boolean isPrintable(int ch) {
113  			return ch >= '!' && ch <= '~';
114  		}
115  		private boolean isCRLF(int ch) {
116  			return ch == '\n' || ch == '\r' || ch == -1;
117  		}
118  		private int nextPrintable() {
119  			try {
120  				int ch;
121  				while (!isPrintable(ch = br.read())) {
122  					if (ch == -1) {
123  						throw new NoSuchElementException();
124  					}
125  				}
126  				return ch;
127  			} catch (IOException e) {
128  				throw new NoSuchElementException();
129  			}
130  		}
131  		String next() {
132  			try {
133  				int ch = nextPrintable();
134  				StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
135  				do {
136  					sb.appendCodePoint(ch);
137  				} while (isPrintable(ch = br.read()));
138  				return sb.toString();
139  			} catch (IOException e) {
140  				throw new NoSuchElementException();
141  			}
142  		}
143  		int nextInt() {
144  			try {
145  				boolean negative = false;
146  				int res = 0;
147  				int limit = -Integer.MAX_VALUE;
148  				int radix = 10;
149  				int fc = nextPrintable();
150  				if (fc < '0') {
151  					if (fc == '-') {
152  						negative = true;
153  						limit = Integer.MIN_VALUE;
154  					} else if (fc != '+') {
155  						throw new NumberFormatException();
156  					}
157  					fc = br.read();
158  				}
159  				int multmin = limit / radix;
160  				int ch = fc;
161  				do {
162  					int digit = ch - '0';
163  					if (digit < 0 || digit >= radix) {
164  						throw new NumberFormatException();
165  					}
166  					if (res < multmin) {
167  						throw new NumberFormatException();
168  					}
169  					res *= radix;
170  					if (res < limit + digit) {
171  						throw new NumberFormatException();
172  					}
173  					res -= digit;
174  				} while (isPrintable(ch = br.read()));
175  				return negative ? res : -res;
176  			} catch (IOException e) {
177  				throw new NoSuchElementException();
178  			}
179  		}
180  		long nextLong() {
181  			try {
182  				boolean negative = false;
183  				long res = 0;
184  				long limit = -Long.MAX_VALUE;
185  				int radix = 10;
186  				int fc = nextPrintable();
187  				if (fc < '0') {
188  					if (fc == '-') {
189  						negative = true;
190  						limit = Long.MIN_VALUE;
191  					} else if (fc != '+') {
192  						throw new NumberFormatException();
193  					}
194  					fc = br.read();
195  				}
196  				long multmin = limit / radix;
197  				int ch = fc;
198  				do {
199  					int digit = ch - '0';
200  					if (digit < 0 || digit >= radix) {
201  						throw new NumberFormatException();
202  					}
203  					if (res < multmin) {
204  						throw new NumberFormatException();
205  					}
206  					res *= radix;
207  					if (res < limit + digit) {
208  						throw new NumberFormatException();
209  					}
210  					res -= digit;
211  				} while (isPrintable(ch = br.read()));
212  				return negative ? res : -res;
213  			} catch (IOException e) {
214  				throw new NoSuchElementException();
215  			}
216  		}
217  		float nextFloat() {
218  			return Float.parseFloat(next());
219  		}
220  		double nextDouble() {
221  			return Double.parseDouble(next());
222  		}
223  		String nextLine() {
224  			try {
225  				int ch;
226  				while (isCRLF(ch = br.read())) {
227  					if (ch == -1) {
228  						throw new NoSuchElementException();
229  					}
230  				}
231  				StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
232  				do {
233  					sb.appendCodePoint(ch);
234  				} while (!isCRLF(ch = br.read()));
235  				return sb.toString();
236  			} catch (IOException e) {
237  				throw new NoSuchElementException();
238  			}
239  		}
240  		void close() {
241  			try {
242  				br.close();
243  			} catch (IOException e) {
244  			}
245  		}
246  	}
247  	static class Printer extends PrintWriter {
248  		Printer(OutputStream out) {
249  			super(out);
250  		}
251  	}
252  }
```


**Question**: Is there information flow from `(odd,56)` to `(flag,30)` in function `solve`? If so, provide a trace.

**Output**:


Ground truth answer: yes